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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord
+de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I
+
+Author: Sir John Ross
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2008 [EBook #26031]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--LORD DE SAUMAREZ. VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Hélène de Mink and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Minor spelling inconsistencies, mainly hyphenated
+words, have been harmonised. Obvious printer errors have been
+repaired. The Latin number (i) in the text refers to a transcriber's
+note at the end of this e-book.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS
+AND CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+ADMIRAL
+LORD DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+FROM
+ORIGINAL PAPERS IN POSSESSION OF THE FAMILY.
+
+
+BY SIR JOHN ROSS,
+CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY.
+
+
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.
+1838.
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY SAMUEL, BENTLEY,
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.
+
+   Transcriber's note: Minor spelling inconsistencies--mainly
+   hyphenated words--have been harmonised. Obvious printer errors
+   have been corrected, but the original spelling has been
+   retained.
+
+   The Latin number (i) behind a word refers to the transcriber's
+   notes at the end of this e-book.
+
+
+CONTENTS
+OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+   CHAPTER I.
+
+   Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.--Curious Record.--Branches of
+   the late family.--Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.    Page 7
+
+
+   CHAPTER II.
+
+   Commencement of his Career.--His Education.--Visit of the Duke of
+   Gloucester to Guernsey.--Decides for the Navy.--Is put on the
+   Solebay's books.--School at London.--Embarks in the
+   Montreal.--Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.--Smyrna.--Returns
+   home.--Passes for Lieutenant.--Embarks in the Bristol.--Proposal to
+   leave the Navy.--Attack on Fort Sullivan.--Gallant Conduct.--Is made
+   Lieutenant.--Bristol, Chatham, Lady Parker.--Commands the
+   Spitfire.--Rhode Island.--Many Engagements.--War with
+   France.--Appearance of the French Fleet under D'Estaing.--Spitfire
+   burnt.--Appearance of Lord Howe.                            Page 14
+
+
+   CHAPTER III.
+
+   Serves ashore.--Returns to England in the Leviathan.--Providential
+   escape from shipwreck.--Visits Guernsey.--Joins the Victory.--A
+   journey to London.--Joins the Fortitude.--Battle off the Dogger
+   Bank.--Anecdotes of Admiral Parker.--Lieut. Saumarez promoted to the
+   rank of Master and Commander.--Appointed to the Tisiphone.--Sails for
+   the West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.--Action with Comte de
+   Guichen.--Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.--Is despatched to
+   Sir Samuel Hood.--Arrives at Barbadoes.--Escapes from two French
+   men-of-war.--Passes through an intricate channel.--Joins Sir Samuel
+   Hood.--Gallant conduct in cutting out a vessel.--Tisiphone ordered
+   home.--Fortunate exchange with Captain Stanhope.--Takes command of the
+   Russel.                                                     Page 41
+
+
+   CHAPTER IV.
+
+   Situation of the Hostile Fleets.--Surrender of Brimstone
+   Hill.--Junction of the Fleets.--Antigua.--St. Lucia.--Sailing of the
+   French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.--Action of the 9th of April.--12th
+   of April.--Gallant conduct of the Russel.--Captain Saumarez returns to
+   Jamaica.--Comes to England with Convoy.--Is paid off at Chatham, and
+   confirmed a Post-captain.                                   Page 65
+
+
+   CHAPTER V.
+
+   Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.--His exemplary Conduct.--Visits
+   Cherbourg.--Is introduced to the French King.--Returns.--Changes at
+   Guernsey.--Prince William Henry visits the Island twice.--His
+   Reception.--Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.--Captain Saumarez is
+   appointed to the Ambuscade, and pays her off.--His Letter on his
+   Marriage.--Remarks thereon.--Armament of 1790.--Saumarez commissions
+   and pays off the Raisonable.--War of 1793.--Appointed to command the
+   Crescent.--First Cruise; takes a prize and saves Alderney.--Second
+   Cruise; captures a cutter.--Third Cruise.--Return.--Crescent docked
+   and refitted.                                               Page 84
+
+
+   CHAPTER VI.
+
+   Crescent refitted.--Sails for the Channel Islands.--Falls in with the
+   French frigate La Réunion.--Particular account of the action.--Letters
+   from Captain Saumarez to his brother.--Brings his prize to
+   Portsmouth.--Official letters.--Letters from various persons.--Ship
+   refitting.--Captain Saumarez obtains leave of absence.--Is knighted
+   for his gallant conduct.                                    Page 99
+
+
+   CHAPTER VII.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral McBride.--Is
+   detached, and attacks an Enemy's squadron.--Narrow Escape from
+   Shipwreck.--Off Havre.--Cherbourg.--Private letters relating the
+   particulars of several Cruises on the French coast.--Gallant Action
+   with a French squadron of superior force off Guernsey.      Page 119
+
+
+   CHAPTER VIII.
+
+   Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.--Visit to
+   Weymouth.--Joins the Channel Fleet.--Black Rocks.--Private Letters and
+   Instructions.--Appointed to the Orion.--Crescent's Officers and Crew
+   volunteer to follow him.--Appointed to the Marlborough (_pro
+   tempore_).--Commands a detached Squadron.--Returns to the Orion,
+   attached to the Channel Fleet.--Private Letters.--Lord Bridport's
+   Action.--Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.--Official
+   Letter.--Two private Accounts.--Returns to Portsmouth.--Expedition to
+   Isle Dieu.--Returns to Spithead.                            Page 143
+
+
+   CHAPTER IX.
+
+   Orion taken into dock.--Is refitted, and joins the Channel
+   Fleet.--Detached on a particular service.--Returns.--Proceeds to
+   reinforce Sir John Jervis.--List of his fleet.--Battle with Spanish
+   Fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a private letter.--Conduct of
+   Saumarez in the action.--Salvador del Mundo strikes to the Orion, and
+   is taken possession of by her Lieutenant.--Engages the Santissima
+   Trinidada.--She strikes to the Orion.--Remarks on that
+   occasion.--Lagos Bay.--Lisbon.--Sir James sails on a cruise with
+   Admiral Sir H. Nelson.--Returns.--Commands the advanced
+   squadron.--Several private letters.--Commands the advanced squadron
+   off Cadiz.--Mutiny in the fleet.--Anecdote and remarks thereon.
+                                                               Page 164
+
+   CHAPTER X.
+
+   Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced
+   squadron.--Bombardment of Cadiz.--Nelson sails for
+   Teneriffe.--Saumarez resumes the command.--Escorts a convoy to
+   Gibraltar.--Refits at Lisbon, and returns.--Conducts the
+   negotiation for exchange of prisoners.--Sir W. Parker relieves
+   Sir James.--He arrives at Gibraltar.--Is attached to Nelson's
+   squadron.--Proceeds off Toulon.--A storm.--Vanguard
+   dismasted.--Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in
+   refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.--Sailing of the Toulon
+   fleet.--Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.--Pursues the
+   enemy unsuccessfully.--Proceedings of the fleet in a journal
+   addressed by Sir James to his family.--French fleet discovered
+   in Aboukir Bay.--Battle of the Nile.--Diagram of ditto.--Conduct
+   of the Orion.--Saumarez wounded.--Writes to Nelson.--Goes on
+   board the Vanguard.--Occurrences there.--Remarks on the name of
+   the second in command being left out in Nelson's despatches.--On
+   the mode of attack.--Various letters and orders.--Sir James's
+   account of the battle, in a letter to Lady Saumarez.        Page 189
+
+
+   CHAPTER XI.
+
+   Fleet repair damages.--Sir James receives orders to take a detachment
+   of six ships of the line, and five prizes, under his command.--Sails
+   for Gibraltar.--Journal of his tedious voyage.--Arrives off
+   Candia.--Decides to pass through a perilous passage, and escapes the
+   dangers.--Falls in with the Marquis of Nisa, and summons the French
+   garrison at Malta.--Puts into Port Auguste, in Sicily.--Sails from
+   thence.--Tedious passage.--Letters from Earl St. Vincent and
+   Nelson.--Arrives at Gibraltar.--Reception there from the Admiral,
+   Governor, &c.--Sails thence.--Arrives at Lisbon.--Sails
+   thence.--Arrives at Spithead.--Paid off at Plymouth.--Remarks on his
+   treatment, and explanation of it.                           Page 231
+
+
+   CHAPTER XII.
+
+   Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.--Is appointed to the Cæsar, of 84
+   guns.--Joins the Channel fleet.--The Brest fleet having escaped,
+   proceeds to the Mediterranean.--English fleet at Bantry Bay.--Return
+   of the French fleet.--Cæsar at Lisbon.--Sir James returns to
+   Spithead.--Rejoins the Channel fleet.--Earl St. Vincent takes the
+   command.--Appoints Sir James to command the advanced squadron.--Black
+   Rocks.--Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.--Douvarnenez
+   Bay.--Various letters.--Complete success of the blockade.--Enemy's
+   fleet laid up.--Sir James returns to Spithead.--Conclusion of 1800.
+                                                               Page 287
+
+   CHAPTER XIII.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.--Appointed
+   to command the advanced squadron.--Proceedings at the Black
+   Rocks.--Douvarnenez Bay.--Returns to England.--Appointed to command a
+   squadron on a very particular service.--His secret orders, &c. and
+   letter of approbation.--Ready for sea.--Is created a Baronet of the
+   United Kingdom.                                             Page 321
+
+
+   CHAPTER XIV.
+
+   Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of
+   the line on a particular service.--Arrives off Cadiz.--Attacks a
+   French squadron at Algeziras.--Captain Brenton's account of the
+   battle.--Loss of the Hannibal.--Colonel Connolly's statements.--Logs
+   of the Cæsar and ships of the squadron.--Sir James proceeds to
+   Gibraltar.--Remarks.--Flag of truce sent to Algeziras.--Correspondence
+   with Linois.--Squadron refit at Gibraltar.                  Page 337
+
+
+   CHAPTER XV.
+
+   Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.--Copies of the Journals of
+   the Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable.--Remarks on them.--Further
+   particulars.--The Spanish account.--The French account.--Bulletin from
+   the Moniteur.--Anecdote of an occurrence at St. Malo.--Sword presented
+   to Linois.--Lines on the occasion.--His improvement of Naval
+   tactics.--Epigram.--Anecdote of the intrepidity of one of the Cæsar's
+   men.                                                        Page 363
+
+
+   CHAPTER XVI.
+
+   Mole of Gibraltar.--Negotiation for the exchange of prisoners
+   unsuccessful.--Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal
+   return on parole.--They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger,
+   which carries home despatches and private letters.--Despatch
+   sent to Lord Keith.--Admiral Saumarez shifts his flag to the
+   Audacious.--Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the
+   Cæsar.--Their admirable conduct.--Captain Brenton and the
+   garrison.--Arrival of the Spanish squadron at
+   Algeziras.--Increased exertions of the crews of the
+   squadron.--Private letters.--Preparations to attack the enemy.
+
+                                                               Page 383
+
+   CHAPTER XVII.
+
+   Occurrences at Gibraltar.--Determination of Sir James to attack the
+   combined squadron.--Cæsar rehoists the Admiral's flag.--Sir J.
+   Brenton's description of that interesting scene.--His account of the
+   battle.--Destruction of two Spanish three-deckers.--Capture of the St.
+   Antonio.--Action between the Venerable and Formidable.--Public
+   letters.--Private letters.--French details of the battle.--Spanish
+   ditto.--Orders of sailing.--Remarks.                        Page 401
+
+
+   LIST OF PLATES.
+
+   Portrait of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez, taken after
+   the battle of the 12th July 1801                 _Frontispiece._
+
+   Action with the Crescent and Réunion taken at the time
+   the latter surrendered                                      Page 103
+
+   Commencement of the action between the Crescent and
+   her squadron, with the French squadron of superior
+   force off Guernsey                                               131
+
+   Close of the action when the Crescent retreated among
+   the rocks at Guernsey                                            134
+
+   Chart of the island of Guernsey, showing the positions of
+   the English and French squadrons                                 135
+
+   Diagram of Algeziras and Gibraltar Bay                           346
+
+
+   ERRATA.
+
+   Page 86, l. 26, _for_ "present" _read_ "late."
+
+       142, l.  4,--"ninety-second" _read_ "ninety-two."
+
+       166, l. 23,--"Towny" _read_ "Towry."
+
+       198, l. 19,--"Marcon" _read_ "Marcou."
+
+       215, l. 14,--"Collossus" _read_ "Culloden."
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+In perusing the following Memoir, the reader must not be surprised if
+he finds that the accounts of the several battles in which the
+illustrious Saumarez was engaged, differ in some degree from those
+previously given to the public. Every circumstance connected with them
+has been carefully examined, and whatever statements are now advanced
+can be borne out by documentary evidence. The career of Saumarez was a
+long and eventful one: he entered the Navy while the nation was at
+peace; he subsequently served during the American War of
+independence, and throughout the late continental war, in both of
+which he was in more engagements with the enemy than any other
+officer. He was the last of the heroes of the 12th of April 1782.
+
+
+THE LIFE
+
+OF
+
+LORD DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+   Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.--Curious Record.--Branches
+   of the late family.--Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.
+
+
+Admiral the Right Honourable James Lord de Saumarez, of Guernsey, was
+born, on the 11th March 1757, in the parish of St. Peter-Port, the
+principal town of that romantic island. The family, whose original
+name was _De Sausmarez_, is of Norman extraction, and of great
+antiquity in the island of Guernsey, where their lineage can be traced
+almost to the Norman conquest.
+
+Their remote ancestor received from the Dukes of Normandy a fief of
+the district of Jerbourg, and was appointed hereditary captain (or
+chatelain) of the castle of that name, which lies within the limits of
+the fief, and is situated in the parish of St. Martin.
+
+Among the records of the island, we find the following interesting
+particulars:--In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of Edward the
+First, at a court of chief pleas held at Guernsey, in the presence of
+the judges of assize, Matthew de Sausmarez made homage for his fief;
+which appears to have been acknowledged by an act of Edward the Second
+in the year 1313: and in the reign of Edward the Third, in the year
+1331, an application was made by Matthew de Sausmarez for a
+confirmation of his rights and prerogatives, as formerly enjoyed by
+his ancestors.
+
+On receipt of this petition, his Majesty sent an order to John de
+Roches, guardian of the Channel islands, to make a perquisition
+thereon; authorising him to give to it his royal assent if not found
+to be prejudicial to the rights of the Crown or the privileges of the
+inhabitants, who had, by consent of his Majesty's father, fortified
+the castle of Jerbourg as a place of retreat and protection, as also
+for the security of their effects in case of invasion by the enemy.
+
+In pursuance of his Majesty's order, the guardian appointed twelve of
+the most respectable inhabitants of the island to be examined before
+the bailiff or chief magistrate, who declared upon oath that the
+predecessors of Matthew de Sausmarez held that appointment from the
+Crown, with sundry appurtenances and privileges, which, in
+consideration of their services as hereditary keepers of the castle,
+had always been, and ought to be, inseparable from the fief of
+Jerbourg; and they further deposed, that these were not in any respect
+detrimental to the prerogative of the Crown, or injurious to the
+rights of the inhabitants, who still retained the advantage and
+privilege of retreating into the castle, with their effects, in every
+emergency.
+
+The following curious and interesting fact, as attached to this
+ancient fief, has been also recorded in a Guernsey periodical:
+"Whenever the lord had occasion to go to Jersey, his tenants were
+obliged to convey him thither, for which they received a gratuity of
+_three sous_, or a dinner; but they were not obliged to bring him
+back." And this exemption may be thus explained:--The lord, or captain
+of Jerbourg, in those days held a fief in Jersey, called by the same
+name, which no longer belongs to the De Saumarez family; but formerly,
+when it was possessed by the same individual, the same rights and
+privileges were attached, so that when the affairs of the lord called
+him to Jersey, he was conducted to that island by his Guernsey
+tenants, and brought back by those of Jersey.
+
+It is indeed certain, that, during many years after the Norman
+conquest, several gentlemen possessed estates in both islands, more or
+less considerable in one than in the other. The fief of Jerbourg
+remained in the family of De Sausmarez till about the year 1555, when
+it became the property of Mr. John Andros, in right of Judith de
+Sausmarez: but it has since reverted to the descendants of the old
+family, and belonged to Thomas de Sausmarez, his Majesty's late
+attorney-general in the island of Guernsey, who died lately at a very
+advanced age,--the father of twenty-eight children!
+
+The genealogy of the family between the year 1481, and the birth of
+the grandfather of the late Lord de Saumarez on the 4th June 1635,
+will be found in the Addenda, as also that of the subsequent members
+of the family who are not mentioned here; but, in proceeding, we
+cannot pass over the names of Captains Philip and Thomas Saumarez,
+uncles of the late lord, who were two of the bravest and most
+meritorious officers of their time. The former, who was first
+lieutenant with Commodore Anson, afterwards commanded the Nottingham,
+sixty-four, captured the French seventy-four, Mars, and was killed in
+action 1747;[1] and the latter, when in command of the Antelope, of
+fifty guns, captured the French sixty-four, Belliqueux, in the
+following extraordinary manner:
+
+   [1] See Addenda.
+
+In the month of November 1758, Captain Saumarez was stationed in the
+Bristol Channel for the protection of the trade, and, the wind blowing
+strong from the westward, had anchored his ship, the Antelope, of
+fifty guns and three hundred and fifty men, in King Road; and there
+being little probability of the appearance of an enemy under such
+circumstances, he had repaired to Bristol to partake of the
+hospitality of his friends in that prosperous city. While sitting at
+dinner, an express came from Barnstaple to inform him that a large
+ship, supposed to be an enemy, had anchored under Lundy Island.
+
+Captain Saumarez immediately repaired on board his ship, weighed
+anchor, and, notwithstanding the contrary wind and fresh gale, he beat
+down the channel, and in the morning saw her at anchor off Ilfracombe.
+On discovering the Antelope, the enemy weighed and stood towards her,
+and, on coming near, hoisted French colours and seemed prepared to
+engage. As soon as the Antelope came within gun-shot, she opened her
+fire, when the Frenchman immediately hauled down his colours without
+returning a shot. Captain Saumarez now sent his boat with the first
+lieutenant to know if she had surrendered; but finding that the boat
+did not return, he bore down under her stern, and asked if they had
+struck. The answer was in the affirmative, and she was immediately
+taken possession of. She proved to be the Belliqueux, of sixty-four
+guns and five hundred men.
+
+When the captain came on board the Antelope, and found that he had
+surrendered to a ship so much inferior in force, both in men and
+weight of metal, his chagrin and mortification knew no bounds. He
+exclaimed that he had been deceived, and actually proposed to Captain
+Saumarez that he should allow him to return to his ship, and that he
+would fight him fairly; to which the English captain replied that he
+must keep possession now; that he had obtained it, but he had no
+objection to his going back to France and getting another ship of the
+same kind to try the fortune of war. He conducted his prize back to
+King Road, and returned to Bristol with his French guest to enjoy the
+hospitality and hearty welcome of his friends, after an absence of
+only eighteen hours!
+
+Matthew de Saumarez, father of Lord de Saumarez, being brought up to
+the medical profession, arrived at considerable practice and high
+respectability. He was remarkable for his urbanity of manners and
+hospitality, particularly to strangers. He married, first, Susannah,
+daughter of Thomas Dumaresq, Esq. of Jersey, and by her had Susannah
+(an only child), who married Henry Brock, Esq. of Guernsey: his second
+wife was Carteret, daughter of James Le Marchant, Esq. of Guernsey,
+and by her he had a numerous family, who are brothers and sisters of
+the late lord.[2]
+
+   [2] See Addenda.
+
+The family of De Sausmarez, a branch of which changed the spelling of
+the name to Saumarez about the year 1700, was not only one of the most
+ancient and respectable, but the members of it successively held the
+highest situations, and were connected with the first families
+residing in the island of Guernsey, which has always been
+distinguished for its loyalty and patriotism: indeed, it has not only
+produced several of our bravest and greatest warriors, but its
+inhabitants have ever manifested themselves to be proof against every
+attempt to seduce them from their allegiance. The opinions which have
+been entertained unfavourable to this fact,--arising no doubt from the
+proximity of the island to the coast of France, and the general use of
+the French language, but, most of all, from its having at one time
+been infested by adventurers,--are totally without foundation.
+
+Having been many years stationed at this island, we have witnessed the
+loyalty and intrepidity of the natives: and could give several
+instances where the Guernsey pilot was the _first_ to board the enemy.
+
+Lord de Saumarez was married at Guernsey, on the 27th October 1788, to
+Martha, only daughter and heiress of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by
+marriage with Miss Mary Dobrée, two of the most ancient and
+respectable families in the island. This marriage was the consequence
+of a long and mutual attachment: it need scarcely be added, that it
+completed the happiness of both. They became the parents of eight
+children, whose biography will be found in the Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1767 to 1778.
+
+   Commencement of his Career.--His Education.--Visit of the Duke
+   of Gloucester to Guernsey.--Saumarez decides for the Navy.--Is
+   put on the Soleby's books.--School at London.--Embarks in the
+   Montreal.--Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.--Smyrna.--Returns
+   home.--Passes for Lieutenant.--Embarks in the Bristol.--Proposal
+   to leave the Navy.--Attack on Fort Sullivan.--Gallant
+   Conduct.--Is made Lieutenant.--Bristol, Chatham, Lady
+   Parker.--Commands the Spitfire.--Rhode Island.--Many
+   Engagements.--War with France.--Appearance of the French Fleet
+   under D'Estaing.--Spitfire burnt.--Appearance of Lord Howe.
+
+
+The illustrious admiral, of whose ancestors a biographical sketch has
+been briefly given in the preceding chapter, and in the Addenda to
+this work, and whose glorious career is the subject of this record,
+passed from the first rudiments of learning, under a dame, to the more
+manly tuition of Elizabeth College, in Guernsey, where his brother,
+fifteen months his senior, was receiving his education.
+
+Although he always said that his brother was a much better scholar in
+both Latin and Greek than himself, his taste for poetry, and his
+discrimination in that refined branch of literature, must have
+appeared at a very early age, as, when he was only seven or eight
+years old, he surprised his mother by reciting to her several lines
+from the first pages of Milton's Paradise Lost, which he had learnt of
+his own accord,--a foretaste of the gratification which he derived
+through life in reading that noble poem. His mother was so delighted
+with this unexpected discovery of his taste, that she could not
+forbear making it known to her friends; especially to a literary
+gentleman of her acquaintance, who sent young Saumarez a present of
+the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, which he also committed to memory,
+and retained throughout his life.
+
+But the great sensibility of his heart was most apparent in his
+attachment to all his relations: their pleasures and their pains were
+always _his_; and it is therefore not surprising that he was a
+favourite with them all. In those days, Guernsey was, as it were, a
+large family; and the society of the upper classes was linked in a
+small, but a select and happy, circle, interested in each other's
+welfare. The communication with England not being, as now, kept up by
+regular packets, the arrival of a stranger was an event of some
+importance, and mostly occurred through the visits of the king's ships
+going on foreign stations, which put into Guernsey for wines and
+other stores: on these occasions the captains and officers were
+constant guests at the hospitable mansion of our hero's father, and it
+was usually the province of young Saumarez to look out for and report
+their appearance.
+
+In July 1767, this little community was surprised by an occurrence
+which to this day is related among the events of "olden times," as
+having made a great, and certainly a lasting impression. His royal
+highness the Duke of Gloucester, on his return from a tour in France,
+anchored in Guernsey roads. At two in the morning, the hostess of the
+only inn in the town was awakened by a call that the Duke of
+Gloucester had landed, and was coming there: not supposing this
+possible, she for a long time refused to rise; but, being at
+length convinced, she directed the party to the house of the
+lieutenant-governor, who was as incredulous as the good woman of the
+Ship Inn.
+
+At last he appeared at the window in his dressing-gown and _bonnet de
+nuit_, and finding whom he was called upon to receive, he exclaimed,
+in the trepidation of the moment,--"My house is not fit for the duke;
+go to my friend, Doctor Saumarez." There at last his royal highness
+found entrance, and a hearty welcome; but it may be conjectured that
+no little surprise and bustle spread through the house at the
+unexpected arrival at such an hour of the illustrious guest. The blue
+damask room was, however, soon prepared, with other apartments for the
+aides-de camp, Sir Henry Clinton and another.
+
+Young Saumarez and his brother were sent off, as soon as the sun rose,
+to inform their uncle the attorney-general, who resided some distance
+from the town, that the royal visitor had arrived. On their return the
+streets were decorated with crowns, festoons, and garlands of flowers,
+which had risen as from the wand of a magician; the bells were
+ringing, the populace were in holiday suits, and the whole effect was
+so animated, that the more splendid scenes of after-life never erased
+it from the mind of Saumarez.
+
+The duke, on rising, was surprised at the quick display of loyalty he
+beheld, and expressed himself much gratified at the proofs he received
+of respect and attachment which these faithful islanders evinced in
+his person towards the king and the royal family. His royal highness
+condescended to honour a ball in the evening; and often did young
+Saumarez hear his aunt (a sister of his mother, married to Major
+Brabazon of the 65th regiment,) relate her having opened the ball in a
+minuet with his royal highness.
+
+Young Saumarez had long and constantly cherished a decided
+predilection for the navy. Accustomed as he had been from childhood to
+hear of the fame which his valiant uncles, Captains Philip and Thomas
+Saumarez, had acquired, his mind was early inspired with a desire to
+tread in their path, and to acquire for himself a name which might
+emulate theirs. His eldest brother was already in the navy; but his
+father having six sons, when he found that James had evinced such a
+desire for the sea, and having connexions in the service, probably
+considered that he could not place another more advantageously than in
+a profession which had already afforded an honourable and glorious
+career to two of his family. Accordingly he accepted the offer of
+Captain Lucius O'Bryen, of his majesty's ship Soleby, who entered his
+name on the books of that ship on the 20th September 1767 as
+volunteer, where it remained until the 3rd of June 1770, having been
+there two years and nine months. During this time, however, he never
+joined the ship, but was for a part of it at a school in the vicinity
+of London, which had been recommended to his father by a naval friend,
+who appears to have been ill qualified to make the selection, if we
+may judge from the amusing account which Saumarez gave in after-life
+of his acquirements in that seminary. Fortunately, as he said, when he
+had been there ten months, his father being in London, sent for him,
+and to his great joy took him home, and with this portion of education
+he was launched into the world; as a few months after he went to
+Portsmouth to join the Montreal, Captain Alms, who had been a friend
+of his uncles, and who had visited his father at Guernsey.
+
+On the 9th of August 1769, the ship sailed for the Mediterranean.
+Great pains were taken by the captain to improve the talents of young
+Saumarez, which soon became apparent: but the commodore being obliged
+to return home on account of ill health, he placed him in the
+Winchelsea; and we find that he went on board the Pembroke, bearing
+the broad pendant of Commodore Proby, and commanded by Captain Durell,
+who was a relative of the family, on the 14th August 1770, and joined
+the former ship on the 28th September following.
+
+Nature happily had endowed young Saumarez with talents, and qualities
+of mind and heart, which in a great measure repaired the want of a
+regular and more enlarged education: a sound judgment and quick
+sensibility soon led him to perceive his deficiency in acquired
+knowledge; and he was inspired with a laudable ambition, to remedy it
+by every exertion the feeble means within his reach could accomplish.
+When, indeed, it is considered that only a few volumes of the
+Spectator and Idler, with some stray volumes of the Roman History,
+composed his little library, it may justly be inferred that it was no
+ordinary capacity or moderate application which could form a character
+such as was manifested by him.
+
+Frigates, in those days, had neither chaplains nor schoolmasters; and
+the "young gentlemen," when off duty, were left to spend their time as
+they thought fit. The midshipmen of the present day can have but a
+faint idea of the hardships and privations of a naval aspirant's life
+at the period Saumarez entered the service. Biscuits with insects, and
+tainted meat, was the usual fare when at sea at their mess-table; and
+none would have thought of procuring such _luxuries_ as are now
+indispensable _necessaries_ to their successors in the service. While
+there is great cause to rejoice in the change which has taken place,
+it should not prevent the expression of just and well-founded regret
+that the amelioration has spread to the opposite extreme; the placing
+a son in the navy being now a heavy tax instead of a relief, which we
+know is felt severely by old naval officers on half-pay, who naturally
+wish to employ a son in the service to which they belong.
+
+With grateful remembrance, Saumarez has often been heard to say, that,
+on his departure from home, his affectionate father put a purse
+containing fifteen guineas in his hand; observing that, as he knew he
+had a large family, he trusted that he would use it with economy, but
+that when he wanted more he might draw on his banker. So strictly,
+however, did he fulfil this recommendation, that his father said, the
+sight of his drafts gave him pleasure.
+
+His first journal is of the Winchelsea, Captain Samuel Cranston
+Goodall, and commences on the 8th November 1770, at which time he was
+first rated a midshipman: he remained in that ship until the 14th
+February 1772. During these seventeen months he gained a valuable
+friend in Captain Goodall, whose regard he preserved to the end of his
+life. Saumarez had constant access to his cabin: he allowed him to
+write there, and make extracts from the best authors in his
+possession, which was of great service in improving his acquaintance
+with modern literature. This ship had been cruising in the
+Mediterranean, and visited most of the interesting ports there; and,
+in February 1772, the Winchelsea was ordered to England,--an account
+joyfully hailed by all on board, but by none more sincerely than by
+Mr. Saumarez, whose heart panted to see his dearest friends. What,
+then, must have been his feelings, on the arrival of the Levant to
+relieve the Winchelsea, when he was sent for by Captain Goodall, and
+apprised that Captain Thompson would receive him?--and as it was of
+importance that he should finish his time before going home, he
+strongly recommended his stay, especially as it was his father's wish.
+Although it was as if a sword had pierced his heart, he calmly
+submitted to the decision, and he saw the worthy Captain Goodall and
+his messmates depart without a murmur.
+
+This self-denial was not wholly unrewarded. The Levant was a larger
+ship, affording much better accommodation to the midshipmen; and Mr.
+Saumarez, having been nearly three years at sea, became of some
+consequence with his messmates. The date of his joining the Levant was
+the 15th February 1772, having been discharged on the preceding day
+from the Winchelsea. He soon formed a close friendship with Mr. Samuel
+Thompson, the captain's son; which continued unshaken till the death
+of the latter in 1782.
+
+The British merchants having petitioned for a ship of war to be
+stationed in the Mediterranean for the protection of the trade, the
+Levant was ordered on that service, and for fourteen months remained
+in that inactive position, which young Saumarez used to say he
+considered a blank in his existence. Having no books to relieve the
+spirits, no letters to cheer the heart, life wasted away without
+profit or satisfaction. There must, however, have been a few bright
+days; for he often mentioned with pleasure the hospitality of the
+English families settled in Smyrna, of which he occasionally partook
+when Captain Thompson allowed it. This was the more frequent on
+account of his thorough knowledge of the French language, which was
+the means of procuring him attentions rendered doubly acceptable by
+the dulness of that anchorage: such were the advantages he derived
+from his familiarity with that language, that he never failed to
+recommend the study of it to all his young _protégés_ before going to
+sea.
+
+On the 28th of May 1773, the Levant was at length released, and sailed
+for Gibraltar; from which place she proceeded to Port Mahon, to be
+repaired. On the 28th of May 1774, she resumed her old station in
+Smyrna harbour, (in consequence of an insurrection, in which several
+Christians had been massacred, owing to the destruction of the Russian
+fleet in the Bay of Chisma, on the contiguous coast,) having been away
+precisely one year. She again left that station, on the 19th of
+September, for Gibraltar; and finally for England in March 1775, on
+the 29th of which month she arrived at Spithead. On the 14th of the
+following April, Mr. Saumarez was discharged from the Levant; and had
+at length the long-wished-for happiness of seeing again his native
+land, and the friends from whom he had been for more than five years
+separated.
+
+The Levant, being paid off, was recommissioned by the Honourable
+Captain Murray, who used every persuasion to induce Mr. Saumarez to
+remain in the ship; but, after an absence of five years, he was too
+anxious to spend some time with his family, to accede to his proposal,
+and the moment he was at liberty he set off for Guernsey.
+
+Taking into account the time his name had been on the books of the
+Solebay, he had now served more than the required six years of
+service: and as the regulations for age were at that time not strictly
+enforced, after a few weeks of rest he went to London to pass his
+examination for lieutenant; but owing to the commissioners being on
+their annual visits to the dock-yards, and their return being
+protracted, two months elapsed before the object was accomplished.
+This enabled him again to return to his friends, but he was not then
+permitted long to enjoy their society.
+
+In the year 1775, on the breaking out of the war with the American
+colonies, Commodore Sir Peter Parker being appointed to the command of
+a squadron, with his broad pendant on board the Bristol, of fifty
+guns, Mr. Saumarez, then eighteen years of age, was ordered to join
+that ship, through the recommendation of Admiral Keppel, who, having
+been the friend and contemporary of his uncles, ever evinced an
+interest in his advancement. After an interview with Sir Peter in
+London, he embarked, on the 9th of October, at Sheerness, whence the
+Bristol proceeded to the Nore at the end of November. After passing a
+short time at Spithead and Plymouth, which they left on the 21st of
+December, the squadron sailed for Cork, the last rendezvous of the
+expedition destined for South Carolina. This consisted of six
+frigates, two bombs, and two hundred transports, containing seven
+regiments of infantry and two companies of artillery, under the
+command of that distinguished nobleman, the Earl Cornwallis, and the
+Honourable Brigadier-general Vaughan. These two chiefs, with their
+aides-de-camp, Lord Chewton and Captain Eustace, were embarked on
+board the Bristol: they sailed about the middle of January 1776.
+
+On the passage out, which was remarkable for stormy weather, and for
+the consequent dispersion of the convoy, the activity and zeal of
+young Saumarez not only attracted the attention, but gained the esteem
+of the noble earl; who, by offering to make him his aide-de-camp and
+take him by the hand, had nearly persuaded him to leave the naval
+service, and enter the army, offering him a commission in the 33rd,
+his own regiment. We have heard him relate, that, after he had more
+than half consented, he went below and told his messmates, who
+immediately jeered him so much about "turning soldier," that he
+returned to the quarter-deck and gave a positive refusal to the earl,
+who could not help expressing his disappointment and chagrin on the
+occasion.
+
+There can be no doubt that he would have highly distinguished himself
+in the army, or wherever he was placed; but, happily for the nation,
+and for the honour of the profession which he had first chosen, he was
+destined to display his bravery and splendid talents in a sphere where
+there happened to be a much greater range for them, than if he had
+followed the fortunes of the noble earl in the other honourable
+service. Many years after, when Saumarez's career had proved the
+wisdom of his decision, he met Lord Cornwallis at dinner at Lord
+Spencer's, then first lord of the admiralty; who, on hearing this
+anecdote, observed, "Lord Cornwallis would have deprived the naval
+service of one of its best officers."
+
+The Bristol arrived off Cape Fear early in May, where they found
+General Clinton; and, having repaired their damages, reached
+Charlestown in the beginning of June. The troops were landed on the
+island, at a low, sandy spot, in the midst of a heavy surf, and the
+guns of the Bristol and the Experiment were put on board the Harcourt
+East-indiaman, to enable them to get over the bar.
+
+One of the transports, called the Friendship, having been fitted as a
+ship of war to be taken into the service, was commissioned by
+Lieutenant Charles Hope, first of the Bristol, an excellent officer,
+and he selected Sir James Barclay and Mr. Saumarez to be his officers;
+but, after a few days, he prevailed on Captain Hope to allow him to
+return to the Bristol, which he did only two days previously to the
+attack on Fort Sullivan, which, after passing the bar, it became
+necessary to silence and take possession of. This fortress was
+considered the key of the harbour, and the fortifications of it were
+constructed with great skill: the works being formed of cabbage-tree,
+a kind of wood peculiarly calculated, by its porous and elastic
+quality, to resist the effects of shot; and, from its not being liable
+to splinter, the troops in the batteries were secured from what is
+deemed one of the principal means of destruction; while the Bristol's
+crew were fully exposed to the fatal effects of the enemy's fire. The
+guns being taken on board on the 28th of June 1776, at 8 A.M. the
+squadron began the attack by a furious and incessant cannonade, which
+continued with little intermission until nine o'clock at night. Never
+did British valour shine more conspicuously, nor did our ships in an
+engagement of the same nature experience so serious an encounter: the
+squadron could not approach within grape-shot of the enemy, and
+therefore could not clear the batteries; and the spring of the
+Bristol's cable being cut by the shot, she swung so as to get
+dreadfully raked. Mr. Saumarez was employed in replacing this spring
+three times in the Mercury's boat, assisted by the captain of that
+transport.
+
+The brave Captain Morris, after receiving a number of wounds, with a
+noble constancy disdained to quit his duty; until, his arm being shot
+off, he was carried below in a condition which did not afford any
+probability of recovery. At one time, the quarter-deck of the Bristol
+was cleared of every one except the commodore, who stood on the
+poop-ladder alone; a spectacle of intrepidity and firmness which has
+been seldom equalled, never exceeded. It is said, that Mr. Saumarez
+seeing him in this situation, requested him to come down; when he
+replied with a smile, "What! you want to get rid of me, do ye?" while
+he well knew that the reverse was the fact.
+
+The loss sustained by the squadron in general, and by the Bristol in
+particular, in an action unexampled in point of duration, and in which
+it was finally repulsed, was very great: she had alone one hundred and
+eleven killed and wounded, including her gallant captain and several
+other officers.
+
+During this severe conflict, Mr. Saumarez had a very narrow escape: at
+the moment he was pointing a gun on the lower-deck, of which he had
+the command, a shot from the fort entered the port-hole, struck the
+gun, and killed seven out of eight men who were stationed to work it.
+Some time afterwards, being called on deck to execute certain orders
+respecting the replacing the spring on the cable, he was standing
+close to Mr. Darley, a midshipman, for whom he had the greatest
+regard, when a shot took off the young man's head and covered Mr.
+Saumarez with his blood.
+
+Captain Morris, after being carried below, lingered contrary to
+expectation, and hopes were formed that he would survive; when,
+unfortunately, his attendant being overcome with sleep, it is supposed
+the captain's bandages gave way, and, not having strength to awake
+him, he was found in the morning bathed in his blood. His dissolution
+becoming inevitable, one of the officers asked him if he had any
+direction to give with respect to his family; to which he nobly
+replied, "None! I leave them to the Providence of God, and the
+generosity of my country," and soon after expired. This engagement
+lasted thirteen hours: it was the first in which Mr. Saumarez had been
+present; and, after the very many in which he was subsequently
+engaged, he has been heard to declare it to have been one of the most
+severe he ever witnessed. Captain Scott, of the Experiment, lost his
+arm; and there were several death-vacancies for lieutenants.
+
+Mr. Saumarez's conduct during the whole of this obstinate and bloody
+contest was deemed so especially meritorious, that the commodore
+expressed his highest approbation of it in the warmest and most
+flattering terms, and soon after the battle he promoted him to the
+rank of lieutenant. The following is a copy of his first acting
+commission:
+
+   "By Sir Peter Parker, Commander-in-chief of a squadron of his
+   Majesty's ships to be employed on a particular service.
+
+   "Whereas I think it necessary for the good of his Majesty's
+   service to have an Acting-lieutenant on board his Majesty's ship
+   the Bristol, you are hereby required and directed to take upon
+   you the office of Acting-lieutenant of his Majesty's ship
+   Bristol; strictly charging and commanding all the officers and
+   company of the said ship to behave themselves jointly, and
+   severally, in their respective employments, with all due respect
+   and obedience unto you their said LIEUTENANT; and you are
+   likewise to observe and execute the GENERAL PRINTED
+   INSTRUCTIONS, and such orders and directions as you shall from
+   time to time receive from your captain, or any other your
+   superior officer, for his Majesty's service.
+
+   "For which this shall be your Order. Dated on board his
+   Majesty's ship Bristol, in Five-fathom Hole, off Charlestown,
+   the 11th day of July 1776.
+   P. PARKER
+
+   "To Mr. James Saumarez, hereby
+   appointed to act as Lieutenant on
+   board his Majesty's ship Bristol,
+   until further orders.
+   "By command of the Commodore.
+   JOHN READ."
+
+In this ship Acting-lieutenant Saumarez remained until the 23rd
+September; serving often with the army on shore, and on all occasions
+taking a distinguished part. He was actively employed in the boats of
+the Bristol on every landing that took place, from the first
+disembarkation of the troops in Gravesend Bay, to the landing at
+Rochelle from Frog's-neck. Lord Howe then commanded in person on this
+expedition, and hoisted his flag in the Carysfort, the gallant Captain
+Fanshawe. His lordship appointed Mr. Saumarez his aide-de-camp, and
+selected him to convey General Clinton, commanding the troops, to the
+vicinity of Rochelle, when he had the satisfaction of receiving the
+thanks of his lordship for his zealous exertions. All the boats were
+then ordered to join their respective ships off New York; an order,
+it may be supposed, not unwelcome after an absence of several weeks,
+during which officers and men had been subject to all the privations
+consequent on such a service, sleeping in boats, and scarcely having
+any change of clothing.
+
+Saumarez was afterwards on duty up the North River, and had the honour
+of conveying Lord Cornwallis and his staff on board his boat in the
+first landing in the Jerseys; and on several occasions he was actively
+useful to his lordship, who repeatedly acknowledged his services.
+Being employed in the disembarkation of troops newly arrived, he
+discovered that his brother's regiment, the twenty-third Welsh (now
+Royal Welsh) Fusileers, was one of them; and soon after he had the
+happiness of meeting him, who, on his part, was not less agreeably
+surprised at the welcome and unexpected encounter.
+
+Being at head-quarters when Fort Washington surrendered, the garrison,
+consisting of two thousand seven hundred men, having laid down their
+arms, Lieutenant Saumarez was the bearer of the tidings to the
+Bristol; but they appeared so incredible, that it was some time before
+Sir Peter Parker could be persuaded of their authenticity.
+
+Rear-admiral Lord Shuldham, having on the 6th September, shifted his
+flag to the Bristol, Lieutenant Saumarez followed his commander, who
+then hoisted his broad pendant in the Chatham. He was therefore
+removed by Lord Viscount Howe, vice-admiral of the white, and
+commander-in-chief of all his Majesty's ships and vessels in North
+America, to the Chatham, as fifth lieutenant "for the time being." In
+this situation Lieutenant Saumarez so often and so particularly
+distinguished himself in the boats, and in command of the Lady
+Parker schooner, tender to the Unicorn, Captain Ford, that, on
+the 17th February 1778, he was appointed lieutenant commanding
+the Spitfire, a schooner-rigged galley, by special direction of
+the commander-in-chief, as will appear by the following order:
+
+   "By Commodore Hotham, on board the Preston.
+
+   "The Viscount Howe having directed that you shall command the
+   Spitfire galley, in the room of Lieutenant Scott; you are hereby
+   directed to repair on board the said galley, and take the
+   command of her accordingly, using the utmost despatch in
+   preparing and fitting her for a passage to Rhode Island.
+
+   "Given on board the Preston,
+   off New York, 17th February 1778.
+   W. HOTHAM.
+
+   "To Lieut. Saumarez, hereby
+   appointed to command
+   H.M. galley, the Spitfire.
+   "By command.
+   TITUS LEWIS."
+
+Our young hero, who had been far less actively employed than he
+wished, had now obtained almost the height of his ambition,--in other
+words, a situation where he could have an opportunity of displaying
+his talents and intrepidity. He found his new vessel in the king's
+yard; and, having taken charge from her former commander, proceeded
+to fit out with surprising diligence. On the 23rd February he received
+twenty-three seamen from the Preston; and on the 27th a sergeant and
+eleven marines completed his complement of thirty-seven men, including
+himself and the carpenter; when he immediately weighed and made sail.
+It soon after blew a gale, but he succeeded in reaching the Brothers,
+where he anchored, and found H.M.S. Sphinx, and some traders: the
+next morning he weighed, and falling in with H.M.S. Falcon and
+convoy, they proceeded on their voyage. On the 4th of March strong
+gales obliged the convoy to put into Huntingdon Bay, where they were
+detained by stormy weather till the 13th of March. On the 15th the
+convoy reached Oyster-pond Bay, and on the 16th anchored off Fort
+Island, in company with the Eagle, Nonsuch, Apollo, Mermaid, Unicorn,
+Ariel, Maidstone, Grampus, and Stromboli; and here their active
+operations began. On the 28th of March an enemy's frigate was chased
+and run on shore in the Narraganset Passage, when Lieutenant Saumarez,
+together with the boats of the squadron, went to destroy her, she
+being protected by a battery on shore; the Spitfire was anchored about
+four hundred yards from this battery in twelve feet water, and, having
+got her long-bow gun to bear, engaged it while the boats boarded and
+set fire to the frigate: this occupied more than an hour, during
+which time the battery was silenced, but a brisk fire of musketry was
+kept up by the rebels; and the service being performed, the galley was
+towed out with little damage, five men being wounded: at nine she
+anchored in safety off Newton's Point. Soon after this a gale came on;
+the galley drove towards the rocks, and it was supposed she must be
+lost; but Lieutenant Saumarez cut his cable, and by a masterly act of
+seamanship saved his vessel, and gained the admiration of the whole
+squadron. During this period, Lieutenant Saumarez was under the orders
+of Commodore Griffith, of the Nonsuch, senior officer of his Majesty's
+ships and vessels at Rhode Island; and it will appear by the following
+secret order, that he was kept at the most important point in advance.
+
+   (Secret.)
+   "By Walter Griffith, Esq. Commander of a division of his
+   Majesty's ships and vessels at Rhode Island.
+
+   "The employment of the galley under your command being necessary
+   in the Seakonnet Channel, with the intention to intercept any
+   armed vessels fitted by the rebels for putting to sea from the
+   harbours or creeks communicating therewith; but more
+   particularly to defeat any attempts they may propose for making
+   a descent in force, or attacking the post occupied by the king's
+   troops on the eastern shore of Rhode Island; you are therefore
+   to proceed to the aforesaid channel, and put yourself under the
+   command of the superior officer there, for those purposes
+   accordingly: but you are, nevertheless, at liberty to move the
+   galley (under the orders of the commanding officer there) from
+   time to time, to prevent the enemy from being able to ascertain
+   the position thereof, either for executing any meditated insult
+   on the galley, or to pass you unobserved during the night;
+   taking care, however, to keep as much as may be within such
+   limits, as will fully enable you to effect the principal object
+   of your appointment as aforesaid.
+
+   "It will become requisite for this end, to have your boats (or
+   other better-appointed craft, with which you can in future be
+   supplied), advanced at seasonable lines, both for the earlier
+   discovery of any ships or vessels attempting to pass your
+   station in the night, and preventing any other advantages
+   attempted by the enemy under cover thereof.
+
+   "The crews of the boats so directed should be prudently cautious
+   in boarding vessels of inconsiderable appearance, that they may
+   not be exposed to suffer by the treacherous practice of the
+   enemy in different modes to blow up and destroy your men; but a
+   suitable discretion will be no less requisite on your part,
+   that, in warning them of these hazards, they are not induced to
+   become remiss in their exertions in the essential services.
+
+   "If the enemy should attempt to pass your station with any ship
+   of apparent force, great attention will be requisite that you
+   may not be misled by such not improbable expeditions to draw you
+   from your station, and thereby facilitate the means to succeed
+   with less risk in a meditated descent on the eastern shore of
+   the island; which is to be at all times the object of your chief
+   care to resist and oppose, by endeavouring to destroy the boats
+   of the enemy employed on that occasion, or otherwise to prevent
+   the further use of them in the attempt.
+
+   "It will therefore be incumbent on you, in conjunction with
+   other armed vessels stationed with you in Seakonnet Channel, to
+   intercept the said armed vessels (if possible) before they have
+   advanced below your first anchoring station, and to keep secret
+   such directions as the senior officer at the said anchorage may
+   propose to adopt for that intent.
+
+   "You are to continue on this service until further orders; and I
+   am to recommend your attention, that a careful watch is kept in
+   the galley at all times, conformable to the tenour of the
+   printed instructions given in that respect; and that every other
+   precaution is taken to guard against the attempts of the rebel
+   for the annoyance of the galley, wherein it is to be observed of
+   all such enterprises, that those which are the least suspected
+   are ever the most likely to be attended with success.
+
+   "Given on board H.M.S. Nonsuch,
+   at Rhode Island, 21st May 1778.
+   S.W. GRIFFITH."
+
+   "To Lieut. Saumarez, &c."
+
+It should be mentioned here, that Rhode Island was taken possession of
+by his Majesty's forces under General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker on
+the 9th December 1776; and some description of it is necessary to show
+the arduous as well as perilous nature of the service on which our
+young hero was now employed. This island takes its name from the
+province, and lies in Narraganset Bay: it is fifteen miles in length
+from north to south, and three miles and a half broad; the north end
+is only three miles from Bristol, to which there is a ferry. The
+Seakonnet Passage separates it from the main on the north-west side,
+and the islands of Conanicut and Prudence lie in the passage on the
+south-east side, the town of Newport being in the south-east part of
+the island.
+
+The Seakonnet Passage was in consequence of the above order allotted
+to the Spitfire. Lieutenant Saumarez was now under the orders of
+Captain Græme, and proceeded to his station: it appears from his
+journal, now in our possession, that he was constantly on the alert,
+and almost daily skirmishing with the enemy. On the 24th he had to
+sustain the attack of three armed boats which came off from Point
+Judith, and had nearly decoyed them on board; but they found their
+mistake in time to escape after a good drubbing. On the same evening
+he joined a detachment of five hundred men, which, under cover of the
+Flora, had landed above Bristol and burnt one hundred and twenty-five
+batteaux-plats, an armed galley, and a privateer of fourteen guns,
+besides destroying the greatest part of the town. On the 30th April a
+firing was heard in the direction of the Taunton: the Spitfire
+immediately weighed, and ran over to the enemy's shore, where
+Lieutenant Saumarez opposed his vessel to a field-piece, which
+returned his fire without doing any injury for a considerable time;
+this was meant as a diversion to enable the 54th regiment to attack
+unobserved, which in the mean time landed up the Taunton, destroyed
+eight sawmills and several flat-boats, and came off by the assistance
+of the Spitfire with inconsiderable loss.
+
+On the 1st of May the Spitfire weighed, and was beating against the
+wind to obtain her station, when, by the vessel missing stays, she got
+aground on Sandy Hook. On this, the enemy immediately brought down a
+gun, but without effect. An anchor was carried out; the vessel was
+hove off without damage, and reached Fogland Battery, off which she
+anchored, and the next day reached her former station.
+
+It will be needless to notice every occasion wherein the Spitfire was
+engaged with the enemy, which, while Lieutenant Saumarez commanded
+her, was no less than forty-seven times! but we shall proceed to the
+period when his operations in that vessel were drawing to a close. The
+Americans, who had publicly declared their independence on the 4th
+July 1776, had concluded a treaty with the French on the 13th March
+1778, which was considered by the British government as a declaration
+of war; and the French ambassador being directed to withdraw, the
+following orders were issued to the squadron at Rhode Island by
+Commodore John Brisbane, who had now taken the command:
+
+   "By Captain John Brisbane, Captain of H.M.S. Flora, and senior
+   officer of his Majesty's ships and vessels at Newport, Rhode
+   Island.
+
+   "In pursuance of an order from the Lord Viscount Howe,
+   vice-admiral of the white, and commander-in-chief of his
+   Majesty's ships and vessels employed on a particular service,
+   you are hereby required and directed to MAKE WAR UPON, take, or
+   destroy any part of the French squadron lately arrived on the
+   coasts of this continent, as well as other ships of war of that
+   nation appearing on the coasts of North America, to the utmost
+   of your ability, until further orders, keeping this secret.
+
+   Dated on board H.M.S. Flora, at Newport, Rhode Island, 26th
+   July 1778.
+   (Signed)
+   J. BRISBANE.
+
+   "To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
+   the Spitfire, galley."
+
+This order was transmitted with an enclosure, designated "Copy of a
+paragraph of a letter received from Lord Viscount Howe, dated off
+Sandy Hook, 19th July 1778."
+
+   "As there is not a sufficient naval force for the defence of
+   Rhode Island, and none can be sent while the French squadron, at
+   anchor off Sandy Hook, continues so much superior to that under
+   my command, it may not be unseasonable to remind you that you
+   are at liberty to apply the force under your direction, by
+   landing of guns and men for the service of the batteries;
+   dismantling, and even destroying the ships, to strengthen the
+   defences of the post in the most effectual manner, in case of an
+   attack upon the post, more especially when no longer in prospect
+   of rendering better assistance under the same circumstances, or
+   preventing the capture of the ships.
+
+   "Every captain or commander is therefore directed to attend to
+   the foregoing paragraph, and act from circumstances, in the best
+   and most effectual manner possible for the defence of the post,
+   and ship or vessel under his command, so as to answer the
+   intention of his lordship. Dated on board H.M.S. Flora,
+   Newport Harbour, 27th July 1778.
+
+   "To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
+   H.M. galley Spitfire."
+
+The French, who had secretly been assisting the Americans, and had
+long been preparing for war, sent a powerful fleet from France, which
+arrived, and anchored off Sandy Hook, while Lord Howe was within the
+harbour with a very inferior force, but could not be attacked: they
+therefore bent their course to reduce Rhode Island. On the 29th of
+July they were discovered; and, on the 4th of August, two ships of the
+line and two frigates entered the passage, where the Kingfisher sloop,
+the Alarm and Spitfire, galleys, were stationed; and it being no
+longer possible to prevent them from falling into the hands of the
+enemy, their stores, guns, and crews were landed, and the vessels set
+on fire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1778 to 1782.
+
+     Serves ashore.--Returns to England in the
+     Leviathan.--Providential escape from shipwreck.--Visits
+     Guernsey.--Joins the Victory.--A journey to London.--Joins the
+     Fortitude.--Battle off the Dogger Bank.--Anecdotes of Admiral
+     Parker.--Mr. Saumarez promoted to the rank of Master and
+     Commander.--Appointed to the Tisiphone.--Sails for the West
+     Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.--Action with Comte de
+     Guichen.--Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.--Is
+     despatched to Sir Samuel Hood.--Arrives at Barbadoes.--Escapes
+     from two French men-of-war.--Passes through an intricate
+     channel.--Joins Sir Samuel Hood.--Gallant conduct in cutting
+     out a vessel.--Tisiphone ordered home.--Fortunate exchange with
+     Captain Stanhope.--Takes command of the Russell.
+
+
+After the destruction of his little vessel, the Spitfire, Lieutenant
+Saumarez was attached to the division of sailors under Commodore
+Brisbane, to whom he became aide-de-camp. This division consisted of
+the crews of the frigates and other vessels which had been destroyed,
+on the following day in the southern passage, to prevent their falling
+into the hands of the enemy. The vessels destroyed, in addition to
+those mentioned in the last chapter, were, the Juno, Lark, Orpheus,
+and Flora of thirty-two guns, and the Cerberus of twenty-eight.
+
+The artillery and stores had been in part landed, and mounted in
+various positions on the island; while the seamen and officers,
+amounting to above a thousand men, were actively employed there during
+the whole of the siege. Lieutenant Saumarez was stationed latterly in
+command of one of the advanced posts, and had several opportunities of
+distinguishing himself in repulsing the repeated assaults of the
+enemy, and in attacking them in return.
+
+The plans of the French for the reduction of Rhode Island having
+failed, and their fleet having been dispersed in a storm, during which
+some were disabled, and others captured, and finally the appearance of
+Lord Howe with a reinforced but still inferior squadron, induced them
+to abandon the project, and, after refitting at Boston, to steer for
+the West Indies.
+
+The officers and seamen, being now no longer wanted, were ordered a
+passage home in the Leviathan of fifty guns, on board which ship
+Lieutenant Saumarez embarked, in company with Captains Dalrymple,
+Smith, Hudson, Brisbane, Symons, and Græme, whose ships had also been
+destroyed. As she was approaching the English Channel, the Leviathan
+was overtaken by a violent storm, and most providentially saved from
+shipwreck by the clearing up of a thick fog just in time to avoid the
+danger, when they found the ship close to the Rocks of Scilly, near to
+the spot where Sir Cloudesley Shovel was lost. This circumstance has
+been attributed to a strong northerly current, but it was probably
+from the position of these dangerous islands being inaccurately laid
+down in the charts; it is indeed an extraordinary fact, that an error
+of no less than three leagues in their situation was first discovered
+by the Swedish surveyor, Nordenanker, about the commencement of last
+war. The Leviathan, nevertheless, arrived safely at Portsmouth about
+the beginning of the year 1779, when Lieutenant Saumarez had again an
+opportunity of visiting his family and friends in Guernsey.
+
+He had, however, resided there but a short time, when he was appointed
+first lieutenant of the Edgar of seventy-four guns, then fitting at
+Woolwich for the broad pendant of Commodore Elliot. After receiving
+his letter of appointment, he was obliged to wait some time for an
+opportunity to cross the channel; but at length availed himself of the
+Ambuscade, which touched at Guernsey. Having arrived at the Isle of
+Wight, Captain Phipps, her commander, ascertained that the squadron
+under Admiral Drake, to which he belonged, had sailed from Spithead;
+therefore without touching at Portsmouth to land Lieutenant Saumarez,
+he proceeded to join the Channel fleet, which he found twenty leagues
+to the westward of Scilly, having on the way retaken the Helena sloop
+of war; to command which Sir John Warren, then first lieutenant of the
+Victory, was appointed, and Mr. Saumarez was ordered in his stead to
+join the Victory, then bearing the flag of Sir Charles Hardy, at whose
+request he was continued in that ship, where he was third lieutenant
+in seniority, but supernumerary on the books. Besides the
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, Rear-Admiral Kempenfelt, as
+first, and Captain Collings, as second captain, were both on board the
+Victory detached to cruise off Brest, commencing in June 1779, and
+returning occasionally to port until May 31st, 1780. After the death
+of Sir Charles Hardy, which took place on the 9th May 1780, Admiral
+Geary, and then Sir Francis Drake, succeeded to the command, with
+Captain Clayton as captain.
+
+The Victory continued on the same service until the spring of 1781,
+when Admiral Hyde Parker hoisted his flag, and Mr. Saumarez now became
+first lieutenant. He had been so zealously attentive to his duty, that
+for several months he never went on shore, till at length he yielded
+to the persuasion of his messmates. On arriving at Point Beach,
+Portsmouth, he was accosted by a person in French, who demanded the
+way to the admiral's house, and at the same time informed him that he
+had just landed with the intelligence that Jersey had been attacked
+by the French. Mr. Saumarez immediately went with the messenger to
+the admiral, who despatched him as a courier to town, and he returned
+in a remarkably short time with orders respecting it. In short, his
+diligence and zeal were so manifest in every service on which he was
+employed, that he soon gained the esteem and friendship of
+Vice-admiral Hyde Parker, who, in June 1781, was appointed to the
+command in the North Seas, and shifted his flag into the Fortitude,
+Captain Robertson. The squadron in those seas, when under command of
+Commodore Keith Stewart, was of inconsiderable strength, but had now
+risen to a force of five ships of the line, besides one fifty, one
+forty-four, and three frigates. Notwithstanding the desire of Lord
+Sandwich, then first lord of the admiralty, to provide for his own
+friends, the admiral succeeded in carrying with him, from the Victory,
+Lieutenants Waghorne and Saumarez. On the 3rd of June they sailed from
+Spithead to Sheerness, and, after refitting and touching at Leith,
+sailed to bring home the Baltic convoy from Elsineur, about the
+beginning of July.
+
+The squadron, which might have been made much stronger, consisted of
+the Fortitude, seventy-four, Captain Robertson; the Princess Amelia,
+eighty, Captain Macartney; the Berwick, seventy-four, Captain
+Fergusson; the Bienfaisant, sixty-four, Captain Braithwaite; the
+Buffalo, sixty, Captain Truscott; the Preston, fifty, Captain Græme;
+the Dolphin, forty-four, Captain Blair; the Latona, thirty-eight, Sir
+Hyde Parker (the admiral's son); the Belle Poule, thirty-six, Captain
+Patton; the Cleopatra, thirty-two, Captain Murray; and the Surprise,
+cutter, Lieutenant Rivett.
+
+The Dutch by this time had declared war, and, being perfectly aware of
+the force of Admiral Parker's squadron, sailed with a large convoy for
+the Baltic, under command of Admiral Zoutman, whose squadron was one
+ship of the line superior; it became, therefore, necessary to take the
+Dolphin, of forty-four guns, into the line, although she had only
+eighteen-pounders on the lower deck.
+
+But before entering into the details of the action which took place on
+the 5th of August 1781, it is proper to give some of the particulars
+of each squadron. That of Admiral Parker was totally unfit for the
+line of battle; the ships had been but a short time together, and had
+only two or three times practised the usual manoeuvres of forming
+the line, &c. The Fortitude was a small seventy-four, but well manned.
+The Princess Amelia was an old eighty-gun ship, with reduced metal and
+masts. The Berwick was a good ship, and, in addition to her metal, had
+two sixty-eight-pounder carronades on the poop; but next to her was
+the Dolphin, forty-four, with only twenty twelve-pounders on the
+lower-deck, which could not be expected to make any impression on a
+sixty-four. The Buffalo was formerly the Captain, of seventy guns;
+but, in the commencement of hostilities, not being thought efficient
+as a ship of war, she was fitted up as a mast-ship and her name
+changed; but, probably for want of vessels, she was again equipped for
+war with sixty guns, but only with eighteen-pounders on the lower
+deck. The Preston was a good fifty-gun ship, with her proper metal,
+twenty-four-pounders on the lower, and twelve-pounders on the upper
+deck. The Bienfaisant had the metal on her lower deck reduced. The
+Artois, which afterwards joined the squadron, was the finest frigate
+then known; had twenty-eight, eighteen-pounders on her main deck,
+with, in addition to her complement of guns, heavy carronades on the
+quarter-deck and forecastle; she was manned with three hundred
+men. The Latona was a fine thirty-eight gun frigate, with
+eighteen-pounders; the Belle Poule and Tartar were excellent of their
+class.
+
+The Dutch squadron consisted of one seventy-four, one sixty-eight, one
+sixty-four, and five fifty-fours. In the action there were five
+frigates, the other five having gone off with the convoy; the list of
+both will be found in the Appendix to this volume, with that of the
+killed and wounded.
+
+The Dutch squadron and convoy, which were bound to the Baltic, were
+discovered at four o'clock in the morning about six leagues to
+leeward; and there being a fine commanding breeze and smooth water,
+everything was favourable, as well for detaching the convoy, which was
+immediately done by signal to the Tartar, as for making dispositions
+to attack the enemy. The admiral seeing that they had their own port
+(the Texel) directly to leeward, and being doubtful that they would
+run in there for shelter, or at least go nearer to the shore, made the
+signal to chase at thirty-five minutes past four, which obliged every
+ship to make sail instead of preparing for action with a superior
+enemy. At five, Admiral Zoutman hoisted Dutch colours, and his
+men-of-war drew out from the convoy, which took their station under
+the lee to await the event. At half-past five, the admiral made the
+Tartar's signal to stay by, and part company with the convoy, which
+then hauled their wind, made sail to the south-west, and was soon out
+of sight and danger.
+
+At ten minutes past six, the signal for the line of battle abreast was
+made, which allowed the headmost ships to take in small sails; and
+immediately after another signal was given for the Dolphin and Preston
+to change stations; this was a serious mistake, as it led our squadron
+to believe that the admiral meant to engage the ship ahead of the
+Dutch admiral, and not that of the latter, which was actually his
+intention. This unfortunately placed the Dolphin in opposition to one
+of the largest of the enemy's vessels; and while it left the rear-ship
+(the Bienfaisant) for some time without an opponent, the van-ship
+Berwick and the Dolphin had to engage three of the enemy.
+
+In the mean time, the Dutch were regularly drawn up in a line of
+battle ahead, on the larboard tack, the ships being about a cable's
+length apart, and keeping a point from the wind, with their sails well
+proportioned to each other. They appeared in excellent order, their
+hammocks stowed, and marines drawn up on the poop.
+
+At fifty-six minutes past seven, the signal for close action was made,
+and, to the astonishment of our squadron, the enemy never fired a
+shot, although they might have done considerable damage to our ships
+had they opened their fire on them as they approached end on to them,
+on their weather beam. Not a gun was fired on either side until within
+half-musket shot, when the red flag was hoisted on both ships. Up to
+that moment all was silent, and it is scarcely possible to conceive a
+silence more solemn and impressive! At the same instant, they saw the
+signal go to the mast-head of Zoutman's ship. The dreadful silence was
+now broken by the tremendous roar of cannon when within pistol-shot,
+and the battle raged with the utmost fury for three hours and forty
+minutes.
+
+At ten o'clock, the signal for close action which had been made, was
+repeated. The Berwick, having forced the van-ship of the enemy to
+edge off, fell to leeward of the line, and was consequently obliged to
+make sail, tack, and regain her station in support of the Dolphin,
+which had then two ships on her, and was also thrown to leeward. The
+admiral, having now slackened the Dutch admiral's fire, passed ahead
+of the Buffalo, on which the ships astern closed up to the Buffalo;
+and the Berwick took the station ahead of the admiral. At thirty-five
+minutes past eleven, the ships became unmanageable; and, the Dutch
+dropping to leeward, the action ceased.
+
+By some it has been affirmed that Admiral Parker should have renewed
+the action: Lieutenant Saumarez says, it was certainly his intention
+to do so; but the state of his own ship, and the reports he received
+from others, rendered it quite impossible.[3]
+
+   [3] When the action had ceased, Sir Hyde Parker,
+   captain of the Latona and son of the admiral, bore down on the
+   Fortitude, and affectionately inquired for his brave parent, of
+   whose gallantry he had been an anxious eye-witness. The admiral,
+   with equal warmth, assured his son of his personal safety, and
+   spoke of his mortification at being unable, from the state of
+   his own ship, and from the reports he had received of the other
+   ships, to pursue the advantage he had gained, in the manner he
+   most ardently desired.
+
+The Dutch convoy had about the middle of the conflict bore up for the
+Texel. The protection of them was no longer an object, and Admiral
+Zoutman, as soon as he could possibly get his ships collected and put
+before the wind, made the best of his way into the port; but during
+the night the Hollandia, Dutch seventy-four, was seen sunk in
+twenty-two fathoms water, and her pendant was hauled down by Captain
+Patton, of the Belle Poule, and brought to the admiral. As no ship was
+taken, both claimed the victory: but, the convoy being sent back into
+port and one ship sunk, should certainly decide it to Admiral Parker;
+and had the English admiral not inadvertently rendered his van too
+weak by the mistake in the signal which also extended his line beyond
+their rear, thereby rendering one ship for a time useless, he would
+have obtained a decisive victory.
+
+While Admiral Zoutman must be admired for his cool intrepidity, it
+must be admitted that he was much to blame in forbearing to avail
+himself of the opportunity of attacking and disabling the approaching
+fleet, which he might have done with great effect. After the Fortitude
+had been put into a condition to make sail, Lieutenant Saumarez was
+sent to conduct the Preston, one of the disabled ships, into port; her
+commander, Captain Græme, having lost his arm in the action. When
+Admiral Parker arrived at the Nore, his Majesty paid the squadron a
+visit; but the veteran commander, indignant at the conduct of
+ministers, who, he conceived, ought to have reinforced his squadron
+instead of allowing some fine ships to lie idle in port, received the
+King with that rough _hauteur_ peculiar to himself, observing, "I wish
+your Majesty better ships and younger officers. As for myself, I am
+now too old for the service."
+
+On this occasion Lieut. Saumarez was presented to George III. The King
+inquired if he was related to the captains of the same name one of
+whom had circumnavigated the globe with Anson, and who had fallen
+gloriously in the service of their country: the admiral replied in the
+affirmative, saying, "Yes, please your Majesty; he is their nephew,
+and as brave and as good an officer as either of them."
+
+In consequence of the bravery and skill he displayed in this action,
+Lieut. Saumarez was promoted to the rank of commander, although only
+second lieutenant; the first being wounded early in the action, the
+duty had fallen on our hero: and he was immediately appointed to the
+Tisiphone, a fire-ship constructed on a new plan, and armed with
+carronades, which was then fitting at Sheerness; his commission as
+"master and commander," bearing date for that ship, the 23rd August
+1781.
+
+When lieutenant of the Fortitude, with Admiral Sir Hyde Parker,--who,
+from his acerbity of temper, was distinguished from others of the same
+name by the sobriquet of "Vinegar Parker,"--the old admiral betrayed
+his ill-humour by unwarrantably finding fault with him one morning
+when Mr. Saumarez commanded the watch; but soon after, probably to
+make amends for such hasty and unguarded conduct towards an officer
+for whom he had the greatest regard, he sent to invite him to dinner,
+an honour which the young lieutenant declined in terms sufficiently
+strong to indicate that his feelings had been hurt. On this, the
+admiral sent for him and exclaimed, "What! can't you put up with the
+fractious disposition of an old man?" The admiral, who could not bear
+to be, even for a day, at variance with Lieutenant Saumarez, would do
+anything to serve him; and, when he obtained the command on the East
+India station, offered to take him with him in the Cato, which sailed,
+and was supposed to have foundered off the Cape of Good Hope, as she
+was never afterwards heard of; and he happily escaped sharing the fate
+of that gallant chief and unfortunate crew.
+
+The Tisiphone having been fitted out at Sheerness, and the complement
+of men having been filled up by supernumeraries from the Conquestadore
+at the Nore, Captain Saumarez, by order from Admiral Roddam, placed
+himself under the command of Captain Allen, of the Sceptre, on the 6th
+September 1781, from whom he received the following order:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to put yourself under my
+   command, and to follow all such orders and directions as you
+   shall from time to time receive from me for his Majesty's
+   service, and to hold yourself in constant readiness to sail at a
+   moment's warning; and in case of separation by any unavoidable
+   accident, you are to make the best of your way without loss of
+   time to Torbay, and put yourself under the command of Admiral
+   Darby.
+
+   (Mem.) In case of your parting company with his Majesty's ship
+   Sceptre, and falling in with any ships or vessels belonging to
+   France or French subjects, Spain or Spanish subjects, the States
+   General of the United Provinces, or to his Majesty's rebellious
+   subjects in the colonies of North America, that you can cope
+   with, you are to use your best endeavours to take, seize, sink,
+   burn, or destroy the same: giving me an account of your arrival
+   at Torbay, and of anything you may have so taken or destroyed.
+
+   Signed.
+   WM. ALLEN.
+
+In pursuance of these orders Captain Saumarez sailed from the Nore,
+and, arriving at Torbay on the 17th, found that Admiral Darby had
+sailed in the Britannia on the 15th, after having left orders for the
+Tisiphone to cruise a week off the Lizard. Here he was directed to
+proceed for Plymouth, where he arrived on the 1st of October; and
+having received further orders to repair to Spithead without loss of
+time, he arrived there on the 13th October, to fit for Channel
+service. He now joined the fleet under Lord Howe, and, after a cruise
+off Brest, returned to Portsmouth on the 21st of November: his ship
+was found to sail extremely well.
+
+Captain Saumarez was now ordered to place himself under the command of
+Admiral Kempenfelt, who, with a detachment of twelve sail of the
+line, was destined to intercept Count de Guichen, who had put to sea
+from Brest, after having returned from his last severe campaign. The
+count had been ordered to use every exertion to refit and prepare the
+French fleet for sea, notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The
+objects in view could be accomplished only by extreme diligence and
+the most profound secrecy, as it was absolutely necessary to reinforce
+Count de Grasse, with both ships and troops in the West Indies, as
+also M. Des Ornes and Admiral Suffrein in the East. It was evident
+that De Grasse, after his hard service on the coast of North America
+during the preceding campaign, must stand in need of a vast supply of
+naval and military stores; and the service he was about to undertake
+in the West Indies would increase the want of provisions, and almost
+every necessary of life and of warfare: neither was the demand for
+naval and military stores in the East Indies less urgent. Accordingly,
+a numerous convoy of transports, store-ships, and victuallers were
+prepared and equipped at the same time as the fleet, which was now
+extended to such a number of men-of-war as was considered sufficient
+for the protection of the convoys until fairly out of reach. This part
+of the service, as well as the charge of the whole expedition, was, as
+we have stated, confided to Count Guichen; and the command of the
+squadron and fleet destined to the West Indies, to M. de Vaudreuil.
+The Tisiphone was the look-out ship of the squadron, which sailed from
+Spithead at the end of November.
+
+At day-break on the 12th December, Captain Saumarez, being the first
+to discover the enemy, made known his situation to the admiral; which
+was, that the men-of-war were too far ahead and too much to leeward of
+the convoy to afford any protection to it. The admiral, with that
+decision and professional skill by which he was so eminently
+distinguished, determined to profit by their situation, and boldly
+pushed between the convoy and the greater part of the enemy's
+line-of-battle ships, and succeeded in capturing twenty sail. In this
+affair Captain Saumarez had a noble opportunity of distinguishing
+himself, by attacking the ship of war, of thirty-six guns, which was
+bringing up the rear of the convoy, and capturing her after an action
+of twenty minutes.
+
+Besides those captured, many others had struck; but, the weather at
+this time becoming thick and squally, the admiral discontinued the
+chase of those which had been cut off, and which made sail in every
+direction, that he might collect his squadron before dark, many of his
+ships being at a great distance astern with the prizes. At daylight
+next morning, the enemy's ships of war, twenty-one sail of the line,
+were seen formed to leeward; but their force was so much superior,
+that the admiral did not think it advisable to risk an action. The
+captured ships consisted of twenty-one sail of transports, having on
+board eleven thousand troops, besides their crews of seven thousand
+seamen; the greatest part of which were taken by this squadron, and
+the Agamemnon, which picked up five or six more.
+
+It was now evident that the force under Count Guichen, destined to
+assist Count de Grasse in the capture of the valuable island of
+Jamaica; was much greater than had been supposed by the English
+government; and, consequently, it became of the utmost importance to
+give the earliest information of the approach of such a formidable
+enemy to Sir Samuel Hood. Accordingly, Captain Saumarez, whose gallant
+conduct and zeal had been so manifest, was selected for this service.
+His men were returned to the Tisiphone from the captured ships; and he
+was detached with orders to push past the French fleet, and make the
+best of his way to Barbadoes, (see Appendix) where he arrived on the
+28th of January; and finding the Pegasus, Captain John Stanhope, he
+delivered his despatches, and received the following orders from that
+officer:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed (without a
+   moment's loss of time) to the island of Antigua, where, on your
+   arrival off English Harbour, you are to send a boat in for
+   intelligence respecting Sir Samuel Hood and the fleet under his
+   command; which having received from the senior officer in that
+   port, you will proceed in search of the commander-in-chief, and
+   deliver him the despatches you are charged with from
+   Rear-admiral Kempenfelt, as also those you will receive
+   herewith.
+
+   Given on board his Majesty's ship Pegasus,
+   Carlisle Bay, this 28th Jan. 1782.
+
+   (Mem.) I recommend that particular attention may be paid to
+   keep well to windward of the French islands.
+
+   Signed  JOHN STANHOPE.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, H.M. fire-ship Tisiphone.
+
+In pursuance of these orders, Captain Saumarez sailed from Barbadoes
+on the 28th of January. In the mean time, the Comte de Grasse, who had
+been beating to windward for some days with the intention of attacking
+Barbadoes, but without gaining ground, had abandoned his plan, and
+bore away for St. Kitts. On his arrival there, he landed eight
+thousand men, and took possession of greater part of the island:
+General Frazer, with a small party of six hundred men, was obliged to
+retire to Brimstone Hill Fort.
+
+Sir Samuel Hood, notwithstanding the superiority of the enemy,
+(twenty-nine sail of the line,) resolved on a sudden and unusually
+bold manoeuvre, namely, to sail and attack the enemy's fleet at
+anchor. It was for this purpose that he had put to sea with twenty-two
+sail of the line, and proceeded to Antigua, where he took in
+provisions, and embarked the twenty-eighth and two companies of the
+thirteenth regiment, under command of General Prescott.
+
+Captain Saumarez, according to the orders he had received, proceeded
+for Antigua, and keeping "well to windward," as he had been directed
+to do, fell in with the Triumphante and Terrible, two French
+line-of-battle ships, of the squadron which had been attacked by
+Admiral Kempenfelt on the 12th December, and which had been detached
+by Comte de Guichen to Martinique. These ships immediately gave chase;
+but, night coming on, Captain Saumarez had recourse to stratagem in
+order to effect his escape, which would otherwise have been impossible
+in consequence of the Tisiphone having carried away her fore-top-mast
+in a squall, an accident which was fortunately not observed by his
+pursuers: he now made night-signals by hoisting lights and burning
+false fires; which having led the enemy to suppose he was
+communicating with an English squadron, they abandoned the pursuit
+after a chase of half-an-hour.
+
+At the moment the fore-top-mast was carried away, Mr. Robb, one of the
+midshipmen, who was looking out at the fore-top-gallant-mast-head,
+fell on the forecastle without receiving any injury. This young
+gentleman was an _elève_ of Captain Saumarez, continued with him to
+the end of that war, and embarked with him on board the Crescent in
+1793. After the capture of _La Réunion_, he was promoted to the rank
+of lieutenant.
+
+The fore-top-mast of the Tisiphone was soon replaced; and next day, on
+reaching English Harbour, he learned that Sir Samuel Hood, with his
+squadron was at anchor in Basseterre Roads, St. Kitts, where he had
+three times repulsed the enemy of a much superior force, but which had
+now taken up such a position as rendered it impossible for him to
+communicate with the admiral; for, unless he would venture to push
+through the intricate channel between Nevis and St. Kitts, he would
+run the greatest risk of being captured. Undismayed, however, at the
+danger of navigating an unknown passage, he fearlessly proceeded where
+no ship had ever before ventured; and by sounding as he advanced, and
+by the dexterous management of his ship, he succeeded in carrying the
+Tisiphone to the anchorage at St. Kitts in safety; and delivered his
+despatches to Sir Samuel Hood, who informed him that the intelligence
+was of such importance, that it was necessary it should be immediately
+sent on to Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica. But when the admiral proposed
+to send the Tisiphone on with it, Captain Saumarez, desirous of
+remaining at the seat of warlike operations, represented to him that
+the Tisiphone was a fine fast-sailing ship on a new construction, that
+in the existing state of affairs she might be useful, and that he
+should be happy to contribute by his own personal exertions to the
+promotion of the public service; whereas any vessel could run down
+with the trade-wind to Jamaica. Sir Samuel, no less pleased with the
+proposal, and the manner in which it was made, than convinced of the
+advantage he would derive from having with him a fast-sailing vessel
+commanded by so zealous an officer, whose tact and intrepidity had
+already been manifested, determined to keep the Tisiphone with his
+squadron, and send a less useful vessel with the intelligence to
+Jamaica. The admiral soon reaped the advantage of this decision.
+Captain Saumarez, during the time the fleet remained there and at
+Antigua, was the most active in harassing the enemy. He commanded
+several boat expeditions, and cut out a vessel in a most gallant style
+from Basseterre Roads and several other small vessels from the back of
+the island.
+
+The time, however, had now arrived when it was absolutely necessary to
+send another despatch to England; and the admiral had no other small
+vessel remaining but the Tisiphone. On the 7th February 1782, the
+signal was made for an opportunity of sending letters to England, and
+subsequently for the captain of the Tisiphone: Captain Saumarez had
+been dining with his friend, Captain Charrington, on board the Ajax,
+and it was some time before he reached the Barfleur; when he found to
+his dismay and mortification that he was ordered home! In a short
+time the despatches were ready, and he had taken his leave. He
+described this interesting circumstance, on which it may be said his
+fortune was founded, in the following manner to us, and we cannot do
+better than give it in his own words.
+
+"I was," says he, "in my own boat, with the despatches in my hand; and
+with a heavy heart had ordered the bow-man to shove off, when Captain
+Stanhope, of the Russell, came alongside, and seeing me called:
+'Hollo! Saumarez, where are you going?'--'To _England_', said I, 'I am
+sorry to tell you!'--'Sorry,' replied Stanhope; 'I wish I was in your
+place; I want to go home on account of my health; and, if I had known,
+I would have exchanged with you.'--'Perhaps it is not too late,' said
+I.--'Hold on then,' said he, 'till I speak to the admiral, since I
+have your leave.'"
+
+By this time the Russell's boat was alongside the admiral's ship; and
+at the word "Hold on!" which was emphatically repeated by Saumarez,
+the bow-man hooked the quarter of the Russell's barge, and he remained
+but a few minutes in breathless suspense; after which Captain Stanhope
+appeared at the gangway, and called, "Come up, Saumarez." He was on
+deck in an instant, and found that, on Captain Jackson being asked to
+submit the proposal to the admiral, he said, "Let Captain Saumarez do
+it himself, he is the fittest person."
+
+When Sir Samuel Hood heard the application, he was silent, and after
+reflecting for a few minutes he said, "Captain Saumarez, you know not
+how much I wish to serve you; Captain Stanhope shall go home as he
+desires, and you shall have command of the Russell." Accordingly,
+before the close of that day, Captain Stanhope was on board the
+Tisiphone on his way to England; while her late commander was in
+possession of his post-rank, and captain of one of his Majesty's ships
+of the line of seventy-four guns; and all this effected in less than
+two hours!
+
+We cannot forbear making honourable mention of a trait of attachment
+manifested on this occasion by the first lieutenant, a Scotch baronet
+of an ancient family, who had not been at sea for twenty-two years,
+when he was appointed to the Tisiphone. The conflict of this officer's
+feelings between joy for his captain's promotion and regret at losing
+so excellent a friend was far beyond description; but, as the moment
+of parting approached, he selected what he considered most valuable,
+and so earnestly did he press Captain Saumarez to accept some
+testimonial of his esteem, that, finding a refusal would deeply wound
+his feelings, he accepted a silver ladle marked with his initials,
+which has ever since been carefully preserved in memory of its former
+owner.
+
+The same night Captain Saumarez took command of the Russell, he had
+cause to find that promotion and honours bring cares. A report was
+made to him that the ship was in a state of mutiny, and that a shot
+had been thrown at one of the officers. He soon found, indeed, that he
+had a most disorderly ship's company; but the firm, prompt, and
+judicious regulations which Captain Saumarez immediately established,
+brought the crew so effectually into order, that two months after, at
+the memorable battle of the 12th April 1782, no ship was in a higher
+state of discipline than the Russell.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1782.
+
+   Situation of the Hostile Fleets.--Surrender of Brimstone
+   Hill.--Junction of the Fleets.--Antigua.--St. Lucia.--Sailing of
+   the French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.--Action of the 9th
+   April.--12th of April.--Gallant conduct of the Russell.--Captain
+   Saumarez returns to Jamaica.--Comes to England with Convoy.--Is
+   paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.
+
+
+It has now become necessary to give a brief account of the situation
+of the hostile fleets at the seat of war in the West Indies. While the
+enemy's troops were prosecuting the siege of Brimstone Hill, the fleet
+under the Comte de Grasse had been reinforced, and either continued at
+sea, near to Basseterre, or anchored in the old road. On the 13th, a
+practicable breach being made in the works, the general and governor
+having given up all hopes of succour, and his brave garrison being
+reduced to five hundred men, they embraced the proposals of a
+capitulation made by the Marquis de Boullie, who on the same day
+proclaimed the surrender of Brimstone Hill to the admiral by a flag of
+truce, which had been previously agreed upon. The British fleet,
+which had till this time continued at the anchorage in which it had so
+bravely resisted the attacks of the Comte de Grasse, who on the 14th
+anchored off Nevis with thirty-four sail of the line, was now in a
+perilous situation, especially as the enemy were erecting mortar
+batteries on the hill opposite to the shipping; and as it was no
+longer necessary for him to continue there, Sir Samuel Hood issued
+orders to slip or cut cables _without signal_ at eleven o'clock at
+night, the sternmost and leeward-most ships first, and so on in
+succession, and proceed under easy sail until directed otherwise by
+signal. That this order might be punctually executed, the captains
+were ordered to set their watches by the admiral's timepiece. The
+movement was performed with the utmost order and regularity. Not one
+ship was molested or pursued by the French fleet, which was lying
+within five miles, and must have been astonished at this excellent
+manoeuvre of the British admiral, wherein the Russell had a
+distinguished share. Soon afterwards, Nevis and Montserrat fell into
+the hands of the French.
+
+On the 19th February, Sir Samuel Hood anchored in St. John's Road,
+Antigua; and on the same day, Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadoes
+from England with several sail of the line. On the 25th, he joined Sir
+Samuel Hood off Antigua; and, three days after, three more sail of the
+line arrived from England. Thus fortunately united, the admiral
+proceeded to St. Lucia, to refit and complete with water. On the 14th
+of March he put to sea, with a view of intercepting a large French
+convoy which was expected to arrive from Europe; but, notwithstanding
+the vigilance of the frigates, the enemy, by keeping close to
+Guadaloupe and Dominique, effected their escape into Fort Royal Bay,
+on the 20th and 21st, unperceived by any of our ships. When this
+unlucky event was made known to Sir George Rodney, he returned to St.
+Lucia, to watch the motions of the enemy. In the mean time the
+Russell, which had been damaged by striking on a rock, was repaired at
+the Carenage.
+
+The Comte de Grasse was equally active in the equipment of his fleet,
+in order to proceed to leeward and form a junction with the Spaniards,
+for the purpose of carrying into execution their grand object--the
+reduction of Jamaica, with an overwhelming force of sixty sail of the
+line and twenty thousand troops.
+
+At daylight, on the 8th April, Captain Byron, of the Andromache,
+communicated to the admiral by signal the anxiously-expected
+intelligence that the enemy's fleet, with their large convoy, were
+coming out of Fort Royal Bay, and standing to the north-west. Sir
+George Rodney first made the signal for all boats, and persons who had
+been necessarily employed in watering, &c. to repair on board, and
+immediately after to weigh. Before noon the whole fleet were clear of
+Gros Islet Bay: Sir George stretched first over to Fort Royal, and
+then made the general signal to chase north-eastward.
+
+The enemy's lights were distinctly visible during the night; and as
+their ships-of-war, though better sailers than the English, were
+delayed by the convoy of transports, there was little doubt of
+overtaking them. Accordingly, at daylight on the morning of the 9th,
+some of the advanced ships were close up with their convoy under
+Dominique, while their men-of-war seemed much scattered: fourteen of
+the latter were between Dominique and the Saints, with a breeze from
+east-north-east; but the rest were becalmed under the land about St.
+Rupert's Bay, and one ship was observed at some distance in the
+north-west.
+
+About half-past seven, the van division, commanded by Sir Samuel Hood,
+got the breeze; while the centre and rear, in which was the Russell,
+continued to be becalmed. This of course caused a separation, but did
+not deter Sir Samuel Hood from advancing, although he had only eight
+ships to fourteen of the enemy. In the mean time, the French ship seen
+in the north-west, which had got the breeze, boldly stood on and
+weathered the Alfred, the van-ship of Sir Samuel Hood's division,
+which bore up to allow her to pass; and, no signal having been made to
+engage, not a shot was fired.
+
+At nine o'clock the action began, and was maintained with determined
+bravery for upwards of an hour, the enemy's ships which had the breeze
+having borne down upon and engaged this division; the Barfleur and
+others had, at times, three to one opposed to them; and in this attack
+there can be but one opinion, that the Comte de Grasse displayed great
+professional ability. At length the leading ships of the centre got up
+with the enemy's rear, and were followed by the Duke, Formidable, and
+Namur; the Arrogant lost her main-top-mast, as well as the Royal Oak.
+The rear squadron, commanded by Admiral Drake, now came up, and the
+Comte de Grasse prudently hauled his wind; and as his ships sailed
+better than the English, he succeeded in gradually drawing off, and by
+half-past one his fleet were all out of the reach of shot.
+
+Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, lost his life in this his sixth
+encounter with the enemy; and it is said that he bled to death after
+his leg was shot off, before he was carried to the cockpit.
+
+In the action of this day the Russell had only a small share, as she
+belonged to the rear division of the fleet, and, being becalmed, could
+not get up until the enemy had hauled off. The Royal Oak, Montagu, and
+Alfred were the ships which suffered most, but not so much as to
+prevent their being repaired at sea; while two of the enemy's ships
+were so materially disabled as to oblige them to bear up for
+Guadaloupe. The necessary repairs of these ships were not completed
+before the 11th, during which time the enemy, by carrying a great
+press of sail, had gained so far to windward as to weather the Saints,
+and were nearly hull down; and, as it was supposed that the Comte de
+Grasse meant to abandon to their fate two of his ships of the line
+that had been so much damaged in the late action as not to be able to
+keep company, all hope of being able to come up with them seemed now
+to vanish.
+
+In the mean time the line had been inverted, which brought
+Rear-admiral Drake's division in the van, and that of Rear-admiral
+Hood, which had been engaged, in the rear. The signal having been made
+for a general chase, the two ships above mentioned would have been cut
+off, had not De Grasse been induced to bear down to their relief. This
+brought the enemy so far to leeward, that the hope of forcing them to
+engage was revived.
+
+As soon as the commander-in-chief saw that the enemy's fleet was
+sufficiently to leeward, he recalled the chasing ships, formed a close
+line of battle, and carried sail to windward all night; during which
+the French line-of-battle ship Le Zélé, whether from injuries received
+in action, or in running foul of another ship, lost her bowsprit and
+fore-mast, and at daylight on the morning of the 12th was seen in tow
+of a frigate, both carrying all the sail they could, and steering for
+Basseterre. Sir Samuel Hood being in the rear, and consequently
+nearest these ships, was directed to detach some of his division in
+chase of them; and the Comte de Grasse, seeing that they must be
+inevitably taken, bore up with his whole fleet for their protection.
+It was now impossible to avoid an action.
+
+The ships which had been recalled from chase resumed their stations,
+and a close line ahead was formed on the starboard tack, the enemy
+being on the larboard. Having hauled their wind after they had
+perceived the chasing ships recalled, they thus endeavoured to avoid
+an action; but the English fleet could now fetch near the body of the
+French. At half-past seven, therefore, the engagement began by Admiral
+Drake's division, led by the Marlborough and Arrogant, fetching the
+fifth ship from the van, and bearing up in succession. The Honourable
+Hugh Lindsay, who was a midshipman in the Arrogant, informed us that
+in that part, and in the whole of the action, the enemy fired so high,
+that the three _trucks_ of the Princessa's mast-heads were shot away,
+and the consequence was that very few men were killed or wounded. The
+Duke lost her main-top-mast, as she approached the centre of the
+enemy's fleet.
+
+At half-past nine the action became general: Admiral Drake's division,
+in which was the Russell, had now passed the rear of the enemy on the
+opposite tack; and Captain Thompson, of the America, seeing that he
+could fetch to windward of the enemy's line, wore without waiting for
+the anxiously-expected signal, as did also the Russell; and we have
+reason to know that Captain Saumarez rejoiced at this circumstance.
+Captain Thompson, being an experienced officer and second in command,
+gave a sufficient authority to any other officer to follow his
+motions, and they now stood to the southward. The America, however,
+did not continue long on that tack, and the Russell was consequently
+separated from her and the whole division; as the signals to tack, and
+soon after to wear, were not made and put in execution for an hour
+afterwards by Sir Francis Drake, who was then considerably to the
+northward.
+
+In the mean time the Russell continued, and got up with the rear ship
+of the enemy's centre division about eleven o'clock, with which she
+exchanged broadsides. At noon, the wind, which was very light, changed
+to the south, throwing both fleets into confusion; but this gave Sir
+George Rodney, and three of the centre division, an opportunity of
+passing through an opening it occasioned in the enemy's line, and
+doubling on its rear division: all their attempts to form again were
+in vain; the enemy's van could never come into action. After this, the
+remainder of the day was spent in desultory actions of single ships,
+without regard to the motions of each other; the signals to chase and
+for close action being visible only at intervals.
+
+It is here unnecessary to give a particular account of the events
+which took place on this memorable day, or to allude to those
+circumstances which have been so fruitful in controversy; more
+especially as Rodney's public letter, and other official records, will
+be found in the Appendix to this volume. We shall, therefore, confine
+our observations to the positions and conduct of the Russell,
+commanded by Captain Saumarez.
+
+The Russell was the only ship belonging to the van (Admiral Drake's)
+division, which had wore and continued her course soon after she had
+passed the rear of the enemy. By standing to the southward again,
+Captain Saumarez brought his ship into action, but to _windward_ of
+the enemy; and, at the time the wind shifted to the southward, Sir
+George Rodney, in passing through the enemy's fleet, was surprised to
+find an English ship to _windward_ of the French. Having ascertained
+it was the Russell, he declared emphatically that the captain had
+distinguished himself more than any officer in the fleet.[4] By this
+favourable position, which he had thus gallantly obtained, after
+receiving the more distant fire of several of the enemy's ships, about
+three o'clock he was able to come up with and closely engage a French
+seventy-four, and after exchanging broadsides with three others,
+pushed up to the Ville de Paris, and after raking her, having
+maintained a position on the lee quarter, poured in a most destructive
+fire, until the Barfleur, Sir Samuel Hood's flag-ship, came up.
+
+   [4] Ralfe's Naval Biography, Vol. ii. p. 378.
+
+Sir Gilbert Blane, in his account of this period of the battle, says:
+"It was late in the day when the Ville de Paris struck her colours:
+the ships immediately engaged with her at that moment were the
+Barfleur, the flag-ship of Sir Samuel Hood, and the Russell, commanded
+by Captain Saumarez. The Formidable (in which was Sir Gilbert) was
+right astern, and, having come within shot, was yawing in order to
+give the enemy a raking broadside, when Sir Charles Douglas and I
+standing together on the quarter-deck, the position of our ship opened
+a view of the enemy's stern between the foresail and the jib-boom,
+through which we saw the French flag hauled down." This fact has not
+been generally stated.
+
+But the anecdote which we are now about to relate, must remove every
+doubt on the subject. In the autumn of 1808, when the Baltic fleet,
+under command of Vice-admiral Sir James Saumarez, returned from the
+Gulf of Finland, in company with the Swedish fleet, to the harbour of
+Carlscrona, the Swedish commander-in-chief, Admiral Palmquist,
+Rear-admiral Nauckhoff, Commodore Blessing, Captain Tornquist, and
+others, came on board the flag-ship, Victory, to pay their respects to
+the admiral: they were of course asked to take some refreshment in the
+cabin: on which, as on all other occasions where an interpreter was
+wanted, we were of the party. The conversation naturally turned to the
+actions wherein they each had served in early life, when it appeared
+that the whole of the four officers mentioned had been brought up in
+the French service, and had actually been in the battle of the 12th of
+April 1782. When we acquainted them that Sir James Saumarez commanded
+a ship in that action, they eagerly inquired the name; and being
+informed it was the Russell, Captain Tornquist, who was in the
+Northumberland, rising from his chair and seizing Sir James's hand,
+exclaimed, "Mon Dieu! Monsieur l'Amiral, nous avons brulé le poudre
+ensemble; allons boire un coup."
+
+It is impossible to do justice to the scene which followed. The old
+Swedish officer's joy at this discovery knew no bounds; they
+completely "fought the battle o'er again;" and we found it distinctly
+proved that it was the Russell, commanded by Captain Saumarez, which
+gallantly engaged several of the enemy's ships for two hours, and at
+six, P.M. pushed on to the Ville de Paris. Baron Rosenstien, who was
+on board that ship, and Baron Palmquist, who was on board La Couronne
+stationed next to her, declared that the Compte de Grasse, who was
+then attempting to escape to leeward, would have succeeded had it not
+been for the Russell. During our sojourn among the Swedes in that and
+another winter, we often heard the history of that memorable battle
+repeated; and they never ceased to maintain the circumstance we have
+stated, of which we made a memorandum at the time.[5]
+
+   [5] See Appendix for this memorandum, and for extracts from the
+   Russell, Canada, and Barfleur's logs; also Captain White's
+   reply, and extracts of letters from Sir Lawrence Halsted and
+   Admiral Gifford, who were in the Canada, and Captain Knight's
+   letter.
+
+We took leave on that occasion to say to Sir James, that we believed
+the credit had been given to another ship; to which he replied, "Yes,
+it was; but what Admiral Palmquist and Captain Tornquist has told you,
+is true: it _was_ the Russell that engaged the Ville de Paris until
+the Barfleur came up." But such was the extreme sensibility of
+Saumarez, that he could not persuade himself to correct the error,
+from an idea that such an interference might argue a desire to sound
+his own praise; and, but for the circumstance we have now related, the
+truth might never have come to light.
+
+In answer to a letter from Captain Thomas White, which he sent to Lord
+de Saumarez with a copy of his publication, called "Naval
+Researches," written in 1836, to defend the gallant Rodney from
+certain attacks and allegations which had been published, _not_ to
+give a "full and perfect account of the battle, but," says Captain
+White, "more particularly that part where your lordship so ably
+commanded the Russell, which portion of our fleet the tongue of
+calumny has never ventured to assail," Lord de Saumarez wrote the
+following letter:
+
+   Guernsey, 13th June 1836.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   I BEG to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, accompanying
+   your interesting publication, which you have done me the favour
+   to send for my acceptance, and which has been forwarded to me by
+   Lord Amelius Beauclerc.
+
+   I regret that you have (inadvertently, I am persuaded) fallen
+   into the same error as some of your predecessors, in detailing
+   the account of Lord Rodney's victory of the 12th of April, by
+   ascribing to the Canada what is alone due to the Russell, which
+   ship I commanded.
+
+   I shall for your information briefly state the circumstance to
+   which I allude. After passing the sternmost of the enemy's
+   ships, the America, the ship astern of the Russell, wore to
+   stand after them: I was glad to have the example of an old
+   experienced officer, and wore also; but Captain Thompson,
+   finding there was no signal, shortly after wore again, to join
+   Sir Samuel Drake's division. I stood on, till passing a division
+   of four of the enemy's ships, I exchanged broadsides with them,
+   and finally came up with the Ville de Paris, wore under her
+   stern and engaged her on the quarter for some time, when the
+   Barfleur came up, and the Comte de Grasse hauled down his
+   colours.
+
+   Even at this distant period, I have a perfect recollection of
+   the transactions of that day. I shall only add, that I am
+   convinced that no officer who was on board the Canada in the
+   victory of the 12th of April, will assert that she was engaged
+   with the Ville de Paris at the time stated. The present Admiral
+   Giffard was, I believe, one of the lieutenants, to whom I wish
+   to refer you.
+
+   I am, &c.
+   DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+Captain White, as well as other officers, is of opinion that Admiral
+Drake's division should have tacked sooner; and, as circumstances
+happened, it would doubtless have been better if he had done so; but
+probably the admiral, in continuing to stand on the same tack, had
+calculated that the wind would continue in the same direction, or
+alter to the northward; in either case he would have weathered the
+whole of the enemy's fleet, besides giving time to his division to
+repair damages. The wind veering to the southward immediately after
+his division had wore, had unfortunately the effect of throwing them
+to leeward; whereas the Russell, which wore as above stated, was by
+the same change of wind far to windward of his division and nearer the
+enemy.
+
+No sooner had the Ville de Paris struck her colours, which "went down
+with the setting sun," than the Russell made sail in chase of one of
+the French ships which had deserted her chief, as also did Sir Samuel
+Hood; but their noble efforts were arrested by the night signal to
+bring to, which put an end to the battle in that quarter: and although
+Commodore Affleck in the Bedford, and three others, who did not see
+the signal, continued the chase, they were unable to come up with the
+enemy, who escaped to leeward in small divisions and single ships,
+leaving the Ville de Paris, the Glorieux, the Hector, and Cæsar, in
+possession of the English.
+
+On the morning of the 13th no enemy was in sight, and the ships which
+had been in chase returned to the fleet. Admiral Rodney, with his
+prizes and the fleet, remained three days under Guadaloupe to repair
+damages, which afforded the flying enemy an opportunity to escape;
+but, on the 19th, the Caton and Jason, of sixty-four guns each, with
+the Astrée and Ceres, frigates, were added to the list of prizes by
+the exertions of Sir Samuel Hood, Captains Goodall, and Linzee. On the
+23rd of April, Sir Samuel Hood rejoined the fleet off Tiberoon;
+whereupon Sir George Rodney proceeded to Jamaica with those ships most
+disabled, among which was the Russell and the prizes, leaving Sir
+Samuel Hood with a strong squadron to watch the enemy, should they
+venture out and attempt to prosecute their attack on Jamaica.
+
+Nothing could be more flattering than the reception that Sir George
+Rodney met with at Jamaica from the inhabitants, whose anxiety was so
+suddenly supplanted by unbounded joy; and who not only found
+themselves freed from the danger of invasion, but beheld the principal
+commander of that overwhelming force which had caused them so much
+alarm a prisoner within their harbour, and six of his principal ships
+having the English colours triumphantly waving over the fleur-de-lis
+of France.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, down to this period, the Ville de Paris
+was the only _first-rate_ man-of-war that had ever been taken and
+carried into port by any commander of any nation! The Ville de Paris,
+in the capture of which Captain Saumarez had a distinguished share,
+was the largest ship in the French navy: she had been a present from
+the city of Paris to Louis XV. and no expense had been spared to
+render the gift worthy of the city and of the monarch. Her length was
+185 feet 7-1/2 inches, her breadth 53 feet 8-1/2, depth 22 feet 2, and
+2347 tons' measurement; and the expense of building her and sending
+her to sea is said to have been 156,000_l._ On board her at the time
+of capture were found thirty-six chests of money intended for the pay
+and subsistence of the men who were to be employed in the expedition
+against Jamaica; and she had on board, at the commencement of the
+action on the 9th, 1,300 men: in the other captured ships, the whole
+train of artillery, the battering cannon and carriages meant for the
+expedition, were found.
+
+The loss of men in the British fleet in both actions was very small,
+amounting to only two hundred and thirty-seven killed, and seven
+hundred and seventy-six wounded; while the loss of the French was
+computed to be three thousand slain, and double that number wounded.
+In the Ville de Paris alone three hundred were killed.
+
+In the engagement on the 9th of April, the French fleet consisted of
+thirty-four sail of the line, and the British of thirty-six; but in
+that engagement, two of the enemy's ships having been disabled, their
+numerical force was reduced in the battle of the 12th to thirty-two
+sail of the line: on the other hand, the French ships were much larger
+than the British; and it was calculated by Sir Charles Douglas, that
+the broadside of the French fleet exceeded that of the British in
+weight by 4396 pounds, and their numerical superiority in men was much
+greater.
+
+On the 13th of April, the Comte de Grasse was removed to the
+flag-ship; and, some days after, when Captain Saumarez went on board
+the Formidable after the action, and several times after their arrival
+at Jamaica, the Comte de Grasse acknowledged that the Ville de Paris
+suffered very severely from the well-directed fire of the Russell.
+
+Among the instances of heroic submission and perseverance under the
+severest suffering, may be recorded the conduct of the captain of the
+main-top of the Russell, who having received a shot that carried off
+one of his arms, instead of requesting the assistance of his
+companions to take him below, insisted that they should continue at
+their stations, and let himself down by one of the backstays. After
+suffering amputation, he persisted in going again on deck, where he
+remained encouraging the men till the action terminated.
+
+On the arrival of the fleet at Jamaica, the Russell was found to be in
+so disabled a state, that Sir George Rodney intended to send her home
+with the Ville de Paris and the other prizes, and arrangements were
+made for that purpose accordingly. His old friend, Sir Peter Parker,
+who had held the command at Jamaica, sailed in the Sandwich, on board
+which ship was the Comte de Grasse, for England, with a convoy of
+merchant-ships. After having been at sea three days, the Ajax, one of
+the ships under his command, sprang a leak, returned to Bluefields
+Bay, and the Russell was ordered to follow the fleet in her stead. The
+exertions which Captain Saumarez used to refit his ship obtained the
+commander-in-chief's highest approbation. In two days he was ready,
+and immediately joined the Sandwich and Intrepid, which now sailed
+with the trade under convoy, and preceded the prizes, which were not
+yet ready to undertake the voyage to England; and it was owing to
+this interposition of Providence, that the Russell escaped the
+melancholy fate which afterwards befel the unfortunate fleet, in which
+the ill-fated Ville de Paris was lost with all her crew. The Russell
+had on board three hundred French prisoners and twenty-two officers,
+and arrived at the Downs on the 29th July 1782. She was ordered to be
+paid off at Chatham, to which port she proceeded. On her arrival
+there, an order came from the Admiralty to draft her crew into a ship
+which was under order to sail for the East Indies. This excited a
+general murmur, and at length the men refused to obey. On Captain
+Saumarez being informed of it, he went on board and remonstrated, when
+they unanimously declared that, although they had but just returned
+from a long voyage, they would follow him all the world over. Before
+he left the ship, however, he prevailed on them to resume their duty;
+and these orders were subsequently altered. After returning her
+stores, the Russell was paid off on the 24th of September. Captain
+Saumarez' acting commission as a post-captain, dated on the 8th of
+February 1782, was confirmed by Earl Howe; and no officer in his
+Majesty's service more richly deserved his promotion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1784 to 1793.
+
+   Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.--His exemplary
+   Conduct.--Visits Cherbourg.--Is introduced to the French
+   King.--Returns.--Changes at Guernsey.--Prince William Henry
+   visits the Island twice.--His Reception.--Appearance of
+   Hostilities in 1787.--Captain Saumarez is appointed to the
+   Ambuscade, and pays her off.--His Letter on his
+   Marriage.--Remarks thereon.--Armament of 1790.--Saumarez
+   commissions and pays off the Raisonable.--War of
+   1793.--Appointed to command the Crescent.--First Cruise; takes a
+   prize and saves Alderney.--Second Cruise; captures a
+   cutter.--Third Cruise.--Return.--Crescent docked and refitted.
+
+
+Captain Saumarez having paid off the Russell, and distributed his crew
+into different ships according to the final orders he had received
+from the Admiralty, repaired to London, and after paying his respects
+to Earl Howe, proceeded to Guernsey to receive the congratulations of
+his numerous friends; but these were far from altering "the natural
+bent of his disposition to do good." Instead of becoming elevated by
+prosperity, his sincere and unaffected piety induced him to take a
+leading part in the establishment of charitable institutions, and in
+his own person to give "a striking and useful example of moral and
+religious life." But his noble mind was never diverted from the
+service and the good of his country; he was constantly attentive to
+every circumstance that concerned the duties of his profession, and an
+event occurred about this time that peculiarly interested him.
+
+Although this was a period of profound peace, the ambition of France
+was constantly awake. It had long been the object of the French
+government to form a naval port in the British Channel, for the
+evident, if not avowed, purpose of annoying our trade in time of war,
+and disputing with us the dominion of the British seas. No labour
+however arduous, and no expense however great, could check this
+favourite design. The port of Cherbourg, which had long been fixed
+upon as being immediately adjacent to our great arsenal at Portsmouth,
+became the point of attraction. The unfortunate Louis XVI. had
+determined to stimulate this grand undertaking by his presence, when
+the first _cone_ was submerged.
+
+The assemblage of the French court opposite our own coast naturally
+attracted a number of our countrymen, among whom was Captain Saumarez,
+who was induced to cross the Channel probably by a secret wish to
+examine the nautical projects of our rivals, to counteract which,
+might at some future period become his duty. This was eventually the
+case in 1793, when he captured the French frigate Réunion off that
+very harbour, from which she had sailed only a few hours before the
+action.
+
+Captain Saumarez was present at the above imposing ceremony, and had
+the honour of being introduced to the French king, by whom he was
+treated with the greatest attention. It is worthy of remark, that this
+was the only time during his long life that he ever set his foot in
+France, and he returned directly to Guernsey much gratified by his
+excursion.
+
+Between the period of Captain Saumarez' departure from Guernsey in
+1776, and his return in 1782, the island of Guernsey had undergone
+great and important changes. The war with America had brought an
+influx of strangers; wealth and its attendant luxuries had superseded
+the simple mode of living of its inhabitants; society had extended;
+and when the peace took place, at the close of 1782, no spot of its
+size could display a greater appearance of prosperity, civilization,
+and beauty.
+
+Between the years 1785 and 1787, the island was twice honoured with a
+visit from Prince William Henry, our present most gracious sovereign;
+and, however great the change had been in men and manners since it had
+beheld a prince of the blood on its shores, the loyalty of the
+islanders had sustained no diminution, and the arrival of the prince,
+then a lieutenant of the Hebe, Captain Thornborough, excited the most
+unbounded joy. Every one's heart glowed at seeing the son of a monarch
+whom they were accustomed to regard with veneration and love; and as
+people who lived in the habitual belief that to "fear God and honour
+the King" is a "united precept," every mark of respect and attachment
+was exhibited on both occasions. When his Royal Highness came the
+second time, as captain of the Pegasus, the homage, which had been
+paid to him at the first visit, as son of their sovereign, was mingled
+with respect to himself. Some there are who yet remember, and still
+delight to relate, the account of the elegant _dejeuné_ with which the
+illustrious prince entertained a party on board the Pegasus; after
+which his Royal Highness honoured Captain Saumarez and his brothers
+with his company at dinner, and attended a ball in the evening at the
+assembly-rooms.
+
+In 1787, when Captain Saumarez had nearly attained his thirtieth year,
+peace seemed to be completely established. At an early age he had
+attained, by his own merit, the highest rank to which an officer could
+be advanced: he had fully established a character equally exalted for
+courage and professional talent; and having been, wherever Fortune had
+placed him, always in the best society, his manners as a gentleman
+were no less elegant than his person, which was tall and graceful,
+while his handsome features denoted a heart susceptible of the
+dictates both of humanity and love. It is not then to be wondered at,
+when he returned to his native island, that he still cherished an
+attachment which he had long formed; especially when he found her on
+whom he had fixed his affections, possessed of every quality which
+could ensure mutual happiness; neither can it appear surprising that
+on her part the regard should be equally warm and sincere.
+
+The appearance of hostilities in the same year, however, occasioned a
+suspension of his matrimonial arrangements, as he was then appointed
+by Lord Howe to the command of the Ambuscade frigate, which he had
+scarcely fitted before she was ordered to be paid off, the hostile
+differences having been adjusted. He now returned to Guernsey, and, on
+the 8th October 1788, was united to Miss Martha Le Marchant, only
+daughter and heir of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by his marriage with
+Miss Mary Dobrée, to the entire satisfaction of the families and
+relations on both sides.
+
+The following extract of a private letter to his brother Richard,
+written a few days after his marriage, will give the reader a just
+idea of the feelings which occupied his mind on this happy occasion:
+
+"It is needless," he says, "to attempt giving you any idea of my joy
+on this occasion. The abundant blessings which Providence is pleased
+to pour down on me, who am ever unworthy the least of its favours,
+makes my heart glow with boundless gratitude and love, which I hope
+ever to testify by a life strictly devoted to His service. To have the
+power of making her happy who has ever been the joy and delight of my
+soul, far surpasses all that I had ever formed of felicity in this
+world. I must also acknowledge the affectionate kindness of her
+relations, who have for ever attached me to them by the confidence
+they have placed in me."
+
+These self-congratulations were, indeed, fully confirmed in after
+life; for few husbands have ever been blessed with such a devoted
+wife, or children with such an affectionate mother. During their
+younger days, and when their gallant father was at sea, Mrs. Saumarez
+lived retired, giving up her whole time to their instruction; and we
+can most fully testify that gratitude for her maternal anxiety, both
+for their spiritual and temporal welfare, has been indelibly impressed
+on all their hearts.
+
+After passing some time at Guernsey, Captain Saumarez removed to the
+neighbourhood of Exeter, where he resided two years. In 1790,
+appearances of hostility took place. The Spanish armament was not to
+be lightly regarded. Captain Saumarez was appointed to command the
+Raisonable of 64 guns; but he never went to sea in this ship, the
+differences between the two nations having been amicably settled. It
+seemed to show, however, that, in the event of war, he was one of
+those who were to be actively employed.
+
+Captain Saumarez remained on shore until the war occasioned by the
+French revolution broke out in 1793, when he was appointed to command
+the Crescent of 36 guns. His commission was dated on the 24th January,
+and he hoisted his pendant in her at Portsmouth on the 28th of the
+same month, receiving, at the same time, orders to place himself under
+the command of Commodore Sir Hyde Parker. No sooner was it known at
+Guernsey, and in Devonshire, that the Crescent was commissioned by
+Captain Saumarez, than a number equal to half the complement of seamen
+volunteered for the Crescent; and, on the 1st of February, the
+Tisiphone sloop was sent to bring the men from Guernsey, while the
+rest, from Exeter, were sent by the way of Plymouth to join the ship.
+It could not but be highly gratifying to his feelings when he found
+that so many of his countrymen had chosen to devote themselves to his
+service; and he was soon able to report his ship ready for sea.
+
+On the 10th of February 1793, in common with other officers, he
+received the following intelligence that war had been declared against
+France.
+
+   By Sir Hyde Parker, Knt. &c.
+
+   Accounts having been received that war was declared at Paris, by
+   the National Convention of France, against Great Britain and
+   Holland; you are, in pursuance of the King's pleasure, signified
+   to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty by the Right
+   Honourable Henry Dundas, one of his Majesty's principal
+   secretaries of state, hereby required and directed to seize or
+   destroy all ships and vessels belonging to France that you may
+   happen to fall in with.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board the Victory,
+   this 10th day of February 1793.
+   H. PARKER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, R.N.
+
+The Crescent having been reported ready for sea on the 1st of March,
+Captain Saumarez received orders to proceed to Guernsey with his ship,
+accompanied by the Liberty brig, and three transports under convoy, to
+reinforce the garrisons of the Channel islands. He had also sealed
+orders, which were to be put in execution when the troops were landed
+at Guernsey and Jersey. The following account of this cruise was sent
+to his brother, on the ship's return to Guernsey Road.
+
+   H.M.S. Crescent, Guernsey, 18th March 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   As the detail of our proceedings on our first cruise cannot but
+   be acceptable to you, I take up my pen to communicate them. We
+   anchored in this road on Sunday morning, the day after we had
+   sailed from Spithead. The independent companies and invalids for
+   this island were immediately disembarked. The wind being too
+   much to the southward for the transports to proceed to Jersey,
+   they remained till Thursday following, when I sent them under
+   convoy of the Liberty brig.
+
+   On Thursday morning, intelligence was brought to me that a
+   French brig was seen to the northward of the island, standing
+   for the Casketts. I immediately got under way, and directed the
+   Drake to do the same. We pushed through the Race of Alderney
+   during the night, and at day-break found ourselves close to the
+   brig, off Cherbourg. She is about 100 tons, from Vannes, loaded
+   with salt, for Havre. Seeing another brig and a galliot to the
+   N.W. from us, I ordered the Drake and Cockatrice to chase, and I
+   have hopes they are also prizes.
+
+   About three o'clock, it blowing very hard, I was much surprised
+   at an express joining me from Alderney, with a letter from the
+   governor, addressed to the commander of H.M. ships off
+   Alderney, mentioning that he had positive information that the
+   enemy meant to attack the island this or the following night;
+   and as there was no ship of force at Cherbourg but an old 64,
+   with frigate's masts, he was certain that the appearance of a
+   man-of-war off Cherbourg would preserve Alderney, and baffle the
+   expedition. Chance having thrown me off Cherbourg, within sight
+   the whole day, I was happy the purport of this letter was so
+   fully answered. Expecting further intelligence, I waited till a
+   cutter hailed us that he was going express to Plymouth. No other
+   vessel appearing, I made sail for this island, and anchored in
+   the road this morning. I have scarcely a doubt that what caused
+   your brother[6] to be alarmed was the appearance of this ship,
+   the Drake and Cockatrice, with another small vessel in the Race
+   of Alderney; and I am sorry it was not in my power to acquaint
+   him with it, as the vessel he sent me returned immediately.
+
+   [6] Governor Le Mesurier was brother to Mrs. Richard Saumarez.
+
+Captain Saumarez, on his return to Guernsey, wrote to Governor Le
+Mesurier, and, in reply to his letter, informed him that the
+appearance of the Crescent and squadron off Cherbourg had the desired
+effect of baffling the meditated attack on Alderney; nevertheless, the
+Crescent was detained on that station until the 25th, in consequence
+of other reports of the enemy's intentions to attack either Jersey or
+Alderney, and his squadron therefore was reinforced. In the mean time
+he succeeded in filling up the complement of his crew at Guernsey, and
+at length returned to Spithead, when some alteration took place in the
+armament of his ship: having there completed his stores and
+provisions, Captain Saumarez' next employment was to take a convoy of
+transports with troops to Cork, and bring from thence two regiments to
+Guernsey. This service occupied his ship until the 4th of May, when
+she arrived off the Lizard, and, having sent part of his convoy into
+Falmouth, he anchored at Guernsey on the following day.
+
+He left Guernsey on the 15th of May, having six transports with French
+prisoners on board, and arrived at Spithead on the 17th.
+
+On the 22nd Captain Saumarez received orders from the Admiralty to
+take the Hind, Captain Cochrane, under his command, and proceed with
+the Crescent and that ship to cruise between lat. 51° and 47° N. and
+long. 10° to 16° W. for the protection of the trade, and continue on
+that service for three weeks. The account of this cruise, in which
+two prizes were taken, is given in the following letter to his
+brother.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 26th June 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have the pleasure to acquaint you with our return from a
+   cruise which has been rather unsuccessful, having only taken
+   (besides the brig I informed you of) a cutter called "Le Club de
+   Cherbourg," of ten guns. She sailed from Brest on the 20th
+   instant, and was found on the coast of Ireland, where she had
+   done much mischief on her former cruise, having taken four
+   vessels within a few days. I find by the prisoners that the
+   French have only eighteen sail from Brest in readiness for sea.
+   They rendezvous in Quiberon Bay as soon as they are equipped. I
+   hope Lord Howe will soon give a good account of all of them. I
+   anchored at Guernsey for a few hours, where I left the cutter
+   for my brother's disposal.
+
+   As we have been parted from the Hind since the 8th instant, I
+   hope to find she may have met with success. We are under
+   agreement to share till the expiration of our cruise. As I write
+   before we anchor, you cannot expect I should give you an account
+   of my further destination; but, from what they informed me in
+   the island, we are to go with Lord Howe, which hurried me from
+   there. All the family were in perfect health at six o'clock on
+   Tuesday evening, when I left them. We must now console ourselves
+   with the hope that we shall soon terminate the business. I think
+   this year will nearly do it. We anxiously sought for an
+   opportunity similar to the Nymphe. We traversed the bay (Biscay)
+   in every direction, without the appearance of a French ship; and
+   on Monday we were all day in sight of Ushant, but could never
+   meet with any but neutral vessels. Our next cruise may probably
+   prove more fortunate. With my affectionate love to my sister
+   and the children, I am, my dear Richard,
+
+   Yours truly,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+It will be seen by the date of this letter, that the Crescent had
+arrived at Spithead on the 26th, which is the date of his official
+letter to the Admiralty, giving an account of the capture of Le
+Club, which, being the same as already given, need not be repeated.
+
+The Crescent, being replenished with water and provisions, was
+directed on the 4th July to take on board a quantity of specie for
+Plymouth, to which he sailed on the 5th, and, having delivered it
+there, took a convoy from thence to the Downs, where he arrived on the
+18th July, and, according to further orders, returned with the trade
+under convoy from thence to Spithead on the 20th.
+
+The following order, which Captain Saumarez received from the Lords of
+the Admiralty, will show the nature of the service on which he was now
+employed.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.
+
+   CAPTAIN SAUMAREZ,
+
+   You are to take his Majesty's ships named on the margin
+   (Concorde and Thames) under your command, (their captains being
+   directed to follow your orders,) and putting to sea with them
+   and the Crescent, the moment the wind and weather will permit,
+   proceed and cruise between the latitudes of 49° and 50° 30'
+   north, and from sixty to one hundred leagues to the westward of
+   the Scilly Islands, for the protection of the trade of his
+   Majesty's subjects, and the annoyance of the enemy, taking all
+   possible care of the above-mentioned frigates; and diligently
+   looking out for, and using your best endeavours to fall in with,
+   the homeward-bound convoys from Jamaica and the Leeward Islands,
+   which are daily expected, and which are to be the principal
+   objects of your attention.
+
+   In case of falling in with either of the said convoys, you are
+   to see, or cause to be seen, such of the merchant ships or
+   vessels as may be bound to Ireland, or into the Bristol Channel,
+   as far as may be necessary for their security, and those bound
+   into the English Channel, as far as the Start; and, having so
+   done, return with the frigates under your command to the
+   above-mentioned station, to look out for the other convoy; and,
+   having met with it, to see, or cause to be seen, such of the
+   merchant vessels as may be bound to Ireland, and into the
+   Bristol Channel, as before directed, and to see those bound up
+   the English Channel off their respective ports, as high as
+   Spithead, where you are to remain until further orders, sending
+   to our secretary an account of your arrival and proceedings.
+
+   You are to continue on the above-mentioned service until the
+   20th of next month, unless you shall have fallen in with both
+   the said convoys sooner; when you are to make the best of your
+   way to Spithead, and remain there as above directed.
+
+   Given under our hands, this 18th day of July 1793.
+   CHATHAM,
+   J. SMYTH,
+   CHs. S. PYBUS.
+
+   To James Saumarez, Esq. &c.
+   By command of their lordships.
+   P. STEPHENS.
+
+Captain Saumarez received at the same time information of the number
+of ships expected from the different islands in both the convoys, took
+the Concorde and Thames under his command, and sailed from Spithead on
+the 26th of July 1793.
+
+Next to the command of a fleet, that of a squadron of frigates was at
+this period of the war considered the most important, and it could not
+but be highly gratifying to Captain Saumarez to find himself selected
+again for such a desirable command; but Fortune did not favour his
+little detachment. The convoys, which they had been sent to look out
+for and protect, had arrived safely at the respective ports before the
+squadron reached their destination, and they continued to cruise in
+vain within the prescribed limits of their station, till at length
+they were assailed by a tremendous gale from the south-east on the
+17th of August, in which the Concorde parted company, the Thames lost
+her bowsprit and bore up for England, while the Crescent sprung her
+main-yard, and by a sudden shift of wind to the northward carried away
+her main-top-mast, and, her orders for returning into port having
+expired, she arrived at Spithead after an unsuccessful cruise.
+
+The Crescent had not been in dock since the year 1785, and required
+much refitting: Captain Saumarez, therefore, on reporting his arrival
+to the Secretary of the Admiralty, sent also a statement of the
+ship's defects; in consequence of which, an order was sent for her to
+be docked at Portsmouth, and refitted for Channel service, while one
+hundred of her crew were lent to the Vanguard. As this process
+required a considerable time, Captain Saumarez sent for his family;
+and, having taken apartments at Ryde, had a few weeks of enjoyment in
+their society, and of relaxation from the arduous duties of his
+profession. The Crescent was received into dock on the 25th August,
+and was again fit for sea on the 10th October, when he received orders
+to hold himself ready to proceed at a moment's notice.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1793.
+
+   Crescent refitted.--Sails for the Channel Islands.--Falls in
+   with the French frigate La Réunion.--Particular account of the
+   action.--Letters from Captain Saumarez to his brother.--Brings
+   his prize to Portsmouth.--Official letters.--Letters from
+   various persons.--Ship refitting.--Captain Saumarez obtains
+   leave of absence.--Is knighted for his gallant conduct.
+
+
+The Crescent being now ready for sea, but with thirteen men short of
+her complement, Captain Saumarez applied to have the number filled up,
+as her masts and yards were of the same dimensions as those of a
+frigate of thirty-eight guns; he also requested such increase as the
+Lords of the Admiralty thought proper: but these applications were
+unsuccessful, and on the 10th of October he received orders from Sir
+Peter Parker, the port-admiral, to "hold himself in constant readiness
+to put to sea at a moment's warning;" and it was not long before the
+following order was received from the Admiralty.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral, &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed in the ship
+   under your command, without a moment's loss of time, to the
+   islands of Guernsey and Jersey; and so soon as you shall have
+   delivered the pacquets you will herewith receive, addressed to
+   the commanding officers of his Majesty's troops serving in these
+   islands, you are to repair with the said ship off St. Maloes,
+   and use your best endeavours to obtain such information of the
+   enemy's forces there, as circumstances will admit.
+
+   Having so done, you are to return with the said ship with all
+   possible despatch, for further orders, transmitting to our
+   secretary, for our information, by post-office express, an
+   account of your arrival and proceedings.
+
+   Given under our hands, this 18th October 1793,
+   A. GARDNER.
+   J. SMYTH.
+   P. AFFLECK.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, R.N.
+
+For several days previously to the 19th, it had been reported that a
+French frigate usually quitted the port of Cherbourg at night, and
+returned next morning with what prizes she had picked up: this,
+together with the information that an armament was preparing for the
+invasion of Jersey, caused Captain Saumarez to make extraordinary
+exertions to get to sea; and, although the wind was light, he
+fortunately succeeded in getting round St. Helens before night. Early
+on the morning, on the 20th, he was close to the light-house off Cape
+Barfleur.
+
+ACTION BETWEEN THE CRESCENT AND REUNION.
+
+This gallant action, which we are now about to describe, having been
+misrepresented in every account yet published, we have, in order to
+make the circumstances attending it more easily understood,
+illustrated the positions by a diagram, showing the masterly
+manoeuvre performed by the Crescent, and the relative situation of
+the ships at the commencement and the end of the conflict. The
+engraving shows the state and situation of the two ships at the time
+the Réunion surrendered.
+
+During the night, the wind had been so far to the westward as to
+enable the Crescent to fetch Cape Barfleur, while the Réunion, which
+left Cherbourg in the evening, stood to the northward, in hopes of
+meeting with merchant-ships coming up Channel. The two frigates,
+therefore, must have crossed each other at no great distance; but the
+wind having changed towards the south about daylight, and the French
+frigate being unable to fetch back to Cherbourg, broke off with her
+head to the eastward, while the Crescent, by coming up on the opposite
+tack, was enabled to weather and get in shore of the enemy.
+
+Shortly after day-break Captain Saumarez saw two sail standing on the
+starboard tack towards the Crescent, and it appears that they had
+approached her within two miles before they discovered themselves to
+be under the lee of an English frigate: they then tacked and made all
+sail, either for the purpose of trying to escape, or to approach
+nearer to Cherbourg, that they might have the assistance of their
+consort then in the harbour with her sails hoisted up. It was soon
+evident that the Crescent, now "clean out of dock," had the advantage
+in sailing; and, by half-past ten, Captain Saumarez, by edging down,
+took his position on the enemy's larboard quarter within pistol-shot,
+when the action began.
+
+Captain John Tancock, who was then a midshipman stationed on the
+main-deck, says that the men had directions to fire at the rudder of
+their opponent, which was very soon disabled, while the
+main-topsail-yard and fore-yard were both shot away. The enemy fired
+so high that scarcely any shot struck the hull of the Crescent; but,
+consequently, her fore-topsail-yard, and soon afterwards her
+fore-top-mast, fell over the starboard gangway. Hitherto the ship had
+been kept in her first position by backing and filling the
+mizen-topsail, but now she came to, and eventually _came round_: but
+Captain Saumarez, whose presence of mind never forsook him, brailed up
+the mizen, and, by keeping all the square-sails aback, gave the ship a
+_stern-board_; at the same time, by keeping the _helm up_, she wore
+round on her heel, obtaining a position under the stern and on the
+starboard quarter, while the enemy was lying with his yards square and
+totally unmanageable. This manoeuvre is shown in the diagram, to
+which an explanation is added.
+
+Illustration:
+
+C. The Crescent. R. The Réunion. 1. Commencement of the
+action. 2. The Crescent's track in wearing on her heel. 3. The
+position when the Réunion struck.
+
+In passing under the enemy's stern, it was observed that his colours
+had been shot away, and, supposing he had struck, the firing ceased;
+but, on coming round on the starboard quarter, the enemy again opened
+his fire. The Crescent, having now got her larboard guns to bear,
+returned his broadside with such effect, that at twenty minutes past
+noon the officers of the Réunion waved their hats and flags to
+indicate that they had surrendered. The engraving represents the
+situation of the two ships at this moment; and Captain Sir Thomas
+Mansel, who was then a midshipman, declares it to be correct.
+
+The combat now ceased, and the prize was taken possession of by
+Lieutenant (now Admiral) Sir George Parker, who received the usual
+order to carry her into port. The French captain being sent on board
+the Crescent, they began to remove the prisoners and repair damages.
+When the action began, a ship had been seen under the land to the
+eastward, about four leagues distant; this was supposed to be an
+enemy: but it turned out to be the Circe, Captain Yorke, who joined
+four hours after the action, and took part of the prisoners. In the
+mean time the cutter made off towards Cherbourg, out of which harbour
+the wind and adverse tide prevented the other frigate, said to be La
+Semillante, from getting to assist the Réunion.
+
+The following very concise official letter to the Secretary of the
+Admiralty from Captain Saumarez, supplies the rest of the detail.
+
+   Crescent, off Cherbourg, 20th October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you, for the information of my
+   Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that this morning, being
+   off Cape Barfleur in his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my
+   command, I fell in with a French frigate, which, after a close
+   action of two hours and ten minutes, struck to his Majesty's
+   colours: she proved to be the Réunion, mounting thirty-six guns,
+   and manned with three hundred and twenty men.
+
+   I am singularly happy in being able to inform their lordships
+   that she has been obtained without the loss of a single man, or
+   even any wounded, although her own loss has been very
+   considerable indeed, having, as the prisoners informed me, one
+   hundred and twenty killed and wounded.
+
+   I must beg leave to render the most ample justice to the
+   officers and ship's company of the Crescent, for their cool and
+   steady behaviour during the action; and I take this opportunity
+   to recommend to their lordships' notice the three lieutenants,
+   Messrs. Parker, Otter, and Rye: their conduct has afforded me
+   the utmost satisfaction.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   With the greatest respect, sir,
+   Your most obedient and very humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+   P.S.--The Réunion was accompanied by a cutter, which did not
+   attempt to come into action, but made for Cherbourg.
+
+Captain Saumarez was now on his passage to Portsmouth, where he had
+left his wife and infant children only two days before, in pursuit of
+an implacable enemy known to be not many leagues distant! It was the
+first battle he had fought since he became a husband and a father; and
+his feelings, as he returned triumphantly to the bosom of his family,
+can be easier imagined than described.
+
+The anxiety and excitement inseparable from the day of battle had
+subsided, the prisoners had been removed, the captive Frenchmen with
+whom he had been sympathizing had retired, and he was at length left
+alone to meditate on that remarkable dispensation of Divine favour
+which had been so fully and especially manifested towards him: he had
+gloriously wrested from an enemy, fighting under the proud banner of
+liberty, a ship equal to his own in weight of metal and superior by
+seventy men in numbers, after a furious contest of above two hours,
+without a man being hurt by his opponent, who lost one hundred and
+twenty men killed and wounded: a fact unparalleled in the page of
+history. With the generality of mankind, such circumstances were well
+calculated to raise feelings of proud exultation; but these were never
+cherished in the breast of Saumarez. Having done all in his power to
+soothe the affliction of his vanquished enemy, his first impulse was
+to offer up his thanksgivings and acknowledgments to the great GIVER
+of all victory, and to implore that his mind might not be too highly
+elevated by his glorious success. After despatching his unpresuming
+letter to the Admiralty, which has been already given, he wrote to his
+brother, in London, the following letter:
+
+   Crescent, 21st Oct. 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will rejoice with me at the success that has attended our
+   short cruise. On Saturday evening we sailed from Spithead; and
+   the next morning, being about three leagues from Cape Barfleur,
+   we saw two sail standing towards us from under Cherbourg, which
+   I soon discovered to be a French frigate and a cutter. We were
+   on the larboard tack with the wind off shore; I was happy in
+   being able to keep between them and the land. When about two
+   miles from us, the frigate tacked with all her sail set, and the
+   cutter made sail to windward: we edged down to her, and at a
+   cable's distance, at half-past ten, began the action, which
+   continued with scarcely any intermission two hours and ten
+   minutes.
+
+   Both ships were soon cut up in their sails and rigging, our
+   fore-topsail yard being shot away, and soon after the
+   fore-top-mast; the ship came to, and wearing on the other tack,
+   gave us an opportunity to fire our guns, which were so well
+   served that the French ship soon became unmanageable, and
+   enabled us to rake her fore and aft; in which situation she
+   struck her colours. I must observe that they had been before
+   shot away, and, imagining she had struck, I gave orders to cease
+   firing; she, however, soon relieved us of our suspense by giving
+   us her broadside: we were so well prepared, and kept up so good
+   a fire, that in a short time after they waved their colours and
+   made signs from the gunwale with their hats that they had
+   struck.
+
+   I immediately sent Mr. Parker to take possession of the ship,
+   and send the first and second captains on board the Crescent.
+   They informed me that the ship they had surrendered was La
+   Réunion, mounting thirty-six guns and three hundred and
+   twenty-one men. When we came into action, another frigate was in
+   sight to the eastward, which we took to be her consort; we
+   therefore lost no time to exchange prisoners, and repair our
+   damages, in the best manner we could: she, however, proved to be
+   the Circe, and joined us four hours after the action ceased.
+
+   The circumstance that has made me most happy from this
+   engagement is, that we have not had a single person hurt by the
+   enemy, and but one man injured, who had his leg fractured by the
+   recoil of a gun. There being little wind the sea was perfectly
+   calm; and I had the satisfaction to observe that most of our
+   shot were perfectly well directed. The enemy's frigate is indeed
+   most sadly a wreck, thirty-four men killed and eighty-four
+   wounded, many of them mortally; one officer only has suffered,
+   being badly wounded. She was commanded by Citizen Denain,
+   capitaine de vaisseau, to whose obstinacy they ascribe the
+   sacrifice of many lives.
+
+   It is unnecessary for me to observe, my dear Richard, the great
+   happiness I derive from the consciousness that this event will
+   afford you and all our friends particular satisfaction. My dear
+   Martha, too,--I scarcely know how I shall disclose the
+   circumstance to her; it embarrasses me as much as if it were a
+   mournful subject. One observation is incumbent on me to make,
+   namely, that Captain Yorke used every possible exertion to join
+   us sooner, and that he has most readily afforded us every
+   assistance we required,
+
+   I now remain, your ever affectionate brother,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Captain Saumarez had now realized his ardent desire for an opportunity
+of distinguishing himself, such as was afforded to his gallant
+brother-officer of the Nymphe; and it is a singular coincidence that
+each should have written to his brother on the day of action, under
+similar circumstances of triumph and excitement. These interesting
+documents seem to have decided the superiority of the British over the
+French navy, at the commencement of the French revolution, and in
+reference to that of Saumarez, we cannot but dwell with admiration on
+the humility and acuteness of feeling with which it is replete!
+
+The Circe, which had joined four hours after the action, was
+despatched to Guernsey to execute the service on which Captain
+Saumarez had been ordered; but the Crescent and her prize, in
+proceeding to Spithead, were detained by light winds and calms. On the
+22nd, she arrived off the Isle of Wight, when Lieutenant Otter was
+sent to Portsmouth in the boat with the following official letter:
+
+   Crescent, off the Isle of Wight, 22d Oct. 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I BEG you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, that, being unable to gain Spithead from the
+   prevailing calms, I have thought it expedient to despatch
+   Lieutenant Otter with the intelligence I have the honour to
+   convey to their lordships.
+
+   Having been prevented by the action with La Réunion from
+   complying with their lordships' orders, I directed the Hon.
+   Captain Yorke, who joined me in his Majesty's ship Circe, to
+   proceed with the pacquets I was charged with for the commanding
+   officers of his Majesty's troops at Guernsey and Jersey, and
+   from thence to proceed to St. Maloes, and return to Spithead,
+   agreeable to their lordships' orders.
+
+   I beg to observe, that Captain Yorke gave me every possible
+   assistance, and has taken one hundred and sixty prisoners from
+   the Réunion, which I directed him to land in the island of
+   Guernsey.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq.
+
+The Crescent arrived at Spithead on the following day, and with her
+prize was ordered into harbour; the former to have her damages
+repaired, and the latter to be surveyed and purchased for his
+Majesty's service.
+
+Before we submit the interesting official and private letters which
+Captain Saumarez received on his arrival, and which may be considered
+as the best proof of the sensation which this gallant action created,
+it becomes our duty to state the comparative force of the two
+frigates.
+                                                            Weight
+                                                             of
+      _Crescent._  No. Size. No.  Size.    No. Size. Total. metal.
+    Broadside guns 13  18pr. 4  18pr. car. 1    9pr.  36   315lbs.
+      _Réunion._
+    Broadside guns 13  14pr. 3  40pr. car. 4    7pr.  40   330lbs.
+     Difference of guns, and of weight of shot in favour
+     of La Réunion                                     4    15lbs.
+        _Crescent._               Men   257     Tons 888
+        _Réunion._                Men   320     Tons 951
+     Difference in favour of La
+     Réunion                             63           63
+     N.B. The weight has been reduced to English pounds.
+
+The Crescent lost her fore-top-mast; her sails and rigging were much
+damaged, but very few shot struck her hull; and the only man hurt was
+at the first broadside, when his leg was fractured by the recoil of a
+gun.
+
+La Réunion, on the contrary, had many shot in her hull, and her stern
+was very much shattered. After she was in dock, we saw where a shot
+had entered the starboard quarter, and made its way out of the
+larboard bow. It was said to have killed and wounded twenty-one men!
+The head of her rudder and wheel were shot away, and the fore-yard and
+main-topsail-yard came down early in the action: she was, in short, a
+complete wreck, as represented in the plate. The hopes that the ship
+seen to the eastward under the land was a friend, induced the French
+captain to delay surrendering after defence could no longer be
+effectual.
+
+The head-money was only paid for three hundred men; but there was no
+doubt that three hundred and twenty-one were on board at the
+commencement of the action, as many of the slain were thrown
+overboard, and the French officers, for obvious reasons, wished to
+make their force less than it was. According to Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, forty men were killed, and eighty wounded. The cutter which
+was in company, believed to be L'Espérance, mounting fourteen guns,
+made off for Cherbourg with sweeps and sails as soon as the firing
+commenced. La Réunion's consort, believed to be the Semillante, made
+an attempt to get out of Cherbourg, but was prevented by the tide,
+when she sent a boat full of men, it was supposed, to reinforce the
+former, but which returned when it was observed that her fate was
+decided. The French shore, only five miles distant, was crowded with
+spectators.
+
+There is no action between two single ships on record, where
+consummate skill in naval tactics has been so brilliantly and
+successfully displayed as in that which we have just described. The
+patriotic reader must not imagine that, because the Crescent had
+"none" either killed or wounded, the captain and officers of La
+Réunion did not do their utmost, and far less that they were deficient
+in courage. The severe loss they sustained, and the obstinacy with
+which their ship was defended, has fully proved their bravery. Had the
+Crescent at once boarded the Réunion, which was in her power, and
+carried her sword in hand, as in the case of the Nymphe and Cléopâtre,
+it would have been perhaps better calculated to excite feelings of
+admiration in the general reader, who is not acquainted with naval
+affairs; but this mode of attack is one which, we must acquaint them,
+might readily be made by any officer moderately skilled in naval
+tactics. It is where the commander of a ship, by his presence of mind
+and skilful manoeuvring, succeeds in the defeat and capture of an
+enemy, that the superiority is manifest; and it is to him who has thus
+proved that he possesses the _tact_ to accomplish his object, and yet
+spare the valuable lives of his men, that the meed of praise is most
+justly due.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 23rd October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I beg you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty of my arrival at Spithead in H.M. ship Crescent,
+   under my command, and the prize La Réunion, and from thence into
+   Portsmouth Harbour, conformable with orders from Sir Peter
+   Parker.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq.
+
+
+   Admiralty, October 24th, 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I learnt yesterday with great satisfaction the account of your
+   action with the French frigate La Réunion, and beg to
+   congratulate you very sincerely on your success on this
+   occasion. The greatest praise seems due to the bravery and good
+   conduct of the officers and men of the Crescent. I shall be
+   extremely happy, as soon as it is convenient to you, to have the
+   pleasure of seeing you in town, and of presenting you to his
+   Majesty on an occasion so highly honourable to you. I am, sir,
+
+   Your very faithful humble servant,
+   CHATHAM.
+   (First Lord of the Admiralty.)
+
+   To Captain Saumarez.
+
+
+   Admiralty, 24th October 1793.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I was this morning so happy as to receive your letter, conveying
+   the agreeable account of your having captured the French frigate
+   La Réunion, and which I lost no time in communicating to Lord
+   Chatham, who will himself express to you his very high sense of
+   your distinguished conduct, as well as his great satisfaction at
+   the account you have given of the exemplary and gallant
+   behaviour of your officers and men. I beg, my dear sir, to
+   congratulate you most sincerely on an event which adds such
+   lustre to your professional character, at the same time that it
+   entitles you to every reward from your country, and
+
+   I remain, with great regard,
+   Your very faithful
+   and obedient humble servant,
+   J. HUNT.
+   (Private Secretary.)
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, &c.
+
+
+   St. James's-square, 24th October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Lord Chatham was so obliging as to acquaint me yesterday with
+   your success, and at the same time with his fullest approbation
+   of your conduct, which you may be assured gave me great
+   pleasure. I have this day the favour of your letter, and thank
+   you for your kind attention in informing me of what you might be
+   confident would give me particular satisfaction.
+
+   I am, with great regard, sir,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   AMHERST.
+
+   To Captain James Saumarez.
+
+
+   FROM THE REV. R.B. NICHOLLS.
+   28th October 1793, Middleham, Yorkshire.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   Accept my warmest congratulations on your late very
+   extraordinary and glorious success, which I consider as a signal
+   favour and blessing upon you from the God of armies, whom I
+   invoke, and shall ever, on your behalf, that the path of
+   happiness and glory, temporal and eternal, may be successfully
+   trodden by you, and that you may long live an example of the
+   blessings that Heaven has for a Cornelius. Continue me in your
+   friendly remembrance, which I shall ever consider as an honour.
+
+   I am, dear sir,
+   Your most affectionate
+   and most obedient humble servant,
+   R.B. NICHOLLS.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, &c.
+
+
+   Portsmouth, 30th October 1793.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I am infinitely obliged to you for your kindness and attention
+   to George Parker. I have not as yet heard from Lord Chatham, but
+   suppose I shall in a day or two. This morning I reckon you will
+   kiss hands, and return home "Sir James." Such an honour obtained
+   on such an occasion is worthy the solicitation of a duke. If
+   anything material occurs, be so good to favour me with a line.
+   Lady Parker unites in every good wish for your rib and yourself,
+   with
+
+   Yours, most sincerely,
+   P. PARKER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez.
+
+Captain Saumarez, after a happy visit to his family at Ryde, repaired
+to London, on leave of absence; and, on being presented to his
+Majesty, received the well-merited honour of knighthood, and his first
+lieutenant (now Admiral Sir) George Parker, was promoted to the rank
+of master and commander. Sir James, having applied for an extension of
+his leave, enjoyed the society of his friends in London until the
+14th of November, when he and Lady Saumarez returned to their family
+at Ryde. The following letter to his brother, descriptive of other
+marks of respect which had been paid to him, will be read with
+interest:
+
+   Ryde, Isle of Wight, 16th Nov. 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   It was not before yesterday that we were enabled to return to
+   our little treasure in this island, owing to official business
+   and the badness of the weather. We found all in perfect good
+   health except our little girl, who has been for some time very
+   unwell, and has suffered exceedingly; she is at present rather
+   better, and we hope her disorder is past its height. Mr. Le
+   Marchant has fixed for next Monday to leave the island. I shall
+   endeavour to accompany them to Southampton, and, after that,
+   trust to opportunities hereafter offering to enable me to see
+   them at Bath.
+
+   I do not expect the Crescent will be ready to leave the harbour
+   before the middle of next week; what our destination will then
+   be must remain uncertain. Sir John Jarvis has this morning made
+   the signal for sailing, and it is expected will put to sea on
+   Monday or Tuesday next. I mean to return to Portsmouth to-day or
+   to-morrow, that I may have an opportunity of seeing General
+   Dundas before his departure.
+
+   Our last letters from the island (Guernsey) are of the 6th; no
+   particular news. You will be concerned to hear of the fate of
+   the unlucky Thames; when the particulars are received, I am
+   persuaded it will be found that the ship has not been given
+   away. The report is, that, after a severe action with a
+   six-and-thirty, she was next day attacked by the Carmagniolle,
+   to which ship she struck. Sir E. Pellew is cruising with the
+   Circe off St. Maloes; the French have no ships at present at
+   Cherbourg.
+
+   Yesterday I received a very polite letter from Mr. Marsham,
+   inclosing the resolution of the 14th instant from the committee
+   for encouraging the capture of French privateers, voting me a
+   piece of plate, value one hundred guineas, which I consider a
+   very high compliment paid to my earnest endeavours. But I am not
+   quite so well pleased with a letter from Mr. Cooke, who has the
+   distribution of the fees which he says are due from those who
+   receive the honour of knighthood, and which amount to 103_l._
+   6_s._ 8_d._ In reply to this, I have referred him to whoever
+   paid the above fees for Sir E. Pellew, on whom that honour was
+   conferred on a similar occasion. I fear it may not be taken
+   well; at the same time, I think it hard to pay so much for an
+   honour which my services have been thought to deserve.
+
+   Captain Parker came down to Portsmouth last Thursday, without
+   having obtained an interview with Lord Chatham. I am, however,
+   persuaded he will soon get a ship. The other arrangements are
+   not yet made. Mr. Warren has gone to London, to endeavour to get
+   over the difficulty of not having served his rated time; if he
+   does, he is to be third lieutenant.
+
+   You must now permit me to return you and my dear sister our most
+   sincere thanks for the kind hospitality we experienced under
+   your roof; we not only ate of your board and drank of your cup,
+   but you gave us your very bed to repose on: when shall we have
+   it in our power to requite such goodness? At any rate, receive
+   this tribute of our warmest gratitude.
+
+   I hope your dear children, whom we almost considered as ours,
+   are very well: bestow on them a thousand kisses from us. With
+   our most sincere love, I remain, my dear brother,
+
+   Ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+On the 22nd of November, the Crescent came out of harbour, and was
+reported ready for sea; and Sir James Saumarez was now ready to
+proceed, and to add fresh laurels to those he had so gloriously gained
+in the service of his king and country.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1793, 1794.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral
+   McBride.--Is detached, and attacks an Enemy's squadron.--Narrow
+   Escape from Shipwreck.--Off Havre.--Cherbourg.--Private Letters
+   relating the particulars of several Cruises on the French
+   coast.--Gallant Action with a French squadron of superior force
+   off Guernsey.
+
+
+Sir James was now placed under the orders of Admiral McBride, who gave
+him the command of a squadron, consisting of the Crescent and Druid,
+frigates, Liberty brig, and Lion cutter. The first service he had to
+perform was to carry a small convoy of transports with troops, &c. to
+Guernsey and Jersey, and furthermore to obtain pilots for the
+admiral's squadron.
+
+We shall not attempt to describe the enthusiastic reception which Sir
+James and his gallant crew received from their loyal and patriotic
+countrymen in these islands; but his stay was short. Despatching the
+Liberty to reconnoitre St. Maloes, he proceeded to Jersey, and, having
+reconnoitred Granville, returned to Guernsey Roads on the 28th of
+November, when he detached the Lion with pilots to the admiral; and,
+pursuant to orders, sailed to the adjacent coast of France to assist
+the royalists.
+
+The following is his account of an attempt to attack a French squadron
+in the bay of Brehat.
+
+   Crescent, off Guernsey, 7th Dec. 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you, that pursuant to your orders
+   I sailed from Guernsey Roads the night of the 5th instant, in
+   his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command, together with the
+   Druid frigate and Liberty brig. The wind being to the southward,
+   we were unable to fetch to windward off Cape Frehel in the
+   morning; and observing several sail at anchor off the isles of
+   Brehat, particularly two large ships and a brig, in a bay to the
+   northward, which there appeared a great probability of attacking
+   with success, I stood in for them; but the tide of ebb setting
+   us to the westward, prevented our fetching into the bay, and
+   enabled the enemy's ships to get under way with the first of the
+   flood, and save themselves between the rocks. We were however in
+   time to fire several shot at the largest, which, as well as the
+   others, appeared armed _en flute_ and deeply laden.
+
+   Finding it impossible to follow them without endangering his
+   Majesty's ships, I stood out of the bay through a passage which
+   both the pilots I had on board assured me was perfectly safe.
+
+   We soon found ourselves deceived, perceiving several rocks which
+   we with difficulty cleared. Unfortunately the Druid, (which I
+   hailed to acquaint her of the danger,) in wearing, tailed on a
+   sunken rock; and, although she floated in a few minutes, she has
+   I fear received so much damage as to require her to be taken
+   into dock.
+
+   I have directed Captain Ellison, whose activity and exertions
+   cannot be too highly praised, to proceed to Plymouth, and the
+   Liberty to accompany him into the Sound, and rejoin you without
+   loss of time.
+
+   I am, with every respect, sir,
+   Your obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-admiral John McBride.
+
+On Sir James's arrival at Guernsey, he addressed the following letter
+to his brother in London, which continues the narrative of his
+proceedings on that dangerous coast.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I take the first opportunity to send you an account of an
+   enterprise which, had it been attended with success, would have
+   proved fortunate indeed. Not having time to send you the
+   particulars, I have enclosed a copy of my letter to the admiral,
+   which you will show to M. Le Mesurier. I have only to add, that
+   the object in view justified the attempt; but, as the world too
+   often forms its judgment from events, I fear we shall not
+   acquire much credit for the attempt.
+
+   At midnight, we providentially escaped getting wrecked on the
+   Rocks Douvre, in steering after the Druid. We were warned of our
+   perilous situation by the noise of the breakers, and had only
+   time to avoid them. In short, my dear friend, when I consider
+   our disappointment, and the very wonderful escapes we have had,
+   it is almost too much for me, and I can only be thankful things
+   are not worse.
+
+   Accounts have lately arrived from the army of the royalists,
+   that they are in possession of Rennes, and we have reason to
+   expect soon to hear of their having a seaport wherein we can
+   land the reinforcement. Four French frigates have been in sight
+   of the island these two days; the more mortifying as we cannot
+   detach after them without leaving the troops embarked
+   unprotected. An expedition of this consequence should have at
+   least the support of two ships of the line.
+
+   Be careful that nothing that I write to you transpires. I have
+   lately seen paragraphs which have given me concern, particularly
+   one mentioning my being ordered off St. Maloes. Be assured they
+   may occasion much mischief and distrust, if it can be imagined
+   that they originate from any of my friends. My brother has shown
+   me the P.S. of your letter to him: I think it best the plate
+   should be confined to a dinner-set, as I am unwilling to
+   separate the whole of a present so handsomely bestowed;
+   therefore, if not too late, I wish you to direct accordingly.
+   Lady S. writes to me that our dear little girl is better; I wish
+   to hear that she is sufficiently well to be inoculated. I shall
+   be happy to have it over.
+
+   You are a long time without writing to me. Although I know you
+   are most hurried at this time, you must forgive me if I desire
+   you will devote a few spare minutes to me; my sister, I am sure,
+   will consent to it. Assure her of my sincere love; and believe
+   me truly,
+   My dear Richard,
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S.--We are close ship-keepers, being all on board by six
+   o'clock; a very proper regulation. I do not expect to sail
+   before the fleet proceeds to the French coast, when I hope our
+   accounts will prove more favourable.
+
+We have here two other remarkable instances, where on sudden and
+unexpected danger appearing, the presence of mind and professional
+skill of Saumarez saved his ship and squadron from destruction; and
+although the bold attempt he made to attack the enemy was
+unsuccessful, he does not less deserve the merit of making it, for we
+cannot command the wind and tide.
+
+The Crescent continued to cruise with Admiral McBride's squadron
+during the winter, making several attempts to assist the royalists on
+various places on the coast of France, and annoying the enemy's
+coasting trade.
+
+The following letters from Sir James to his brother in London, give a
+particular account, in his own words, of the arduous services on which
+he was employed during that time.
+
+   Crescent, Cowes Roads, 25th January 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will not expect so soon to hear from me, but I must just
+   give you a journal of our short cruise. The day after we sailed
+   from here, we chased three armed brigs off Havre, which were
+   very near captured by the Flora and this ship. The day
+   following, Sir John Warren having detached me and La Nymphe to
+   look into Cherbourg, on the very spot where La Réunion fell into
+   our hands, we were on the point of taking a French frigate,
+   apparently of twenty-eight or thirty-two guns. The wind at first
+   flattered us with the hope of cutting her off from the land,
+   when it shifted and enabled her to get into Cherbourg: they were
+   decidedly frightened, and kept firing guns as signals to their
+   ships in the bay, which never attempted to come out to their
+   assistance, although we were alone, as La Nymphe was scarcely
+   discernible from this ship. The next day La Nymphe sprung her
+   fore-mast, which obliged her to return to Spithead.
+
+   I appeared close to Cherbourg all day yesterday, in the hope of
+   drawing their ships out, which I plainly discerned to consist of
+   six frigates, four of which were large. In the evening it coming
+   on to blow hard, and no appearance of our ships, I stood off
+   shore, and at noon this day, it blowing a severe storm, I
+   anchored in this road. Admiral McBride having consented to my
+   going to Bath for twenty-four hours, I am setting off with all
+   speed: not having time to add more, I remain, with my kindest
+   love,
+   My dear Richard,
+
+   Yours ever affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Sunday Morning.
+
+   P.S.--I really intended to write to the Lord Mayor, but have not
+   a moment's time; I shall therefore leave you to acquaint him
+   with our return here.
+
+We may stop here to mention, that in the debate in the House of
+Commons on the address to the King's speech at the opening of
+parliament, the gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez was mentioned in
+terms of admiration, and his late action quoted as a remarkable
+instance of the superiority of our naval commanders in professional
+talent and skill; the account of this had been transmitted to him from
+London by his brother Richard.
+
+   Cowes, 2nd February 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I left my dearest concerns yesterday morning, and arrived here
+   this afternoon, after a six hours' storm, from Southampton.
+   Both your kind letters afford me infinite satisfaction. When I
+   wrote to you on Sunday, I had not the admiral's consent to
+   remain till I heard from him, and only expected to remain
+   twenty-four hours in Bath; but depended, nevertheless, on
+   hearing from you there. You must therefore desire my sister to
+   plead in your behalf, when she writes to Lady S.
+
+   I am much flattered at my name having been found worthy of
+   notice in the House of Commons, and I thank you for the praise
+   you bestow on me for the business of our last cruise. Though we
+   failed in taking the frigate, it was certainly a matter of
+   exultation and triumph to me, in a single ship, thus to brave
+   the enemy off their port.
+
+   I find Sir John Warren has sent in an armed brig, which we were
+   prevented from sharing, at the time we were in pursuit of the
+   frigate: we decoyed her to within a small distance from us by
+   showing French colours, and I am persuaded we should have taken
+   her, if we had chased her instead of the frigate; and they ought
+   in justice to allow us to share in the profits of this prize.
+
+   I would advise you to wait till Donaldson's plates come out for
+   your paintings. Let me caution you against purchasing any of the
+   prints, as I have engaged fifteen sets for my friends, in order
+   to have proof engravings.
+
+   Tom[7] writes to me they are under serious apprehensions for the
+   island. I own to you I think there is some cause, unless we keep
+   a strong squadron for their defence; at the same time, I do not
+   believe they have so strong a force as mentioned, or that they
+   are making preparation for invading this country. Let me know
+   what has become of Mr. Warren, and whether Captain Parker has
+   sailed.
+
+   I must now wish you and my sister, and all under your roof, a
+   good night. And
+
+   I remain truly,
+   Yours affectionately,
+   Monday morning.
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S.--Our admiral has not yet made his appearance, a vessel is
+   gone to Portsmouth for him. The packet returns so speedily that
+   it is next to impossible to answer letters the same day.
+
+   [7] Sir James's brother.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 24th February 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will be pleased to hear of our being safe in port in the
+   midst of the prevailing storms, but not without our having
+   previously felt their rigour. Last Thursday morning we carried
+   away our main-top-mast; and, in going to Torbay soon after, we
+   sprung our fore-yard, which made the admiral determine to send
+   us to Spithead to refit, and afterwards join him with all
+   possible despatch. We are just anchored; but it blows so very
+   hard, there is no possibility of sending a boat on shore.
+
+   I left the squadron anchored in Torbay yesterday evening, where
+   they are well sheltered from the present very high wind. Let me
+   hear from you, if possible, by the next post. Not expecting to
+   be ordered here, I wrote to Lady S. yesterday morning, desiring
+   her to direct to me there; and would have written to you to the
+   same purpose, but that I expected to have sent my letters from
+   here by this evening's post, which would have reached you
+   equally soon.
+
+   I think this weather will, for the present at least, let us
+   sleep in tranquillity, and make our enemies set aside their
+   projected invasion. Let them attempt it when they will, I shall
+   view it as a desirable event for this country. But I am not of
+   that opinion with regard to our islands.
+
+   God bless you, and preserve them all! Let us deserve well, and
+   there is nothing that we may not confidently expect from his
+   providence. And, with my sincere love,
+
+   I am ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S. Sunday morning.--I availed myself of a favourable time this
+   morning to come on shore, and have just received a letter
+   stating that the Liberty had been chased by two frigates off the
+   Casketts.
+
+The following letter gives an account of his visit to the island of
+Jersey, &c.
+
+   Bouley Bay, Jersey, 30th March 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have at length had an opportunity of visiting this island, the
+   admiral having detached this ship and the Druid to look into
+   Cancalle Bay and Granville. It falling calm on Thursday evening,
+   we anchored in St. Owen's Bay; and, next morning, Captain
+   Ellison and myself went on shore to wait on Lord Balcarras. We
+   called on Mr. Dumaresq on our way to St. Hilliers, who most
+   obligingly assisted us with horses, and accompanied us to town
+   after having engaged us to dinner. I had just time to call on
+   our friends John Durell and Mr. Wm. Dumaresq, who were very kind
+   in their offers of service. We then returned to St. Peter's, and
+   I shall ever be thankful for one of the most pleasant days I
+   have passed since I commanded the Crescent. Lord Balcarras and
+   his aides-de-camp were the only strangers; Major and Mrs. Le
+   Couteur were of the party; and they were all to have favoured me
+   with their company on board the following day, had not untoward
+   circumstances prevented that pleasure. In the evening we had so
+   thick a fog that it was impossible to join the ships; and at
+   day-break we had the mortification to find, that, the wind
+   having come to the southward, they had found it necessary to
+   leave the bay. They however soon made their appearance, and with
+   some difficulty I got on board.
+
+   The weather not permitting our going on the French coast, I
+   anchored in this bay, and detached a lugger with the third
+   lieutenant, which will execute the service better than we could
+   in the ships. They are here greatly relieved from their fears by
+   knowing our squadron is so near them; and the ladies that at
+   first emigrated are now returning. Write to me by the packet to
+   Guernsey.
+
+   When we can ascertain the force at Cancalle, I hope we shall
+   find ourselves of sufficient strength to pay them a visit. If
+   the emissaries are to be credited, they are disembarking their
+   troops, and marching against the royalists in La Vendée.
+
+   I hope my sister continues well, as when I left you. And, with
+   kindest love,
+
+   I remain, yours ever affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Sunday evening.--P.S. Mr. French, third lieutenant, is this
+   moment returned. He reports that eleven sail of frigates are in
+   Cancalle Bay only;--not the least appearance of ships of the
+   line.
+
+After remaining some time on this dangerous station, the Crescent and
+squadron returned to Plymouth, when Sir James Saumarez was employed on
+the expedition under Earl Moira, which need not be detailed here. On
+the 11th May he received orders to take a squadron under his command,
+to cruise off the Lizard. The following letter is relative to this
+cruise:
+
+   Crescent, at sea, 14th May, 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Pursuant to your directions, I dispatch the Mary cutter to
+   Plymouth for any orders you may be pleased to send me, and I
+   avail myself of this opportunity to acquaint you with the
+   proceedings of the squadron from the time of our departure.
+
+   We made sail to the southward on Sunday night, and saw nothing
+   except two neutral vessels. One of them was informed by Sir
+   Richard Strachan, that on the 6th instant he fell in with a
+   squadron of French frigates in lat. 47° 50' N., long. 6° 15' W.
+
+   Yesterday morning, about eighteen leagues to the southward of
+   the Lizard, the weather having proved hazy, on clearing up we
+   saw a ship and a brig, which we soon distinguished to be enemy's
+   cruisers. I made the signal for general chase, and endeavoured
+   to cut them off from the French coast. We pursued them till
+   within four miles of Ushant, when they escaped through the
+   passage De Four. I then made the best of my way to regain the
+   station; and we are now anxiously looking for the frigates we
+   sailed in pursuit of, with the hopes of better success.
+
+   I beg to assure you of my most earnest endeavours to merit the
+   confidence you are pleased to repose in me; being, with great
+   truth,
+   My dear Admiral,
+
+   Your most faithful
+   and obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Admiral McBride, Plymouth.
+
+It was in the interval between December 1793 and June 1794, that Sir
+James Saumarez and Sir Edward Pellew, and Sir John Warren, being each
+in command of squadrons of frigates, agreed to share prize-money until
+the latter should return to port, which did not take place until June.
+It is notorious in the navy that this led to a dispute, and
+consequently a coolness, between these gallant officers, but the
+misunderstanding was subsequently made up, and need not be farther
+alluded to.
+
+On the 1st June Captain Saumarez returned to Plymouth from the coast
+of France adjacent to the Channel islands, and on the 6th received the
+following order from Admiral McBride.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your command
+   his Majesty's ships, luggers, and cutters, named on the
+   margin,[8] and proceed first with them to Guernsey and Jersey,
+   and then endeavour to ascertain the force the enemy may have in
+   Cancalle Bay and St. Maloes, and then return to Cawsand Bay,
+   leaving the Prestwood cutter with Captain Ball, of his Majesty's
+   ship Fury.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board
+   H.M.S. Echo, 6th June 1794.
+   JNO. McBRIDE.
+
+   [8] Druid, Valiant, Dolphin, Cockchafer, Active, and Prestwood.
+
+Sir James sailed on the 7th from Plymouth: the following is a copy of
+his official letter, giving an account of his action with the French
+squadron:
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey, 8th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you that this morning, at dawn of
+   day, being with his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command,
+   and the Druid and Eurydice frigates, about twelve leagues to the
+   northward of Guernsey, on the larboard tack, with a fresh breeze
+   to the N.E., we fell in with five sail of ships and a cutter to
+   windward. From their not bearing down, and other circumstances,
+   I did not take them for enemy's ships; and I directed Lieut.
+   Baker, of the Valiant, armed lugger, to make sail to windward,
+   for the purpose of reconnoitring them. At six o'clock they
+   hoisted national colours, and fired on the lugger. I then
+   shortened sail to form the line; but the Eurydice sailing so
+   indifferently, and having so superior a force to contend
+   with,--three of the enemy's ships being large frigates, with
+   another which I took for the Thames, and one apparently of
+   twenty-four guns,--I directed Captain Cole to make all the sail
+   he could and stand in shore, Guernsey at the time being in
+   sight.[9]
+
+     [9] See Engraving.
+
+   I remained with this ship and the Druid under easy sail to
+   windward. The two headmost ships of the enemy kept up a brisk
+   fire as they came up; which was returned, but at too great a
+   distance to do any considerable damage. At eight, the Eurydice
+   being so far in shore as to run no risk of their coming up with
+   her, and the whole French line coming up within gun-shot, I made
+   sail with the Druid for the Hanoways.
+
+   Observing the headmost of the enemy gaining very fast on the two
+   ships, I hauled in for the shore with the view of drawing off
+   her attention; which answered my purpose, as she immediately
+   hauled up after me, and maintained a brisk fire for some time,
+   but without effect. She then bore away, but the Druid and
+   Eurydice were too far ahead; and soon after they hauled their
+   wind to the northward.
+
+   I feel every satisfaction in acquainting you that, from the
+   spirit and bravery of my officers and men on this occasion, I am
+   persuaded it would have had every effect, had we had a more
+   equal force to contend with. I met with a noble support in
+   Captain Ellison; and I have only to regret that Captain Cole was
+   not in a ship of sufficient force to allow of my deriving
+   advantage from his tact and intrepidity.
+
+   I am, with every respect, sir,
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-Admiral John McBride.
+
+
+RELATIVE FORCE OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SQUADRONS.
+
+   _English._
+
+
+                Guns.  Weight of shot.
+     Crescent     36    630
+     Druid        36    630
+     Eurydice     20    240
+                  ----------
+     Total        92   1500
+
+   The cutters and luggers went off to Plymouth when the action
+   began.
+
+   _French._
+
+                                Guns.   Weight of shot.
+     Le Scævola (razée)           54    1656
+     Le Brutus (ditto)            54    1656
+     La Danae                     36     800
+     La Félicité                  36     800
+     La Terreur.                  12     144
+                                 ---    ----
+     Total                       192    5056
+
+Thus it appears that the French were 100 guns, and 3556 pounds in
+weight of metal, superior to the English squadron.
+
+This exploit, which has been justly considered by every officer of the
+navy a masterpiece of professional skill, as well as of presence of
+mind and intrepidity, should be more particularly related than in the
+above very modest public letter. The superiority of the enemy being
+much too great to be opposed with any chance of success, it became the
+imperative duty of Saumarez to effect, if possible, the escape of his
+ships, to which the enemy immediately gave chase. Observing that his
+own ship and the Druid had the advantage in sailing, and that the
+Eurydice, which was not only in bad condition but a bad sailer, would
+fall into their hands, he shortened sail, and having ordered the
+Eurydice by signal to push for Guernsey, he contrived, by occasionally
+showing a disposition to engage, to amuse the enemy, and lead him off
+until the Eurydice was safe. He now tacked, and, in order to save the
+Druid, closed with the enemy, passing along their line; and the
+capture of the Crescent seemed at one time inevitable. The Druid
+meanwhile made her escape, with the Eurydice, into Guernsey Roads.
+
+But Sir James Saumarez had for his own preservation a scheme which, in
+the first instance, required great courage; in the second, a perfect
+knowledge of a most dangerous and intricate channel; and, in the last,
+a consummate skill in the management of his ship. He was himself well
+acquainted with the coast, and possessed an experienced pilot, John
+Breton, a native, whose house was on that extremity of the island. As
+soon therefore as the other two ships were secure, he bore up as if to
+run his ship on the rocks, to avoid capture. Ordering his pilot to
+steer the Crescent through a narrow passage between the rocks, which
+had never before been attempted by a ship of her size, and defying the
+enemy to follow him, he reached the anchorage in safety,[10] to the no
+small surprise and mortification of the French, who, after firing some
+time over the rocks at the ship, were obliged, by the shot of the
+Crescent and that of the batteries, to give up the contest.
+
+   [10] See Engraving and Diagram.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, after passing through the narrow channel,
+the ship had to sail so near to the shore of Câtel parish, that he
+could distinctly see his own house,--a position truly singular, for
+behind he beheld a French prison, and before him his own fireside!
+While passing through the narrowest part of the channel, Sir James
+asked the pilot if he was sure he could see the marks for running
+through? when he replied, "I am quite sure, for there is _your_ house,
+and there is my own!"
+
+The gratification which Sir James must have felt in having, by
+his admirable skill and daring, so completely succeeded in saving
+the whole of the ships, could not but be highly augmented by
+the circumstance of his countrymen, and even his family and
+friends, being eye-witnesses of his gallant and judicious conduct.
+Lieutenant-governor Small, who, with a multitude of the inhabitants,
+beheld the whole of these masterly evolutions, immediately published
+the following flattering testimonial in his general orders, which was
+afterwards transmitted to Sir James by the brigade-major in a polite
+letter.
+
+   Parole, _Saumarez_; countersign, _Crescent._
+
+   The lieutenant-governor cannot, without doing injustice to his
+   own feelings, help taking notice thus publicly of the gallant
+   and distinguished conduct of Sir James Saumarez, with the
+   officers and men of his Majesty's ships Crescent, Druid, and
+   Eurydice, under his command, in the very unequal conflict of
+   yesterday, where their consummate professional skill and
+   masterly manoeuvres demonstrated with brilliant effect the
+   superiority of British seamanship and bravery, by repelling and
+   frustrating the views of at least treble their force and weight
+   of metal.
+
+   This cheering instance of spirit and perseverance in a
+   detachment of our royal navy, could not fail of presenting an
+   animating and pleasing example to his Majesty's land forces,
+   both of the line and island troops, who were anxious spectators,
+   and beheld with admiration the active conduct of their brave
+   countrymen.
+
+   To the loyal inhabitants of Guernsey it afforded cause of real
+   exultation to witness the manly and excellent conduct of an
+   officer of whom this flourishing island has to boast he is a
+   native.
+
+The governor of Guernsey, as a further mark of admiration at the
+gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez, wrote the following letter to
+the Secretary of the Admiralty:
+
+   Government-house, Guernsey, 9th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I do myself the honour of transmitting herewith a copy of what I
+   deemed proper to insert this day in the public orders issued to
+   his Majesty's forces stationed on the island of Guernsey, under
+   my command. May I request that this tribute of well-earned
+   approbation from a brother officer may be communicated to the
+   Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Should it appear irregular
+   that an extra-official communication of this nature comes from a
+   department not immediately under their lordships' cognizance,
+   the impropriety on my part I trust will be indulgently forgiven,
+   as it arises from an irresistible impulse of wishing to do
+   justice to merit and exertions far indeed above my praise. As an
+   officer honoured with a public and confidential situation, and
+   having from shore been an eye-witness of the gallant intrepidity
+   of Sir James Saumarez, and sailors of his Majesty's ships
+   Crescent, Druid, and Eurydice, under his command, I consider it
+   my duty to express, although still inadequately, my opinion of
+   the conduct of men whose modesty (the infallible concomitant of
+   merit) may, in reporting to you, come short of what thousands of
+   loyal and anxious spectators from this island beheld with joy
+   and satisfaction, in the display of superior address and British
+   bravery alluded to.
+
+   I have the honour to subscribe myself,
+   With esteem and high regard, sir,
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JOHN SMALL.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   N.B. The enclosure has been already given.
+
+The following general memorandum was issued to the squadron, dated
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
+
+   General Memorandum.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez desires to return his best thanks to Captain
+   Ellison, and the officers and men of H.M.S. Druid, for their
+   spirited conduct and bravery on the 8th instant, in having,
+   jointly with the Crescent, repelled ships of the enemy treble
+   our force. It is to be regretted that the bad sailing of the
+   Eurydice prevented their deriving the advantage they otherwise
+   would have received from Captain Cole and his brave ship's
+   company.
+
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
+
+   General Memorandum.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez requests Captain Cole will signify to the
+   officers and ship's company of his Majesty's ship Eurydice,
+   under his command, how truly mortified he felt himself at being
+   deprived of their support and assistance on the 8th instant, in
+   consequence of the bad sailing of their ship. Had the enemy's
+   force on that day permitted their being brought to action on
+   more equal terms, he is too fully persuaded of the gallantry and
+   bravery of British seamen not to be convinced of its having been
+   attended with the most signal success.
+
+Early in the action, the small vessels, being separated by the enemy,
+bore up for Plymouth. The Valiant arrived first with bad news; and
+then Mr. Hall, of the Cockchafer, went to Admiral McBride, and
+informed him that the whole of Sir James Saumarez' squadron was taken.
+The admiral, who was then suffering under a fit of the gout, demanded
+if he saw them strike; to which Mr. Hall replied that he did not, but
+they could not escape. This so enraged the admiral, who would not
+believe Sir James's squadron had been taken, that he threatened to
+throw his crutch at him, and sent him out of his presence in a very
+summary manner, charging him to return to Guernsey with the following
+letter:
+
+   Tuesday, 10th June.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   If I can gather anything right from Hall, of the little lugger
+   that ran away from you, this will find you at Guernsey, and I
+   hope in good health, with your associates; to whom remember me.
+   The conduct of the small craft you are the best judge of, and I
+   shall suspend my conjectures till I see or hear from you on that
+   subject. As you must naturally have received damage, you will, I
+   think, do well to return hither, by which time I suppose La
+   Margaretta will arrive. Yesterday evening Sir Roger Curtis
+   landed from the Phaeton. He left Lord Howe on the 4th. I know
+   not the particulars, but there has been a general action; and I
+   think Monsieur Jean Bon L'Andre and his Guillotine have had a
+   thorough drubbing. We have lost very few officers of rank. Lord
+   Howe is perfectly well, of which I give you joy.
+
+   Yours, my dear sir, most affectionately,
+   JOHN McBRIDE.
+
+Meanwhile the commodore, in consequence of the enemy's motions,
+wrote the following letter to the Admiralty:
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Road, 11th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have despatched the Active cutter to Spithead, to acquaint
+   you, for the information of their lordships, that the French
+   squadron which engaged his Majesty's ships under my command on
+   Sunday last, put into Cancalle Bay the day following. I have
+   reason to believe they are part of the squadron that chased this
+   ship, in company with the Nymphe and Concorde, on the 2nd
+   instant, off the Seven Islands; and that the ships of the line
+   that were then in company proceeded to Brest.
+
+   His Majesty's ship Severn joined me this morning from Plymouth;
+   and I propose to proceed to the Sound to-morrow, in compliance
+   with orders from Rear-admiral McBride.
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Philip Stephens, Esq. Secretary, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The squadron returned to Plymouth Sound on the 14th of June, when
+Sir James sent the following letter to his brother:--
+
+   Saturday, 14th June 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   We sailed from the island at four yesterday morning, unluckily
+   too soon for the arrival of the packet; by which I lost all the
+   pretty things you, with other friends, said to me on the
+   business of last Sunday. We remain also uninformed of Lord
+   Howe's victory, except that we know a general action has taken
+   place favourable to us. This evening will, I hope, clear up all
+   our doubts.
+
+   The French squadron put into Cancalle Bay the day after our
+   rencontre, and I have reason to think were rather sore from our
+   well-directed fire. That their fire did not take more effect on
+   the Crescent, must be ascribed to a superior Providence; as, I
+   will own to you, I never saw shot fall thicker about any ship
+   than at the time we hauled up for Vason Bay.
+
+   My old pilot, Jean Breton, has infinite merit, and I must have
+   him recommended to that very laudable society for the
+   encouragement of the protection of the commerce of the country.
+   He has a large family, to whom any pecuniary recompense will be
+   of service; but as two other pilots exerted themselves, one on
+   board the Druid, and the other in this ship, I hope they will
+   also be considered. Mention this to my worthy friend the Lord
+   Mayor, who will probably have the goodness to undertake the
+   business.
+
+   I am proceeding to Plymouth for further orders, and you may rest
+   assured of hearing from me when any thing is fixed. The Valiant
+   lugger has this instant joined me from Plymouth, and has brought
+   me the extraordinary Gazette; I most truly rejoice at the good
+   news it contains, though I am savage enough to wish a few more
+   had been sunk or taken.
+
+   This business absorbs all lesser considerations, and I must be
+   satisfied if I can only be considered the _horse-radish_ to
+   garnish the roast beef.
+
+   Adieu, my worthy Richard: lose no time, as the Admiral writes to
+   me we shall sail again early next week. I hope to arrive in the
+   Sound this evening.
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Sir James was, however, disappointed in receiving an answer from his
+brother, being ordered to sail in command of a squadron. The following
+letter concludes the account of the late meritorious affair:
+
+
+   Plymouth, Crescent, June 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have been much disappointed, not to receive a single line from
+   you since we sailed from this place, although I am convinced you
+   must have written by way of Guernsey. To-morrow I sail with a
+   squadron of six frigates under my command, viz. Crescent,
+   Nymphe, Blonde, Druid, Concorde, and Severn: my only fear is,
+   that we shall not be so fortunate as to fall in with the enemy.
+   Admiral McBride has shown me his reply from the Admiralty to his
+   letter, inclosing my account of our late business off Guernsey.
+   It is highly flattering to myself, and expressive of their
+   approbation of my conduct in the strongest terms. I doubt my
+   letter being published, as it is only in instances where success
+   has been the consequence.
+
+   What a noble business that of Lord Howe! And how well he has
+   fulfilled the expectations which those who knew him had formed
+   of his character! Several of my friends are here who were in
+   that action, and speak in the highest strain of panegyric of the
+   whole of his conduct.
+
+   I wait for my wife being again on her legs to compose on the
+   late victory. Why have you not a turn for poetry and music, so
+   as to indite a song on this subject, in lieu of the famous
+   Ninety-second, that has had the run of a whole century?.
+
+   Adieu, my worthy friend! I am truly and faithfully yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1794, 1795.
+
+   Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the
+   Channel.--Visit to Weymouth.--Joins the Channel Fleet.--Black
+   Rocks.--Private Letters and Instructions.--Appointed to the
+   Orion.--Crescent's Officers and Crew volunteer to follow
+   him.--Appointed to the Marlborough (_pro tempore_).--Commands a
+   detached Squadron.--Returns to the Orion, attached to the
+   Channel Fleet.--Private Letters.--Lord Bridport's
+   Action.--Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.--Official
+   Letter.--Two private Accounts.--Returns to
+   Portsmouth--Expedition to Isle Dieu.--Returns to Spithead.
+
+
+Captain Saumarez, whose conduct in his late encounter with the enemy's
+squadron had called forth the admiration of his country, and the high
+approbation of the Admiralty, was continued in command of the squadron
+destined to protect the Channel islands. Admiral McBride emphatically
+said, "their defence could not be in better hands." Sir James left
+Plymouth on the 16th of June 1794, and arrived at Guernsey on the
+following day. The enemy's large ships escaped to Brest before any
+force could be brought to intercept them. The station of Saumarez was
+from Cape Barfleur to the Seven Islands; and, on the English coast,
+between the Isle of Wight and the Start, having four frigates under
+his command. The following letter to his brother gives an amusing
+account of a false alarm, occasioned by the squadron while his Majesty
+George the Third was at Weymouth:
+
+   Crescent, 18th September 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I was made happy yesterday by the sight of your handwriting, of
+   which I had for a considerable time been deprived. You will have
+   learnt from the Lord Mayor of our short cruise off Cherbourg. On
+   our return, Sunday evening, we caused an alarm I had little
+   expected: the Trusty, having fallen in with the four frigates,
+   made the private signal, which, not being distinctly seen,
+   remained unanswered. In consequence of which she proceeded to
+   Weymouth Road, making signals of an enemy. The troops were
+   ordered under arms, the batteries manned, and the royal
+   carriages got in readiness. At our approach to the road after
+   dark, a shot was fired from the Trusty. This ship was secured
+   with springs on her cables, and was ready to pour her broadside,
+   when I fortunately made the night-signal, to denote we were
+   friends. I immediately went on shore, and found the royal family
+   at the rooms, not without apprehension of the enemy's landing.
+
+   The King desired to see me, and very heartily laughed at the
+   circumstance. I remained near an hour in conference with their
+   Majesties in the tea-room; a very distinguished honour, I assure
+   you, as even the lords in waiting are scarcely ever admitted
+   during meals: I was highly flattered at the very gracious and
+   flattering reception I met with. The next day they were on the
+   water, and the King expressed himself much satisfied with the
+   manoeuvres of the squadron under my directions. Lady S. and
+   Mrs. Le Marchant, of Bath, were on board the Crescent, and I was
+   happy in the company of Mr. G----. All dined on board, and
+   seemed well satisfied with the day.
+
+   I expect Admiral McBride the beginning of next week; at which
+   time we shall either go to Plymouth or Portsmouth, to complete
+   our provisions. The weather is so bad that we must not expect
+   the packet from Guernsey, and it prevents the one from Weymouth
+   putting to sea. Love to my sister and children.
+
+   Yours most affectionately,
+   Jas. Saumarez.
+
+The Crescent continued on Channel service until the 10th of October,
+when she returned to Cawsand Bay; and, after a short cruise in the
+entrance of the Channel, she came to Plymouth to be refitted on the
+4th of November. On the 8th she was taken into dock, not having been
+coppered since 1784. Sir James had now an opportunity of enjoying
+repose for two months, (his ship being in course of repair,) till the
+15th of January 1795, when he was immediately attached to the grand
+fleet under Earl Howe.
+
+The following instructions will show the nature of the arduous service
+on which Saumarez was destined to be employed for a considerable time:
+
+   Instructions for the conduct of ships appointed to obtain
+   intelligence of the state of the enemy's naval force at Brest.
+
+   Two frigates, supported by one or more ships of the line, will
+   be most generally appointed for obtaining intelligence of the
+   enemy's naval force, from time to time, when the wind has been
+   favourable to their fleet, or detachment thereof, to put to sea.
+   The frigates so appointed are meant to stretch from Ushant
+   inward to the Black Rocks, together or in succession, as
+   requisite for their mutual support, and better means of
+   communicating with the covering ships; and off St. Matthew's
+   Point, or so as to discover whether the enemy's fleet are still
+   in Brest water, and, if easily practicable, the number and
+   situation of the enemy's ships of war there, and in the adjacent
+   anchoring bays without the Goulet. The covering ships of the
+   line, it is supposed, will generally answer the purpose of their
+   appointment by keeping off, or a little within, the Black Rocks,
+   whilst the frigates are advanced to the more eastern situation
+   before mentioned. The several captains so employed are,
+   nevertheless, to be governed on this service by the state of the
+   weather and movements of the enemy, as they see best in their
+   discretion, or may be directed by the commanding officer, for
+   being able to get to sea with facility when necessary for the
+   purpose of this appointment; and, having made the intended
+   discovery, they are to return for reporting observations to me
+   with all convenient despatch. They are to observe, that the
+   capture of single ships of the line or frigates, or any action
+   with the enemy not absolutely requisite for the security of
+   their ships, is not an object of equal moment to compensate for
+   any delay in conveying the earliest information to me, by signal
+   or personal intercourse, of the state or motions of the enemy as
+   aforesaid. The ordering of the fleet in their absence on this
+   service will be calculated for arriving off Ushant as early as
+   possible the next morning, on these occasions if the detached
+   ships should not have joined the fleet the preceding day, in
+   view to take advantage of every opportunity to intercept the
+   ships of the enemy attempting to put to sea from Brest. And as
+   it may be requisite often to renew this appointment, the
+   intention will be expressed by signal No. 181, together with the
+   particular signals (one or more) of the ships of the line and
+   frigates then meant to be so employed; and the signal No. 124
+   will be subsequently made when the ships are to part company
+   from the fleet for such purpose.
+
+   Given on board the Queen Charlotte,
+   Torbay, 5th February 1795.
+   HOWE.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez,
+   Captain H.M.S. Crescent.
+
+On this occasion Sir James Saumarez wrote the following letter to his
+brother, which shows the high opinion entertained of his services off
+the Black Rocks by his lordship:
+
+   Spithead, 15th January 1795.
+
+   I had the pleasure of yours yesterday morning, and have only
+   time to acquaint you that part of the fleet are now dropping
+   down to St. Helen's, and to-morrow we hope to put to sea. The
+   wind is far to the southward, but I hope we shall be able to get
+   down Channel before it comes to the westward. There can be
+   little doubt but the enemy's fleet are still at sea. If we have
+   the good fortune to meet them, the business will be glorious for
+   the country.
+
+   Our line consists of thirty-five, ten of which are
+   three-deckers. The French have only thirty-two, and four only of
+   three-deckers. My situation in the fleet (repeating frigate) is
+   certainly more desirable than a less conspicuous one; at the
+   same time, I would rather command a seventy-four. Lord Howe is
+   remarkably gracious, and has overwhelmed me with compliments in
+   his opinion of my merits. I have the more to accomplish in order
+   to show myself deserving of it. Be assured of my zealous
+   endeavours. Adieu! Give my sincere love to my sister and dear
+   children.
+
+   I am ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Sir James always preferred the command of a ship of the line to a
+frigate, notwithstanding the chances of prize-money are in favour of
+the latter. He accordingly made the following application to the First
+Lord of the Admiralty; and it will be seen, by the subsequent
+correspondence, that his wishes were complied with.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg leave to acquaint your lordship, that some time since I
+   made application to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship, and
+   the Earl of Chatham was pleased to signify his intention of
+   meeting my wishes the earliest opportunity. I shall esteem
+   myself greatly obliged to your lordship to appoint me to one,
+   and at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's
+   company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Right Honourable Earl Spencer.
+
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging your letter to
+   be appointed to a line-of-battle ship. I am not at present
+   apprised of there being an immediate opportunity to comply with
+   your request; but it will give me great pleasure to have an
+   early one afforded me of promoting an officer of so much
+   acknowledged merit.
+
+   I am, sir, with great respect,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, H.M.S. Crescent.
+   Admiralty, December 24th, 1794.
+
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 1st March 1795.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg to avail myself of the return of the fleet into port, to
+   remind your lordship of the application I had the honour to make
+   to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship; and as the Orion is
+   likely soon to become vacant, I shall be greatly obliged to your
+   lordship to have the goodness to give me the command of her, and
+   at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's
+   company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Right Honourable Earl Spencer.
+
+
+   Crescent, off Spithead, 4th March 1795.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments to your lordship for
+   having been pleased to appoint me to the command of the Orion. I
+   shall be further obliged to your lordship to permit the
+   commissioned and warrant officers of the Crescent to be removed
+   to her, with the ship's company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Earl Spencer, &c. &c.
+
+Sir James remained with the Channel fleet until the 13th of March,
+when, at his own request, he was removed into his Majesty's ship
+Orion. The whole crew of the Crescent volunteered to follow him, and
+his application for them was in part complied with; as also for
+Lieutenants Otter and Rye, and some of the warrant and petty officers,
+who were consequently turned over to that ship, which was fitting at
+Portsmouth. As it would be a considerable time before she could be
+refitted so as to be ready for sea, Captain Saumarez was, at the
+special application of the admiral, Lord Hugh Seymour, appointed (pro
+tempore) to the Marlborough of seventy-four guns, and attached to a
+detachment of the grand fleet under the Honourable W. Waldegrave,
+(afterwards Lord Radstock,) cruising between Ushant and Cape
+Finisterre. His appointment was dated 19th March 1795. On the 8th of
+April he became senior officer of the detached squadron off the
+Western Isles, under the orders of Lord Bridport. He returned on the
+8th of June to take command of his own ship, the Orion, which had been
+fitted out by Captain Donnelly, and was now ready to receive orders
+for sea. He was now again placed under the orders of his lordship, the
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, and sailed on the 12th of
+June, two days after his arrival. On the 22nd, the squadron fell in
+with the enemy off L'Orient at daylight, at which time the Orion was
+one of the sternmost ships when the signal was made to chase. Her
+captain soon gave a manifest proof of his zeal and abilities on this
+occasion. She was, before morning of the 23rd, the headmost ship of
+the fleet; and, before six o'clock, was the first which actually began
+the action with one of the enemy's largest ships.
+
+The following is a copy of Lord Bridport's official despatch:
+
+   Royal George, at sea, 24th June 1795.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   It is with sincere satisfaction I acquaint you, for the
+   information of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that
+   his Majesty's squadron under my command attacked the enemy's
+   fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line, attended with
+   eleven frigates and some smaller cruisers, on the 23rd instant,
+   close in with the port of L'Orient. The ships which struck are
+   the Alexander, Le Formidable, and Le Tigre, which were with
+   difficulty retained. If the enemy had not been protected and
+   sheltered by the land, I have every reason to believe that a
+   much greater number, if not all the line-of-battle ships, would
+   have been taken or destroyed.
+
+   In detailing the particulars of this service, I am to state that
+   at the dawn of day, on the 22nd instant, the Nymphe and Astrea,
+   being the look-out frigates ahead, made the signal for the
+   enemy's fleet. I soon perceived there was no intention to meet
+   me in battle; consequently, I made the signal for four of the
+   best-sailing ships, the Sanspareil, Orion, Russell, and
+   Colossus, and, soon afterwards, the whole fleet, to chase; which
+   continued all day and the whole night with very little wind.
+
+   Early in the morning of the 23rd, the headmost ships, the Orion,
+   Irresistible, Queen Charlotte, Russell, Colossus, and
+   Sanspareil, were pretty well up with the enemy; and a little
+   before six o'clock the action began, and continued till near
+   nine. When the ships struck, the British squadron was near to
+   some batteries, and in the face of a strong naval port, which
+   will manifest to the public the zeal, intrepidity, and skill of
+   the admirals, captains, and all the other officers and seamen,
+   and soldiers, employed upon this service; and they are fully
+   entitled to my warmest acknowledgments.
+
+   I beg also to be allowed to mark my approbation in a particular
+   manner of Captain Domett's conduct, serving under my flag, for
+   his manly spirit, and for the assistance I received from his
+   active and attentive mind. I feel great satisfaction in doing
+   justice to the meritorious conduct of all the officers of every
+   class, as well as to the bravery of the seamen and soldiers in
+   the Royal George, upon this event and on former occasions.
+
+   I judged it necessary, upon the information I received of the
+   force of the enemy, to put the Robust, Thunderer, and Standard
+   into my line of battle; but their distance from my squadron, and
+   there being little wind, prevented them from joining me till
+   after the action was over.
+
+   I shall proceed upon my station as soon as I have ordered a
+   distribution of the prisoners, and made other necessary
+   arrangements for the squadron. It is my intention to keep at
+   sea, in order to fulfil every part of my instructions.
+
+   I have judged it necessary to send Captain Domett with my
+   despatches, who will give their lordships such further
+   particulars as shall have occurred to him on the victory we have
+   gained.
+
+   I am, &c.
+   BRIDPORT.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq.
+
+The enemy made their escape into L'Orient. By some accounts the
+commander-in-chief has been blamed for not continuing the action; but
+this does not seem to have been the opinion of Sir James Saumarez, who
+wrote the following letter to his brother on the day after the action.
+It is said that the fleet were not supplied with pilots for that part
+of the coast.
+
+   Orion, at sea, 24th June 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have the satisfaction to acquaint you that, last Monday, we
+   fell in with the French fleet, about eighteen leagues from the
+   Isle de Groix. The signal for a general chase was made at six
+   o'clock; but, having little wind, we were still at a
+   considerable distance from them in the evening. Our headmost
+   ships denoted by signal that they consisted of fourteen sail of
+   the line and eleven frigates. The admiral made the signal to
+   engage the enemy on coming up with them. It was with great
+   delight I found the Orion sail extremely well, and in the
+   morning we were one of the headmost ships of the squadron. I
+   should observe, that Sir John Warren's convoy were in sight at
+   the time we first saw the enemy; and a vessel was detached to
+   order the Robust and Thunderer to join us, which made our number
+   nineteen sail of the line.
+
+   The French fleet at daylight was about five miles from us,
+   crowding all sail, and steering for their coast, which appeared
+   in sight. At five o'clock, this ship, being ahead of the Queen
+   Charlotte, began the action, and kept up a constant fire as we
+   came up; which was warmly returned by the enemy's sternmost
+   ships, one of which was the Montagne. Finding I could go to
+   windward of one of their ships, I hauled up between her and
+   their fleet, and gave her our larboard guns directly for her
+   stern. She was afterwards attacked by other ships, to which she
+   struck, and proved to be the Alexander.
+
+   The Irresistible, Russell, Colossus, and Sanspareil were the
+   headmost of our fleet after the Orion and Queen Charlotte, and
+   engaged the enemy as they came up. A French seventy-four, that
+   had taken fire on the poop, struck to the frigates. She is
+   called the Formidable, and is not materially damaged from the
+   fire. When the Queen, London, and finally the Royal George, came
+   into action, they kept up a most amazing fire; but by this time
+   the enemy were within three miles of their coast, and they all
+   escaped except the Tigre, which struck to the Royal George.
+
+   For further details I must refer you to the public accounts. Our
+   loss in this ship has been inconsiderable when I assure you we
+   were engaged with very little intermission the whole time of the
+   action, which lasted four hours. We have four killed, two since
+   dead, and eighteen wounded. The ship has suffered more in
+   proportion in the hull, masts, and sails. We regret not to have
+   had a few leagues' more space, as none could then have escaped.
+   Port Louis, near L'Orient, has afforded them this timely
+   shelter, but not till they had a severe drubbing.
+
+   You will show the contents of this letter to Mr. Le Mesurier, as
+   I have scarcely one moment to spare.
+
+   Adieu! Remember me most kindly to my sister; and believe me
+   truly, my dear Richard,
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   You will oblige Lady S. by inclosing this, after perusal, to
+   her.
+
+This detachment of the Channel fleet, which was destined to protect
+the ill-fated expedition to Quiberon Bay, under Sir J.B. Warren,
+continued for some time on the coast; but the Orion, being one of the
+ships which had suffered most, was ordered to Portsmouth. On his
+arrival, Sir James wrote the following letter to his brother Richard.
+
+   Orion, off St. Helens, 12th July 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint you, that I parted
+   from the fleet last Thursday, with the Charon, hospital ship,
+   which I saw safe into Portland this morning: Captain Grindall,
+   (the only captain wounded,) who took his passage on board her,
+   was much recovered. On the day I left the fleet, Admiral
+   Cornwallis, with the ships under his command, joined Lord
+   Bridport; and I imagine the Queen Charlotte, with the ships that
+   suffered most in the action, will go home. As the Orion requires
+   a new fore-mast and bowsprit, besides considerable repair, I
+   take it for granted she will be ordered into harbour.
+
+   A few days after the action we were alarmed by the appearance of
+   an epidemic fever on board; but, by sending the men infected on
+   board the hospital ship, and using timely precaution, I am happy
+   to say it has entirely subsided, but it gave me a great degree
+   of concern: added to this, we have had the small-pox on board;
+   but it has been of so favourable a kind, that the men who have
+   had it are all doing well, two excepted, who died on board the
+   hospital ship. Several are now under inoculation, and I hope
+   will recover.
+
+   We have lost eight men in consequence of the action: all the
+   wounded, except two, are nearly well; their wounds, I am happy
+   to find, were slight.
+
+   It will have surprised you to find me differ in my statement of
+   the action from the Admiral, when I mention having begun the
+   action. The fact was, the Irresistible fired two, or, I believe,
+   three bow-guns, but I never could consider that entitling her to
+   being the first in action; _but of this hereafter_.
+
+   Now is a good opportunity for you and my sister to come and
+   spend a few days at Portsmouth, if you can spare time to
+   undertake the journey. Come down immediately, and take a sail in
+   the ship into Portsmouth Harbour. I was in great hope to be in
+   time to see Lady S. this evening, but I fear it is impossible;
+   it is near eight o'clock, and we are no nearer than St. Helen's
+   Road, with little wind. I have heard from none of my friends
+   during the cruise, so that I know not what became of you after
+   your peregrination to St. Helens.
+
+   The prizes left the fleet ten days ago, and must be expected the
+   first westerly winds. You will be glad to hear that Mr. Otter is
+   promoted.
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S. Portsmouth, 15th July 1795. I have only time to acquaint
+   you with my being just landed. Let me hear from you. Adieu!
+
+We here give a diagram of this action at the time it began. When the
+Irresistible fired her bow-guns, she was in _chase_, astern and not up
+alongside of the enemy; but the Orion reserved all her fire until
+actually alongside; she was certainly the first that could bring all
+her broadside to bear on one of the enemy's ships, and therefore
+justly claims the honour of having commenced the battle. But Sir James
+took no steps to correct the statement, and was, as usual, content
+with being included in the mass of those who distinguished themselves
+on that occasion.
+
+
+   Position of the hostile fleets on the morning of the 23rd June
+   1795, when the headmost ships brought the rear of the enemy to
+   action.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   No. 1. Orion, Capt. Sir J. Saumarez. 2. Queen Charlotte, Capt.
+   Sir A.S. Douglas. 3. Irresistible, Capt. Grindall. 4. Russell,
+   Capt. T. Luscom. 5. Colossus, Capt. Moncton. 6. Sanspareil,
+   Admiral Lord H. Seymour, Capt. Brown. 7. London, Capt. Griffith.
+   8. Queen, Rear-admiral Gardner, Capt. Bedford. 9. Prince George,
+   Capt. Edge. 10. Royal George, Admiral Lord Bridport, Captain
+   Domett.
+
+The Orion was taken into Portsmouth harbour, and, as six weeks were
+required to repair her damages, Sir James had another month's
+relaxation from actual service. It was the 18th July before she was
+reported ready for sea. On the 21st he wrote the following letter to
+his brother, describing the service on which he was now to be
+employed:
+
+   Ryde, 21st August 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   Expecting to sail from day to day, I delayed writing till I
+   could acquaint you with the precise time of our departure. This
+   morning the wind proved easterly, but it has again veered to the
+   westward, and become as uncertain as ever, so that I yet hope to
+   hear from you. I understand that about four thousand troops,
+   _British_, and fifteen hundred emigrants, sail under our escort.
+   They are commanded by General Doyle, and it is supposed are
+   destined to take possession of Noirmoutier, to keep up
+   communication with Charrette's army. Monsieur, who you know is
+   embarked on board the Jason, accompanies them. It is to be hoped
+   that this last effort of ours to secure a footing on their own
+   territory to these unfortunate people, will prove successful; I
+   say this last, for, from what I learn, Lord Moira resigns with
+   the whole of his staff, and the rest of his army are to be,
+   under command of Sir R. Abercromby, destined for the West
+   Indies.
+
+   We are likely to have enough on our hands should war be
+   continued, as it is impossible but we must have the Spanish to
+   contend with. Several ships sailed this morning to reinforce our
+   squadron in the North Seas, which shows the Dutch are beginning
+   to stir themselves.
+
+   I write from Ryde, where Lady S. has been since yesterday, being
+   near Spithead, where I must be every day. As the wind is at
+   present, there is every reason to expect that we shall be here
+   some days longer; therefore write to me. Adieu! God bless you
+   all!
+
+   I am truly and affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+The expedition, alluded to in the above letter, was placed under
+command of Rear-admiral Henry Harvey, and consisted of the Prince of
+Wales (flag-ship), Queen Charlotte, Prince, Orion, Russell, Arethusa,
+and Jason, with a convoy of one hundred and twenty-six vessels. These
+were detained at Spithead till the end of September; and on the 13th
+of October they reached Isle Dieu, where they were destined to
+co-operate with the former expedition. When off Hedic, Admiral Harvey
+sent the Orion to join Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, with that
+part of the convoy intended to act with the royalists, while he
+proceeded with the rest to the West Indies.
+
+The troops were landed. The Orion was employed blockading the coast
+near Rochfort and L'Orient; the nature of which memorable service will
+be best understood from the following letters from Sir James to his
+brother.
+
+   Orion, at sea, 26th October.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have just learnt from the Admiral, that he intends to despatch
+   the Porcupine for England, which gives me an opportunity of
+   writing a line merely to acquaint you of our being in
+   existence, but most deucedly tired of our cruise: nothing worthy
+   our notice has occurred since my last letter. Sir John Warren
+   left Quiberon Bay last Wednesday for Noirmoutier, whence it is
+   supposed the emigrants will join Charrette's army. We pay
+   frequent visits to our friends in Port Louis. They continue
+   nearly in the same state as when we left them after the 23rd of
+   June; and, from the intelligence we have obtained, they are not
+   in any forwardness for sea, being without stores or men.
+
+   We experienced hitherto remarkable fine weather, which I hope
+   will continue; but nothing can equal our unvaried scene, fixed
+   to this confounded spot, without the least prospect of anything
+   falling in our way. We have not even the advantage of hearing
+   from England; for, sparingly, two ships only have joined us from
+   Plymouth since we are on this station. In short, my dear friend,
+   I am heartily tired of so inactive a situation, and shall very
+   sincerely rejoice to be relieved from it. You are much more
+   likely to receive accounts of the expedition than we are, having
+   but little intercourse with the army, and that little is solely
+   confined to the Admiral, who deals out the news very
+   _cautiously_. Could we but hear from our friends, it would yield
+   us some comfort; but that we are also denied: it is, however,
+   some satisfaction we can let them know we are alive. God bless
+   you! and believe me, with my kindest love to my dear sister and
+   children,
+
+   Yours most affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+   Orion, Houat, 26th November 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   We sailed from Isle Dieu this day, subsequent to my letter by
+   the Thunderer; and various have been the decisions respecting
+   withdrawing the troops from that island. On Monday, Sir John
+   Warren sailed with the Robust, Theseus, and four frigates, with
+   the intention of making the embarkation; but it came on to blow
+   so strong that they were obliged to put back. I was dispensed
+   with from that service, by having been appointed to carry on the
+   communication with the royalists, for the purpose of conveying
+   to them the immense supply of stores and ammunition intended for
+   them, besides about thirty thousand pounds in specie. The 24th
+   was the day fixed for their being landed, and General George was
+   to muster all his force to receive them, at a place called
+   Bitiers, at the entrance of the Villaine; but the weather proved
+   so boisterous on that and the following day, that there existed
+   no possibility of any communication.
+
+   Sir John Warren, to my great satisfaction, joined me this
+   morning with the frigates; the embarkation from Isle Dieu having
+   at last been given up. To-morrow we hope to hear that our
+   friends occupy the post agreed on; and we shall throw them as
+   speedily as possible, by means of the chasse-marées and boats of
+   the squadron, the various articles in our possession which they
+   so much want.
+
+   The last letters I have received were dated the 19th: they
+   mention P---- being under arrest; but there was a difference of
+   opinion respecting him, which was submitted to Monsieur. As his
+   Royal Highness is gone home, it will be some time before his
+   fate is decided. Being informed that the Standard was ordered
+   for England, I would not lose the opportunity, and in some way I
+   hope to inform you with the successful result of our enterprise:
+   once ended, I hope we shall bend our steps homeward.
+
+   Our friend Dan, with Phil. Dumaresq, are perfectly well.
+   Remember me with kindest love to my sister, and believe me ever
+   affectionately yours,
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+The details of the failure of this expedition need not be dwelt upon;
+it was finally determined on the 13th of December to withdraw the
+troops, and Sir James Saumarez consequently received the following
+order:
+
+   By Henry Harvey, Esq. Rear-admiral of the Red, &c.
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your convoy
+   all the transports, store-ships, victuallers, and other vessels
+   lying in this bay, and put to sea in company with his Majesty's
+   squadron under my command. You will have under your direction
+   his Majesty's ship Porcupine, whose captain is directed to
+   follow your orders. You are to use your utmost endeavours to
+   keep company with me; but, in case of separation, make the best
+   of your way to Spithead, leaving off Plymouth such of the
+   victuallers as may have sailed from that port.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board the
+   Prince of Wales, 17th December 1795,
+   Houat Roads.
+   H. HARVEY.
+
+Admiral Harvey parted from the convoy off Brest, and Sir James arrived
+at Spithead, after having looked into Brest, on the 30th December, and
+reported his arrival to the Secretary of the Admiralty; to which he
+received the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty Office, 31st December 1795.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, your letter of yesterday's date, informing them
+   of your arrival at Spithead in the ship you command, with part
+   of the transports under your convoy, from Quiberon Bay; and I
+   have their lordships' command to acquaint you that they are
+   pleased with your proceedings.
+
+   I am, sir, your obedient humble servant,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+   To Captain Sir James Saumarez,
+   H.M.S. Orion, Spithead.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1796, 1797.
+
+   Orion taken into dock.--Is refitted, and joins the Channel
+   fleet.--Detached on a particular service.--Returns.--Proceeds to
+   reinforce Sir John Jervis.--List of his fleet.--Battle with
+   Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a private
+   letter.--Conduct of Saumarez in the action.--Salvador del Mundo
+   strikes to the Orion, and is taken possession of by her
+   lieutenant.--Engages the Santissima Trinidada.--She strikes to
+   the Orion.--Remarks on that occasion.--Lagos Bay.--Lisbon.--Sir
+   James sails on a cruise with Admiral Sir H.
+   Nelson.--Returns.--Commands the advanced squadron.--Several
+   private letters.--Commands the advanced squadron off
+   Cadiz.--Mutiny in the fleet.--Anecdote and remarks thereon.
+
+
+The Orion was ordered into harbour; and on examination it was found
+she had been so much strained during the last cruise, particularly in
+the November storm, subsequently known by the name of "Admiral
+Christian's gale," besides having sprung her lower masts, that it
+became absolutely necessary for her to be taken into dock. During the
+next four months Sir James obtained, leave of absence; and it was not
+until the 7th of May 1796, that, having rejoined his ship, he was
+called into active service, the Orion being placed in Rear-admiral
+Lord Hugh Seymour's division of the grand fleet which was fitted for
+foreign service.
+
+After a short cruise off Brest, the Orion proceeded to reinforce the
+fleet under Sir John Jervis, off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron
+consisted of the Sanspareil (flag-ship), Orion, Triumph, Juste,
+Hector, and Theseus, of the line; Phaeton and Latona, frigates; and
+Incendiary, fire-ship. On arriving off their station, Captain Saumarez
+was detached to Fayall by Lord Hugh's order, dated the 13th June, to
+obtain stock, wine, &c. for the use of the squadron; and was directed
+to meet his lordship at ten leagues to the westward of that island;
+after which the squadron returned to Cape St. Vincent, and from
+thence, in the month of September, they joined the Channel fleet,
+under Lord Gardner.
+
+On the 11th of December the Orion returned to Spithead, in order to
+refit and replenish in water and provisions, after a six months'
+unsuccessful cruise. This occupied but a short time; and on the 17th
+of the same month Sir James proceeded in the Orion, with a squadron
+under the orders of Admiral W. Parker, to reinforce Sir John Jervis,
+off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron consisted of the Prince George,
+98; Namur, 90; Irresistible, Orion, and Colossus, of 74 guns; and
+Thalia frigate. The junction with Sir John was effected on the 6th of
+February. Thus reinforced, the Admiral had under his command--
+
+     Guns.
+     100      Victory,          Admiral Sir John Jervis.
+                                Captain Robert Calder.
+                                Captain George Grey.
+
+              Britannia,        Vice-admiral Charles Thompson.
+                                Captain Foley.
+
+     98       Barfleur,         Vice-admiral Hon. W. Waldegrave.
+                                Captain J.R. Dacres.
+
+              Prince George,    Rear-admiral W. Parker.
+                                Captain John Irwin.
+
+              Blenheim,         Captain Thos. L. Frederick.
+
+     90       Namur,            Captain James H. Whitshed.
+
+     74       Captain,          Commodore Horatio Nelson.
+                                Captain R.W. Miller.
+              Goliath,          Captain Charles Knowles.
+              Excellent,        Captain Cuthbert Collingwood.
+              Orion,            Captain Sir James Saumarez.
+              Colossus,         Captain Geo. Murray.
+              Egmont,           Captain John Sutton.
+              Culloden,         Captain Thomas Troubridge.
+              Irresistible,     Captain Geo. Martin.
+
+     64       Diadem,           Captain Geo. H. Towny.
+
+     38       Minerve,          Captain Geo. Cockburn.
+
+     32       Lively,           Captain Lord Garlies.
+              Niger,            Captain Ed. Jas. Foote.
+              Southampton,      Captain Jas. Macnamara.
+
+     Slps     Bonne Citoyenne,  Captain Chas. Lindsay.
+              Raven,            Captain W. Prowse.
+
+     Cut.     Fox,              Lieutenant John Gibson.
+
+Sir John Jervis was well aware that the Spanish fleet might be nearly
+double his force, but he kept working up towards the position where he
+expected to meet them. On the 13th, in the morning, the Minerve,
+Captain Cockburn, bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Nelson,
+(which was afterwards shifted to the Captain, 74) having on board Sir
+Gilbert Elliot, late viceroy of Corsica and others, came into the
+fleet with intelligence that on the 11th, soon after quitting
+Gibraltar, she had been chased by two Spanish line-of-battle ships;
+and that afterwards, when in the mouth of the Straits, she got sight
+of the Spanish fleet. Before sunset the signals were made for the
+British fleet to prepare for battle, and to keep in close order all
+the night, during which the signal-guns of the Spaniards were
+distinctly heard. At half-past two, A.M. the Portuguese frigate
+Carlotta spoke the Victory; and her captain (Campbell) gave
+information that the Spanish grand fleet, commanded by Don Josef de
+Cordova, was only five leagues to windward; that they had sailed from
+Carthagena on the 1st of the month, and consisted of twenty-eight sail
+of the line, viz.
+
+     Guns.
+     130  Santissima Trinidada.
+            (four-decker).
+
+     112  Concepcion.
+          Conde de Regla.
+          Mexicano.
+          Principe de Asturias.
+          Salvador del Mundo.
+          San Josef.
+
+     80   Neptuno.
+          San Nicolas.
+
+     74   Atalante.
+          Bahama.
+          Conquistador.
+          Firme.
+          Glorioso.
+          Oriente.
+          Pelayo.
+          San Antonio.
+          San Domingo.
+          San Firmin.
+          San F'sco de Paula.
+          San Genaro.
+          San Ildefonso.
+          San Juan Nepomuceno.
+          San Pablo.
+          San Ysidro.
+          Soberano.
+          Terrible.
+
+There were also twelve frigates, some gun-boats, and seventy
+transports with troops, which were disembarked at Algesiras.
+
+It is not positively known what the destination of this powerful fleet
+was; some accounts say Cadiz, others Brest. It is, however, certain
+that their admiral did not expect to meet more than ten or twelve sail
+of the line with Sir John Jervis, and that he anticipated an easy
+capture, and a triumphant entry into port with his prizes. His dismay
+may therefore be easily imagined at seeing the English fleet of
+fifteen sail of the line close to him, in excellent order of battle,
+while his own fleet was in such a scattered situation as to render it
+impossible to prevent his intrepid enemy from cutting off a group
+which had separated from the main body of his fleet, and which in vain
+attempted to rejoin by crowding all sail.
+
+As it is not our intention to enter into the particulars of this
+memorable battle, excepting as regards the Orion, an extract from the
+admiral's despatch will be sufficient to show the bold and decisive
+step which he took on that occasion, and by which he succeeded in
+obtaining a most glorious victory over double his force.
+
+   Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   The hope of falling in with the Spanish fleet, expressed in my
+   letter to you of the 13th instant, was confirmed last night by
+   distinctly hearing the report of their signal-guns, and by
+   intelligence received from Captain Foote, of his Majesty's ship
+   Niger, who had, with equal judgment and perseverance, kept
+   company with them for several days, on my prescribed
+   rendezvous, (which, from the strong S.E. wind, I had never been
+   able to reach,) and that they were not more than the distance of
+   three or four leagues from us.
+
+   I anxiously waited the dawn of day; when, being on the starboard
+   tack, Cape St. Vincent bearing E.N.E. eight leagues, I had the
+   satisfaction of seeing a number of ships extended from S.W. to
+   S., the wind then W. by S. At forty-nine minutes past ten, the
+   weather being extremely hazy, La Bonne Citoyenne made the signal
+   that the ships seen were of the line, twenty-five in number.
+
+   His Majesty's squadron under my command, consisting of fifteen
+   ships of the line, happily formed in the most compact order of
+   sailing in two lines. By carrying a press of sail, I was
+   fortunate in getting in with the enemy's fleet at half-past
+   eleven, before it had time to collect and form a regular order
+   of battle. Such a moment was not to be lost; and, confident in
+   the skill, valour, and discipline of the officers and men I had
+   the happiness to command, and judging that the honour of his
+   Majesty's arms, and the circumstances of the war in these seas,
+   required a considerable degree of enterprise, I felt myself
+   justified in departing from the regular system; and, passing
+   through their fleet in a line formed with the utmost celerity,
+   tacked, and thereby separated one-third from the main body.
+   After a partial cannonade, which prevented their rejunction till
+   the evening, and by the very great exertions of the ships which
+   had the good fortune to arrive up with the enemy on the larboard
+   tack, the ships named in the margin[11] were captured, and the
+   action ceased about five o'clock.
+
+   [11] The San Josef, Salvador del Mundo, San Nicolas, and San
+   Ysidro.
+
+That the Orion was one of those ships which distinguished themselves
+will best appear from the private letter of her brave commander to his
+brother, written only the day after the action; a circumstance which
+cannot but give such a communication a value far superior to a more
+elaborate composition. The log also of his ship, written at the time
+by the master, to which we have had access, completely accords with
+the facts so clearly stated in the letter.
+
+   Orion, Lagos Bay, 15th February 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will be happy to receive an account from me of the important
+   victory obtained by our squadron over the Spanish fleet,
+   consisting of nearly double our force. The Admiral having
+   received previous information of their sailing from Carthagena,
+   and of their cruising off the entrance of the Straits, gave us
+   timely notice of the intelligence by the signal to prepare for
+   battle.
+
+   Early on Tuesday morning, the weather being hazy, with light
+   winds, the frigates on the look-out made the signal for
+   discovering the enemy, and soon after we discerned several ships
+   to leeward, and the body of the fleet to windward. We were then
+   on the starboard tack, standing to the southward. The signal was
+   made to different ships to chase; and, shortly after, for the
+   fleet to form in line of battle as most convenient. The enemy at
+   this time were bearing down to join their ships to leeward; but
+   we came upon them so fast, that, before they could effect the
+   junction, the headmost ships, which were the Culloden, Prince
+   George, Orion, Blenheim, and Colossus, with the Victory and the
+   rest coming up, it was effectually prevented. They then hauled
+   their wind on the larboard tack, and our Admiral made the signal
+   for the fleet to tack. Our sternmost ships then became the
+   headmost.
+
+   Commodore Nelson, who had joined from Elba the day before,
+   shifted his pendant to the Captain, the leading ship, and
+   distinguished himself most eminently. The Culloden, Blenheim,
+   Prince George, and Orion, were the next that came up, and were
+   warmly engaged for nearly three hours with the body of the
+   enemy's fleet, who had not had the time, or address, to form
+   into any order. But it is only doing them justice to say, they
+   defended themselves very bravely.
+
+   We were, for above an hour, opposed to a three-decker, the
+   Salvador del Mundo, which finally struck to this ship; we
+   lowered the boat from the stern, and gave orders to Mr. Luce,
+   the first lieutenant, to take possession of her; still making
+   sail for the other ships, and following Admiral Parker in the
+   Prince George. The Excellent, which had passed us to windward,
+   had made a line-of-battle ship, the San Domingo, strike some
+   time before this.
+
+   Several ships of the enemy were extremely shattered in their
+   masts and sails; but, keeping up a warm fire on their ships, the
+   Captain laid one of them, the San Nicolas, an eighty-four, on
+   board, and hauled down her colours. A three-decker, the San
+   Josef, wishing, I believe, to rescue the ship, got on board of
+   her, and gave Commodore Nelson an opportunity of also hauling
+   down her colours. His bravery on this occasion is above all
+   praise.
+
+   The Namur and other ships had by this time joined the van, and
+   engaged as they came up. I stood for a three-decker, which,
+   after engaging some time, struck her colours: she first had
+   showed a white flag, which, though I concluded to indicate a
+   truce, was not satisfactory to myself, and we continued firing
+   till they hoisted an English flag over the Spanish, on which we
+   ceased firing.
+
+   The enemy's ships, many of which had not been in action, at this
+   time came up and were forming to windward. The Admiral made the
+   signal to wear and come to the wind on the starboard tack;
+   wishing, I believe, to keep his squadron collected near the
+   prizes, as well as the Captain, that was much disabled, besides
+   the Colossus, which ship very unfortunately lost her fore-yard
+   very early in the action. This ill-timed, but doubtless
+   necessary manoeuvre, lost us the additional triumph of having
+   the Purissima Concepcion, to grace the ships already in our
+   possession, and I experienced the regret of again seeing her
+   resume the Spanish colours.
+
+   I have here related to you facts as they really occurred, and I
+   believe all my officers will vouch for the authenticity of this
+   account. I am happy to acquaint you that we have providentially
+   lost no man in the action; eight only wounded, all doing well;
+   amongst which number is Mr. Mansell, from a contusion in his
+   right shoulder by splinter. Our main and mizen-top-masts are
+   alone disabled, and the hull has not suffered materially. All
+   the officers, and every man individually, behaved as nobly as I
+   have ever witnessed; and you know it is not the first action in
+   which I have seen courage excited.
+
+   This is copied from the letter I write to my brother. My
+   amanuensis is a gentleman who acted as my aide-de-camp, and I
+   beg you will acquaint his good father that he acquitted himself
+   highly to my satisfaction, and showed himself deserving the
+   stock from which he sprung. I truly hope in due time to have the
+   opportunity of advancing a young man of his merit.
+
+   In case I have not time to write to my brother, as the above has
+   been copied only from the scraps of the letter I intended
+   writing, send him this letter, stating my great hurry and the
+   pressure of service at this crisis.
+
+   Adieu! nothing can equal my impatience to hear from you, and to
+   receive good accounts of my sister.
+
+   I am truly, most affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Lagos Bay, 17th February 1797.
+
+   The principal cause of my present haste is my anxiety attending
+   the care of the San Josef, which we have in tow, and which has
+   delayed us more than I can express, these twenty-four hours.
+
+   N.B. I since have found it was the Santissima Trinidada, and not
+   the Concepcion, that struck, but afterwards got off. And the St.
+   Ysidro, 74 guns, and not the Santa Domingo, that is captured.
+   The Santissima Trinidada is reported to be off here by one of
+   our frigates.
+
+The enemy, however, passed Lagos Bay, leaving the prizes unmolested.
+As the further details, and Spanish account of this action, will be
+found in the Appendix, we shall proceed by giving the copies of the
+following letters.
+
+   Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   No language I am possessed of can convey the high sense I
+   entertain of the exemplary conduct of the flag-officers,
+   captains, officers, seamen, marines, and soldiers embarked on
+   board every ship of the squadron I have the honour to command,
+   present at the vigorous and successful attack made upon the
+   fleet of Spain on the 14th instant. The signal advantage
+   obtained by his Majesty's arms on that day is entirely owing to
+   their determined valour and discipline; and I request you will
+   accept yourself, and give my thanks and approbation to those
+   composing the crew of the ship under your command.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most humble servant,
+   J. JERVIS.
+
+   To Captain Sir James Saumarez, Orion.
+
+In consequence of this glorious victory, obtained, under Providence,
+by the valour and discipline of the crews of his Majesty's ships on
+the 14th February 1797, the commander-in-chief was pleased to grant a
+free pardon to James Maloney, seaman, then under sentence of death for
+repeated desertion from H.M.S. Speedy, which was communicated in the
+most impressive manner to the fleet.
+
+We cannot but remark that, in the various accounts of this action,
+justice has been but barely done to the commander of the Orion, who is
+only mentioned as one of the six captains who prevented the junction
+of the enemy's separated squadron. If any act of heroism displayed on
+that occasion was designed to be particularly recorded in the public
+despatches, surely the fact that the Orion was the last ship that
+engaged and took possession of the Salvador del Mundo, and then made
+the Santissima Trinidada strike her colours and hoist the English flag
+over the Spanish, deserves a place. For these achievements we have the
+undoubted testimonies, not only of the gallant commander and the
+officers of the ship, viz. Sir John Savage, Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, but also that of one of the officers of the Spanish ship who
+was on board at the time, and who added, that "we did not surrender
+until all further defence was hopeless." The Orion could not send a
+boat to her, because she had already taken possession of the Salvador,
+on board which ship she had sent her first lieutenant and as many men
+as she could spare, and also because she had no boat that could swim:
+but this, it appeared, raised some doubts on the subject; and on a
+subsequent occasion, when the captains met on board the Victory,
+Commodore Nelson said, "It _was true_, Saumarez, that the Santissima
+struck to you; the Spanish officers have acknowledged it." Sir James,
+supposing from the manner in which this was spoken that Nelson had
+doubted the truth of his report, answered rather sharply, "Who ever
+doubted it, sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to
+establish the truth of the report of a British officer."
+
+Lieutenant Luce's description of the state he found the Salvador in
+was appalling in the extreme.--There were more than fifty lying on the
+decks with wounds requiring amputation. In many instances the Spanish
+surgeon, after having separated the limb, omitted to tie up the
+arteries; consequently, on removing the tourniquet, the victim in a
+few minutes bled to death: and the English sailors, who at length
+stopped his merciless hand, were with difficulty prevented from
+throwing him overboard with those he had butchered.
+
+Lieutenant Luce was one of the officers promoted, in consequence of
+this battle, to the rank of master and commander.
+
+The fleet now returned to Lisbon, where the conquerors were received
+with every demonstration of joy and gratitude. The English factory
+presented a congratulatory address; and at this place the thanks of
+both houses of parliament were communicated to them; and a third time
+to Sir James, as one of the most distinguished captains. At the same
+time he received from Earl Spencer and Lord Hugh Seymour the following
+handsome letters of congratulation:
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I congratulate you most sincerely on your having been present at
+   the most brilliant action which our naval history records, and
+   on having had so distinguished a share in it.
+
+   I am, dear sir, with great truth,
+   Your very obedient, humble servant,
+   Admiralty, 8th March 1797.
+   SPENCER.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I congratulate you most heartily on your having had another
+   opportunity of displaying your merit, and on the share which you
+   bore in the most brilliant action that ever was achieved.
+
+   I hope that I need not assure you how much I have shared with
+   your friends the satisfaction your conduct has given them; the
+   reward for which, I hope, you will long enjoy in the approbation
+   of the whole world, which is now bestowed upon you.
+
+   I am, my dear Sir James,
+   Most truly and faithfully yours,
+   H. SEYMOUR.
+
+   Admiralty, March 10th, 1797.
+
+Early in March the Orion was again ready for active service; and the
+following letter gives an account of the departure of Sir James
+Saumarez with Commodore Nelson on a cruize.
+
+   Orion, off the Tagus, 6th March 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I had the pleasure of your letter by packet, and I have to tell
+   you we are now actually under sail, with Commodore Nelson, in
+   the Irresistible, the Leander, and some frigates, going to
+   intercept several Spanish ships expected from Vera Cruz with
+   rich cargoes. Be not surprised if, with our _desperate_
+   commodore, you hear of our taking the whole Spanish fleet,
+   should we fall in with them. Our cruise is expected to last only
+   three weeks.
+
+   I hope on our return to receive letters from my friends, in
+   reply to those I sent by the Lively. I shall thank you, when you
+   see our friends in Walbrook, if you will mention to them that
+   all my brother officers are extremely incensed at the opinion
+   given by Sir William Scott on the case of the Kingston; and we
+   hope he will have found reason to alter it. It is the
+   circumstance, and not the value of the salvage, that has
+   displeased us so much.
+
+   We are just going over the Bar, so I must conclude with my
+   sincere and best wishes for health and every happiness to attend
+   you, my dear sister and family,
+
+   I am ever, my dear Richard,
+   Affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+This short cruize was, however, an unsuccessful one; and the commodore
+had not yet an opportunity of displaying his valour. They returned to
+Lisbon, and found that their commander-in-chief had become Earl St.
+Vincent, and that Nelson had received the grand cross of the Bath;
+while Saumarez was among those on whom was bestowed a gold medal for
+their gallant conduct on Valentine's Day.
+
+A reinforcement had now arrived from England; and the whole fleet,
+consisting of twenty-one sail of the line, resumed the blockade of
+Cadiz, where they arrived on the 2nd of April, and found there the
+whole Spanish fleet of twenty-six sail of the line. Sir Horatio
+Nelson, who at first commanded the advanced squadron, was ordered up
+to Elba; and Sir James, in the Orion, succeeded in his room; during
+which time the two Spanish frigates Nimfa and Elena were captured by
+the Irresistible, Captain Martin, who chased them by signal from the
+Orion. Sir James on this occasion sent a flag of truce, and entered
+into correspondence with the Spanish admiral Mazarredo; which, we need
+only add, completely succeeded, and met with the high approbation of
+the commander-in-chief, as will appear from the following extracts of
+letters from Earl St. Vincent to Saumarez.
+
+   Ville de Paris, 11th May 1797.
+
+   You approve yourself so able in the diplomatique, that you need
+   no assistance from me: in truth, a better despatch could not
+   have been penn'd than yours of yesterday to Don Joseph De
+   Mazarredo.
+
+
+   13th May.
+
+   I very much admire your last letter to Mazarredo, as I have done
+   all the former.
+
+
+   27th May.
+
+   I like your letter so much better than mine, of which I enclose
+   a copy, that I desire you will send it on immediately.
+
+
+   Ville de Paris, 30th May 1797.
+
+   It is impossible for any man to have acquitted himself with
+   greater ability than you have done during the time you commanded
+   the blockade; for which I return you my best thanks. Your last
+   letter to Mazarredo is a masterpiece; and you will perceive, by
+   the enclosed copy of my letter to him, in answer to his comment
+   on our suspicion about the seamen from Trinidad, that I profited
+   by your hint relative to the prisoners landed at Lagos. Your
+   lash on the destruction of the Spanish ships he bears with
+   Spanish stoicism: _nous verrons_.
+
+The following communication from Sir James Saumarez to the
+commander-in-chief will elucidate the foregoing extracts:
+
+   (Secret.) Orion, 27th May, 1797.
+
+   Seeing the cutter on her way to the advanced squadron this
+   morning, I waited to send the flag of truce till she joined. I
+   had prepared the enclosed for Don Mazarredo, but was happy to
+   find you had been pleased to take up the business. I therefore
+   confined my letter solely to the certificates for the seven men
+   taken in the two Spanish barks.--In a former letter, you were
+   pleased to advert to a proposed descent when the troops joined
+   from Gibraltar. I hope you will excuse the zeal that urges me to
+   observe, that if possession was taken of Fort St. Mary, it would
+   in a great degree leave us masters of the entrance of Cadiz, and
+   enable us to drive all the outward ships up the harbour, and
+   possibly destroy some of them. I am extremely obliged to you for
+   permitting the Flora to remain with the advanced squadron, where
+   she is of the greatest service.
+
+   I am with great respect, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+The high opinion entertained by Nelson of the great talent and zeal of
+Saumarez, is evidenced in the following short, but characteristic
+epistle:
+
+   Theseus, June 9th 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Send, I beg, whatever you think fit towards San Lucar: all you
+   do is right, and can hardly want my sanction. I hope your boats
+   will be rewarded for their trouble; they take all the prizes for
+   our squadron.
+
+   Believe me, ever yours most faithfully,
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+The following letter to his brother in London gives an interesting
+account of the proceedings of Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   Orion, off Cadiz, 26th May, 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I had the happiness to receive your kind letter of the 2nd
+   yesterday, with several of nearly the same date, from Bath, and
+   from our friends in the island. Having been near two months
+   without hearing from you, and knowing you had been ill, you will
+   readily suppose I was anxious for your letter. You will have
+   heard from me by various opportunities since we sailed from the
+   Tagus; my last acquainting you that I was entrusted with the
+   command of the advanced squadron for effecting the blockade of
+   Cadiz. We find, from different accounts, that the inhabitants
+   feel great distress from the interruption of their trade, and
+   begin to be in great want of provisions and other articles. We
+   have detained a few neutrals laden with Spanish property, and
+   two or three Spanish vessels; but as the whole fleet partake of
+   them, they will not be very productive.
+
+   Sir Horatio, now Rear-admiral Nelson, joined the fleet
+   yesterday, having left the troops he brought from Elba at
+   Gibraltar. I know not whether he is to resume the command of the
+   advanced squadron. All the fleet are anchored about five miles
+   from us, and we lie between them and the entrance of Cadiz.
+
+   All private accounts from England agree with you in the prospect
+   of peace; and they are corroborated by those we occasionally
+   receive from Cadiz. It is certain that the Spaniards are
+   extremely tired with the war; and they are apprehensive of
+   insurrection amongst themselves. Mazarredo, who commands their
+   fleet, went off for Madrid a fortnight ago, and, it is said, to
+   represent the state of the fleet, and its insufficiency to cope
+   with ours.
+
+   We understand Lord H. Seymour is off Cape St. Vincent, and that
+   Admiral Frederick is on his way with five sail of the line. It
+   looks as if ministers meant to back the negociation with all
+   their force.
+
+   The Admiralty order respecting the increase of wages, &c. has
+   been read to the different ships' companies; and I am happy to
+   observe that in my ship no part of their conduct has hitherto
+   shown the least appearance of discontent. It is much to be
+   lamented that the disturbance which prevailed in the Channel
+   fleet was not timely prevented, as the same spirit of
+   disaffection may hereafter show itself when it may not be so
+   easily suppressed.
+
+   We begin to want the luxuries, yet abound in the essentials of
+   life,--having plenty of beef, mutton, fowls, &c. Seriously, I
+   have not had above twelve men in the sicklist since I left
+   Lisbon, and most of them slight complaints.
+
+   I want to hear that my sister has _dreamt_ of another
+   action,--or, what is still better, of galleons! It must be soon,
+   or the approaching peace will oblige us to restore what we may
+   capture. I am happy to hear from my brother Thomas that things
+   go on prosperously at Guernsey, and that he does not fear the
+   French, though the two regiments are taken from him.
+
+   Adieu, my dear Richard!
+   Affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+No part of the career of Sir James Saumarez is more deserving of
+admiration than his conduct on the unfortunate disaffection which took
+place in His Majesty's fleet; a calamity gently alluded to in the
+above letter. This circumstance, which must ever redound to his
+honour, was entirely owing to the high state of discipline of the
+crew in his own ship, and to their unalterable attachment to their
+commander, under whom the greatest part had served since the
+commencement of the war. It was from a perfect knowledge of that
+loyalty of spirit in which he justly confided, that he consented to
+receive from the Prince George one of the worst of the mutineers in
+that ship, who was to have been tried for his life. The seasonable
+admonition which this man received from Sir James, and the attention
+paid to his situation and feelings, had the desired effect of working
+a complete change in his conduct, and from being one of the most
+hardened of the mutineers, he soon became one of the most loyal, as he
+was one of the bravest of English sailors. It was only three days
+after he came on board that the signal was made for a boat from each
+ship to attend the execution of three of the mutineers on board the
+Prince George; which Earl St. Vincent, by a well-timed decision, had
+ordered to take place very soon after the sentence, and while the
+in-shore squadron were actually engaged with the enemy. He directed,
+moreover, that this duty should be performed entirely by their own
+ship's crew.
+
+Sir James availed himself of this trying occasion to work out the
+man's full conversion. Instead of sending him, as it is customary to
+send culprits, in the boats to witness the execution of his shipmates,
+he ordered him into his cabin, and having represented in the mildest
+and most feeling terms the heinousness of the crime which he was known
+to have committed, he assured him that it was his intention to spare
+him the anguish he must endure of beholding his late companions
+suffering the last penalty of the law for the very crime of which he
+had been guilty.
+
+This well-timed exhortation had the desired effect. The penitent man
+fell on his knees, and with tears in his eyes acknowledged the
+heinousness of his offence, and expressed the strongest protestations
+of future loyalty, and of gratitude as well as attachment to his
+humane commander. What followed was most creditable to both. The man
+not only kept his word, but highly distinguished himself: at the
+battle of the Nile he was captain of a gun, and, after the action, was
+very instrumental, from his exertions and ability as carpenter's mate,
+in saving the Peuple Souverain, which struck to the Orion. Being one
+of those who took possession of the former ship, he was slung over the
+side, and successfully employed in stopping the shot-holes under water
+as the vessel rolled in the opposite direction;--a dangerous service,
+which requires much intrepidity and address.
+
+It is, indeed, by no means surprising that the spirit of mutiny never
+appeared in the Orion, or in any ship Sir James commanded. The proper
+degree of discipline which was always maintained--the attention that
+was invariably paid to the wants and the comforts of the crew,--the
+excellent regulations of his ship, which were subversive of every kind
+of vice and immorality,--his own unaffected piety, and, lastly, the
+example he himself set before his officers and men,--established in
+his ship a feeling of respect for, and warm attachment to, the captain
+which could not be shaken by any artifice of the wicked; for every
+officer and man looked up habitually to their commander as their
+_best_ friend and adviser. There may, indeed, have been some ships,
+wherein the crews were made up from the metropolitan and other
+prisons, that no treatment would have brought under proper discipline;
+but we may confidently assert, that had all the ships in His Majesty's
+fleets been commanded by such officers as Saumarez, the disgraceful
+spirit of insubordination would never have been so seriously and
+generally diffused. The Orion's crew treated all attempts to seduce
+them with just indignation!
+
+Earl St. Vincent being well aware of the confidence that could be
+placed in the Orion at this critical time, kept her, for the safety of
+his fleet, constantly at the post of honour in the advance; and it was
+during this period of active and arduous service that a circumstance
+occurred which does honour to all concerned, while it particularly
+displays the humane character of Captain Saumarez, who was not one of
+those that desired or permitted his officers and men to risk their
+lives on any dangerous or desperate enterprise without a mature and
+compassionate consideration of the consequences.
+
+Near the fortifications of Cadiz, as if to guard the entrance of the
+harbour, about twenty gun-vessels had been placed, which it appeared
+to Earl St. Vincent might be cut out by the boats of the advanced
+squadron; and accordingly an order was sent by the commander-in-chief
+to Captain Saumarez, directing him to proceed in _person_ with the
+boats of each ship to make the attempt. It was sufficiently evident to
+Captain Saumarez, who, from the position of the Orion, had a better
+view of the gun-vessels, that they were moored there on purpose to
+provoke an attack for which the enemy were well prepared; but, having
+received the order to command in _person_, he could not make known his
+opinions without appearing averse to risk his own life on an
+enterprise which the commander-in-chief thought advisable. Having thus
+in his own mind no doubt that the affair would be both desperate and
+bloody, he selected those officers and men who were unmarried for the
+service, a list of whom he sent to the first lieutenant, with the
+necessary orders to prepare the boats.
+
+This list being exhibited in the ward-room, Captain (now
+Lieutenant-general Sir John) Savage, of the Marines, had the
+mortification to see that his name was omitted, while those of the
+two subalterns of that distinguished corps were inserted. This
+gallant officer, who had been a sharer with his heroic chief in
+several actions, felt hurt that he was not chosen on this glorious
+occasion; and, having ventured respectfully to express his feelings,
+was sent for to the cabin, when he was addressed by his commander in
+the following terms:
+
+"Captain Savage, do not imagine that your name is left out in the list
+because I have not a high opinion of your zeal and intrepidity. I well
+know that you would be foremost in the assault; but I am also well
+aware that this is a desperate enterprise: many will fall; and if
+_you_ should be one, who is to support your wife and family? The case
+is different with me: I am ordered, and my duty is to obey. Perhaps if
+Lord St. Vincent knew what I do, he would not send us; but it does not
+become me _now_ to make any observation. However, aware as I am of the
+consequences, I cannot conscientiously order you to accompany me,
+under the conviction that your valuable life would thereby be
+sacrificed."
+
+The entreaties of Captain Savage were in vain. He beheld with mixed
+feelings of disappointment, gratitude, and admiration, his humane and
+heroic commander leave his ship at the head of the perilous enterprise
+with that smile on his manly countenance which denoted a full
+determination to face every danger. The boats had not proceeded far
+before a storm arose directly off the land, against which no boats
+could make way, and it was with some difficulty they regained the
+ships. It was afterwards fully ascertained from various sources that
+these gun-vessels had been moored in that position with rivetted
+chains, having no person on board them, in order to tempt an attack;
+and that the plan was, to let the boats take possession, and then open
+a destructive fire from the batteries, which were kept several nights
+lined with troops for the purpose. Had not a merciful interposition of
+Providence prevented the advance of the boats, there can be no doubt
+that many, if not all the lives of the assailants, would have been
+sacrificed!
+
+We shall leave the feelings of Earl St. Vincent, when the truth came
+out, as well as those of Captain Savage and all concerned, to the
+imagination of the reader.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1797--1798.
+
+   Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced
+   squadron.--Bombardment of Cadiz.--Nelson sails for
+   Teneriffe.--Saumarez resumes the command.--Escorts a convoy to
+   Gibraltar.--Refits at Lisbon, and returns.--Conducts the
+   negotiation for exchange of prisoners.--Sir W. Parker relieves
+   Sir James.--He arrives at Gibraltar.--Is attached to Nelson's
+   squadron.--Proceeds off Toulon.--A storm.--Vanguard
+   dismasted.--Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in
+   refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.--Sailing of the Toulon
+   fleet.--Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.--Pursues the
+   enemy unsuccessfully.--Proceedings of the fleet in a journal
+   addressed by Sir James to his family.--French fleet discovered
+   in Aboukir Bay.--Battle of the Nile.--Diagram of ditto.--Conduct
+   of the Orion.--Saumarez wounded.--Writes to Nelson.--Goes on
+   board the Vanguard.--Occurrences there.--Remarks on the name of
+   the second in command being left out in Nelson's despatches.--On
+   the mode of attack.--Various letters and orders.--Sir James's
+   account of the battle, in a letter to Lady Saumarez.
+
+
+REAR-ADMIRAL Sir Horatio Nelson having resumed the command of the
+advanced squadron, Earl St. Vincent determined to bombard the city of
+Cadiz, for the double purpose of inducing the Spanish admiral
+Mazarredo, who had now twenty-eight sail of the line, to put to sea:
+the Earl wished moreover to employ the minds of the seamen, which had
+become unsettled by the baneful example of those in England.
+Accordingly the Thunder bomb, covered by the boats of the squadron,
+made the first attempt; but her mortar was discovered to have been
+injured in retreating: she was assailed by the Spaniards, when
+after a desperate struggle she was rescued, and the Spanish
+commanding-officer, Don Miguel Tyrason, was eventually made prisoner
+by Nelson, who also captured a number of men and two mortar-boats.
+
+On the 5th July, another bombardment took place by the Thunder,
+Terror, and Strombolo, which being judiciously placed, their fire
+produced a considerable effect on both the town and shipping, and
+obliged the Spanish admirals to remove their fleet out of shell-range.
+This attack, like the first, ended in an encounter between the
+gun-boats. The third attempt, which was to have taken place on the
+8th, was rendered abortive by a strong gale blowing off the shore.
+
+On the 15th, Nelson having been detached with a squadron of three sail
+of the line, a fifty, and three frigates, on the unfortunate
+expedition to Teneriffe, the command of the advanced squadron again
+devolved on Sir James Saumarez. Nothing could surpass the zeal and
+intrepidity with which he performed this arduous duty. On the 18th
+August he escorted a convoy to Gibraltar, and having refreshed his
+crew and refitted his ship, he resumed his duty off Cadiz, sometimes
+at anchor off the harbour, and under sail when obliged by the weather.
+On the 15th November he was relieved, in order to refit at Lisbon, and
+entered the Tagus on the 25th, returning about the same day in the
+next month to the blockade of Cadiz, which was almost entirely
+intrusted to him. Such indeed were his vigilance and activity, that
+nothing escaped during that period. He displayed, moreover, great tact
+and address in several communications with the Spanish admiral on the
+subject of the exchange of prisoners, to the entire satisfaction of
+Earl St. Vincent, the commander-in-chief, who had always reposed the
+most implicit confidence in his judgment.
+
+On the 7th of February 1798, the Spanish fleet were seen coming out of
+Cadiz, and, in hopes of decoying them into the open sea, the English
+fleet retired to Cape St. Vincent; but it was soon found that on the
+14th the enemy had returned into port, being unwilling again to try
+the fortune of war with such an opponent. The advanced squadron was at
+that time commanded by Sir William Parker, who remained there.
+
+Sir James Saumarez continued with the fleet until the 28th April, when
+he was sent to refit at Gibraltar.
+
+On the 8th May 1798, the Orion sailed from Gibraltar in company with
+the Vanguard, Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson,--the Alexander, Captain
+Ball,--Emerald and Terpsichore frigates, and Bonne Citoyenne
+sloop,--with orders from Earl St. Vincent to watch the enemy's fleet
+at Toulon. When they were fairly through the Straits of Gibraltar, the
+following order was given:
+
+   _Most secret rendezvous._
+
+   In the direct track between Cape Saint Sebastian's and Toulon,
+   in lat. 42° 20' N. from twenty to thirty leagues from the Cape;
+   and, not hearing where I may be, in ten days return to
+   Gibraltar.
+
+   Given on board His Majesty's ship Vanguard, at sea, 14th May
+   1798.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir J. Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
+   By command of the Rear-admiral,
+   J. CAMPBELL.
+
+On the 17th, off Cape Sicie, the Orion being sent in chase, captured
+the Pierre, French corvette, which sailed the evening before from
+Toulon, and obtained the following information from the prisoners,
+which was immediately sent to the Rear-admiral: viz. "That the enemy's
+fleet, consisting of twelve sail of the line, besides six Venetian
+ships, were in readiness to sail, with a great number of transports,
+having on board both cavalry and infantry, on a secret expedition. The
+French general Buonaparte arrived at Toulon ten days ago to command
+the expedition, and was to embark in the Sans-culotte, (afterwards
+L'Orient,) which ship was said to have three thousand men on board,
+including her complement; almost all the line-of-battle ships had
+troops on board. Three frigates,--La Juno, La Diane, and La
+Justice,--were seen by the corvette this morning, and sailed from
+Toulon five days ago."
+
+On the 19th a strong gale blew from the N.W. which being fair for the
+enemy, they sailed from Toulon, and, calling off Genoa, stood across
+to Cape Corse. This powerful expedition was found to consist of
+thirteen sail of the line, six frigates, and transports amounting to
+nearly four hundred sail, having on board, including the crews,
+forty-eight thousand men. It appears that, although not many leagues
+distant from Nelson's squadron, the fleet did not experience a gale
+which blew with uncommon violence on the 21st, and in which, after
+losing her three top-masts, the Vanguard lost her fore-mast and sprung
+her bowsprit; while the Orion and Alexander lost each a main-top-sail,
+and it was with difficulty they reached the Bay of St. Pietro in
+Sardinia on the following day. Here the squadron had a narrow escape;
+for, besides crossing the track of the enemy on the night of the 20th,
+they, by being at anchor in this bay, were not discovered by a
+detachment which the enemy sent in quest of them, and to which, in
+their disabled state, they must have been an easy capture. By the
+assistance of the Orion and Alexander the damages of the Vanguard were
+repaired in four days!
+
+It has been justly said by Nelson, that "the exertions of Sir James
+Saumarez in the Orion have been wonderful: if the Vanguard had been in
+England, months would have been taken to send her to sea; here my
+operations will not be delayed four days, and I shall rejoin the rest
+of my fleet on the rendezvous."[12] Accordingly, on the 27th, while
+the Orion was taking possession of a Spanish brig, the Vanguard and
+Alexander joined her off the port; but the frigates which had parted
+never afterwards joined.
+
+  [12] See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Lord Nelson.
+
+The following journal, written in the shape of a letter by Sir James
+to his family, detailing the proceedings of the squadron, and the
+events previous to the memorable 1st of August, will be read with much
+interest.
+
+   "Orion, St. Peter's Port,
+   "Island of Sardinia, 24th May 1798.
+
+"If the letter I sent you the 18th instant arrives safely, it will
+apprise you of our being in the neighbourhood of Toulon, with every
+prospect of a propitious cruise. The squadron experienced blowing
+weather till the Sunday following, when it became more moderate; and
+in the afternoon a valuable vessel was captured, from Smyrna, laden
+with cotton. This little success appeared the forerunner of our
+future good fortune; and we began to make exulting reflections on the
+advantages of our situation. A few hours, however, convinced us of the
+futility of all our views, and the instability of human projects: at
+ten o'clock the wind began to increase with such rapidity as scarcely
+to give us time to take in our sails, and prepare to encounter the
+gale: at midnight we were reduced to a close-reefed main-topsail; a
+tremendous sea, and vivid flashes of lightning, convinced us that the
+storm was not at its height: at three o'clock our main-top-sail was
+shattered to ribands, and blew overboard.
+
+"The dawn of day presented to us a sad spectacle: the Vanguard without
+a fore-mast, and her main and mizen-top-mast gone; the rest of the
+squadron much dispersed, and the prize captured the evening before not
+in sight.
+
+"Providentially the Vanguard was enabled to _wear_ on the other
+_tack_, as the sea was setting her fast towards Corsica, from which
+island we were not many leagues distant. The gale continued with
+unabated violence until the afternoon, when it became rather more
+moderate, but still there was a very great sea. This ship, with the
+Alexander and Emerald, kept company with the Admiral, and the latter
+parted in the night.
+
+"The next morning the gale had considerably abated, and we were
+enabled to set some sail. The Admiral hailed me that he intended to
+proceed for Orestan Bay, in the island of Sardinia, and directed me
+to make the land, which we discovered at noon: but the wind would not
+enable the Vanguard, in her disabled state, to reach it before night;
+and Sir H. Nelson altered his intention for this bay, which we reached
+yesterday morning, though not without having passed a most anxious
+night: the Alexander having the Vanguard in tow, within three miles of
+a most dangerous coast, where there existed no possibility of
+anchoring, and with which we were totally unacquainted. This is a very
+safe harbour, sheltered from any wind, very happily for us; as the
+weather has continued very unsettled since we are here. St. Pietro is
+a very small town; and the island, as well as this part of Sardinia,
+appears very uncultivated.
+
+"The governor sent an officer to the Admiral this morning, who very
+civilly informed us that by a late alliance with France he was not
+permitted to admit us in the port; at the same time observing that, as
+he could not prevent it, we might do as we pleased, but that he could
+not give us _pratique_.
+
+"We are going on in the equipment of the Vanguard with all expedition;
+and we hope the three ships will be ready to sail by next Sunday, Sir
+H. Nelson is happily very well, and has not lost his usual spirits.
+
+"Friday, 25th.--Whilst I was on shore this morning to have some
+conversation with the governor, a sail was discovered off the island,
+and my signal made to prepare to proceed after her, supposing she was
+an enemy. We are however disappointed, it being a neutral vessel from
+Cagliari, the principal port in Sardinia; and I am now returning to
+the anchorage. I have great hopes my having been on shore this morning
+will be attended with a good effect; the governor having promised to
+supply us with oxen, sheep, and as much poultry as can be procured by
+to-morrow.
+
+"Sunday, 27th May.--This morning my signal was made to chase a vessel,
+which I came up with and captured: she proved a Spanish brig from
+Cagliari, laden with wheat. It was in contemplation to set fire to
+her; we, however, finally determined to send the people on shore, and,
+if they bring off the value of the corn, we shall restore her to them.
+The Vanguard, being repaired of her damages, got under way this
+morning with the Alexander. I was happy to find my negotiation with
+the governor succeeded; and we have been supplied with the articles I
+mentioned, on moderate terms, both for the ships' companies and
+officers, which is a seasonable relief, as Gibraltar supplied us with
+nothing whatever excepting fowls.
+
+"I am not free from great anxiety lest the account of the gale we
+encountered may reach England before that of our safety shall arrive,
+and give you some uneasiness; but the experience you have had how
+nugatory all such fears are, will, I hope, make you banish them for
+ever.
+
+"Monday, 29th.--The Spaniard not having come off as was expected, the
+Admiral determined on sending the prize to Gibraltar. I hazarded a
+line by her for Mr. Le Mesurier; but we form no great expectation of
+her safety, from the great number of the enemy's gun-boats. A vessel
+we spoke yesterday, from Marseilles, informs us that the French fleet
+put to sea, the 20th, from Toulon, with all their transports, &c.: as
+it was that evening the gale of wind came on, we have no doubt but
+they must have suffered severely. By this vessel we have also several
+papers from Paris, the latest dated the 16th instant: they contain
+extracts from the English papers, which to us are very interesting,
+viz. the capture of the Hercule, the defeat at Marcon, Sir Sidney
+Smith's escape, and other important news, which, on the whole, are
+favourable to the welfare of the country, particularly as regards the
+unanimity which appears to prevail in England.
+
+"I dined, together with Captain Ball, on board the Vanguard: we all
+form great expectations of our future success, which, I trust, will be
+realized. Certain it is that no ships could be ordered on a more
+promising service.
+
+"Sunday, 3rd June--Nothing particular has occurred these last days.
+Yesterday a vessel was spoken with, which mentioned having seen
+eleven sail of the line, a few days ago, supposed to be English. We
+are at a loss what conjectures to put on this intelligence. We are at
+present off Toulon: unfortunately, none of our frigates have joined
+us, and we are apprehensive they have returned to Gibraltar.
+
+"Tuesday.--La Mutine brig joined us this morning, with the very
+interesting intelligence of the arrival off Cadiz of the reinforcement
+under Sir R. Curtis; and that Captain Troubridge, with eleven sail,
+was on his way to join us: we look for him with the utmost impatience,
+trusting in the Divine Providence to be in time to baffle the designs
+of the enemy, who, we understand, are certainly gone to Naples with
+their numerous army. I shall now go on with this journal with great
+glee, inasmuch as our proceedings are becoming of such very great
+import.
+
+"Thursday, 7th.--Nothing can equal our anxiety to fall in with the
+reinforcement. Our squadron has been, these two days, detached in all
+directions, without falling in with them; and there is strong reason
+to fear they think us returned to Gibraltar. This morning the
+Alexander and myself chased two vessels, one of which we have just
+taken possession of; she proves a Spanish vessel from Genoa, not very
+valuable: the other the Alexander is still in chase of.
+
+"Friday, 8th.--As this is in some degree to be a faithful account of
+our transactions, I must not conceal from you the deep distress I have
+been under at finding myself this morning parted from the Vanguard,
+and the Alexander almost out of sight; knowing how important and very
+material it was, for the good of the service we were upon, that the
+squadron should not be separated. It was not till this afternoon I was
+relieved from the most acute anxiety I have ever suffered, by the
+Leander joining me, with the very satisfactory account that Sir H.
+Nelson, while we were in chase, fell in with the expected ships under
+Captain Troubridge, and which occasioned our separation. I am now
+under full sail to join them; and have not the least doubt of being in
+time to add my endeavours to promote the tranquillity of Christendom
+by the destruction of the enemy's fleet, which, I firmly believe,
+cannot now escape us.
+
+"Our prize requiring more men than I can at this time conveniently
+spare to navigate her, I have consented to her being ransomed for ten
+thousand dollars, although, I dare say, worth more than five times
+that sum. She had thirty-six ex-Jesuits (Spanish priests), who, after
+having been banished from Spain, had resided thirty-one years in
+Italy, '_et à présent prévoyans le bannissement menacé des ex-Jesuites
+Espagnols des nouvelles républiques Italiennes, retournoient chez
+eux_.' Thus these poor wretches are driven about according to the
+prejudices of the times. She had also on board Swiss recruits for the
+Spanish army, eight of whom have entered volunteers in Captain
+Savage's corps, which I consider an acquisition: but no captured
+vessel ever gave so much uneasiness as she has caused me; and I have
+often wished we had never seen her, even had she been worth a million
+of money.
+
+"Sunday, 10th June.--I had the great satisfaction yesterday to join
+Sir H. Nelson with the reinforcement; and this morning the Alexander
+joined us, after having captured the prize she chased, which I
+understand to be a valuable ship, also from Genoa.
+
+"We are now fourteen sail of the line, with La Mutine brig only; our
+present anxiety is to gain information of the enemy's fleet, and to
+find them where we can attack them. I hope to give you soon good
+intelligence of them, and speedily be the bearer of the good news in
+person, as Sir H. Nelson has orders to send the Orion home, when he
+can spare her. What a blessing if our present endeavours should be
+crowned with success, and I have the good fortune to proceed to
+England immediately after; which at present is really intended, having
+seen the order from the commander-in-chief.
+
+"Tuesday, June 12th: off Elba.--We have reached this distance without
+having been enabled to obtain any information of the enemy, who we
+have reason to think are not far from our squadron: the winds have
+been very favourable to us, as at this time of the year calms are very
+prevailing. Although a long period has elapsed since I was on this
+station, I derive great advantage, as well as satisfaction, from my
+recollection of the different places we have passed. We are at present
+between Corsica and Leghorn, about fifteen leagues from the latter: if
+we do not hear anything of the French fleet before we get to Naples,
+we shall rendezvous at that place; and, we hope, in time to save that
+country from the hands of our rapacious enemy.
+
+"Thursday, 14th.--The Admiral has this morning made the signal of his
+having gained intelligence of the enemy, and that they were off
+Syracuse in the island of Sicily. This information has been
+communicated by a Moor that the Leander has spoken with. We are now in
+full sail, with a fresh breeze of wind; and to-morrow we hope to get
+sight of Naples, in order to obtain more certain accounts of them. The
+officers and crews in the several ships are all in the highest
+spirits; and I never remember going into action with more certain
+hopes of success.
+
+"Friday, 15th.--I dined with Sir Horatio to-day, and find his
+intelligence only extends to the enemy's fleet having been seen off
+Sicily. As he has sent Captain Troubridge in La Mutine to Naples, we
+may expect to-morrow more certain accounts of them; but we have reason
+to suppose them gone for Alexandria, the distance from which to the
+Red Sea is only three days' journey. They may soon be transported
+thence by water to the East Indies, with the assistance of their ally
+and our inveterate enemy, Tippoo Saib; and with their numerous army
+they expect to drive us out of our possessions in India. This profound
+scheme, which is thought very feasible, we hope to frustrate by coming
+up with them before they reach the place of their destination; and, as
+we know them to have great numbers of troops embarked in their
+men-of-war, they will become an easier prey to us.
+
+"Saturday, 16th.--Calms and baffling winds since yesterday have
+prevented our getting within sight of Naples, although all the time
+within a few miles of that beautiful place; which you must suppose has
+been mortifying to an extreme. We are looking out for the Mutine. As
+soon as she joins us we expect to proceed in search of the enemy. Our
+route lies through a passage often celebrated by the ancients, "the
+famous Scylla and Charybdis." We shall have sight of Mount Ætna and
+other volcanoes, particularly Mount Strombolo, and other small islands
+formed by subterranean eruptions. We are at present in sight of
+Vesuvius, at the foot of which Naples is situated; but we are at too
+great a distance to observe its fiery eruptions.
+
+"Sunday, June 17th. The wind has favoured us this morning, and given
+us a good sight of the Bay of Naples; but at too great a distance to
+see much of the city. The country around it, as well as several of the
+islands that form the bay, are beautifully interspersed with towns and
+villages; the whole presenting a most delightful scene. At 6 P.M. La
+Mutine joined us; and, from what I can understand from Sir H. Nelson,
+brings him some information of the enemy's fleet. He has just hailed
+me to say they were seen eight days ago, but I could not distinguish
+at what place. We are again making all possible sail after them.
+
+"I regret much not having been able to send a letter I had written to
+you, and carried on board the Admiral this morning; _mais tu sais bien
+qu'il ne se met guère en peine d'écrire lui-même_, and he is so full
+of mystery at this time that he seems unwilling any letter should be
+sent but those he writes to Government. It shall go some other
+opportunity.
+
+"Tuesday, 19th.--This morning has presented to us a delightful view of
+Mount Strombolo, from the top of which we plainly discern constant
+columns of smoke; and, although at the distance of at least six
+leagues from it, I can assure you, without assuming the privilege of
+travellers in general, that I am very sensible of the sulphureous
+vapour produced by the volcano: at the same time, it may be necessary
+to observe, that the wind blows directly towards the ship. Strombolo
+is a remarkably high island, of a regular conical form, and may be
+seen at the distance of twenty leagues. It is about ten miles in
+circumference, and, I understand, is inhabited by a few fishermen.
+Unluckily, the weather is too hazy to admit our seeing much of the
+beautiful coast of Calabria, which is at no great distance from us.
+
+"Wednesday, 20th.--We have now a pleasant breeze, which will soon waft
+us through the Straits of Messina, so famous for being the terror of
+the ancients. An old pilot is just come on board, who reminds me more
+of the poet's description of old Charon than of a modern human being.
+I hope he is not come to ferry us across the Styx. The whole of his
+crew have the same grotesque appearance. We can now discern the famous
+Ætna disgorging columns of smoke. Some distance below its summit it
+appears covered with snow, whilst we are here melting with heat. It
+has indeed a most stately appearance; and the whole country of Sicily
+answers everything that has been reported of it for its fertility, as
+well as for the varied beauty of its scene: but I must recommend you
+to read Brydone's travels through Sicily and Malta, a writer who, I
+recollect, gives a lively description of these different places.
+
+"We have this day been regaled with a most enchanting prospect in
+passing through the Faro of Messina. It is not more than three miles
+distant, and on each side lies the most picturesque and lovely country
+that can be described. The ship was within a mile of the beautiful
+city of Messina, where I distinctly observed some of the ruins
+occasioned by the earthquake in the year 1783.
+
+"From what I have been able to learn from old Charon (who has just
+left us in perfect safety), the French fleet are still off Malta; and
+it appears their formidable armament is directed against that island.
+As it is a place of great strength, and as we are within two days'
+sail of it, with a favourable wind, I hope we shall be in time for its
+relief, and add still more important exploits to many that have
+formerly been achieved in fighting for its defence.
+
+"Thursday, 21st.--The wind has proved rather contrary for the squadron
+since yesterday. We are still in sight of Mount Ætna, and only a few
+leagues from the nearest part of Sicily: the ancient city of Syracuse
+is discernible from the ship. To-morrow I think will bring us in view
+of the enemy's fleet, which will be a far more desirable sight.
+
+"June 22nd.--I am just returned from on board the Admiral, where I had
+the mortification to learn that a vessel, which sailed yesterday from
+Malta, gives the very unpleasing account that the island had
+surrendered to the French, and that their fleet left it six days ago.
+This intelligence has more than ever left us in perplexity as to their
+further destination. On the supposition that Alexandria, as we first
+conjectured, was what they had in view, we are crowding sail for that
+place; but the contrast to what we experienced yesterday is great
+indeed, having made sure of attacking them this morning. At present it
+is very doubtful whether we shall fall in with them at all, as we are
+proceeding upon the merest conjecture only, and not on any positive
+information. Some days must now elapse before we can be relieved from
+our cruel suspense; and if, at the end of our journey, we find we are
+upon a wrong scent, our embarrassment will be great indeed.
+Fortunately, I only act here _en second_; but did the chief
+responsibility rest with me, I fear it would be more than my too
+irritable nerves would bear. They have already been put to the trial
+in two or three instances this voyage.
+
+"I should observe that we saw three French frigates this morning, but
+they were not considered of sufficient importance to run the risk of
+separating the squadron in chasing them. The island of Malta will
+prove a great acquisition to the French; as well for its excellent
+harbour as for the immense wealth it contains: they will also get a
+few ships of war and a considerable quantity of naval stores.
+_D'ailleurs_, the suppression of a useless order that encouraged
+idleness will be no real detriment to the cause of Christianity.
+
+"Sunday, June 24th.--The last two days we have not gone less than a
+hundred leagues; and, as the wind continues favourable, we hope to
+arrive at Alexandria before the French, should their destination be
+for that place, which continues very doubtful. At the same time, if it
+should prove that our possessions in India is the object of their
+armament, our having followed them so immediately appears the only
+means of saving that country from falling into their hands. I
+therefore hope that credit will be given us for our intentions at
+least. We have hitherto been certainly unfortunate, which has chiefly
+arisen from the reinforcement not joining sooner; the French armament
+sailed from Toulon five days before Captain Troubridge left Lord St.
+Vincent: another circumstance has been the separation of all our
+frigates, which deprived us of the means of obtaining information. The
+day we were off Naples the French fleet left Malta, and it was not
+until we arrived off that island, six days after, that we heard of its
+being taken, and that the French fleet had left it; and then without
+the least intimation which way they were going.
+
+"Sir H. Nelson consulted with some of the senior captains, who agreed
+with his opinion, that, in the uncertainty where the enemy were gone,
+the preservation of our possessions should be the first
+consideration. It may be worth remarking that our squadron was sent,
+on the application of the King of Naples, for the protection of his
+dominions. On our arrival there, and requiring the co-operation of his
+ships, the reply was, that, as the French had not declared war against
+him, he could not commence hostilities; that if the Emperor declared
+war, he would also join against France. Should his territories be
+attacked, he has to thank himself for the event.
+
+"We must hope that in England affairs prosper better than in this
+country; they are certainly _en fort mauvais train_ in this part of
+the world.
+
+"Tuesday, 26th.--We are now within one day's sail of Alexandria, so
+that we hope soon to know whether the French fleet are in this
+direction; but having seen no appearance of any of their numerous
+convoy, we begin to fear they are gone some other way. I was this
+morning on board the Admiral; he has detached La Mutine for
+information. I hope she will not find the plague there, to which that
+country is very subject.
+
+"Friday, 29th.--The weather did not permit us to get near Alexandria
+before yesterday. La Mutine's boat went on shore; and I find this
+morning from the Admiral that they took us for the French fleet,
+having had some intimation of their coming this way. We have now to
+use all despatch in getting back towards Naples; it is probable we
+shall learn something of them on our passage. The squadron has
+captured a French ship this afternoon, which we suppose to be from
+Alexandria. I have passed the day on board the Vanguard, having
+breakfasted and staid to dinner with the Admiral.
+
+"Sunday, 1st July.--The wind continues to the westward, and I am sorry
+to find it is almost as prevailing as the trade-winds. The vessel
+captured the day before yesterday was set on fire, after taking out
+what could be useful for firewood.
+
+"Sunday, 29th July: off Candia.--A small vessel, captured yesterday by
+the Culloden, gave some information of the enemy's fleet. The Admiral
+having made the signal that he had gained intelligence of them, we are
+proceeding with a brisk gale for Alexandria. If at the end of our
+voyage we find the enemy in a situation where we can attack them, we
+shall think ourselves amply repaid for our various disappointments.
+The Alexander also spoke a vessel which gave information; but, having
+had no communication with the Admiral, we have not been able to learn
+the different accounts: we are however satisfied with the purport of
+the signal he made yesterday.
+
+"Monday.--I find from Captain Ball that the enemy were seen steering
+towards Alexandria _thirty_ days ago, and we are once more making the
+best of our way for that place. I also understand that two of our
+frigates were seen a few days since at Candia; it seems decreed we
+shall never meet with them. I am rather surprised the Admiral did not
+endeavour to fall in with them, as they probably have certain
+information where the enemy's fleet are, from vessels they may have
+spoken with, and they otherwise would be a great acquisition to our
+squadron."
+
+
+It may now be stated, that in the mean time the French expedition had
+landed the troops and taken possession, not only of Alexandria, but
+Cairo; and that their fleet, consisting of thirteen sail of the line,
+four frigates, two brigs, and several bombs and armed vessels, had
+taken up a position in the Bay of Aboukir, in which, according to the
+opinion of their admiral, they could "defy the British navy."
+
+As a particular list of both fleets will be given in a subsequent
+place, I need now only mention that the force of the British fleet was
+fourteen ships of seventy-four guns, one of fifty, and the Mutine
+brig. The fleet was manned with 7,000 men; but as the Culloden, which
+was not in the action, must not be included, the actual force may be
+estimated 6,300 men and 872 guns, while the enemy's force, actually
+opposed, may be reckoned 8,000 men, and 1,208 guns throwing a
+broadside of one-half more weight than the British.
+
+On the junction of the squadron, the following orders were given by
+the Admiral:
+
+   Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
+
+   GENERAL ORDER.
+
+   As it is very probable the enemy may not be formed in regular
+   order on the approach of the squadron under my command, I may in
+   that case deem it most expedient to attack them by separate
+   divisions; in which case, the commanders of divisions are
+   strictly enjoined to keep their ships in the closest order
+   possible, and on no account whatever to risk the separation of
+   one of their ships. The captains of the ships will see the
+   necessity of strictly attending to close order: and, should they
+   compel any of the enemy's ships to strike their colours, they
+   are at liberty to judge and act accordingly, whether or not it
+   may be most advisable to cut away their masts and bowsprits;
+   with this special observance, namely, that the destruction of
+   the enemy's armament is the sole object. The ships of the enemy
+   are, therefore, to be taken possession of by an officer and one
+   boat's crew only, in order that the British ships may be enabled
+   to continue the attack, and preserve their stations.
+
+   The commanders of divisions are to observe that no consideration
+   is to induce them to separate in pursuing the enemy, unless by
+   signal from me, so as to be unable to form a speedy junction
+   with me; and the ships are to be kept in that order that the
+   whole squadron may act as a single ship. When I make the signal
+   No. 16, the commanders of divisions are to lead their separate
+   squadrons, and they are to accompany the signal they may think
+   proper to make with the appropriate triangular flag, viz. Sir
+   James Saumarez will hoist the triangular flag, white with a red
+   stripe, significant of the van squadron under the commander in
+   the second post; Captain Troubridge will hoist the triangular
+   blue flag, significant of the rear squadron under the commander
+   in the third post; and whenever I mean to address the centre
+   squadron only, I shall accompany the signal with the triangular
+   red flag, significant of the centre squadron under the
+   commander-in-chief.
+
+
+                               2d. Div.
+     1st. Div. red.      white with red stripe.        3d. Div. blue.
+
+       Vanguard.             Orion.                       Culloden.
+       Minotaur.             Goliath.                     Theseus.
+       Leander.              Majestic.                    Alexander.
+       Audacious.            Bellerophon.                 Swiftsure.
+       Defence.
+       Zealous.
+
+   Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
+
+   GEN. MEM.
+
+   As the wind may probably blow along shore when it is deemed
+   necessary to anchor and engage the enemy at their anchorage, it
+   is recommended to each line-of-battle ship of the squadron to
+   prepare to anchor with the sheet-cable in abaft and springs,
+   &c.--Vide Signal 54, and Instructions thereon, page 56, &c.
+   Article 37 of the Instructions.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c.
+
+   Mem. P.S.--To be inserted in pencil in the Signal-Book, at No.
+   182. Being to windward of the enemy, to denote that I mean to
+   attack the enemy's line from the rear towards the van, as far as
+   thirteen ships, or whatever number of the British ships of the
+   line may be present, that each ship may know his opponent in the
+   enemy's line.
+
+   No. 183. I mean to press hard with the whole force on the
+   enemy's rear.
+
+The proceedings of Sir Horatio Nelson's squadron are now brought down
+to the moment when their united, ardent, and anxious wishes were to
+be realized. The disappointments they had met with during their
+hitherto fruitless pursuit,--the state of anxiety, of alternate hope
+and despair, in which they had been kept, had raised their feelings of
+emulation to a pitch far beyond description; this was soon to be
+manifested by the endeavours of each to close with the enemy.
+
+Never could there have been selected a set of officers better
+calculated for such a service; Nelson was fortunate in commanding
+them, and they in being commanded by him. It is true, indeed, that his
+particular favourite, Captain Troubridge, was intended for his
+second-in-command, instead of Sir James Saumarez; and the latter would
+no doubt have been sent home, according to the orders he had received:
+but, with the chance of such an engagement as that which they
+anticipated, the well-tried captain of the Orion and his highly
+disciplined crew could not be spared; and, although Nelson carefully
+concealed his feelings towards Saumarez, they were but too manifest by
+the chary manner in which he expressed himself on this and on former
+occasions.
+
+In consequence of the before-mentioned information, the fleet bore up
+for Alexandria; and on the morning of the 1st of August the towers of
+that celebrated city, and Pompey's Pillar made their appearance. Soon
+after was discerned a forest of masts in the harbour, which they had
+previously seen empty; and, lastly, the French flag waving over its
+walls. A general disappointment was caused for a short time by a
+signal from the look-out ships that the enemy's men-of-war did not
+form a part of the vessels at anchor there; but this was soon
+dispelled by a signal from the Zealous that the enemy's fleet occupied
+the Bay of Aboukir in a line of battle, thirteen ships, four frigates,
+and two brigs, in sight on the larboard bow. At half-past two P.M. the
+British fleet hauled up, and steered directly for them with a fine
+N.N.W. breeze, carrying top-gallant sails.[13]
+
+   [13] In allusion to this memorable event, Sir James
+   writes--"When on the morning of the 1st of August the
+   reconnoitring ship made the signal that the enemy was not there,
+   despondency nearly took possession of my mind, and I do not
+   recollect ever to have felt so utterly hopeless, or out of
+   spirits, as when we sat down to dinner; judge then what a change
+   took place when, as the cloth was being removed, the officer of
+   the watch hastily came in, saying--'Sir, a signal is just now
+   made that the enemy is in Aboukir Bay, and moored in a line of
+   battle.' All sprang from their seats, and only staying to drink
+   a _bumper_ to our success, we were in a moment on deck." On his
+   appearance there his brave men, animated by one spirit, gave
+   three hearty cheers, in token of their joy at having at length
+   found their long-looked-for enemy, without the possibility of
+   his again eluding their pursuit.
+
+When the Admiral made the signal to prepare for battle, at half-past
+three, the signal to haul the wind on the starboard tack, and for the
+Colossus to cast off her prize, the Swiftsure and Alexander, which had
+been recalled from looking out off Alexandria, were carrying all sail
+to join. At five, the Admiral made the signal that it was his
+intention to attack the van and centre of the enemy as they lay at
+anchor, which was repeated by the Orion. At forty-five minutes past
+five, he made the signal to form the line as most convenient. The
+fleet then formed in the following order:--Goliath, Zealous, Vanguard,
+Minotaur, Theseus, Bellerophon, Defence, Orion, Audacious, Majestic,
+and Leander. The Culloden was then astern the Swiftsure, and the
+Alexander to leeward, tacking to clear the reef. The Admiral hove to,
+to pick up a boat, and also the four next ships astern of the
+Vanguard, which gave the Orion an opportunity, by standing on and
+passing them, to get up with the Zealous at about half-past six.
+
+In ten minutes afterwards the signal for close action was made, and
+repeated by most of the fleet; at the same time, the Goliath, having
+passed round the enemy's headmost ship, anchored on the quarter of the
+second; while the Zealous took her position on the bow of the former
+ship; both anchoring by the stern. The batteries on the island of
+Bequir or Aboukir, and the headmost ships, opened their fire as the
+leading ship approached; and they in return opened theirs on rounding
+the advanced ship of the enemy's line.
+
+The Orion, after giving that ship her broadside, passed round the
+Zealous and Goliath; and, as she was passing the third ship of the
+enemy, the French frigate Sérieuse approached, began to fire on her,
+and wounded two men. In reply to an observation of one of the
+officers, who proposed to return her fire immediately, Sir James said,
+"Let her alone, she will get courage and come nearer. Shorten sail."
+As the Orion lost way by shortening sail, the frigate came up; and,
+when judged to be sufficiently advanced, orders were given to yaw the
+Orion, and stand by the starboard guns, which were double-shotted. The
+moment having arrived when every gun was brought to bear, the fatal
+order to fire was given; when, by this single but well-directed
+broadside, the unfortunate Sérieuse was not only totally dismasted,
+but shortly afterwards sunk, and was discovered next morning with only
+her quarter above water.
+
+On discharging this fatal broadside the helm was put hard a-starboard;
+but it was found that the ship would not fetch sufficiently to
+windward, and near to the Goliath, if she anchored by the stern. She
+stood on, and, having given the fourth ship her starboard broadside,
+let go her bower anchor, and brought up on the quarter of Le Peuple
+Souverain, which was the fifth ship, and on the bow of Le Franklin,
+the sixth ship of the enemy's line. The third and fourth ships were
+occupied by the Theseus and Audacious on the inside, by passing
+through; while they were attacked on the outside by the Minotaur,
+Vanguard, and Defence.
+
+By the log of the Orion it was forty-five minutes past six o'clock
+when that ship let go her anchor, and, in "tending," poured her
+starboard broadside into the Franklin and L'Orient. The fire was then
+directed on Le Peuple Souverain, until she cut and dropped out of the
+line, totally dismasted and silenced.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+     EXPLANATION.
+
+     BRITISH.                          FRENCH.
+
+     A--Audacious.                     1--Guerrier.
+     B--Bellerophon.                   2--Conquérant.
+     C--Culloden (aground).            3--Spartiate.
+     D--Defence.                       4--Aquilon.
+     E--Majestic.                      5--Peuple Souverain.
+     F--Alexander.                     6--Franklin.
+     G--Goliath.                       7--L'Orient.
+     L--Leander.                       8--Tonnant.
+     M--Minotaur.                      9--Heureux.
+     O--Orion.                        10--Mercure.
+     S--Swiftsure.                    11--Guillaume Tell.
+     T--Theseus.                      12--Généreux.
+     V--Vanguard.                     13--Timoléon.
+     Z--Zealous.                      14--Sérieuse.
+     +*--Sérieuse, dismasted by       15--Artemise.
+         the Orion, and sunk at 14.   16--Justice.
+     I--Island of Aboukir.            17--Diane.
+     Y--Shallow water.
+
+At seven o'clock the headmost ships were dismasted; a fire-raft was
+observed dropping down from them on the Orion. Her stern-boat having
+been shot through, and the others being on the booms, it was
+impossible to have recourse to the usual method of towing it clear:
+booms were then prepared to keep it off. As it approached, however,
+the current carried it about twenty-five yards clear of the ship.
+About half-past eight, just as the Peuple Souverain, which had been
+the Orion's opponent, had dropped to leeward, a suspicious ship was
+seen approaching the Orion in the vacant space which the vanquished
+one had occupied. Many on board were convinced of her being a
+fire-ship of the enemy, and Sir James was urged to allow the guns to
+be turned upon her. Happily he himself had stronger doubts of her
+being such than those who pressed the reverse. He ordered a vigilant
+watch to be kept on her movements; and when the darkness dispersed,
+she was discovered to be the Leander. Distinguishing lights were
+hoisted, and the Orion continued to engage Le Franklin from fifty
+minutes past six o'clock to a quarter before ten. The action was
+general, and kept up on both sides with perseverance and vigour, when
+the enemy's fire began to slacken, and the three-decker was discovered
+to be on fire. At ten the firing ceased; the ship opposed to the Orion
+having surrendered, as also all the van of the enemy.
+
+Preparations were now made to secure the ships from the effects of the
+expected explosion.--The ports were lowered down, the magazine
+secured, the sails handed, and water placed in various parts to
+extinguish whatever flames might be communicated. The unfortunate ship
+was now in a blaze; at half-past eleven she blew up, and the
+tremendous concussion was felt at the very kelsons of all the ships
+near her. The combatants on both sides seemed equally to feel the
+solemnity of this destructive scene. A pause of at least ten minutes
+ensued, each engaged in contemplating a sight so grand and terrible.
+The Orion was not far off; but, being happily placed to windward, the
+few fiery fragments that fell in her were soon extinguished. Her
+vicinity to the L'Orient was the happy means of saving the lives of
+fourteen of her crew, who, in trying to escape the flames, sought
+refuge in another element, and swam to the Orion, where they met a
+reception worthy the humanity of the conquerors. The generous,
+warm-hearted sailors stripped off their jackets to cover these
+unfortunate men, and treated them with kindness, proving that humanity
+is compatible with bravery.
+
+About the middle of the action Sir James received a wound from a
+splinter, or rather the sheave from the heel of the spare top-mast on
+the booms, which, after killing Mr. Baird, the clerk, and wounding Mr.
+Miells, a midshipman, mortally, struck him on the thigh and side, when
+he fell into the arms of Captain Savage, who conducted him under the
+half-deck, where he soon recovered from the shock it gave him: but
+although he acknowledged it was painful, and might in the end be
+serious, he could not be persuaded to leave the deck even to have the
+wound examined; and the part was so much swelled and inflamed on the
+next day, that he was not able to leave the ship.
+
+After the pause occasioned by the dreadful explosion, the action
+continued in the rear by the ships dropping down which were not too
+much disabled; and Sir James had given orders to slip and run down to
+the rear, when the master declared that the fore-mast and mizen-mast
+were so badly wounded, that the moment the ship came broadside to the
+wind, they would go over the side, particularly the fore-mast, which
+was cut more than half through in three places. It was therefore
+determined to secure the disabled masts and repair other damages,
+while the action was renewed by those that were not so much disabled.
+
+As soon as the battle ceased in the van, by the capture of the enemy's
+ships, Sir James, who was the senior captain of the fleet, ordered
+Lieutenant Barker on board the Admiral for the purpose of inquiring
+after his safety, and of receiving his further instructions. He
+shortly returned with the melancholy detail that Sir Horatio was
+severely wounded in the head. At this period, several of the ships of
+the squadron were still warmly engaged with the centre and part of the
+rear of the enemy's fleet. Sir James therefore sent a boat to such
+ships as appeared to be in condition, with directions to slip their
+cables and assist their gallant companions. These orders were
+immediately put in execution by that distinguished officer Captain
+Miller, of the Theseus, and by the other ships that were in a state to
+renew the action. It has been already stated that the masts of the
+Orion were too much damaged to admit of that ship getting under way.
+In the course of the day the whole of the enemy's fleet had
+surrendered, excepting two ships of the line and two frigates, which
+escaped from the rear.
+
+Sir James being unable, from the effects of his wound, to wait on the
+Admiral and offer his congratulations personally, sent him the
+following letter:
+
+   Orion, 2nd August 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I regret exceedingly being prevented from congratulating you in
+   person on the most complete and glorious victory ever yet
+   obtained,--the just recompense of the zeal and great anxiety so
+   long experienced by you before it pleased Providence to give you
+   sight of those miscreants who have now received the just
+   punishment of their past crimes. You have been made the happy
+   instrument of inflicting on them their just chastisement; and
+   may you, my dear Admiral, long live to enjoy, in the approbation
+   of the whole world, the greatest of earthly blessings!
+
+   I am ever your most faithful and obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson, &c. &c. &c.
+
+From the character which has already been portrayed of Sir James, the
+reader will not be surprised to find that the Orion was the first to
+hoist the pendant at the mizen-peak, and thereby to show an example to
+the fleet worthy of imitation, in returning thanks to the great
+Disposer of events and Giver of all victory for that which they had
+just obtained over their enemies. A discourse on this occasion was
+delivered by the clergyman of the Orion, which must have made a great
+and lasting impression on the hearers; but the circumstance, which is
+much easier to be imagined than described, of a ship's company on
+their knees at prayers, and offering up a most solemn thanksgiving for
+the Divine mercy and favour which had been so fully manifested towards
+them, must have excited feelings in the minds of the prisoners,--the
+demoralised citizens of the French republic,--which had never before
+been known to them; and we understand that they did not fail to
+express their astonishment and admiration at a scene of that kind
+under such circumstances.
+
+At ten o'clock, when the action had entirely ceased, and the Admiral
+had received the congratulations of most of the captains of the fleet,
+the following general memorandums were issued:
+
+   Vanguard, 2nd of August 1798, off the mouth of the Nile.
+
+   The Admiral most heartily congratulates the captains, officers,
+   seamen, and marines of the squadron he has the honour to
+   command, on the events of the late action; and he desires they
+   will accept his sincere and cordial thanks for their very
+   gallant behaviour in the glorious battle. It must strike
+   forcibly every British seaman how superior their conduct is when
+   in discipline and good order, to the notorious behaviour of
+   lawless Frenchmen.
+
+   The squadron may be assured that the Admiral will not fail, in
+   his despatches, to represent their truly meritorious conduct in
+   the strongest terms to the commander-in-chief.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains of the ships of the squadron.
+
+   Almighty God having blessed his Majesty's arms with victory, the
+   Admiral intends returning thanksgiving for the same at two
+   o'clock this day; and he recommends every ship doing the same as
+   soon as convenient.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c. &c.
+
+Captain Ball, in pursuance of orders from the Rear-admiral, directed
+the negociation for landing the prisoners on parole. Such as were not
+Frenchmen were permitted to enter into the English service, for the
+purpose of conducting the prizes home.
+
+We must refer our readers to the different accounts of this splendid
+action, which have been published by James, Brenton, Willyams, &c. for
+the particulars which do not concern the Orion. But we cannot forbear
+to mention the gallant conduct of Vice-admiral De Brueys, who,
+according to James and others, "had received two wounds, one in the
+face, the other in the hand; towards eight P.M. as he was descending
+to the quarter-deck, a shot cut him almost in two. This brave officer
+then desired not to be carried below, but to be left to die on deck;
+exclaiming in a firm tone, 'Un amiral Français doit mourir sur son
+banc de quart.' He survived only a quarter of an hour." Commodore
+Casa-Bianca fell mortally wounded soon after the admiral had breathed
+his last. Captain Du-Petit-Thouars, of the Tonnant, had first both his
+arms, and then one of his legs shot away; and his dying commands were
+"Never to surrender!"
+
+Neither must we leave unrecorded the heroic death of young Miells, the
+midshipman, who we mentioned had been mortally wounded by the same
+splinter which struck his gallant commander. His shoulder having been
+nearly carried off, and his life being despaired of, the surgeons were
+unwilling to put him to needless pain by amputation; but after some
+hours, finding he still lived, it was determined to give him a chance
+of recovery by removing the shattered limb. The operation was ably
+performed by Mr. Nepecker, the surgeon of the Orion, assisted by the
+surgeon of the Vanguard. The sufferer never uttered a moan, but as
+soon as it was over, quietly said--"Have I not borne it well?" The
+tidings were instantly conveyed to his captain, whose feelings may be
+better imagined than described, and who could only fervently exclaim
+"thank God!" But his joy soon received a check. Many minutes had not
+elapsed before he learnt that this amiable and promising youth had
+been seized with a fit of coughing and expired!
+
+The captains of the Mercure and Heureux, who participated but slightly
+in the action, were both wounded; Captain Trullet, of the Guerrier,
+the ship most shattered, was unhurt, and Gantheaume escaped in a boat
+from the L'Orient.
+
+By great care Sir James kept off the fever which threatened to be the
+consequence of his wound.
+
+On the morning of the 3rd, Sir James, finding himself sufficiently
+recovered from the effects of his wounds to leave the ship, went on
+board the Vanguard to congratulate the Admiral in person on the
+glorious result of the battle. He found several of his brother
+officers on the quarter deck, discussing the merits of the action.
+Some regret having been expressed at the escape of the two sternmost
+ships of the French line, Sir James said to the Admiral, "It was
+unfortunate we did not----" and was proceeding to say, "all anchor on
+the same side." But, before he could finish the sentence, Nelson
+hastily interrupted him, exclaiming, "Thank God there was no order!"
+thus turning the conversation, he entered his cabin, and sent for
+Captain Ball.
+
+While Sir James was receiving the congratulations of his brother
+captains on being the second in command, no doubt being entertained
+among them that the Admiral would make most honourable mention of his
+name as such,--_an honour which he so highly deserved_, and which is
+usual in similar cases,--Captain Ball came on deck, and interrupted
+the conversation by observing, "Nelson says there is to be no second
+in command; _we are all to be alike in his despatches_!"[14]
+
+   [14] We may here state that, on the preceding day, Captain Ball
+   had paid a visit to Sir James; and as they were discussing the
+   various points of the battle, he stated to Sir James, that
+   "having been the second in command, he would, unquestionably,
+   receive some mark of distinction on the occasion." Saumarez, in
+   the enthusiasm of the moment, exclaimed, "We all did our
+   duty,--there was no second in command!" meaning, of course, that
+   he did not consider he had done more than other captains; and,
+   not supposing that this observation would come to the ears of
+   the Admiral. But, he afterwards thought, Nelson had availed
+   himself of this conversation, to deprive him of the advantage to
+   which his seniority entitled him, although he fully exonerated
+   Captain Ball of having the slightest intention of communicating
+   to the Admiral anything he could have supposed would be
+   detrimental to his interest.
+
+We need scarcely say that this was eventually the case; but we may
+relate the circumstances which induced Saumarez, without the least
+intention to offend, to make the observation at which offence was
+taken. It was the custom of Nelson, when in communication or in
+company with the captains under his command, to converse with them on
+the various modes of attacking the enemy under different
+circumstances; and, on one of these occasions, Sir James Saumarez, who
+had seen the evil consequences of _doubling_ on the enemy, especially
+in a night action, had differed with the Admiral in that plan of
+attack, saying that "it never required two English ships to _capture_
+one French, and that the damage which they must necessarily do to each
+other might render them both unable to fight an enemy's ship that had
+not been engaged; and as in this case two ships could be spared to the
+three-decker, every one might have his own opponent."
+
+It would perhaps be deemed invidious to mention the individual cases
+of English ships which fired on each other in this action; but that
+this did actually happen, and that many of our brave men fell by our
+own shot is a fact too notorious to be disputed. Moreover, had the
+four sternmost ships of the enemy's line done their duty as they
+ought, by slipping their cables soon after the action commenced, and
+making sail to windward, they would have made an easy capture of the
+Culloden as she lay aground; and afterwards, by doubling on the
+Vanguard, they would probably have given a different turn to the
+affair. The enemy's ships being moored 160 yards apart, left space
+enough for the British ships to pass between them, and rake the ship
+on each side, as the Theseus did; whereas, by anchoring outside, our
+squadron had equally to suffer the raking fire of the enemy as they
+approached, without being able to retaliate in the same way, thereby
+losing the important effect of two double-shotted broadsides, besides
+the advantage of being anchored in shore, to prevent the possibility
+of the enemy _doubling_ on a disabled ship, or of their running on
+shore and destroying those that were vanquished.
+
+It has been insisted on that Nelson, in omitting to mention the name
+of his second in command, only followed the example of Earl St.
+Vincent; and this may have been the case; but it cannot justify his
+evident reluctance to acknowledge the position in which Sir James
+really stood. Every officer in the service must know that, if Nelson
+had lost his life, the command would have devolved on Sir James
+Saumarez: yet, in his public letter, he not only avoids mentioning
+him, but he endeavours to represent the captain of the Vanguard as his
+successor in that responsible situation. His great friendship for Sir
+Thomas Troubridge was, no doubt, the motive that occasioned the
+substitution, and led to this injustice, which he carried so far as to
+remonstrate, in his private letters to Earl St. Vincent and Earl
+Spencer, against any honours being conferred on Sir James Saumarez
+which were not equally bestowed on Sir Thomas Troubridge.[15] When
+Nelson's great popularity, at this period, is considered, it may
+appear less extraordinary that this request should have had weight.
+Yet it cannot but surprise an impartial reader, in after-ages, that no
+honours or distinctions, except on the commander-in-chief, should have
+followed a victory, which Mr. Pitt in the House of Commons pronounced
+to be the greatest on record.
+
+   [15] See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Nelson, vol. ii. p. 119.
+
+On the 3rd of August, when Sir James returned from the Vanguard, the
+captains were assembled on board the Orion. He proposed the following
+resolution, which was agreed to unanimously:
+
+   The captains of the squadron under the orders of Rear-admiral
+   Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. desirous of testifying the high sense
+   they entertain of his prompt decision and intrepid conduct in
+   the attack of the French fleet in Bequir Road, off the Nile,
+   August 1st, 1798, request his acceptance of a sword; and, as a
+   further proof of their esteem and regard, hope that he will
+   permit his portrait to be taken, and hung up in the room
+   belonging to the Egyptian club now established, in commemoration
+   of that glorious day.
+
+To which Sir Horatio returned the following answer:
+
+   GENTLEMEN,
+
+   I feel most sensibly the very distinguished honour you have
+   conferred upon me by your address this day. My prompt decision
+   was the natural consequence of having such captains under my
+   command; and I thank God I can say that in the battle the
+   conduct of every officer was equal.
+
+   I accept as a particular mark of your esteem the sword you have
+   done me the honour to offer; and I will direct my picture to be
+   painted the first opportunity for the purpose you mention.
+
+   I have the honour to be, gentlemen,
+   with the highest respect,
+   Your most obliged,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+We shall conclude this chapter with the extract of a letter written to
+Lady Saumarez by Sir James, which we have no doubt will be perused
+with much interest:
+
+   Thursday, 2nd August 1798.
+
+   Happy am I in being enabled, through the mercy of Divine
+   Providence, to acquaint you with our having obtained the most
+   glorious and complete victory ever yet recorded in the annals of
+   the world.
+
+   Yesterday afternoon we discovered the enemy's fleet at anchor a
+   short distance from Alexandria. Although our squadron was not
+   collected,--the Alexander and Swiftsure being at a considerable
+   distance from having been detached to reconnoitre the port, and
+   the Culloden a great way off from having had a prize in
+   tow,--Sir Horatio deemed it of such importance to make an
+   immediate attack on the enemy, that he made sail for them
+   without waiting for those ships.
+
+   At sunset the action began upon the van and centre of the
+   enemy's line, and in rather more than two hours six of their
+   ships were completely dismasted, and the L'Orient, of 120 guns,
+   blown up. The action was continued all night with the enemy's
+   rear by the Alexander and Majestic; and this evening the whole,
+   except three, have fallen into our hands, and a frigate, which
+   they dastardly set fire to, and escaped on shore.
+
+   The loss sustained has been considerable in some of the ships. I
+   have to regret the loss of poor Miells, and of Mr. Baird, my
+   clerk, and of several good men. I received a contusion in the
+   side, which, though at first painful, is doing as well as
+   possible, and does not even prevent my going on with the usual
+   duty of the ship. Poor Captain Westcott is killed, and several
+   other officers.
+
+   The enemy have now obtained the just chastisement of their past
+   crimes, and Sir Horatio Nelson has the happiness of being the
+   fortunate instrument of inflicting their just punishment; in
+   which happiness all his squadron partakes. Fourteen of the
+   Frenchmen, who had the good fortune to swim on board the Orion
+   from the L'Orient after she was on fire, report that their army
+   were all landed three weeks since, and are at present in
+   possession of Grand Cairo; and that they have frequent severe
+   skirmishes with the Turks.
+
+   Our worthy friend Mr. Le Cras will lament with me the loss of
+   Mr. Miells. A better young man I think never existed. He lived
+   until this evening, and was the whole time perfectly resigned to
+   his fate, saying, "he died in a good cause." Mr. Richardson is
+   also badly wounded, and my servant John Lewis, who you recollect
+   waited on us at Portsmouth; but I hope they will both recover.
+
+   I should observe that the Culloden, not having been able to get
+   to us before night, unfortunately ran aground; by which accident
+   we were deprived of the assistance of so fine a ship, and of the
+   exertions of Captain Troubridge.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1798.
+
+   Fleet repair damages.--Sir James receives orders to take a
+   detachment of six ships of the line, and five prizes, under his
+   command.--Sails for Gibraltar.--Journal of his tedious
+   voyage.--Arrives off Candia.--Decides to pass through a perilous
+   passage, and escapes the dangers.--Falls in with the Marquis of
+   Nisa, and summons the French garrison at Malta.--Puts into Port
+   Auguste, in Sicily.--Sails from thence.--Tedious
+   passage.--Letters from Earl St. Vincent and Nelson.--Arrives at
+   Gibraltar.--Reception there from the Admiral, Governor,
+   &c.--Sails thence.--Arrives at Lisbon.--Sails thence.--Arrives
+   at Spithead.--Paid off at Plymouth.--Remarks on his treatment,
+   and explanation of it.
+
+
+The fleet was employed in repairing the damages it had received, and
+in fitting the prizes that were deemed worthy of being sent to
+England. This occupied the whole week after the battle. On the 5th,
+the Leander, having on board Captain Berry with the Rear-admiral's
+despatches, sailed for England; and, on the 12th, the Emerald,
+Alcmene, and Bonne Citoyenne arrived. On the same day Sir James
+received the following order:
+
+   (1st Order.) By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take the ships named on
+   the margin[16] under your command, their captains having orders
+   for that purpose; and to proceed with them with all possible
+   despatch down the Mediterranean. On your arrival near Europa
+   Point, you will send a boat on shore to the Commissioners'
+   office to receive any orders that may be lodged there for your
+   further proceedings. In case you find no orders at Gibraltar,
+   and learn that the commander-in-chief is off Cadiz, or at
+   Lisbon, you will join him at either place with all possible
+   expedition.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   [16] The captains of his Majesty's ships to take charge of the
+   prizes as under:
+
+     Orion         to take charge of      Le Souverain Peuple.
+     Bellerophon         do.}
+     Majestic            do.}             Le Spartiate.
+     Minotaur            do.              Aquilon.
+     Defence             do.              Franklin.
+     Audacious           do.              Conquérant.
+     Theseus             do.              Tonnant.
+
+   To the captains of above-mentioned ships. H.N.
+
+
+   (2nd Order.) By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take charge of the prize
+   ships; putting a sufficient number of men on board each to
+   navigate the said prize, with six weeks' provisions. You are
+   never to separate from her without orders in writing from the
+   officer under whose command you are for the time being; and you
+   are hereby required and directed to put yourself and the prize
+   under the command of Captain Sir James Saumarez; and follow all
+   such orders and instructions as you may receive from him from
+   time to time for his Majesty' service.
+
+   Given on board H.M.S. Vanguard,
+   Mouth of the Nile, 12th August 1798.
+   By command of the Rear-admiral.
+   J. CAMPBELL.
+
+
+Thus were Sir James's wishes and anticipations, mentioned in his
+journal of the 10th June, completely realized. After a distinguished
+share in effecting the destruction of the enemy's fleet, he is
+returning home triumphant with the hard-earned fruits of his labours;
+which were, however, not yet at an end, as will be seen by the
+following journal of his tedious and hazardous voyage:
+
+   "Orion, at sea, 18th August 1798.
+
+"After having so well completed the journal I sent by Captain Berry,
+you will not doubt the great pleasure I must feel in beginning the
+present, particularly when situation and many other circumstances
+combine to render it so interesting. But I have more to relate than
+you are aware of; and in which I have been most particularly favoured,
+as you will see, when it comes in its proper place to be mentioned.
+
+"First, I sailed from Bequir Road last Tuesday morning, with seven
+sail of the line and six of our prizes; leaving the Admiral with the
+Culloden, Alexander, Zealous, Goliath, and Swiftsure, and the three
+remaining French ships, which it was intended to destroy after taking
+out their stores and landing the prisoners. The Alcmene, Emerald, and
+Bonne Citoyenne had at last joined us. As, however, they had not been
+with the fleet, but had remained all the time in search of us, we were
+disappointed of our letters, and _they_ at finding themselves 'the day
+after the fair.'
+
+"In falling light winds, we came again to an anchor, Tuesday noon,
+about five miles from the squadron; which gave the ships an
+opportunity to get completed for sea, and afforded a night's repose to
+the men. At eleven I was waked from a sound sleep with the account
+that a brig which joined the Admiral in the afternoon was from Tunis,
+and had on board a hundred men belonging to L'Aigle, which had been
+lost some time before on her way to join the squadron; and it was
+added, 'there is a large packet of letters for the different ships.' I
+soon had them sorted, and out of about twenty for myself I selected
+four from you, which were read with an avidity you will better
+conceive than I can describe; before I had finished a page of one I
+flew to another, and so for near an hour, till at last I found their
+date, and endeavoured to read them regularly; but it was not till
+daylight that I could bring myself to a sufficient degree of
+composure. Never were letters more welcome--never did any yield
+greater joy and comfort; they have since formed my chief happiness,
+and will continue so to do until the end of our voyage. Had we
+unfortunately sailed one day sooner, I should have lost these precious
+letters: judge then how fortunate I think myself, particularly so at
+their having been preserved from the wreck of the poor L'Aigle; as I
+find that several packages, &c. for this squadron, with the good
+things you sent me, shared the fate of the poor ship; Captain Hay
+having written to me from Gibraltar that they were put on board her.
+
+"Sir Horatio Nelson wrote to me that he had not heard from his family;
+but, as Captain Nisbet came in the brig, he will give him accounts
+from Lady Nelson.
+
+"I now come to the sequel of our voyage, having accounted for my being
+so _unseasonably_ disturbed from a sound sleep."
+
+
+Sir James now received the following letters.
+
+   August 15th, 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I am not very anxious to receive any persons of the description
+   you mention; they will all eat our meat, and drink. As they
+   choose to serve the French, there let them remain. I have not a
+   line from home, all lost in L'Aigle. You will get off in good
+   time, I dare say. I am sure you will not lose a moment off Cape
+   Bronte; the shoal extends six miles. If you favour me with a
+   line, direct it for Naples, where I am going to join the
+   Portuguese squadron. Zealous, Swiftsure, and the two frigates, I
+   have kept here as long as possible. Nisbet thanks you for your
+   inquiries. I send you a copy of my letter intended to be sent to
+   Mr. Nepean; keep it quiet till you get off. Wishing you health,
+   and good passage,
+
+   Believe me ever,
+   Your obliged,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   I hope Lady S. and all the little ones are well.
+
+   (Copy.)
+
+   Secret, for Sir James.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Six of the prizes sailed yesterday with Sir James Saumarez;
+   three others, viz. Guerrier, Heureux, and Mercure are in the act
+   of repairing. In this state I received last evening Earl St.
+   Vincent's most secret orders, and most secret and confidential
+   letters. Thus situated, it became an important part of my duty
+   to do justice between my King and country, and the brave
+   officers and men who captured those ships at the Battle of the
+   Nile. It would have taken one month at least to fit those ships
+   for a passage to Gibraltar, and not at a great expense to
+   government, but with the loss to the service of at least two
+   sail of the line. I therefore feel confident that the Lords
+   Commissioners of the Admiralty will, under the present
+   circumstances, direct that a fair value shall be paid for those
+   ships. I have farther thought it my duty to tell the squadron
+   the necessity I am under, for the benefit of the King's service,
+   to order their property to be destroyed; but that I had no doubt
+   but that government would make a liberal allowance. I have
+   therefore directed such stores as could, without taking too much
+   time, be saved from them, and ordered the hulls to be burned.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq.
+
+The journal of Sir James is thus resumed:
+
+"We again weighed anchor, Wednesday noon; and although with a contrary
+wind, and ships in a crippled state, we had the good fortune to clear
+the land in the night without accident, and next day lost sight of our
+ships in the Nile. Since that period we have not made any great
+progress; but we have no reason to complain, and I trust a favourable
+wind will in due time waft us down the Mediterranean.
+
+"_A présent, un petit mot sur ma santé._ In the first place, too great
+exertion for two or three days after being under sail, certainly
+retarded my perfect recovery, and, added to the excessive heat of the
+weather, threw me into a sort of languor that required the three last
+days' rest and composure to shake off. I am now, thank God! as well as
+ever; and when I consider that every day shortens my distance from
+you, my happiness is daily increasing. I have much more to say, _mais
+en voilà assez pour le présent_; and as there is abundance of time
+before this can be despatched, _il faut le remettre pour un autre
+jour: ainsi adieu_!
+
+"Sunday, August 19th.--I was indeed surprised to find Lyme the place
+fixed for your residence; and, on reflection, approve of it highly, as
+I believe it is a very healthy place; but more particularly as I hope
+to send you a line in going up Channel, and possibly take you to
+Spithead. Judge, therefore, the _selfish_ motives by which I am
+actuated, and scold me if you can.
+
+"I was happy our dear boy had reached home before the close of your
+last letter, and am charmed with your account of him. Having
+understood that there is a good school in Dorsetshire,--I think at
+Sherborne,--I shall not be surprised if you have placed him there for
+the summer, and shall not think it a bad plan to have him nearer to
+you. I am glad to find my letters from Gibraltar reached you, and hope
+that one or two stragglers will also have come to hand before those
+from the Nile arrive. These last will induce you to believe our
+cruise less unpleasant than you seemed to apprehend,--more
+particularly when you find it the means of bringing the Orion to
+England.
+
+"Your _P.S._ of the 11th of June is considerably later than any
+accounts received in the squadron; indeed, I find very few letters
+have been received by any of the captains. The Lion, I understand, is
+on her way to join the squadron; but I have reason to believe she has
+nothing for me, as she sailed before L'Aigle.
+
+"The accounts from Ireland are truly distressing; but I hope
+tranquillity has long since been restored in that distracted country.
+We have heard of the dreadful business off Cadiz; but as news from the
+fleet must reach home before we can be acquainted with them, I shall
+not enlarge on the subject. Captain Grey, I find, is gone to England,
+which will have been an agreeable surprise to his amiable lady.
+
+"Now for some account of the Orion and her crew:--In the first place,
+Mr. Barker is on board Le Peuple Souverain, happier than a prince. Mr.
+Wells becomes first, in his room; and, as I found it necessary to send
+away Mr. ---- at Syracuse, I should remain with only three lieutenants,
+but that, in virtue of my present command, I appointed, the day I left
+Admiral Nelson, our kinsman Dumaresq to that station, who acquits
+himself with great zeal and assiduity. He will receive pay for the
+time; but cannot be confirmed, from not having served the six required
+years.
+
+"All the officers are in rapture at the share the ship had in the
+action, except her captain, who is never satisfied. The ship's company
+all healthy, and the wounded daily recovering. Sheep and poultry in
+abundance; but the fear of a long passage down the Mediterranean
+obliges us to be frugal, wishing, if possible, to avoid putting into
+any place before we reach the fleet off Cadiz,--a thing scarcely
+possible, and rendered still more improbable from our little progress
+the last five days: however,--_patience_!
+
+"I have only two French officers on board; one was second captain of
+the Tonnant; they are both in the ward-room, and I occasionally invite
+them to my table. Of the six prizes four are fine ships, particularly
+the Franklin and Spartiate: the Souverain and Conquérant are both very
+old ships; Le Tonnant and L'Aquilon were built within these few years
+only. Both the former are quite new. But it is not what we have taken,
+but what we have destroyed. We have left France only two sail of the
+line in the Mediterranean, except a few bad Venetian ships and some
+frigates. A squadron of five sail leaves us masters of these seas,
+equal to protect our commerce, and with a few frigates destroy that of
+the enemy: these are the real fruits of our victory; and as to
+anything personal to ourselves, the approbation of our country, and
+possibly an additional medal, will be ample recompence to us. At
+present my chief solicitude is to find things go on well in England;
+and I think, when the account of our action arrives, it will set the
+minds of people at ease for some time at least.
+
+"I shall have a great deal to say to you, in which you will
+acknowledge with me that the Almighty has been kind and bountiful
+indeed, beyond my merits or pretensions. You will infer from my late
+journal what I particularly allude to, wherein I mention the Orion
+having been intended to return to the fleet on the junction of the
+reinforcement; which was merely to favour Captain Troubridge, with
+whom I clashed from seniority. Very, very fortunately for me, the
+enemy's force would not permit Sir H. Nelson to part with me; and the
+sequel has shown the partiality of the Earl's proceeding: but of this
+'_ci-après_;' only, for the present, judge what must have been my
+feelings had I been thus deprived of my share in this action!
+
+"My situation at this moment is exactly what I could wish,--the
+command of a respectable squadron escorting the trophies of our
+victory; and I am induced to hope that I shall proceed with them to
+England without considerable delay. We have just gained sight of
+Cyprus, nearly the track we followed six weeks ago; so invariably do
+the westerly winds prevail at this season; but I hope we shall not be
+subject to the tedious calms we experienced under Candia. Hitherto we
+have always had a good breeze, which has prevented any intercourse
+between the ships of the squadron, one day only excepted.
+
+"I have not told you that we all voted a sword to the Admiral before
+we parted from the squadron; the captains having agreed to subscribe
+fifty pounds each to defray the expense, and to have his picture,
+which is to be put up in the room intended to hold the _Egyptian
+Club_, when we all meet in England. The overplus, which will come to
+about thirty pounds each, is to be applied for the relief of the
+widows and orphans of those who have nobly fallen in the action. All
+this shows unanimity at least, and I believe greater never existed in
+any squadron.
+
+"Wednesday, 22nd.--This morning the wind has set in very favourably
+for us; but it is to the southward, and produces such a close, sultry,
+and damp air, that it is scarcely bearable; and, with all this, we
+have to encounter so strong a western swell, that the prizes and
+crippled ships, for want of more sail, can scarcely contend against
+it. What if we should have the good fortune to fall in with the four
+French ships! They are certainly on their way to Toulon; and, from the
+want of water and provisions, must have put into some of the ports in
+these seas. I _dreamt_ so much of them last night that I really form
+great hopes of our falling in with them. This leads me to mention that
+all the captains agreed to share together in whatever may be captured
+till the 1st of October.
+
+"It is now exactly three weeks since the Battle of the Nile; it
+appears almost an age; but when once we get in the fair track down the
+Mediterranean, every day will, I hope, shorten our distance. We have
+seen but one strange sail since we left Bequir, and that at too great
+a distance to speak with. I think it probable Sir Horatio may be on
+his way to Naples, as he proposed to sail soon to join the Portuguese
+squadron, taking with him the Culloden, Alexander, and Goliath. The
+Zealous, with Swiftsure, and the frigates, were to be left to block up
+Alexandria, and distress the enemy. What barbarous people we must be,
+after having done them so much mischief, still to add to their
+disasters!
+
+"August 24th.--I have been right in my conjectures this morning,
+having fallen in with Sir Horatio, who obligingly sent the Bonne
+Citoyenne with letters, &c. for the ships with me, brought by the
+Seahorse, which joined him at Bequir. He has only the Culloden and
+Alexander with him, having left the rest of the ships for the good
+purposes before mentioned. This meeting has afforded me an opportunity
+of sending you a few hurried lines, which I have requested the Admiral
+to forward from Naples. I have no doubt that the letter will reach
+you some time before any other I can have an opportunity of sending
+you.
+
+"I think the few last lines will not be the less acceptable for having
+been anticipated. I can assure you their purport is highly acceptable,
+as I now have the Earl's own assertion for the Orion being ordered to
+England upon his own terms, 'when I join him with the prizes.' Alas!
+they get on very slowly; but I am endowed with unparalleled patience,
+having scarcely uttered a murmur on their tardiness, so perfectly
+satisfied am I with the prospect before me.
+
+"I understand the Seahorse has taken La Sensible, and the Lion a
+Spanish frigate: _à propos_, we have received intimation that a
+Spanish squadron is on its way to Leghorn, to convey his holiness Pope
+Pius the Sixth to some part of Spain; and, in case of our falling in
+with them, we are to treat him with all the ceremony and respect due
+to the sovereign pontiff.
+
+"Sunday, 26th.--I went yesterday on board the Admiral, for
+half-an-hour; and was happy at finding him in perfect health. He will
+ever retain the mark on his forehead which he has so honourably
+acquired; mine is not quite in so _distinguished a place_, but I also
+expect to have a scar on my left side, or rather on the hip-bone,
+which was slightly grazed; but it is now perfectly healed, and I
+reflect with great gratitude on the very narrow escape I had: my only
+fear is, that it will give you great uneasiness when the account
+reaches you. I did not intend to have my name inserted in the return
+of wounded, but the Admiral desired it should; so that he must share
+the blame if it should have alarmed you.
+
+"I cannot tell you all the fine projects I form for some months at
+least after my arrival in England. This last business has so shattered
+the poor Orion, that she will not, without considerable repair, be in
+a state for more service; and if I can be so fortunate as to obtain Le
+Franklin with my officers and men, she will be getting forward during
+the winter months, and I shall have the enjoyment of your society all
+that time: and I think, if it pleases God to bless our arms in England
+with success, the enemy will be brought to sue for a peace before the
+spring of next year. Their great inducement for carrying on the war
+was their hopes of success from this expedition, which is considered
+as entirely frustrated, as their army will be too much reduced to
+attempt to go to India without being reinforced from France; and they
+never will be able to prevail on more troops to embark for Egypt, even
+if they had the means of conveyance for them.
+
+"The winds prove all this time very variable, _et nous avançons fort
+lentement_.
+
+"The Admiral is still in sight, though we are not in company together.
+Had I not been certain of going to England, I should regret losing
+the opportunity of seeing Naples, particularly on this occasion; but
+everything is absorbed in that first consideration. The newspapers are
+at all times acceptable, and I was happy when you found opportunities
+to send them from Ryde; but as many of the squadron receive them, and
+they are always circulated to the different ships, I would not trouble
+you to send them. _D'ailleurs, pour le présent, j'espère que ce serait
+inutile._
+
+"Monday.--We get on very slowly indeed, not having yet got sight of
+Candia; we must however have _patience_. Three days' fair wind will
+bring us the distance of Sicily. I have invited Captains Miller,
+Louis, and Gould to dine with me to-day. To the former I said that
+your ladyship had the pleasure of having made acquaintance with Mrs.
+Miller. Miller is an excellent man. Another day I shall have the other
+captains, Derby, Peyton, and Cuthbert, late first lieutenant of the
+Majestic.
+
+"Whilst I am writing, a fine breeze has sprung up, which will get us
+as far as Rhodes at least. We have entirely lost sight of the Admiral;
+and I think, from the wind having favoured us, that we shall have
+considerably the start of his little squadron.
+
+"Tuesday.--Nothing so uncertain and variable as the winds in this
+country. We are still off the island of Rhodes, which appears fertile
+and well cultivated. We have also sight of Candia at the distance of
+above thirty leagues. Our present route is different from any of the
+former, as we go to the northward of Candia, amidst the innumerable
+islands that form the archipelago. It is thought by many a dangerous
+navigation with our disabled ships, but I always consider _que le bon
+Dieu nous guide_.
+
+"The Admiral has again joined us, but too far off for any personal
+communication. This evening we have effected a great object in
+doubling Rhodes, and we are now proceeding with a fine breeze. I hope
+in three days to congratulate you on our being in the fair track down
+the Mediterranean.
+
+"Friday, 31st.--Events multiply and increase upon us, but not so
+favourably as they promised when I last took up my pen. After
+contending for three days against the baffling winds we had so often
+experienced, and by our perseverance gained a considerable distance,
+the wind increased so much against us yesterday morning, that I was
+compelled, from the disabled state of several of the ships, to abandon
+my intention of going to the northward of Candia; and, not without
+great risk, we ran through a passage imperfectly explored, and never
+known to ships of war till we found it practicable: at the same time,
+I almost shudder at the danger we escaped; nothing but a case of
+extreme necessity could have justified the attempt, and Providence
+was our guide;[17] at the same time warning us of the danger we ran,
+having actually seen the breakers, and escaped them by a trifling
+distance; and this was performed late at night, all the ships
+following and guided by our lights.
+
+   [17] Sir James displayed a remarkable instance of presence of
+   mind and unhesitating decision in this unexpected case of
+   extreme danger. Captain John Tancock, who was then lieutenant of
+   the watch, and who, having served under Sir James during the
+   whole of the war, enjoyed his perfect confidence, anticipated
+   the captain's wishes in volunteering on this occasion to go up
+   to the mast-head and look out for rocks, and thus considerably
+   relieved his anxiety. The prizes were quite unable to beat to
+   windward, and, in order to be extricated from the peril which
+   the shift of wind had occasioned, their signal was made "to keep
+   in the Orion's wake." Sir James having determined to push on, as
+   the most probable means of saving his inefficient squadron, the
+   "helm was put up," and orders given to steer through a passage
+   between islands, which was marked "_doubtful_" in the charts,
+   and in which shallow water was soon discovered by Mr. Tancock,
+   who gave timely notice to the helmsman on their approach to each
+   danger. The rest of the ships kept close in the track of the
+   Orion, and in this manner the whole of the squadron and prizes
+   passed between the islands and breakers without accident; and
+   there can be no doubt that their safety was owing to the skilful
+   and decisive conduct of Sir James. It is but justice to add,
+   that, in approving of Mr. Tancock's very meritorious conduct, he
+   emphatically assured him that "he should never forget that he
+   had so fully anticipated his wishes."
+
+"We are at present close to Candia, and the Admiral in sight; rather
+in advance of us, owing to the circumstance I have related. I now fear
+our voyage will prove very tedious, and that the want of provisions
+and other circumstances will compel us to put into some port; this may
+occasion great delay, which the approach of the equinox makes me very
+desirous to avoid. I really believe no ships in so bad a condition as
+those with me ever attempted so intricate a navigation.
+
+"September 1st.--You are certainly unapprised of the Orion being on
+her way to England. Here have we been occupied for three weeks in
+effecting what might be accomplished in two days. Your wishes, I
+think, would prove more availing were you acquainted with the real
+state of things. This extraordinary delay makes me more fractious than
+can be imagined, and I begin to lose the character for patience which
+I had given myself by so tiresome a situation; besides which, I have
+Le Peuple Souverain to drag after me, that causes me more trouble than
+even the Spanish _saints_ did after the 14th of February.
+
+"Sunday.--I had almost determined not to resume my pen till we were
+entirely clear of this same island of Candia; but we have made such
+great progress since yesterday, and the prospect continues so
+favourable, that I cannot refuse myself the satisfaction of
+congratulating you thereon.
+
+"I received last evening a letter from the Admiral, brought me by La
+Bonne Citoyenne.[18] He is desirous of having the Minotaur and
+Audacious detached to Naples after accompanying us as far on our way
+as Minorca. A vessel was yesterday spoken with that saw one of the
+French line-of-battle ships, with the loss of her main-mast, and towed
+by a frigate towards Corfu, only eight days since; so that, had the
+winds favoured us, we should have been at no great distance from them.
+I dined to-day in the ward-room; but I am sorry to say we had no
+church this morning; this is so very necessary a duty, that I am
+always grieved when it is omitted."
+
+   [18] MY DEAR SIR, Vanguard, September 1st, 1798. From what I
+   have heard, and made up in my own mind, I feel it is absolutely
+   necessary that I should order the Minotaur and Audacious to quit
+   your squadron when you are in the fair way between Sardinia and
+   Minorca, and join me at Naples; and also with as much salt
+   provisions as can be got out of the ships victualled for _six_
+   months, reserving only one month's at whole allowance. My
+   squadron are at two-thirds of salt provisions, making the
+   allowance up with flour; therefore you will direct the same in
+   yours. I have put down the number of casks of beef, pork, and
+   pease, which can be easily spared if the commander-in-chief's
+   orders for victualling have been obeyed. Audacious is, I fancy,
+   short of salt provisions, not knowing of coming so long a
+   voyage. If you can manage to let those ships have any part of
+   their officers and men, it will be very useful for the King's
+   service; but of this you must be the best judge. Retalick will
+   tell you all the news from Rhodes, and I was rejoiced to see you
+   are this side of Candia.
+
+   Ever yours most truly,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
+
+   Your squadron evidently sails better than Culloden. The
+   Bellerophon sails so well that Darby can take very good care of
+   Conquérant; and Aquilon seems also to sail remarkably well.
+   Remember me kindly to all my good friends with you.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 1st September.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   Captain Retalick has just joined me with your order respecting
+   the Minotaur and Audacious, both which ships are to be detached
+   for Naples so soon as we are in the fair way between Sardinia
+   and Minorca, with as much salt provisions as can be spared from
+   the ships victualled for six months; which shall be duly
+   complied with. I shall also take from the prizes as many of the
+   officers and men as can be replaced from the ships left with me,
+   which I shall endeavour to be as near the full number as can be
+   thought prudent. Wishing to use as little delay as possible, not
+   to detain the Bonne Citoyenne,
+
+   I am very truly, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 1st September.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   After contending for three days against the adverse winds which
+   are almost invariably encountered here, and getting sufficiently
+   to the northward to have weathered the small islands that lie
+   more immediately between the Archipelago and Candia, the wind
+   set in so strong to the westward Thursday morning, that I was
+   compelled to desist from that passage, and bear up between
+   Sargeanto and Guxo, a narrow and intricate channel; but which we
+   happily cleared without any accident, the loss of a few spars
+   excepted, which are now replaced; and we are proceeding as fast
+   as the wind will admit to our destination. The ships are all
+   doing as well as possible; the fever on board the Defence fast
+   abating, and the wounded in Bellerophon, Majestic, and Minotaur
+   daily recovering. Seeing the Citoyenne on her way to us, I seize
+   the opportunity to give you the information.
+
+   I am, my dear sir, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir H. Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 5th Sept. 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   Since the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant, containing
+   an order for the Minotaur and Audacious to join you at Naples, I
+   have been employed in making the necessary arrangements for the
+   distribution of prisoners from the ships that remain with me. I
+   fear the quantity that can be spared, after reducing ourselves
+   to four weeks at whole allowance, will fall very short of what
+   you mention. The order for the ships to be put to two-thirds'
+   allowance was given the day after I received your letter. With
+   regard to the men belonging to the Minotaur and Audacious on
+   board the prizes, I hope to have it in my power to meet more
+   fully your expectations, as I see no reason why these men should
+   not be almost entirely replaced from the ships with me, the
+   Bellerophon and Majestic having only fifty men each on board;
+   the Spartiate certainly can spare the same number for Le
+   Conquérant; and I hope to man the Aquilon from the other three
+   ships, except the party of marines, which I shall direct to be
+   left on board of them. We have had favourable winds the last
+   three days, and I hope to-morrow to get sight of Mount Ætna. The
+   enclosed report of a vessel boarded by the Theseus makes me
+   regret the wind did not prove favourable a few days sooner, to
+   have come up with the strayed sheep.
+
+   10 o'clock P.M.
+
+   Captain Renhouse, in the Thalia, has this instant joined me on
+   his return from Bequir. I have taken his letters for the fleet,
+   &c.: and as the Flora cutter is in sight, closing with the
+   squadron, I have detained him till the morning, that he may take
+   from her any despatches she may have for you. I am happy to
+   learn from him that the Lion had joined the squadron off
+   Alexandria. He also informs me that the Marquis de Niza was on
+   his return from Aboukir, highly mortified at having lost the
+   opportunity of distinguishing himself in the action. I am truly,
+   my dear Admiral,
+
+   Your faithful and most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, 6th September 1798.
+   A.M. 7 o'clock.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   The Flora did not join me till this instant, owing to the
+   commander's timidity. I was waiting for him the whole night. I
+   thought it my duty to open one of Earl St. Vincent's public
+   despatches, in case they might contain anything that might
+   render necessary any alteration in my present proceedings. I
+   find from them that Colossus is to the southward of Sardinia,
+   with the Alliance and four victuallers: we shall of course keep
+   a look-out for them. This information will enable me to keep
+   rather a greater supply of provisions than I had made
+   arrangements for, having scarcely reserved four weeks to each
+   ship of the squadron. I have charged Captain Newhouse with the
+   Flora's despatches, with orders to proceed in search of you
+   immediately, and also indicated to him the track I mean to
+   pursue, in case you should have occasion to send me further
+   orders, in consequence of your letters from Earl St. Vincent.
+
+   I hope you will do me the favour to believe that I have acted to
+   the best of my judgment for the good of his Majesty's service,
+   and that you will approve my having opened one of Lord St.
+   Vincent's public despatches; which it will be satisfactory to me
+   to know from you.
+
+   With sincere and best wishes for your health
+   and every happiness, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir H. Nelson, K.B. &c.
+
+"Thursday, 6th September.--The last four days we have got on
+remarkably well; and, what is still better, the wind seems now set in
+very favourably. Late last night the Thalia joined me, after cruising
+in all directions to fall in with Sir Horatio. I was not disappointed
+at receiving no letters by her: but this morning, having been joined
+by the Flora cutter, that left England the 26th July, and the fleet
+off Cadiz so late as the 12th August, I own it gave me concern to
+receive no tidings from you; but, on recollection that all the letters
+for this ship have been kept back, from our being expected down the
+Mediterranean, my disappointment ceases.
+
+"I have seen nothing of Admiral Nelson since I last wrote; and, as our
+route now lies in a different direction, I do not expect to meet with
+him again. The information obtained by the above vessels is of a very
+satisfactory nature; and I trust things will soon, very soon, draw to
+a favourable crisis.
+
+"The Thalia brought me from Bequir several intercepted letters from
+France, taken in a corvette going to Alexandria. I have read several
+of them, and find that their chief reliance was placed in the
+expedition to Egypt; which having failed so completely, must
+disconcert all their future projects. One bad piece of news I have
+learnt,--'that a Spanish vessel we took off St. Pierre, laden with
+wheat, has been recaptured by a French privateer.'
+
+"I have been occupied for some days past in putting my cabin in good
+repair, which I hope to have fit for your ladyship's reception, so
+that, on my arrival in the Channel, I may have only to despatch the
+first vessel I fall in with to Lyme, with an invitation for you to
+partake of it, accompanied by one or more of the children, and any
+servants you may please to require to attend upon you. This has for
+some time past engaged my attention, and I trust nothing will
+intervene to thwart my expectations. Alas! they have been but too much
+disappointed already by the adverse winds, which still continue to
+weary our patience.
+
+"I dined to-day on board the Minotaur, the weather having proved
+nearly calm; it is the first time since we left Bequir that I have
+consented to leave the ship. I hope to fall in with the Colossus and
+some victuallers, which I find, by the Flora, were on their way to our
+squadron, supposing us to have been off Malta, blockading the French
+fleet. Strange that at so late a period Earl St. Vincent had not
+obtained information of their having sailed from that island!
+
+"Sunday.--The wind always continues contrary; but we get on,
+notwithstanding, by slow degrees. I made up for last Sunday, and had
+Divine service performed, and dined in the ward-room. We obtained a
+small supply of stock from the Thalia when she joined us; I should
+have told you that I despatched her and the cutter towards Naples, to
+meet Sir Horatio.
+
+"Tuesday evening.--The wind has at last favoured us for a few hours,
+and to-morrow I hope to be in sight of Syracuse. A vessel was
+yesterday spoken with, that had an ambassador on board from
+Constantinople, going to the different states in Barbary, to direct
+them to arm against the French. An English frigate had arrived at the
+Sublime Porte with the news of the defeat of their fleet at
+Alexandria; but I am at a loss to conjecture what the frigate was. The
+French officers "_sont indignés de cette insulte offerte à la grande
+nation_."
+
+"Thursday.--We at last gained sight of Mount Ætna yesterday evening;
+but the winds still prove very contrary, and I fear we shall be
+obliged, much against my inclination, to put into either Syracuse or
+Messina: we are at present off the former place. By a boat that has
+joined one of the ships, I find they only heard of the battle four
+days ago. They are disposed to give us a hearty welcome, but I hope we
+shall have no occasion for their well-meant intentions.
+
+"Friday.--We last night fell in with the Marquis de Niza's squadron,
+on their return from the mouth of the Nile. The Marquis hailed me that
+he was _very sorry_ he had not arrived a few days sooner. We were much
+better without him."
+
+Sir James sent, by the Thalia, the following letters to Sir Horatio:
+
+   Orion, Port of Augusta, 16th September 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I fear you will be disappointed at finding that we are no
+   further on our voyage than this place. We were three days in
+   sight of Sicily, endeavouring to beat round Cape Pesaro; and,
+   Friday afternoon, the wind set in so strong to the westward,
+   that I was obliged to endeavour to get into Syracuse, but I
+   found the wind directly out of the harbour, and stood again to
+   the southward. It blew a gale all night; and in the morning,
+   seeing no possibility of getting into Syracuse, I bore up for
+   this place, where the squadron anchored yesterday afternoon. We
+   are completing the water with all expedition, but I am
+   disappointed that there is no wine to be had but at a very high
+   price. We are supplied with bullocks and other articles the same
+   as at Syracuse; and, as at that place, the people are exorbitant
+   in their demands. Every possible attention has been shown by the
+   governor. I paid him a visit of ceremony this morning with the
+   other captains of the squadron. He appears a man of the first
+   respectability.
+
+   I thought it proper to mention to him that I had seen Mr.
+   Acton's letter, which stated that his Majesty's ships were to be
+   received in the ports of this island; and I should do him great
+   injustice, did I not observe to you, sir, his earnest endeavours
+   that we should be supplied with everything we require on the
+   most reasonable terms.
+
+   A vessel, which left Malta six days ago, reports that the
+   inhabitants have revolted against the French, who are driven to
+   the greatest stress by the want of provisions. They seem very
+   anxious for the appearance of an English squadron off that
+   island.
+
+   I hope to have the squadron completed in water by Wednesday
+   next, and to put to sea the same evening. The Spartiate has
+   caused us considerable uneasiness, having unfortunately got
+   aground by bordering too near the light-house. She was however
+   got off without sustaining any damage. All your friends, with
+   me, desire their best compliments.
+
+   I am, my dear Admiral,
+   Your ever faithful and obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson.
+
+
+   Orion, Augusta, 20th September 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I feel great satisfaction in acquainting you that the squadron
+   and all the prizes are completed with water, and will be ready
+   to proceed to sea at daylight to-morrow morning. The westerly
+   winds have prevailed ever since our arrival, and I fear still
+   continue in the channel of Malta; but it is of such importance
+   to get from this place before easterly winds set in, that not a
+   moment has been lost in getting the ships forward, which must be
+   evident to you when you consider our great demands for water,
+   and that we have only four boats in the squadron to supply the
+   ships. We have been abundantly supplied with fresh provisions,
+   and each ship takes twelve or fourteen bullocks to sea; but wine
+   was not to be had at any reasonable rate. We have found
+   difficulty in obtaining cash for the articles purchased on
+   account of Government in a place where there scarcely exists any
+   trade, and where the inhabitants are extremely poor. The
+   governor has offered us every possible assistance; and I must
+   entreat you will represent to Mr. Acton the zeal and earnest
+   endeavours he has shown to forward the King's service. I have
+   the honour to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson.
+
+"Saturday, 22nd September.--A whole week has elapsed since I closed
+the account of our voyage; having the following day been under the
+necessity, from the state of the weather, to put into Augusta, a port
+a few leagues from Syracuse. We sailed thence yesterday, after
+completing the squadron with water. We found abundance of provisions,
+and each ship has sailed with a dozen or fourteen oxen, besides sheep,
+fowls, &c. Augusta is a more modern town than Syracuse, having been
+rebuilt after an earthquake thirty years ago. It has no trade, and the
+inhabitants are extremely poor; the ships were visited by them daily,
+but we went to very few parties on shore. A few leagues from Augusta
+there is a considerable town called Catania. I regretted much it was
+not in my power to visit it, as there we might have had many things
+that would have been very acceptable in England.
+
+"In passing Syracuse yesterday, several of the principal inhabitants
+came on board; and I was happy in sending a letter to you, enclosed to
+Admiral Nelson at Naples. I hope to be with you as soon as it arrives,
+having still every expectation of being in England in the month of
+October. My mind is much more at ease since we have obtained the last
+supplies, as a small quantity of salt provisions, which we can have
+from the fleet, will enable the ships to proceed for England without
+stopping at Gibraltar, or any other place; and if the Orion is not of
+the number, great will be my disappointment.
+
+"Thursday, 27th of September.--I have been very much engaged on public
+business of great importance the last three days, which, I am sorry to
+say, has not turned out quite equal to my wishes. On Monday I fell in
+with the Marquis de Niza's squadron, which had been ordered off Malta
+by Admiral Nelson. On Tuesday a deputation of the principal
+inhabitants came on board the Orion, to solicit a supply of arms and
+ammunition; at the same time informing me that the French garrison
+were in the greatest distress, and that, if the town was summoned,
+they had good grounds to believe they would be induced to surrender. I
+waited on the Marquis de Niza, who readily concurred in sending a flag
+of truce with proposals to the French garrison. After three hours'
+deliberation they returned a very concise answer,[19] which although
+not satisfactory at this time, leaves little doubt that they will be
+compelled to surrender very shortly. Before I came away, I supplied
+the inhabitants, from the prizes, with twelve hundred muskets, and a
+great quantity of ammunition, of which they were in great want. I only
+regretted it was not in my power to stay a few days off the island.
+The Guillaume Tell and two frigates are in the harbour, and must fall
+with the garrison. A report prevailed that Le Généreux was lost; these
+ships form the remaining force that escaped us from the mouth of the
+Nile.
+
+   [19] See Appendix.
+
+"We are now pursuing our voyage with slow steps; but, as the light
+winds lead us in the fair track, we must not complain. I was glad to
+learn from the Marquis de Niza that the Colossus was seen going to
+Naples, with four victuallers and a store-ship. A frigate is now in
+sight, joining me, by which I hope to receive good accounts.
+
+"Friday morning.--The frigate proved to be the Terpsichore, from the
+Admiral, whom she left ten days ago going to Naples. The Terpsichore
+was going off Malta for intelligence, and to look out for the
+Colossus, with the victuallers. As I could satisfy the Admiral on both
+those points, I despatched her immediately for Naples. We have now a
+fine Siroc wind, attended with all its usual close dampness; but, as
+it wafts us down the Mediterranean, we readily put up with its
+disagreeable attendants, without the risk of hanging ourselves. I
+intend to part with the Minotaur and Audacious to-day, agreeably to my
+orders. Fortunately, I exchanged their men from the prizes two days
+ago, as it would have been attended with danger to do it in the
+present weather. We have taken our final leave of Sicily this morning.
+
+"Sunday, 30th Sept. The weather has proved very unfavourable the last
+three days. Le Souverain has sustained some disasters, and causes me
+great uneasiness. I hope, in another week, to get the distance of
+Gibraltar, where we may all be better refitted. I cannot be too
+thankful for the supplies we obtained at Augusta; the squadron would
+otherwise have been much distressed for want of water and provisions.
+We are in sight of Sardinia, with every appearance of a favourable
+breeze. To-morrow we enter the ever propitious month. I still hope my
+expectations will be fulfilled; although I own that probability is
+against their accomplishment.
+
+"Thursday, 4th October.--This month began most auspiciously with a
+fine breeze of wind, which continued all the following day; but
+yesterday morning we experienced a tremendous gale to the northward,
+with a very heavy sea, which still continues: the wind has again
+shifted favourably, and I hope this time will carry us through the
+Straits; but we have had so many disappointments that we must not
+trust to appearances.
+
+"Saturday, 6th.--The winds prove again contrary for us. We have the
+Souverain in tow, and in so bad a condition that I almost fear it
+will not be possible to get her as far as Gibraltar. There has been a
+great deal of blowing weather, with heavy seas, since we left Malta,
+and the prizes have suffered considerably from it. I have had an
+addition to my stock since I left Augusta, having three fine little
+lambs; and I understand more are expected: it is fortunate I was well
+provided, as this increase would have proved ruinous to my table.
+
+"Monday, 8th October.--We have had variable winds these last two days,
+which have brought the squadron a considerable distance. We are at
+present off Algiers, a very unfriendly coast, which I hope soon to
+lose sight of with our present breeze. The anchorage off Cadiz having
+broken up about this time last year, I depend on finding Lord St.
+Vincent at anchor at Gibraltar, or there to find orders to join him at
+Lisbon, and from thence to proceed to England.
+
+"Tuesday, 9th.--I congratulate you on our darling's birth-day; and
+join my prayers to yours that Heaven may bestow on him its choicest
+blessings.
+
+"We have a continuance of fine wind, which, I trust, will carry us to
+Gibraltar in two days. I have been treated with the perusal of several
+French papers, which I intercepted on board a Danish vessel from
+Marseilles, bound to Algiers. They are dated so late as the 27th
+Fructidor, which answers to the 13th September; and I am happy to
+see, by the English news they contain, that things were going on
+favourably. I hope soon to have it under your hand more particularly:
+in the mean time it is very satisfactory to receive these news, which
+are near three months of later date from England than we before
+possessed; your dear letter of the 10th June being the latest I have
+seen.
+
+"Wednesday, 10th.--I fell in with L'Espoir this morning. She left
+Gibraltar ten days ago. She has surprised me with the account that the
+Leander had not at that time reached Earl St. Vincent; and that the
+news of our victory was only received two days before by the Mutine,
+which had arrived from Naples. This account has created amongst us
+great uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. I have despatched
+L'Espoir with a letter to Earl St. Vincent, apprising him of the
+approach of the prizes, with the ships under my command; and I hope to
+receive his lordship's orders for our proceedings when we appear off
+Gibraltar.
+
+"Saturday, 13th.--The wind has again set against us the last two days,
+and continues to exercise our patience. What adds to my uneasiness is,
+the small quantity of provisions in the squadron. We have been at
+short allowance these six weeks; and should it unfortunately continue
+to the westward a few days longer, we shall be very badly off. I now
+very reluctantly give up all hope of being in England during this
+month.
+
+"Sunday, 14th.--The wind has again sprung up to the eastward, and I
+hope will this time carry us to Gibraltar.
+
+"Monday, 15th.--The wind still continues favourable, and to-morrow I
+hope to anchor in Gibraltar Bay; and, as an opportunity may offer to
+send you this tedious journal, I hold it in readiness accordingly. It
+will give you some faint idea of the trial our patience has been put
+to; and although our progress has not been attended with the same
+anxiety as I described in my former journal, when we were in pursuit
+of the enemy, still I have not been exempt from great uneasiness on
+various accounts, particularly from the crippled state of most of the
+ships, in a navigation some part of which is very hazardous, and where
+contrary winds so invariably prevail. I now hope in a short time to be
+released from so heavy a charge, and that I shall be permitted to
+proceed, as I have been given to expect, _immediately for England_.
+
+"Tuesday, 16th.--We have gained sight of Gibraltar this morning; but
+westerly winds and the current prevent our approach to it. I hope,
+however, to have communication with the Rock to-morrow.
+
+"Thursday, 18th.--I received late last evening a very flattering
+letter from Earl St. Vincent, in answer to mine of the 10th, which, he
+says, diffused universal joy to the garrison, and the little squadron
+with him: and his lordship has rejoiced my heart by informing me that
+so soon as the wounded and sick are landed from the squadron, and the
+wants of the ships are supplied, I shall proceed to Lisbon with them.
+He adds that, in his judgment, our action stands foremost in the page
+of naval history, having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was
+ever done before, &c.
+
+"We are still struggling against adverse winds, not without hope of
+gaining the anchorage to-morrow. I most sincerely wish it, on every
+account; and, although my next rendezvous is not what I exactly
+expected, it always brings me nearer England.
+
+"Great is our uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. In the letter
+above alluded to, Lord St. Vincent thinks it probable she may have
+been dismasted, and have put into one of the islands of the
+Archipelago. I own my fears for her are great." The following is Lord
+St. Vincent's letter, with Sir James's answer.
+
+   Gibraltar, 16th October 1798.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Your letter of the 10th instant, received yesterday, has
+   diffused universal joy through the garrison and little squadron
+   now here. I highly applaud and admire the measures taken by you
+   and Rear-admiral the Marquis de Niza to induce the French to
+   surrender their stronghold in Malta; and the supply of arms and
+   ammunition you furnished the islanders with was very judicious.
+   Two very respectable Moorish merchants, natives of the eastern
+   coast of Barbary, who arrived at Gibraltar from Genoa
+   yesterday, report that advices had been received at the latter
+   place before they left it, that the Maltese had succeeded, and
+   put the French garrison to the sword. I have been so long
+   accustomed to the fallacy of _pratique_ reports, that I do not
+   give entire credit to this.
+
+   Of the Leander we know nothing; and I am rather inclined to
+   believe that the story Sir Horatio Nelson learned from a Candia
+   boat, is true; and that she has either been dismasted in the
+   action, or so crippled as to be obliged to take refuge in one of
+   the islands of the Archipelago. I never despair, and I have
+   great confidence that she will yet turn up.
+
+   The account you give from Captain Retallick, of the near
+   approach to Naples of the Colossus and her precious charge,--for
+   the Alliance is full of naval stores, with all the top-masts and
+   top-sail yards we had, and the four victuallers loaded with new
+   provisions of every species except bread,--is a communication of
+   the utmost consequence.
+
+   It is my anxious wish that the six prize ships of war should be
+   safe moored in the Tagus as soon as possible; and my intention
+   that the Orion, Defence, and Theseus shall accompany them: the
+   Bellerophon and Majestic to enter Gibraltar Mole in order to be
+   remasted, for all the lower masts are there; and their men,
+   after assisting in the navigation of the prizes to Lisbon, may
+   return hither in the Santa Dorothea.
+
+   I am fitting out an expedition of great importance,--I believe,
+   _entre nous_, against Monte Video, or Lima,--which swallows up
+   all the transports and frigates I have, or I would send you some
+   salt provisions and wine. Should the Levanters fail you, by
+   working close to the Barbary shore you will soon reach Tetuan
+   Bay, and find no difficulty in working round Europa with a
+   flood-tide.
+
+   I request you will convey to your brave companions in arms,
+   that, in my judgment, they stand foremost in the page of naval
+   history; having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was ever
+   done before, and, under the critical circumstances of the times,
+   have certainly rendered the greatest benefit to the human race
+   at large, and to their King and country in particular, that ever
+   was performed.
+
+   I have the honour to be, with great esteem and regard,
+   Sir,
+   Your most obedient, humble servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   P.S. Doctor Harness has prepared the naval hospital for the
+   reception of the wounded and sick of your squadron in the best
+   manner our means will admit; the wards have been whitewashed,
+   and every exertion made to purify them. The moment the invalids
+   are landed, and the wants of the ships that go to Lisbon
+   supplied, you shall proceed thither with them.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+
+   Orion, off Gibraltar, 18th Oct. 1798.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I received late last evening the honour of your letter by
+   L'Espoir, and shall not fail to communicate to the squadron the
+   very handsome terms in which your lordship is pleased to express
+   yourself of the action of the Nile. I am particularly happy the
+   measures taken off Malta meet with your lordship's approbation;
+   but I fear the account from Genoa is premature respecting the
+   French garrison, as there has scarcely been time since we left
+   the island, the 26th Sept. for the news to reach Genoa, and
+   arrive at Gibraltar, if such an event had taken place.
+
+   Fearing that, with the ship I have in tow, it will not be
+   possible to reach Rozia Bay till a late hour, I send an officer
+   on shore with the despatches for your lordship, and the letters
+   for the garrison.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent.
+
+The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on the evening of the 18th, amidst
+the universal and unbounded acclamations of the assembled population.
+
+"Sunday, 21st Oct.--Last Thursday, my dear love, we all anchored in
+safety in this bay, and met with a reception we want words to express
+from the governor, admiral, officers, soldiers, seamen, and
+inhabitants. We can never do justice to the warmth of their applause,
+and the praises they all bestowed on our squadron.
+
+"A ball was given last night by the governor, in honour of our
+victory; and we have a round of dinner invitations from the heads of
+the garrison. I am, however, happy to tell you that to-morrow I expect
+to put to sea for Lisbon, with the Theseus and prizes, which I am to
+leave in safety in the Tagus, and then proceed to England. I am to
+give a passage to the Duc d'Havré and his suite: he is a nobleman of
+distinction, who has resided some time in Spain, but has been expelled
+from that country with other _emigrés_. I had an opportunity of
+sending you, by a cutter for Lagos, a short letter, with the above
+pleasing accounts, which I am persuaded will yield no less happiness
+to you than it has to me."
+
+We have already mentioned the honours, the titles, the decorations,
+and the favours conferred on the victorious Nelson, as also the
+praises he had himself bestowed on some of the captains of the fleet;
+but we cannot refrain from reverting to the extraordinary circumstance
+that the second in command in that battle, which both Earl St. Vincent
+and Mr. Pitt declared "stands foremost in the page of naval history,"
+and which (as before stated), was most highly extolled, had not that
+mark of distinction conferred upon him, which is usually granted on
+such occasions. In common, indeed, with the other captains, he
+received a gold medal; being only the second given to him, although he
+commanded a ship of the line in four great general actions, and served
+in two others.[20] We mention this, because Sir James was not aware of
+the extent of this neglect until many years after, when, meeting with
+Clarke and Mac Arthur's Life of Nelson, he discovered that Nelson's
+letters had influenced the Admiralty to regard him as having held no
+higher station in the action than any other captain in the squadron,
+and represented Sir Thomas Troubridge, who unfortunately had no part
+in the battle, as equally entitled to reward as himself: therefore he
+felt this deviation from the common usage less severely at the time
+than he would otherwise have done.
+
+   [20] The actions of Sullivan's Island, and the Dogger Bank.
+
+We admit that it would be difficult to point out a situation of
+extraordinary hardship more peculiarly calculated, than that of
+Troubridge, to excite the feelings of sympathy expressed so strongly
+by Nelson.
+
+But what would have been the situation,--what would have been the
+feelings of Sir James Saumarez, had he been sent away to make room for
+Sir Thomas Troubridge? We leave the reader to judge. Suffice it to
+say, that as soon as the Admiral had ascertained the real force of the
+enemy, he found the Orion could not be spared, by which fortunate
+circumstance Sir James was saved a mortification which would have
+weighed on his heart the remainder of his days.
+
+Every admiral, captain, and officer, with whom we have conversed on
+the subject, has been decidedly of opinion that the name of Saumarez
+ought to have been honourably mentioned; and that, as second in
+command, some mark of distinction should have been conferred upon him.
+We dwell on this subject particularly, because we know, that when a
+brave and meritorious officer does not obtain the reward due to his
+merit, it is extremely injurious to the service, as it damps that
+ardour after fame, and weakens that emulation, which lead to valour
+and enterprise. May every succeeding Nelson regard, and be able to
+look up to, that motto which was conferred on the hero of the
+Nile,--_Palmam qui meruit, ferat!_
+
+On Sir James's arrival at Gibraltar he received the following letters
+from Sir Horatio Nelson, approving of his proceedings:--
+
+   Vanguard, Naples, 29th Sept. 1798.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received your letter of the 17th from Augusta, as well as
+   your despatch of the 27th, by Captain Gage.
+
+   I very much approve of your putting into Augusta to get water,
+   and very highly so of your officer-like behaviour and conduct
+   relative to Malta, as also of your supplying the Maltese with
+   arms and ammunition.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   September 29th, 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Captain Gage is just arrived with your letters and papers
+   relative to Malta. I can say with truth there is no action of
+   your life, as far as relates to me, but what must be entirely to
+   my approbation: your summons to Malta is highly proper; and you
+   have done as I wished in sending the arms, &c. The wind here is
+   strong at S.E. I hope you have it, and that it will carry you
+   through the Straits. This is a sad place for refitting, the
+   swell sets in so heavy; never again do we come to Naples:
+   besides the rest, we are killed with kindness. Wishing you, my
+   dear Sir James, every felicity in this world, believe me ever,
+
+   Your obliged and affectionate,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+At Gibraltar Sir James also received a letter from his gallant friend
+and brother-in-arms, Captain Ball, which gives so vivid a description
+of some of the events of this most eventful period of the war, that we
+are persuaded the reader will thank us for inserting it.
+
+   Alexander, at sea, 11th Oct. 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I have the satisfaction of sending you, by the Colossus, a case
+   containing six fan-mounts, two boxes of perfumery, four large
+   and two small of Naples soap, amounting to eighteen Spanish
+   dollars and a half. I hope to collect from Sicily some
+   ornamental figures for a table, which I will forward to you, by
+   the first safe conveyance, with some Neapolitan shawls. I shall
+   not draw upon your agent, as I expect, when I return to Naples,
+   to receive nearly forty pounds as your share of the cotton and
+   articles taken out of the Spanish polacre we captured. Pray let
+   me know to whom I shall remit the balance. I sincerely hope that
+   you had a good passage down, and have not suffered from the
+   fatigue and anxiety you must have experienced. I make no doubt
+   but you will have the pleasure of convoying the ships to
+   England, where you will be amply recompensed by a joyful meeting
+   with Lady Saumarez and your family. When you get your second
+   medal, beware of the ladies, if they hear such a story of you as
+   of our friend Collingwood. I shall feel very much flattered
+   whenever you will favour me with a line; and you may be assured
+   that I shall never lose an occasion of testifying to you my
+   great esteem, and how very much I value your friendship. I
+   enclose herewith a translation of Admiral Blanquet's account of
+   the battle of the Nile, with his plans, which he is to present
+   to the French Minister of the Marine. One of my officers copied
+   them unknown to him, but his aide-de-camp allowed everybody to
+   read them.
+
+   It would be difficult to describe to you the very flattering
+   reception we met with at Naples. Our gallant Admiral was hailed
+   as the saviour of Italy. He daily receives from all parts
+   congratulatory addresses and verses, celebrating his fame. The
+   King visited him before he anchored, and he gave him and all the
+   captains a very elegant dinner on board one of his ships of the
+   line. We dined on the poop; the party very select, consisting of
+   the hereditary Prince and one of his brothers, the Minister of
+   Marine, three of the Lords in waiting, Sir William and Lady
+   Hamilton, and the captain of the Neapolitan ship. After dinner,
+   the King gave as a toast, "Sir Horatio Nelson and the brave
+   English nation," with a salute from his lower deck guns. Sir
+   William Hamilton gave a fête that cost more than a thousand
+   pounds. It was much admired for its taste and magnificence.
+   There was nothing to be seen or heard of but "Viva Nelson!" The
+   English nation never stood so high in the estimation of the
+   Italians as at this present moment: and I believe the French
+   were never so universally execrated and despised as they now
+   are. The Emperor and King of Naples will make an effort to drive
+   them out of Italy. General Mack was daily expected at Naples to
+   arrange the plans.
+
+   We have to regret the capture of the Leander by the Généreux.
+   She is carried into Corfu. Of course all our letters by her are
+   destroyed, and our friends will suffer much anxiety until the
+   arrival of Capel, who could not get there before the 20th of
+   last month. The grand Seignior declared war against the French
+   the 1st of last month. He did not receive the Admiral's official
+   account of the action until the 6th ult. He has ordered a
+   costly diamond to be presented to him for the important victory.
+
+   Buonaparte's career is nearly finished. He will soon be
+   surrounded by sixty thousand men. One of his colonels, whom
+   Foley took very lately, says that the whole army will soon
+   perish. He sent to Alexandria for all the troops in garrison to
+   join him without loss of time, which they refused doing. The
+   seamen marched to retrieve their character, but I do not think
+   many will return to tell of their exploits. A Turkish fleet is
+   gone for Alexandria. Our Envoy at Constantinople, Sir Sidney
+   Smith's brother, has gained great credit by his ability and
+   judicious conduct. I had great satisfaction in reading some of
+   his correspondence. We expect very soon to be in possession of
+   Malta, Corfu, Zante, and Cerigo. I shall then hope to go to
+   England, Sir H. Nelson having given me reason to expect the
+   pleasure of carrying home Sir William and Lady Hamilton.
+
+   I am now in company with the Colossus, going off Malta, which we
+   are in sight of. Captain Murray talks of staying to ascertain
+   the state of the island. He is then to proceed to join Lord St.
+   Vincent. He has this moment made the signal for Gibraltar; I
+   must therefore refer you to him for the state of Malta. The
+   French must surrender in a few days. Their ships mean to slip
+   out and trust to their sailing. Believe me,
+
+   With true esteem and regard,
+   My dear Sir James, very sincerely yours,
+   ALEX. M. BALL.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c.
+
+To return to Sir James's journal:
+
+"19th October.--Your valued letters of the 21st July and 29th August
+I received the morning of my arrival, and they gave me real comfort
+after so long a privation. I now trust that, in a few weeks, we shall
+be re-united, no more to part! It is my firm intention to remain, for
+some time at least, entirely abstracted from active service. If I can
+do so, and retain the command of the ship, well and good; if not, I
+shall apply to be superseded.
+
+"An expedition under Sir John Duckworth is now sailing from this bay;
+various are the conjectures on its destination. I need not tell you,
+after what I have noticed respecting the Earl, that we are on a very
+good footing. Indeed, the solicitous attention he shows to me almost
+overwhelms me, as I wish to keep clear of laying myself under
+obligation, except as far as concerns the promotion of my officers.
+
+"24th October, Orion, off Cadiz.--Yesterday I got clear of Gibraltar
+Bay with the Theseus and five of the prizes, it having been decided,
+the morning before we sailed, to leave the Souverain for a hulk at
+Gibraltar, which I had strongly recommended before.
+
+"I was fortunate in the arrival of the Transfer brig, in ten days from
+Naples, a few hours previous to our sailing. She brought the sad news
+of the capture of the Leander, with the despatches; but having long
+before given her over for lost, and being apprehensive for the safety
+of all on board, the account rather gave me satisfaction, especially
+as she is said to have well supported the fame of the Nile squadron,
+though the details of the action are not known.
+
+"Earl St. Vincent afforded me the perusal of several interesting
+letters that came by the Transfer from Naples, particularly from the
+envoy and our gallant Admiral: he was on the point of sailing for
+Malta, which, there is scarcely a doubt, is by this time, entirely in
+possession of the inhabitants.
+
+"We are going on with a fine breeze for Lisbon, which I hope to reach
+before Saturday. This morning I gained sight of our squadron off
+Cadiz; and, although within a few miles of one of the ships, (the
+Hector,) they had not the curiosity to join us, and I was unwilling to
+be delayed by going to them, although I should have been happy to have
+had communication with some of the ships. I hope my stay at Lisbon
+will be but short; as, after I embark the Duc d'Havré, and have seen
+the prizes taken care of, I proceed immediately for Portsmouth. Judge
+then of my feelings. My only regret is, being unable to impart them to
+you!
+
+"Thursday.--Early this morning I fell in with the Barfleur and
+Northumberland. Although not without great difficulty, I persevered in
+my endeavours to join them; but, to my great concern, I found no
+letters for me on board either ship. Captain Dacres tells me he wrote
+to Ryde, thinking you were there, but in vain. Lady Parker, however,
+assured him that she had a letter from you very lately.
+
+"I was glad to hear Captain Capel had reached England with the
+accounts of our action, the news of which were received at Portsmouth
+the day before the Barfleur sailed.
+
+"Fortune has, as usual, proved propitious this month. What think you
+of two vessels, with valuable cargoes from Genoa, which promise to
+give, at the most moderate computation, at least £10,000 between
+Captain Miller and myself![21] The Theseus joined me with one
+yesterday noon, and we brought the other to, some time after; both
+under Greek colours, but unquestionably laden with the property of
+Genoese merchants. More are on their way, which we expect to fall in
+with. But indeed, my dearest love, we require not riches to add to our
+happiness. Let us but have peace and tranquillity, and we have enough
+for every earthly enjoyment whilst it pleases Heaven to bless us with
+good health. Alas, poor Lady W.! how sensibly I feel for the
+misfortune that has deprived her excellent husband of all prospect of
+ever again enjoying comfort in this life. She was, indeed, all you
+have said of her.
+
+   [21] This was never realised.
+
+"To-morrow I depend on arriving at Lisbon, with the hope of being
+detained a few days only, and where I rely on being cheered with
+letters from you. _A propos_: Miss R. is there, and will not be sorry
+to hear the Leander is at last heard of, although in possession of the
+enemy. She is going to England with General and Mrs. Trigge.
+
+"27th October.--I had hoped before the arrival of this _blessed_ day
+to acquaint you with our being safe in the Tagus; but the light winds
+prevented our getting round Cape St. Vincent before yesterday evening,
+and it now blows so strong from the westward that there is no
+possibility of getting over the bar. To-morrow, I trust, we shall be
+more fortunate; or, what would prove still better, that it will blow
+so strong as to compel me to bear up for the Channel, which I
+certainly would do in case of a south-west gale.
+
+"Sunday, two o'clock.--I now congratulate you on our safe arrival in
+the Tagus, in the midst of very boisterous weather; but, thanks to
+Divine Providence! without an accident to any of the ships; I have but
+once more to weigh anchor, and then I trust in its mercy to bring me
+to the haven where I would be, and to find all my precious treasures
+in complete possession of health and happiness.
+
+"A packet arrived this morning with Commissioner Coffin. The only
+letter I have been so fortunate as to receive is one from Mr. Le M.
+dated the day Captain Capel arrived. What would I not give for one of
+as late date from you! Another is soon expected, this packet having
+had nearly three weeks' passage."
+
+The extract of the following letter from Sir James to the
+commander-in-chief continues this narrative:
+
+   Orion, Tagus, 1st November, 1798.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint your lordship of the safe arrival
+   in the Tagus of this ship and the Theseus, with five of the
+   prize-ships lately taken in his Majesty's service.
+
+   His grace the Duc d'Havré embarks on board this ship on Monday
+   next; and the Marquis de Mortemart having solicited a passage to
+   England, I have consented to receive him on condition of his
+   being considered in the suite of the duke. Captain Tyler also
+   takes his passage in the Orion. I should have been happy to have
+   made the like offer to General Trigge, but it was not possible
+   to accommodate him and the ladies of his family without
+   considerable inconvenience to the Duc d'Havré. His grace is a
+   nobleman of the first distinction and consideration, and he
+   expresses himself very sensible of your lordship's attention in
+   providing for him so good a conveyance.
+
+   I beg to offer my most sincere and fervent wishes for health and
+   every happiness to attend your lordship; and, with my unfeigned
+   thanks for all your lordship's favour,
+
+   I remain, &c.
+
+Sir James, having now fulfilled the anxious charge entrusted to him,
+and, with great professional skill and unremitting vigilance, brought
+the prizes in safety to Lisbon, is at length setting sail for England:
+and who will not share the feelings of the husband and the father, on
+approaching his home after so long an absence! The following extracts
+from his letters will convey some impression of what those feelings
+were.
+
+   Lisbon, Nov. 3rd, 1798.
+
+   I am now rejoicing in the hope of being in England nearly as
+   soon as this letter can reach you. I propose to sail from this
+   place the beginning of next week, and I trust my arrival will
+   shortly follow. Let me find a letter from you at Portsmouth. I
+   depend on your being ready to set off as soon as you hear the
+   Orion is there. The post will arrive sufficiently early to allow
+   of your leaving Bath the same day. I may possibly be able to
+   meet you on the road, as I shall have had time to despatch
+   Monsieur le Duc d'Havré (who is a very polite Frenchman) and to
+   make arrangements against our return. I think it right to
+   mention that unless the wind admits the ships getting over the
+   Bar of Lisbon, I may be detained. But I hope for a quick
+   passage.
+
+"Sunday, November 25th, Spithead.--I wrote to you, this morning, from
+St. Helens. The happy moment is at length arrived when I can despatch
+a letter from Spithead. Yours of yesterday is in my hand. To-morrow
+you will be setting off; but I fear the service will prevent our
+meeting till the day after.
+
+"I have despatched Dumaresq to Newport for our dear boy; and I depend
+on seeing him to-night. _Le Duc est empressé de le voir._ I hope to
+get the party on shore, _de bonne heure_, to-morrow: but we are still
+in quarantine whilst I am making these arrangements.
+
+"Tuesday morning.--Great is my disappointment at being kept thus long
+in quarantine: it is a cruel _contre temps_, and the more so from its
+being unforeseen. What adds to my disappointment is, that I am at a
+loss to know if our _pratique_ has been received by this day's post,
+the weather having prevented all communication with the shore. It will
+rejoice you to learn that our beloved boy has been with me since ten,
+yesterday morning, and that I find him all you have described. I
+expect to hear every moment of your arrival at the Fountain. Mr.
+Maxwell writes there is no doubt of our being released to-morrow.
+
+"One o'clock.--If our _pratique_ is not received by this post, request
+Sir Peter to set the telegraph at work, now that the weather has
+cleared up. 8 P.M. Your letter has this instant reached me. The
+tidings of your arrival have relieved my mind from great inquietude.
+The messenger has orders to wait your commands until after the post
+hour to-morrow; and if we are not then admitted to the privileges of
+_Christian charity_ after our _Egyptian bondage_, we must _endeavour_
+to submit to our fate. James is by my side, and glows with
+thankfulness at being so soon likely to embrace his beloved mamma. He
+has indeed been a real comfort to me under this sad contrariety of
+events. I have placed Monsieur Le Duc, and the rest of the party, at
+cards, to send these lines in time _pour ton réveil demain. Encore
+adieu, ma très chère_! Write every hour of the day, and send your
+letters to Mr. Maxwell.
+
+"Wednesday morning.--Grieved as I am to be a prisoner still another
+day, there is consolation in the _certainty_ of our being released
+to-morrow. Ardently as I aspire for the moment of our meeting, I must
+delay going on shore until after the performance of divine service in
+this ship:[22] and I know this arrangement will have your full
+concurrence. Your note is just received: how well have you anticipated
+my thoughts, and met my wishes even before they were expressed. Please
+God, to-morrow we shall be compensated for a separation of two long
+years; and on a day in which none can have greater mercies to
+commemorate than ourselves.
+
+   [22] November 29th, the day appointed for a general thanksgiving
+   for the great naval victories.
+
+"Wednesday evening.--I have just ascertained that the Duke and the
+Marquis do not proceed to town before Friday; therefore expect to
+receive them at dinner, and desire Mrs. Fielding to prepare for
+eighteen or twenty guests."
+
+Sir James remained at Portsmouth, until the 15th December, when he
+sailed for Plymouth, at which place he arrived on the 22nd: and on
+the 6th of January 1799 the Orion was paid off, when Sir James went to
+Bath, where he was once more free and happy in the bosom of his
+family.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1800.
+
+   Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.--Is appointed to the Cæsar, of
+   84 guns.--Joins the Channel fleet.--The Brest fleet having
+   escaped, proceeds to the Mediterranean.--English fleet at Bantry
+   Bay.--Return of the French fleet.--Cæsar at Lisbon.--Sir James
+   returns to Spithead.--Rejoins the Channel fleet.--Earl St.
+   Vincent takes the command.--Appoints Sir James to command the
+   advanced squadron.--Black Rocks.--Earl St. Vincent's letter of
+   approbation.--Douvernenez Bay.--Various letters.--Complete
+   success of the blockade--Enemy's fleet laid up Sir James returns
+   to Spithead.--Conclusion of 1800.
+
+
+Sir James had cherished the hope that he was to be permitted to enjoy
+the blessings of domestic life, at least for a few months; but even in
+the most perfect state of happiness which can be well imagined, he
+always held his duty to his King and country, (next to the duty he
+owed to his Creator,) to be paramount to every other consideration;
+and, feeling himself bound, after a short period of relaxation, to
+offer his services, he wrote the following letter:
+
+   Bath, 15th January 1799.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   As you were pleased to intimate your intention of being at Bath
+   when I last had the honour of seeing you, I delayed writing
+   until this time. I am extremely happy to find that Lady
+   Spencer's improved state of health has rendered the journey
+   unnecessary.
+
+   Two days after my arrival I received a letter from Admiral
+   Young, proposing to me (in the absence of your lordship) a large
+   seventy-four, which I declined accepting, as you had done me the
+   honour to offer me the Cæsar, on a certain expected event taking
+   place. I hope you will forgive me for entreating that as many of
+   the Orion's ship's company may be reserved for me as the service
+   will admit. Having experienced their uniform good conduct for so
+   many years, I am most solicitous to have them with me in another
+   ship.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   With the highest respect,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the Right Honourable Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
+
+To the above, Sir James received the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty, 18th January 1799.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   Lady Spencer's journey to Bath is only deferred, I fear; as it
+   will probably be necessary for her to go there soon.
+
+   The proposal made to you by Admiral Young was only intended as a
+   temporary measure, in case you had no objection to be employed
+   in the interval before you could have a permanent appointment.
+   Whenever the period shall come at which I can propose such an
+   appointment to you, I shall avail myself of it with pleasure.
+   With respect to reserving your ship's company, that practice is
+   attended with so much inconvenience to the public service, that
+   it has of late been necessarily discontinued. Although there is
+   no one in whose favour I should be more disposed to relax than
+   to you, I fear it will be impossible for me to do so in this
+   particular. I am, dear sir,
+
+   Your very obedient and humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The 14th of February, being the anniversary of the glorious victory
+obtained over the Spanish fleet, was selected for a promotion of
+flag-officers; and on this occasion his Majesty was pleased to confer
+on Sir James Saumarez one of the colonelcies of Marines as a reward
+for his many and meritorious services. Earl Spencer availed himself of
+the opportunity to appoint him to the Cæsar, of 84 guns, one of the
+finest, but hitherto most unfortunate, ships in the British navy. Sir
+James hoisted his pendant on the 26th of February, and had the
+satisfaction to have several of his officers and crew removed from the
+Orion to the Cæsar, in Hamoaze, where her fitting out went on with
+considerable rapidity. On the 19th of March she proceeded to Cawsand
+Bay, where, on the 30th, she rode out a heavy gale of wind from the
+S.E.
+
+On the following day, in company with the Magnificent and Impetueux,
+she sailed for the Channel fleet, commanded by Admiral Berkeley, which
+she joined off Brest the 3rd April. On the 16th, Lord Bridport arrived
+from Portsmouth with five sail more, increasing the fleet to fifteen
+sail of the line. Another heavy gale was experienced on the 20th, but
+no damage was sustained.
+
+On the 25th, looking into Brest Harbour, they were surprised to see
+the French fleet, consisting of twenty-five sail, partly in Camaret
+Bay, and under way in Brest Water. The fleet stood off Ushant; the
+wind came to the S.E. with hazy weather, and on the same night they
+escaped.
+
+Sir James writes:--
+
+"April 27th.--Yesterday at noon, it blowing very strong from the
+northward, with foggy weather, the signal was made that the enemy was
+under sail. A general chase soon followed; but, I am sorry to say,
+they eluded our pursuit under cover of the thick weather, keeping
+close to their shore, by the passage du Raz. The cruise has now taken
+quite a different turn to what I expected; and it gives me great
+spirits to find we are likely to render to our country some service.
+
+"1st of May.--My fervent vows were very early offered, my best love,
+for Heaven's choicest blessings to attend you, with many, many returns
+of your natal day. The fatted calf was intended to have been killed
+for the fête; but the bustle caused by the French fleet occasioned its
+being neglected. Your health, however, will be drunk in a bumper of my
+best wine. I have a letter from the Duc d'Havré, dated Edinburgh,
+where he was on a visit to Monsieur.[23] He was going to embark for
+the continent. _Mille complimens de sa part pour miladi_, &c. &c.
+
+   [23] Afterwards Louis XVIII.
+
+"May 5th.--We have had, the last three days, a strong S.E. gale,
+which has brought us off Ireland. I hope to-morrow we shall fall in
+with ships from Plymouth, and that I shall have the satisfaction of
+receiving letters from you,--the greatest I can possibly enjoy at this
+time, except that of beating the French fleet.
+
+"May 8th.--Off Cape Clear.--Captain Durham hailed me: he says the
+French fleet were seen a week ago, steering to the southward. These
+are trying times for those who feel as we do the importance of events,
+which involve and may decide the fate of nations.
+
+"May 17th.--Sir Alan Gardner has joined us this morning with a
+reinforcement. We are still without any certain intelligence of the
+enemy; a few days must determine. I only wish we could soon, very soon
+meet them, to put a stop to our perplexity and impatience.
+
+"Friday evening, 24th May.--We are just anchored in Bantry Bay. I fear
+my conjectures of the enemy being gone to Portugal, or the
+Mediterranean, and not being destined for this country, are too surely
+founded.
+
+"I have this instant received your letter of the 4th, by which,
+though, as yet, very hastily perused, I learn you are at Teignmouth. I
+am sorry to see that you have already taken alarm at the reports which
+are circulated respecting us: follow the example of Lady Howe, who
+neither reads newspapers, nor listens to rumours. I know not who are
+most to blame, those who invent them, or you who believe them.
+
+"26th.--We continue without any certain accounts respecting the
+destination of the French armament. Admiral Collingwood arrived this
+morning, and hoists his flag in the Triumph. He will take a strong
+detachment with him for the Mediterranean. It is not yet known what
+ships are to go: but I have been on board Lord Bridport; and I do not
+hear the Cæsar is to be one of them; which, I suppose, will _please_
+you: _in other respects_, there is no doubt that the Mediterranean
+station is far preferable to the Channel service. Your wish that we
+should carry away a mast was nearly gratified, the Achille and the
+Cæsar having been on board each other in coming into this bay; the
+principal damage was, however, sustained by the former;
+notwithstanding which, she will not be obliged to return into port;
+therefore, form no such wishes, but show yourself a true patriot, and
+let the good of the country be the principal wish of your heart. The
+escape of the French fleet, was, I dare say, consonant to these
+feminine feelings, and see what a dilemma it has thrown us into.
+
+"31st May.--Off Cape Clear.--I see Lord Bridport very frequently, who
+always inquires most kindly after you. His lordship, it may be
+believed, is not very well satisfied with the present state of
+affairs. We must hope that future good will result from apparent evil;
+but it must ever be regretted that the French fleet escaped from
+Brest, without being brought to action. I think it probable Sir Alan
+Gardner will have the command of a strong detachment, and proceed off
+Cape Finisterre; but what ships are to be attached to him will not be
+known until the separation takes place. Should the French fleet be
+gone up the Mediterranean, they will proceed on that station; in which
+case I hope the Cæsar will be one of Sir Alan's squadron. I am well
+provided for a long cruise. When I shall hear from you, Heaven alone
+knows! but I am endued with patience, after all our trials. The
+_éloge_ of Mr. Morgan, on our dear boy, is a great satisfaction to me,
+and no less so at knowing him to be where his morals will be attended
+to, equally with the other branches of his education.
+
+"June 9th.--My last will have led you to expect my being detached with
+Sir A. Gardner. We separated from Lord Bridport, Saturday, with
+sixteen sail of the line; and we are already the distance of Lisbon,
+with a fine breeze, steering for the Mediterranean. I almost fear we
+shall be too late, notwithstanding the expedition we are using. I fell
+in with a Dane, from whom I learned the French fleet had passed the
+Straits, and Lord St. Vincent after them.
+
+"Sunday 10th.--In going down with the information to the Admiral, we
+had the misfortune to carry away our fore-top-mast. I was not a little
+surprised to find Sir Alan with only the Magnificent and Russell, Sir
+Charles Cotton having been detached to the Mediterranean; thus I fear
+we shall be deprived sharing in the victory we hoped to obtain over
+the enemy's fleet. Our small squadron is returning towards Lisbon,
+instead of gaining the medals we made sure of.
+
+"14th.--Off Lisbon. We are anxiously waiting here for intelligence.
+The Admiral surprised me with the information that the object of our
+coming to Lisbon was to take away our prizes. He has ordered me in to
+accelerate their joining him."
+
+
+Sir Alexander Ball, in a letter to Sir James, dated off Malta, 27th
+April 1799, writes: "Be assured that your appointment to the Marines
+and the command of the Cæsar, which are given to you as a mark of the
+high estimation in which you are regarded by the Admiralty and the
+public, has given me more joy than I should have received from the
+appointment of any other person on the list, because I have had the
+satisfaction of witnessing your bravery, zeal, and ardour in the
+service. I am much pleased with your plan of the sword."
+
+
+The Commander-in-chief, supposing the destination of the French
+expedition to be Ireland, proceeded at once to Bantry Bay, where the
+fleet remained until the end of May; while the enemy passed the
+Straits of Gibraltar unmolested, having been on that occasion favoured
+by a gale of wind, which prevented the fleet under Lord Keith (though
+certainly very inferior) from bringing them to action. The French and
+Spanish fleets returned to Brest, unobserved, on the 21st of June.
+
+In the mean time a part of Lord Bridport's fleet, in which was the
+Cæsar, proceeded under command of Sir Alan Gardner to the Tagus, which
+it left on the 18th; and, cruising back, returned to Cawsand Bay on
+the 13th July. As the enemy showed no disposition to put to sea again,
+the Cæsar, and the rest of the fleet, remained quietly at Cawsand Bay,
+and subsequently at Torbay till the 2nd September, when they again
+sailed. In the course of the three ensuing months it put back three
+times; and finally, on the 8th of December 1799, when the Admiralty,
+being desirous of ascertaining whether Torbay was a safe anchorage for
+the fleet during the winter months, ordered the Cæsar to continue on
+that station for the trial, and at the same time placed the London, of
+98 guns, under the orders of Sir James. The tempestuous weather which
+prevailed during the rest of the month, and throughout January,
+afforded several occasions to determine the point. The London, during
+a heavy gale, parted her cables, and was with great difficulty
+preserved from going on shore, which left no doubt that it was an
+insecure and unfit post to shelter a fleet.
+
+On the 17th March 1800, Lord Bridport took command of the fleet, which
+was soon after increased to twenty-five sail of the line; but nothing
+remarkable occurred till the 18th of May, when a dreadful gale
+occasioned much damage to many of the ships. The wind was at first
+S.W. and blew with great violence, when it suddenly checked to the
+N.W., before the S.W. sea had time to subside: most of the fleet wore.
+The Lady Jane, Trompeuse, and Railleur foundered: the Montague lost
+all her masts, and several others met with damage. It appears by the
+log of the Cæsar that she continued for some time on the same tack,
+which may account for her having sustained little injury, although it
+mentions that she shipped several heavy seas. So tremendous was the
+rolling of the ship, that her lower yard-arms were at one time under
+water, while the carpenters stood by with their axes, to cut the masts
+away, if she had not righted. She did not bear up for Torbay with the
+rest of the fleet, but followed two days after, and, having
+replenished her water and provisions, resumed her station, from whence
+Sir James wrote a letter to Lady Saumarez, of which the following is
+an extract:
+
+   "Cæsar, 26th June, 1800.
+
+   "Of the enemy in this neighbourhood we know nothing, except of
+   their inactivity. I hope they do not mean to leave so fine a
+   fleet, as we have here, useless all the summer. Fear not my
+   complying with your injunctions. I shall more than ever strive
+   against _ennui_,--my greatest enemy, I believe, whilst in this
+   inactive state. I read when I can, but anxiety to hear from you,
+   and to have accounts of our darling children, has its share in
+   withdrawing my attention and fixing it on more interesting
+   subjects. Of one thing, however, be assured, that with respect
+   to the ship and all thereto belonging, I am as well situated as
+   possible. I enjoy the satisfaction of having a very quiet and
+   well-disposed ship's company, who are kept orderly, and, I
+   flatter myself, well regulated, without exercising severity or
+   rigour. The officers continue as I wish them. Captain Maxwell,
+   who joined some time ago, is an active, diligent officer in his
+   corps; and Mr. Packwood, as well as Mr. Holliday, our new
+   chaplain, are very good men in their respective stations.
+
+   "Although I find amusement in books, believe me your letters
+   form my sole delight, and tend more to lighten the time than all
+   the volumes in Hoxland's library."
+
+Sir James, after another cruise, returned on the 24th of July, to
+prepare for a service of more responsibility and importance.
+
+The French had now a large fleet at Brest, which appeared to be in a
+state of great forwardness; and, as they had before eluded the
+vigilance of the blockading ships, it was necessary to place a strong
+squadron near the Black Rocks to watch their motions, and to give the
+command of this advanced detachment to an officer of skill,
+experience, and intrepidity. Earl St. Vincent, who was now
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, knowing how highly Sir James
+Saumarez was qualified for such an important trust, gave him the
+following order to take command of the in-shore squadron:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed without a
+   moment's loss of time, in his Majesty's ship under your command,
+   off the Black Rocks, where you may expect to find his Majesty's
+   ships named in the margin,[24] which you are to take under your
+   command; their respective captains being instructed to obey your
+   orders: and having received from Captain Knight, of his
+   Majesty's ship Montague, authenticated copies of all orders and
+   papers in his possession relative to the command of the advanced
+   squadron, carry the same into execution until you receive
+   further orders.
+
+   You will also receive from Captain Knight a sealed secret
+   instruction, addressed to the officer commanding the advanced
+   squadron off the Black Rocks for the time being, which is on no
+   account to be opened, but under the circumstances thereon
+   directed.
+
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
+
+   [24] Magnificent, Defiance, Marlborough, and Edgar.
+
+   Copy of Instructions to the Senior Officer of the advanced
+   squadron off the Black Rocks.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your command
+   the advanced squadron, composed of his Majesty's ships named on
+   the other side hereof, (whose captains are instructed to obey
+   your orders,) stationed off the Black Rocks and in the Bay of
+   Brest, for the purpose of watching the combined fleets in that
+   port; adopting such measures as you shall judge necessary for
+   gaining every possible information of their force, condition,
+   and movements.
+
+   In the execution of this most important service, the
+   line-of-battle ships (composing the advanced squadron) are to be
+   anchored during an easterly wind in the Iroise Passage, as well
+   to support the look-out frigates, as to intercept a squadron of
+   the enemy which is held in constant readiness to slip out the
+   very first opportunity that shall offer; and during a westerly
+   wind, you are not to fail in making Brest every day, if
+   possible, but at all events to take such precautions as will
+   enable you to resume your former position in the Iroise, on the
+   first appearance of easterly wind.
+
+   You are to communicate to me from time to time every
+   intelligence you may obtain respecting the enemy; and in case he
+   should come out in great force, while the squadron under my
+   command is in this rendezvous, you are to give me immediate
+   notice thereof, and also the officers commanding the detachments
+   off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay; but, in
+   the event of my being compelled by tempestuous weather to take
+   shelter in Torbay, and of the enemy seizing that opportunity of
+   putting to sea, you are to give me information thereof by every
+   means in your power: taking under your command the detachments
+   off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay,
+   together with the ships named in the margin,[25] which are
+   directed to keep as near the Black Rocks as possible, under the
+   orders of Captain Sutton, for the support of your ships; and to
+   hang upon and use your utmost endeavours to harass the enemy's
+   rear until the approach of this squadron, which, you may be
+   assured, will be in pursuit.
+
+   Given on board the Royal George,
+   off Ushant, 7th August 1800.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir John Borlase Warren,
+   Bart. K.B. Rear-admiral of
+   the Blue, &c. &c. &c.
+   By command of the Admiral.
+   BEN. TUCKER.
+
+   An exact copy.  Given the 8th August 1800
+   JOHN BORLASE WARREN.
+
+   [25] Superb and Captain.
+
+Sir James now proceeded, in the Cæsar, to assume the important command
+off the Black Rocks, which had deservedly obtained the name of New
+Siberia, as being the least desirable of stations for a ship-of-war.
+It is, indeed, scarcely possible to describe any situation more
+miserable; for, besides being at the very entrance of a port
+containing twenty-five sail of the line ready for sea, which might
+slip out and attack the squadron of six, the ships are two-thirds
+surrounded with rocks and dangers, which afford no shelter; while they
+are open to the S.W. winds. They have often great difficulty in
+working out, sometimes against the tide as well as against the wind;
+and, in reconnoitring, they are exposed to the fire of the enemy on
+each side of Brest Water.
+
+The following extracts of private letters written by Sir James to Lady
+Saumarez, will be found interesting, as they convey the best idea of
+his situation.
+
+   Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, Sunday evening,
+   2d Sept. 1800.
+
+   _On dit_, but I do not believe it, that the French fleet is to
+   be ordered out by the First Consul, at all risks. We may
+   therefore expect to make _minced meat_ of them with our
+   seventeen three-deckers. We remain in sight of the enemy
+   unmolested by them. To-day I had the colours hoisted, to show
+   them Sunday was not expunged from _our_ calendar; and divine
+   service was performed on board.
+
+   Our boats have occasionally landed on some small islands near
+   this. Captain Buller purchased two nice little cows, one of
+   which he has spared me: it is so tame, the children could play
+   with it. It supplies me with milk, and cost me only three
+   guineas.
+
+   The Guernsey traders continue with the squadron; but, on account
+   of the spirits they sell to the ships, I wish them further off.
+   I have been obliged to be harsh with them, from this
+   circumstance; and I expect they will give a very bad report of
+   their countryman when they return to the island.
+
+
+   Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, Sept. 12th 1800.
+
+   Sir Henry Harvey has joined the fleet, which makes up the
+   complement of flags; and it remains to be proved if the Earl has
+   influence to effect what he so strenuously aims at respecting
+   the promotion. I form very sanguine hopes that peace will
+   shortly extend its blessed influence over these countries; and
+   that I shall have the satisfaction to enjoy, without
+   interruption, the sweets of domestic comfort. I certainly shall
+   avail myself of the earliest respite the service will enable me
+   to pass in the island; and I think I may have that opportunity
+   this winter; for if the war should be continued, there is no
+   doubt that a promotion would give me, at least, six weeks
+   interval from duty; at any rate, I see no reason for the future
+   affording you anxiety, as whether there, or in England, I depend
+   on our passing a considerable portion of the winter together. I
+   hope Master Saumarez knows his alpha, beta, &c. by heart. When
+   convenient to the young gentleman, I shall be glad that he will
+   take the trouble to transcribe it for me to Omega, as I have no
+   Greek grammar by me. I can readily believe the difficulty that
+   attends fixing the little ladies to the French grammar, whose
+   particularly quick and lively temper is not much suited to so
+   tedious a process. I think, notwithstanding, it is the best
+   method, especially as the same grammatical rules are adapted to
+   any language, which they will find useful hereafter. Dancing, no
+   doubt, has more attractions. I trust they have quite got rid of
+   their colds: their papa has also had a very severe one, and kept
+   his cabin for two days; but he is now perfectly recovered.
+
+   September 18th. I admire N., with his comments on Colchester.
+   When you next write, recommend him to try the Black Rocks in a
+   thick fog, and no chance of letters from England: he will find
+   even Norman Cross preferable. I, however, believe I have done
+   with that anchorage for some time, as the wind is set in to the
+   westward; and I shall now cruise to prevent vessels going into
+   Brest.
+
+   I am happy to say I am perfectly well. I trust my nerves will
+   prove equal to the task; as I have before often told you, they
+   generally strengthen with difficulties.
+
+   I mean to make this cruise long enough to entitle me to a
+   relief, therefore do not expect me in port as long as I can keep
+   the sea.
+
+Sir James immediately gave such orders and regulations as would best
+guard against, or overcome, the difficulties inseparable from such a
+service; and, with the prospect of a long winter before him, he sent
+these regulations, and a list of the rendezvous appointed by him, to
+the commander-in-chief, whose letter to Sir James, in answer, is
+expressive of the high opinion he entertained of him.
+
+   Ville de Paris, off Ushant, 15th Sept. 1800.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Nothing can be more appropriate than the different rendezvous
+   you have sent me a copy of; your change of position must
+   fluctuate according to the sudden changes of the weather, which
+   are to be looked for soon. I repose such unbounded confidence in
+   your zeal and judgment that _I sleep as soundly as if I had the
+   key of Brest in my possession_.
+
+   Sir Richard Strachan and Captain Buller, in the Captain and
+   Edgar, will relieve two of the ships which last joined you as
+   soon as they return to this rendezvous, and the Canada will
+   relieve the third. As I have applied for Captain Foley's leave
+   of absence on very important private business, I wish the
+   Elephant to be the first sent to me. I am, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+It was supposed that the Brest fleet would take advantage of the
+equinoctial gales, which were now approaching, and slip out as before,
+when the in-shore squadron was blown off, or compelled to bear up for
+Torbay; but Sir James had determined on frustrating their attempt. On
+the 23rd a heavy gale came on, which, in former instances, would have
+obliged the in-shore squadron to abandon the post; but, instead of
+bearing up for Torbay when no longer able to maintain his position,
+Sir James steered for Douvarnenez Bay, where he anchored with the
+whole squadron, just out of range of the enemy's mortar batteries,
+which soon tried their shells, but without effect.
+
+Here his squadron struck top-masts and lower yards, and rode out all
+the equinoctial gales, actually in the enemy's harbour, within a few
+miles of their whole fleet of four times his force, and in perfect
+safety! The gale had been very severe; and although Earl St. Vincent,
+who was obliged to run with his fleet for Torbay, had no fears for the
+safety of the in-shore squadron, relying as he did on the experience
+and skill of Sir James, yet the Admiralty were in a considerable state
+of alarm until the following account of his proceedings was received:
+
+   TO THE RIGHT HON. EARL SPENCER.
+   Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th Sept. 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   On the supposition that the fleet may have been driven from
+   their station by the late tempestuous weather, and as some
+   anxiety may be excited for the safety of this squadron, I take
+   the opportunity by the Marlborough to inform your lordship of my
+   having anchored in this bay last Tuesday evening, with the ships
+   under my command, where we have ridden the gale out in perfect
+   safety, together with the Montague and Naiad, which ships
+   anchored here on Wednesday.
+
+   This is a most spacious bay, and may be considered safe
+   anchorage in any weather: it lies about four leagues to the
+   southward of Brest; from which port it is only separated about
+   five miles by land, over a mountainous and hilly country. As the
+   same winds that enable the enemy's fleet to put to sea, also
+   lead out of this bay, we can always be in time for them; and
+   this appears the most favourable position to prevent their
+   coasting convoys coming from the southern ports. The enemy has
+   endeavoured to annoy the squadron with shells, but at too great
+   a distance to reach any of the ships, and the whole fleet may
+   lie in perfect safety from any of the batteries.
+
+   I purpose to remain here until the weather becomes more
+   moderate, to enable me to resume the station off the Black
+   Rocks. In the mean time, ships will occasionally be detached to
+   watch the motions of the enemy in Brest Water. I have the honour
+   to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+In answer to this, Sir James received the following letter from Earl
+Spencer, then First Lord of the Admiralty.
+
+   Admiralty, 30th Sept. 1800.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 26th, dated from
+   Douvarnenez Bay, and was much pleased to find that you had got
+   hold of that anchorage, as I felt very uneasy at your absence
+   during the late gales. I should rather doubt whether that bay
+   could be capacious enough for a large fleet to anchor in without
+   danger from the batteries; but I have always hoped that some of
+   our small squadron might avail themselves of that resource on
+   such an occasion as that which has presented itself to you; and
+   I have no doubt that the doing so will much assist the
+   occupation of our fleet off Brest.
+
+   Believe me, dear sir,
+   Your very faithful humble servant,
+
+   SPENCER.
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+Sir James, at the same time, wrote to Earl St. Vincent by the
+Marlborough, giving his lordship an account of his proceedings, which
+could not but be highly satisfactory.
+
+   Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th September 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   The weather not having admitted the stores and provisions to be
+   taken out of the Marlborough whilst under sail, I bore up for
+   this anchorage with the squadron; and early Wednesday morning
+   the boats were all employed in conveying the water and
+   provisions to the squadron: but it having continued to blow
+   excessively hard from that time, it was not until this morning
+   we have been enabled to accomplish this service.
+
+   The Montague and Naiad anchored in the bay Wednesday morning,
+   and are now under sail. It has blown a very severe gale of wind
+   at north-west the last two days, and we have saved considerable
+   wear and tear to all the ships by having taken this anchorage in
+   good time.
+
+   I propose to remain here during the continuation of westerly
+   winds, or until the weather enables me to resume the station off
+   the Black Rocks; detaching ships occasionally to watch the
+   enemy's motions.
+
+   I have the honour to be Your lordship's most obedient and most
+   humble servant,
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The following is an extract of a letter which Sir James wrote to Lady
+Saumarez, and sent by the same opportunity. It will be found to give
+an accurate description of the important anchorage of which he was the
+first who was so daring as to take advantage in stormy weather, with
+the squadron under his command.
+
+   Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, Sept. 24th, 1800.
+
+   We anchored at eleven last night, and this morning found
+   ourselves in one of the finest bays I have ever seen. It is far
+   more spacious than Torbay, and much more enclosed; consequently
+   more secure against all winds. It is the same distance from
+   Brest by sea as Dartmouth is from Torbay; and by land the same
+   as from Brixham, not being more than five miles across, over a
+   hilly country; substituting the Bec de Chèvre for the Berry
+   Head, and it exactly forms the counter part to Torbay. It
+   abounds with the finest fish, of which we shall profit.
+
+   As it is not possible for the ships to sail from Brest but with
+   an easterly wind, which blows directly out of this bay, we can
+   always be beforehand with them.
+
+   25th.--It has continued to blow hard since we entered this bay,
+   and it has now risen to a severe storm. I wish you knew how
+   well sheltered we are in this famous anchorage. Captain
+   Pierrepont has been with me since yesterday: he has been near
+   fourteen weeks at sea, and, as you may suppose, very tired. I am
+   better satisfied with my situation than since I have been in the
+   Channel fleet, and find it far preferable to being attached to
+   it.
+
+   Monday, 29th Sept.
+
+   I trust my letter by the Marlborough has reached you this
+   morning, which will have set your mind at ease as to our safety
+   after the gales we encountered last week. I wrote to you
+   yesterday, but too hastily to express, as I wished, the
+   happiness I derived from having just received your letters of
+   the 15th and 19th. They had been too long and too anxiously
+   looked for not to receive the most cordial and heartfelt
+   welcome. I am in hourly expectation of seeing the fleet, the
+   letters from the Earl acquainting me with his intention of
+   putting to sea the moment the weather moderated. The Superb,
+   with Centaur and Warrior, hove in sight this afternoon,--the
+   only ships I have seen since last Tuesday, when I went into
+   Douvarnenez Bay; and I have the satisfaction to reflect that,
+   notwithstanding the tempestuous weather, this squadron has been
+   enabled to keep its station, although all the other detachments
+   have been driven from theirs. Now that your letter gives me
+   reason to believe you entertain serious thoughts of going to
+   Guernsey, like your father I lose my courage at the prospect of
+   it. I sincerely wish I had never suggested the idea, which I was
+   induced to do from the hope of the war being over, and that you
+   would pass the winter more comfortably than in England during
+   the dreary months. I am now become a very coward on the subject,
+   and leave it to you to determine as you think best; at the same
+   time assuring you that I shall endeavour to be reconciled to
+   whatever plan is adopted which is most likely to conduce to your
+   comfort. Your account of our dear girls gives me the most
+   heartfelt satisfaction, and of the increasing strength of the
+   sweet dove in particular, whom I truly long to behold,--a
+   happiness I still hope to enjoy ere many weeks are elapsed. I
+   shall expect a letter from the dear boy by the next opportunity
+   from Plymouth.
+
+The next letter to the Earl of St. Vincent gives an account of the
+further proceedings of his squadron, and the situation of the enemy's
+fleet in Brest, which proves how successful his endeavours had been in
+preventing its meditated escape.
+
+   Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, 28th September 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Soon after I despatched my letter by the Marlborough, dated from
+   Douvarnenez Bay, the wind having shifted to the northward, I got
+   under sail with the squadron; but in the evening it came to the
+   south-west, with thick weather: I returned to the anchorage, as
+   did Captain Knight, with the Montague and Naiad.
+
+   It continued to blow very strong till yesterday noon, when the
+   wind suddenly shifted to N. and N. by E. I immediately got under
+   sail, and stood out of the bay; the Pompée leaving a
+   bower-anchor, her cable having parted in endeavouring to weigh
+   it. From the report of several signal-guns fired in Brest soon
+   after the sudden change of wind, I have no doubt of the
+   preparatory movements of the enemy to put to sea, had the wind
+   continued favourable for them; and I carried a press of sail
+   during the night, in order to be off St. Matthew's Point early
+   this morning to watch their motions.
+
+   I had a full view of the enemy's fleet, and counted twenty-two
+   sail with their top-gallant-masts struck, but apparently ready
+   for sea. Having made the signal to the Megæra to reconnoitre, I
+   beg to refer your lordship to Captain Hill for a more particular
+   report of their state and numbers.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   His Majesty's ship Montague, with the Naiad, and Suwarrow
+   schooner, went through the bay yesterday evening.
+
+
+   Ville de Paris, Torbay, 4th October, 1800.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several letters of the
+   25th, 26th, 28th ultimo, and 1st instant, detailing your
+   proceedings with his Majesty's ships under your orders; the
+   whole of which I very much approve, particularly the taking
+   under your command Captains Sutton and King, with the ships and
+   vessels attached to them: and you will herewith receive orders
+   to their respective captains and commanders to put themselves
+   under your command, and obey your orders for their future
+   proceedings in the important duty of watching the combined
+   fleets.
+
+   I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+By this bold and unexpected step, (which the French have since
+characterised as a piece of _impudence_,) Sir James completely
+frustrated the meditated escape of the combined fleets, which were
+now thirty-two in number, seven of which were three-deckers. He had,
+moreover, the honour of being the first to defy the enemy in his own
+anchorage, proving at the same time that it would not be so easy as
+formerly to elude the vigilance of the advanced squadron.
+
+The weather having moderated after the second return to Douvarnenez
+Bay, the squadron resumed the anchorage near the Black Rocks, daily
+reconnoitring the enemy, destroying several small vessels which
+attempted to get in, and keeping under sail when the wind was
+westerly. In continuation to Lady Saumarez he writes:
+
+   Oct. 4th 1800.
+
+   The anxiety inseparable from this cruise is very considerably
+   alleviated from knowing the fleet is in port, which must prove
+   of the greatest benefit both to officers and men, and to the
+   service in general. I find the rumours of peace are vanished,
+   and that war is determined upon. I trust events will be
+   favourable to this country. There is no doubt the French are
+   much distressed for provisions in the neighbourhood of Brest,
+   and that discontent prevails among their troops, who are
+   ill-paid, ill-fed, and badly clothed. It is horrid to see the
+   leading men of all nations so infatuated for war, at a time
+   peace is so much to be desired for the sake of humanity.
+
+   Cæsar, Bay of Brest, 18th Oct.
+
+   The delightful weather we have enjoyed this last week has
+   enabled me to remain at anchor off the Black Rocks. They have
+   lost their gloom from the serene atmosphere, but more
+   particularly from having had such frequent tidings from you, as
+   scarce a day has passed (I believe not one) without being joined
+   by something from the fleet. Yesterday, the Earl sent me a
+   message that he expected my flag to be hoisted in a very few
+   days; and Troubridge writes to me the promotion was to extend to
+   Sir Edward Pellew; and,--what think you!--that Lord St. Vincent
+   has actually written for Captain Brenton to be appointed my
+   flag-captain. His lordship, in his letter, tells me that Capt.
+   Thornbrough is to remain in the Mars, and will relieve me here,
+   if the measure he has proposed is acceded to: so you may
+   perceive I have some grounds on which to form my hopes; but I do
+   not wish _you_ to dwell too much upon it.
+
+   21st.--I am now _solus_. Captain Brenton, who I mentioned had
+   been staying with me, is gone to the Ville de Paris. I know no
+   one I should prefer as captain under my flag. He is a steady,
+   sensible, good officer, and of great experience, having served
+   several years with admirals as a lieutenant. Captain Cook dined
+   with me to-day on a _Black Rock_ dinner, viz. a fine piece of
+   salmon and a nice little _cochon-de-lait_, with _entremêts_,
+   removes, &c. The salmon was sent me with a basket of vegetables
+   from Plymouth, I suspect from Captain Markham; the roaster was a
+   present from Captain Hood, who, being under sail, could not dine
+   with me. I mention these trifles because I know they please you.
+   The boats occasionally go to the small islands and procure
+   bullocks, &c.; and, as fast as the stock is purchased, they
+   contrive to replenish it from the mainland,--a proof they are
+   well satisfied with the price we pay for it, which is fixed by
+   themselves.
+
+   26th Oct.--After near a fortnight passed at what the Earl now
+   calls the Elysian Lake (instead of Siberia), a westerly wind
+   compelled me to get under sail yesterday afternoon; and it was
+   fortunate that I did so, as it has blown a gale since that time.
+   By the Megæra, which has joined me this evening, I find the
+   fleet is to go to Torbay; and, from what Sir Thomas Troubridge
+   writes, I conjecture the Earl intends to go on shore part of the
+   winter.... While we remained at an anchor the boats of the
+   squadron were occasionally detached in pursuit of the enemy's
+   vessels. Last Monday they chased one close under the batteries
+   at the entrance of Brest, which has afforded me an opportunity
+   of making favourable mention of Mr. Lamborn and Mr. Wood, who
+   were employed on that service. The Earl has desired me to send
+   the latter to him to be promoted. The Canada, which was ordered
+   to cover the boats, took possession of three Spaniards belonging
+   to the Principe de Asturias, Don Gravina's flag-ship, who were
+   fishing in a small boat. They are to be returned without being
+   exchanged, agreeably to what I suggested, and I shall send in a
+   flag of truce the first favourable weather. We were so
+   comfortably anchored the last fortnight, and so agreeably
+   employed, that it has nearly spoilt me for the remainder of the
+   cruise. Of the promotion nothing further is said, and I have not
+   heard when I am to be released. If I am kept out much longer,
+   and have the duty of an admiral without my flag, I fear I shall
+   grow _sulky_ and impatient. It is not improbable Captain Sutton
+   may relieve me in the charge of this squadron, as I doubt Sir
+   Edward Pellew being yet ready. I fear the second return of the
+   fleet will have again set your heart palpitating, and caused you
+   another disappointment at the Cæsar not being with it.
+
+   October 30th.--Yesterday I received a very civil reply to the
+   letter I wrote to Don Gravina, who wishes that I may live many
+   thousand years. The French received the officer from the Canada
+   who was entrusted with the flag of truce with great politeness.
+   I sent Maingy from this ship as interpreter. They remained at
+   Camaret till the following morning. You will not be displeased
+   to hear that the Cæsar must go into port _from necessity_,
+   having sprung her main-yard; but, if possible, I shall delay it
+   three or four weeks longer, notwithstanding my _threat_ of
+   losing patience. I shall depend on finding you at Dartmouth.
+
+   Cæsar, Nov. 1st.
+
+   I remain without any of your letters since the 20th, which I
+   feel a grievous circumstance, particularly at this time, when I
+   am left in doubt whether you are still at Dartmouth, or gone to
+   Bath. This morning I experienced a severe disappointment. The
+   Nile cutter, whose tardy approach for four hours was anxiously
+   waited for, at last joined without any letters, having left
+   Plymouth with sealed orders. We have such blessed weather at
+   present that it is almost impious to be discontented; yet I
+   cannot enjoy it while I remain so long without hearing from you.
+   I accuse the Earl of indifference to the comfort of those whom
+   it is incumbent on him to attend to. Since he has left this
+   station there has been scarcely a day that the wind has not been
+   favourable for vessels to join us. A fortnight or three weeks
+   more and I hope my turn will come, when, if things do not meet
+   my expectations, I shall be tempted to take leave of the good
+   ship, and look out for a snug cottage to pass some time in the
+   enjoyment of your society. I am serious, _je t'assure_. I
+   understand Sir Hyde Parker is to command in the absence of the
+   chief. _Cela ne me plait pas aucunement_; for, after having been
+   employed upon this important and arduous service with
+   acknowledged credit, I shall certainly very ill brook being
+   hurried out of port in the usual manner to serve with him: I
+   therefore _go on shore_ unless my views are complied with. I
+   hope to-morrow to have letters from you to acknowledge the
+   receipt of. At present I am much out of humour, and with too
+   much cause to be easily reconciled on any other terms but of
+   hearing from you.
+
+   2nd.--Another disappointment this morning, having been joined by
+   a lugger which we hoped had letters, but which proves to be from
+   another quarter. I look for the Nimrod: if she joins us
+   to-morrow I shall be satisfied. It has blown strong all day,
+   with very thick weather. I hope for better success, but I still
+   continue out of temper.
+
+   3rd.--The Superb, which has been in sight since daylight, is at
+   last joining. Imagine my impatience after a whole fortnight
+   since the date of your last letter. Captain Sutton, who is now
+   with me, has not brought a single letter. I send this by the
+   Courageux, and have only time to say that the Edgar is hourly
+   expected, and possibly we may be more fortunate. A ship is in
+   sight: I hope it is her.
+
+On the 9th of November the fleet experienced one of the severest gales
+ever known, which did immense damage to the shipping; but, except the
+loss of some storm-sails, the Cæsar sustained no injury; while several
+of the others lost masts and yards, obliging them to return to port.
+But Sir James kept his station; indeed, during the whole fifteen weeks
+he had the command, not a vessel either sailed from, or entered, the
+harbour of Brest.
+
+At last, seeing their escape impossible, they began to dismantle the
+ships; and Sir James received the following letter from Earl St.
+Vincent:
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   The Impetueux took in her guns this day, and Sir Edward Pellew
+   will receive his orders to-morrow morning; and, if the wind
+   favours his getting out of Hamoaze, he will be with you in the
+   course of the week. You will receive by him orders to proceed to
+   Spithead; but I shall be very glad to see you here _en route_,
+   and I will inform Lady Saumarez by to-morrow's post of your
+   probable approach.
+
+   Lord Spencer has been fully impressed by me of the long and
+   arduous service you have undergone, and seems well disposed to
+   give you the respite so justly due to the cheerfulness with
+   which you have conducted the most important employment of this
+   war. I am not in the secret when the promotion is to take
+   effect. Private letters from town and the newspapers are full of
+   it, and I am morally certain it will be out soon; for one of the
+   ninety-gun ships, commanded by an officer very near the head of
+   the list of captains, is nominated for Sir Erasmus Gower's flag,
+   which appears conclusive.
+
+   Sir Hyde Parker has asked leave of absence; and, as the size of
+   the fleet of observation is much reduced, I conceive it will be
+   granted.
+
+   Yours, most truly,
+   Torr Abbey, 2nd December, 1800.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+The following extract, which alludes to the preceding, was written by
+Sir James to Lady Saumarez on the
+
+   29th Dec.--The Earl informs me of his intention to write to you.
+   I perceive he is resolved to become a favourite of yours by his
+   attention. The order for the Cæsar to anchor in Torbay for
+   twenty-four hours, on her way to Portsmouth, will not lessen his
+   favour with you. After this, I suppose I cannot do less than
+   invite you to take a passage in the ship with your two dear
+   little companions; but it must be on condition that the weather
+   is propitious to my views.
+
+The station off the Black Rocks had hitherto been considered tenable
+only by frigates during the winter; on which service three or four
+were annually employed; but which, like the Channel fleet,
+occasionally took refuge in Torbay. It had been, however, resolved
+upon by Earl St. Vincent to form an advanced squadron of six sail of
+the line; and Sir James, as we have before stated, was the officer
+selected to proceed on this arduous and important undertaking. None
+but professional men who have been in that anxious and perilous
+service can have any idea of its difficulties. In such a situation the
+commanding-officer must consider himself constantly in the scene of
+action, surrounded by dangers of every description, exposed to the
+violence of storms, and sailing amidst a multitude of rocks and
+variable currents, in the longest and darkest nights, and often on a
+lee-shore on the enemy's coast, while the whole of their fleet is
+near, and ready to take advantage of any disaster, or change of wind
+or circumstance that might arise in their favour.
+
+It has already been shown that Sir James performed this duty to the
+entire satisfaction of the noble Earl, and to the country. No storm
+ever obliged him to leave his station, which has justly been
+denominated _the post of honour_.
+
+We cannot conclude this chapter with more satisfaction than by
+subjoining the following interesting correspondence between Sir James
+and Earl Spencer, which no longer need be characterised as "secret."
+
+   _Secret and confidential._
+
+   Cæsar off Ushant, 20th June 1800.
+
+   At this time, when a proper example should be set to the seamen
+   of his Majesty's fleet, and a due sense of religion and the
+   practice of it kept up in the royal navy, permit me to suggest
+   to your lordship the propriety of a strong recommendation from
+   the Board of Admiralty to the commanders-in-chief on the
+   different stations (more particularly the Channel fleet) that
+   they will cause the public worship of Almighty God to be duly
+   and regularly performed on board the ships under their command,
+   and that nothing but the most pressing exigency shall prevent
+   Divine service from being publicly read every Sunday on board
+   the respective ships.
+
+   It is from the too flagrant neglect of this most essential part
+   of our duty that I have been impelled to write _in confidence_
+   to your lordship on the subject, with the hope that proper means
+   will be adopted to rectify it.
+
+   We have signals to denote that the ship's companies will have
+   time for dinner or breakfast; why should there not be one to
+   signify that they will have time for the performance of Divine
+   service? Were such a signal to be made from the ship of the
+   commander-in-chief on Sunday morning, it would be generally
+   followed by all the fleet, as they would then know the Admiral's
+   intention to give time for that purpose.
+
+   I trust that your lordship will do justice to the motives that
+   have induced me to write on the present subject, which I have
+   long had in contemplation, and which I have now decided upon
+   from the apprehensions that seem to be entertained of
+   disturbances among the seamen of this fleet, as I know nothing
+   that will contribute more to keep them in the right line of
+   their duty than a proper attention to religious principles, the
+   example to which should be set them by their officers.
+
+   I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard,
+   Your lordship's most faithful
+   and obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
+
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, and am
+   much obliged to you for the hint contained in it. You must be
+   aware how delicate a matter it is for me to interfere in a
+   detail of this description. I shall not, however, fail to make
+   such use of the suggestion as may appear to me to come within
+   the bounds of propriety, and may very probably produce the
+   desired effect.
+
+   I trust that the present alarm, which has been excited by
+   several circumstances of a suspicious nature, may prove
+   groundless; and I feel very strongly that nothing can more
+   probably contribute to make it so than every precaution being
+   taken in time to prevent an evil, which experience has already
+   proved to us, if suffered once to begin, is so very difficult to
+   remedy.
+
+   I am, dear sir,
+   Your very obedient humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+   Admiralty, June 1800.
+
+The Cæsar arrived at Torbay on the 14th December, and on the 21st
+reached Spithead, where she remained during the rest of the year
+1800.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1801.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of
+   Rear-admiral.--Appointed to command the advanced
+   squadron.--Proceedings at the Black Rocks.--Douvarnenez
+   Bay.--Returns to England.--Appointed to command a squadron on a
+   very particular service.--His secret orders, &c. and letter of
+   approbation.--Ready for sea.--Is created a Baronet of the United
+   Kingdom.
+
+
+On the 1st of January 1801, a promotion of flag-officers took place,
+in order, it was said, to include the name of Sir James Saumarez; and
+this flattering compliment was immediately followed by a further
+honour, in his being ordered forthwith to hoist his flag on board his
+old ship, the Cæsar; while Lieutenant Henryson, who was senior in that
+ship, was promoted to the rank of commander. Sir James being ordered
+to fit for the same service in which he had lately been so
+successfully employed, Captain Jahleel Brenton, who had been
+recommended by Earl St. Vincent, and who had been a volunteer during
+the last cruise, was appointed to the Cæsar as his captain.
+
+On the 6th of January the ship came out of harbour, and having
+received her guns, and her stores and provisions for six months, the
+flag of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez was hoisted on the 24th; and
+on the 25th of February he sailed to resume the command of the
+in-shore squadron off Brest, but joined the Channel fleet at Torbay on
+the way thither. On the 7th March he arrived off the Black Rocks,
+where he relieved Admiral Thornbrough, and soon afterwards
+reconnoitred the harbour of Brest. On the 20th, the severe equinoctial
+gale forced the squadron into Douvarnenez Bay, where the ships
+anchored in eighteen fathoms, just out of reach of the enemy's shot.
+Here they remained, as much at their ease in the enemy's harbour as
+they would have been at Spithead, and were never molested. On the 25th
+March, after two attempts to work out of the bay, the squadron resumed
+their station at the Black Rocks.
+
+The following is extracted from a letter from one of the officers of
+the Cæsar, dated 26th March:
+
+   Our advanced squadron of the Channel fleet, commanded by Sir
+   James Saumarez, never quitted the French coast during the late
+   stormy weather. We anchored during the late violent gales in
+   Douvarnenez Bay, which is, in my opinion, one of the finest in
+   the universe. It is sheltered from every wind but those from W.
+   1/2 N. to W. 1/2 S.; and even that opening is protected by a
+   reef of rocks. Although the height of the gale was in the worst
+   direction it could have been, yet, having no very considerable
+   sea, we rode it out remarkably well. We lay, much to the
+   disappointment of the enemy, just out of gun-shot of the forts.
+   They favoured us, however, with some shells. We found, upon our
+   re-appearance off Brest, that six Spaniards had equiped
+   themselves, in addition to six Frenchmen, probably with a design
+   to attack us.
+
+The Government having been relieved from their anxiety for the safety
+of the in-shore squadron by a despatch from Sir James, Earl St.
+Vincent, who was now First Lord of the Admiralty, wrote to him the
+following letter of approbation:
+
+     Admiralty, 1st April 1801.
+
+     MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+     The manner in which you have conducted the advanced squadron
+     calls upon me to repeat my admiration of it. Your taking the
+     anchorage in Douvarnenez Bay during the late equinoctial gales
+     has been of the utmost importance, and prevented the crippling
+     of one or more of your squadron. I heartily hope you continue
+     in good health, for which and every other blessing you have the
+     fervent wishes of
+     Your very sincere and obedient servant,
+     ST. VINCENT.
+
+     To R.A. Sir James Saumarez.
+
+During the whole of this month, Sir James kept his squadron generally
+within three or four miles of the entrance of Brest, from which it was
+never further than as many leagues. In this situation, and by
+frequently reconnoitring in his own ship, he was enabled to watch the
+preparations of the enemy, and to frustrate their designs to attack
+his squadron with a superior force; while he so completely blockaded
+their port that, as when he formerly commanded, no square-rigged
+vessel ever entered it, thereby preventing the necessary supplies of
+stores and provisions from reaching the depôt of their navy. Nor did a
+single vessel escape the unwearied vigilance and perseverance of the
+advanced squadron during the whole time it was under his command.
+
+Early in May, letters reached him from Guernsey, intimating the great
+apprehension his countrymen were under of invasion by the enemy; when
+he wrote to Sir Thomas Troubridge, then one of the Lords of the
+Admiralty, who sent the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty, 17th May 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Many thanks for your kind letter of the 6th instant. I am sorry
+   our _French friends_ do not come out, that you may teach them
+   _English_. The Gazette[26] will show you that our soldiers are
+   getting into the habits of fighting.
+
+   We heard of the miscreants' intentions on the islands; and I
+   have sent over several gun-brigs, gun-barges, frigates, sloops,
+   &c. and a few additional troops. There are 5,000 regulars at
+   Jersey, and some more going soon, so that I think they have
+   little chance of success if they make the attempt; but it
+   appears to me that the different powers cannot look on without
+   interfering, and stopping the progress of the villains. In
+   short, I hope to see them soon weighed down in a congress.
+
+   Lord St. Vincent's cough is better, and the warm weather will
+   re-establish him. I beg you to give my best compliments to
+   Brenton. Believe me
+
+   Yours most faithfully,
+   THOMAS TROUBRIDGE.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   [26] Battle of Alexandria.
+
+Thus released from the painful anxiety for the safety of the Channel
+islands, where so many of his dearest connexions resided, he wrote the
+following letter to his brother, Sir Thomas Saumarez, who was at that
+time in command of the local force in Guernsey:
+
+   Cæsar, off Ushant, 30th May 1801.
+
+   I have received your kind letter of the 17th, and am happy to
+   hear that a considerable force has been sent for the protection
+   of Guernsey and the other islands. They cannot be too well taken
+   care of, when we consider the infinite mischief they would do to
+   Great Britain, should they fall into the enemy's hands.
+
+   I am in daily expectation of being relieved by Admiral
+   Thornbrough, after a fourteen weeks' cruise, which is rather a
+   longer period than the Earl intended when I sailed from
+   Spithead. Brenton is everything that can be desired. I have
+   found in him a most excellent officer and a most agreeable
+   companion.
+
+It appears by his journal, that on the following day he received the
+welcome orders which put an end to his long and harassing cruise; also
+a private letter of importance from Earl Spencer: and, being relieved
+by Admiral Thornbrough on the 1st of June, he arrived on the 2nd at
+Cawsand Bay. Having reported the return of the Cæsar, he received in
+answer the following letters from Earl St. Vincent and Mr. Nepean:
+
+   MY DEAR SIR, Admiralty, 4th June 1801.
+
+   I am glad the Cæsar is in Cawsand Bay, because you will be the
+   sooner informed of his Majesty's most gracious intentions
+   towards you, in which I have greater pleasure than I can
+   express, as you are to be placed at the head of a detached
+   squadron destined for a very important service, at no great
+   distance from home. I hope the Cæsar will not be long in fitting
+   up.
+
+   Yours most truly,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   Admiralty Office, 4th June 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, your letter to me of the 2nd instant, acquainting
+   me, for their lordships' information, of your arrival in H.M.S.
+   Cæsar, in Cawsand Bay, in pursuance of orders from Admiral
+   Cornwallis, a copy of which you have enclosed: and I have their
+   lordships' commands to signify their directions to you to use
+   every exertion in completing the stores and provisions of the
+   said ship, as also of the Spencer; and, having so done, remain
+   with the said ships in Cawsand Bay, in constant readiness to
+   proceed on service, when you shall receive their lordships'
+   orders for that purpose.
+
+   I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+The following is the reply to Earl St. Vincent's letter of the 4th
+June, dated
+
+   Cæsar, Cawsand Bay, 6th June.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Previously to receiving the honour of your lordship's letter, I
+   had been informed by Earl Spencer of his Majesty's gracious
+   intentions; and I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments for
+   the part your lordship has taken in obtaining for me this mark
+   of the royal favour.
+
+   I am much flattered by the communication your lordship has the
+   goodness to make of having nominated me for the command of a
+   squadron to be employed on a very particular service; and I beg
+   your lordship will be assured of my most zealous exertions for
+   the promotion of every part of it. I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent, &c.
+
+On the 7th of June, Sir James received the following communication
+from the Lords of the Admiralty, which could not fail to afford him
+the highest gratification.
+
+   Most secret.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.
+
+   Whereas we have received information that a squadron consisting
+   of five Spanish ships of the line, which lately sailed from
+   Ferrol, have arrived at Cadiz; and that great exertions are now
+   making at the last-mentioned place for the equipment of a
+   further naval force, for the purpose (it is alleged) of an
+   attack upon Portugal; we send you herewith copies of the several
+   letters containing the information mentioned: and do hereby
+   direct you, on the arrival of the Hannibal, Audacious, and
+   Thames, at Plymouth, to take them under your command, (their
+   captains being directed to follow your orders,) as also the
+   Spencer, and either the Juste, Pompée, or Courageux, now in
+   Cawsand Bay, whichever may first be ready, and proceed with them
+   and the Cæsar, with as little delay as possible, off Cadiz,
+   where you may expect to be joined by the Venerable and Superb,
+   which ships you are also to take under your command; and use
+   your best endeavours to prevent the enemy's ships at that port
+   from putting to sea, or to take or destroy them should they sail
+   from thence.
+
+   In the event of the enemy's squadron getting out of Cadiz
+   undiscovered, either before or after your arrival off that
+   place, you are to follow it, according to any well-grounded
+   intelligence you may be able to obtain of it; but you are not to
+   proceed in quest of it to any distant station, unless you should
+   receive such information as shall leave no doubt of the
+   certainty of the enemy's destination. If you should not be able
+   to obtain any information of the enemy's squadron so as to
+   enable you to follow it, you are in that case to repair with the
+   ships under your command off the Straits, and send into Tangier
+   and Gibraltar, and, finding that it has proceeded up the
+   Mediterranean, to follow it; but, not gaining any intelligence
+   of it, you are to resume your station off Cadiz, and remain
+   there until you shall receive some information whereby your
+   proceedings may be regulated.
+
+   And whereas it has been represented to us that three Portuguese
+   ships of the line are now fitting out in the Tagus for the
+   purpose of joining you and serving under your orders, you are,
+   on the arrival of the said ships, to take them under your
+   command, and employ them in such manner as you may judge most
+   advisable in carrying these, or any other orders you may receive
+   from us or from Admiral Lord Keith, (under whose command you are
+   to consider yourself,) into execution. And whereas we have
+   directed Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley to order one of the hired
+   brigs, and either a cutter or lugger, to follow your orders; you
+   are to take the commanders of these vessels under your command,
+   and, on your repairing to your station, you are to send one of
+   them into the Tagus for the purpose of apprizing his Majesty's
+   minister there of your situation, and for obtaining from him
+   such intelligence as he may have to give you.
+
+   Whilst you remain on this service, you are to send occasionally
+   to Lisbon for intelligence, and to keep a good look-out for any
+   French squadron which may attempt either to join the Spanish
+   ships at Cadiz, or to pass through the Straits; and to use your
+   best endeavours to intercept, and to take or destroy it, if the
+   force you may have with you should be sufficient to enable you
+   to do so; taking care to avoid it in time, if the enemy's force
+   should be so superior to that under your command as to render it
+   improper for you to attack it; in which case it is left to your
+   discretion to act as circumstances shall require: using,
+   however, every possible exertion to join the commander-in-chief
+   of his Majesty's ships in the Mediterranean, or to fall in with
+   the same detachment of his Majesty's ships; and, so soon as you
+   shall have collected such a force as may be sufficient to enable
+   you to attack the enemy's squadron, you are to proceed in quest
+   of it, and, upon falling in with it, to bring it to action.
+
+   In case you should get sight of a French squadron, or should
+   obtain certain information that such squadron has passed the
+   Straits, you are no longer to attend to the Spanish ships in
+   Cadiz, but to consider the capture or destruction of the French
+   squadron as the principal object to which your exertions are to
+   be directed; and, in the event of your following any squadron
+   into the Mediterranean, you are to send an account thereof to
+   our secretary, as well as to Admiral Lord Keith, with as little
+   delay as possible; and you are also to transmit to him and the
+   said admiral, by every proper opportunity that may offer,
+   accounts of your proceedings, and of every information you may
+   be able to obtain of the movements and intentions of the enemy.
+
+   Given under our hands, 6th day of June 1801.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+   T. TROUBRIDGE.
+   J. MARKHAM.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Bart.
+   Rear-admiral of the Blue,
+   Plymouth.
+   By command of their Lordships,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+The following is the copy of information transmitted to Sir James with
+the above letter:
+
+   No. 1.
+
+   Dated Lisbon, 15th May 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   It appears, from the report of an American captain arrived here
+   from Bilboa, that a French corps had passed within a few miles
+   of that place, on their way to Vittoria, on the 21st and 22nd
+   ultimo. It consisted in the whole of 7,000 infantry and 2,000
+   cavalry, well armed and mounted; and had reached their place of
+   encampment, supposed to be Burgos, according to the accounts
+   which had arrived at Bilboa, on the 30th day, when the vessel
+   sailed. It appeared evident that no other troops had passed the
+   frontier at that time, though it was uniformly reported that a
+   body of no less than 22,000 men were collected at Bayonne.
+
+   The Spanish army on the south side of the Tagus, between Badajos
+   and Alcantara, amounts to 21,000 men; of which 10,000 are
+   encamped at Badajos, 8,000 at Albuquerque, and the remainder
+   between Vincenti and Alcantara. The Prince of Peace was daily
+   expected at head-quarters. His aides-de-camp were already
+   arrived, and a train of 700 mules had been collected for the
+   conveyance of his baggage. The French detachment was destined to
+   join the army of Castile, which I already mentioned to your
+   lordship has returned from its movements towards the northern
+   provinces, and taken a position to the southward of Ciudad
+   Rodrigo. Its numbers and distribution are not so accurately
+   known, but it is stated to be equal to the army of Estremadura,
+   with the addition of the French auxiliaries.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+   To Lord Hawkesbury.
+   J.M. FRERE.
+
+   No. 2.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   By intelligence which arrived from Cadiz, in date of the second
+   of this month, it appears that there were in that port five
+   Spanish ships of the line, which had pushed out from Ferrol,
+   conformably to the report which I mentioned to your lordship in
+   my last despatch. There was at the same time (in Cadiz) an
+   additional force of eight or ten sail preparing for sea; four of
+   them of the line, and the remainder frigates. This equipment was
+   however retarded by the want of naval stores, particularly
+   sailcloth and cables, which was occasioned by the late fire
+   which has taken place in the arsenal, as well as by the total
+   want of money, which was such that many of the officers were
+   actually reduced to subsist on charity.
+
+   The informant, whose authority may be depended on, adds that a
+   squadron from Brest was expected to join them. It was supposed
+   that the whole armament would be directed against Portugal; and
+   this supposition was not weakened by a report which was given
+   out industriously that the object of the intended expedition was
+   to make a landing on the coast of Barbary, in order to force the
+   Emperor of Morocco to shut his ports against the English. The
+   ships from Ferrol have the French and Spanish colours united in
+   the same flag. It was understood that the ships now arming in
+   Cadiz were to be commanded by French officers. They were
+   victualled only for a very short voyage.
+
+   Respecting the danger to which this capital would be exposed by
+   a _coup-de-main_, which might be attempted in spite of the
+   batteries at the entrance of the river, as well as the
+   possibility of effecting a landing a few miles off Cascaes, your
+   lordship has at hand the means of information so much superior
+   to any which I could presume to offer, or collect from
+   professional persons here, that I shall only presume to solicit
+   your lordship's attention to the consideration of this subject,
+   and to the necessity which may arise out of it, for employing a
+   naval force upon this station. Don Rodrigo has informed me that
+   the three Portuguese ships of the line, which I mentioned to
+   your lordship as preparing for service, will be ready within
+   three weeks to form a junction with any force which his Majesty
+   might be pleased to detach, for the defence of Portugal; and
+   that two more would be prepared to follow them within a short
+   time after.
+
+   It appears by a letter from Viana, that the master of an English
+   vessel, who had been captured on the 10th ultimo by Le Telegraph
+   privateer, and carried into Corunna on the 23rd, had found there
+   two large French frigates, which had arrived immediately before
+   him in eight days from Cherbourg, laden with some ammunition,
+   and destined (as they reported) for Cadiz. The master of Le
+   Telegraph had avoided putting into any of his own ports from the
+   apprehension of being detained, as it was reported that other
+   privateers had been stopped, and stripped of their men, on
+   account of a secret expedition which was fitting out in the
+   French ports.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+   J.H. FRERE.
+
+   The Right Honourable Lord Hawkesbury, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   No. 3.
+
+   Intelligence arrived from General O'Hara, at Gibraltar.
+
+   Arrived by land the crew of the Fortune privateer, consisting of
+   twelve men. They report that last Saturday, between three and
+   four P.M. they saw two three-deckers and three seventy-fours
+   arrive at Cadiz from Ferrol; that the Santissima Trinidad,
+   another Spanish three-decker, is completed and ready in that
+   harbour; and that they are fitting out five other line-of-battle
+   ships at Cadiz, which have their lower-masts in; that, in order
+   to man the said ships, they are detaining all the crews of the
+   French privateers; that those eleven ships are to be commanded
+   by French officers; and they say the five ships in the Caraccas
+   will soon be ready,--that they observed a number of seamen
+   rigging them.--Gibraltar, 29th April 1801.
+
+     List of the armament fitting out at Cadiz.
+
+                          Guns.
+
+     Santissima Trinidada  140
+     Atlante                80
+     Ferrivel               80
+     San Antonio            80
+     Suberano               80
+     San Justo              74
+     San Januario           80
+     Intrepido              80
+     Firme                  80
+
+   The above ships are commanded by French officers, and probably,
+   therefore, are those which are alluded to as having been ceded
+   to France.
+
+                        Guns                          Guns
+   A. Real de St. Carlos 120  Bergantina St. Andre      24
+   St. Hermenegildo      120  Balandra Aglina           14
+   St. Fernando          120  St. Nicalao               14
+   St. Agustino           80  4 gun-boats           [27] 2 }
+   St. Izidoro            80  20 built by the inhabitants  }
+   Argonauta              80     of Cadiz                1 }
+   Fragata Sabina         44  18 gun-boats               1
+   Fragata Perula         40  4 burlates
+
+   [27] 24-pounders each.
+
+   Cæsar, Cawsand Bay, 9th June 1801.
+
+   I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of their lordships'
+   secret orders, dated 6th instant; and, in compliance therewith,
+   I have directed Captain Stirling, of his Majesty's ship Pompée,
+   to put himself under my command.
+
+   Be pleased to inform their lordships that Admiral Sir Thomas
+   Pasley has acquainted me that there is no hired armed brig at
+   this port except the Louisa, and has placed the Joseph, hired
+   cutter, only under my orders.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+We need scarcely add that every possible exertion was made on the part
+of the admiral, the captains, officers, and crews of the respective
+ships, to get the squadron ready for sea; and in eight days the
+equipment was completed.
+
+Before we record a circumstance which, in rewarding the merits of the
+new commander-in-chief, afforded great and universal satisfaction to
+the royal navy, we take occasion to introduce a correspondence, which,
+in order to avoid interruption of the narrative, has been omitted, and
+which will now be found more interesting.
+
+   Royal George, between Ushant and the Black Rocks,
+   26th July 1800.
+
+   MY DEAR LORD,
+
+   I need not describe to your lordship the merit of Sir James
+   Saumarez, which cannot be surpassed. In a conversation I
+   accidentally had with him last evening, I learned that his
+   ambition had been much disappointed in not being created a
+   baronet; and he thought I was wanting, in not pointing to this
+   object in the letter I had the honour to write your lordship by
+   him, after the battle of the Nile, where he was second in
+   command; and he also conceives that your lordship led him to
+   hope this mark of approbation of his services would have been
+   conferred upon him. May I therefore trespass upon your
+   indulgence, to request you will bring it about, if possible, as
+   nothing can gratify me more, than that officers, who have
+   signalised themselves under my auspices, should be amply
+   rewarded.
+
+   Yours, most faithfully,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To the Right Hon. Earl Spencer.
+
+A copy of the preceding having been sent by Earl St. Vincent to Sir
+James, produced the following answer:--
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Permit me to express my sincere acknowledgments for the very
+   handsome letter you have done me the favour to write on a
+   certain subject to Lord Spencer. Whether it meets with the
+   expected success, or otherwise, I shall ever feel grateful for
+   your obliging intentions towards me: at the same time, I am
+   persuaded your lordship must coincide with my feelings, when I
+   observe that the boon now pointed out was no more than the
+   services I had the good fortune to be employed upon, gave me
+   reason to expect long before this.
+
+   That health, and every possible success may ever attend your
+   lordship, is the fervent wish of
+
+   My dear lord,
+   Your much obliged,
+   and faithful humble servant,
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Cæsar, 29th July 1800.
+
+On the 13th of June, his Majesty, having taken into consideration the
+meritorious services of Sir James Saumarez, was pleased to create him
+a Baronet of the United Kingdom; and, as an additional mark of the
+royal favour, permission was granted under the King's sign manual to
+wear the supporters to the arms of his family (which had been
+registered in the Heralds' office since the reign of Charles the
+Second); a privilege to which no commoner is entitled without a
+dispensation from the Crown. Of these honours Sir James was informed
+by Earl St. Vincent, at that time First Lord of the Admiralty, at the
+moment the Cæsar and squadron were about to proceed on one of the most
+interesting, and, as it turned out, one of the most glorious
+expeditions that ever left the shores of Great Britain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1801.
+
+   Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six
+   sail of the line on a particular service.--Arrives off
+   Cadiz.--Attacks a French squadron at Algeziras.--Captain
+   Brenton's account of the battle.--Loss of the Hannibal.--Colonel
+   Connolly's statements.--Logs of the Cæsar and ships of the
+   squadron.--Sir James proceeds to Gibraltar.--Remarks.--Flag of
+   truce sent to Algeziras.--Correspondence with Linois.--Squadron
+   refit at Gibraltar.
+
+
+On the 16th June the signal was made to unmoor; and soon after, for
+the squadron to weigh. The wind being fair, the ships quickly cleared
+the English Channel, and crossed the Bay of Biscay. Cape Finisterre
+was reached on the 22nd; on the 26th the squadron hove to off the
+Tagus, and sent letters on shore at Lisbon. The detachment was now
+joined by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, and proceeded off Cadiz, where
+it arrived on the 28th June: to announce this, the following letter
+was written to Admiral Lord Keith, who had then the chief command on
+the Mediterranean station:
+
+   Cæsar, off Cadiz, 26th June 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to inform your lordship of my arrival off
+   Cadiz with the ships named on the margin[28] under my orders;
+   having sailed from Cawsand Bay on the 16th instant. On the 26th
+   I was joined, off Lisbon, by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, from
+   whom I received the enclosed state of the enemy's ships at
+   Cadiz.[29] The Venerable and Superb have both joined the
+   squadron; and I have taken these ships under my orders,
+   agreeably to my instructions from my Lords Commissioners of the
+   Admiralty.
+
+   I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to your
+   lordship a copy of those instructions; but having at present no
+   other vessel than the Plymouth, hired lugger, I cannot part with
+   her further than to Gibraltar.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   Your lordship's most obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Right Honourable Lord Keith, K.B. &c.
+
+   [28] Cæsar, Pompée, Spencer, Hannibal, Audacious, Thames,
+   Phaeton, and Plymouth, hired lugger.
+
+   [29] See list already given.
+
+The squadron continued to cruise off Cadiz, and frequently to
+reconnoitre the harbour; while the Superb was stationed off Lagos as a
+look-out ship to westward, and the Thames in the Straits of Gibraltar
+to the eastward.
+
+Nothing of importance occurred until the 5th, when intelligence was
+received as to the situation of a French squadron. Sir James
+accordingly despatched the Plymouth lugger with the following letters
+to the Secretary of the Admiralty, and to Mr. Frere, the English
+ambassador at Lisbon:
+
+   Cæsar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
+   SIR
+
+   In my letter of the 29th ultimo, I acquainted you, for the
+   information of my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, of my
+   arrival before Cadiz with the squadron under my orders, and of
+   my having been joined by the Venerable and Superb.
+
+   You will please to inform their lordships, that, early this
+   morning, a despatch-boat joined me from Gibraltar, with
+   intelligence that three French line-of-battle ships and a
+   frigate were seen, on the 1st instant, endeavouring to pass the
+   Straits from the eastward; and the Plymouth lugger has since
+   joined me, whose commander informs me that they anchored
+   yesterday off Algeziras. As from the different accounts I form
+   great hopes of being able to attack them with success, I am
+   proceeding to the eastward, and I hope to reach the bay early
+   to-morrow morning. The ships in Cadiz are getting in forwardness
+   to put to sea. Eight appeared this morning with top-gallant
+   yards across and sails bent, and four others with their
+   top-masts rigged. I have directed the commander of the Plymouth,
+   hired lugger, after having landed this letter at Faro, to cruise
+   off Cape St. Mary's to apprise any of his Majesty's ships of my
+   rendezvous, giving them such further information as he may be
+   possessed of.
+
+   I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Cæsar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you with my having this instant
+   received information, by an express from Gibraltar, that three
+   sail of French line-of-battle ships and a frigate had anchored
+   yesterday in Algeziras Bay, after being three days in
+   endeavouring to pass the Straits from the eastward. They are
+   supposed to be destined for Cadiz. I am proceeding off
+   Gibraltar, in hopes it may be practicable to attack them, or
+   prevent the junction of their other ships, from whom they are
+   said to be separated. I request you will please to forward the
+   letters I take the liberty to enclose herewith. I have the
+   honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Governor O'Hara writes that he is without intelligence from
+   Egypt since the repulse of the French, the 21st March.
+
+   His Excellency J.H. Frere, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Lisbon.
+
+It now becomes our duty to give a particular account of the defensive
+means of the French Admiral. The road of Algeziras, six miles distant
+from Gibraltar, is open to the eastward. It is shallow, with sunken
+rocks in several parts. The town is nearly in the centre, at the
+bottom of the Bay; about a third of a mile from which there is a tower
+standing on a point, and off this point is Isla Verda, whereon is a
+battery of seven long 24-pounders. About a mile to the southward of
+this battery is Fort Santa Garcia. The English ships had to pass these
+fortifications before they could reach the French line. The northward
+of the town was no less protected, having at the distance of about
+two-thirds of a mile the fort of San Jago, mounting five long
+18-pounders, besides the tower Almirante. By referring to the
+diagrams, it will be manifest that the road is admirably protected by
+these fortifications, while those at a greater distance to the
+northward would be of some service in throwing shells, and in
+preventing the ships from working up to the attack. There were also
+fourteen large gun-boats, whose positions, as shown, were such as to
+form a serious opposition to an approaching enemy in light and
+variable winds.
+
+Before we proceed to a description of the attack on the enemy's
+well-protected squadron, we must intreat the reader to pause, while we
+call his attention to the circumstance of the British ships, led by
+the gallant Hood, slowly and silently approaching the batteries of an
+enemy, strongly reinforced, perfectly prepared to receive them, and
+knowing well that they could not suffer any injury from the ships,
+while every shot from their cannon must tell. Silence, undoubtedly
+derives importance from the circumstances under which it is observed,
+and we cannot well refer to an instance where silence could have had a
+more solemn and impressive character than that which must have been
+observed on this occasion, until broken by the roar of the enemy's
+destructive engines.
+
+Captain (now Admiral Sir Jahleel) Brenton, who was flag-captain of the
+Cæsar, has kindly transmitted the following particular and authentic
+account of all that took place on that eventful day, which afforded
+the enemy a short-lived triumph. We shall make no apology for giving
+it in his own words:
+
+   On Sunday, the 5th July 1801, a despatch-boat was seen in the
+   S.E., and at two P.M. came alongside the Cæsar, with
+   intelligence of a French squadron having anchored in Algeziras
+   Bay, consisting of three sail of the line and a frigate.[30] The
+   Admiral immediately decided on attacking them; and ordered the
+   Thames frigate to proceed off St. Lucar to recall the Superb,
+   and make sail with the Pompée, Hannibal, Spencer, Audacious, and
+   Venerable, for the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar; making
+   the signal to prepare for action, and for anchoring by the
+   stern.
+
+     [30] Le Formidable, 84. Dessaix, 84. Indomptable, 74: and
+     Meuron, 38.
+
+   The day was beautiful, with a light air from the westward. At
+   eleven o'clock the ship's company was, as usual, assembled for
+   the purpose of Divine service. The appearance of this
+   congregation, under the peculiar circumstances in which they
+   were placed,--proceeding, as they all knew they were, to engage
+   in battle with the enemy, with the probability that many had but
+   a few remaining hours to live,--was solemn and deeply
+   impressive. The crew were all dressed in white, as is customary
+   in warm climates; and being arranged according to their
+   respective divisions on the quarter-deck, with the band and the
+   marines on the poop, and the Admiral and the officers under the
+   poop awning, an effect was produced highly animating, solemn,
+   and appropriate; while the meek, devotional countenance of the
+   well-tried Admiral indicated that he derived his confidence and
+   support from its only true source.
+
+
+   Our chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Holliday, gave an excellent
+   discourse, appropriate to the occasion; and it cannot be doubted
+   but the impressions it made on that eventful day were deep and
+   affecting, however temporary.
+
+   I had of course much communication with the Admiral during the
+   course of this day and the ensuing night. He was, as usual,
+   calm, cheerful, and collected; foreseeing, and endeavouring to
+   provide for, whatever might be required during the struggle
+   which we were anticipating. He was quite aware of the
+   difficulties we had to encounter, and fully determined to
+   overcome them if possible.[31]
+
+     [31] The following memorandum was communicated to the squadron
+     before bearing up for Gibraltar Bay:
+
+     Memorandum
+
+     Cæsar, 5th July 1801.
+
+     If the Rear-admiral finds the enemy's ships in a situation to be
+     attacked, the following is the order in which it is to be
+     executed:
+
+     The Venerable to lead into the bay, and pass the enemy's ships
+     without anchoring;
+
+     The Pompée to anchor abreast of the inner ship of the enemy's
+     line;
+
+       The Audacious, }
+        "  Cæsar,     }  to anchor abreast of the enemy's ships
+        "  Spencer,   }     and batteries;
+        "  Hannibal,  }
+
+                      {  to keep under sail, and annoy the enemy's
+        "  Superb,    {     batteries and gun-boats during the attack
+        "  Thames,    {     assisted by the Plymouth lugger.
+
+     The boats of the different ships to be lowered down and armed,
+     in readiness to act where required.
+
+     Given on board the Cæsar, off Tariffa,
+     5th July 1801.
+     JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains.
+
+   At daylight we were off Tariffa, with light airs from the
+   westward, which at seven freshened to a strong breeze, and
+   enabled the Venerable to open the Bay of Algeziras, in which the
+   French squadron were discovered at anchor. On the Venerable
+   making the signal that she could weather the enemy, the Admiral
+   made another to take stations for mutual support. The Pompée,
+   Venerable, and Audacious were soon at an anchor, and at
+   thirty-five minutes after eight began the action with the enemy.
+   The Cæsar at nine o'clock opened her fire, and at fifteen
+   minutes past nine came to an anchor ahead of the Venerable. The
+   Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee, nearly becalmed, and
+   anchored without the Cæsar, firing, as the smoke subsided,
+   through the openings between our ships at the enemy.
+
+   About ten o'clock the fire of the French ships appeared to
+   slacken so much that I ventured to suggest to the Admiral that a
+   flag of truce might be sent in, with a notice to the Spaniards
+   that if the British squadron were permitted to take away the
+   French ships without any further molestation from the batteries,
+   the town would be respected, and no further injury done to it.
+
+   The Admiral expressed his readiness to do this; but considered
+   the advantage we had gained, as yet, not sufficiently decisive
+   to justify such a measure. And his judgment was but too correct.
+   The decrease of the fire from the French ships arose from their
+   being occupied in warping close in-shore; and, shortly after
+   this period, the Pompée having broken her sheer, lost her
+   commanding position relative to the French Admiral, whom she had
+   been raking with great effect, and now became raked in her turn.
+   At twenty minutes after ten, the boats of the squadron were sent
+   to her assistance, and, having cut her cables, she was towed out
+   of her exposed situation.
+
+   At thirty-five minutes after ten, the Admiral, observing how
+   much the enemy had increased their distance from us by warping
+   in-shore, ordered our cables to be cut, and sail to be made upon
+   the ships, in the hope of being able to close with them. He also
+   sent me on board the Spencer, with orders to Captain Darby to
+   weigh, and work up to the enemy. The Hannibal, having already
+   received these orders, was in the act of obeying them, and soon
+   after opened her fire upon the French Admiral; but in the
+   gallant endeavour to get between the Formidable and the shore,
+   and not being aware of the French Admiral's change of position
+   by warping in, Captain Ferris unfortunately ran his ship
+   aground, abreast of the battery of St. Jago, and under the
+   raking fire of the Formidable. In this helpless state he
+   continued to engage the enemy until, to use the French Admiral's
+   words, his decks were _jonché de morts_. He had seventy-three
+   killed and sixty-four wounded,--a very unusual proportion, as,
+   in general, the wounded trebles the number of the killed; but
+   this may be accounted for by the Hannibal being so near that the
+   enemy's shot passed through her sides without making any
+   splinters, to which the greater number of wounds are
+   attributable.
+
+   From the time the Cæsar cut her cable, she and the Audacious
+   were constantly engaged with the Indomptable, Meuron, and island
+   batteries, and occasionally with the Dessaix, as they could
+   bring their guns-to bear; but the perpetual flaws of wind
+   rendered this very difficult, and exposed them frequently to a
+   severe and raking fire from the enemy. The Admiral made the
+   signal for the marines to be prepared to land on the island;
+   but, as the boats were all employed in assisting the Pompée and
+   Hannibal, this was rendered impracticable. At length, finding
+   every effort fruitless to close with the enemy, the Admiral was
+   under the necessity of withdrawing his ships from this unequal
+   contest with winds and batteries; but it was not until all hope
+   had vanished of saving the Hannibal that he left her in
+   possession of the enemy.
+
+The accompanying diagram shows first, the position of the hostile
+squadrons at the moment the Spencer, and Venerable, and Cæsar, had
+anchored; secondly, their position when the action ceased, and when
+the Hannibal was in possession of the enemy.
+
+   The action of Algeziras was certainly obstinately fought, and
+   gallantly contested on both sides. It is true that the French
+   had little to do but to attend to their guns, being either at an
+   anchor in their strong position, or warping towards the shore.
+   In this operation the Spaniards had the hardest duty, being
+   employed in their boats in carrying out hawsers, and even in
+   heaving them in. Success seemed certain to the British squadron
+   till the Pompée broke her sheer; after that, it was one
+   continued but unavailing struggle to recover the ground we had
+   lost by this misfortune: and we retreated to Gibraltar when all
+   hope was at an end, the Admiral justly considering the
+   importance of repairing the damages already sustained, and of
+   preserving the lives of his gallant crew, which would be
+   uselessly sacrificed by a continuance of a hopeless contest.
+
+   Never did I contemplate more real greatness of mind than was
+   displayed on this occasion by our heroic chief. The calmness and
+   cheerfulness with which he met and sustained the sad reverses of
+   this most trying day, were objects worthy of remark and
+   admiration. Whilst going into the Bay of Algeziras, he desired
+   me to look over my signal-book, and to mark such signals as
+   might be likely to be called for. He had already done the same,
+   and when, during the heat of the action, any of the flags were
+   destroyed, or the halliards shot away, I was astonished at the
+   readiness with which he ordered one signal to be substituted for
+   another, according as the signification might answer the
+   purpose, without any reference to the book.
+
+   On reaching our anchorage off the Mole of Gibraltar, after
+   giving the necessary orders for the disposal and refitting of
+   his squadron, he returned to his cabin with a deep sense of the
+   responsibility he had incurred; but supported by the unqualified
+   conviction that every exertion had been made to obtain success,
+   and that the disappointment resulted from circumstances over
+   which he had no control.
+
+   The action terminated, as appears by the log, at thirty-five
+   minutes after one; and the squadron proceeded to Gibraltar. As
+   soon as the ship was secured, the Admiral sent me on shore to
+   the governor, to relate to him the events of the two preceding
+   days. I found him sitting in his balcony, which commanded a view
+   of the Bay and Algeziras, evidently deeply affected by the
+   unlooked-for termination of an attack upon the French squadron,
+   and anxiously reflecting on the probable results.
+
+   On my return on board, the Admiral had retired to his cot; and I
+   had no means of communicating with him until next morning. I
+   could then, however, perceive that under all the severity of
+   disappointment he experienced from our failure, and the loss of
+   the Hannibal, he felt that no honour had been lost; that every
+   effort had been made to obtain success; and that he derived
+   comfort from the sanguine hopes he entertained that an
+   opportunity might present itself in which he should be able to
+   retrieve the loss.
+
+   He ordered me to take a flag of truce and wait upon the French
+   Admiral, and propose an exchange of prisoners; which M. Linois
+   refused, alleging that it was not in his power to establish a
+   cartel for the purpose until he obtained the sanction of the
+   Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent off an
+   express as soon as the firing had ceased on the preceding day;
+   but he consented to send over the officers on parole. The object
+   of the French Admiral was very obvious. He concluded we wanted
+   the men to replace those that had been killed and wounded; but
+   he thought, justly, that sending over officers on parole would
+   be a harmless act of courtesy, from which we could reap no
+   immediate benefit. It will be seen that, subsequently to the
+   second action, (only six days after the first,) when his
+   despatches from Algeziras had scarcely reached Paris, he did not
+   wait for an answer from the Minister of the Marine: but
+   circumstances had altered. We had taken a line-of-battle ship,
+   and burned two first-rates; and he now wished to get as many of
+   the crew back as possible.
+
+We shall now transcribe the Rear-admiral's official account of the
+battle: this affords additional particulars, and proves that every
+step had been taken to insure success; which, but from circumstances
+that often blight the fairest prospects, would have had a very
+different result. We shall venture to add, that, had the gallant
+Admiral hesitated to make the attempt, he would have rendered himself
+obnoxious to animadversions, not only from all the squadron under his
+command, but from every one on the Rock of Gibraltar who witnessed the
+enemy's squadron of inferior force setting, as it were, that of Sir
+James at defiance; while it would have afforded the French and
+Spaniards a just, or, at least a plausible subject of exultation. But
+Sir James, with that decision of character and coolness, when in the
+presence of an enemy, for which he was always remarkable, did not
+hesitate one moment on the attack, which was made with consummate
+skill, and maintained with a perseverance never surpassed.
+
+   Cæsar, Gibraltar, 6th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have to request you will be pleased to inform my Lords
+   Commissioners of the Admiralty that, conformable to my letter of
+   yesterday's date, I stood through the Straits, with his
+   Majesty's squadron under my orders, with the intention of
+   attacking three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate that I
+   was informed were at anchor off Algeziras. On opening Cabrita
+   Point, I found the ships lay at a considerable distance from the
+   enemy's batteries; and having a leading wind up to them, every
+   reasonable hope of success in the attack was afforded.
+
+   I had previously directed Captain Hood in the Venerable, from
+   his experience and knowledge of the anchorage, to lead the
+   squadron, which he executed with his accustomed gallantry; and,
+   although it was not intended he should anchor, he found himself
+   under the necessity of so doing, from the wind failing,--a
+   circumstance so much to be apprehended in this country, and to
+   which I have to attribute the want of success in this
+   well-intended enterprise. Captain Stirling anchored, conformably
+   to the enclosed order of attack, opposite to the inner ship of
+   the enemy, and brought the Pompée to action in the most
+   spirited and gallant manner; an example which was followed by
+   the commanders of every ship in the squadron.
+
+   Captains Darby and Ferris, owing to light winds, were prevented
+   for a considerable time from coming into action. At length, the
+   Hannibal getting a breeze, Captain Ferris had the most
+   favourable prospect of being alongside one of the enemy's ships,
+   when the Hannibal unfortunately took the ground; and I am
+   extremely concerned to acquaint their lordships that, after
+   having made every possible effort with this ship and the
+   Audacious to rescue her from the enemy, I was under the
+   necessity to make sail, being at the time only three cables'
+   length from one of the enemy's batteries.
+
+   My thanks are particularly due to all the captains and men under
+   my orders; and, although their endeavours have not been crowned
+   with success, I trust the thousands of spectators from his
+   Majesty's garrison, and also the surrounding coast, will do
+   justice to their valour and intrepidity, which were not to be
+   checked by the fire from the numerous batteries (however
+   formidable) that surrounded Algeziras.
+
+   I feel it incumbent upon me to state to their lordships the
+   great merits of Captain Brenton of the Cæsar, whose cool
+   judgment and intrepid conduct, I will venture to pronounce, were
+   never surpassed. I also beg leave to recommend to their
+   lordships' notice my flag-lieutenant, Mr. Philip Dumaresq, who
+   has served with me from the commencement of this war, and is a
+   most deserving officer. Mr. Lamborn and the other lieutenants
+   are also entitled to great praise; as well as Captain Maxwell of
+   the Marines, and the other officers of his corps serving on
+   board the Cæsar.
+
+   The enemy's ships consisted of two of eighty-four guns and one
+   of seventy-four, with a large frigate: two of the former are
+   aground, and the whole are rendered totally unserviceable.
+
+   His Majesty's ships have suffered considerably in their masts
+   and rigging; but I hope will soon be refitted, and in readiness
+   to proceed on service.
+
+   Inclosed is the return of the killed and wounded from the
+   different ships of the squadron. Amongst other valuable men I
+   have most sincerely to lament the loss of Mr. William Grave,
+   master of the Cæsar. I cannot close this letter without
+   rendering the most ample justice to the great bravery of Captain
+   Ferris: the loss in his ship must have been very considerable
+   both in officers and men; but I have the satisfaction to be
+   informed that his Majesty has not lost so valuable an officer.
+
+   The Honourable Captain Dundas, of his Majesty's sloop the Calpe,
+   made his vessel as useful as possible, and kept up a spirited
+   fire on one of the enemy's batteries. I have also to express my
+   approbation of Lieutenant Janvrin, commander of the gun-boats;
+   who, having joined me with intelligence, served as volunteer on
+   board the Cæsar.
+
+   I am,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+On the return of the squadron to the Mole of Gibraltar, the following
+public order was issued by the Admiral.
+
+   Cæsar, in Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.
+
+   Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez desires to express in the
+   strongest terms the high sense he entertains of the gallantry
+   and valiant conduct of all the captains, officers, and men
+   belonging to the squadron under his orders, in the attack made
+   this day on the enemy's ships and batteries; and, although the
+   result has not proved so successful as his expectations had
+   framed, he trusts that the glory they have acquired on this
+   occasion will ever be acknowledged by their country.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains.
+
+The following addition to Sir James's despatch gives the account of
+the capture of the Hannibal, from Captain Ferris, then a prisoner at
+Algeziras.
+
+   Cæsar, Gibraltar, 9th july 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I herewith enclose a letter from Captain Ferris of his Majesty's
+   late ship Hannibal, which I request you will please to lay
+   before their lordships; and I have only to express my deep
+   regret that his well-meant endeavours to bring his ship to close
+   action should have occasioned so severe a loss. I have the
+   honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+   Algeziras Bay, 7th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have little more to tell you of the fate of his Majesty's ship
+   Hannibal than yourself must have observed; only, that from the
+   number of batteries, and ships' gun-boats, &c. we had to
+   encounter, our guns soon got knocked up; and I found it was
+   impossible to do anything, either for the preservation of the
+   ship, or for the good of the service. Our boats, sails, rigging,
+   and springs being all shot away, and having so many killed and
+   wounded, as will appear by the annexed list, I thought it
+   prudent to strike, and thereby preserve the lives of the brave
+   men that remained.
+
+   Had I been successful in the view before me previously to the
+   ship taking the ground, my praises of the conduct of my officers
+   and ship's company could not have exceeded their merits; but I
+   have, notwithstanding, the satisfaction to say, that every order
+   was obeyed and carried into execution with that promptitude and
+   alacrity becoming British officers and seamen.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   S. FERRIS.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+It has now become necessary that we should notice a controversy which
+has taken place between the authors of the different naval histories
+on the subject of the Battle of Algeziras; and we have been led to
+make minute inquiries, first, into the cause of the discrepancies of
+the different accounts; and, secondly, into the truth, which we have
+been the better able to do from our personal knowledge and recent
+communication with some of the officers of the Hannibal and Cæsar, on
+whose veracity we can depend. We are happy to add that the result of
+our inquiries has been satisfactory, and, we trust, will completely
+clear up and reconcile the facts, while it will leave no reflection of
+a dubious character on the conduct of the heroic commander of the
+squadron.
+
+It appears that no difference of opinion arose on this subject until
+the court-martial of Captain Ferris, which took place on the 1st
+September 1801, at Portsmouth, Rear-admiral Holloway president; when,
+as usual on trials for the loss of a ship, Captain Ferris read his
+narrative, which he begins thus:
+
+"In giving a detail of the circumstances which led to the loss of his
+Majesty's late ship Hannibal, I am sorry that, owing to my clerk being
+killed, whose remarks were lost,[32] I cannot be so particular as to
+the exact times of signals being made as I otherwise should have been;
+but I shall state them to you to the best of my recollection."
+
+   [32] The captain's clerk is stationed in action to take minutes
+   of the events as they occur.
+
+After this admission, is it not surprising that the controversy should
+be mainly founded on the time at which the Hannibal struck her
+colours? Captain Ferris says, "about two o'clock;" while by the log of
+the Cæsar the action had entirely ceased at thirty-five minutes past
+one. It may be asked, why did not the court, which must have seen the
+discrepancy between his narrative and the public and other documents
+before it, inquire into the truth by requiring the evidence of the
+officers and crew, none of whom were examined as to the time the ship
+struck: but the duty of the court being confined to the trial of
+Captain Ferris, his officers and crew, and it being (whether
+supported or not) evident and notorious that they had defended their
+ship to the last extremity, they had (unluckily for Sir James) nothing
+to do but to pronounce an honourable acquittal.
+
+The next contradiction which appears, relates to the boats which were
+sent to the assistance of the Hannibal. Captain Ferris says, "The
+Admiral, having previously made my signal of recall, sent a boat from
+the Cæsar, and another from the Venerable, to my assistance; but,
+finding they could afford me none, I sent the Venerable's boat back,
+and the crew of the Cæsar in one of my own cutters, their pinnace
+having been sunk by a shot alongside."
+
+I am bound to say that this assertion is not borne out either by the
+testimony of those who were in the boats of the Cæsar and the
+Venerable, or by the officers of the Hannibal; because, as will be
+seen hereafter, these boats never reached the Hannibal, when aground,
+until after she had struck her colours.
+
+Captain Ferris next relates that "About twelve o'clock our ships were
+all out of gun-shot of the enemy, and we had the fire of the whole
+French squadron, batteries, and gun-boats, to contend with alone;
+against which we continued to keep up as brisk a fire as could be
+expected, even by men in the most sanguine anticipation of victory,
+until near two o'clock."
+
+Now this is quite impossible, as, by the log of every ship, the
+squadron was engaging much later: by the Cæsar, until 1h. 35m.; by the
+Audacious, until 1h. 20m.; by the Venerable, until 1h. 30m. &c.;
+before which, the ensign of the Hannibal was seen, from every ship,
+_Union down_.
+
+It has been unwarrantably alleged by some that the Hannibal hauled the
+ensign down, and then hoisted it reversed, as a signal of distress,
+and afterwards, when she struck, hauled it down; and that the French
+hoisted it union down to decoy the Calpe. But, for the refutation of
+these absurdities, we must refer the reader to the testimony of
+Colonel Connolly, who was then acting captain of the marines, an
+officer of the highest character, whose veracity cannot be questioned;
+and who, moreover, from being the only officer on the poop when the
+colours were struck, had a better opportunity of knowing the facts
+than any other. The following are the questions which we put to
+Colonel Connolly, with his answers, given verbatim:
+
+   Did the enemy take possession of the Hannibal before the colours
+   were hoisted union down?
+
+   The colours were hauled down by Captain Ferris's orders, and
+   remained so; but, being so near the Formidable, the captain of
+   her was on board of us in two minutes after we had struck, and
+   the colours were hoisted _union downwards_ by the Frenchmen.[33]
+
+     [33] When the French happen to take one of our men-of-war,
+     they do not, as we would do, hoist their own colours over
+     their opponents', but hoist the English ensign union
+     downwards. It so seldom happened that an English man-of-war
+     was taken by the French, that this circumstance was known to
+     very few in the navy, and consequently, the ensign reversed
+     was known only as the signal of distress used by
+     merchant-ships.
+
+   Were the colours hoisted union down by the enemy; or, at any
+   time, by Captain Ferris's orders?
+
+   By the enemy.
+
+   Did the boats come _before_ or _after_ the colours were hoisted
+   union downwards, to render her assistance?
+
+   The boats from our ships did not get near us till after we were
+   in possession of the enemy; and I called to an old shipmate of
+   mine in the Venerable's barge, and told him so, as he came under
+   the starboard quarter; but he persisted in coming on board, and
+   was taken.
+
+   What boats were taken; and what boats escaped?
+
+   A good many were taken. The Venerable's barge and her first
+   lieutenant; and another lieutenant, in the Cæsar's boat, of some
+   ship lying at Gibraltar; beside the mids. I am not aware indeed
+   that any escaped.
+
+   What French officer took possession of the Hannibal?
+
+   I am not quite certain whether it was the captain of the
+   Formidable or the Dessaix; they were both very close to us:
+   however, he was a very little fellow.
+
+   To what prison were you taken?
+
+   The ship's company were divided into two prisons, which appeared
+   to have been stables. There was no water in one of them, and the
+   distress of our poor fellows, on that account, was truly
+   shocking: often, when they would give money to the people
+   outside to bring them some to drink, they would walk off with
+   it, and never bring the water.
+
+On this occasion Colonel Connolly recognised a French officer who had
+been a short time previously a prisoner on board the Warrior, to whom
+he had been particularly civil, supplying him with linen, &c.; and who
+left the ship with protestations of his desire to make every return in
+his power, if the "fortune of war" should give him an opportunity: but
+when he claimed the performance of his promise, his reply was,
+"Monsieur de Connolly, I very sorry for your misfortune; but I wish
+you good morning!" and left him with a sarcastic sneer.
+
+It is evident, from this testimony, that the colours were only struck
+once, and hoisted once union down, and only hoisted union down by the
+Frenchmen; and that the boats of the Cæsar and Venerable were only
+once on board the Hannibal after she was aground; namely, when their
+crews were taken prisoners. But both these boats were actually sent to
+her assistance at a previous period, when the Hannibal was directed by
+the Admiral to endeavour to obtain a position to rake the Formidable;
+and it was then that they were sent back. Captain Brenton first
+received the report of the Hannibal having her colours union downwards
+between twelve and one, while the Cæsar was engaging the island
+battery, and the Dessaix and the Muiron.
+
+The Cæsar's boat was sent with others to the assistance of the
+Hannibal, according to the log, at seventeen minutes past one, and
+must have reached her certainly before the action ceased, and found
+her in the hands of the enemy, as described by Colonel Connolly.
+
+It is absurd to suppose that, while actually engaging the enemy,
+Captain Ferris would haul down his colours, to hoist them as a signal
+of distress, when he had other ensigns to hoist, and when there was a
+signal in the book, "In distress, and in want of immediate
+assistance:" this is a circumstance which, I will venture to assert,
+never occurred in any naval action.
+
+Captain Brenton, being decidedly of the same opinion, adds, "I can
+only say, when it was reported to me, _while in action_, that the
+Hannibal's colours were reversed, I considered her to be in possession
+of the enemy: that the Admiral took the same view of the subject, I
+have not the least doubt; and I think nothing would have induced him
+to abandon the Hannibal while she was engaged. I will further add,
+that I never remember the slightest doubt being expressed of the
+Hannibal having struck before the action terminated, until I read the
+narrative of Captain Ferris, at his court-martial, some time
+afterwards."
+
+The moment these champions of "liberté, égalité, et la mort," entered
+the Hannibal, plunder was the order of the day; and, in their furious
+haste to get at the officers' trunks, they cruelly trod over the
+wounded in the cockpit and cable-tiers. Colonel Connolly relates that
+in a few minutes one of them had taken his new cocked-hat, and
+appeared on deck with it. He himself had given up seeking his desk,
+which contained a considerable sum of money besides valuable papers,
+because he could not get at it without creeping over the wounded; but
+the French, not so particular, soon found it.
+
+We shall now give the extracts of the various logs to which we have
+had access. These have never yet been published, and we trust they
+will set the matter at rest. It is some satisfaction indeed, that all
+authors agree in declaring that nothing more could have been done, and
+that the honour of the British flag was to the last gloriously
+maintained on the 6th of July 1801.
+
+Extract of the Cæsar's log in the Battle of Algeziras, 5th July:
+
+   Winds S.W. and variable. At 12h. 30m. P.M. up mainsail and in
+   royals; at 2h. made the signal for the squadron to prepare for
+   battle, and, anchoring, bent the sheet cable through the
+   larboard gun-room port to the sheet anchor; at 4h. set
+   steering-sails,--fresh breezes and fair; at 8h. moderate
+   breezes,--Cape Moulinau E.N.E. seven or eight miles; at 12h.
+   (midnight), light airs inclinable to calm,--squadron in company,
+   Venerable S.S.E. one mile. At 12h. 30m. (6th), in
+   steering-sails, and at 12h. 40m. lowered down the yawl; at 3h.
+   45m. a breeze sprung up,--made the signal for attention; at 4h.
+   5m. beat to quarters,--Cabrita Point, S.E. by E. three or four
+   leagues,--made the Pompée's signal to close; at 5h. set
+   top-gallant steering-sails, and at 6h. the fore-top-mast
+   steering-sail; at 7h. 45m. made the Venerable's signal to haul
+   the wind,--took in the starboard steering-sails; at 8h. in
+   steering-sails; at 8h. 5m. in top-gallant sails,--made the
+   signal for being at liberty to engage the enemy in passing; at
+   8h. do. to take stations for mutual support; at 8h. 25m. set
+   top-gallant sails,--the enemy's ships opened their fire,--saw
+   the Venerable break round off,--Cæsar fired at a Spanish battery
+   in passing; at 8h. 35m. the action commenced with the Pompée,
+   Venerable, and Audacious; at 8h. 45m. made the signal for the
+   ships astern to make more sail; at 9h. light breezes, and
+   variable,--opened our fire, and the engagement became general;
+   at 9h. 15m. passed the Venerable, and came to with the
+   sheet-anchor in nine fathoms,--the sheet-cable became
+   _taut_,--let go the best bower to steady the ship,--Spencer and
+   Hannibal passed under our lee,--hailed them to get the boats
+   ahead, and tow into action,--light airs; at 9h. 35m. the Spencer
+   opened her fire; at 9h. 40m. the Hannibal, do.--our spanker-boom
+   shot away; at 10h. 20m. sent boats to the Pompée and Hannibal;
+   at 10h. 26m. made the Hannibal's signal to tack,--saw the Pompée
+   had broke her sheer, apparently by a flaw of wind, and was raked
+   by the French Admiral; at 10h. 30m. made the Pompée's signal to
+   cut or slip; at 10h. 35m., a breeze springing up from the N.W.,
+   cut our cable, wore, and made sail, engaging the enemy's ships
+   while passing them; at 10h. 50m. the Hannibal opened her fire on
+   the French Admiral; at 10h. 52m. made the signal for the
+   squadron to come to,--the wind on the starboard tack; at 11h.
+   5m. made the signal for the boats to tow the Pompée,--Cæsar
+   engaging the southernmost ships,--Audacious, ditto,--Cæsar
+   opened her fire on the island battery,--Audacious and Cæsar
+   becalmed near the island reef,--boats employed towing the ship's
+   head round; afternoon,--light winds and variable
+   weather,--engaging the enemy; at 12h. 33m. made the signal for
+   the Hannibal being aground,--employed engaging the southernmost
+   ship; at 1h. 17m. Audacious wore,--made the signal for
+   armed-boats to proceed as denoted; at 1h. 35m. the action
+   ceased,--found the main-mast shot through in five places, (and
+   other damage which need not be mentioned,) nine men killed,
+   twenty-five wounded, and seven missing; at 5h. came-to at
+   Gibraltar, with the small bower employed warping alongside of
+   the sheer hulk.
+
+The Venerable's log, which we have examined at the depôt at Deptford,
+and which is signed by Captain Hood, fully corroborates the above,
+with the addition,--"At 12h. 40m. sent the first lieutenant in the
+pinnace to assist the Hannibal;" and this officer (Lieutenant Collis)
+in his own journal mentions the same fact. When he arrived at the
+Hannibal, she was in possession of the enemy; and he was taken
+prisoner, with his boat's crew, by persisting to go on board after he
+was warned by Lieutenant (now Colonel) Connolly, of the Marines. He
+says it was in consequence of the ensign being reversed that the boats
+were sent; and, before any of the boats reached her, she was in
+possession of the French, who hoisted the colours union downwards
+themselves, and that they never were hoisted in that manner at any
+other time.
+
+These facts are also corroborated by the logs and journals of the
+Audacious and Spencer, which will be given in the next chapter. Every
+ship, indeed, mentions the impossibility of affording any assistance
+to the Hannibal, and that the signal was not made to leave off action
+until her situation was utterly hopeless.
+
+The nature of the well-protected road of Algeziras being fully
+manifest in the diagram facing the 346th page, it is unnecessary to
+point out the difficulties the squadron had to contend with from the
+five strong batteries, which were served with much effect by the
+French artillerymen. The numerous gun-boats stationed at Algeziras for
+the annoyance of our commerce, were from their constant practice in
+that kind of warfare, of themselves a most formidable enemy; besides,
+the assistance they afforded in warping their ships in-shore, and
+placing them in such a position as to enable the different batteries
+to support them. But the failure of the attack must be mainly
+attributed to the unsteadiness and faintness of the wind, which
+enabled none of the squadron to obtain the position it wished; that
+is, in-shore of the enemy: while, by falling calm at a moment the most
+disadvantageous, it left the ships exposed to the enemy's fire without
+the possibility of returning it.
+
+The loss sustained by each ship was severe. The Cæsar had her master,
+Mr. William Grave, six seamen, and two marines, killed; her boatswain,
+G.W. Forster, seventeen seamen, one boy, and six marines, wounded;
+besides the capture of Lieutenant Janvarin, a volunteer, Mr. Richard
+Best, and seven seamen, who were taken by boarding the Hannibal when
+in possession of the enemy. Her masts, particularly the main-mast, and
+yards, were very much injured; her boats were all cut to pieces,
+besides that taken at the Hannibal; and there were many shots in her
+hull. The Pompée had Mr. P. Roxborough, master, Mr. Stewart,
+midshipman, ten seamen, and three marines killed; Lieutenants
+Cheesman, Stapleton, and Innes, Messrs. Currie, Hillier, and Hibbert,
+fifty-three seamen, and ten marines, wounded. She was so completely
+damaged in masts, rigging, and sails, that all hope of refitting her
+as promptly as the rest was at an end. The Spencer had Mr. Spencer, a
+midshipman, and five seamen, killed; Mr. Chatterton, midshipman,
+twenty-three seamen, and three marines wounded. She was damaged
+chiefly in her rigging and sails, which were soon repaired. The
+Venerable had Mr. W. Gibbons, midshipman, and eight seamen, killed;
+Messrs. Austin and Collins, midshipmen, twenty seamen, and four
+marines, wounded; and eight missing. The Hannibal had seventy-five
+killed, among whom were Mr. D. Lindsay, clerk, and Lieut. James
+Williams, R.M.; and seventy wounded and missing. The Audacious had
+eight killed; Lieut. Day, of the Marines, thirty-one seamen and
+marines, wounded. The total loss of the squadron being one hundred
+and twenty-three killed, two hundred and forty-two wounded, and
+twenty-two missing.
+
+The loss of the French and Spaniards, by their own accounts, was
+considerable; the former having three hundred and six killed,--among
+whom were Captains Moncousu, of the Dessaix, seventy-four, and
+Lalonde, of the Indomptable, eighty-four,--and near five hundred
+wounded; five gun-boats were sunk, and others damaged; and the forts,
+in which eleven men were killed, received considerable injury. The
+ships suffered a good deal in hull, masts, and rigging; but not so
+much as was anticipated.
+
+The French, as might be expected, from their usual disregard to truth,
+made this out one of the most brilliant exploits ever performed. Their
+account stated that three French ships had completely beaten six
+English, which took refuge in Gibraltar after leaving the Hannibal in
+their possession, &c.; saying nothing of the heavy batteries and
+gun-boats they had to contend with. But the Spaniards, in the Madrid
+Gazette extraordinary, represented the "action as very obstinate and
+bloody on both sides; and likewise on the part of the batteries, which
+decided the fate of the day:" and in another place, "the fire of our
+batteries was so hot and well supported that the enemy suffered most
+from them; and particularly it is to the St. Jago we owe the capture
+of the English ship, for her bold manoeuvre of attempting to pass
+between the French Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore,
+made her take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertions to
+get her afloat, it was found impossible to move her. Then the fire
+from the battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to
+strike."[34]
+
+   [34] James, vol. iii. p. 120.
+
+The diagram, besides pointing out the situations of the five strong
+batteries, which so completely protect the harbour, and which did the
+greatest execution, shows the first position of the ships about the
+time they all anchored, and before the enemy's ships had warped near
+the shore. The second, represented by the outlines, shows the
+situation of the hostile squadrons at the time the Hannibal struck,
+when the Pompée had nearly reached the Mole, the distance of which
+from Algeziras is little more than four miles, and the Spencer was
+considerably advanced in that direction.
+
+We cannot conclude our account of this action without a few remarks on
+the circumstances we have related. There cannot be a doubt that, had
+the enemy remained in the position he held at the commencement of the
+action, every ship would have been taken. Praise is certainly due to
+Admiral Linois for his able manoeuvre of warping his ships aground,
+being the only chance he had of escaping; while it was acknowledging
+that, as long as his ships were continued afloat, he had no confidence
+in protection from the batteries, strong as they were, against the
+valour and perseverance of British seamen.
+
+Although the attack was not crowned with the success it merited, in a
+national point of view the result was as complete as if the whole
+squadron had been destroyed, as the enemy were thereby prevented from
+proceeding further in the execution of the ulterior object of their
+expedition; and the chance of this alone was sufficient to justify Sir
+James in this bold and daring attempt, which, it will be seen,
+ultimately led to one of the most glorious achievements which adorn
+the annals of the empire.[35]
+
+   [35] The discrepancies between the diagram and _some_ of the
+   statements given in the logs, are easily accounted for by the
+   changes which took place in the positions of the ships during
+   the action.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1801.
+
+   Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.--Copies of the Journals
+   of the Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable.--Remarks on
+   them.--Further particulars.--The Spanish account.--The French
+   account.--Bulletin from the Moniteur.--Anecdote of an occurrence
+   at St. Malo.--Sword presented to Linois.--Lines on the
+   occasion.--His improvement of Naval tactics.--Epigram.--Anecdote
+   of the intrepidity of one of the Cæsar's men.
+
+
+It has been mentioned in the preceding chapter that, owing chiefly to
+the minutes of Captain Ferris's court-martial, and to the
+discrepancies in different statements, a controversy has arisen on the
+subject. In order to avoid the possibility of our becoming a party
+thereto, correct copies of the logs, which are now at the Record
+Office in the Admiralty, are subjoined, after having been compared
+with those at Somerset House.
+
+   Copy of the Log of his Majesty's ship Spencer, 6th July 1801.
+
+   Moderate and cloudy,--spoke his Majesty's ship Cæsar, which
+   informed us of having intelligence of three sail of French
+   line-of-battle ships and a frigate being in Algeziras
+   Bay,--answered the signal to prepare for battle at
+   anchor,--employed clearing ship for battle at anchor; at 6h.
+   Apes hill S.E.; at half-past 6 beat the general to
+   quarters,--ship clear for action; A.M. light airs and variable;
+   at 4h. sprung up a breeze from the westward; at 7h. 58m. saw
+   three French sail-of-the-line and one frigate, lying under the
+   protection of the Spanish batteries of Algeziras, and a strong
+   fortified island to the southward, and a number of forts and
+   redoubts to the westward of them.
+
+   At 8h. 17m. the batteries commenced firing on the Venerable,
+   Pompée, and Audacious,--Venerable commenced firing; at 9h. 11m.
+   we commenced firing; at 9h. 35m. found the sheet-cable cut
+   through by the enemy's shot; at 9h. 48m. anchored between the
+   Cæsar and the Hannibal, Audacious astern, the Pompée on our
+   larboard bow, having a battery and the French Admiral's ship to
+   oppose us on our larboard beam, a battery and gun-boats ahead;
+   at 10h. 33m. dismasted and disabled a gun-boat that was rowing
+   to the assistance of the others; at 10h. 39m. cut the cable per
+   Admiral's order whilst wearing,--the gun-boats attempted to
+   approach us from under the land, but the brisk fire that was
+   kept up made them retreat in great disorder; at 11h. 3m.
+   answered the signal to come to the wind on the larboard tack
+   (No. 98); at 11h. 7m. commenced firing at the outer ships of the
+   enemy, which was kept up at intervals.
+
+   At 11h. 37m. observed the Hannibal under the batteries at the
+   north end of the town, with her main-top-mast shot away and
+   aground, but keeping up a brisk fire on the enemy's ships and
+   batteries; P.M. Hannibal still on shore, but keeping up a brisk
+   fire at the enemy's ships and batteries; at 1h. 16m. observed
+   the Hannibal to slacken her fire, shortly after the ensign
+   hauled down and hoisted union downwards; at 1h. 35m. observed
+   the enemy's boats boarding the Hannibal; at 1h. 44m. ceased
+   firing,--found the ship had suffered considerably in her hull,
+   having several shots on both sides between wind and water. Our
+   loss in the action was six killed, twenty-seven badly wounded,
+   two of whom died of their wounds. The fore-mast, bowsprit,
+   main-top-mast, main-top-gallant yard, and main-top-sail yard
+   badly wounded; the boats and booms shot through in several
+   places; the cutter and yawl that were towing astern were sunk by
+   the enemy. At 6h. 30m. anchored per signal, and moored ship in
+   Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.
+
+The following is a correct copy of the Audacious's log, at Somerset
+House.
+
+This log, like the former, begins in the evening of the 5th July 1801.
+
+   Wind S.W. P.M. moderate and hazy; half-past 2 tacked,--Cape
+   Trafalgar S.E. three or four leagues,--got springs on the
+   anchors; at 8h. standing up the Gut of Gibraltar,--Admiral S. by
+   W. three-quarters of a mile; at 12h. taken aback, came to the
+   wind on the land-tack; at 6h. Gibraltar Rock N. by E. four or
+   five leagues,--shortened sail to let the Pompée go ahead to her
+   station; at half-past 7, saw the enemy's ships at anchor in
+   Algeziras Roads, consisting of three line-of-battle ships, a
+   frigate, gun-boats, &c.; three-quarters past 7, the batteries
+   commenced firing on our ships as they passed; twenty minutes
+   past 8, the enemy's ships began to fire on our ships; at
+   half-past 8, the action became hot on both sides,--the
+   Venerable, Pompée, and Audacious as yet only in action; at
+   half-past 9, the Cæsar, Spencer, and Hannibal joined the action
+   against the ships and batteries; at 11h. cut the cables, and
+   tried to tow the ship's head round to the eastward, to bring
+   the ship's broadside to bear on her opponent, but without
+   effect; by this time the sails and rigging being much cut up,
+   and the ship unmanageable, got the kedge anchor with a five-inch
+   hawser out on the starboard bow, and succeeded in bringing the
+   broadside to bear; at noon, light airs inclining to
+   calm,--Cæsar, Spencer, under way, still in action.
+
+   P.M. dark weather; at forty-five minutes past 12, the Venerable
+   and Pompée hauled to the wind on the starboard tack; at 1h. cut
+   the sheet-cable, and slipped the end of the kedge hawser, and
+   spring on the sheet-anchor,--got the boats ahead to tow,--found
+   the ship drifting under the island fort, which did us
+   considerable injury,--the rocks close under the lee-bow,--cut
+   away the best bower-anchor to check her head, and bring her
+   broadside to bear, it being calm; at twenty minutes past 1, a
+   light breeze sprung up off-shore,--cut away the best
+   bower-cable, and made sail on the starboard tack,--observed the
+   Hannibal on shore, and the enemy take possession of her; at 4h.
+   anchored in Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.
+
+The next is the journal of Captain Hood of the Venerable.
+
+   6th July 1801.
+
+   Monday, 6th July, wind variable off Algeziras,--Gibraltar Bay,
+   light breezes, and variable,--the captain went on board the
+   Cæsar,--all sail set,--squadron in company,--the captain
+   returned,--got the sheet-cable through the stern-port, and bent
+   it to the anchor,--got springs on the sheet and bower-anchors;
+   at 2h. Captain Hood went on board the Admiral; at 3h.
+   returned,--received a midshipman and seven men per the Plymouth
+   lugger, and from the Boladore, Spanish lugger; at 4h. Cape
+   Trafalgar, N.E. seven or eight miles,--all sail set,--made and
+   shortened sail occasionally for the squadron, and tacked
+   occasionally,--A.M. do. weather; at 4h. made more sail; at 7h.
+   discovered the enemy, consisting of three two-decked ships and a
+   frigate, with an Admiral's flag flying, at anchor under the town
+   and batteries of Algeziras, protected by many gun-boats,
+   &c.--all sail set, standing in for the enemy, followed by the
+   Pompée, Audacious, Cæsar, Spencer, and Hannibal; at 7h. 50m. the
+   batteries opened their fire on us,--Pompée and Audacious one
+   mile and a half distant from us astern.
+
+   At 8h. it fell calm; at 8h. 20m. the Pompée and Audacious,
+   bringing up the breeze, passed us to windward, when the enemy's
+   ships opened their fire on us; at 8h. 14m. a light air sprung
+   up,--passed the Audacious to leeward, at which time the Pompée
+   and Audacious opened their fire; at 8h. 20m. the breeze dying
+   away, came to with the sheet-anchor, as did the Pompée and
+   Audacious,--hove in the spring; and at 8h. 30m. opened our fire
+   on the French Admiral's ship: at 10h. the Cæsar anchored on our
+   bow, and sent a spring on board of us; at the same time the
+   action became general, and the Hannibal got on shore, after
+   attempting to cut off the French Admiral's ship.
+
+   At 10h. 20m. the Pompée drifted between us and the French
+   Admiral's,--hove in our spring, and brought our guns to bear on
+   the other enemy's ship on our bow, and the other's stern: at
+   12h. the Pompée drifted between our fire and the enemy's,--slipt
+   the sheet-cable, and eight-inch hawser, the spring, with the
+   intention of getting alongside the enemy's southernmost
+   ship,--light air springing up at the time from the N.E.; in
+   awaiting this opportunity, the mizen-top-mast, fore-braces, and
+   jibb halyards, with various other standing and running rigging,
+   shot away, and main-mast badly wounded: at 11h. 15m. breeze
+   dying away prevented our intention,--opened our fire on the
+   southernmost ship; at 12h. calm and hazy,--Cæsar, Hannibal,
+   Audacious, Spencer, and us still firing on the enemy's ships,
+   batteries, and gun-boats,--boats of the squadron towing off the
+   Pompée to Gibraltar; P.M. calm,--still firing on the enemy's
+   ships, which were warping farther in-shore.
+
+   At 12h. 40m. sent Lieutenant Collis in the pinnace to assist the
+   Hannibal; at 1h. 40m. finding it impossible to near the enemy's
+   ships with safety, it being calm, and a strong current setting
+   in-shore, their batteries firing red-hot shot and throwing
+   shells, ceased the action as per signal, as did the other ships,
+   and steered for Gibraltar,--observed the Hannibal ceased firing,
+   and hoist the colours reversed, having her fore and mainmasts
+   shot away, and being in ten foot water, rendered all assistance
+   useless.
+
+   24 Nov. 1801.[36]
+   S. HOOD.
+
+     [36] The journal of Lieutenant Collis of the Venerable, the
+     officer who was sent to assist the Hannibal, and was taken
+     prisoner when on board, but who was sent to Gibraltar on parole,
+     need not be given, as it is an exact copy of the captain's log.
+
+Thus the logs and journals of the captains and officers of the
+Spencer, Audacious, Venerable, and Cæsar, all agree that the Hannibal
+struck her colours between 1h. 20m. and 1h. 40m. The Pompée, being by
+this time near the Mole at Gibraltar, could not see nor take minutes
+of that circumstance. The Spencer, according to her position at that
+time, was in the best situation for seeing the Hannibal, and
+accordingly her log is the most particular. The Cæsar's log need not
+be given, as it would be merely a repetition of Captain Brenton's
+narrative. All these agree with Colonel Connolly's testimony, and
+their evidence is quite conclusive as to the following facts; namely,
+that the Hannibal struck her colours before the main-mast fell; that
+these colours were hoisted union down by the enemy, who had possession
+of the ship before the boats came alongside from the Venerable and
+Cæsar, and that to save her was quite impossible.
+
+The following further particulars relative to the action are given in
+the extract of a letter from an officer of the Cæsar, dated at
+Gibraltar:
+
+   There is one point that needs explanation; namely, when the
+   Cæsar cut her cable at half-past ten o'clock, it was from a fine
+   breeze springing up, and the hope of closing with the enemy.
+   Orders were given for that purpose to the Audacious and
+   Venerable; the Cæsar wore round them, and brought her broadside
+   to bear on the Indomptable's bow, lying there (about three
+   cables distant from her) a considerable time, with the
+   fore-top-sail to the mast (aback). The Audacious, bringing up a
+   breeze from the north-west, passed between us and the enemy,
+   who, in this part of the day, suffered materially, his
+   fore-top-mast going about five minutes before twelve o'clock.
+   Shortly afterwards, the Audacious and Cæsar were becalmed upon
+   the broadside of the Indomptable, without being able to bring
+   one of their guns to bear,--the Cæsar not more than three
+   cables' length from the island battery, and the Audacious still
+   nearer,--both ships drifting on the reef.
+
+   It was at this time that Sir James Saumarez formed the
+   resolution of attacking the island with marines. Boats were
+   signalised for the purpose; but, being all employed with the
+   Pompée, or sunk by the enemy's fire, it was found
+   impracticable. A breeze again sprung up, and Sir James directed
+   his ship to be laid alongside of the Indomptable, in the firm
+   resolution of carrying her. The sails were trimmed for that
+   purpose as well as the crippled state of the masts would allow,
+   but a calm ensued. The Venerable had never received the breeze
+   from the time of her cutting, and still lay unmanageable. The
+   Spencer had drifted considerably in repairing her rigging.
+
+The following is a translation of the Spanish official account of the
+battle of Algeziras, 6th July 1801:
+
+   The division of three French line-of-battle ships and one
+   frigate, under the command of Rear-admiral Citizen Linois, that
+   sailed from the road of Toulon on the 25th last June, destined
+   for Cadiz, came in sight of this station and bay on the 1st of
+   July; and, the Levant wind having failed on entering the
+   Straits, they cruised between the coast of Africa and that of
+   Europe, in which they captured the English brig of war the
+   Speedy, of sixteen guns, that was a Mahon packet, and was
+   conducting to Gibraltar a prize, the merchant brig the Union,
+   loaded with oil and provisions.
+
+   The continuation of the westerly winds obliged the said division
+   to come into this port on the 5th instant, at seven in the
+   evening. From that moment, recollecting the desperate attacks of
+   the English at Alexandria and Copenhagen, we could not but
+   expect that their squadron, which had been seen off Cadiz on the
+   3rd instant, under the command of Rear-admiral Saumarez, would
+   come and attack this division. So it happened.
+
+   As soon as the English received intelligence where the French
+   had anchored, they steered directly for the Straits; and, on the
+   6th instant, at half-past six in the morning, six English ships
+   doubled the Point of Carnero, and, coming round the island of
+   Algeziras, advanced in a line within half cannon-shot of the
+   French ships. The batteries of St. Garcia and the island opened
+   their fire upon the English; and afterwards the frigate and
+   republican ships.
+
+   As soon as the English line came opposite the French ships at
+   anchor, they opened upon them an animated, bold, and unremitting
+   fire. The English Admiral having placed himself against the
+   French, and the British ship Hannibal being under sail,
+   cannonaded furiously the French Admiral, who, with superior
+   spirit and success, resisted them; insomuch that, having carried
+   away the Admiral's mizen-mast, and sails of the main and
+   fore-mast, with no small damage of his hull, the commander of
+   the English ship Hannibal, despising the fire from the battery
+   of St. Jago, pushed on to his succour; and, intending to place
+   the French Admiral between two fires, by running between him and
+   the shore, had the imprudence, being unacquainted with his
+   position, to place himself within a quarter of a gun-shot of the
+   battery, and ran aground. He relieved his Admiral, who, after
+   this, went out of the action; but he lost his own ship and crew,
+   as the fire from the battery and French Admiral dismantled him,
+   and killed three parts of his ship's company.
+
+   Until this ship's surrender, which was about the time of the
+   retreat of the English Admiral, the fire was constant upon the
+   two French ships and frigate, as well as upon the seven Spanish
+   gun-boats, the batteries of the island, St. Garcia, St. Jago, La
+   Almiranta, and Almirante, which, as opportunity offered,
+   returned their fire.
+
+   The battle lasted from half-past eight o'clock in the morning,
+   when the fort of St. Garcia opened its fire, till two in the
+   afternoon, when the last shot was fired from the French ship
+   Indomptable. The persevering, active, and tremendous fire of the
+   enemy, and that of the two nations (French and Spanish), were
+   only distinguishable by the prudence, skill, and greatness of
+   soul with which the allied chiefs directed theirs, and the
+   audacity, temerity, and confusion which were shown in that of
+   the English. The idea of this kind of fighting, which we form
+   from the account of the battles of Alexandria and Copenhagen,
+   does not, in proportion to the numbers engaged, bear any
+   comparison with that of Algeziras, either in point of bloodiness
+   or obstinacy.
+
+   The English, after having left the glory and the field of battle
+   to the two nations, covered with shame, and taught by
+   dear-bought experience, have only given an unequivocal proof of
+   their inveterate hatred to France and Spain; since, not being
+   able to obtain any advantage over the French and Spanish forces,
+   they directed their fire against an inoffensive town, which
+   received no small injury in the buildings. This is the only
+   glory which the arms of Great Britain have to boast of.
+
+   The Pompée was towed out of the action by eight boats, who came
+   to her succour from the garrison of Gibraltar. She was kept
+   afloat by casks, or otherwise could not have been brought in.
+
+   The ships of the French Republic which sustained this attack
+   were the Formidable, 84, Citizen Linois; Dessaix, 74, Moncousu,
+   killed; L'Indomptable, 84, La Londe, killed; the frigate Muiron,
+   36, Martinencq; five Spanish gun-boats damaged, and two sunk. In
+   the French ships, three hundred and six killed; one hundred and
+   eighty-four wounded. We suppose in the English squadron above
+   five hundred are killed, and from two hundred and seventy to two
+   hundred and eighty wounded.
+
+   MADRID GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY.
+
+   Merida, 10 July 1801.
+
+   The general commandant of the camp at St. Roque, in a despatch
+   of the 6th instant, transmitted by a courier extraordinary,
+   communicates an account of an action which has been fought
+   between six sail of the line, and other vessels of war,
+   belonging to the English, and the French squadron of three ships
+   of the line, and one frigate, lying at anchor in the harbour of
+   Algeziras; and of the glorious result which has taken place for
+   his Majesty's arms, and those of the Republic, his ally.
+
+   About eight in the morning of that day, (viz. the 6th,) there
+   were seen, coming out of Gibraltar, one ship of eighty-four
+   guns, five of seventy-four, a lugger of sixteen, another of ten,
+   and a polacre of ten, two armed launches, and fourteen boats.
+   This force, under the command of a Rear-admiral, stood into
+   Algeziras, for the purpose of attacking the French squadron then
+   anchored in that port, which, as has been already stated,
+   consisted of three sail of the line, and one frigate. The
+   commanders of this squadron, being aware of the enemy's
+   intention, made their dispositions for defence, placing
+   themselves, as well as they were able, under the cover of our
+   batteries, and waiting in this position for his approach.
+
+   The action commenced at nine; it was very obstinate and bloody
+   on both sides, and likewise on the part of our batteries, which
+   decided the fate of the day. The action was continued till two
+   in the afternoon, at which hour the English drew off with the
+   loss of one ship of the line; taking in tow another, which was
+   dismasted and damaged in the hull; and having sustained very
+   great loss and damage in the rest of their vessels. Their loss
+   in men must have been considerable, as it is certain that a
+   great number were killed and wounded on board all the ships. The
+   French also have been equal sufferers, the killed and wounded
+   in their squadron being estimated at eight hundred: that of our
+   troops has been less; out of the whole, only the royal regiment
+   of Ronda has lost eleven men.
+
+   The fire of our batteries was so hot and well supported, that
+   the enemy suffered most from them; and particularly it is to
+   that of St. Jago we owe the capture of the English ship, for her
+   bold manoeuvre of attempting to pass between the French
+   Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore, made her
+   take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertion to put
+   her afloat, it being found impossible to move her, the fire from
+   the battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to
+   strike. The French vessels, and our batteries, have likewise
+   received a good deal of damage; but they are already in a course
+   of repair; and the most active dispositions are making in order
+   to cause the enemy to repent, should he have any intention of
+   renewing the action with troops so animated and well-conducted
+   as ours and the French have proved themselves in the engagement
+   of the 6th.
+
+The French account of this action, as we have already noticed, was
+still more exaggerated than the Spanish; and, unfortunately for the
+friends and relatives of the Admiral, officers, and men of the
+squadron, it made its way to England some time previously to the
+_true_ accounts,--causing much uneasiness. The _Moniteur_ announced
+that
+
+   On the 5th July, at eight o'clock in the morning, the cannonade
+   commenced against six English ships, which lost no time in
+   coming within musket-shot of the French vessels. The action then
+   became very warm. These two squadrons seemed equally animated
+   with a determination to conquer. If the French squadron had any
+   advantage in point of situation, the English had double their
+   force, and several of their vessels had ninety guns each:
+   already had the English ship, Hannibal, of seventy-four guns,
+   contrived to place herself between the French squadron and the
+   shore. It was now eleven o'clock A.M., and this proved the
+   decisive moment. For two hours the Formidable, the French
+   Admiral's ship, successfully opposed three English ships.
+
+   One of the British squadron, which was singly engaged with a
+   French vessel, struck her colours at three-quarters past eleven.
+   Immediately after, the Hannibal, exposed to the fire of three
+   French ships, which fired from two decks, also struck her
+   colours: about half-past twelve, the English squadron cut their
+   cables, and sailed away. The Hannibal was boarded by the
+   Formidable. Of six hundred men, who composed her crew, three
+   hundred were killed. The first ship that struck her colours was
+   retaken by a great number of gun-boats, and other vessels, sent
+   out from Gibraltar. This action covers the French arms with
+   glory, and shows what they are capable of accomplishing.
+   Rear-admiral Linois _proceeded to Cadiz with the Hannibal, in
+   order to repair her damage_.[37] We wait with impatience the
+   returns of the loss sustained by each ship.
+
+     [37] This was a gratuitous falsehood.
+
+These accounts appear to have reached Paris on the 11th July. On the
+19th, the following bulletin reached St. Malo.
+
+   Three French ships of the line and a frigate, under the command
+   of Rear-admiral Linois, were attacked on the 6th instant by six
+   English sail of the line and a frigate. The English were
+   completely beaten, and took refuge in Gibraltar, leaving in
+   possession of the French the Hannibal, of seventy-four guns:
+   another ship of the line had struck, but was towed off by a
+   great number of gun-vessels, which sailed from Gibraltar to her
+   relief.
+
+About this time, the Jason frigate, having been wrecked near St. Malo,
+the captain and crew were made prisoners. The author was sent in with
+a flag of truce by Commodore Cunningham, of the Clyde, to negotiate
+for the exchange of prisoners; when the French officer, with an air of
+triumph and exultation, handed him a copy of that bulletin: but, as
+soon as the negotiation was ended, the author had the pleasure of
+handing to him, in return, the Gazette account of the victory of the
+13th, which Sir James Saumarez had gained over Linois, and which the
+Commodore had received, fortunately, on that day. The Frenchman's
+chagrin may be easily imagined, when he threw down the Gazette, with
+the exclamation '_Ce n'est pas vrai_!'
+
+On the statement of Linois' victory, as it was called, reaching Paris,
+a handsome sword was sent to him; which, however, did not reach him
+until after his subsequent defeat. On this occasion the following
+Epigram was written.
+
+     In the days of the Bourbons, a man was _rewarded_
+       For _standing_ the brunt of the day:
+     But, now, this old maxim in France is _discarded_,--
+       Men are honoured for _running away_!
+
+In the French accounts nothing was mentioned of their running their
+ships aground to escape from the English, which is, indeed, the only
+thing Citizen Linois deserved any credit for doing. At the same time,
+it could not fail to convince both the French and Spanish troops, of
+the want of confidence he must have had in his crews, and of their
+evident inferiority: it was certainly a new mode of fighting, which
+called forth the following lines on this improvement in naval tactics.
+
+     To mar our skill, fam'd Linois, thou hast found
+     A certain way,--by fighting ships on _ground_;
+     Fix deep in sand thy centre, van, and rear,
+     Nor e'er St. Vincent, Duncan, Nelson, fear.
+     While, o'er the main, Britannia's thunder rolls,
+     She leaves to thee the trident of the _shoals_!
+
+In concluding this chapter, we shall relate the following anecdote of
+British heroism, derived from Captain Brenton's Naval History.
+
+   When, in the hottest part of the action at Algeziras, the Cæsar
+   _broke her sheer_,--that is, her situation was altered by a puff
+   or flaw of wind so as to change the direction of her head, and
+   turn her round, that her guns could not be brought to bear on
+   her opponent,--the captain ordered the boat to be lowered down
+   from the stern, to convey a warp to the Audacious; but the boat
+   was found to be knocked to pieces by the enemy's shot. Before
+   other means could be resorted to, Michael Collins, a young
+   sailor belonging to the Cæsar's mizen-top, seized the end of a
+   lead-line, and exclaiming, "You shall soon have a warp," darted
+   into the sea from the tafrail, and swam with the line to the
+   Audacious, where it was received, and by that means a hawser was
+   run out which answered the intended purpose.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1801.
+
+   Mole of Gibraltar.--Negociation for the exchange of prisoners
+   unsuccessful.--Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal
+   return on parole.--They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger,
+   which carries home despatches and private letters.--Despatch
+   sent to Lord Keith.--Admiral Saumarez shifts his flag to the
+   Audacious.--Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the
+   Cæsar.--Their admirable conduct.--Captain Brenton and the
+   garrison.--Arrival of the Spanish squadron at
+   Algeziras.--Increased exertions of the crews of the
+   squadron.--Private letters.--Preparations to attack the enemy.
+
+
+The squadron being now in the Mole at Gibraltar, the wounded having
+been removed to the hospital, and the necessary orders given for
+refitting with all possible speed, the Admiral lost no time in turning
+his attention to the situation of the captain, officers, and crew of
+the unfortunate Hannibal, which had so nobly maintained the honour of
+the British flag.
+
+Sir Jahleel Brenton says, "He ordered me to take a flag of truce, and
+wait upon the French admiral (Linois), proposing an exchange of
+prisoners, which the latter refused, alleging that it was not in his
+power to establish a cartel for the purpose, until he obtained the
+sanction of the Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent
+off an express, as soon as the firing had ceased, on the preceding
+day; but he consented to send over on parole Captain Ferris and the
+officers of the Hannibal. The object of the French Admiral was very
+obvious; he concluded we wanted to replace the men who were killed,
+and wounded; but he justly thought, that sending officers on parole
+would be an act of harmless courtesy, from which we could reap no
+immediate benefit. It will be seen that, after the second action, when
+his dispatches from Algeziras could scarcely have reached Paris, (only
+six days having elapsed,) he did not wait for an answer from the
+Minister of Marine. But circumstances had altered; we had taken a
+line-of-battle ship, and burned two first-rates; and he then wished to
+get back as many of the crews as possible."
+
+The following correspondence, which took place between Sir James
+Saumarez and the French Admiral Linois, shows the deep interest Sir
+James took in the distressing situation of the crew of the Hannibal,
+of which an account was brought to him by Captain Brenton, together
+with the assurance that Captain Ferris and his officers would be
+liberated on parole.
+
+   Cæsar, off Rosia Bay, 8th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Solicitous as I am for the welfare of the men unfortunately
+   wounded on board his Majesty's ship Hannibal, and desirous to
+   have them conveyed as speedily as possible to this garrison, I
+   propose to send a boat early to-morrow morning with a flag of
+   truce, and I trust no objection can be made to their coming by
+   her.
+
+   Being informed that Captain Ferris and his officers have
+   permission to come on their parole, a boat will also be sent for
+   them. I have the honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Linois,
+   commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.
+
+The boat having returned from Algeziras with Captain Ferris and his
+officers, but not with the crew of the Hannibal, Sir James despatched
+another boat, with the following letter to Admiral Linois:
+
+   Cæsar, off Rosia Bay, 9th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Having received different reports, particularly from Captain
+   Ferris, that the men who had the misfortune of being wounded on
+   board his Majesty's ship Hannibal are left in the most
+   afflicting condition, and are unprovided with every kind of
+   refreshment, I am impelled, from motives of humanity, to renew
+   my application to you that they may be permitted to come to this
+   place by the boat now sent for them; and that you will also
+   permit those wounded men who are confined in the prison, and
+   who, I understand, are without any surgical attendance whatever,
+   to accompany them. I have the honour to be, sir,
+
+   With all possible regard, your obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Linois,
+   commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.
+
+This application was, however, not attended with success; and the
+sufferings of the unfortunate wounded at Algeziras were extreme, until
+circumstances changed, in consequence of the second action.
+
+We shall now continue the authentic and interesting communication
+which Sir Jahleel Brenton has so kindly made to us:
+
+   "The morning of the 7th July was passed in getting the Cæsar
+   secured in the Mole, and in landing the wounded men that still
+   remained on board; also in stripping the ship, and in
+   ascertaining the amount of injury she had sustained. The
+   main-mast was so much injured that it became necessary to take
+   it out and get in a new one; the fore-mast was also very badly
+   wounded, but capable of being fished and rendered serviceable.
+   Every effort was made to complete our repairs, and get again
+   ready for sea. On the following day, Captain Ferris and his
+   officers, who were sent on parole, arrived. They were
+   accompanied by Lord Cochrane and the officers of the Speedy,
+   sloop of war, which had been taken on the 3rd by Linois'
+   squadron, off Malaga."
+
+The Admiral now prepared duplicates of his despatches for the
+Admiralty, which Lieutenant Janvarin, of the Calpe, who was taken in
+the Cæsar's boat, assisting the Hannibal, had been previously charged
+to carry to Faro. These were confided to Lieutenant Hills, of the
+Hannibal, who, with Captain Ferris, were embarked on board the
+Plymouth lugger for England. Sir Jableel Brenton says: "On taking
+leave of the Admiral, the scene was deeply interesting, and even
+affecting. Sir James, after giving Captain Ferris the highest credit
+for his gallant daring, to which the loss of the Hannibal was
+attributed, and lamenting that their united endeavours had not been
+crowned with the success they merited, added, adverting to his
+despatches, 'Tell them, sir, that I feel convinced I shall soon have
+an opportunity of attacking the enemy again, and that they may depend
+on my availing myself of it.'"
+
+On the 9th, in the afternoon, the Superb and Thames, which had
+continued to watch the enemy off Cadiz, were seen coming through the
+Straits under a crowd of canvass, with the signal for an enemy flying;
+and they had scarcely rounded Cabrita Point before the Spanish
+squadron, consisting of six sail of the line, were seen in pursuit of
+them, and soon after anchored in Algeziras with the French squadron.
+
+Sir James now added the following to his despatches to Lord Keith:
+
+   Cæsar, Gibraltar, 9th July 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to inform your lordship that the Superb and
+   Thames are now standing into the bay, with the signal for the
+   enemy's being in sight; and I understand from Governor O'Hara
+   that he has information from Cadiz that all the Spanish and
+   French ships in that port were ordered to Algeziras Bay to take
+   the French ships to Carthagena.
+
+   I hope to have all the squadron ready before this day week; and,
+   as they cannot possibly put to sea under a fortnight at the
+   earliest, I hope something may join me from your lordship before
+   they can put to sea: but, on the event of their sailing before
+   such junction, I shall follow them up with all the ships with
+   me, and proceed off Minorca, which will be my rendezvous till I
+   have the honour of hearing from your lordship.
+
+   I am sorry to mention that the Hannibal is got off; but Captain
+   Ferris, who has just come over on his parole, describes her in
+   the worst condition, as well as the three French ships, and does
+   not think they can be repaired under a fortnight or three weeks
+   at the earliest; as does Lord Cochrane, who is likewise come
+   over on his parole.
+
+   I have the honour to be
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Right Hon. Lord Keith, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+The public despatches being closed, Sir James wrote the following
+letters, which were sent by the same conveyance; and, as they contain
+his own private feelings on the occasion, they will be read with
+interest:
+
+   Cæsar, Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   After the warm expectations my friends have always formed for my
+   success in the public service, they will be distressed on being
+   informed of my having failed in an enterprise with the squadron
+   on three French line-of-battle ships at anchor off Algeziras. I
+   was informed by different expresses from this garrison of their
+   having attempted to pass the Straits for Cadiz, and having
+   anchored at some distance from the batteries. I made sail
+   yesterday with the intention to attack them, if found
+   practicable. We got round the point of the bay at about seven
+   this morning, and at half-past eight the action began, and
+   during the first hour, promised the most favourable hopes of
+   success; when, by a most unfortunate circumstance, the Hannibal
+   got aground, and at once destroyed all my expectations, though
+   the action was continued for nearly four hours after.
+
+   Every possible effort was made to rescue her from the enemy's
+   fire; and after repeated attempts, and a very great risk of this
+   ship and the Audacious getting on shore under the enemy's
+   batteries, I was under the necessity of abandoning the Hannibal
+   to her fate. Although we have not succeeded in bringing off the
+   enemy's ships, they are, we believe, very seriously damaged. Two
+   of them are aground, and it is not expected they will be got
+   off.
+
+   Wednesday, 9th July 1801.
+
+   Having found a conveyance by way of Tangier, I sent you a
+   duplicate of this. The Superb and Thames have just made their
+   appearance, with the signal for the enemy being out of port. I
+   think it is a good thing to have drawn them this way, as I trust
+   the first Levanter will bring us ships from the Mediterranean.
+   Captain Ferris goes by this opportunity, and has promised to
+   forward this immediately to you. He will be heard of at the
+   Admiralty, or at the Adelphi Hotel. Great praise is due for the
+   brave defence of his ship.
+
+   10th July 1801.
+
+   It is incalculable how much I have on my hands, night and day;
+   but, thank God! my health is good, though my anxiety is great. A
+   fresh Levanter having sprung up, the lugger sails immediately.
+   Phil. Dumaresq is very well, as are all the others. Poor Graves
+   is the only person we have lost of the class of officers. I also
+   wrote to you, by way of Lisbon, only an hour since, and just
+   before the easterly wind set in. I trust none of my friends will
+   suffer anxiety on my account. This will be addressed to you, my
+   dear Richard, and you will forward it to my brother. He will be
+   happy in being able to satisfy those who have friends on board
+   that they have all escaped unhurt. H. Brock, with the young men
+   from the island, are all well. I am, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Richard Saumarez, Esq.
+
+Extracts of letters written on the 7th July 1801, to Lady Saumarez:
+
+   I have formed a thousand apprehensions lest an account of the
+   events of yesterday should reach England through France before
+   the arrival of my despatches (which were sent off by way of
+   Faro), and fill your mind with cruel anxiety on my account; and
+   this fear is much increased lest those despatches should not
+   even arrive, as I was obliged to send them by a doubtful
+   opportunity, through Tetuan and Tangier, the wind not admitting
+   any vessel to pass the Straits.
+
+   Trusting, however, to their safety, I will not repeat their
+   contents; but will only observe that, when I sat down to write
+   to you, it was the first interval of rest from one of the most
+   bustling scenes I ever witnessed, and from experiencing one of
+   the severest disappointments I have ever known; having, for a
+   considerable period during the action, flattered myself with the
+   strongest confidence that the most complete success would have
+   attended the enterprise.
+
+   I resign myself to the decree of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, whose will
+   the winds obey; and I have great cause to be thankful for not
+   having been forsaken in the hour of danger, but for having my
+   courage strengthened as the peril increased. Feeling, as I do,
+   all the responsibility on an event of this importance to the
+   country, I should be miserable had I to reproach myself for
+   having undertaken the enterprise on light grounds, or with
+   having failed in the planning or in the execution; but, on the
+   contrary, it is admitted by every one to have been most
+   judicious. It is therefore only in the result that I have been
+   unfortunate, and that arising from unforeseen and inevitable
+   causes. I have been too much employed to reflect on the light in
+   which the business may be viewed in England; but, conscious of
+   having done my duty, and to the utmost of my exertions, I shall
+   be indifferent as to the rest. I only trust that all my friends,
+   but you more particularly, will be superior to any reflexions
+   that may be made, should there be any unfavourable to me; though
+   I hope for better things, and that with the liberal, at least,
+   that which has been well intended, and carried on with conduct
+   and bravery, will be held in some estimation.
+
+Admiral Linois, from the specimen he had had of the determined
+perseverance of the British commander-in-chief, had no wish to try
+another contest; nor was it possible for him to escape the risk of
+one, either by lying under the protection of the Spanish batteries, or
+by proceeding to Cadiz. He lost no time, therefore, in sending an
+express to the Spanish Admiral Mazzaredo, and the French Rear-admiral
+Dumanoir, who, with Commodore Le Ray and other officers and men, had
+previously arrived in two frigates at Cadiz for the purpose of
+equipping the Spanish fleet, imploring the assistance of a squadron to
+convoy them to Cadiz, before the English ships under Sir James
+Saumarez could be refitted; adding in his despatch, "I have just
+received advice that the enemy intends burning us at our anchorage. It
+is in your power to save for the Republic three fine ships of the line
+and a frigate by merely ordering the Spanish squadron to come and seek
+us."
+
+This demand, through the influence of Admiral Dumanoir, was
+immediately acceded to by Mazzaredo, who ordered Vice-admiral Moreno
+to proceed with five sail of the line, three frigates, and a lugger,
+accompanied by the San Antonio, manned partly with French and
+Spaniards, in which Admiral Dumanoir hoisted his flag. The movements
+of these ships were observed by Captain Keats in the Superb, who, in
+consequence of information he had received from an American, returned
+with the Thames and Pasley off Cadiz.
+
+At daylight, on the 9th, this squadron put to sea, except the San
+Antonio, which, being unable to fetch out, came to an anchor in the
+road. The rest made sail up the Straits, preceded by the Superb,
+Thames, and Pasley; and, the wind being fair, the former reached
+Algeziras about four P.M., while the latter, as already stated,
+anchored in Gibraltar Bay, to unite their efforts in refitting the
+shattered ships. On the next morning, the San Antonio, with Admiral
+Dumanoir's flag, arrived at Algeziras.
+
+As the object of this overwhelming force could be no other than to
+conduct in safety the three French ships, and their prize the
+Hannibal, to Cadiz or Carthagena, the exertions of the British
+officers and men were redoubled in getting the damaged ships ready to
+meet the enemy. They accomplished what has been justly acknowledged,
+one of the most extraordinary undertakings ever known.
+
+The Pompée was in too bad a state to leave any hopes that she could be
+got ready in time; her men, therefore, were distributed to assist in
+repairing the other ships: and all idea of refitting the Cæsar was on
+the point of being abandoned!
+
+The following account given by Captain Brenton will be read with much
+interest: "Sir James now expressed the greatest anxiety to have as
+many of his little squadron as possible ready for action, that he
+might avail himself at any moment of the motions of the enemy to make
+an attack upon some part of them; and despairing, from the state of
+the Cæsar, that she could possibly be got in readiness before the
+departure of the ships from Algeziras, he expressed a wish that the
+deficiencies in the other ships might be made up from the crew of the
+Cæsar; but on my entreaty for permission to keep them while a
+possibility remained of getting her in a state to receive his flag
+again, he consented, hoisting it for the time on board the Audacious.
+
+"On communicating to the people what had passed, there was a universal
+cry, 'All hands all night and all day until the ship is ready!' so
+earnest were they to carry the flag of their beloved Admiral again
+into battle, and so sanguine in the expectation of victory,
+notwithstanding the disparity of force,--nearly _two to one_! This I
+could not consent to, as they would have been worn out and incapable
+of further exertion; but I directed that all hands should be employed
+during the day, and that they should work _watch and watch_ during the
+night. They immediately commenced their various duties, with all the
+energy and zeal that could be expected from men under such powerful
+causes of excitement. The new main-mast was got in forthwith, and
+extraordinary efforts made to refit the rigging.
+
+"On Saturday, the 11th, the enemy showed symptoms of moving; and the
+Admiral, fearing they might get out in the night, again suggested that
+the people from the Cæsar should be distributed, and every idea of
+getting her ready abandoned; but I entreated, and obtained permission
+to keep them during that night, under the promise that they should be
+held in readiness at a minute's warning to proceed to the ship pointed
+out to receive them.
+
+"The enemy having anchored again, the Admiral went to dine with the
+governor; and, on his return on board, was greatly delighted at
+beholding the ship apparently ready for sea, although much yet
+remained to be done."
+
+We must here pay a just tribute to the professional abilities and
+conduct of Captain (now Sir Jahleel) Brenton. He was, in the first
+place, well aware of the magnitude of the labour which the men had to
+perform, and saw the danger of allowing his brave crew to be worn out
+with fatigue in attempting that to which the human frame is unequal.
+He therefore decided that, instead of working on until the labour was
+finished, according to the seamen's laudable wishes, they should have
+such a portion of rest as would enable them to resume their labour
+with renewed energy. In the second place, he knew that without system,
+the exertions of the men would be in vain; but the admirable
+directions he gave employed every man in what he was best able to
+perform without impeding his neighbour, whilst every part of the
+labour advanced simultaneously. There has, indeed, never yet been on
+record an instance of a ship performing such a task so well and in so
+short a time.
+
+Although the services going on required many men to be on shore for
+gunpowder and other stores, to replace what had been expended, there
+was not a single complaint of any one absenting himself from his duty,
+or of being intoxicated; though the inducement must have been great,
+from the number of wine-houses on the Rock: but such was the desire of
+these brave fellows to be avenged for the loss of the Hannibal, that
+they would not allow any temptation to induce them to swerve from the
+duty they had to perform.
+
+The extraordinary anxiety of mind, and the multiplicity of duty he had
+to perform, did not divert the attention of Sir James from the
+situation of the unfortunate crew of the Hannibal, especially the
+wounded, who were suffering as well from want of proper surgical care
+as from the treatment they had received. He once more made a strong,
+but fruitless attempt for their exchange, by addressing the following
+letter to Admiral Linois:
+
+   Cæsar, off Rosia Bay, 10th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I am impelled by motives of humanity again to renew my
+   application in behalf of the men unfortunately wounded on board
+   his Britannic Majesty's ship Hannibal, and to request they may
+   be permitted to come to this garrison without delay. A
+   proposition so conformable to the laws of civilised nations I
+   trust cannot be rejected; but, should you further refuse to
+   comply with it, you must take upon yourself the impression all
+   the world must have of so cruel a proceeding as to deny those
+   unhappy people the benefit of their own hospital, where they
+   would receive surgical assistance, and not be subjected to the
+   severe treatment they have so long experienced in their present
+   situation.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-admiral Linois, &c. &c. &c.
+
+No answer having been given to this application, the correspondence
+ended, to be resumed under more favourable circumstances.
+
+Sir James now added to the duplicates of his despatches (which had
+been sent in charge of Lieutenant Janvarin, by way of Tangier,) the
+following letter to his brother:
+
+   Cæsar, Gibraltar, 10th July 1801.
+
+   You will, I hope, receive the letters I have written to you on
+   the subject of the enterprise of our squadron against three
+   ships of the line and a frigate, at anchor in Algeziras Bay,
+   last Monday; for a more particular account of which I must refer
+   you to my public letter. But as my friends, with their usual
+   anxiety on my account, will naturally wish further information
+   from me, I must assure them in justice to myself and for their
+   satisfaction, that everything was done that depended on myself,
+   both in the planning and executing the business; but I cannot be
+   accountable for the accidents that prevented its success. Even
+   within an hour from our first engaging, and before any of our
+   ships had sustained much injury, the Pompée, which was
+   remarkably well placed against the inner ship, which proved to
+   be the French Admiral, had at one time nearly silenced her, and
+   must have done so in less than ten minutes, had not an
+   unfortunate flaw of wind _broke her sheer_; and from that moment
+   she was unable to bring one of her guns to bear on the enemy's
+   ship.
+
+   A short time after, the Hannibal got a fine breeze of wind, and
+   was lying up in the handsomest manner for the French ship; but
+   unfortunately, wishing to go between her and the shore, got
+   aground. Surely in either of these instances I was not
+   concerned.
+
+   I had, before this, cut our cables, to profit by a favourable
+   breeze to close the other two ships; but before we got near them
+   it failed us, as well as the Audacious, and with the current we
+   drove close to the island battery, where we remained a
+   considerable time before either of the ships could clear a shoal
+   close to it. At length a fine breeze sprung up, which gave the
+   most favourable hope of carrying us close to the enemy's ships,
+   and, by silencing them, to extricate the unfortunate Hannibal.
+
+   But here, again, it most unhappily failed us; and although we
+   had, at different times, opened a heavy fire upon them, we were
+   still not sufficiently near to silence them effectually; and,
+   the wind all the time leading us farther off, I was constrained
+   to abandon all hopes of success, and proceeded with the squadron
+   to this anchorage.
+
+   The Superb yesterday joined us, with the Thames. Captain Keats,
+   having seen the enemy coming out of Cadiz, appeared with the
+   signal of their being in sight, and they soon after came round
+   Cabrita Point. Two are three-deckers, and three are
+   seventy-fours, with three frigates. If it draws this force to
+   the Mediterranean, some good may come from it. A squadron is
+   hourly expected from Lord Keith, and probably some ships may
+   soon join us from England. We shall have all the ships in
+   readiness; and the junction of a few ships, would make us again
+   superior to the enemy's force. I must not forget to mention
+   that Captain Brenton has shown himself a brave and most able
+   officer.
+
+   It is with difficulty I have found a leisure moment to write
+   this. All I request of my friends is, to feel assured that the
+   failure of this enterprise has in no instance proceeded from
+   myself; and every one is ready to acknowledge that I did, in
+   every respect, all that depended on me. This, you will perceive,
+   is written in the midst of much bustle and a most active scene.
+
+The despatches contained accounts of the arrival of the Spanish
+squadron, and of Sir James's determination to attack them if they
+attempted to put to sea, even with the force under his command. He
+also sent despatches to Lisbon to delay any convoys which might be
+sailing; and to Lord Keith, in the Mediterranean, to inform his
+lordship of all the circumstances we have related. The Plymouth lugger
+had already sailed, the wind being fair, with Captain Ferris, who, as
+well as Lieutenant Hills, were bearers of the interesting details.
+
+The intense interest which these circumstances created on the Rock of
+Gibraltar is far beyond description; nor do we know whether the kind
+and sympathising reception which the suffering heroes met with on
+their return from Algeziras was more worthy of praise than the
+unparalleled exertions made to renew the conflict. On the one hand,
+had the squadron arrived after the most complete and glorious victory,
+they could not have been received in a manner more gratifying to
+their feelings; while, on the other hand, it was evident that every
+man was worthy of such generous and such noble conduct.
+
+The attention of the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants,
+although themselves in a state of privation, was unremitting. We shall
+leave them for the present preparing to take farewell of each other on
+the evening before the Admiral's departure, to meet what must have
+appeared to every spectator an overwhelming foe!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1801.
+
+     Occurrences at Gibraltar.--Determination of Sir James to attack
+     the combined squadron.--Cæsar rehoists the Admiral's flag.--Sir
+     J. Brenton's description of that interesting scene.--His
+     account of the battle.--Destruction of two Spanish
+     three-deckers.--Capture of the St. Antonio.--Action between the
+     Venerable and Formidable.--Public letters.--Private
+     letters.--French details of the battle.--Spanish ditto.--Orders
+     of sailing.--Remarks.
+
+
+General O'Hara the gallant governor, and the brave garrison of
+Gibraltar, had beheld from the Rock, which is only four miles from
+Algeziras, the long-contested, severe, but unfortunate conflict of the
+6th of July. They had witnessed the bravery of their countrymen. Their
+intense anxiety for the success of the Admiral's daring attack had
+been changed into sympathy for the loss his squadron had sustained;
+and, fully convinced that not only no honour had been sacrificed, but
+that the character of the nation had been gloriously maintained, the
+unsuccessful were received at the Rock, as if they had returned from a
+victory. The garrison beheld with admiration the wonderful efforts
+which were made to meet a still more formidable foe. Every day marked
+the progress of the Herculean labours in preparation for that event;
+the exertions, zeal, and intrepidity of Sir James's officers and crews
+increased in proportion to the multiplied force of the enemy, which,
+to men of any other cast, would have appeared overwhelming!
+
+After one of the severest engagements on record, the British squadron,
+in the short space of five days, had repaired its damages, and sought
+the enemy, whose force had been nearly tripled by the junction of six
+ships and three frigates from Cadiz. With such men, and in such a
+cause, victory seemed certain, notwithstanding the great disparity of
+force between the belligerents, and the exertions of the enemy proved,
+that he expected a tremendous struggle. Every circumstance contributed
+to render the approaching contest more eventful. Their late
+unsuccessful attack only served to animate the officers and crews with
+a noble enthusiasm, and a desire to put their valour to another but a
+fairer trial; and they well knew that their Admiral would lead them to
+the combat with that consummate skill, and deliberate courage which
+had so justly rendered his name illustrious.
+
+At length the moment arrived. The enemy, whose force almost tripled
+that of the English, were seen under sail; the wind was fair, and the
+weather fine. The Cæsar, having rehoisted the Admiral's flag, made the
+signal to prepare for battle!
+
+For a description of the intensely interesting and animating scene
+which followed, we gladly avail ourselves of a communication kindly
+made to us by Sir Jahleel Brenton, the gallant captain of the Cæsar on
+that memorable occasion.
+
+"12th July 1801.--At daylight the enemy were seen making every
+preparation for sailing; and in the course of the forenoon were
+getting under way, and working out of the bay with a fresh wind from
+the eastward. As they required to make several tacks for this purpose,
+it was past one o'clock before the headmost ships could clear Cabrita
+Point, when they brought to, to wait for the others to join them.
+
+"At half-past two the Cæsar hauled out of the Mole, her band playing
+"Cheer up my lads, 'tis to glory we steer!" which was answered by the
+military band on the Mole-head with "Britons, strike home!" At the
+same moment the Admiral's flag was rehoisted on board the Cæsar; and
+sail being made upon her, she weighed amidst the deafening cheers and
+acclamations of the garrison, and the whole assembled population,
+carrying with her the sincerest and most ardent wishes for victory.
+
+"She took her station off Europa Point, with the signals for her
+little squadron to close round her, and to prepare for battle.[38] We
+then returned the salute which had been fired by the garrison on
+entering the bay on the 6th; and which, in consequence of being
+immediately engaged with the enemy, we could not do at the time. It
+was delightful during this and the preceding days to witness the calm,
+but decided manner of the admiral. He had evidently calculated the
+awful responsibility under which he was placed; and this, at the same
+time, was self-imposed; for it was by no means incumbent on him as a
+duty, with only five sail of the line, viz. the Cæsar, Superb,
+Spencer, Venerable, and Audacious, to attack an enemy with six fresh
+ships, of which number two mounted one hundred and twelve guns each,
+one of ninety, and three of seventy-four, in addition to the three
+French ships we had already engaged, and their prize, the Hannibal.
+But our chief had counted the cost, and made up his mind to the
+enterprise. His intention was to throw his whole force upon whatever
+part of the enemy's line he might be able to reach; depending upon the
+talents of his captains, and the discipline of his ships, to make up
+for the disparity of force, especially in a night action.
+
+   [38] While off Europa point, and probably at the distance of
+   more than half a mile, a boat with two men was observed
+   pulling towards us, and, on coming alongside, the men proved
+   to be two of our own people, who had been wounded in the
+   action of Algeziras, and sent to the hospital at Gibraltar. On
+   seeing the ship under sail, with the evident intention of
+   attacking the enemy, these gallant fellows asked permission of
+   the surgeon to rejoin their ship, and being refused, on
+   account of their apparent unfitness, they made their escape
+   from the hospital, and taking possession of the first boat
+   they could find, pulled off to the ship.
+
+   Two other seamen belonging to the Pompée, who had not been
+   selected as part of the reinforcement to the crews of the other
+   ships, secreted themselves on board the Cæsar, and the day after
+   the action presented themselves on the quarter-deck, with a
+   request that intercession might be made for them with their
+   captain, telling their story in the following quaint
+   manner:--"Sir, we belongs to the Le Pompée, and finding our ship
+   could not get out, we stowed ourselves away in this ship, and,
+   in the action, quartered ourselves to the "10th gun, and
+   opposite ---- on the lower deck," referring, at the same time, to
+   the officer in command of this division of guns, for the truth
+   of their statement.
+
+"The squadron was soon assembled off Europa, and we beheld that of the
+enemy forming their line off Cabrita, about five miles to leeward,
+waiting for the Hannibal, which was the last ship to leave Algeziras.
+Sir James now made the interrogatory signal to know if all the ships
+were ready for battle, which was most properly answered in the
+negative, as all had much to do. The time which the combined squadron
+took to get into the order of battle and sailing was invaluable to all
+of us, by enabling us to complete the arrangements so necessary upon
+so momentous an occasion. At length, every ship having announced her
+readiness for action, the Admiral made the signal for them to be
+prepared to follow his motions. He had already communicated with his
+captains his plan of attack, and no other signal was made, or was
+necessary.
+
+"_At eight o'clock_ the Hannibal, unable to work out of the Bay, was
+observed to anchor again at Algeziras, and the enemy bore up through
+the Straits; the Cæsar's helm was instantly put up, a blue light being
+burned at the same time for the squadron to follow. At 8h. 40m. the
+Superb was gaining fast upon us, and the Admiral ordered me to hail
+Captain Keats, directing him to engage the ship nearest to the Spanish
+shore. The enemy was retreating in two lines abreast, thus:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(Representation of illustration follows)
+
+             S
+
+
+
+               H
+
+           2   3   4
+
+     5   6   7   8   9   10
+
+the three French ships in the van, the Spanish squadron in the rear.
+Had the Hannibal succeeded in getting out of the bay, she was to have
+taken the station ahead of the French ships, at the place marked with
+a cross H, in order to put her in the greatest security, and to
+preserve their trophy.
+
+"At five minutes past eleven the Superb opened her fire; and, very
+shortly after, the two sternmost ships of the enemy were seen to be in
+flames. We were rapidly approaching them, and orders had been sent
+down to the officers at their quarters to fire as soon as the guns
+would bear.
+
+"I was at this time standing on the poop ladder, near the Admiral,
+when he seized me by the shoulder, and, pointing to the flames
+bursting out, exclaimed, 'My God, sir, look there! the day is ours!' A
+more magnificent scene never presented itself, as may be easily
+imagined, than two ships of such immense magnitude as the Spanish
+first-rates, on board of each other in flames, with a fresh gale, the
+sea running high, and their sails in the utmost confusion. The flames,
+ascending the rigging with the rapidity of lightning, soon
+communicated to the canvass, which instantly became one sheet of fire.
+A very general feeling of regret and sympathy seemed to be quickly
+experienced around us when we beheld the Spanish colours brilliantly
+illuminated by the dreadful conflagration, instead of the French. The
+unfortunate Spaniards, having become at once the tools and the victims
+of France, were objects of our sincere commiseration.
+
+"The Superb was now seen a little way on the starboard bow, engaged
+with one of the enemy's ships, while several others were in sight at a
+distance ahead. We kept on our course, and after having fired a
+broadside into the Superb's opponent, (which, however, was already
+nearly silenced), continued the chase, followed by the Venerable; but,
+when nearly the length of Trafalgar, our wounded masts complained so
+much, that we were under the necessity of close-reefing the
+main-top-sail, and taking in the fore-top-sail. The Admiral was also
+anxious to get his squadron round him, that he might, with his
+collected force, reach Cadiz before the morning, and cut the enemy off
+from the only port in which they could find security.
+
+"The easterly wind, which, although blowing with great violence in the
+Straits, is seldom felt close in shore on either the Spanish or
+African coasts, entirely failed us as we hauled round Cape Trafalgar,
+and left our ship rolling heavily in the swell, to the great danger of
+our masts. At half-past twelve o'clock one of the Spanish
+three-deckers blew up, with a tremendous explosion, and soon after the
+other. They had previously separated, after their masts had fallen,
+and the rigging was consumed; and they were seen for some time
+burning at a distance from each other, before their fatal termination.
+
+"As the Admiral and myself were looking over the chart together, in
+order to shape our course for Cadiz, we heard an alarming cry of
+'Fire!' and, running out upon deck, were enveloped in a thick
+sulphrueous smoke, which seemed to pervade every part of the ship.
+Soon, however, we found it clear away, and ascertained the cause to
+be, that we had run into the column of smoke and vapour arising from
+the explosion of the Spanish ship, which, being too dense to rise, lay
+along the surface of the water. We gradually emerged from this, and
+were relieved from our apprehensions of sharing the fate of our
+unhappy enemies.
+
+"At the dawn of day we saw the Venerable close to a French
+line-of-battle ship, and drawing up with her by the aid of a light air
+off the Spanish shore. At five o'clock the Venerable opened her fire
+upon the enemy. The breeze dying away, the two ships were enveloped in
+a cloud of smoke. The Cæsar, at the distance of about a mile and a
+half, was perfectly becalmed. The boats were sent ahead, in hopes of
+being able to tow her within gun-shot of the enemy. In the course of a
+short time, a light breeze having dispersed the dense cloud of smoke
+which the fire of the two ships had occasioned, we discovered the
+Venerable with her main-mast gone, and her opponent availing herself
+of the air from the eastward to draw away, and pursue her course for
+Cadiz, firing her stern-chasers at the Venerable. The remainder of the
+enemy's squadron, consisting of five sail of the line and one frigate,
+in which both the French and Spanish admirals were embarked, were
+discerned in the N.W., at a considerable distance, coming down with a
+westerly wind.
+
+"The Superb having secured the prize, was approaching us from the
+S.E., and the Spencer and Audacious were also to the southward. Such
+was the relative situation of the squadrons, when, at eight minutes
+past eight, the Venerable made the signal of having struck on a shoal.
+The Admiral, very apprehensive of her falling into the hands of the
+enemy, sent me with discretional orders to Captain Hood, that, should
+he not be able to get her off the shoal, he might put his men into the
+Thames, and burn the Venerable, making the signal at the same time for
+the Thames to close with the Venerable as soon as possible. I had
+scarcely left the Cæsar when I saw the Venerable's fore-mast go over
+the side; and before I reached her the mizen-mast followed. I found
+her, on going on board, a perfect wreck, striking on the shoal, and
+the shot from the stern-chase guns of the Formidable, her opponent,
+going over her. The gallant Hood was seated on a gun on the
+quarter-deck, cheerfully waiting for the assistance which he knew the
+Admiral would send to him as soon as the wind would enable him, and
+ready to take advantage of any circumstance that might occur.
+
+"Having delivered my message from the Admiral, he said, 'Tell Sir
+James I hope it is not yet so bad with the old Venerable; I hope to
+get her off soon. Let the Thames stay by me, in readiness to receive
+our people. These rascals shall not have her.' I returned to my ship;
+the breeze sprung up; and the Thames closing with the Venerable,
+enabled her to heave off the shoal, and the enemy availed himself of
+the wind to get into Cadiz. The Venerable was soon under jury-masts
+and in tow of the Spencer, steering for Gibraltar, followed by the
+rest of the squadron; where we all anchored, with our prize, the San
+Antonio, of seventy-four guns, at 6 P.M. on the 14th.
+
+"The scene before us, on anchoring, was of the most animating
+description. Every point of the Rock overhanging the shore was crowded
+with people, and the acclamations of the troops and inhabitants which
+rent the air resounded throughout the bay! Here, indeed, was a triumph
+for our hero, who, only a week before, had been towed in from
+Algeziras with his crippled and defeated squadron, with the loss of a
+ship of the line; but now entering victorious with the same squadron,
+reinforced, it is true, by the Superb, but diminished by the loss of
+the Hannibal, while the disabled state of the Pompée had prevented
+her leaving Gibraltar; after having engaged and defeated an enemy of
+more than double his force, and having burnt two of their first-rates,
+and taken from them a ship of the line.
+
+"From the nature of the attack and retreat, there was not much hard
+fighting on this occasion, and consequently little opportunity for any
+display of that valour and skill which is so constantly manifested in
+severe actions. The Superb and Venerable had the greatest, and almost
+the only share. But the conduct of the Admiral, I will venture to say,
+when all the circumstances are taken into consideration, must be
+deemed fully equal to anything that has adorned the pages of England's
+naval history. Instead of the recklessness of despair, to which some
+might have attributed an attack with crippled ships against a force
+every way so greatly superior, he manifested a calm and resolute
+determination. His intentions were expressed with so much clearness
+that, as I have already observed, signals were rendered unnecessary.
+He waited with much patience and firmness for the enemy to bear up,
+which would place them in a situation the least favourable for
+resisting a simultaneous attack upon any portion of their squadron.
+
+"When the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants of Gibraltar,
+who had passed the night with painful anxiety beheld the approach of
+the victorious squadron, their joy and exultation knew no bounds.
+Even the wounded at the hospitals, when they heard of the glorious
+success which had attended their brethren in arms, raising their
+stumps, joined in the general burst of acclamation. On the arrival of
+the Cæsar, the royal standard was hoisted, twenty-one guns were fired
+at the King's Bastion, and the whole of this noble fortress was
+brilliantly illuminated in honour of the victory."
+
+After the termination of this contest,--a contest which may be said to
+have lasted seven days, in which two battles had been fought under
+peculiar disadvantages, and which ended in adding another brilliant
+ray to the naval glory of Britain,--Sir James, with that humility
+which had ever formed a distinguished feature in his character,
+returned thanks to the great Giver of all victory for crowning his
+exertions with success.
+
+The following general memorandum was given out to the squadron, on
+their return to Gibraltar:
+
+   Cæsar, Rosia Bay, 15th July 1801.
+
+   Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez has the happiness to offer his
+   most heartfelt congratulations to the captains, officers, and
+   men of the ships he had the honour to command, on the signal
+   success with which it has pleased Almighty God to crown their
+   zealous exertions in the service of their country. To the
+   discipline and valour of British seamen is to be ascribed their
+   great superiority over the enemy, who, although more than
+   triple the force of the English squadron in number of guns and
+   weight of metal, have been so signally defeated.
+
+   The Rear-admiral has not failed to transmit in his late
+   despatches a report of the unparalleled exertions of all the
+   officers and men in refitting his Majesty's ships after the
+   battle of Algeziras, where their conduct and bravery were
+   equally conspicuous, and which has led to the late glorious
+   success.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c.
+
+Lieutenant Dumaresq, of the Cæsar, was now despatched in the Louisa
+brig to England, with the following official accounts of the action
+from the Rear-admiral, and from Captains Keats and Hood:
+
+   Cæsar, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I request you will please to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty that it has pleased the Almighty to crown the
+   exertions of this squadron with the most signal success over the
+   enemies of their country.
+
+   The three French line-of-battle ships disabled in the action of
+   the 6th instant off Algeziras, were, on the 8th, reinforced by a
+   squadron of five Spanish line-of-battle ships, under the command
+   of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno, and a French ship of seventy-four
+   guns, wearing a broad pendant; besides three frigates, and an
+   incredible number of gun-boats and other vessels; and got under
+   sail yesterday morning, together with his Majesty's late ship
+   Hannibal, which they had succeeded in getting off the shoal on
+   which she struck.
+
+   I almost despaired of having a sufficient force in readiness to
+   oppose to such numbers; but, through the great exertions of
+   Captain Brenton, and the officers and men belonging to the
+   Cæsar, the ship was in readiness to warp out of the Mole
+   yesterday morning, and got under way immediately after, with all
+   the squadron except the Pompée, which ship had not had time to
+   get her masts in.
+
+   Confiding in the zeal and intrepidity of the officers and men I
+   had the happiness to serve with, I determined, if possible, to
+   obstruct the passage of this powerful force to Cadiz. Late in
+   the evening I observed the enemy's ships to have cleared Cabrita
+   Point; and, at eight, I bore up with the squadron to stand after
+   them. His Majesty's ship Superb being stationed ahead of the
+   Cæsar, I directed Captain Keats to make sail and attack the
+   sternmost ships of the enemy's rear, using his endeavours to
+   keep in-shore of them.
+
+   At eleven, the Superb opened her fire close to the enemy's
+   ships; and, on the Cæsar's coming up and preparing to engage a
+   three-decker that had hauled her wind, she was perceived to have
+   taken fire; and the flames having communicated to a ship to
+   leeward of her, both were soon in a blaze, and presented a most
+   awful sight. As no possibility existed of affording the least
+   assistance in so distressing a situation, the Cæsar passed, to
+   close with the ship engaged by the Superb; but, by the cool and
+   determined fire kept up on her, which must ever reflect the
+   highest credit on the discipline of that ship, she was
+   completely silenced, and soon after hauled down her colours.
+
+   The Venerable and Spencer having at this time come up, I bore up
+   after the enemy, who were carrying a press of sail, standing out
+   of the Straits; and lost sight of them. During the night it blew
+   excessively hard till daylight, and, in the morning, the only
+   ships in company were the Venerable and Thames, ahead of the
+   Cæsar, and one of the French ships at some distance from them,
+   standing towards the shoals of Conil, besides the Spencer
+   astern, coming up.
+
+   All the ships immediately made sail with a fresh breeze, but, as
+   we approached, the wind suddenly failing, the Venerable was
+   alone able to bring her to action; which Captain Hood did in the
+   most gallant manner, and had nearly silenced the French ship,
+   when his main-mast (which had been before wounded) was
+   unfortunately shot away, and, it coming nearly calm, the enemy's
+   ship was enabled to get off without any possibility of following
+   her. The highest praise is due to Captain Hood, the officers,
+   and men of the Venerable, for their spirit and gallantry in this
+   action, which entitled them to better success. The French ship
+   was an eighty-four, with additional guns on the gunwale. This
+   action was so near the shore that the Venerable struck on one of
+   the shoals; but was soon after got off, and taken in tow by the
+   Thames, though with the loss of all her masts.
+
+   The enemy's ships are now in sight to the westward, standing in
+   for Cadiz; the Superb and Audacious, with the captured ship, are
+   in sight, with the Carlotta, Portuguese frigate, commanded by
+   Captain Crawford Duncan, who very handsomely came out with the
+   squadron, and has been of the greatest assistance to Captain
+   Keats in staying by the enemy's ship captured by the Superb.
+
+   I am proceeding with the squadron for Rosia Bay, and shall
+   proceed, the moment all the ships are refitted, to resume my
+   station before Cadiz; and shall immediately detach the Thames to
+   cruise off Cape St. Mary's.
+
+   No praises that I can bestow are adequate to the merits of the
+   officers and ships' companies of all the squadron, particularly
+   for their unremitted exertions in refitting the ships at
+   Gibraltar; to which, in a great degree, is to be ascribed the
+   success of the squadron against the enemy.
+
+   Although the Spencer and Audacious had not the good fortune to
+   partake of this action, I have no doubt of their exertion, had
+   they come up in time to close with the enemy's ships.
+
+   My thanks are also due to Captain Holles of the Thames, and to
+   the Honourable Captain Dundas of the Calpe, whose assistance was
+   particularly useful to Captain Keats in securing the enemy's
+   ship, and enabling the Superb to stand after the squadron in
+   case of being enabled to renew the action with the enemy.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Cæsar, off Cape Trafalgar, 14th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I herewith enclose, for their lordships' further information,
+   the statement I have received from Captain Keats, to whom the
+   greatest praise is due for his gallant conduct in the service
+   alluded to. Captain Hood's merits are held in too high
+   estimation to receive additional lustre from any praise I can
+   bestow; but I only do justice to my feelings, when I observe
+   that in no instance have I known superior bravery to that
+   displayed by him on this occasion.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Superb, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Pursuant to your directions to state the particulars of the
+   Superb's services last night, I have the honour to inform you
+   that, in consequence of your directions to make sail up to, and
+   engage, the sternmost of the enemy's ships, at half-past eleven
+   I found myself abreast of a Spanish three-deck ship, (the Real
+   Carlos, as appears by the report of some survivors,) which,
+   having been brought with two other ships, in nearly line
+   abreast, I opened my fire upon them at not more than three
+   cables' lengths. This evidently produced a good effect, as well
+   in this ship as the others abreast of her, which soon began
+   firing at each other, and, at times, on the Superb. In about a
+   quarter of an hour, I perceived the ship I was engaging, and
+   which had lost her fore-top-mast, to be on fire; upon which we
+   ceased to molest her; and I proceeded on to the ship next at
+   hand, which proved to be the San Antonio, of seventy-four guns
+   and seven hundred and thirty men, commanded by Chef-de-division
+   Le Ray, under French colours, wearing a broad pendant, and
+   manned, nearly equally, with seven hundred and thirty French and
+   Spanish seamen, and which, after some action, (the chef being
+   wounded,) struck her colours.
+
+   I learn, from the very few survivors of the ships that caught
+   fire and blew up, who, in an open boat, reached the Superb at
+   the time she was taking possession of the San Antonio, that, in
+   the confusion of the action, the Hermenegildo, (a first-rate
+   ship,) mistaking the Real Carlos for an enemy, ran on board of
+   her, and shared her melancholy fate. Services of this nature
+   cannot well be expected to be performed without some loss; but
+   though we have to lament that Lieutenant Edward Waller, and
+   fourteen seamen and marines, have been mostly severely wounded,
+   still there is reason to rejoice that that is the extent of our
+   loss. I received able and active assistance from Mr. Samuel
+   Jackson, the first lieutenant; and it is my duty to represent to
+   you that the officers of all descriptions, seamen and marines,
+   conducted themselves with the greatest steadiness and gallantry.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   R.G. KEATS.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Bart. &c. &c. &c.
+
+List of the Spanish and French squadrons which sailed from Algeziras
+on the 12th July 1801, under command of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno,
+Lieutenant-general (or Vice-admiral), and the French Vice-admiral
+Linois:
+
+                    SPANISH.
+     Ships' names.   Guns.    Captains.     Where built.   Year.
+
+     Real Carlos*     112   Don J. Esquerra   Havanna      1793
+     Hermenegildo*    112   Don J. Emparran     Do.        1789
+     San Fernando      96   Don J. Malina       Do.        1765
+     Argonauta         80   Don J. Harrera    Ferrol       1798
+     San Augustin      74   Don R. Jopete    Guarnizo      1768
+     Sabrina           40
+                      ___
+                      514              * Burnt.
+
+                    FRENCH.
+
+     Ships' names.         Guns.    Captains.
+
+     Brought over           514
+     Formidable              84    Amable-Gilles-Troude.
+     Indomptable             84      "    Callende.
+     Dessaix                 74    Jean A. Chirly-Pallière.
+     San Antonio             74    Julien Le Ray (Commodore), taken.
+     Libre                   40
+     Indienne                40
+     Muron                   40
+     Vautour                 12
+
+        Total               962    & Hannibal, 74 not in the action, 1036.
+
+The Spanish and French admirals were on board the Sabrina frigate.
+
+List of the British squadron, commanded by Rear-admiral Sir James
+Saumarez, which defeated the above combined squadron, 12th July 1801,
+in the Straits of Gibraltar:
+
+     Ships names.       Guns.         Captains.
+
+     Cæsar.              84    Captain Jahleel Brenton.
+     Spencer             74       "    Henry D'Esterre Darby.
+     Venerable           74       "    Samuel Hood.
+     Superb              74       "    Rich. Goodwin Keats.
+     Audacious           74       "    Shuldham Peard.
+     Thames              36       "    A.P. Holles.
+
+     Total              416
+     In favour of the}
+         enemy.      }  546
+
+The Rear-admiral had his flag on board the Cæsar, 84.
+
+The guns of the enemy's ships being much heavier, increased their
+weight of metal to triple that of the squadron.
+
+The Superb had Lieutenant Waller, and fourteen seamen and marines,
+wounded. The Venerable had Mr. J. Williams (her master), fifteen
+seamen, and two marines, killed; Lieutenant Thomas Church, Mr. Snell
+(boatswain), Messrs. Massey and Pardoe (midshipmen), seventy-three
+seamen, and ten marines, wounded.
+
+In the French and Spanish accounts of this action, which will be given
+hereafter, it will be seen that the loss of the enemy has _not_ been
+accurately enumerated; but, out of two thousand men that were in the
+Real Carlos and Hermenegildo, only three hundred were saved. Commodore
+Le Ray, of the San Antonio, was wounded; but his loss in men, which
+must have been severe, has not been ascertained.
+
+We shall here give some interesting extracts from private letters from
+Sir James, written at the close of the battle:
+
+   Cæsar, 13th July 1801, 8 A.M.
+
+   I shall leave you to judge of the difference of my feelings to
+   those when I sat down to write the letter of this day week.[39]
+   To an all-merciful PROVIDENCE is to be ascribed the wonderful
+   and most awful event of last night, which will ever be
+   remembered with terror by the nations it concerned, and by me
+   with infinite gratitude for so peculiar a token of Divine mercy
+   vouchsafed towards me.
+
+   [39] See page 388.
+
+   Two days after the action of last Monday, a strong squadron was
+   sent to Algeziras from Cadiz, to protect the disabled French
+   ships, and to convoy them to the latter port, with the Hannibal,
+   which ship they had succeeded in getting off the shoal whereon
+   she had unfortunately grounded. It may be supposed that no
+   exertion was wanting on my part to get the squadron in a state
+   for service; and, beyond all expectation, owing to the great
+   activity and zeal of every officer and man in the squadron, we
+   were in a state to put to sea yesterday, on the enemy's getting
+   under sail from the Bay of Algeziras; the Pompée excepted, which
+   had not sufficient time to get in new masts.
+
+   Late in the evening I observed that the enemy's ships,
+   consisting of ten sail of the line and four frigates, had
+   succeeded in clearing the bay; and at eight o'clock I made sail
+   after them. Captain Keats, who, in the Superb, had been much
+   mortified at not having shared in the former affair, being near
+   the Cæsar, I directed him to endeavour to bring the rear ships
+   of the enemy to action; myself following with the Venerable, and
+   the other two ships, some distance astern.
+
+   It was near midnight when the Superb succeeded in engaging the
+   enemy; and, as we came up, a three-deck ship hauling up for us
+   after having fired at the Superb, by some accident, in the
+   moment we were going to give her our broadside, took fire, which
+   communicating to a ship which we perceived close to her, both
+   were almost instantly in a blaze. So awful a scene I never yet
+   have witnessed. We then closed with the Superb, which had nearly
+   silenced her opponent, when she struck.
+
+   Think what a change then took place in the inequality of force
+   with which we began the action! I left the Superb to take care
+   of the prize, and proceeded after the other ships; the Audacious
+   and Spencer having now joined. It came on to blow excessively
+   hard till daylight, when I found the Venerable and Thames a
+   small distance ahead, and one of the French ships standing for
+   the shore. We immediately crowded all sail, and made sure of
+   taking her, when the wind failed us, and the Venerable only was
+   able to engage her; but, being at the time close to the shore,
+   she very unfortunately got aground, and we were obliged to leave
+   her, after sustaining very great damage.
+
+   We are now about seven leagues from Cadiz, and I see the
+   remainder of the enemy's squadron going into port. I am as yet
+   ignorant of the ship's name that struck her colours last night.
+   She is, however, one of those that came from Cadiz with the
+   Spanish squadron, but under French colours, and had a broad
+   pendant. We are proceeding to Gibraltar.
+
+The following extract is from a letter to Richard Saumarez, Esq.:
+
+   Cæsar, off Cadiz, 13th July 1801.
+
+   I intend to send Phil. D. with my despatches. You must refer to
+   him for the particulars of the wonderful events since yesterday.
+
+After detailing these events exactly as in the above, he adds,
+respecting the Venerable:
+
+   It was as severe an action as I have known, and must reflect the
+   highest credit on Captain Hood; but having his main-mast shot
+   away, and it falling nearly calm, he was obliged to leave the
+   enemy. We were at this time close to the shoals off the coast,
+   on which the Venerable got aground; but she was afterwards got
+   off, and was taken in tow by the Thames. I fear she has
+   sustained great loss in men. What a surprising change, my dear
+   Richard, to the events of last Monday! To the Divine mercy I
+   entirely ascribe this signal success, who never forsakes those
+   who place their confidence in him! I mean to send the Louisa,
+   which joined me yesterday from Minorca, with Phil. Dumaresq, and
+   doubt not but he will be a welcome messenger. We see the
+   remainder of the enemy's squadron. They are standing for Cadiz,
+   &c.
+
+Sir James subsequently wrote to his eldest brother, residing in
+Guernsey; and, as his letter will be found to contain additional
+matter of much interest, we herewith insert it.
+
+   Cæsar, Gibraltar, 16th July 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   I hope that the several letters I have had the pleasure of
+   writing to you at different opportunities, will arrive safely;
+   and that you and all my friends will not be kept in suspense on
+   events which, thanks to the Divine Providence! have terminated
+   so successfully to the squadron. Although I always trusted some
+   favourable turn would take place, I never could have formed any
+   hopes equal to what has actually occurred. The possession of one
+   or two of the disabled ships, besides the recovery of the
+   Hannibal, was the utmost that could have been expected; but our
+   present success far exceeds that. The destruction of two
+   first-rates, and the capture of a seventy-four, completely
+   cripples the force in Cadiz, and places the squadron with me
+   superior to all the force the enemy can collect; and this,
+   without any loss whatever to this ship, and trifling to the
+   Superb. The men, wounded on board the latter, suffered from the
+   explosion of cartridges in their own ship.
+
+   The misfortune to the Venerable was more serious; but this was
+   subsequently to the attack on the enemy's force, and was mainly
+   attributable to the untoward circumstance of the wind failing
+   this ship when we were very close to her.
+
+   It is inconceivable the _éclat_ with which we have been received
+   by this garrison, and the distinguished honours paid to the
+   squadron; indeed their marked attention, after the attack of
+   Algeziras, does them great credit; as, after the failure of that
+   business, we exposed Gibraltar to all the inconvenience of a
+   blockaded port; and yet the whole garrison received us as if we
+   had obtained a victory. You must suppose my distress must have
+   been great during the interval: convoys long expected were
+   liable to fall into the enemy's hands, whilst the increasing
+   force at Cadiz would soon have put it out of my power to cope
+   with them.
+
+   The St. Antoine has scarcely suffered: my intention is to take
+   her into the service; and in two weeks, I expect, she will be
+   partly manned, and fit for sea. Yesterday, almost all the
+   Hannibal's men were sent in, which will make up our
+   deficiencies, and partly man that ship, when in a fortnight she
+   shall proceed on a particular service.
+
+   These are trifling advantages compared to those that result from
+   both actions. The three ships were to have proceeded direct to
+   the Bay of Casquays, at the entrance of the Tagus, where the
+   troops with them were to have taken possession of the batteries,
+   which would have given them complete possession of the trade to
+   and from Lisbon. I have despatched the Spencer and Audacious,
+   and shall join them with this ship, the Pompée, and Superb, the
+   first easterly wind, and cruise before Cadiz with this force,
+   far superior to any the enemy can put to sea. I shall soon be
+   joined by ships from England.
+
+   We have, as yet, no accounts since we sailed. You will have the
+   pleasure of mentioning to the relations of the young men I have,
+   that they have all behaved most nobly, and are perfectly well:
+   it is a particular circumstance that, out of six ships, three
+   masters should have been killed, and not one lieutenant hurt out
+   of the whole number.
+
+   I hope the benevolence of the public will be extended to the
+   sufferers in these actions: some are piteous objects; indeed, no
+   less than three brave men with the loss of both arms.
+
+   I send this by a vessel belonging to Jersey.
+   My dear brother, most sincerely yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   John Saumarez, Esq. Guernsey.
+
+   P.S.--I am under great concern at the uneasiness you must all
+   suffer at our unsuccessful attack off Algeziras; but this will,
+   I hope, soon remove it. Messrs. Le Mesurier, jointly with Mr.
+   Tucker, Lord St. Vincent's secretary, are appointed agents.
+
+The following letter to Lady Saumarez is dated 17th July, on board the
+Cæsar, at Gibraltar; and gives a detailed account of his proceedings
+after his arrival there.
+
+   Since our arrival here on Tuesday afternoon, every distinguished
+   attention which can be thought of has been paid to the squadron.
+   The day following, the royal standard was hoisted; at noon the
+   garrison saluted; and, in the evening, the most splendid
+   illuminations took place in every habitable part of this famous
+   Rock. Yesterday the governor gave a dinner, and he intends to
+   invite the ladies to a ball on this occasion. We have, also,
+   invitations from the different corps for every day we are likely
+   to remain here: but what has afforded me more satisfaction, is
+   the manner we were received after the attack of Algeziras,
+   which, from the arrival of the Spanish squadron, subjected the
+   garrison to every inconvenience of a port blockaded. The St.
+   Antoine I have ordered to be purchased into the service; and I
+   propose to appoint officers to her. She is a very good ship, and
+   has suffered so little that I expect to have her fit for service
+   in less than a fortnight. The Spencer and Audacious I detached
+   off Cape St. Mary's, and I shall join them with the Pompée and
+   Superb the first easterly wind, and resume my station before
+   Cadiz, where they cannot have more than four ships ready for
+   sea; and, I may venture to pronounce, the Spanish ships will not
+   come out, except the French take possession of the batteries and
+   compel them. We have almost daily accounts from thence,
+   describing the disagreements between the French and Spaniards as
+   most serious. They also describe the two French ships as being
+   in a very shattered condition, and there being no materials in
+   store to repair them.
+
+   I think my first accounts will reach you by way of Lisbon; but I
+   hope Dumaresq, with the subsequent ones, will make his
+   appearance very soon after. I am very impatient to hear from
+   England. I require small vessels very much, as I have not been
+   able to convey the accounts of our success to Lord Keith.
+
+   When am I to hear from you? and when shall I be assured you have
+   not suffered from the relation of these events? The governor and
+   others talk to me of honours being conferred; but, unless
+   Parliament furnish the means to support them with dignity, I
+   might as well be without them. The only ladies I have yet seen
+   are, Lady Ann Niel and Mrs. Edwards, whose husbands have
+   regiments here; they are very amiable people: besides, Mr.
+   Fyers, whose daughter was married the evening of the
+   illumination,--an ominous day you will think. Captain Brenton
+   will draw you some excellent views of both actions, without
+   partiality. I am most highly indebted to him, in getting this
+   ship so soon refitted, and, indeed, throughout the whole of our
+   important service. A large shot passed through the cabin, which
+   filled it with splinters, and demolished the tables and chairs,
+   besides the glass. Fortunately, my papers and wardrobe escaped.
+   We are now quite refitted; as well, I may say, as we were a
+   fortnight ago.
+
+   I am in want of nothing whatever, but letters from you. Let me
+   have favourable accounts of yourself and of our precious
+   children, and I shall be satisfied. I hope to send a box of
+   Malaga raisins for the young tribe. James will be overjoyed to
+   hear of his father's victory.
+
+The following is the account of the above action, from the French
+commander-in-chief, dated at Cadiz, 16th July 1801.
+
+   CITIZEN MINISTER.--General Moreno has returned into harbour.
+   General Linois will give you an account of the sailing and
+   passage of the squadron. I shall only mention to you the chagrin
+   which I have experienced at not seeing the French ship, St.
+   Antonio, and the two three-deckers, the Real Carlos and the
+   Hermenegildo: a marine, saved with forty-five men from the Real
+   Carlos, has informed us that about midnight the squadron having
+   been attacked by the English, the Real Carlos and the
+   Hermenegildo took each other for enemies. A very smart
+   engagement ensued, the two vessels being nearly foul of each
+   other. A fire broke out on board the Real Carlos, which soon
+   blew up, and set fire to the Hermenegildo, which shared the same
+   fate. The St. Antonio, in consequence of her station, was near
+   the latter vessel, and this station gave me the greatest
+   uneasiness; yet I have been assured that there were only two
+   explosions. I have reason to conclude that, to get at a distance
+   from the conflagration, Captain Lenny proceeded towards the
+   coast of Africa, where the calms and currents carried him away
+   from the squadron, which, at the break of day, was six leagues
+   west of Cadiz. The day before yesterday the British ships were
+   descried from the coast, and a French ship in the Strait; but
+   the latter did not appear to be captured. This may give us some
+   hope, if the signals are correct. Nothing remains to me but
+   uncertainty, with a great deal of fear; I do not know what
+   opinion to entertain.
+
+   After having spoken of our losses, it gives me great pleasure to
+   state to you the new glory with which Le Formidable, commanded
+   by Captain Troude, has been covered. During the night cannonade,
+   in the middle of the Strait, this ship received the fire of her
+   friends and enemies; but with intrepid coolness the captain
+   would not return the fire, lest he should increase the disorder,
+   and, keeping close to the Spanish coast, he retired from the
+   combatants. He was followed by a division of the British fleet
+   of three ships, and a frigate: and, at break of day, being in
+   sight of Cadiz, and five leagues distant from the squadron, he
+   was attacked by three ships, with which he was engaged
+   half-an-hour, and obliged two of them to retire: the third
+   endeavoured to attack Le Formidable on the quarter, while the
+   frigate cannonaded her in stern. But, notwithstanding the bad
+   state of his masts, Captain Troude approached within musket-shot
+   of the British ship, the Pompée, which, having lost her mast,
+   after an engagement of an hour and a half, made haste to get
+   away, being taken in tow by a frigate. Some time after, both of
+   her masts came down, and the vessel had the appearance of having
+   yielded; but, as the two other ships and the frigate were at a
+   short distance, Captain Troude would not take possession of her:
+   he expected to be attacked again. The enemy, disconcerted both
+   in their fire and their bravery, suffered him quietly to pursue
+   his course.
+
+   This engagement took place in sight of Cadiz; and the glorious
+   result of a combat so unequal, by covering our arms with glory,
+   has filled the hearts of the Spaniards with the utmost degree of
+   enthusiasm. Le Formidable was scarcely repaired after the battle
+   of Algeziras, on the 6th,--top-gallant-mast served as top-masts;
+   but, in this damaged state, the brave Troude, instead of flying
+   from the enemy, who might have captured him without firing a
+   shot, offered them battle, as by this manoeuvre, as prudent as
+   bold, he first extricated himself from two ships, which he
+   greatly damaged, and at last totally dismasted the Pompée,[40]
+   which fought him bravely for an hour and a half.
+
+     [40] M. Dumanoir le Pelley is in error here. The Pompée was not
+     in this action. It has been seen that she was lying disabled at
+     Gibraltar.
+
+   The combined squadron was at that time becalmed, at the distance
+   of five or six leagues. I expected to see it, on the breeze
+   springing up, come to take possession of this vessel, and give
+   chase to capture the four British ships which were in sight; but
+   I was far from having any idea of the misfortune which befel the
+   two three-deckers, which no doubt occasioned the separation of
+   the St. Antonio: and in the evening the squadron came to anchor.
+
+   Rear-admiral Linois was exceedingly sorry that he was not on
+   board the Formidable; but he did not think proper to resist the
+   earnest solicitations of General Moreno, who induced him to go
+   on board his frigate that they might better concert their
+   operations. My respectful salutations,
+
+   DUMANOIR LE PELLEY.
+
+Report of Captain Troude, provisional commander of Le Formidable, to
+Rear-admiral Linois:
+
+   Cadiz, 15th July 1801.
+
+   CITIZEN GENERAL,
+
+   I have the honour of communicating to you an account of the
+   operations of Le Formidable, with the provisional command of
+   which you entrusted me. Proud of the honourable charge of
+   defending your flag, I endeavoured to execute your orders with
+   the most scrupulous exactness. I immediately repaired on board
+   to assume the chief command, and I put to sea as soon as you
+   made the signal.
+
+   You observed, as well as myself, the movements of the enemy's
+   squadron, which had retired to Gibraltar after the memorable
+   battle of the 6th at Algeziras. Seeing the enemy set sail at the
+   same time as the combined squadrons, and keeping to windward of
+   us at the distance of about a league, I endeavoured to follow
+   exactly your manoeuvres, and made all the sail possible to
+   follow you; but the ship I had the honour to command, being
+   absolutely disabled, having only jury-masts and the lower sails,
+   I could not make that way which I wished. During the darkness
+   of the night a strong breeze broke the small top-gallant-mast
+   that served me as a fore-top-mast, and everything contributed to
+   prevent me from following the combined squadron.
+
+   About midnight I sustained the fire of five English ships that
+   had come up with me: they fired red-hot bullets. I escaped as
+   fast as possible from the brisk cannonade which they maintained,
+   hanging up the same lights as I observed them to have. I had
+   only three men killed, and two wounded. As I was very near the
+   combined squadron, I resolved not to engage, that I might avoid
+   those fatal mistakes which too often take place in a night
+   engagement. I was afraid lest I might fire into some of our own
+   vessels, or that they might fire into mine; from which, fatal
+   accidents must have resulted to the combined squadron. At one in
+   the morning, not being able to observe or distinguish any more
+   signals, I made for Cadiz, keeping close in with the Spanish
+   coast, on a course N. or N.E., and by that means got at a
+   distance from the squadron, which were steering large in a
+   westerly direction.
+
+   At break of day I found myself attacked by four of the enemy's
+   squadron,--three ships and a frigate,--which had pursued the
+   same course. Though totally disabled, and the crew fatigued,
+   having had no rest for three days, we returned their fire with
+   courage: the frigate attacked us first, but a few shots well
+   directed from our stern-guns made her abandon her object. The
+   ship which followed, approached us, and kept up a brisk fire. We
+   manoeuvred to get into a better position; I ran close to her
+   until we were yard-arm and yard-arm, and maintained a terrible
+   and well-supported fire: after being engaged an hour and a half,
+   she was completely dismasted, making water in every part. The
+   frigate which had attacked me astern, came immediately to her
+   assistance; the other two vessels finding it necessary to sheer
+   off after receiving some broadsides, not without damage, joined
+   the frigate, and hoisted out all their boats to save the crew of
+   the other vessel, and to take her in tow. They resigned to me
+   the field of battle, and retired.
+
+   I expected, however, another combat. We were determined to make
+   the most vigorous defence; but, as the enemy retired, and as I
+   found myself in such a situation as to be unable to pursue them,
+   I resolved to proceed to Cadiz, where I arrived at two in the
+   afternoon.
+
+   I shall not attempt to give you any account of particular
+   instances of bravery. The two staffs, the crew, and the troops
+   who were passengers, vied with each other,--covering themselves
+   with glory; for, besides the noble combat of the 6th, this
+   proves that the valour which animated the brave men I have the
+   honour to command, was carried to a degree which it is difficult
+   to describe. Government will, no doubt, take the earliest
+   opportunity of rewarding so much courage, and so great a
+   devotion to restore the glory of the French navy. It would be
+   just, also, to indemnify them for the losses they have
+   sustained; their effects having been cut to pieces and
+   absolutely destroyed.
+
+   I have now, Citizen General, to communicate to you a very fatal
+   relation.--In the battle of this night, two of the ships which
+   fired upon me, took fire and blew up. I supposed them to be
+   English, presuming that the fire had been occasioned by the
+   furnaces they had on board for heating their shot; but, on
+   entering the harbour of Cadiz, I was assured they were Spanish.
+   The darkness had led them into a mistake, which I had justly
+   dreaded. They fired on each other, and on my vessel, at the
+   moment when I formed the prudent resolution of avoiding a combat
+   in which I could not distinguish the enemy. The names of these
+   two vessels are the San Carlos and the Hermenegildo.
+
+   In the combat so severe as that of this morning, and against so
+   unequal a force, I am happy in having to regret only twenty men
+   killed, or severely wounded.
+
+   Accept, Citizen General, assurances of my zeal and most
+   respectful devotion.
+   TROUDE.
+
+Letter from Rear-admiral Linois to the Minister of the Marine, giving
+an account of the action:
+
+   CITIZEN MINISTER,
+
+   On the 9th of July a Spanish division, consisting of six sail of
+   the line and three frigates, arrived at Algeziras from Cadiz,
+   under command of his Excellency Lieutenant-general Moreno, in
+   order to raise the blockade of four sail of the line and one
+   frigate, which were under my orders, and to favour their escape
+   to Cadiz. That officer accordingly gave me every assistance in
+   his power in order to put my ships in a condition to put to sea,
+   and to tow them out, in order to enable them to set sail. Our
+   labour was continued day and night. General Moreno made his
+   squadron anchor in a line N.E. and S.W. On the 12th, there was a
+   tolerable fresh east wind, and it was determined to set sail at
+   one o'clock in the afternoon, on account of the tide. The signal
+   being given at that hour, the fleet set sail, the Spanish
+   squadron being to windward of ours. The frigate L'Indienne towed
+   the Hannibal, which we were sorry to perceive made very little
+   way.
+
+   The calm which we experienced under Gibraltar necessarily
+   deranged the regularity of our order; while the enemy, having a
+   brisk gale at east, sailed from Gibraltar with five sail of the
+   line, a frigate, a brig, and a Portuguese frigate, and formed
+   the order of battle. As soon as the English Admiral had passed
+   Europa Point, he made a signal, and immediately we saw to
+   windward six sail, of which two had three masts. I was then with
+   M. de Moreno on board the Sabina frigate. At sunset, the two
+   last ships of our line doubled the Cape Carnero. Three only
+   remained, with the Hannibal, which was under jury-masts, and
+   which consequently could not carry much sail.
+
+   Night was coming on, and it was necessary to return to our
+   anchorage, which afforded the enemy an opportunity of attacking
+   us before we took a position. At all events every delay was
+   dangerous, for the reinforcements which the enemy expected might
+   arrive every moment. The breeze from the east becoming stronger,
+   we were assured of the wind during the night. We determined to
+   send the Hannibal back to Algeziras, and to pass the Strait with
+   the combined squadron. We then manoeuvred so as to facilitate
+   the rallying of two of our vessels, which had fallen into the
+   rear in consequence of the calm. The three French vessels, which
+   sailed better than could have been expected, were in the van;
+   and in that order it was proposed to pass the Strait.
+
+   At eight, the enemy showed a disposition to attack us. At nine
+   we heard the reports of three cannon, and at the same time we
+   saw fires at a considerable distance behind us. We presumed it
+   might be some of the enemy's vessels making signals of their
+   arrival. We congratulated ourselves upon seeing our squadrons so
+   well collected together, and sailing so well, which made us
+   confident that the plan of the enemy would not succeed.
+
+   At half-past eleven the wind was considerably increased. The
+   night was very dark, and we heard a smart cannonade in the
+   E.N.E.; and, soon after, we saw a conflagration, which made us
+   apprehend that some of our vessels, in firing their stern guns,
+   had taken fire, in consequence of the force of the wind. We
+   thought also that they might be fire-ships of the enemy. We put
+   about for a moment; but the vessel on fire approaching us, we
+   continued our way, having constantly a light at our
+   main-top-mast head, as a signal for rallying.
+
+   It could no longer be doubted that the enemy had passed the
+   Strait, and had got into our wake. The cannonade became pretty
+   general, but the wind was too strong to continue the action. We
+   received several shots on board the frigate, which killed one
+   man and wounded five. Several balls passed through our sails. We
+   took down the signal we had at our mast-head, for fear the enemy
+   would fall upon us. It was afterwards hoisted, in order to
+   collect our ships. We made sail, directing our course to the
+   W.N.W., not choosing to go more before the wind, lest the wind,
+   which was very strong, would carry away our masts. We passed the
+   night in the greatest disquietude, not knowing whether the
+   vessels which were in sight were not enemies. At length the day
+   dissipated part of our fears, and we found ourselves in the
+   midst of our fleet, with the exception of the two ships of three
+   decks, viz. the Hermenegildo and Real Carlos, and the Formidable
+   and the St. Antoine. The wind having fallen calm, it became
+   impossible to go in search of the vessels which had separated.
+   We were then six leagues west of Cadiz.
+
+   At half-past four the Dessaix made a signal that she had sprung
+   a leak, and that the water gained upon her thirty inches an
+   hour. She demanded assistance, which was granted. At five
+   o'clock we heard an action in the east, and perceived a smoke.
+   The wind being then from the S.E., we made the signal for the
+   line of battle to be formed as quickly as possible, without
+   regard to places, in order to assist the vessel that was
+   engaged. At half-past six the action ceased, and a most perfect
+   calm succeeded. At eleven, the wind rising again, we perceived
+   four vessels at a considerable distance from one another. We
+   flattered ourselves at first that they were our ships, but we
+   soon found by their manoeuvres that they were enemies. We also
+   distinguished the Formidable close under the land, making the
+   best of her way to Cadiz. We stood for the port, from which a
+   felucca brought me a letter from the captain of the Formidable,
+   which had been anchored in the Road of Cadiz, stating that in
+   the morning he had engaged two ships of the line and a frigate,
+   and that one of the ships of the line had been completely
+   dismasted, and had been towed away by a frigate. We then
+   anchored in Cadiz.
+
+   I must acknowledge the consummate experience and talents of
+   General Moreno, as well as the zeal and care which he displayed
+   for the success of his mission. If separations have taken place,
+   they must be attributed to the darkness of the night, and the
+   necessity which there was of getting away from the vessels that
+   were on fire. That officer, on hearing at Cadiz of the
+   destruction of two ships of his squadron, Hermenegildo and
+   Real-Carlos, was justly struck with grief on the occasion. He
+   had, by his wise instructions, provided against almost every
+   possible case. I have since been informed that the two Spanish
+   vessels which were destroyed, cannonaded and run foul of one
+   another, each supposing the other to be an enemy. We are
+   uncertain about the fate of the St. Antoine. The violence of the
+   wind made it extremely dangerous to fire to windward.
+
+   Rear-admiral LINOIS.
+
+   Dated in Cadiz Harbour, 15th July 1801,
+   on board the Formidable.
+
+Admiral Moreno's orders to his fleet on the 11th July 1801:
+
+   Orders of sailing to be observed by the ships in my charge on
+   their passage through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+
+   The three ships under the command of Rear-admiral Linois will
+   form the vanguard, with the line abreast; the six ships under my
+   charge will form astern of these, likewise formed in a line
+   abreast, endeavouring, as much as possible, to keep opposite to
+   the intervals of the French ships, so as not to impede their
+   fire, according to the following disposition:
+
+                          Hannibal.
+
+        Indomptable.     Formidable.        Dessaix.
+
+     Augus-    Ar-       R.    Herme-      St.    St. Fer-
+      tin.  ganauta.   Carlos. negildo.   Antonio. nando.
+
+   In case the enemy should attempt to follow and attack the
+   combined squadron in the rear, besides the continual fire which
+   we ought to make from the stern chasers, chiefly with a view to
+   destroy the enemy's rigging, the squadron will form the line
+   ahead, either with their heads to the Spanish coast, or to that
+   of Africa, as will be determined by signal from the Admiral;
+   and, in order that this might be more simple, in that case, he
+   will only show the signal for the course, at the entire lowering
+   of which the movements must be made. As their situation, from
+   their local position, cannot be of long duration, consequently
+   either by hailing (if near enough) or by signal to preserve the
+   course, the squadron will proceed again to form the line abreast
+   as formerly. It is of the utmost importance that the fire from
+   none of the ships should interfere, or be embarrassed with that
+   of others in this squadron, nor leave the three French ships in
+   the rear.
+
+   As soon as the French ships get under sail, all those in my
+   charge will do the same, following the track of each other,
+   always observing to keep at a short distance from the French,
+   till we weather the Point of Carnero, in order that if the enemy
+   should get under sail, and find themselves in a situation to
+   offer battle to our squadron before it is formed in the Straits
+   with the line abreast as above directed, we may engage them with
+   advantage; consequently, the least inattention or delay may
+   produce the most unfortunate consequences.
+
+   I think the captains of the ships I have the honour to command
+   are fully persuaded of this truth, and therefore I depend upon
+   its efficacy; and I flatter myself that they are convinced
+   everything will be performed on my part which can be inspired by
+   my wish to add to the glory of his Majesty's arms, that of our
+   corps in particular, and the nation in general.
+
+     Line of battle in natural order.
+
+     _2nd Squadron._  _1st Squadron._  _3rd Squadron._
+      St. Ferdinand,   Formidable,      Argonauta,
+      St. Antonio,     R. Carlos,       Dessaix,
+      Hermenegildo.    Indomptable.     St. Augustin.
+
+           Fr. frigate Sabina,     Vautour.
+
+   A red pendant, under any other signal, signifies it is directed
+   to the French ships only.
+
+   To those conversant in naval affairs, it must appear manifest
+   that the disposition made by Admirals Moreno and Linois was one
+   of the worst that could be devised. It was scarcely possible
+   that nine ships, which had never sailed in company with each
+   other, could maintain, for any length of time, a line abreast
+   before the wind so exactly as to be able to form in a line ahead
+   when required, especially in a dark night with a strong breeze;
+   and it must be evident that any ship which advanced at all ahead
+   of the others could never get into the line of battle when the
+   signal was made to form it on either tack. Moreno seems to have
+   been fully aware of the probability of the ships firing into
+   each other, yet he made arrangements of all others the least
+   likely to prevent it. Had he formed into two lines ahead, with
+   the disabled ships in advance, he would have obviated the risk
+   of firing into each other, while the one division, by shortening
+   sail, might have given timely assistance to the other which had
+   been attacked.
+
+   Nothing can equal the scene of horror which the sudden
+   conflagration produced in these two ships. The collision in
+   which the fore-top-mast of the Hermenegildo fell on board of the
+   Real Carlos, added to the general dismay; and the agonising
+   screams of the unhappy crews, deserted by their countrymen and
+   allies in that dreadful hour, could not fail to pierce the
+   hearts of the brave conquerors; but to render them any
+   assistance while the hostile flag was flying was impossible. The
+   duty of the Admiral was to "sink, burn, and destroy." Seven sail
+   of the enemy's line were still flying from half their force, and
+   he was obliged to leave the burning ships to their fate, and
+   pursue his enemy until his destruction was complete.
+
+   The capture of the Hannibal, in which the Spaniards had so
+   distinguished a share, induced a number of the young men of
+   family to embark in the two Spanish three-deckers, in order to
+   convey their trophy to Cadiz, never supposing that the
+   half-demolished British squadron would dare to approach so
+   formidable and so superior a force. This fatal event, while it
+   plunged into distress the whole city of Cadiz, could not fail to
+   create a sensation strongly unfavourable to their new republican
+   allies as the originators of their misery.
+
+
+
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEY,
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+   J.M. Frere has been corrected to "J.H." Frere. John Hookman
+   Frere, (1769-1846), diplomatist, translator, and author was
+   appointed in 1800 Envoy to Portugal, and was Ambassador to
+   Spain 1802-4, and again 1808-9.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral
+Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
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+Admiral Lord de Saumarez, by Sir John Ross. </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord
+de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I
+
+Author: Sir John Ross
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2008 [EBook #26031]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--LORD DE SAUMAREZ. VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Hélène de Mink and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="box blocquote">
+<p>Transcriber's note: Minors spelling inconsistencies, mainly hyphenated words, have been harmonised.</p>
+<p>Obvious printer errors have been repaired.</p>
+<p>The ERRATA given in this edition and the remaining corrections made are
+indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word
+and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum invisible'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontispiece-t.jpg" width="375" height="455"
+alt="Frontispiece" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/frontispiece-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">Frontispiece.<br />
+Portrait of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez,<br />
+taken after the battle of the 12th July 1801.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30"  />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<h2>MEMOIRS</h2>
+<h2>AND CORRESPONDENCE</h2>
+<p class="p4 center"><strong>OF</strong></p>
+<h2>ADMIRAL</h2>
+<h1>LORD DE SAUMAREZ.</h1>
+<p class="p6 center font90">FROM</p>
+<p class="center font110">ORIGINAL PAPERS IN POSSESSION OF THE FAMILY.</p>
+<p class="p6 center font120">BY SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B. K.S.A. K.C.S. F.R.A.S.</p>
+<p class="center font90">CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY.</p>
+<p class="p6 center"><strong>IN TWO VOLUMES.</strong></p>
+<p class="p2 center font110"><strong>VOL. I.</strong></p>
+<p class="p6"></p>
+<h4>LONDON:</h4>
+<p class="center">RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,</p>
+<p class="center font face Century Gothic,Franklin Gothic Medium size 4"><strong>Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.</strong></p>
+<p class="center">1838.</p>
+
+<p class="p6 center">LONDON:<br />
+PRINTED BY SAMUEL, BENTLEY,<br />
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.</p>
+<p class="p6"></p>
+<hr class="c45" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<p class="p6"></p>
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+<h3>OF THE FIRST VOLUME</h3>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.&mdash;Curious Record.&mdash;Branches of the late
+family.&mdash;Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></p>
+<p class="center"></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>Commencement of his Career.&mdash;His Education.&mdash;dash;Visit
+of the Duke of Gloucester to Guernsey.&mdash;Decides for the Navy.&mdash;Is put on the
+Solebay's books.&mdash;School at London.&mdash;Embarks in the Montreal.&mdash;Winchelsea, Pembroke,
+Levant.&mdash;Smyrna.&mdash;Returns home.&mdash;Passes for Lieutenant.&mdash;Embarks in the
+Bristol.&mdash;Proposal to leave the Navy.&mdash;Attack on Fort Sullivan.&mdash;Gallant
+Conduct.&mdash;Is made Lieutenant.&mdash;Bristol, Chatham, Lady Parker.&mdash;Commands the
+Spitfire.&mdash;Rhode Island.&mdash;Many Engagements.&mdash;War with France.&mdash;Appearance of
+the French Fleet under D'Estaing.&mdash;Spitfire burnt.&mdash;Appearance of Lord Howe.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Serves ashore.&mdash;Returns to England in the Leviathan.&mdash;Providential escape from
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>shipwreck.&mdash;Visits Guernsey.&mdash;Joins the Victory.&mdash;journey to London.&mdash;Joins the
+Fortitude.&mdash;Battle Bank.&mdash;Anecdotes of Admiral Parker.&mdash;Lieut. Saumarez promoted
+to the rank of Master and Commander.&mdash;Appointed to the Tisiphone.&mdash;Sails for the
+West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.&mdash;Action with Comte de Guichen.&mdash;Captures a
+French ship of thirty-six guns.&mdash;Is despatched to Sir Samuel Hood.&mdash;Arrives at
+Barbadoes.&mdash;Escapes from two French men-of-war.&mdash;Passes through an intricate
+channel.&mdash;Joins Sir Samuel Hood.&mdash;Gallant conduct in cutting out a
+vessel.&mdash;Tisiphone ordered home.&mdash;Fortunate exchange with Captain
+Stanhope.&mdash;Takes command of the Russel.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Situation of the Hostile Fleets.&mdash;Surrender of Brimstone Hill.&mdash;Junction of the
+Fleets.&mdash;Antigua.&mdash;St. Lucia.&mdash;Sailing of the French Fleet under Comte de
+Grasse.&mdash;Action of the 9th of April.&mdash;12th of April.&mdash;Gallant conduct of the
+Russel.&mdash;-Captain Saumarez returns to Jamaica.&mdash;Comes to England with
+Convoy.&mdash;Is paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.&mdash;His exemplary Conduct.&mdash;Visits
+Cherbourg.&mdash;Is introduced to the French King.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Changes at
+Guernsey.&mdash;Prince William Henry visits the Island twice.&mdash;His
+Reception.&mdash;Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.&mdash;Captain Saumarez is appointed to
+the Ambuscade, and pays her off.&mdash;His Letter on his Marriage.&mdash;Remarks
+thereon.&mdash;Armament of 1790.&mdash;Saumarez commissions and pays off the
+Raisonable.&mdash;War of 1793.&mdash;Appointed to command the Crescent.&mdash;First Cruise;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>takes a prize and saves Alderney.&mdash;Second Cruise; captures a cutter.&mdash;Third
+Cruise.&mdash;Return.&mdash;Crescent docked and refitted.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Crescent refitted.&mdash;Sails for the Channel Islands.&mdash;Falls in with the French
+frigate La R&eacute;union.&mdash;Particular account of the action.&mdash;Letters from Captain
+Saumarez to his brother.&mdash;Brings his prize to Portsmouth.&mdash;Official
+letters.&mdash;Letters from various persons.&mdash;Ship refitting.&mdash;Captain Saumarez
+obtains leave of absence.&mdash;Is knighted for his gallant conduct.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride.&mdash;Is detached,
+and attacks an Enemy's squadron.&mdash;Narrow Escape from Shipwreck.&mdash;Off
+Havre.&mdash;Cherbourg.&mdash;Private letters relating the particulars of several Cruises
+on the French coast.&mdash;Gallant Action with a French squadron of superior force
+off Guernsey.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.&mdash;Visit to
+Weymouth.&mdash;Joins the Channel Fleet.&mdash;Black Rocks.&mdash;Private Letters and
+Instructions.&mdash;Appointed to the Orion.&mdash;Crescent's Officers and Crew volunteer
+to follow him.&mdash;Appointed to the Marlborough (<span class="italic">pro tempore</span>).&mdash;Commands a
+detached Squadron.&mdash;Returns to the Orion, attached to the Channel
+Fleet.&mdash;Private Letters.&mdash;Lord Bridport's Action.&mdash;Orion, the headmost Ship,
+begins the battle.&mdash;Official Letter.&mdash;Two private Accounts.&mdash;Returns to
+Portsmouth.&mdash;Expedition to Isle Dieu.&mdash;Returns to Spithead.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Orion taken into dock.&mdash;Is refitted, and joins the Channel Fleet.&mdash;Detached on a
+particular service.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Proceeds to reinforce Sir John Jervis.&mdash;List of
+his fleet.&mdash;Battle with Spanish Fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a
+private letter.&mdash;Conduct of Saumarez in the action.&mdash;Salvador del Mundo strikes
+to the Orion, and is taken possession of by her Lieutenant.&mdash;Engages the
+Santissima Trinidada.&mdash;She strikes to the Orion.&mdash;Remarks on that
+occasion.&mdash;Lagos Bay.&mdash;Lisbon.&mdash;Sir James sails on a cruise with Admiral Sir H.
+Nelson.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Commands the advanced squadron.&mdash;Several private
+letters.&mdash;Commands the advanced squadron off Cadiz.&mdash;Mutiny in the
+fleet.&mdash;Anecdote and remarks thereon.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced squadron.&mdash;Bombardment of
+Cadiz.&mdash;Nelson sails for Teneriffe.&mdash;Saumarez resumes the command.&mdash;Escorts a
+convoy to Gibraltar.&mdash;Refits at Lisbon, and returns.&mdash;Conducts the negotiations
+for exchange of Prisoners.&mdash;Sir W. Parker relieves Sir James.&mdash;He arrives at
+Gibraltar.&mdash;Is attached to Nelson's squadron.&mdash;Proceeds off Toulon.&mdash;A
+storm.&mdash;Vanguard dismasted.&mdash;Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in
+refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.&mdash;Sailing of the Toulon fleet.&mdash;Nelson
+reinforced by ten sail of the line.&mdash;Pursues the enemy
+unsuccessfully.&mdash;Proceedings of the fleet in a journal addressed by Sir James to
+his family.&mdash;French fleet discovered in Aboukir Bay.&mdash;Battle of the
+Nile.&mdash;Diagram of ditto.&mdash;Conduct of the Orion.&mdash;Saumarez wounded.&mdash;Writes to
+Nelson.&mdash;Goes on board the Vanguard.&mdash;Occurrences there.&mdash;Remarks on the name of
+the second in command being left out <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>in Nelson's despatches.&mdash;On the mode of
+attack.&mdash;Various letters and orders.&mdash;Sir James's account of the battle, in a
+letter to Lady Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Fleet repair damages.&mdash;Sir James receives orders to take a detachment of six
+ships of the line, and five prizes, under his command.&mdash;Sails for
+Gibraltar.&mdash;Journal of his tedious voyage.&mdash;Arrives off Candia.&mdash;Decides to pass
+through a perilous passage, and escapes the dangers.&mdash;Falls in with the Marquis
+of Nisa, and summons the French garrison at Malta.&mdash;Puts into Port Auguste, in
+Sicily.&mdash;Sails from thence.&mdash;Tedious passage.&mdash;Letters from Earl St. Vincent and
+Nelson.&mdash;Arrives at Gibraltar.&mdash;Reception there from the Admiral, Governor,
+&amp;amp;c.&mdash;Sails thence.&mdash;Arrives at Lisbon.&mdash;Sails thence.&mdash;Arrives at
+Spithead.&mdash;Paid off at Plymouth.&mdash;Remarks on his treatment, and explanation of
+it.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.&mdash;Is appointed to the C&aelig;sar, of 84 guns.&mdash;Joins
+the Channel fleet.&mdash;The Brest fleet having escaped, proceeds to the
+Mediterranean.&mdash;English fleet at Bantry Bay.&mdash;Return of the French fleet.&mdash;C&aelig;sar
+at Lisbon.&mdash;Sir James returns to Spithead.&mdash;Rejoins the Channel fleet.&mdash;Earl St.
+Vincent takes the command.&mdash;Appoints Sir James to command the advanced
+squadron.&mdash;Black Rocks.&mdash;Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.&mdash;Douvarnenez
+Bay.&mdash;Various letters.&mdash;Complete success of the blockade.&mdash;Enemy's fleet laid
+up.&mdash;Sir James returns to Spithead.&mdash;Conclusion of 1800.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.&mdash;Appointed to
+command the advanced squadron.&mdash;Proceedings at the Black Rocks.&mdash;Douvarnenez
+Bay.&mdash;Returns to England.&mdash;Appointed to command a squadron on a very particular
+service.&mdash;His secret orders, &amp;amp;c. and letter of approbation.&mdash;Ready for
+sea.&mdash;Is created a Baronet of the United Kingdom.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of the line on
+a particular service.&mdash;Arrives off Cadiz.&mdash;Attacks a French squadron at
+Algeziras.&mdash;Captain Brenton's account of the battle.&mdash;Loss of the
+Hannibal.&mdash;Colonel Connolly's statements.&mdash;Logs of the C&aelig;sar and ships of the
+squadron.&mdash;Sir James proceeds to Gibraltar.&mdash;Remarks.&mdash;Flag of truce sent to
+Algeziras.&mdash;Correspondence with Linois.&mdash;Squadron refit at Gibraltar.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.&mdash;Copies of the Journals of the Spencer,
+Audacious, and Venerable.&mdash;Remarks on them.&mdash;Further particulars.&mdash;The Spanish
+account.&mdash;The French account.&mdash;Bulletin from the Moniteur.&mdash;Anecdote of an
+occurrence at St. Malo.&mdash;Sword presented to Linois.&mdash;Lines on the occasion.&mdash;His
+improvement of Naval tactics.&mdash; Epigram.&mdash;Anecdote of the intrepidity of one of
+the C&aelig;sar's men.</p></div>
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>Mole of Gibraltar.&mdash;Negotiation for the exchange of prisoners
+unsuccessful.&mdash;Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal return on
+parole.&mdash;They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger, which carries home
+despatches and private letters.&mdash;Despatch sent to Lord Keith.&mdash;Admiral Saumarez
+shif
+ts his flag to the Audacious.&mdash;Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the
+C&aelig;sar.&mdash;Their admirable conduct.&mdash;Captain Brenton and the garrison.&mdash;Arrival of
+the Spanish squadron at Algeziras.&mdash;Increased exertions of the crews of the
+squadron.&mdash;Private letters.&mdash;Preparations to attack the enemy.</p></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII</a></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Occurrences at Gibraltar.&mdash;Determination of Sir James to attack the combined
+squadron.&mdash;C&aelig;sar rehoists the Admiral's flag.&mdash;Sir J. Brenton's description of
+that interesting scene.&mdash;His account of the battle.&mdash;Destruction of two Spanish
+three-deckers.&mdash;Capture of the St. Antonio.&mdash;Action between the Venerable and
+Formidable.&mdash;Public letters.&mdash;Private letters.&mdash;French details of the
+battle.&mdash;Spanish ditto.&mdash;Orders of sailing.&mdash;Remarks.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c45"  />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_PLATES" id="LIST_OF_PLATES"></a>LIST OF PLATES</h2>
+<p class="p2 left25">
+<a href="#Page_i">Frontispiece.</a><br />
+<a href="#Page_103">Surrender Réunion.</a><br />
+<a href="#Page_131">Off Guernsey.</a><br />
+<a href="#Page_134">Rocks Guernsey.</a><br />
+<a href="#Page_135">Chart Island</a><br />
+<a href="#Page_346">Diagram Algeziras</a></p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c45" />
+
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<h3>ADVERTISEMENT.</h3>
+<p>In perusing the following Memoir, the reader must not be surprised if
+he finds that the accounts of the several battles in which the
+illustrious Saumarez was engaged, differ in some degree from those
+previously given to the public. Every circumstance connected with them
+has been carefully examined, and whatever statements are now advanced
+can be borne out by documentary evidence. The career of Saumarez was a
+long and eventful one: he entered the Navy while the nation was at
+peace; he subsequently served during the American War of
+independence, and throughout the late continental war, in both of
+which he was in more engagements with the enemy than any other
+officer. He was the last of the heroes of the 12th of April 1782.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE LIFE</h2>
+<p class="p2 center"><strong>OF</strong></p>
+<h2>LORD DE SAUMAREZ.</h2>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30"  />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p class="blockquote"></p>
+<p>Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.&mdash;Curious Record.&mdash;Branches of the late
+family.&mdash;Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p>Admiral the Right Honourable James Lord de Saumarez, of Guernsey, was
+born, on the 11th March 1757, in the parish of St. Peter-Port, the
+principal town of that romantic island. The family, whose original
+name was <span class="italic">De Sausmarez</span>, is of Norman extraction, and of great
+antiquity in the island of Guernsey, where their lineage can be traced
+almost to the Norman conquest.</p>
+
+<p>Their remote ancestor received from the Dukes of Normandy a fief of
+the district of Jerbourg, and was appointed hereditary captain (or
+chatelain) of the castle of that name, which lies within the limits of
+the fief, and is situated in the parish of St. Martin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Among the records of the island, we find the following interesting
+particulars:&mdash;In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of Edward the
+First, at a court of chief pleas held at Guernsey, in the presence of
+the judges of assize, Matthew de Sausmarez made homage for his fief;
+which appears to have been acknowledged by an act of Edward the Second
+in the year 1313: and in the reign of Edward the Third, in the year
+1331, an application was made by Matthew de Sausmarez for a
+confirmation of his rights and prerogatives, as formerly enjoyed by
+his ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>On receipt of this petition, his Majesty sent an order to John de
+Roches, guardian of the Channel islands, to make a perquisition
+thereon; authorising him to give to it his royal assent if not found
+to be prejudicial to the rights of the Crown or the privileges of the
+inhabitants, who had, by consent of his Majesty's father, fortified
+the castle of Jerbourg as a place of retreat and protection, as also
+for the security of their effects in case of invasion by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of his Majesty's order, the guardian appointed twelve of
+the most respectable inhabitants of the island to be examined before
+the bailiff or chief magistrate, who declared upon oath that the
+predecessors of Matthew de Sausmarez held that appointment from the
+Crown, with sundry appurtenances and privileges, which, in
+consideration of their services as hereditary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> keepers of the castle,
+had always been, and ought to be, inseparable from the fief of
+Jerbourg; and they further deposed, that these were not in any respect
+detrimental to the prerogative of the Crown, or injurious to the
+rights of the inhabitants, who still retained the advantage and
+privilege of retreating into the castle, with their effects, in every
+emergency.</p>
+
+<p>The following curious and interesting fact, as attached to this
+ancient fief, has been also recorded in a Guernsey periodical:
+"Whenever the lord had occasion to go to Jersey, his tenants were
+obliged to convey him thither, for which they received a gratuity of
+<span class="italic">three sous</span>, or a dinner; but they were not obliged to bring him
+back." And this exemption may be thus explained:&mdash;The lord, or captain
+of Jerbourg, in those days held a fief in Jersey, called by the same
+name, which no longer belongs to the De Saumarez family; but formerly,
+when it was possessed by the same individual, the same rights and
+privileges were attached, so that when the affairs of the lord called
+him to Jersey, he was conducted to that island by his Guernsey
+tenants, and brought back by those of Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>It is indeed certain, that, during many years after the Norman
+conquest, several gentlemen possessed estates in both islands, more or
+less considerable in one than in the other. The fief of Jerbourg
+remained in the family of De Sausmarez<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> till about the year 1555, when
+it became the property of Mr. John Andros, in right of Judith de
+Sausmarez: but it has since reverted to the descendants of the old
+family, and belonged to Thomas de Sausmarez, his Majesty's late
+attorney-general in the island of Guernsey, who died lately at a very
+advanced age,&mdash;the father of twenty-eight children!</p>
+
+<p>The genealogy of the family between the year 1481, and the birth of
+the grandfather of the late Lord de Saumarez on the 4th June 1635,
+will be found in the Addenda, as also that of the subsequent members
+of the family who are not mentioned here; but, in proceeding, we
+cannot pass over the names of Captains Philip and Thomas Saumarez,
+uncles of the late lord, who were two of the bravest and most
+meritorious officers of their time. The former, who was first
+lieutenant with Commodore Anson, afterwards commanded the Nottingham,
+sixty-four, captured the French seventy-four, Mars, and was killed in
+action 1747;<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the latter, when in command of the Antelope, of
+fifty guns, captured the French sixty-four, Belliqueux, in the
+following extraordinary manner:</p>
+
+<p>In the month of November 1758, Captain Saumarez was stationed in the
+Bristol Channel for the protection of the trade, and, the wind blowing
+strong from the westward, had anchored<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> his ship, the Antelope, of
+fifty guns and three hundred and fifty men, in King Road; and there
+being little probability of the appearance of an enemy under such
+circumstances, he had repaired to Bristol to partake of the
+hospitality of his friends in that prosperous city. While sitting at
+dinner, an express came from Barnstaple to inform him that a large
+ship, supposed to be an enemy, had anchored under Lundy Island.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez immediately repaired on board his ship, weighed
+anchor, and, notwithstanding the contrary wind and fresh gale, he beat
+down the channel, and in the morning saw her at anchor off Ilfracombe.
+On discovering the Antelope, the enemy weighed and stood towards her,
+and, on coming near, hoisted French colours and seemed prepared to
+engage. As soon as the Antelope came within gun-shot, she opened her
+fire, when the Frenchman immediately hauled down his colours without
+returning a shot. Captain Saumarez now sent his boat with the first
+lieutenant to know if she had surrendered; but finding that the boat
+did not return, he bore down under her stern, and asked if they had
+struck. The answer was in the affirmative, and she was immediately
+taken possession of. She proved to be the Belliqueux, of sixty-four
+guns and five hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>When the captain came on board the Antelope, and found that he had
+surrendered to a ship<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> so much inferior in force, both in men and
+weight of metal, his chagrin and mortification knew no bounds. He
+exclaimed that he had been deceived, and actually proposed to Captain
+Saumarez that he should allow him to return to his ship, and that he
+would fight him fairly; to which the English captain replied that he
+must keep possession now; that he had obtained it, but he had no
+objection to his going back to France and getting another ship of the
+same kind to try the fortune of war. He conducted his prize back to
+King Road, and returned to Bristol with his French guest to enjoy the
+hospitality and hearty welcome of his friends, after an absence of
+only eighteen hours!</p>
+
+<p>Matthew de Saumarez, father of Lord de Saumarez, being brought up to
+the medical profession, arrived at considerable practice and high
+respectability. He was remarkable for his urbanity of manners and
+hospitality, particularly to strangers. He married, first, Susannah,
+daughter of Thomas Dumaresq, Esq. of Jersey, and by her had Susannah
+(an only child), who married Henry Brock, Esq. of Guernsey: his second
+wife was Carteret, daughter of James Le Marchant, Esq. of Guernsey,
+and by her he had a numerous family, who are brothers and sisters of
+the late lord.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The family of De Sausmarez, a branch of which changed the spelling of
+the name to Saumarez about the year 1700, was not only one of the most
+ancient and respectable, but the members<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> of it successively held the
+highest situations, and were connected with the first families
+residing in the island of Guernsey, which has always been
+distinguished for its loyalty and patriotism: indeed, it has not only
+produced several of our bravest and greatest warriors, but its
+inhabitants have ever manifested themselves to be proof against every
+attempt to seduce them from their allegiance. The opinions which have
+been entertained unfavourable to this fact,&mdash;arising no doubt from the
+proximity of the island to the coast of France, and the general use of
+the French language, but, most of all, from its having at one time
+been infested by adventurers,&mdash;are totally without foundation.</p>
+
+<p>Having been many years stationed at this island, we have witnessed the
+loyalty and intrepidity of the natives: and could give several
+instances where the Guernsey pilot was the <span class="italic">first</span> to board the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Lord de Saumarez was married at Guernsey, on the 27th October 1788, to
+Martha, only daughter and heiress of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by
+marriage with Miss Mary Dobr&eacute;e, two of the most ancient and
+respectable families in the island. This marriage was the consequence
+of a long and mutual attachment: it need scarcely be added, that it
+completed the happiness of both. They became the parents of eight
+children, whose biography will be found in the <ins title="See Volume Two">Appendix.</ins></p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1767 to 1778.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+Commencement of his Career.&mdash;His Education.&mdash;Visit of the Duke of
+Gloucester to Guernsey.&mdash;Saumarez decides for the Navy.&mdash;Is put on the
+Soleby's books.&mdash;School at London.&mdash;Embarks in the
+Montreal.&mdash;Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.&mdash;Smyrna.&mdash;Returns
+home.&mdash;Passes for Lieutenant.&mdash;Embarks in the Bristol.&mdash;Proposal
+to leave the Navy.&mdash;Attack on Fort Sullivan.&mdash;Gallant
+Conduct.&mdash;Is made Lieutenant.&mdash;Bristol, Chatham, Lady
+Parker.&mdash;Commands the Spitfire.&mdash;Rhode Island.&mdash;Many
+Engagements.&mdash;War with France.&mdash;Appearance of the French Fleet under
+D'Estaing.&mdash;Spitfire burnt.&mdash;Appearance of Lord Howe.</p></div>
+<p class="p2">
+The illustrious admiral, of whose ancestors a biographical sketch has
+been briefly given in the preceding chapter, and in the Addenda to
+this work, and whose glorious career is the subject of this record,
+passed from the first rudiments of learning, under a dame, to the more
+manly tuition of Elizabeth College, in Guernsey, where his brother,
+fifteen months his senior, was receiving his education.</p>
+
+<p>Although he always said that his brother was a much better scholar in
+both Latin and Greek<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> than himself, his taste for poetry, and his
+discrimination in that refined branch of literature, must have
+appeared at a very early age, as, when he was only seven or eight
+years old, he surprised his mother by reciting to her several lines
+from the first pages of Milton's Paradise Lost, which he had learnt of
+his own accord,&mdash;a foretaste of the gratification which he derived
+through life in reading that noble poem. His mother was so delighted
+with this unexpected discovery of his taste, that she could not
+forbear making it known to her friends; especially to a literary
+gentleman of her acquaintance, who sent young Saumarez a present of
+the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, which he also committed to memory,
+and retained throughout his life.</p>
+
+<p>But the great sensibility of his heart was most apparent in his
+attachment to all his relations: their pleasures and their pains were
+always <span class="italic">his</span>; and it is therefore not surprising that he was a
+favourite with them all. In those days, Guernsey was, as it were, a
+large family; and the society of the upper classes was linked in a
+small, but a select and happy, circle, interested in each other's
+welfare. The communication with England not being, as now, kept up by
+regular packets, the arrival of a stranger was an event of some
+importance, and mostly occurred through the visits of the king's ships
+going on foreign stations, which put into Guernsey for wines and
+other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> stores: on these occasions the captains and officers were
+constant guests at the hospitable mansion of our hero's father, and it
+was usually the province of young Saumarez to look out for and report
+their appearance.</p>
+
+<p>In July 1767, this little community was surprised by an occurrence
+which to this day is related among the events of "olden times," as
+having made a great, and certainly a lasting impression. His royal
+highness the Duke of Gloucester, on his return from a tour in France,
+anchored in Guernsey roads. At two in the morning, the hostess of the
+only inn in the town was awakened by a call that the Duke of
+Gloucester had landed, and was coming there: not supposing this
+possible, she for a long time refused to rise; but, being at length
+convinced, she directed the party to the house of the
+lieutenant-governor, who was as incredulous as the good woman of the
+Ship Inn.</p>
+
+<p>At last he appeared at the window in his dressing-gown and <span class="italic">bonnet de
+nuit</span>, and finding whom he was called upon to receive, he exclaimed,
+in the trepidation of the moment,&mdash;"My house is not fit for the duke;
+go to my friend, Doctor Saumarez." There at last his royal highness
+found entrance, and a hearty welcome; but it may be conjectured that
+no little surprise and bustle spread through the house at the
+unexpected arrival at such an hour of the illustrious guest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> The blue
+damask room was, however, soon prepared, with other apartments for the
+aides-de camp, Sir Henry Clinton and another.</p>
+
+<p>Young Saumarez and his brother were sent off, as soon as the sun rose,
+to inform their uncle the attorney-general, who resided some distance
+from the town, that the royal visitor had arrived. On their return the
+streets were decorated with crowns, festoons, and garlands of flowers,
+which had risen as from the wand of a magician; the bells were
+ringing, the populace were in holiday suits, and the whole effect was
+so animated, that the more splendid scenes of after-life never erased
+it from the mind of Saumarez.</p>
+
+<p>The duke, on rising, was surprised at the quick display of loyalty he
+beheld, and expressed himself much gratified at the proofs he received
+of respect and attachment which these faithful islanders evinced in
+his person towards the king and the royal family. His royal highness
+condescended to honour a ball in the evening; and often did young
+Saumarez hear his aunt (a sister of his mother, married to Major
+Brabazon of the 65th regiment,) relate her having opened the ball in a
+minuet with his royal highness.</p>
+
+<p>Young Saumarez had long and constantly cherished a decided
+predilection for the navy. Accustomed as he had been from childhood to
+hear of the fame which his valiant uncles, Captains Philip and Thomas
+Saumarez, had acquired, his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> mind was early inspired with a desire to
+tread in their path, and to acquire for himself a name which might
+emulate theirs. His eldest brother was already in the navy; but his
+father having six sons, when he found that James had evinced such a
+desire for the sea, and having connexions in the service, probably
+considered that he could not place another more advantageously than in
+a profession which had already afforded an honourable and glorious
+career to two of his family. Accordingly he accepted the offer of
+Captain Lucius O'Bryen, of his majesty's ship Soleby, who entered his
+name on the books of that ship on the 20th September 1767 as
+volunteer, where it remained until the 3rd of June 1770, having been
+there two years and nine months. During this time, however, he never
+joined the ship, but was for a part of it at a school in the vicinity
+of London, which had been recommended to his father by a naval friend,
+who appears to have been ill qualified to make the selection, if we
+may judge from the amusing account which Saumarez gave in after-life
+of his acquirements in that seminary. Fortunately, as he said, when he
+had been there ten months, his father being in London, sent for him,
+and to his great joy took him home, and with this portion of education
+he was launched into the world; as a few months after he went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> to
+Portsmouth to join the Montreal, Captain Alms, who had been a friend
+of his uncles, and who had visited his father at Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of August 1769, the ship sailed for the Mediterranean.
+Great pains were taken by the captain to improve the talents of young
+Saumarez, which soon became apparent: but the commodore being obliged
+to return home on account of ill health, he placed him in the
+Winchelsea; and we find that he went on board the Pembroke, bearing
+the broad pendant of Commodore Proby, and commanded by Captain Durell,
+who was a relative of the family, on the 14th August 1770, and joined
+the former ship on the 28th September following.</p>
+
+<p>Nature happily had endowed young Saumarez with talents, and qualities
+of mind and heart, which in a great measure repaired the want of a
+regular and more enlarged education: a sound judgment and quick
+sensibility soon led him to perceive his deficiency in acquired
+knowledge; and he was inspired with a laudable ambition, to remedy it
+by every exertion the feeble means within his reach could accomplish.
+When, indeed, it is considered that only a few volumes of the
+Spectator and Idler, with some stray volumes of the Roman History,
+composed his little library, it may justly be inferred that it was no
+ordinary capacity or moderate application which could form a character
+such as was manifested by him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Frigates, in those days, had neither chaplains nor schoolmasters; and
+the "young gentlemen," when off duty, were left to spend their time as
+they thought fit. The midshipmen of the present day can have but a
+faint idea of the hardships and privations of a naval aspirant's life
+at the period Saumarez entered the service. Biscuits with insects, and
+tainted meat, was the usual fare when at sea at their mess-table; and
+none would have thought of procuring such <span class="italic">luxuries</span> as are now
+indispensable <span class="italic">necessaries</span> to their successors in the service. While
+there is great cause to rejoice in the change which has taken place,
+it should not prevent the expression of just and well-founded regret
+that the amelioration has spread to the opposite extreme; the placing
+a son in the navy being now a heavy tax instead of a relief, which we
+know is felt severely by old naval officers on half-pay, who naturally
+wish to employ a son in the service to which they belong.</p>
+
+<p>With grateful remembrance, Saumarez has often been heard to say, that,
+on his departure from home, his affectionate father put a purse
+containing fifteen guineas in his hand; observing that, as he knew he
+had a large family, he trusted that he would use it with economy, but
+that when he wanted more he might draw on his banker. So strictly,
+however, did he fulfil this recommendation, that his father said, the
+sight of his drafts gave him pleasure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His first journal is of the Winchelsea, Captain Samuel Cranston
+Goodall, and commences on the 8th November 1770, at which time he was
+first rated a midshipman: he remained in that ship until the 14th
+February 1772. During these seventeen months he gained a valuable
+friend in Captain Goodall, whose regard he preserved to the end of his
+life. Saumarez had constant access to his cabin: he allowed him to
+write there, and make extracts from the best authors in his
+possession, which was of great service in improving his acquaintance
+with modern literature. This ship had been cruising in the
+Mediterranean, and visited most of the interesting ports there; and,
+in February 1772, the Winchelsea was ordered to England,&mdash;an account
+joyfully hailed by all on board, but by none more sincerely than by
+Mr. Saumarez, whose heart panted to see his dearest friends. What,
+then, must have been his feelings, on the arrival of the Levant to
+relieve the Winchelsea, when he was sent for by Captain Goodall, and
+apprised that Captain Thompson would receive him?&mdash;and as it was of
+importance that he should finish his time before going home, he
+strongly recommended his stay, especially as it was his father's wish.
+Although it was as if a sword had pierced his heart, he calmly
+submitted to the decision, and he saw the worthy Captain Goodall and
+his messmates depart without a murmur.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This self-denial was not wholly unrewarded. The Levant was a larger
+ship, affording much better accommodation to the midshipmen; and Mr.
+Saumarez, having been nearly three years at sea, became of some
+consequence with his messmates. The date of his joining the Levant was
+the 15th February 1772, having been discharged on the preceding day
+from the Winchelsea. He soon formed a close friendship with Mr. Samuel
+Thompson, the captain's son; which continued unshaken till the death
+of the latter in 1782.</p>
+
+<p>The British merchants having petitioned for a ship of war to be
+stationed in the Mediterranean for the protection of the trade, the
+Levant was ordered on that service, and for fourteen months remained
+in that inactive position, which young Saumarez used to say he
+considered a blank in his existence. Having no books to relieve the
+spirits, no letters to cheer the heart, life wasted away without
+profit or satisfaction. There must, however, have been a few bright
+days; for he often mentioned with pleasure the hospitality of the
+English families settled in Smyrna, of which he occasionally partook
+when Captain Thompson allowed it. This was the more frequent on
+account of his thorough knowledge of the French language, which was
+the means of procuring him attentions rendered doubly acceptable by
+the dulness of that anchorage: such were the advantages he derived
+from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> his familiarity with that language, that he never failed to
+recommend the study of it to all his young <span class="italic">prot&eacute;g&eacute;s</span> before going to
+sea.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of May 1773, the Levant was at length released, and sailed
+for Gibraltar; from which place she proceeded to Port Mahon, to be
+repaired. On the 28th of May 1774, she resumed her old station in
+Smyrna harbour, (in consequence of an insurrection, in which several
+Christians had been massacred, owing to the destruction of the Russian
+fleet in the Bay of Chisma, on the contiguous coast,) having been away
+precisely one year. She again left that station, on the 19th of
+September, for Gibraltar; and finally for England in March 1775, on
+the 29th of which month she arrived at Spithead. On the 14th of the
+following April, Mr. Saumarez was discharged from the Levant; and had
+at length the long-wished-for happiness of seeing again his native
+land, and the friends from whom he had been for more than five years
+separated.</p>
+
+<p>The Levant, being paid off, was recommissioned by the Honourable
+Captain Murray, who used every persuasion to induce Mr. Saumarez to
+remain in the ship; but, after an absence of five years, he was too
+anxious to spend some time with his family, to accede to his proposal,
+and the moment he was at liberty he set off for Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p>Taking into account the time his name had been on the books of the
+Solebay, he had now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> served more than the required six years of
+service: and as the regulations for age were at that time not strictly
+enforced, after a few weeks of rest he went to London to pass his
+examination for lieutenant; but owing to the commissioners being on
+their annual visits to the dock-yards, and their return being
+protracted, two months elapsed before the object was accomplished.
+This enabled him again to return to his friends, but he was not then
+permitted long to enjoy their society.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1775, on the breaking out of the war with the American
+colonies, Commodore Sir Peter Parker being appointed to the command of
+a squadron, with his broad pendant on board the Bristol, of fifty
+guns, Mr. Saumarez, then eighteen years of age, was ordered to join
+that ship, through the recommendation of Admiral Keppel, who, having
+been the friend and contemporary of his uncles, ever evinced an
+interest in his advancement. After an interview with Sir Peter in
+London, he embarked, on the 9th of October, at Sheerness, whence the
+Bristol proceeded to the Nore at the end of November. After passing a
+short time at Spithead and Plymouth, which they left on the 21st of
+December, the squadron sailed for Cork, the last rendezvous of the
+expedition destined for South Carolina. This consisted of six
+frigates, two bombs, and two hundred transports, containing seven
+regiments of infantry and two companies of artillery, under the
+command of that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> distinguished nobleman, the Earl Cornwallis, and the
+Honourable Brigadier-general Vaughan. These two chiefs, with their
+aides-de-camp, Lord Chewton and Captain Eustace, were embarked on
+board the Bristol: they sailed about the middle of January 1776.</p>
+
+<p>On the passage out, which was remarkable for stormy weather, and for
+the consequent dispersion of the convoy, the activity and zeal of
+young Saumarez not only attracted the attention, but gained the esteem
+of the noble earl; who, by offering to make him his aide-de-camp and
+take him by the hand, had nearly persuaded him to leave the naval
+service, and enter the army, offering him a commission in the 33rd,
+his own regiment. We have heard him relate, that, after he had more
+than half consented, he went below and told his messmates, who
+immediately jeered him so much about "turning soldier," that he
+returned to the quarter-deck and gave a positive refusal to the earl,
+who could not help expressing his disappointment and chagrin on the
+occasion.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that he would have highly distinguished himself
+in the army, or wherever he was placed; but, happily for the nation,
+and for the honour of the profession which he had first chosen, he was
+destined to display his bravery and splendid talents in a sphere where
+there happened to be a much greater range for them, than if he had
+followed the fortunes of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> noble earl in the other honourable
+service. Many years after, when Saumarez's career had proved the
+wisdom of his decision, he met Lord Cornwallis at dinner at Lord
+Spencer's, then first lord of the admiralty; who, on hearing this
+anecdote, observed, "Lord Cornwallis would have deprived the naval
+service of one of its best officers."</p>
+
+<p>The Bristol arrived off Cape Fear early in May, where they found
+General Clinton; and, having repaired their damages, reached
+Charlestown in the beginning of June. The troops were landed on the
+island, at a low, sandy spot, in the midst of a heavy surf, and the
+guns of the Bristol and the Experiment were put on board the Harcourt
+East-indiaman, to enable them to get over the bar.</p>
+
+<p>One of the transports, called the Friendship, having been fitted as a
+ship of war to be taken into the service, was commissioned by
+Lieutenant Charles Hope, first of the Bristol, an excellent officer,
+and he selected Sir James Barclay and Mr. Saumarez to be his officers;
+but, after a few days, he prevailed on Captain Hope to allow him to
+return to the Bristol, which he did only two days previously to the
+attack on Fort Sullivan, which, after passing the bar, it became
+necessary to silence and take possession of. This fortress was
+considered the key of the harbour, and the fortifications of it were
+constructed with great skill: the works being formed of cabbage-tree,
+a kind of wood peculiarly calculated, by its porous and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> elastic
+quality, to resist the effects of shot; and, from its not being liable
+to splinter, the troops in the batteries were secured from what is
+deemed one of the principal means of destruction; while the Bristol's
+crew were fully exposed to the fatal effects of the enemy's fire. The
+guns being taken on board on the 28th of June 1776, at 8 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> the
+squadron began the attack by a furious and incessant cannonade, which
+continued with little intermission until nine o'clock at night. Never
+did British valour shine more conspicuously, nor did our ships in an
+engagement of the same nature experience so serious an encounter: the
+squadron could not approach within grape-shot of the enemy, and
+therefore could not clear the batteries; and the spring of the
+Bristol's cable being cut by the shot, she swung so as to get
+dreadfully raked. Mr. Saumarez was employed in replacing this spring
+three times in the Mercury's boat, assisted by the captain of that
+transport.</p>
+
+<p>The brave Captain Morris, after receiving a number of wounds, with a
+noble constancy disdained to quit his duty; until, his arm being shot
+off, he was carried below in a condition which did not afford any
+probability of recovery. At one time, the quarter-deck of the Bristol
+was cleared of every one except the commodore, who stood on the
+poop-ladder alone; a spectacle of intrepidity and firmness which has
+been seldom equalled, never exceeded. It is said, that Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Saumarez
+seeing him in this situation, requested him to come down; when he
+replied with a smile, "What! you want to get rid of me, do ye?" while
+he well knew that the reverse was the fact.</p>
+
+<p>The loss sustained by the squadron in general, and by the Bristol in
+particular, in an action unexampled in point of duration, and in which
+it was finally repulsed, was very great: she had alone one hundred and
+eleven killed and wounded, including her gallant captain and several
+other officers.</p>
+
+<p>During this severe conflict, Mr. Saumarez had a very narrow escape: at
+the moment he was pointing a gun on the lower-deck, of which he had
+the command, a shot from the fort entered the port-hole, struck the
+gun, and killed seven out of eight men who were stationed to work it.
+Some time afterwards, being called on deck to execute certain orders
+respecting the replacing the spring on the cable, he was standing
+close to Mr. Darley, a midshipman, for whom he had the greatest
+regard, when a shot took off the young man's head and covered Mr.
+Saumarez with his blood.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Morris, after being carried below, lingered contrary to
+expectation, and hopes were formed that he would survive; when,
+unfortunately, his attendant being overcome with sleep, it is supposed
+the captain's bandages gave way, and, not having strength to awake
+him, he was found in the morning bathed in his blood. His dissolution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+becoming inevitable, one of the officers asked him if he had any
+direction to give with respect to his family; to which he nobly
+replied, "None! I leave them to the Providence of God, and the
+generosity of my country," and soon after expired. This engagement
+lasted thirteen hours: it was the first in which Mr. Saumarez had been
+present; and, after the very many in which he was subsequently
+engaged, he has been heard to declare it to have been one of the most
+severe he ever witnessed. Captain Scott, of the Experiment, lost his
+arm; and there were several death-vacancies for lieutenants.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Saumarez's conduct during the whole of this obstinate and bloody
+contest was deemed so especially meritorious, that the commodore
+expressed his highest approbation of it in the warmest and most
+flattering terms, and soon after the battle he promoted him to the
+rank of lieutenant. The following is a copy of his first acting
+commission:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>"By Sir Peter Parker, Commander-in-chief of a squadron of his Majesty's ships to
+be employed on a particular service.</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas I think it necessary for the good of his Majesty's service to have an
+Acting-lieutenant on board his Majesty's ship the Bristol, you are hereby
+required and directed to take upon you the office of Acting-lieutenant of his
+Majesty's ship <span class="smcap">Bristol</span> strictly charging and commanding all the officers and
+company of the said ship to behave themselves jointly, and severally, in their
+respective employments, with all due respect and obedience <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>unto you their said
+<span class="smcap">Lieutenant</span>; and you are likewise to observe and execute the <span class="smcap">General Printed
+Instructions</span>, and such orders and directions as you shall from time to time
+receive from your captain, or any other your superior officer, for his Majesty's
+service.</p>
+
+<p>"For which this shall be your Order. Dated on board his Majesty's ship Bristol,
+in Five-fathom Hole, off Charlestown, the 11th day of July 1776.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">P. Parker.</p>
+<p>"To Mr. James Saumarez, hereby<br />
+appointed to act as Lieutenant on<br />
+board his Majesty's ship Bristol,<br />
+until further orders.</p>
+<p>"By command of the Commodore.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">John Read."</p></div>
+
+<p>In this ship Acting-lieutenant Saumarez remained until the 23rd
+September; serving often with the army on shore, and on all occasions
+taking a distinguished part. He was actively employed in the boats of
+the Bristol on every landing that took place, from the first
+disembarkation of the troops in Gravesend Bay, to the landing at
+Rochelle from Frog's-neck. Lord Howe then commanded in person on this
+expedition, and hoisted his flag in the Carysfort, the gallant Captain
+Fanshawe. His lordship appointed Mr. Saumarez his aide-de-camp, and
+selected him to convey General Clinton, commanding the troops, to the
+vicinity of Rochelle, when he had the satisfaction of receiving the
+thanks of his lordship for his zealous exertions. All the boats were
+then ordered to join their respective ships off New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> York; an order,
+it may be supposed, not unwelcome after an absence of several weeks,
+during which officers and men had been subject to all the privations
+consequent on such a service, sleeping in boats, and scarcely having
+any change of clothing.</p>
+
+<p>Saumarez was afterwards on duty up the North River, and had the honour
+of conveying Lord Cornwallis and his staff on board his boat in the
+first landing in the Jerseys; and on several occasions he was actively
+useful to his lordship, who repeatedly acknowledged his services.
+Being employed in the disembarkation of troops newly arrived, he
+discovered that his brother's regiment, the twenty-third Welsh (now
+Royal Welsh) Fusileers, was one of them; and soon after he had the
+happiness of meeting him, who, on his part, was not less agreeably
+surprised at the welcome and unexpected encounter.</p>
+
+<p>Being at head-quarters when Fort Washington surrendered, the garrison,
+consisting of two thousand seven hundred men, having laid down their
+arms, Lieutenant Saumarez was the bearer of the tidings to the
+Bristol; but they appeared so incredible, that it was some time before
+Sir Peter Parker could be persuaded of their authenticity.</p>
+
+<p>Rear-admiral Lord Shuldham, having on the 6th September, shifted his
+flag to the Bristol, Lieutenant Saumarez followed his commander, who
+then hoisted his broad pendant in the Chatham. He was therefore
+removed by Lord Viscount Howe,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> vice-admiral of the white, and
+commander-in-chief of all his Majesty's ships and vessels in North
+America, to the Chatham, as fifth lieutenant "for the time being." In
+this situation Lieutenant Saumarez so often and so particularly
+distinguished himself in the boats, and in command of the Lady Parker
+schooner, tender to the Unicorn, Captain Ford, that, on the 17th
+February 1778, he was appointed lieutenant commanding the Spitfire, a
+schooner-rigged galley, by special direction of the
+commander-in-chief, as will appear by the following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">By Commodore Hotham, on board the Preston.</p>
+<p>"The Viscount Howe having directed that you shall command the Spitfire galley,
+in the room of Lieutenant Scott; you are hereby directed to repair on board the
+said galley, and take the command of her accordingly, using the utmost despatch
+in preparing and fitting her for a passage to Rhode Island.</p>
+<p class="right">"Given on board the Preston, off<br />
+New York, 17th February 1778.<br />
+<span class="smcap">W. Hotham.</span></p>
+<p>"To Lieut. Saumarez, hereby<br />
+appointed to command<br />
+H.M. galley, the Spitfire.</p>
+<p class="left25">"By command. <span class="smcap">Titus Lewis.</span>"</p></div>
+
+<p>Our young hero, who had been far less actively employed than he wished, had now
+obtained almost the height of his ambition,&mdash;in other words, a situation
+where he could have an opportunity of displaying his talents and intrepidity. He
+found his new vessel in the king's yard; and, having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> taken charge from her
+former commander, proceeded to fit out with surprising diligence. On the 23rd
+February he received twenty-three seamen from the Preston; and on the 27th a
+sergeant and eleven marines completed his complement of thirty-seven men,
+including himself and the carpenter; when he immediately weighed and made sail.
+It soon after blew a gale, but he succeeded in reaching the Brothers, where he
+anchored, and found H.M.S. Sphinx, and some traders: the next morning he
+weighed, and falling in with H.M.S. Falcon and convoy, they proceeded on their
+voyage. On the 4th of March strong gales obliged the convoy to put into
+Huntingdon Bay, where they were detained by stormy weather till the 13th of
+March. On the 15th the convoy reached Oyster-pond Bay, and on the 16th anchored
+off Fort Island, in company with the Eagle, Nonsuch, Apollo, Mermaid, Unicorn,
+Ariel, Maidstone, Grampus, and Stromboli; and here their active operations
+began. On the 28th of March an enemy's frigate was chased and run on shore in
+the Narraganset Passage, when Lieutenant Saumarez, together with the boats of
+the squadron, went to destroy her, she being protected by a battery on shore;
+the Spitfire was anchored about four hundred yards from this battery in twelve
+feet water, and, having got her long-bow gun to bear, engaged it while the boats
+boarded and set fire to the frigate: this occupied more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> than an hour, during
+which time the battery was silenced, but a brisk fire of musketry was kept up by
+the rebels; and the service being performed, the galley was towed out with
+little damage, five men being wounded: at nine she anchored in safety off
+Newton's Point. Soon after this a gale came on; the galley drove towards the
+rocks, and it was supposed she must be lost; but Lieutenant Saumarez cut his
+cable, and by a masterly act of seamanship saved his vessel, and gained the
+admiration of the whole squadron. During this period, Lieutenant Saumarez was
+under the orders of Commodore Griffith, of the Nonsuch, senior officer of his
+Majesty's ships and vessels at Rhode Island; and it will appear by the following
+secret order, that he was kept at the most important point in advance.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>(Secret.)<br />
+"By Walter Griffith, Esq. Commander of a division of his Majesty's ships and
+vessels at Rhode Island.</p>
+<p>"The employment of the galley under your command being necessary in the
+Seakonnet Channel, with the intention to intercept any armed vessels fitted by
+the rebels for putting to sea from the harbours or creeks communicating
+therewith; but more particularly to defeat any attempts they may propose for
+making a descent in force, or attacking the post occupied by the king's troops
+on the eastern shore of Rhode Island; you are therefore to proceed to the
+aforesaid channel, and put yourself under the command of the superior officer
+there, for those purposes accordingly: but you are, nevertheless, at liberty to
+move <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>the galley (under the orders of the commanding officer there) from time to
+time, to prevent the enemy from being able to ascertain the position thereof,
+either for executing any meditated insult on the galley, or to pass you
+unobserved during the night; taking care, however, to keep as much as may be
+within such limits, as will fully enable you to effect the principal object of
+your appointment as aforesaid.</p>
+<p>"It will become requisite for this end, to have your boats (or other
+better-appointed craft, with which you can in future be supplied), advanced at
+seasonable lines, both for the earlier discovery of any ships or vessels
+attempting to pass your station in the night, and preventing any other
+advantages attempted by the enemy under cover thereof.</p>
+<p>"The crews of the boats so directed should be prudently cautious in boarding
+vessels of inconsiderable appearance, that they may not be exposed to suffer by
+the treacherous practice of the enemy in different modes to blow up and destroy
+your men; but a suitable discretion will be no less requisite on your part,
+that, in warning them of these hazards, they are not induced to become remiss in
+their exertions in the essential services.</p>
+<p>"If the enemy should attempt to pass your station with any ship of apparent
+force, great attention will be requisite that you may not be misled by such not
+improbable expeditions to draw you from your station, and thereby facilitate the
+means to succeed with less risk in a meditated descent on the eastern shore of
+the island; which is to be at all times the object of your chief care to resist
+and oppose, by endeavouring to destroy the boats of the enemy employed on that
+occasion, or otherwise to prevent the further use of them in the attempt.</p>
+<p>"It will therefore be incumbent on you, in conjunction with other armed vessels
+stationed with you in Seakonnet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>Channel, to intercept the said armed vessels
+(if possible) before they have advanced below your first anchoring station, and
+to keep secret such directions as the senior officer at the said anchorage may
+propose to adopt for that intent.</p>
+<p>"You are to continue on this service until further orders; and I am to recommend
+your attention, that a careful watch is kept in the galley at all times,
+conformable to the tenour of the printed instructions given in that respect; and
+that every other precaution is taken to guard against the attempts of the rebel
+for the annoyance of the galley, wherein it is to be observed of all such
+enterprises, that those which are the least suspected are ever the most likely
+to be attended with success.</p>
+<p class="right">"Given on board H.M.S. Nonsuch,<br />
+at Rhode Island, 21st May 1778.<br />
+<span class="smcap">S.W. Griffith.</span></p>
+<p>"To Lieut. Saumarez, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>It should be mentioned here, that Rhode Island was taken possession of
+by his Majesty's forces under General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker on
+the 9th December 1776; and some description of it is necessary to show
+the arduous as well as perilous nature of the service on which our
+young hero was now employed. This island takes its name from the
+province, and lies in Narraganset Bay: it is fifteen miles in length
+from north to south, and three miles and a half broad; the north end
+is only three miles from Bristol, to which there is a ferry. The
+Seakonnet Passage separates it from the main on the north-west side,
+and the islands of Conanicut and Prudence lie in the passage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> on the
+south-east side, the town of Newport being in the south-east part of
+the island.</p>
+
+<p>The Seakonnet Passage was in consequence of the above order allotted
+to the Spitfire. Lieutenant Saumarez was now under the orders of
+Captain Gr&aelig;me, and proceeded to his station: it appears from his
+journal, now in our possession, that he was constantly on the alert,
+and almost daily skirmishing with the enemy. On the 24th he had to
+sustain the attack of three armed boats which came off from Point
+Judith, and had nearly decoyed them on board; but they found their
+mistake in time to escape after a good drubbing. On the same evening
+he joined a detachment of five hundred men, which, under cover of the
+Flora, had landed above Bristol and burnt one hundred and twenty-five
+batteaux-plats, an armed galley, and a privateer of fourteen guns,
+besides destroying the greatest part of the town. On the 30th April a
+firing was heard in the direction of the Taunton: the Spitfire
+immediately weighed, and ran over to the enemy's shore, where
+Lieutenant Saumarez opposed his vessel to a field-piece, which
+returned his fire without doing any injury for a considerable time;
+this was meant as a diversion to enable the 54th regiment to attack
+unobserved, which in the mean time landed up the Taunton, destroyed
+eight sawmills and several flat-boats, and came off by the assistance
+of the Spitfire with inconsiderable loss.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of May the Spitfire weighed, and was beating against the
+wind to obtain her station, when, by the vessel missing stays, she got
+aground on Sandy Hook. On this, the enemy immediately brought down a
+gun, but without effect. An anchor was carried out; the vessel was
+hove off without damage, and reached Fogland Battery, off which she
+anchored, and the next day reached her former station.</p>
+
+<p>It will be needless to notice every occasion wherein the Spitfire was
+engaged with the enemy, which, while Lieutenant Saumarez commanded
+her, was no less than forty-seven times! but we shall proceed to the
+period when his operations in that vessel were drawing to a close. The
+Americans, who had publicly declared their independence on the 4th
+July 1776, had concluded a treaty with the French on the 13th March
+1778, which was considered by the British government as a declaration
+of war; and the French ambassador being directed to withdraw, the
+following orders were issued to the squadron at Rhode Island by
+Commodore John Brisbane, who had now taken the command:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>"By Captain John Brisbane, Captain of H.M.S. Flora, and
+senior officer of his Majesty's ships and vessels at Newport, Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>"In pursuance of an order from the Lord Viscount Howe, vice-admiral of the
+white, and commander-in-chief of his Majesty's ships and vessels employed on a
+particular service, you are hereby required and directed to <span class="smcap">MAKE</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span><span class="smcap">WAR UPON</span>,
+take, or destroy any part of the French squadron lately arrived on the coasts of
+this continent, as well as other ships of war of that nation appearing on the
+coasts of North America, to the utmost of your ability, until further orders,
+keeping this secret. Dated on board H.M.S. Flora, at Newport, Rhode Island,
+26th July 1778.</p>
+<p class="right">(Signed)<span class="smcap"> J. Brisbane.</span></p>
+<p>"To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding<br />
+<span class="left5">the Spitfire, galley."</span></p></div>
+
+<p>This order was transmitted with an enclosure, designated "Copy of a
+paragraph of a letter received from Lord Viscount Howe, dated off
+Sandy Hook, 19th July 1778."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>"As there is not a sufficient naval force for the defence of Rhode Island, and
+none can be sent while the French squadron, at anchor off Sandy Hook, continues
+so much superior to that under my command, it may not be unseasonable to remind
+you that you are at liberty to apply the force under your direction, by landing
+of guns and men for the service of the batteries; dismantling, and even
+destroying the ships, to strengthen the defences of the post in the most
+effectual manner, in case of an attack upon the post, more especially when no
+longer in prospect of rendering better assistance under the same circumstances,
+or preventing the capture of the ships.</p>
+
+<p>"Every captain or commander is therefore directed to attend to the foregoing
+paragraph, and act from circumstances, in the best and most effectual manner
+possible for the defence of the post, and ship or vessel under his command, so
+as to answer the intention of his lordship. Dated on board H.M.S. Flora,
+Newport Harbour, 27th July 1778.</p>
+<p>"To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding<br />
+<span class="left5">H.M. galley Spitfire."</span></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<p>The French, who had secretly been assisting the Americans, and had
+long been preparing for war, sent a powerful fleet from France, which
+arrived, and anchored off Sandy Hook, while Lord Howe was within the
+harbour with a very inferior force, but could not be attacked: they
+therefore bent their course to reduce Rhode Island. On the 29th of
+July they were discovered; and, on the 4th of August, two ships of the
+line and two frigates entered the passage, where the Kingfisher sloop,
+the Alarm and Spitfire, galleys, were stationed; and it being no
+longer possible to prevent them from falling into the hands of the
+enemy, their stores, guns, and crews were landed, and the vessels set
+on fire.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1778 to 1782.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+Serves ashore.&mdash;Returns to England in the Leviathan.&mdash;Providential
+escape from shipwreck.&mdash;Visits Guernsey.&mdash;Joins the Victory.&mdash;A
+journey to London.&mdash;Joins the Fortitude.&mdash;Battle off the Dogger
+Bank.&mdash;Anecdotes of Admiral Parker.&mdash;Mr. Saumarez promoted to the rank
+of Master and Commander.&mdash;Appointed to the Tisiphone.&mdash;Sails for the
+West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.&mdash;Action with Comte de
+Guichen.&mdash;Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.&mdash;Is despatched to
+Sir Samuel Hood.&mdash;Arrives at Barbadoes.&mdash;Escapes from two French
+men-of-war.&mdash;Passes through an intricate channel.&mdash;Joins Sir Samuel
+Hood.&mdash;Gallant conduct in cutting out a vessel.&mdash;Tisiphone ordered
+home.&mdash;Fortunate exchange with Captain Stanhope.&mdash;Takes command of the
+Russell.</p></div>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p>After the destruction of his little vessel, the Spitfire, Lieutenant
+Saumarez was attached to the division of sailors under Commodore
+Brisbane, to whom he became aide-de-camp. This division consisted of
+the crews of the frigates and other vessels which had been destroyed,
+on the following day in the southern passage, to prevent their falling
+into the hands of the enemy. The vessels destroyed, in addition to
+those mentioned in the last chapter, were, the Juno, Lark,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> Orpheus,
+and Flora of thirty-two guns, and the Cerberus of twenty-eight.</p>
+
+<p>The artillery and stores had been in part landed, and mounted in
+various positions on the island; while the seamen and officers,
+amounting to above a thousand men, were actively employed there during
+the whole of the siege. Lieutenant Saumarez was stationed latterly in
+command of one of the advanced posts, and had several opportunities of
+distinguishing himself in repulsing the repeated assaults of the
+enemy, and in attacking them in return.</p>
+
+<p>The plans of the French for the reduction of Rhode Island having
+failed, and their fleet having been dispersed in a storm, during which
+some were disabled, and others captured, and finally the appearance of
+Lord Howe with a reinforced but still inferior squadron, induced them
+to abandon the project, and, after refitting at Boston, to steer for
+the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and seamen, being now no longer wanted, were ordered a
+passage home in the Leviathan of fifty guns, on board which ship
+Lieutenant Saumarez embarked, in company with Captains Dalrymple,
+Smith, Hudson, Brisbane, Symons, and Gr&aelig;me, whose ships had also been
+destroyed. As she was approaching the English Channel, the Leviathan
+was overtaken by a violent storm, and most providentially saved from
+shipwreck by the clearing up of a thick fog just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> in time to avoid the
+danger, when they found the ship close to the Rocks of Scilly, near to
+the spot where Sir Cloudesley Shovel was lost. This circumstance has
+been attributed to a strong northerly current, but it was probably
+from the position of these dangerous islands being inaccurately laid
+down in the charts; it is indeed an extraordinary fact, that an error
+of no less than three leagues in their situation was first discovered
+by the Swedish surveyor, Nordenanker, about the commencement of last
+war. The Leviathan, nevertheless, arrived safely at Portsmouth about
+the beginning of the year 1779, when Lieutenant Saumarez had again an
+opportunity of visiting his family and friends in Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p>He had, however, resided there but a short time, when he was appointed first
+lieutenant of the Edgar of seventy-four guns, then fitting at Woolwich for the
+broad pendant of Commodore Elliot. After receiving his letter of appointment, he
+was obliged to wait some time for an opportunity to cross the channel; but at
+length availed himself of the Ambuscade, which touched at Guernsey. Having
+arrived at the Isle of Wight, Captain Phipps, her commander, ascertained that
+the squadron under Admiral Drake, to which he belonged, had sailed from
+Spithead; therefore without touching at Portsmouth to land Lieutenant Saumarez,
+he proceeded to join the Channel fleet, which he found twenty leagues to the
+westward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> of Scilly, having on the way retaken the Helena sloop of war; to
+command which Sir John Warren, then first lieutenant of the Victory, was
+appointed, and Mr. Saumarez was ordered in his stead to join the Victory, then
+bearing the flag of Sir Charles Hardy, at whose request he was continued in that
+ship, where he was third lieutenant in seniority, but supernumerary on the
+books. Besides the commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, Rear-Admiral
+Kempenfelt, as first, and Captain Collings, as second captain, were both on
+board the Victory detached to cruise off Brest, commencing in June 1779, and
+returning occasionally to port until May 31st, 1780. After the death of Sir
+Charles Hardy, which took place on the 9th May 1780, Admiral Geary, and then Sir
+Francis Drake, succeeded to the command, with Captain Clayton as captain.</p>
+
+<p>The Victory continued on the same service until the spring of 1781, when Admiral
+Hyde Parker hoisted his flag, and Mr. Saumarez now became first lieutenant. He
+had been so zealously attentive to his duty, that for several months he never
+went on shore, till at length he yielded to the persuasion of his messmates. On
+arriving at Point Beach, Portsmouth, he was accosted by a person in French, who
+demanded the way to the admiral's house, and at the same time informed him that
+he had just landed with the intelligence that Jersey had been attacked by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the
+French. Mr. Saumarez immediately went with the messenger to the admiral, who
+despatched him as a courier to town, and he returned in a remarkably short time
+with orders respecting it. In short, his diligence and zeal were so manifest in
+every service on which he was employed, that he soon gained the esteem and
+friendship of Vice-admiral Hyde Parker, who, in June 1781, was appointed to the
+command in the North Seas, and shifted his flag into the Fortitude, Captain
+Robertson. The squadron in those seas, when under command of Commodore Keith
+Stewart, was of inconsiderable strength, but had now risen to a force of five
+ships of the line, besides one fifty, one forty-four, and three frigates.
+Notwithstanding the desire of Lord Sandwich, then first lord of the admiralty,
+to provide for his own friends, the admiral succeeded in carrying with him, from
+the Victory, Lieutenants Waghorne and Saumarez. On the 3rd of June they sailed
+from Spithead to Sheerness, and, after refitting and touching at Leith, sailed
+to bring home the Baltic convoy from Elsineur, about the beginning of July.</p>
+
+<p>The squadron, which might have been made much stronger, consisted of the
+Fortitude, seventy-four, Captain Robertson; the Princess Amelia, eighty, Captain
+Macartney; the Berwick, seventy-four, Captain Fergusson; the Bienfaisant,
+sixty-four, Captain Braithwaite; the Buffalo,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> sixty, Captain Truscott; the
+Preston, fifty, Captain Gr&aelig;me; the Dolphin, forty-four, Captain Blair; the
+Latona, thirty-eight, Sir Hyde Parker (the admiral's son); the Belle Poule,
+thirty-six, Captain Patton; the Cleopatra, thirty-two, Captain Murray; and the
+Surprise, cutter, Lieutenant Rivett.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch by this time had declared war, and, being perfectly aware of the force
+of Admiral Parker's squadron, sailed with a large convoy for the Baltic, under
+command of Admiral Zoutman, whose squadron was one ship of the line superior; it
+became, therefore, necessary to take the Dolphin, of forty-four guns, into the
+line, although she had only eighteen-pounders on the lower deck.</p>
+
+<p>But before entering into the details of the action which took place on the 5th
+of August 1781, it is proper to give some of the particulars of each squadron.
+That of Admiral Parker was totally unfit for the line of battle; the ships had
+been but a short time together, and had only two or three times practised the
+usual man&oelig;uvres of forming the line, &amp;amp;c. The Fortitude was a small
+seventy-four, but well manned. The Princess Amelia was an old eighty-gun ship,
+with reduced metal and masts. The Berwick was a good ship, and, in addition to
+her metal, had two sixty-eight-pounder carronades on the poop; but next to her
+was the Dolphin, forty-four, with only twenty twelve-pounders on the lower-deck,
+which could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> not be expected to make any impression on a sixty-four. The Buffalo
+was formerly the Captain, of seventy guns; but, in the commencement of
+hostilities, not being thought efficient as a ship of war, she was fitted up as
+a mast-ship and her name changed; but, probably for want of vessels, she was
+again equipped for war with sixty guns, but only with eighteen-pounders on the
+lower deck. The Preston was a good fifty-gun ship, with her proper metal,
+twenty-four-pounders on the lower, and twelve-pounders on the upper deck. The
+Bienfaisant had the metal on her lower deck reduced. The Artois, which
+afterwards joined the squadron, was the finest frigate then known; had
+twenty-eight, eighteen-pounders on her main deck, with, in addition to her
+complement of guns, heavy carronades on the quarter-deck and forecastle; she was
+manned with three hundred men. The Latona was a fine thirty-eight gun frigate,
+with eighteen-pounders; the Belle Poule and Tartar were excellent of their
+class.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch squadron consisted of one seventy-four, one sixty-eight, one
+sixty-four, and five fifty-fours. In the action there were five frigates, the
+other five having gone off with the convoy; the list of both will be found in
+the Appendix to this volume, with that of the killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch squadron and convoy, which were bound to the Baltic, were discovered
+at four o'clock in the morning about six leagues to leeward;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> and there being a
+fine commanding breeze and smooth water, everything was favourable, as well for
+detaching the convoy, which was immediately done by signal to the Tartar, as for
+making dispositions to attack the enemy. The admiral seeing that they had their
+own port (the Texel) directly to leeward, and being doubtful that they would run
+in there for shelter, or at least go nearer to the shore, made the signal to
+chase at thirty-five minutes past four, which obliged every ship to make sail
+instead of preparing for action with a superior enemy. At five, Admiral Zoutman
+hoisted Dutch colours, and his men-of-war drew out from the convoy, which took
+their station under the lee to await the event. At half-past five, the admiral
+made the Tartar's signal to stay by, and part company with the convoy, which
+then hauled their wind, made sail to the south-west, and was soon out of sight
+and danger.</p>
+
+<p>At ten minutes past six, the signal for the line of battle abreast was made,
+which allowed the headmost ships to take in small sails; and immediately after
+another signal was given for the Dolphin and Preston to change stations; this
+was a serious mistake, as it led our squadron to believe that the admiral meant
+to engage the ship ahead of the Dutch admiral, and not that of the latter, which
+was actually his intention. This unfortunately placed the Dolphin in opposition
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> one of the largest of the enemy's vessels; and while it left the rear-ship
+(the Bienfaisant) for some time without an opponent, the van-ship Berwick and
+the Dolphin had to engage three of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the Dutch were regularly drawn up in a line of battle ahead,
+on the larboard tack, the ships being about a cable's length apart, and keeping
+a point from the wind, with their sails well proportioned to each other. They
+appeared in excellent order, their hammocks stowed, and marines drawn up on the
+poop.</p>
+
+<p>At fifty-six minutes past seven, the signal for close action was made, and, to
+the astonishment of our squadron, the enemy never fired a shot, although they
+might have done considerable damage to our ships had they opened their fire on
+them as they approached end on to them, on their weather beam. Not a gun was
+fired on either side until within half-musket shot, when the red flag was
+hoisted on both ships. Up to that moment all was silent, and it is scarcely
+possible to conceive a silence more solemn and impressive! At the same instant,
+they saw the signal go to the mast-head of Zoutman's ship. The dreadful silence
+was now broken by the tremendous roar of cannon when within pistol-shot, and the
+battle raged with the utmost fury for three hours and forty minutes.</p>
+
+<p>At ten o'clock, the signal for close action which had been made, was
+repeated. The Berwick, having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> forced the van-ship of the enemy to
+edge off, fell to leeward of the line, and was consequently obliged to
+make sail, tack, and regain her station in support of the Dolphin,
+which had then two ships on her, and was also thrown to leeward. The
+admiral, having now slackened the Dutch admiral's fire, passed ahead
+of the Buffalo, on which the ships astern closed up to the Buffalo;
+and the Berwick took the station ahead of the admiral. At thirty-five
+minutes past eleven, the ships became unmanageable; and, the Dutch
+dropping to leeward, the action ceased.</p>
+
+<p>By some it has been affirmed that Admiral Parker should have renewed
+the action: Lieutenant Saumarez says, it was certainly his intention
+to do so; but the state of his own ship, and the reports he received
+from others, rendered it quite impossible.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Dutch convoy had about the middle of the conflict bore up for the
+Texel. The protection of them was no longer an object, and Admiral
+Zoutman, as soon as he could possibly get his ships collected and put
+before the wind, made the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> best of his way into the port; but during
+the night the Hollandia, Dutch seventy-four, was seen sunk in
+twenty-two fathoms water, and her pendant was hauled down by Captain
+Patton, of the Belle Poule, and brought to the admiral. As no ship was
+taken, both claimed the victory: but, the convoy being sent back into
+port and one ship sunk, should certainly decide it to Admiral Parker;
+and had the English admiral not inadvertently rendered his van too
+weak by the mistake in the signal which also extended his line beyond
+their rear, thereby rendering one ship for a time useless, he would
+have obtained a decisive victory.</p>
+
+<p>While Admiral Zoutman must be admired for his cool intrepidity, it
+must be admitted that he was much to blame in forbearing to avail
+himself of the opportunity of attacking and disabling the approaching
+fleet, which he might have done with great effect. After the Fortitude
+had been put into a condition to make sail, Lieutenant Saumarez was
+sent to conduct the Preston, one of the disabled ships, into port; her
+commander, Captain Gr&aelig;me, having lost his arm in the action. When
+Admiral Parker arrived at the Nore, his Majesty paid the squadron a
+visit; but the veteran commander, indignant at the conduct of
+ministers, who, he conceived, ought to have reinforced his squadron
+instead of allowing some fine ships to lie idle in port, received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> the
+King with that rough <span class="italic">hauteur</span> peculiar to himself, observing, "I wish
+your Majesty better ships and younger officers. As for myself, I am
+now too old for the service."</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion Lieut. Saumarez was presented to George III. The King
+inquired if he was related to the captains of the same name one of
+whom had circumnavigated the globe with Anson, and who had fallen
+gloriously in the service of their country: the admiral replied in the
+affirmative, saying, "Yes, please your Majesty; he is their nephew,
+and as brave and as good an officer as either of them."</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the bravery and skill he displayed in this action,
+Lieut. Saumarez was promoted to the rank of commander, although only
+second lieutenant; the first being wounded early in the action, the
+duty had fallen on our hero: and he was immediately appointed to the
+Tisiphone, a fire-ship constructed on a new plan, and armed with
+carronades, which was then fitting at Sheerness; his commission as
+"master and commander," bearing date for that ship, the 23rd August
+1781.</p>
+
+<p>When lieutenant of the Fortitude, with Admiral Sir Hyde Parker,&mdash;who,
+from his acerbity of temper, was distinguished from others of the same
+name by the sobriquet of "Vinegar Parker,"&mdash;the old admiral betrayed
+his ill-humour by unwarrantably finding fault with him one morning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+when Mr. Saumarez commanded the watch; but soon after, probably to
+make amends for such hasty and unguarded conduct towards an officer
+for whom he had the greatest regard, he sent to invite him to dinner,
+an honour which the young lieutenant declined in terms sufficiently
+strong to indicate that his feelings had been hurt. On this, the
+admiral sent for him and exclaimed, "What! can't you put up with the
+fractious disposition of an old man?" The admiral, who could not bear
+to be, even for a day, at variance with Lieutenant Saumarez, would do
+anything to serve him; and, when he obtained the command on the East
+India station, offered to take him with him in the Cato, which sailed,
+and was supposed to have foundered off the Cape of Good Hope, as she
+was never afterwards heard of; and he happily escaped sharing the fate
+of that gallant chief and unfortunate crew.</p>
+
+<p>The Tisiphone having been fitted out at Sheerness, and the complement
+of men having been filled up by supernumeraries from the Conquestadore
+at the Nore, Captain Saumarez, by order from Admiral Roddam, placed
+himself under the command of Captain Allen, of the Sceptre, on the 6th
+September 1781, from whom he received the following order:</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+You are hereby required and directed to put yourself under my command, and to
+follow all such orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive
+from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>me for his Majesty's service, and to hold yourself in constant readiness
+to sail at a moment's warning; and in case of separation by any unavoidable
+accident, you are to make the best of your way without loss of time to Torbay,
+and put yourself under the command of Admiral Darby.</p>
+
+<p>(Mem.) In case of your parting company with his Majesty's ship Sceptre, and
+falling in with any ships or vessels belonging to France or French subjects,
+Spain or Spanish subjects, the States General of the United Provinces, or to his
+Majesty's rebellious subjects in the colonies of North America, that you can
+cope with, you are to use your best endeavours to take, seize, sink, burn, or
+destroy the same: giving me an account of your arrival at Torbay, and of
+anything you may have so taken or destroyed.</p>
+<p class="right">Signed.<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wm. Allen.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>In pursuance of these orders Captain Saumarez sailed from the Nore,
+and, arriving at Torbay on the 17th, found that Admiral Darby had
+sailed in the Britannia on the 15th, after having left orders for the
+Tisiphone to cruise a week off the Lizard. Here he was directed to
+proceed for Plymouth, where he arrived on the 1st of October; and
+having received further orders to repair to Spithead without loss of
+time, he arrived there on the 13th October, to fit for Channel
+service. He now joined the fleet under Lord Howe, and, after a cruise
+off Brest, returned to Portsmouth on the 21st of November: his ship
+was found to sail extremely well.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez was now ordered to place himself under the command of
+Admiral Kempenfelt,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> who, with a detachment of twelve sail of the
+line, was destined to intercept Count de Guichen, who had put to sea
+from Brest, after having returned from his last severe campaign. The
+count had been ordered to use every exertion to refit and prepare the
+French fleet for sea, notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The
+objects in view could be accomplished only by extreme diligence and
+the most profound secrecy, as it was absolutely necessary to reinforce
+Count de Grasse, with both ships and troops in the West Indies, as
+also M. Des Ornes and Admiral Suffrein in the East. It was evident
+that De Grasse, after his hard service on the coast of North America
+during the preceding campaign, must stand in need of a vast supply of
+naval and military stores; and the service he was about to undertake
+in the West Indies would increase the want of provisions, and almost
+every necessary of life and of warfare: neither was the demand for
+naval and military stores in the East Indies less urgent. Accordingly,
+a numerous convoy of transports, store-ships, and victuallers were
+prepared and equipped at the same time as the fleet, which was now
+extended to such a number of men-of-war as was considered sufficient
+for the protection of the convoys until fairly out of reach. This part
+of the service, as well as the charge of the whole expedition, was, as
+we have stated, confided to Count Guichen; and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> command of the
+squadron and fleet destined to the West Indies, to M. de Vaudreuil.
+The Tisiphone was the look-out ship of the squadron, which sailed from
+Spithead at the end of November.</p>
+
+<p>At day-break on the 12th December, Captain Saumarez, being the first
+to discover the enemy, made known his situation to the admiral; which
+was, that the men-of-war were too far ahead and too much to leeward of
+the convoy to afford any protection to it. The admiral, with that
+decision and professional skill by which he was so eminently
+distinguished, determined to profit by their situation, and boldly
+pushed between the convoy and the greater part of the enemy's
+line-of-battle ships, and succeeded in capturing twenty sail. In this
+affair Captain Saumarez had a noble opportunity of distinguishing
+himself, by attacking the ship of war, of thirty-six guns, which was
+bringing up the rear of the convoy, and capturing her after an action
+of twenty minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Besides those captured, many others had struck; but, the weather at
+this time becoming thick and squally, the admiral discontinued the
+chase of those which had been cut off, and which made sail in every
+direction, that he might collect his squadron before dark, many of his
+ships being at a great distance astern with the prizes. At daylight
+next morning, the enemy's ships of war, twenty-one sail of the line,
+were seen formed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> to leeward; but their force was so much superior,
+that the admiral did not think it advisable to risk an action. The
+captured ships consisted of twenty-one sail of transports, having on
+board eleven thousand troops, besides their crews of seven thousand
+seamen; the greatest part of which were taken by this squadron, and
+the Agamemnon, which picked up five or six more.</p>
+
+<p>It was now evident that the force under Count Guichen, destined to
+assist Count de Grasse in the capture of the valuable island of
+Jamaica; was much greater than had been supposed by the English
+government; and, consequently, it became of the utmost importance to
+give the earliest information of the approach of such a formidable
+enemy to Sir Samuel Hood. Accordingly, Captain Saumarez, whose gallant
+conduct and zeal had been so manifest, was selected for this service.
+His men were returned to the Tisiphone from the captured ships; and he
+was detached with orders to push past the French fleet, and make the
+best of his way to Barbadoes, (see Appendix) where he arrived on the
+28th of January; and finding the Pegasus, Captain John Stanhope, he
+delivered his despatches, and received the following orders from that
+officer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+You are hereby required and directed to proceed (without a moment's loss of
+time) to the island of Antigua, where, on your arrival off English Harbour, you
+are to send a boat in for intelligence respecting Sir Samuel <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Hood and the fleet
+under his command; which having received from the senior officer in that port,
+you will proceed in search of the commander-in-chief, and deliver him the
+despatches you are charged with from Rear-admiral Kempenfelt, as also those you
+will receive herewith.</p>
+<p>Given on board his Majesty's ship Pegasus,<br />
+Carlisle Bay, this 28th Jan. 1782.</p>
+<p>(Mem.) I recommend that particular attention may be paid to keep well to
+windward of the French islands.</p>
+<p class="right">Signed<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;John Stanhope.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, H.M. fire-ship <br />
+<span class="left5">Tisiphone.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>In pursuance of these orders, Captain Saumarez sailed from Barbadoes
+on the 28th of January. In the mean time, the Comte de Grasse, who had
+been beating to windward for some days with the intention of attacking
+Barbadoes, but without gaining ground, had abandoned his plan, and
+bore away for St. Kitts. On his arrival there, he landed eight
+thousand men, and took possession of greater part of the island:
+General Frazer, with a small party of six hundred men, was obliged to
+retire to Brimstone Hill Fort.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Samuel Hood, notwithstanding the superiority of the enemy,
+(twenty-nine sail of the line,) resolved on a sudden and unusually
+bold man&oelig;uvre, namely, to sail and attack the enemy's fleet at
+anchor. It was for this purpose that he had put to sea with twenty-two
+sail of the line, and proceeded to Antigua, where he took in
+provisions, and embarked the twenty-eighth and two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> companies of the
+thirteenth regiment, under command of General Prescott.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez, according to the orders he had received, proceeded
+for Antigua, and keeping "well to windward," as he had been directed
+to do, fell in with the Triumphante and Terrible, two French
+line-of-battle ships, of the squadron which had been attacked by
+Admiral Kempenfelt on the 12th December, and which had been detached
+by Comte de Guichen to Martinique. These ships immediately gave chase;
+but, night coming on, Captain Saumarez had recourse to stratagem in
+order to effect his escape, which would otherwise have been impossible
+in consequence of the Tisiphone having carried away her fore-top-mast
+in a squall, an accident which was fortunately not observed by his
+pursuers: he now made night-signals by hoisting lights and burning
+false fires; which having led the enemy to suppose he was
+communicating with an English squadron, they abandoned the pursuit
+after a chase of half-an-hour.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment the fore-top-mast was carried away, Mr. Robb, one of the
+midshipmen, who was looking out at the fore-top-gallant-mast-head,
+fell on the forecastle without receiving any injury. This young
+gentleman was an <span class="italic">el&egrave;ve</span> of Captain Saumarez, continued with him to
+the end of that war, and embarked with him on board the Crescent in
+1793. After the capture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> of <span class="italic">La R&eacute;union</span>, he was promoted to the rank
+of lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>The fore-top-mast of the Tisiphone was soon replaced; and next day, on
+reaching English Harbour, he learned that Sir Samuel Hood, with his
+squadron was at anchor in Basseterre Roads, St. Kitts, where he had
+three times repulsed the enemy of a much superior force, but which had
+now taken up such a position as rendered it impossible for him to
+communicate with the admiral; for, unless he would venture to push
+through the intricate channel between Nevis and St. Kitts, he would
+run the greatest risk of being captured. Undismayed, however, at the
+danger of navigating an unknown passage, he fearlessly proceeded where
+no ship had ever before ventured; and by sounding as he advanced, and
+by the dexterous management of his ship, he succeeded in carrying the
+Tisiphone to the anchorage at St. Kitts in safety; and delivered his
+despatches to Sir Samuel Hood, who informed him that the intelligence
+was of such importance, that it was necessary it should be immediately
+sent on to Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica. But when the admiral proposed
+to send the Tisiphone on with it, Captain Saumarez, desirous of
+remaining at the seat of warlike operations, represented to him that
+the Tisiphone was a fine fast-sailing ship on a new construction, that
+in the existing state of affairs she might be useful, and that he
+should be happy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> to contribute by his own personal exertions to the
+promotion of the public service; whereas any vessel could run down
+with the trade-wind to Jamaica. Sir Samuel, no less pleased with the
+proposal, and the manner in which it was made, than convinced of the
+advantage he would derive from having with him a fast-sailing vessel
+commanded by so zealous an officer, whose tact and intrepidity had
+already been manifested, determined to keep the Tisiphone with his
+squadron, and send a less useful vessel with the intelligence to
+Jamaica. The admiral soon reaped the advantage of this decision.
+Captain Saumarez, during the time the fleet remained there and at
+Antigua, was the most active in harassing the enemy. He commanded
+several boat expeditions, and cut out a vessel in a most gallant style
+from Basseterre Roads and several other small vessels from the back of
+the island.</p>
+
+<p>The time, however, had now arrived when it was absolutely necessary to
+send another despatch to England; and the admiral had no other small
+vessel remaining but the Tisiphone. On the 7th February 1782, the
+signal was made for an opportunity of sending letters to England, and
+subsequently for the captain of the Tisiphone: Captain Saumarez had
+been dining with his friend, Captain Charrington, on board the Ajax,
+and it was some time before he reached the Barfleur; when he found to
+his dismay and mortification<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> that he was ordered home! In a short
+time the despatches were ready, and he had taken his leave. He
+described this interesting circumstance, on which it may be said his
+fortune was founded, in the following manner to us, and we cannot do
+better than give it in his own words.</p>
+
+<p>"I was," says he, "in my own boat, with the despatches in my hand; and
+with a heavy heart had ordered the bow-man to shove off, when Captain
+Stanhope, of the Russell, came alongside, and seeing me called:
+'Hollo! Saumarez, where are you going?'&mdash;'To <span class="italic">England</span>', said I, 'I am
+sorry to tell you!'&mdash;'Sorry,' replied Stanhope; 'I wish I was in your
+place; I want to go home on account of my health; and, if I had known,
+I would have exchanged with you.'&mdash;'Perhaps it is not too late,' said
+I.&mdash;'Hold on then,' said he, 'till I speak to the admiral, since I
+have your leave.'"</p>
+
+<p>By this time the Russell's boat was alongside the admiral's ship; and
+at the word "Hold on!" which was emphatically repeated by Saumarez,
+the bow-man hooked the quarter of the Russell's barge, and he remained
+but a few minutes in breathless suspense; after which Captain Stanhope
+appeared at the gangway, and called, "Come up, Saumarez." He was on
+deck in an instant, and found that, on Captain Jackson being asked to
+submit the proposal to the admiral, he said, "Let Captain Saumarez do
+it himself, he is the fittest person."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When Sir Samuel Hood heard the application, he was silent, and after
+reflecting for a few minutes he said, "Captain Saumarez, you know not
+how much I wish to serve you; Captain Stanhope shall go home as he
+desires, and you shall have command of the Russell." Accordingly,
+before the close of that day, Captain Stanhope was on board the
+Tisiphone on his way to England; while her late commander was in
+possession of his post-rank, and captain of one of his Majesty's ships
+of the line of seventy-four guns; and all this effected in less than
+two hours!</p>
+
+<p>We cannot forbear making honourable mention of a trait of attachment
+manifested on this occasion by the first lieutenant, a Scotch baronet
+of an ancient family, who had not been at sea for twenty-two years,
+when he was appointed to the Tisiphone. The conflict of this officer's
+feelings between joy for his captain's promotion and regret at losing
+so excellent a friend was far beyond description; but, as the moment
+of parting approached, he selected what he considered most valuable,
+and so earnestly did he press Captain Saumarez to accept some
+testimonial of his esteem, that, finding a refusal would deeply wound
+his feelings, he accepted a silver ladle marked with his initials,
+which has ever since been carefully preserved in memory of its former
+owner.</p>
+
+<p>The same night Captain Saumarez took command of the Russell, he had
+cause to find that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> promotion and honours bring cares. A report was
+made to him that the ship was in a state of mutiny, and that a shot
+had been thrown at one of the officers. He soon found, indeed, that he
+had a most disorderly ship's company; but the firm, prompt, and
+judicious regulations which Captain Saumarez immediately established,
+brought the crew so effectually into order, that two months after, at
+the memorable battle of the 12th April 1782, no ship was in a higher
+state of discipline than the Russell.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1782.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+Situation of the Hostile Fleets.&mdash;Surrender of Brimstone
+Hill.&mdash;Junction of the Fleets.&mdash;Antigua.&mdash;St.
+Lucia.&mdash;Sailing of the French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.&mdash;Action of
+the 9th April.&mdash;12th of April.&mdash;Gallant conduct of the
+Russell.&mdash;Captain Saumarez returns to Jamaica.&mdash;Comes to England with
+Convoy.&mdash;Is paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.</p></div>
+
+<p>It has now become necessary to give a brief account of the situation
+of the hostile fleets at the seat of war in the West Indies. While the
+enemy's troops were prosecuting the siege of Brimstone Hill, the fleet
+under the Comte de Grasse had been reinforced, and either continued at
+sea, near to Basseterre, or anchored in the old road. On the 13th, a
+practicable breach being made in the works, the general and governor
+having given up all hopes of succour, and his brave garrison being
+reduced to five hundred men, they embraced the proposals of a
+capitulation made by the Marquis de Boullie, who on the same day
+proclaimed the surrender of Brimstone Hill to the admiral by a flag of
+truce, which had been previously agreed upon. The British fleet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+which had till this time continued at the anchorage in which it had so
+bravely resisted the attacks of the Comte de Grasse, who on the 14th
+anchored off Nevis with thirty-four sail of the line, was now in a
+perilous situation, especially as the enemy were erecting mortar
+batteries on the hill opposite to the shipping; and as it was no
+longer necessary for him to continue there, Sir Samuel Hood issued
+orders to slip or cut cables <span class="italic">without signal</span> at eleven o'clock at
+night, the sternmost and leeward-most ships first, and so on in
+succession, and proceed under easy sail until directed otherwise by
+signal. That this order might be punctually executed, the captains
+were ordered to set their watches by the admiral's timepiece. The
+movement was performed with the utmost order and regularity. Not one
+ship was molested or pursued by the French fleet, which was lying
+within five miles, and must have been astonished at this excellent
+man&oelig;uvre of the British admiral, wherein the Russell had a
+distinguished share. Soon afterwards, Nevis and Montserrat fell into
+the hands of the French.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th February, Sir Samuel Hood anchored in St. John's Road,
+Antigua; and on the same day, Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadoes
+from England with several sail of the line. On the 25th, he joined Sir
+Samuel Hood off Antigua; and, three days after, three more sail of the
+line arrived from England. Thus fortunately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> united, the admiral
+proceeded to St. Lucia, to refit and complete with water. On the 14th
+of March he put to sea, with a view of intercepting a large French
+convoy which was expected to arrive from Europe; but, notwithstanding
+the vigilance of the frigates, the enemy, by keeping close to
+Guadaloupe and Dominique, effected their escape into Fort Royal Bay,
+on the 20th and 21st, unperceived by any of our ships. When this
+unlucky event was made known to Sir George Rodney, he returned to St.
+Lucia, to watch the motions of the enemy. In the mean time the
+Russell, which had been damaged by striking on a rock, was repaired at
+the Carenage.</p>
+
+<p>The Comte de Grasse was equally active in the equipment of his fleet,
+in order to proceed to leeward and form a junction with the Spaniards,
+for the purpose of carrying into execution their grand object&mdash;the
+reduction of Jamaica, with an overwhelming force of sixty sail of the
+line and twenty thousand troops.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight, on the 8th April, Captain Byron, of the Andromache,
+communicated to the admiral by signal the anxiously-expected
+intelligence that the enemy's fleet, with their large convoy, were
+coming out of Fort Royal Bay, and standing to the north-west. Sir
+George Rodney first made the signal for all boats, and persons who had
+been necessarily employed in watering, &amp;amp;c. to repair on board, and
+immediately after to weigh. Before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> noon the whole fleet were clear of
+Gros Islet Bay: Sir George stretched first over to Fort Royal, and
+then made the general signal to chase north-eastward.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's lights were distinctly visible during the night; and as
+their ships-of-war, though better sailers than the English, were
+delayed by the convoy of transports, there was little doubt of
+overtaking them. Accordingly, at daylight on the morning of the 9th,
+some of the advanced ships were close up with their convoy under
+Dominique, while their men-of-war seemed much scattered: fourteen of
+the latter were between Dominique and the Saints, with a breeze from
+east-north-east; but the rest were becalmed under the land about St.
+Rupert's Bay, and one ship was observed at some distance in the
+north-west.</p>
+
+<p>About half-past seven, the van division, commanded by Sir Samuel Hood,
+got the breeze; while the centre and rear, in which was the Russell,
+continued to be becalmed. This of course caused a separation, but did
+not deter Sir Samuel Hood from advancing, although he had only eight
+ships to fourteen of the enemy. In the mean time, the French ship seen
+in the north-west, which had got the breeze, boldly stood on and
+weathered the Alfred, the van-ship of Sir Samuel Hood's division,
+which bore up to allow her to pass; and, no signal having been made to
+engage, not a shot was fired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At nine o'clock the action began, and was maintained with determined
+bravery for upwards of an hour, the enemy's ships which had the breeze
+having borne down upon and engaged this division; the Barfleur and
+others had, at times, three to one opposed to them; and in this attack
+there can be but one opinion, that the Comte de Grasse displayed great
+professional ability. At length the leading ships of the centre got up
+with the enemy's rear, and were followed by the Duke, Formidable, and
+Namur; the Arrogant lost her main-top-mast, as well as the Royal Oak.
+The rear squadron, commanded by Admiral Drake, now came up, and the
+Comte de Grasse prudently hauled his wind; and as his ships sailed
+better than the English, he succeeded in gradually drawing off, and by
+half-past one his fleet were all out of the reach of shot.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, lost his life in this his sixth
+encounter with the enemy; and it is said that he bled to death after
+his leg was shot off, before he was carried to the cockpit.</p>
+
+<p>In the action of this day the Russell had only a small share, as she
+belonged to the rear division of the fleet, and, being becalmed, could
+not get up until the enemy had hauled off. The Royal Oak, Montagu, and
+Alfred were the ships which suffered most, but not so much as to
+prevent their being repaired at sea; while two of the enemy's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> ships
+were so materially disabled as to oblige them to bear up for
+Guadaloupe. The necessary repairs of these ships were not completed
+before the 11th, during which time the enemy, by carrying a great
+press of sail, had gained so far to windward as to weather the Saints,
+and were nearly hull down; and, as it was supposed that the Comte de
+Grasse meant to abandon to their fate two of his ships of the line
+that had been so much damaged in the late action as not to be able to
+keep company, all hope of being able to come up with them seemed now
+to vanish.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the line had been inverted, which brought
+Rear-admiral Drake's division in the van, and that of Rear-admiral
+Hood, which had been engaged, in the rear. The signal having been made
+for a general chase, the two ships above mentioned would have been cut
+off, had not De Grasse been induced to bear down to their relief. This
+brought the enemy so far to leeward, that the hope of forcing them to
+engage was revived.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the commander-in-chief saw that the enemy's fleet was
+sufficiently to leeward, he recalled the chasing ships, formed a close
+line of battle, and carried sail to windward all night; during which
+the French line-of-battle ship Le Z&eacute;l&eacute;, whether from injuries received
+in action, or in running foul of another ship, lost her bowsprit and
+fore-mast, and at daylight on the morning of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> the 12th was seen in tow
+of a frigate, both carrying all the sail they could, and steering for
+Basseterre. Sir Samuel Hood being in the rear, and consequently
+nearest these ships, was directed to detach some of his division in
+chase of them; and the Comte de Grasse, seeing that they must be
+inevitably taken, bore up with his whole fleet for their protection.
+It was now impossible to avoid an action.</p>
+
+<p>The ships which had been recalled from chase resumed their stations,
+and a close line ahead was formed on the starboard tack, the enemy
+being on the larboard. Having hauled their wind after they had
+perceived the chasing ships recalled, they thus endeavoured to avoid
+an action; but the English fleet could now fetch near the body of the
+French. At half-past seven, therefore, the engagement began by Admiral
+Drake's division, led by the Marlborough and Arrogant, fetching the
+fifth ship from the van, and bearing up in succession. The Honourable
+Hugh Lindsay, who was a midshipman in the Arrogant, informed us that
+in that part, and in the whole of the action, the enemy fired so high,
+that the three <span class="italic">trucks</span> of the Princessa's mast-heads were shot away,
+and the consequence was that very few men were killed or wounded. The
+Duke lost her main-top-mast, as she approached the centre of the
+enemy's fleet.</p>
+
+<p>At half-past nine the action became general: Admiral Drake's division,
+in which was the Russell,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> had now passed the rear of the enemy on the
+opposite tack; and Captain Thompson, of the America, seeing that he
+could fetch to windward of the enemy's line, wore without waiting for
+the anxiously-expected signal, as did also the Russell; and we have
+reason to know that Captain Saumarez rejoiced at this circumstance.
+Captain Thompson, being an experienced officer and second in command,
+gave a sufficient authority to any other officer to follow his
+motions, and they now stood to the southward. The America, however,
+did not continue long on that tack, and the Russell was consequently
+separated from her and the whole division; as the signals to tack, and
+soon after to wear, were not made and put in execution for an hour
+afterwards by Sir Francis Drake, who was then considerably to the
+northward.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the Russell continued, and got up with the rear ship
+of the enemy's centre division about eleven o'clock, with which she
+exchanged broadsides. At noon, the wind, which was very light, changed
+to the south, throwing both fleets into confusion; but this gave Sir
+George Rodney, and three of the centre division, an opportunity of
+passing through an opening it occasioned in the enemy's line, and
+doubling on its rear division: all their attempts to form again were
+in vain; the enemy's van could never come into action. After this, the
+remainder of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> the day was spent in desultory actions of single ships,
+without regard to the motions of each other; the signals to chase and
+for close action being visible only at intervals.</p>
+
+<p>It is here unnecessary to give a particular account of the events
+which took place on this memorable day, or to allude to those
+circumstances which have been so fruitful in controversy; more
+especially as Rodney's public letter, and other official records, will
+be found in the Appendix to this volume. We shall, therefore, confine
+our observations to the positions and conduct of the Russell,
+commanded by Captain Saumarez.</p>
+
+<p>The Russell was the only ship belonging to the van (Admiral Drake's)
+division, which had wore and continued her course soon after she had
+passed the rear of the enemy. By standing to the southward again,
+Captain Saumarez brought his ship into action, but to <span class="italic">windward</span> of
+the enemy; and, at the time the wind shifted to the southward, Sir
+George Rodney, in passing through the enemy's fleet, was surprised to
+find an English ship to <span class="italic">windward</span> of the French. Having ascertained
+it was the Russell, he declared emphatically that the captain had
+distinguished himself more than any officer in the fleet.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> By this
+favourable position, which he had thus gallantly obtained, after
+receiving the more distant fire of several of the enemy's ships, about
+three o'clock he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>was able to come up with and closely engage a French
+seventy-four, and after exchanging broadsides with three others,
+pushed up to the Ville de Paris, and after raking her, having
+maintained a position on the lee quarter, poured in a most destructive
+fire, until the Barfleur, Sir Samuel Hood's flag-ship, came up.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Gilbert Blane, in his account of this period of the battle, says:
+"It was late in the day when the Ville de Paris struck her colours:
+the ships immediately engaged with her at that moment were the
+Barfleur, the flag-ship of Sir Samuel Hood, and the Russell, commanded
+by Captain Saumarez. The Formidable (in which was Sir Gilbert) was
+right astern, and, having come within shot, was yawing in order to
+give the enemy a raking broadside, when Sir Charles Douglas and I
+standing together on the quarter-deck, the position of our ship opened
+a view of the enemy's stern between the foresail and the jib-boom,
+through which we saw the French flag hauled down." This fact has not
+been generally stated.</p>
+
+<p>But the anecdote which we are now about to relate, must remove every
+doubt on the subject. In the autumn of 1808, when the Baltic fleet,
+under command of Vice-admiral Sir James Saumarez, returned from the
+Gulf of Finland, in company with the Swedish fleet, to the harbour of
+Carlscrona, the Swedish commander-in-chief,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Admiral Palmquist,
+Rear-admiral Nauckhoff, Commodore Blessing, Captain Tornquist, and
+others, came on board the flag-ship, Victory, to pay their respects to
+the admiral: they were of course asked to take some refreshment in the
+cabin: on which, as on all other occasions where an interpreter was
+wanted, we were of the party. The conversation naturally turned to the
+actions wherein they each had served in early life, when it appeared
+that the whole of the four officers mentioned had been brought up in
+the French service, and had actually been in the battle of the 12th of
+April 1782. When we acquainted them that Sir James Saumarez commanded
+a ship in that action, they eagerly inquired the name; and being
+informed it was the Russell, Captain Tornquist, who was in the
+Northumberland, rising from his chair and seizing Sir James's hand,
+exclaimed, "Mon Dieu! Monsieur l'Amiral, nous avons brul&eacute; le poudre
+ensemble; allons boire un coup."</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to do justice to the scene which followed. The old
+Swedish officer's joy at this discovery knew no bounds; they
+completely "fought the battle o'er again;" and we found it distinctly
+proved that it was the Russell, commanded by Captain Saumarez, which
+gallantly engaged several of the enemy's ships for two hours, and at
+six, <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> pushed on to the Ville de Paris. Baron Rosenstien, who was
+on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> board that ship, and Baron Palmquist, who was on board La Couronne
+stationed next to her, declared that the Compte de Grasse, who was
+then attempting to escape to leeward, would have succeeded had it not
+been for the Russell. During our sojourn among the Swedes in that and
+another winter, we often heard the history of that memorable battle
+repeated; and they never ceased to maintain the circumstance we have
+stated, of which we made a memorandum at the time.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>We took leave on that occasion to say to Sir James, that we believed
+the credit had been given to another ship; to which he replied, "Yes,
+it was; but what Admiral Palmquist and Captain Tornquist has told you,
+is true: it <span class="italic">was</span> the Russell that engaged the Ville de Paris until
+the Barfleur came up." But such was the extreme sensibility of
+Saumarez, that he could not persuade himself to correct the error,
+from an idea that such an interference might argue a desire to sound
+his own praise; and, but for the circumstance we have now related, the
+truth might never have come to light.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to a letter from Captain Thomas White, which he sent to Lord
+de Saumarez with a copy of his publication, called "Naval
+Researches,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> written in 1836, to defend the gallant Rodney from
+certain attacks and allegations which had been published, <span class="italic">not</span> to
+give a "full and perfect account of the battle, but," says Captain
+White, "more particularly that part where your lordship so ably
+commanded the Russell, which portion of our fleet the tongue of
+calumny has never ventured to assail," Lord de Saumarez wrote the
+following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Guernsey, 13th June 1836.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I beg</span> to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, accompanying your interesting
+publication, which you have done me the favour to send for my acceptance, and
+which has been forwarded to me by Lord Amelius Beauclerc.</p>
+<p>I regret that you have (inadvertently, I am persuaded) fallen into the same
+error as some of your predecessors, in detailing the account of Lord Rodney's
+victory of the 12th of April, by ascribing to the Canada what is alone due to
+the Russell, which ship I commanded.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>I shall for your information briefly state the circumstance to which I allude.
+After passing the sternmost of the enemy's ships, the America, the ship astern
+of the Russell, wore to stand after them: I was glad to have the example of an
+old experienced officer, and wore also; but Captain Thompson, finding there was
+no signal, shortly after wore again, to join Sir Samuel Drake's division. I
+stood on, till passing a division of four of the enemy's ships, I exchanged
+broadsides with them, and finally came up with the Ville de Paris, wore under
+her stern and engaged her on the quarter for some time, when the Barfleur came
+up, and the Comte de Grasse hauled down his colours.</p>
+
+<p>Even at this distant period, I have a perfect recollection of the transactions
+of that day. I shall only add, that I am convinced that no officer who was on
+board the Canada in the victory of the 12th of April, will assert that she was
+engaged with the Ville de Paris at the time stated. The present Admiral Giffard
+was, I believe, one of the lieutenants, to whom I wish to refer you.</p>
+<p class="left70">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">De Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain White, as well as other officers, is of opinion that Admiral
+Drake's division should have tacked sooner; and, as circumstances
+happened, it would doubtless have been better if he had done so; but
+probably the admiral, in continuing to stand on the same tack, had
+calculated that the wind would continue in the same direction, or
+alter to the northward; in either case he would have weathered the
+whole of the enemy's fleet, besides giving time to his division to
+repair damages. The wind veering to the southward immediately after
+his division had wore, had unfortunately the effect of throwing them
+to leeward; whereas the Russell, which wore as above stated, was by
+the same change of wind far to windward of his division and nearer the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had the Ville de Paris struck her colours, which "went down
+with the setting sun," than the Russell made sail in chase of one of
+the French ships which had deserted her chief, as also did Sir Samuel
+Hood; but their noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> efforts were arrested by the night signal to
+bring to, which put an end to the battle in that quarter: and although
+Commodore Affleck in the Bedford, and three others, who did not see
+the signal, continued the chase, they were unable to come up with the
+enemy, who escaped to leeward in small divisions and single ships,
+leaving the Ville de Paris, the Glorieux, the Hector, and C&aelig;sar, in
+possession of the English.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 13th no enemy was in sight, and the ships which
+had been in chase returned to the fleet. Admiral Rodney, with his
+prizes and the fleet, remained three days under Guadaloupe to repair
+damages, which afforded the flying enemy an opportunity to escape;
+but, on the 19th, the Caton and Jason, of sixty-four guns each, with
+the Astr&eacute;e and Ceres, frigates, were added to the list of prizes by
+the exertions of Sir Samuel Hood, Captains Goodall, and Linzee. On the
+23rd of April, Sir Samuel Hood rejoined the fleet off Tiberoon;
+whereupon Sir George Rodney proceeded to Jamaica with those ships most
+disabled, among which was the Russell and the prizes, leaving Sir
+Samuel Hood with a strong squadron to watch the enemy, should they
+venture out and attempt to prosecute their attack on Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could be more flattering than the reception that Sir George
+Rodney met with at Jamaica from the inhabitants, whose anxiety was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> so
+suddenly supplanted by unbounded joy; and who not only found
+themselves freed from the danger of invasion, but beheld the principal
+commander of that overwhelming force which had caused them so much
+alarm a prisoner within their harbour, and six of his principal ships
+having the English colours triumphantly waving over the fleur-de-lis
+of France.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of remark that, down to this period, the Ville de Paris
+was the only <span class="italic">first-rate</span> man-of-war that had ever been taken and
+carried into port by any commander of any nation! The Ville de Paris,
+in the capture of which Captain Saumarez had a distinguished share,
+was the largest ship in the French navy: she had been a present from
+the city of Paris to Louis XV. and no expense had been spared to
+render the gift worthy of the city and of the monarch. Her length was
+185 feet 7&frac12; inches, her breadth 53 feet 8&frac12;, depth 22 feet 2, and
+2347 tons' measurement; and the expense of building her and sending
+her to sea is said to have been 156,000<span class="italic">l.</span> On board her at the time
+of capture were found thirty-six chests of money intended for the pay
+and subsistence of the men who were to be employed in the expedition
+against Jamaica; and she had on board, at the commencement of the
+action on the 9th, 1,300 men: in the other captured ships, the whole
+train of artillery, the battering cannon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> and carriages meant for the
+expedition, were found.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of men in the British fleet in both actions was very small,
+amounting to only two hundred and thirty-seven killed, and seven
+hundred and seventy-six wounded; while the loss of the French was
+computed to be three thousand slain, and double that number wounded.
+In the Ville de Paris alone three hundred were killed.</p>
+
+<p>In the engagement on the 9th of April, the French fleet consisted of
+thirty-four sail of the line, and the British of thirty-six; but in
+that engagement, two of the enemy's ships having been disabled, their
+numerical force was reduced in the battle of the 12th to thirty-two
+sail of the line: on the other hand, the French ships were much larger
+than the British; and it was calculated by Sir Charles Douglas, that
+the broadside of the French fleet exceeded that of the British in
+weight by 4396 pounds, and their numerical superiority in men was much
+greater.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of April, the Comte de Grasse was removed to the
+flag-ship; and, some days after, when Captain Saumarez went on board
+the Formidable after the action, and several times after their arrival
+at Jamaica, the Comte de Grasse acknowledged that the Ville de Paris
+suffered very severely from the well-directed fire of the Russell.</p>
+
+<p>Among the instances of heroic submission and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> perseverance under the
+severest suffering, may be recorded the conduct of the captain of the
+main-top of the Russell, who having received a shot that carried off
+one of his arms, instead of requesting the assistance of his
+companions to take him below, insisted that they should continue at
+their stations, and let himself down by one of the backstays. After
+suffering amputation, he persisted in going again on deck, where he
+remained encouraging the men till the action terminated.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of the fleet at Jamaica, the Russell was found to be in
+so disabled a state, that Sir George Rodney intended to send her home
+with the Ville de Paris and the other prizes, and arrangements were
+made for that purpose accordingly. His old friend, Sir Peter Parker,
+who had held the command at Jamaica, sailed in the Sandwich, on board
+which ship was the Comte de Grasse, for England, with a convoy of
+merchant-ships. After having been at sea three days, the Ajax, one of
+the ships under his command, sprang a leak, returned to Bluefields
+Bay, and the Russell was ordered to follow the fleet in her stead. The
+exertions which Captain Saumarez used to refit his ship obtained the
+commander-in-chief's highest approbation. In two days he was ready,
+and immediately joined the Sandwich and Intrepid, which now sailed
+with the trade under convoy, and preceded the prizes, which were not
+yet ready to undertake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> the voyage to England; and it was owing to
+this interposition of Providence, that the Russell escaped the
+melancholy fate which afterwards befel the unfortunate fleet, in which
+the ill-fated Ville de Paris was lost with all her crew. The Russell
+had on board three hundred French prisoners and twenty-two officers,
+and arrived at the Downs on the 29th July 1782. She was ordered to be
+paid off at Chatham, to which port she proceeded. On her arrival
+there, an order came from the Admiralty to draft her crew into a ship
+which was under order to sail for the East Indies. This excited a
+general murmur, and at length the men refused to obey. On Captain
+Saumarez being informed of it, he went on board and remonstrated, when
+they unanimously declared that, although they had but just returned
+from a long voyage, they would follow him all the world over. Before
+he left the ship, however, he prevailed on them to resume their duty;
+and these orders were subsequently altered. After returning her
+stores, the Russell was paid off on the 24th of September. Captain
+Saumarez' acting commission as a post-captain, dated on the 8th of
+February 1782, was confirmed by Earl Howe; and no officer in his
+Majesty's service more richly deserved his promotion.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1784 to 1793.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.&mdash;His exemplary Conduct.&mdash;Visits
+Cherbourg.&mdash;Is introduced to the French King.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Changes
+at Guernsey.&mdash;Prince William Henry visits the Island twice.&mdash;His
+Reception.&mdash;Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.&mdash;Captain Saumarez is
+appointed to the Ambuscade, and pays her off.&mdash;His Letter on his
+Marriage.&mdash;Remarks thereon.&mdash;Armament of 1790.&mdash;Saumarez
+commissions and pays off the Raisonable.&mdash;War of 1793.&mdash;Appointed to
+command the Crescent.&mdash;First Cruise; takes a prize and saves
+Alderney.&mdash;Second Cruise; captures a cutter.&mdash;Third
+Cruise.&mdash;Return.&mdash;Crescent docked and refitted.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez having paid off the Russell, and distributed his crew
+into different ships according to the final orders he had received
+from the Admiralty, repaired to London, and after paying his respects
+to Earl Howe, proceeded to Guernsey to receive the congratulations of
+his numerous friends; but these were far from altering "the natural
+bent of his disposition to do good." Instead of becoming elevated by
+prosperity, his sincere and unaffected piety induced him to take a
+leading part in the establishment of charitable institutions, and in
+his own person to give "a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> striking and useful example of moral and
+religious life." But his noble mind was never diverted from the
+service and the good of his country; he was constantly attentive to
+every circumstance that concerned the duties of his profession, and an
+event occurred about this time that peculiarly interested him.</p>
+
+<p>Although this was a period of profound peace, the ambition of France
+was constantly awake. It had long been the object of the French
+government to form a naval port in the British Channel, for the
+evident, if not avowed, purpose of annoying our trade in time of war,
+and disputing with us the dominion of the British seas. No labour
+however arduous, and no expense however great, could check this
+favourite design. The port of Cherbourg, which had long been fixed
+upon as being immediately adjacent to our great arsenal at Portsmouth,
+became the point of attraction. The unfortunate Louis XVI. had
+determined to stimulate this grand undertaking by his presence, when
+the first <span class="italic">cone</span> was submerged.</p>
+
+<p>The assemblage of the French court opposite our own coast naturally
+attracted a number of our countrymen, among whom was Captain Saumarez,
+who was induced to cross the Channel probably by a secret wish to
+examine the nautical projects of our rivals, to counteract which,
+might at some future period become his duty. This was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> eventually the
+case in 1793, when he captured the French frigate R&eacute;union off that
+very harbour, from which she had sailed only a few hours before the
+action.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez was present at the above imposing ceremony, and had
+the honour of being introduced to the French king, by whom he was
+treated with the greatest attention. It is worthy of remark, that this
+was the only time during his long life that he ever set his foot in
+France, and he returned directly to Guernsey much gratified by his
+excursion.</p>
+
+<p>Between the period of Captain Saumarez' departure from Guernsey in
+1776, and his return in 1782, the island of Guernsey had undergone
+great and important changes. The war with America had brought an
+influx of strangers; wealth and its attendant luxuries had superseded
+the simple mode of living of its inhabitants; society had extended;
+and when the peace took place, at the close of 1782, no spot of its
+size could display a greater appearance of prosperity, civilization,
+and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Between the years 1785 and 1787, the island was twice honoured with a
+visit from Prince William Henry, our <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'present'">late</ins> most gracious sovereign;
+and, however great the change had been in men and manners since it had
+beheld a prince of the blood on its shores, the loyalty of the
+islanders had sustained no diminution, and the arrival<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> of the prince,
+then a lieutenant of the Hebe, Captain Thornborough, excited the most
+unbounded joy. Every one's heart glowed at seeing the son of a monarch
+whom they were accustomed to regard with veneration and love; and as
+people who lived in the habitual belief that to "fear God and honour
+the King" is a "united precept," every mark of respect and attachment
+was exhibited on both occasions. When his Royal Highness came the
+second time, as captain of the Pegasus, the homage, which had been
+paid to him at the first visit, as son of their sovereign, was mingled
+with respect to himself. Some there are who yet remember, and still
+delight to relate, the account of the elegant <span class="italic">dejeun&eacute;</span> with which the
+illustrious prince entertained a party on board the Pegasus; after
+which his Royal Highness honoured Captain Saumarez and his brothers
+with his company at dinner, and attended a ball in the evening at the
+assembly-rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In 1787, when Captain Saumarez had nearly attained his thirtieth year,
+peace seemed to be completely established. At an early age he had
+attained, by his own merit, the highest rank to which an officer could
+be advanced: he had fully established a character equally exalted for
+courage and professional talent; and having been, wherever Fortune had
+placed him, always in the best society, his manners as a gentleman
+were no less elegant than his person, which was tall and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> graceful,
+while his handsome features denoted a heart susceptible of the
+dictates both of humanity and love. It is not then to be wondered at,
+when he returned to his native island, that he still cherished an
+attachment which he had long formed; especially when he found her on
+whom he had fixed his affections, possessed of every quality which
+could ensure mutual happiness; neither can it appear surprising that
+on her part the regard should be equally warm and sincere.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of hostilities in the same year, however, occasioned a
+suspension of his matrimonial arrangements, as he was then appointed
+by Lord Howe to the command of the Ambuscade frigate, which he had
+scarcely fitted before she was ordered to be paid off, the hostile
+differences having been adjusted. He now returned to Guernsey, and, on
+the 8th October 1788, was united to Miss Martha Le Marchant, only
+daughter and heir of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by his marriage with
+Miss Mary Dobr&eacute;e, to the entire satisfaction of the families and
+relations on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract of a private letter to his brother Richard,
+written a few days after his marriage, will give the reader a just
+idea of the feelings which occupied his mind on this happy occasion:</p>
+
+<p>"It is needless," he says, "to attempt giving you any idea of my joy
+on this occasion. The abundant blessings which Providence is pleased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+to pour down on me, who am ever unworthy the least of its favours,
+makes my heart glow with boundless gratitude and love, which I hope
+ever to testify by a life strictly devoted to His service. To have the
+power of making her happy who has ever been the joy and delight of my
+soul, far surpasses all that I had ever formed of felicity in this
+world. I must also acknowledge the affectionate kindness of her
+relations, who have for ever attached me to them by the confidence
+they have placed in me."</p>
+
+<p>These self-congratulations were, indeed, fully confirmed in after
+life; for few husbands have ever been blessed with such a devoted
+wife, or children with such an affectionate mother. During their
+younger days, and when their gallant father was at sea, Mrs. Saumarez
+lived retired, giving up her whole time to their instruction; and we
+can most fully testify that gratitude for her maternal anxiety, both
+for their spiritual and temporal welfare, has been indelibly impressed
+on all their hearts.</p>
+
+<p>After passing some time at Guernsey, Captain Saumarez removed to the
+neighbourhood of Exeter, where he resided two years. In 1790,
+appearances of hostility took place. The Spanish armament was not to
+be lightly regarded. Captain Saumarez was appointed to command the
+Raisonable of 64 guns; but he never went to sea in this ship, the
+differences between the two nations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> having been amicably settled. It
+seemed to show, however, that, in the event of war, he was one of
+those who were to be actively employed.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez remained on shore until the war occasioned by the
+French revolution broke out in 1793, when he was appointed to command
+the Crescent of 36 guns. His commission was dated on the 24th January,
+and he hoisted his pendant in her at Portsmouth on the 28th of the
+same month, receiving, at the same time, orders to place himself under
+the command of Commodore Sir Hyde Parker. No sooner was it known at
+Guernsey, and in Devonshire, that the Crescent was commissioned by
+Captain Saumarez, than a number equal to half the complement of seamen
+volunteered for the Crescent; and, on the 1st of February, the
+Tisiphone sloop was sent to bring the men from Guernsey, while the
+rest, from Exeter, were sent by the way of Plymouth to join the ship.
+It could not but be highly gratifying to his feelings when he found
+that so many of his countrymen had chosen to devote themselves to his
+service; and he was soon able to report his ship ready for sea.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of February 1793, in common with other officers, he
+received the following intelligence that war had been declared against
+France.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+By Sir Hyde Parker, Knt. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Accounts having been received that war was declared at Paris, by the National
+Convention of France, against <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>Great Britain and Holland; you are, in pursuance
+of the King's pleasure, signified to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty by
+the Right Honourable Henry Dundas, one of his Majesty's principal secretaries of
+state, hereby required and directed to seize or destroy all ships and vessels
+belonging to France that you may happen to fall in with.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given under my hand, on board the Victory,<br />
+this 10th day of February 1793.<br />
+<span class="smcap">H. Parker.</span></p></div>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, R.N.</p>
+<p>The Crescent having been reported ready for sea on the 1st of March,
+Captain Saumarez received orders to proceed to Guernsey with his ship,
+accompanied by the Liberty brig, and three transports under convoy, to
+reinforce the garrisons of the Channel islands. He had also sealed
+orders, which were to be put in execution when the troops were landed
+at Guernsey and Jersey. The following account of this cruise was sent
+to his brother, on the ship's return to Guernsey Road.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">H.M.S. Crescent, Guernsey, 18th March 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard</p>
+
+<p>As the detail of our proceedings on our first cruise cannot but be acceptable to
+you, I take up my pen to communicate them. We anchored in this road on Sunday
+morning, the day after we had sailed from Spithead. The independent companies
+and invalids for this island were immediately disembarked. The wind being too
+much to the southward for the transports to proceed to Jersey, they remained
+till Thursday following, when I sent them under convoy of the Liberty brig.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday morning, intelligence was brought to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>me that a French brig was seen
+to the northward of the island, standing for the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Caskets'">Casketts</ins>. I immediately got
+under way, and directed the Drake to do the same. We pushed through the Race of
+Alderney during the night, and at day-break found ourselves close to the brig,
+off Cherbourg. She is about 100 tons, from Vannes, loaded with salt, for Havre.
+Seeing another brig and a galliot to the N.W. from us, I ordered the Drake and
+Cockatrice to chase, and I have hopes they are also prizes.</p>
+
+<p>About three o'clock, it blowing very hard, I was much surprised at an express
+joining me from Alderney, with a letter from the governor, addressed to the
+commander of H.M. ships off Alderney, mentioning that he had positive
+information that the enemy meant to attack the island this or the following
+night; and as there was no ship of force at Cherbourg but an old 64, with
+frigate's masts, he was certain that the appearance of a man-of-war off
+Cherbourg would preserve Alderney, and baffle the expedition. Chance having
+thrown me off Cherbourg, within sight the whole day, I was happy the purport of
+this letter was so fully answered. Expecting further intelligence, I waited till
+a cutter hailed us that he was going express to Plymouth. No other vessel
+appearing, I made sail for this island, and anchored in the road this morning. I
+have scarcely a doubt that what caused your brother<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> to be alarmed was the appearance of this ship, the
+Drake and Cockatrice, with another small vessel in the Race of Alderney; and I
+am sorry it was not in my power to acquaint him with it, as the vessel he sent
+me returned immediately.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez, on his return to Guernsey, wrote to Governor Le
+Mesurier, and, in reply to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> his letter, informed him that the
+appearance of the Crescent and squadron off Cherbourg had the desired
+effect of baffling the meditated attack on Alderney; nevertheless, the
+Crescent was detained on that station until the 25th, in consequence
+of other reports of the enemy's intentions to attack either Jersey or
+Alderney, and his squadron therefore was reinforced. In the mean time
+he succeeded in filling up the complement of his crew at Guernsey, and
+at length returned to Spithead, when some alteration took place in the
+armament of his ship: having there completed his stores and
+provisions, Captain Saumarez' next employment was to take a convoy of
+transports with troops to Cork, and bring from thence two regiments to
+Guernsey. This service occupied his ship until the 4th of May, when
+she arrived off the Lizard, and, having sent part of his convoy into
+Falmouth, he anchored at Guernsey on the following day.</p>
+
+<p>He left Guernsey on the 15th of May, having six transports with French
+prisoners on board, and arrived at Spithead on the 17th.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd Captain Saumarez received orders from the Admiralty to
+take the Hind, Captain Cochrane, under his command, and proceed with
+the Crescent and that ship to cruise between lat. 51&deg; and 47&deg; N. and
+long. 10&deg; to 16&deg; W. for the protection of the trade, and continue on
+that service for three weeks. The account of this cruise, in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+two prizes were taken, is given in the following letter to his
+brother.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Spithead, 26th June 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I have the pleasure to acquaint you with our return from a cruise which has been
+rather unsuccessful, having only taken (besides the brig I informed you of) a
+cutter called "Le Club de Cherbourg," of ten guns. She sailed from Brest on the
+20th instant, and was found on the coast of Ireland, where she had done much
+mischief on her former cruise, having taken four vessels within a few days. I
+find by the prisoners that the French have only eighteen sail from Brest in
+readiness for sea. They rendezvous in Quiberon Bay as soon as they are equipped.
+I hope Lord Howe will soon give a good account of all of them. I anchored at
+Guernsey for a few hours, where I left the cutter for my brother's disposal.</p>
+
+<p> As we have been parted from the Hind since the 8th instant, I hope to find she
+may have met with success. We are under agreement to share till the expiration
+of our cruise. As I write before we anchor, you cannot expect I should give you
+an account of my further destination; but, from what they informed me in the
+island, we are to go with Lord Howe, which hurried me from there. All the family
+were in perfect health at six o'clock on Tuesday evening, when I left them. We
+must now console ourselves with the hope that we shall soon terminate the
+business. I think this year will nearly do it. We anxiously sought for an
+opportunity similar to the Nymphe. We traversed the bay (Biscay) in every
+direction, without the appearance of a French ship; and on Monday we were all
+day in sight of Ushant, but could never meet with any but neutral vessels. Our
+next cruise may probably <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>prove more fortunate. With my affectionate love to my
+sister and the children, I am, my dear Richard,</p>
+<p class="left70">Yours truly,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>It will be seen by the date of this letter, that the Crescent had
+arrived at Spithead on the 26th, which is the date of his official
+letter to the Admiralty, giving an account of the capture of Le
+Club, which, being the same as already given, need not be repeated.</p>
+
+<p>The Crescent, being replenished with water and provisions, was
+directed on the 4th July to take on board a quantity of specie for
+Plymouth, to which he sailed on the 5th, and, having delivered it
+there, took a convoy from thence to the Downs, where he arrived on the
+18th July, and, according to further orders, returned with the trade
+under convoy from thence to Spithead on the 20th.</p>
+
+<p>The following order, which Captain Saumarez received from the Lords of
+the Admiralty, will show the nature of the service on which he was now
+employed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of Great
+Britain and Ireland, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Captain Saumarez,</p>
+
+<p>You are to take his Majesty's ships named on the margin (Concorde and Thames)
+under your command, (their captains being directed to follow your orders,) and
+putting to sea with them and the Crescent, the moment the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>wind and weather will
+permit, proceed and cruise between the latitudes of 49&deg; and 50&deg; 30' north, and
+from sixty to one hundred leagues to the westward of the Scilly Islands, for the
+protection of the trade of his Majesty's subjects, and the annoyance of the
+enemy, taking all possible care of the above-mentioned frigates; and diligently
+looking out for, and using your best endeavours to fall in with, the
+homeward-bound convoys from Jamaica and the Leeward Islands, which are daily
+expected, and which are to be the principal objects of your attention.</p>
+
+<p>In case of falling in with either of the said convoys, you are to see, or cause
+to be seen, such of the merchant ships or vessels as may be bound to Ireland, or
+into the Bristol Channel, as far as may be necessary for their security, and
+those bound into the English Channel, as far as the Start; and, having so done,
+return with the frigates under your command to the above-mentioned station, to
+look out for the other convoy; and, having met with it, to see, or cause to be
+seen, such of the merchant vessels as may be bound to Ireland, and into the
+Bristol Channel, as before directed, and to see those bound up the English
+Channel off their respective ports, as high as Spithead, where you are to remain
+until further orders, sending to our secretary an account of your arrival and
+proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>You are to continue on the above-mentioned service until the 20th of next month,
+unless you shall have fallen in with both the said convoys sooner; when you are
+to make the best of your way to Spithead, and remain there as above directed.</p>
+<p class="right">Given under our hands, this 18th day of July 1793.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Chatham, J. Smyth, Ch<sup>s</sup>. S. Pybus.</p>
+<p>To James Saumarez, Esq. &amp;c.<br />
+<span class="left25">By command of their lordships.</span><span class="left5 smcap">P. Stephens.</span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez received at the same time information of the number
+of ships expected from the different islands in both the convoys, took
+the Concorde and Thames under his command, and sailed from Spithead on
+the 26th of July 1793.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the command of a fleet, that of a squadron of frigates was at
+this period of the war considered the most important, and it could not
+but be highly gratifying to Captain Saumarez to find himself selected
+again for such a desirable command; but Fortune did not favour his
+little detachment. The convoys, which they had been sent to look out
+for and protect, had arrived safely at the respective ports before the
+squadron reached their destination, and they continued to cruise in
+vain within the prescribed limits of their station, till at length
+they were assailed by a tremendous gale from the south-east on the
+17th of August, in which the Concorde parted company, the Thames lost
+her bowsprit and bore up for England, while the Crescent sprung her
+main-yard, and by a sudden shift of wind to the northward carried away
+her main-top-mast, and, her orders for returning into port having
+expired, she arrived at Spithead after an unsuccessful cruise.</p>
+
+<p>The Crescent had not been in dock since the year 1785, and required
+much refitting: Captain Saumarez, therefore, on reporting his arrival
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the Secretary of the Admiralty, sent also a statement of the
+ship's defects; in consequence of which, an order was sent for her to
+be docked at Portsmouth, and refitted for Channel service, while one
+hundred of her crew were lent to the Vanguard. As this process
+required a considerable time, Captain Saumarez sent for his family;
+and, having taken apartments at Ryde, had a few weeks of enjoyment in
+their society, and of relaxation from the arduous duties of his
+profession. The Crescent was received into dock on the 25th August,
+and was again fit for sea on the 10th October, when he received orders
+to hold himself ready to proceed at a moment's notice.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1793.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+Crescent refitted.&mdash;Sails for the Channel Islands.&mdash;Falls in with the
+French frigate La R&eacute;union.&mdash;Particular account of the action.&mdash;Letters
+from Captain Saumarez to his brother.&mdash;Brings his prize to
+Portsmouth.&mdash;Official letters.&mdash;Letters from various
+persons.&mdash;Ship refitting.&mdash;Captain Saumarez obtains leave of
+absence.&mdash;Is knighted for his gallant conduct.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Crescent being now ready for sea, but with thirteen men short of
+her complement, Captain Saumarez applied to have the number filled up,
+as her masts and yards were of the same dimensions as those of a
+frigate of thirty-eight guns; he also requested such increase as the
+Lords of the Admiralty thought proper: but these applications were
+unsuccessful, and on the 10th of October he received orders from Sir
+Peter Parker, the port-admiral, to "hold himself in constant readiness
+to put to sea at a moment's warning;" and it was not long before the
+following order was received from the Admiralty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">By the Commissioners for executing the office of<br />
+Lord High Admiral,&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to proceed in the ship under your command,
+without a moment's loss of time, to the islands of Guernsey and Jersey; and so
+soon as you shall have delivered the pacquets you will herewith receive,
+addressed to the commanding officers of his Majesty's troops serving in these
+islands, you are to repair with the said ship off St. Maloes, and use your best
+endeavours to obtain such information of the enemy's forces there, as
+circumstances will admit.</p>
+
+<p>Having so done, you are to return with the said ship with all possible despatch,
+for further orders, transmitting to our secretary, for our information, by
+post-office express, an account of your arrival and proceedings.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given under our hands, this 18th October 1793,<br />
+<span class="smcap">A. Gardner.&nbsp;&nbsp; J. Smyth.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">P. Affleck.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, R.N.</p></div>
+
+<p>For several days previously to the 19th, it had been reported that a
+French frigate usually quitted the port of Cherbourg at night, and
+returned next morning with what prizes she had picked up: this,
+together with the information that an armament was preparing for the
+invasion of Jersey, caused Captain Saumarez to make extraordinary
+exertions to get to sea; and, although the wind was light, he
+fortunately succeeded in getting round St. Helens before night. Early
+on the morning, on the 20th, he was close to the light-house off Cape
+Barfleur.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+<p class="p2 center">ACTION BETWEEN THE CRESCENT AND REUNION.</p>
+<p class="p2">
+This gallant action, which we are now about to describe, having been
+misrepresented in every account yet published, we have, in order to
+make the circumstances attending it more easily understood,
+illustrated the positions by a diagram, showing the masterly
+man&oelig;uvre performed by the Crescent, and the relative situation of
+the ships at the commencement and the end of the conflict. The
+engraving shows the state and situation of the two ships at the time
+the R&eacute;union surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>During the night, the wind had been so far to the westward as to
+enable the Crescent to fetch Cape Barfleur, while the R&eacute;union, which
+left Cherbourg in the evening, stood to the northward, in hopes of
+meeting with merchant-ships coming up Channel. The two frigates,
+therefore, must have crossed each other at no great distance; but the
+wind having changed towards the south about daylight, and the French
+frigate being unable to fetch back to Cherbourg, broke off with her
+head to the eastward, while the Crescent, by coming up on the opposite
+tack, was enabled to weather and get in shore of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after day-break Captain Saumarez saw two sail standing on the
+starboard tack towards the Crescent, and it appears that they had
+approached her within two miles before they discovered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> themselves to
+be under the lee of an English frigate: they then tacked and made all
+sail, either for the purpose of trying to escape, or to approach
+nearer to Cherbourg, that they might have the assistance of their
+consort then in the harbour with her sails hoisted up. It was soon
+evident that the Crescent, now "clean out of dock," had the advantage
+in sailing; and, by half-past ten, Captain Saumarez, by edging down,
+took his position on the enemy's larboard quarter within pistol-shot,
+when the action began.</p>
+
+<p>Captain John Tancock, who was then a midshipman stationed on the
+main-deck, says that the men had directions to fire at the rudder of
+their opponent, which was very soon disabled, while the
+main-topsail-yard and fore-yard were both shot away. The enemy fired
+so high that scarcely any shot struck the hull of the Crescent; but,
+consequently, her fore-topsail-yard, and soon afterwards her
+fore-top-mast, fell over the starboard gangway. Hitherto the ship had
+been kept in her first position by backing and filling the
+mizen-topsail, but now she came to, and eventually <span class="italic">came round</span>: but
+Captain Saumarez, whose presence of mind never forsook him, brailed up
+the mizen, and, by keeping all the square-sails aback, gave the ship a
+<span class="italic">stern-board</span>; at the same time, by keeping the <span class="italic">helm up</span>, she wore
+round on her heel, obtaining a position under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> the stern and on the
+starboard quarter, while the enemy was lying with his yards square and
+totally unmanageable. This man&oelig;uvre is shown in the diagram, to
+which an explanation is added.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/109.jpg" width="500" height="166"
+alt="diagram" title="" /></div>
+<p>C. The Crescent. R. The R&eacute;union. 1. Commencement of the action. 2. The
+Crescent's track in wearing on her heel. 3. The position when the R&eacute;union
+struck.</p>
+
+<p>In passing under the enemy's stern, it was observed that his colours
+had been shot away, and, supposing he had struck, the firing ceased;
+but, on coming round on the starboard quarter, the enemy again opened
+his fire. The Crescent, having now got her larboard guns to bear,
+returned his broadside with such effect, that at twenty minutes past
+noon the officers of the R&eacute;union waved their hats and flags to
+indicate that they had surrendered. The engraving represents the
+situation of the two ships at this moment; and Captain Sir Thomas
+Mansel, who was then a midshipman, declares it to be correct.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/103-t.jpg" width="475" height="268"
+alt="Surrender Réunion" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/103-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">Action with the Crescent and R&eacute;union taken at the time the latter surrendered.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p>The combat now ceased, and the prize was taken possession of by
+Lieutenant (now Admiral) Sir George Parker, who received the usual
+order<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> to carry her into port. The French captain being sent on board
+the Crescent, they began to remove the prisoners and repair damages.
+When the action began, a ship had been seen under the land to the
+eastward, about four leagues distant; this was supposed to be an
+enemy: but it turned out to be the Circe, Captain Yorke, who joined
+four hours after the action, and took part of the prisoners. In the
+mean time the cutter made off towards Cherbourg, out of which harbour
+the wind and adverse tide prevented the other frigate, said to be La
+Semillante, from getting to assist the R&eacute;union.</p>
+
+<p>The following very concise official letter to the Secretary of the
+Admiralty from Captain Saumarez, supplies the rest of the detail.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, off Cherbourg, 20th October 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acquaint you, for the information of my Lords Commissioners
+of the Admiralty, that this morning, being off Cape Barfleur in his Majesty's
+ship Crescent, under my command, I fell in with a French frigate, which, after a
+close action of two hours and ten minutes, struck to his Majesty's colours: she
+proved to be the R&eacute;union, mounting thirty-six guns, and manned with three
+hundred and twenty men.</p>
+
+<p>I am singularly happy in being able to inform their lordships that she has been
+obtained without the loss of a single man, or even any wounded, although her own
+loss has been very considerable indeed, having, as the prisoners informed me,
+one hundred and twenty killed and wounded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I must beg leave to render the most ample justice to the officers and ship's
+company of the Crescent, for their cool and steady behaviour during the action;
+and I take this opportunity to recommend to their lordships' notice the three
+lieutenants, Messrs. Parker, Otter, and Rye: their conduct has afforded me the
+utmost satisfaction.</p>
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to be,<br />
+<span class="i2">With the greatest respect, sir,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">Your most obedient and very humble servant</span>,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p>
+<p>To Philip Stephens, Esq. Admiralty.</p>
+<p>P.S.&mdash;The R&eacute;union was accompanied by a cutter, which did not attempt to
+come into action, but made for Cherbourg.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez was now on his passage to Portsmouth, where he had
+left his wife and infant children only two days before, in pursuit of
+an implacable enemy known to be not many leagues distant! It was the
+first battle he had fought since he became a husband and a father; and
+his feelings, as he returned triumphantly to the bosom of his family,
+can be easier imagined than described.</p>
+
+<p>The anxiety and excitement inseparable from the day of battle had
+subsided, the prisoners had been removed, the captive Frenchmen with
+whom he had been sympathizing had retired, and he was at length left
+alone to meditate on that remarkable dispensation of Divine favour
+which had been so fully and especially manifested towards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> him: he had
+gloriously wrested from an enemy, fighting under the proud banner of
+liberty, a ship equal to his own in weight of metal and superior by
+seventy men in numbers, after a furious contest of above two hours,
+without a man being hurt by his opponent, who lost one hundred and
+twenty men killed and wounded: a fact unparalleled in the page of
+history. With the generality of mankind, such circumstances were well
+calculated to raise feelings of proud exultation; but these were never
+cherished in the breast of Saumarez. Having done all in his power to
+soothe the affliction of his vanquished enemy, his first impulse was
+to offer up his thanksgivings and acknowledgments to the great <span class="smcap">Giver</span>
+of all victory, and to implore that his mind might not be too highly
+elevated by his glorious success. After despatching his unpresuming
+letter to the Admiralty, which has been already given, he wrote to his
+brother, in London, the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, 21st Oct. 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>You will rejoice with me at the success that has attended our short cruise. On
+Saturday evening we sailed from Spithead; and the next morning, being about
+three leagues from Cape Barfleur, we saw two sail standing towards us from under
+Cherbourg, which I soon discovered to be a French frigate and a cutter. We were
+on the larboard tack with the wind off shore; I was happy in being able to keep
+between them and the land. When <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>about two miles from us, the frigate tacked
+with all her sail set, and the cutter made sail to windward: we edged down to
+her, and at a cable's distance, at half-past ten, began the action, which
+continued with scarcely any intermission two hours and ten minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Both ships were soon cut up in their sails and rigging, our fore-topsail yard
+being shot away, and soon after the fore-top-mast; the ship came to, and wearing
+on the other tack, gave us an opportunity to fire our guns, which were so well
+served that the French ship soon became unmanageable, and enabled us to rake her
+fore and aft; in which situation she struck her colours. I must observe that
+they had been before shot away, and, imagining she had struck, I gave orders to
+cease firing; she, however, soon relieved us of our suspense by giving us her
+broadside: we were so well prepared, and kept up so good a fire, that in a short
+time after they waved their colours and made signs from the gunwale with their
+hats that they had struck.</p>
+
+<p>I immediately sent Mr. Parker to take possession of the ship, and send the first
+and second captains on board the Crescent. They informed me that the ship they
+had surrendered was La R&eacute;union, mounting thirty-six guns and three hundred and
+twenty-one men. When we came into action, another frigate was in sight to the
+eastward, which we took to be her consort; we therefore lost no time to exchange
+prisoners, and repair our damages, in the best manner we could: she, however,
+proved to be the Circe, and joined us four hours after the action ceased.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstance that has made me most happy from this engagement is, that we
+have not had a single person hurt by the enemy, and but one man injured, who had
+his leg fractured by the recoil of a gun. There being little wind the sea was
+perfectly calm; and I had the satisfaction to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>observe that most of our shot
+were perfectly well directed. The enemy's frigate is indeed most sadly a wreck,
+thirty-four men killed and eighty-four wounded, many of them mortally; one
+officer only has suffered, being badly wounded. She was commanded by Citizen
+Denain, capitaine de vaisseau, to whose obstinacy they ascribe the sacrifice of
+many lives.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary for me to observe, my dear Richard, the great happiness I
+derive from the consciousness that this event will afford you and all our
+friends particular satisfaction. My dear Martha, too,&mdash;I scarcely know how
+I shall disclose the circumstance to her; it embarrasses me as much as if it
+were a mournful subject. One observation is incumbent on me to make, namely,
+that Captain Yorke used every possible exertion to join us sooner, and that he
+has most readily afforded us every assistance we required,</p>
+<p class="left55">I now remain, your ever affectionate brother,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez had now realized his ardent desire for an opportunity
+of distinguishing himself, such as was afforded to his gallant
+brother-officer of the Nymphe; and it is a singular coincidence that
+each should have written to his brother on the day of action, under
+similar circumstances of triumph and excitement. These interesting
+documents seem to have decided the superiority of the British over the
+French navy, at the commencement of the French revolution, and in
+reference to that of Saumarez, we cannot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> but dwell with admiration on
+the humility and acuteness of feeling with which it is replete!</p>
+
+<p>The Circe, which had joined four hours after the action, was
+despatched to Guernsey to execute the service on which Captain
+Saumarez had been ordered; but the Crescent and her prize, in
+proceeding to Spithead, were detained by light winds and calms. On the
+22nd, she arrived off the Isle of Wight, when Lieutenant Otter was
+sent to Portsmouth in the boat with the following official letter:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, off the Isle of Wight, 22d Oct. 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I beg</span> you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
+that, being unable to gain Spithead from the prevailing calms, I have thought it
+expedient to despatch Lieutenant Otter with the intelligence I have the honour
+to convey to their lordships.</p>
+
+<p>Having been prevented by the action with La R&eacute;union from complying with their
+lordships' orders, I directed the Hon. Captain Yorke, who joined me in his
+Majesty's ship Circe, to proceed with the pacquets I was charged with for the
+commanding officers of his Majesty's troops at Guernsey and Jersey, and from
+thence to proceed to St. Maloes, and return to Spithead, agreeable to their
+lordships' orders.</p>
+
+<p>I beg to observe, that Captain Yorke gave me every possible assistance, and has
+taken one hundred and sixty prisoners from the R&eacute;union, which I directed him to
+land in the island of Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I have the honour to be, sir,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>To Philip Stephens, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Crescent arrived at Spithead on the following day, and with her
+prize was ordered into harbour; the former to have her damages
+repaired, and the latter to be surveyed and purchased for his
+Majesty's service.</p>
+
+<p>Before we submit the interesting official and private letters which
+Captain Saumarez received on his arrival, and which may be considered
+as the best proof of the sensation which this gallant action created,
+it becomes our duty to state the comparative force of the two
+frigates.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<table cellspacing="5" summary="Force of frigates">
+<colgroup span="9">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom"><span class="italic">Crescent.</span></td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">No.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">Size.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">No.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">Size.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">No.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">Size.</td>
+<td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">Total.</td>
+<td>Weight</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>of</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>metal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Broadside guns</td>
+<td>13</td>
+<td>18pr.</td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>18pr. car.</td>
+<td>1</td>
+<td>9pr.</td>
+<td>36</td>
+<td>315lbs.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="italic">R&eacute;union.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Broadside guns</td>
+<td>13</td>
+<td>14pr.</td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>40pr. car.</td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>7pr.</td>
+<td>40</td>
+<td>330lbs.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="7" align="left">Difference of guns, and of weight of shot in favour</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="7" align="left">of la R&eacute;union</td>
+<td align="right">4</td>
+<td align="right">15lbs.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Power">
+<colgroup span="7">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="left10 italic">Crescent.</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Men</td>
+<td>257</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Tons</td>
+<td>888</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="left10 italic">R&eacute;union.</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Men</td>
+<td>320</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Tons</td>
+<td>951</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" align="left">Difference in favour</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" align="left">of La R&eacute;union</td>
+<td>&nbsp;63</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;63</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="7" align="left">N.B. The weight has been reduced to English pounds.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Crescent lost her fore-top-mast; her sails and rigging were much
+damaged, but very few shot struck her hull; and the only man hurt was
+at the first broadside, when his leg was fractured by the recoil of a
+gun.</p>
+
+<p>La R&eacute;union, on the contrary, had many shot in her hull, and her stern
+was very much shattered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> After she was in dock, we saw where a shot
+had entered the starboard quarter, and made its way out of the
+larboard bow. It was said to have killed and wounded twenty-one men!
+The head of her rudder and wheel were shot away, and the fore-yard and
+main-topsail-yard came down early in the action: she was, in short, a
+complete wreck, as represented in the plate. The hopes that the ship
+seen to the eastward under the land was a friend, induced the French
+captain to delay surrendering after defence could no longer be
+effectual.</p>
+
+<p>The head-money was only paid for three hundred men; but there was no
+doubt that three hundred and twenty-one were on board at the
+commencement of the action, as many of the slain were thrown
+overboard, and the French officers, for obvious reasons, wished to
+make their force less than it was. According to Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, forty men were killed, and eighty wounded. The cutter which
+was in company, believed to be L'Esp&eacute;rance, mounting fourteen guns,
+made off for Cherbourg with sweeps and sails as soon as the firing
+commenced. La R&eacute;union's consort, believed to be the Semillante, made
+an attempt to get out of Cherbourg, but was prevented by the tide,
+when she sent a boat full of men, it was supposed, to reinforce the
+former, but which returned when it was observed that her fate was
+decided. The French shore,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> only five miles distant, was crowded with
+spectators.</p>
+
+<p>There is no action between two single ships on record, where
+consummate skill in naval tactics has been so brilliantly and
+successfully displayed as in that which we have just described. The
+patriotic reader must not imagine that, because the Crescent had
+"none" either killed or wounded, the captain and officers of La
+R&eacute;union did not do their utmost, and far less that they were deficient
+in courage. The severe loss they sustained, and the obstinacy with
+which their ship was defended, has fully proved their bravery. Had the
+Crescent at once boarded the R&eacute;union, which was in her power, and
+carried her sword in hand, as in the case of the Nymphe and Cl&eacute;op&acirc;tre,
+it would have been perhaps better calculated to excite feelings of
+admiration in the general reader, who is not acquainted with naval
+affairs; but this mode of attack is one which, we must acquaint them,
+might readily be made by any officer moderately skilled in naval
+tactics. It is where the commander of a ship, by his presence of mind
+and skilful man&oelig;uvring, succeeds in the defeat and capture of an
+enemy, that the superiority is manifest; and it is to him who has thus
+proved that he possesses the <span class="italic">tact</span> to accomplish his object, and yet
+spare the valuable lives of his men, that the meed of praise is most
+justly due.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Spithead, 23rd October 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I beg you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty of
+my arrival at Spithead in H.M. ship Crescent, under my command, and the prize La
+R&eacute;union, and from thence into Portsmouth Harbour, conformable with orders from
+Sir Peter Parker.</p>
+<p class="left60">I have the honour to be,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p>
+<p>To Philip Stephens, Esq.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Admiralty, October 24th, 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I learnt yesterday with great satisfaction the account of your action with the
+French frigate La R&eacute;union, and beg to congratulate you very sincerely on your
+success on this occasion. The greatest praise seems due to the bravery and good
+conduct of the officers and men of the Crescent. I shall be extremely happy, as
+soon as it is convenient to you, to have the pleasure of seeing you in town, and
+of presenting you to his Majesty on an occasion so highly honourable to you.</p>
+<p class="left60">I am, sir,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your very faithful humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Chatham</span><br />
+(First Lord of the Admiralty.)</p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Admiralty, 24th October 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I was this morning so happy as to receive your letter, conveying the agreeable
+account of your having captured the French frigate La R&eacute;union, and which I lost
+no time in communicating to Lord Chatham, who will himself express <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>to you his
+very high sense of your distinguished conduct, as well as his great satisfaction
+at the account you have given of the exemplary and gallant behaviour of your
+officers and men. I beg, my dear sir, to congratulate you most sincerely on an
+event which adds such lustre to your professional character, at the same time
+that it entitles you to every reward from your country, and</p>
+<p class="left55">I remain, with great regard,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your very faithful</span><br />
+<span class="i4">and obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J. Hunt</span><br />
+(Private Secretary.)</p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, &amp;c.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">St. James's-square, 24th October 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Lord Chatham was so obliging as to acquaint me yesterday with your success, and
+at the same time with his fullest approbation of your conduct, which you may be
+assured gave me great pleasure. I have this day the favour of your letter, and
+thank you for your kind attention in informing me of what you might be confident
+would give me particular satisfaction.</p>
+<p class="left60">I am, with great regard, sir,<br />
+<span class="i4">Your obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Amherst.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain James Saumarez.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 center">FROM THE REV. R. B. NICHOLLS.</p>
+<p class="right"> 28th October 1793, Middleham, Yorkshire.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Accept my warmest congratulations on your late very extraordinary and glorious
+success, which I consider as a signal favour and blessing upon you from the God
+of armies, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>whom I invoke, and shall ever, on your behalf, that the path of
+happiness and glory, temporal and eternal, may be successfully trodden by you,
+and that you may long live an example of the blessings that Heaven has for a
+Cornelius. Continue me in your friendly remembrance, which I shall ever consider
+as an honour.</p>
+<p class="left55">I am, dear sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most affectionate</span><br />
+<span class="i4">and most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">R. B. Nicholls.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, &amp;c.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Portsmouth, 30th October 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am infinitely obliged to you for your kindness and attention to George Parker.
+I have not as yet heard from Lord Chatham, but suppose I shall in a day or two.
+This morning I reckon you will kiss hands, and return home "Sir James." Such an
+honour obtained on such an occasion is worthy the solicitation of a duke. If
+anything material occurs, be so good to favour me with a line. Lady Parker
+unites in every good wish for your rib and yourself, with</p>
+<p class="left70">Yours, most sincerely,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">P. Parker.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez, after a happy visit to his family at Ryde, repaired
+to London, on leave of absence; and, on being presented to his
+Majesty, received the well-merited honour of knighthood, and his first
+lieutenant (now Admiral Sir) George Parker, was promoted to the rank
+of master and commander. Sir James, having applied for an extension of
+his leave, enjoyed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> society of his friends in London until the
+14th of November, when he and Lady Saumarez returned to their family
+at Ryde. The following letter to his brother, descriptive of other
+marks of respect which had been paid to him, will be read with
+interest:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Ryde, Isle of Wight, 16th Nov. 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Brother,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> was not before yesterday that we were enabled to return to our little
+treasure in this island, owing to official business and the badness of the
+weather. We found all in perfect good health except our little girl, who has
+been for some time very unwell, and has suffered exceedingly; she is at present
+rather better, and we hope her disorder is past its height. Mr. Le Marchant has
+fixed for next Monday to leave the island. I shall endeavour to accompany them
+to Southampton, and, after that, trust to opportunities hereafter offering to
+enable me to see them at Bath.</p>
+
+<p>I do not expect the Crescent will be ready to leave the harbour before the
+middle of next week; what our destination will then be must remain uncertain.
+Sir John Jarvis has this morning made the signal for sailing, and it is expected
+will put to sea on Monday or Tuesday next. I mean to return to Portsmouth to-day
+or to-morrow, that I may have an opportunity of seeing General Dundas before his
+departure.</p>
+
+<p>Our last letters from the island (Guernsey) are of the 6th; no particular news.
+You will be concerned to hear of the fate of the unlucky Thames; when the
+particulars are received, I am persuaded it will be found that the ship has not
+been given away. The report is, that, after a severe action with a
+six-and-thirty, she was next day attacked by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>the Carmagniolle, to which ship
+she struck. Sir E. Pellew is cruising with the Circe off St. Maloes; the French
+have no ships at present at Cherbourg.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I received a very polite letter from Mr. Marsham, inclosing the
+resolution of the 14th instant from the committee for encouraging the capture of
+French privateers, voting me a piece of plate, value one hundred guineas, which
+I consider a very high compliment paid to my earnest endeavours. But I am not
+quite so well pleased with a letter from Mr. Cooke, who has the distribution of
+the fees which he says are due from those who receive the honour of knighthood,
+and which amount to 103<span class="italic">l.</span> 6<span class="italic">s.</span> 8<span class="italic">d.</span> In reply to this, I have referred him to
+whoever paid the above fees for Sir E. Pellew, on whom that honour was conferred
+on a similar occasion. I fear it may not be taken well; at the same time, I
+think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought
+to deserve.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Parker came down to Portsmouth last Thursday, without having obtained an
+interview with Lord Chatham. I am, however, persuaded he will soon get a ship.
+The other arrangements are not yet made. Mr. Warren has gone to London, to
+endeavour to get over the difficulty of not having served his rated time; if he
+does, he is to be third lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>You must now permit me to return you and my dear sister our most sincere thanks
+for the kind hospitality we experienced under your roof; we not only ate of your
+board and drank of your cup, but you gave us your very bed to repose on: when
+shall we have it in our power to requite such goodness? At any rate, receive
+this tribute of our warmest gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>I hope your dear children, whom we almost considered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>as ours, are very well:
+bestow on them a thousand kisses from us. With our most sincere love, I remain,
+my dear brother,</p>
+<p class="left65">Ever affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 22nd of November, the Crescent came out of harbour, and was
+reported ready for sea; and Sir James Saumarez was now ready to
+proceed, and to add fresh laurels to those he had so gloriously gained
+in the service of his king and country.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1793, 1794.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride.&mdash;Is
+detached, and attacks an Enemy's squadron.&mdash;Narrow Escape from
+Shipwreck.&mdash;Off Havre.&mdash;Cherbourg.&mdash;Private Letters relating the
+particulars of several Cruises on the French coast.&mdash;Gallant Action with a
+French squadron of superior force off Guernsey.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James was now placed under the orders of Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride, who gave
+him the command of a squadron, consisting of the Crescent and Druid,
+frigates, Liberty brig, and Lion cutter. The first service he had to
+perform was to carry a small convoy of transports with troops, &amp;c. to
+Guernsey and Jersey, and furthermore to obtain pilots for the
+admiral's squadron.</p>
+
+<p>We shall not attempt to describe the enthusiastic reception which Sir
+James and his gallant crew received from their loyal and patriotic
+countrymen in these islands; but his stay was short. Despatching the
+Liberty to reconnoitre St. Maloes, he proceeded to Jersey, and, having
+reconnoitred Granville, returned to Guernsey Roads on the 28th of
+November, when he detached the Lion with pilots to the admiral; and,
+pursuant to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> orders, sailed to the adjacent coast of France to assist
+the royalists.</p>
+
+<p>The following is his account of an attempt to attack a French squadron
+in the bay of Brehat.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, off Guernsey, 7th Dec. 1793.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acquaint you, that pursuant to your orders I sailed from
+Guernsey Roads the night of the 5th instant, in his Majesty's ship Crescent,
+under my command, together with the Druid frigate and Liberty brig. The wind
+being to the southward, we were unable to fetch to windward off Cape Frehel in
+the morning; and observing several sail at anchor off the isles of Brehat,
+particularly two large ships and a brig, in a bay to the northward, which there
+appeared a great probability of attacking with success, I stood in for them; but
+the tide of ebb setting us to the westward, prevented our fetching into the bay,
+and enabled the enemy's ships to get under way with the first of the flood, and
+save themselves between the rocks. We were however in time to fire several shot
+at the largest, which, as well as the others, appeared armed <span class="italic">en flute</span> and deeply
+laden.</p>
+
+<p>Finding it impossible to follow them without endangering his Majesty's ships, I
+stood out of the bay through a passage which both the pilots I had on board
+assured me was perfectly safe.</p>
+
+<p>We soon found ourselves deceived, perceiving several rocks which we with
+difficulty cleared. Unfortunately the Druid, (which I hailed to acquaint her of
+the danger,) in wearing, tailed on a sunken rock; and, although she floated in a
+few minutes, she has I fear received so much damage as to require her to be
+taken into dock.</p>
+
+<p>I have directed Captain Ellison, whose activity and exertions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>cannot be too
+highly praised, to proceed to Plymouth, and the Liberty to accompany him into
+the Sound, and rejoin you without loss of time.</p>
+<p class="left55">I am, with every respect, sir,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Rear-admiral John M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</p></div>
+
+<p>On Sir James's arrival at Guernsey, he addressed the following letter
+to his brother in London, which continues the narrative of his
+proceedings on that dangerous coast.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I take the first opportunity to send you an account of an enterprise which, had
+it been attended with success, would have proved fortunate indeed. Not having
+time to send you the particulars, I have enclosed a copy of my letter to the
+admiral, which you will show to M. Le Mesurier. I have only to add, that the
+object in view justified the attempt; but, as the world too often forms its
+judgment from events, I fear we shall not acquire much credit for the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>At midnight, we providentially escaped getting wrecked on the Rocks Douvre, in
+steering after the Druid. We were warned of our perilous situation by the noise
+of the breakers, and had only time to avoid them. In short, my dear friend, when
+I consider our disappointment, and the very wonderful escapes we have had, it is
+almost too much for me, and I can only be thankful things are not worse.</p>
+
+<p>Accounts have lately arrived from the army of the royalists, that they are in
+possession of Rennes, and we have reason to expect soon to hear of their having
+a seaport wherein we can land the reinforcement. Four <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>French frigates have been
+in sight of the island these two days; the more mortifying as we cannot detach
+after them without leaving the troops embarked unprotected. An expedition of
+this consequence should have at least the support of two ships of the line.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful that nothing that I write to you transpires. I have lately seen
+paragraphs which have given me concern, particularly one mentioning my being
+ordered off St. Maloes. Be assured they may occasion much mischief and distrust,
+if it can be imagined that they originate from any of my friends. My brother has
+shown me the P.S. of your letter to him: I think it best the plate should be
+confined to a dinner-set, as I am unwilling to separate the whole of a present
+so handsomely bestowed; therefore, if not too late, I wish you to direct
+accordingly. Lady S. writes to me that our dear little girl is better; I wish to
+hear that she is sufficiently well to be inoculated. I shall be happy to have it
+over.</p>
+
+<p>You are a long time without writing to me. Although I know you are most hurried
+at this time, you must forgive me if I desire you will devote a few spare
+minutes to me; my sister, I am sure, will consent to it. Assure her of my
+sincere love; and believe me truly,</p>
+
+<p class="left60">My dear Richard,<br />
+<span class="left10">Yours affectionately,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+
+<p> P.S.&mdash;We are close ship-keepers, being all on board by six o'clock; a very
+proper regulation. I do not expect to sail before the fleet proceeds to the
+French coast, when I hope our accounts will prove more favourable.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have here two other remarkable instances, where on sudden and
+unexpected danger appearing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> the presence of mind and professional
+skill of Saumarez saved his ship and squadron from destruction; and
+although the bold attempt he made to attack the enemy was
+unsuccessful, he does not less deserve the merit of making it, for we
+cannot command the wind and tide.</p>
+
+<p>The Crescent continued to cruise with Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride's squadron
+during the winter, making several attempts to assist the royalists on
+various places on the coast of France, and annoying the enemy's
+coasting trade.</p>
+
+<p>The following letters from Sir James to his brother in London, give a
+particular account, in his own words, of the arduous services on which
+he was employed during that time.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Cowes Roads, 25th January 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>You will not expect so soon to hear from me, but I must just give you a journal
+of our short cruise. The day after we sailed from here, we chased three armed
+brigs off Havre, which were very near captured by the Flora and this ship. The
+day following, Sir John Warren having detached me and La Nymphe to look into
+Cherbourg, on the very spot where La R&eacute;union fell into our hands, we were on the
+point of taking a French frigate, apparently of twenty-eight or thirty-two guns.
+The wind at first flattered us with the hope of cutting her off from the land,
+when it shifted and enabled her to get into Cherbourg: they were decidedly
+frightened, and kept firing guns as signals to their ships in the bay, which
+never attempted to come out to their assistance, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>although we were alone, as La
+Nymphe was scarcely discernible from this ship. The next day La Nymphe sprung
+her fore-mast, which obliged her to return to Spithead.</p>
+
+<p>I appeared close to Cherbourg all day yesterday, in the hope of drawing their
+ships out, which I plainly discerned to consist of six frigates, four of which
+were large. In the evening it coming on to blow hard, and no appearance of our
+ships, I stood off shore, and at noon this day, it blowing a severe storm, I
+anchored in this road. Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride having consented to my going to Bath for
+twenty-four hours, I am setting off with all speed: not having time to add more,
+I remain, with my kindest love,</p>
+<p class="left60">My dear Richard,<br />
+<span class="left5">Yours ever affectionately,</span></p>
+<p class="right">Sunday Morning.<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I really intended to write to the Lord Mayor, but have not a moment's
+time; I shall therefore leave you to acquaint him with our return here.</p></div>
+
+<p>We may stop here to mention, that in the debate in the House of
+Commons on the address to the King's speech at the opening of
+parliament, the gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez was mentioned in
+terms of admiration, and his late action quoted as a remarkable
+instance of the superiority of our naval commanders in professional
+talent and skill; the account of this had been transmitted to him from
+London by his brother Richard.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Cowes, 2nd February 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I left my dearest concerns yesterday morning, and arrived here this afternoon,
+after a six hours' storm, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>from Southampton. Both your kind letters afford me
+infinite satisfaction. When I wrote to you on Sunday, I had not the admiral's
+consent to remain till I heard from him, and only expected to remain twenty-four
+hours in Bath; but depended, nevertheless, on hearing from you there. You must
+therefore desire my sister to plead in your behalf, when she writes to Lady S.</p>
+
+<p>I am much flattered at my name having been found worthy of notice in the House
+of Commons, and I thank you for the praise you bestow on me for the business of
+our last cruise. Though we failed in taking the frigate, it was certainly a
+matter of exultation and triumph to me, in a single ship, thus to brave the
+enemy off their port.</p>
+
+<p>I find Sir John Warren has sent in an armed brig, which we were prevented from
+sharing, at the time we were in pursuit of the frigate: we decoyed her to within
+a small distance from us by showing French colours, and I am persuaded we should
+have taken her, if we had chased her instead of the frigate; and they ought in
+justice to allow us to share in the profits of this prize.</p>
+
+<p>I would advise you to wait till Donaldson's plates come out for your paintings.
+Let me caution you against purchasing any of the prints, as I have engaged
+fifteen sets for my friends, in order to have proof engravings.</p>
+
+<p>Tom<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> writes to me they are under serious apprehensions for the island. I own
+to you I think there is some cause, unless we keep a strong squadron for their
+defence; at the same time, I do not believe they have so strong a force as
+mentioned, or that they are making preparation for invading this country. Let me
+know what <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>has become of Mr. Warren, and whether Captain Parker has sailed.</p>
+
+<p>I must now wish you and my sister, and all under your roof, a good night. And</p>
+<p class="left60">I remain truly,<br /></p>
+<span class="left5">Yours affectionately,</span><br />
+<p class="right">Monday morning.<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Our admiral has not yet made his appearance, a vessel is gone to
+Portsmouth for him. The packet returns so speedily that it is next to
+impossible to answer letters the same day.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Crescent, Spithead, 24th February 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>You will be pleased to hear of our being safe in port in the midst of the
+prevailing storms, but not without our having previously felt their rigour. Last
+Thursday morning we carried away our main-top-mast; and, in going to Torbay soon
+after, we sprung our fore-yard, which made the admiral determine to send us to
+Spithead to refit, and afterwards join him with all possible despatch. We are
+just anchored; but it blows so very hard, there is no possibility of sending a
+boat on shore.</p>
+
+<p>I left the squadron anchored in Torbay yesterday evening, where they are well
+sheltered from the present very high wind. Let me hear from you, if possible, by
+the next post. Not expecting to be ordered here, I wrote to Lady S. yesterday
+morning, desiring her to direct to me there; and would have written to you to
+the same purpose, but that I expected to have sent my letters from here by this
+evening's post, which would have reached you equally soon.</p>
+
+<p>I think this weather will, for the present at least, let us sleep in
+tranquillity, and make our enemies set aside their projected invasion. Let them
+attempt it when they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>will, I shall view it as a desirable event for this
+country. But I am not of that opinion with regard to our islands.</p>
+
+<p>God bless you, and preserve them all! Let us deserve well, and there is nothing
+that we may not confidently expect from his providence. And, with my sincere
+love,</p>
+<p class="left65">I am ever affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>P.S. Sunday morning.&mdash;I availed myself of a favourable time this morning to
+come on shore, and have just received a letter stating that the Liberty had been
+chased by two frigates off the Casketts.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following letter gives an account of his visit to the island of
+Jersey, &amp;c.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Bouley Bay, Jersey, 30th March 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I have at length had an opportunity of visiting this island, the admiral having
+detached this ship and the Druid to look into Cancalle Bay and Granville. It
+falling calm on Thursday evening, we anchored in St. Owen's Bay; and, next
+morning, Captain Ellison and myself went on shore to wait on Lord Balcarras. We
+called on Mr. Dumaresq on our way to St. Hilliers, who most obligingly assisted
+us with horses, and accompanied us to town after having engaged us to dinner. I
+had just time to call on our friends John Durell and Mr. Wm. Dumaresq, who were
+very kind in their offers of service. We then returned to St. Peter's, and I
+shall ever be thankful for one of the most pleasant days I have passed since I
+commanded the Crescent. Lord Balcarras and his aides-de-camp were the only
+strangers; Major and Mrs. Le Couteur were of the party; and they were all to
+have favoured me with their company on board the following day, had not untoward
+circumstances prevented that pleasure. In the evening <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>we had so thick a fog
+that it was impossible to join the ships; and at day-break we had the
+mortification to find, that, the wind having come to the southward, they had
+found it necessary to leave the bay. They however soon made their appearance,
+and with some difficulty I got on board.</p>
+
+<p>The weather not permitting our going on the French coast, I anchored in this
+bay, and detached a lugger with the third lieutenant, which will execute the
+service better than we could in the ships. They are here greatly relieved from
+their fears by knowing our squadron is so near them; and the ladies that at
+first emigrated are now returning. Write to me by the packet to Guernsey.</p>
+
+<p>When we can ascertain the force at Cancalle, I hope we shall find ourselves of
+sufficient strength to pay them a visit. If the emissaries are to be credited,
+they are disembarking their troops, and marching against the royalists in La
+Vend&eacute;e.</p>
+
+<p>I hope my sister continues well, as when I left you. And, with kindest love,</p>
+<p class="left60">I remain, yours ever affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Sunday evening.&mdash;P.S. Mr. French, third lieutenant, is this moment
+returned. He reports that eleven sail of frigates are in Cancalle Bay
+only;&mdash;not the least appearance of ships of the line.</p></div>
+
+<p>After remaining some time on this dangerous station, the Crescent and
+squadron returned to Plymouth, when Sir James Saumarez was employed on
+the expedition under Earl Moira, which need not be detailed here. On
+the 11th May he received orders to take a squadron under his command,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+to cruise off the Lizard. The following letter is relative to this
+cruise:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, at sea, 14th May, 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>Pursuant to your directions, I dispatch the Mary cutter to Plymouth for any
+orders you may be pleased to send me, and I avail myself of this opportunity to
+acquaint you with the proceedings of the squadron from the time of our
+departure.</p>
+
+<p>We made sail to the southward on Sunday night, and saw nothing except two
+neutral vessels. One of them was informed by Sir Richard Strachan, that on the
+6th instant he fell in with a squadron of French frigates in lat. 47&deg; 50' N.,
+long. 6&deg; 15' W.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning, about eighteen leagues to the southward of the Lizard, the
+weather having proved hazy, on clearing up we saw a ship and a brig, which we
+soon distinguished to be enemy's cruisers. I made the signal for general chase,
+and endeavoured to cut them off from the French coast. We pursued them till
+within four miles of Ushant, when they escaped through the passage De Four. I
+then made the best of my way to regain the station; and we are now anxiously
+looking for the frigates we sailed in pursuit of, with the hopes of better
+success.</p>
+
+<p>I beg to assure you of my most earnest endeavours to merit the confidence you
+are pleased to repose in me; being, with great truth,</p>
+<p class="left60">My dear Admiral,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your most faithful</span><br />
+<span class="left10">and obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride, Plymouth.</p></div>
+
+<p>It was in the interval between December 1793 and June 1794, that Sir
+James Saumarez and Sir Edward Pellew, and Sir John Warren, being each
+in command of squadrons of frigates, agreed to share prize-money until
+the latter should return to port, which did not take place until June.
+It is notorious in the navy that this led to a dispute, and
+consequently a coolness, between these gallant officers, but the
+misunderstanding was subsequently made up, and need not be farther
+alluded to.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st June Captain Saumarez returned to Plymouth from the coast
+of France adjacent to the Channel islands, and on the 6th received the
+following order from Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p>
+You are hereby required and directed to take under your command his Majesty's
+ships, luggers, and cutters, named on the margin,<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and proceed first with them to Guernsey and Jersey, and then
+endeavour to ascertain the force the enemy may have in Cancalle Bay and St.
+Maloes, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>and then return to Cawsand Bay, leaving the Prestwood cutter with
+Captain Ball, of his Majesty's ship Fury.</p>
+<p class="left60">Given under my hand, on board<br />
+<span class="left5">H.M.S. Echo, 6th June 1794.</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jno. M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James sailed on the 7th from Plymouth: the following is a copy of
+his official letter, giving an account of his action with the French
+squadron:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Guernsey, 8th June 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acquaint you that this morning, at dawn of day, being with
+his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command, and the Druid and Eurydice
+frigates, about twelve leagues to the northward of Guernsey, on the larboard
+tack, with a fresh breeze to the N.E., we fell in with five sail of ships and a
+cutter to windward. From their not bearing down, and other circumstances, I did
+not take them for enemy's ships; and I directed Lieut. Baker, of the Valiant,
+armed lugger, to make sail to windward, for the purpose of reconnoitring them.
+At six o'clock they hoisted national colours, and fired on the lugger. I then
+shortened sail to form the line; but the Eurydice sailing so indifferently, and
+having so superior a force to contend with,&mdash;three of the enemy's ships
+being large frigates, with another which I took for the Thames, and one
+apparently of twenty-four guns,&mdash;I directed Captain Cole to make all the
+sail he could and stand in shore, Guernsey at the time being in sight.
+<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/131-t.jpg" width="475" height="268"
+alt="Off Guernsey" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/131-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<p class="center">Commencement of the action between the Crescent and her squadron, with the
+French squadron of superior force off Guernsey.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p>I remained with this ship and the Druid under easy sail to windward.
+The two headmost ships of the enemy kept up a brisk fire as they came
+up; which was returned, but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>at too great a distance to do any
+considerable damage. At eight, the Eurydice being so far in shore as
+to run no risk of their coming up with her, and the whole French line
+coming up within gun-shot, I made sail with the Druid for the
+Hanoways.</p>
+
+<p>Observing the headmost of the enemy gaining very fast on the two
+ships, I hauled in for the shore with the view of drawing off her
+attention; which answered my purpose, as she immediately hauled up
+after me, and maintained a brisk fire for some time, but without
+effect. She then bore away, but the Druid and Eurydice were too far
+ahead; and soon after they hauled their wind to the northward.</p>
+
+<p>I feel every satisfaction in acquainting you that, from the spirit and
+bravery of my officers and men on this occasion, I am persuaded it
+would have had every effect, had we had a more equal force to contend
+with. I met with a noble support in Captain Ellison; and I have only
+to regret that Captain Cole was not in a ship of sufficient force to
+allow of my deriving advantage from his tact and intrepidity.</p>
+<p class="left50">I am, with every respect, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Rear-Admiral John M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p class="center">RELATIVE FORCE OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SQUADRONS.</p>
+<p class="center">English.</p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Force">
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Guns.</td>
+  <td>Weight of shot.</td>
+ </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">Crescent</td>
+  <td>36</td>
+  <td>630</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Druid</td>
+<td>36</td>
+<td>630</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Eurydice</td>
+<td>20</td>
+<td>240</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>92</td>
+<td>1500</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p class="center">The cutters and luggers went off to Plymouth when the action began.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">French.</p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="French force">
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>Weight of shot.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Le Sc&aelig;vola (raz&eacute;e)</td>
+<td>54</td>
+<td>1656</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Le Brutus (ditto)</td>
+<td>54</td>
+<td>1656</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">La Danae</td>
+<td>36</td>
+<td>800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">La F&eacute;licit&eacute; </td>
+<td>36 </td>
+<td>800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="left">La Terreur.</td>
+<td>12</td>
+<td>144</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>192</td>
+<td>5056</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus it appears that the French were 100 guns, and 3556 pounds in
+weight of metal, superior to the English squadron.</p>
+
+<p>This exploit, which has been justly considered by every officer of the
+navy a masterpiece of professional skill, as well as of presence of
+mind and intrepidity, should be more particularly related than in the
+above very modest public letter. The superiority of the enemy being
+much too great to be opposed with any chance of success, it became the
+imperative duty of Saumarez to effect, if possible, the escape of his
+ships, to which the enemy immediately gave chase. Observing that his
+own ship and the Druid had the advantage in sailing, and that the
+Eurydice, which was not only in bad condition but a bad sailer, would
+fall into their hands, he shortened sail, and having ordered the
+Eurydice by signal to push for Guernsey, he contrived, by occasionally
+showing a disposition to engage, to amuse the enemy, and lead him off
+until the Eurydice was safe. He now tacked, and, in order to save the
+Druid, closed with the enemy, passing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> along their line; and the
+capture of the Crescent seemed at one time inevitable. The Druid
+meanwhile made her escape, with the Eurydice, into Guernsey Roads.</p>
+
+<p>But Sir James Saumarez had for his own preservation a scheme which, in
+the first instance, required great courage; in the second, a perfect
+knowledge of a most dangerous and intricate channel; and, in the last,
+a consummate skill in the management of his ship. He was himself well
+acquainted with the coast, and possessed an experienced pilot, John
+Breton, a native, whose house was on that extremity of the island. As
+soon therefore as the other two ships were secure, he bore up as if to
+run his ship on the rocks, to avoid capture. Ordering his pilot to
+steer the Crescent through a narrow passage between the rocks, which
+had never before been attempted by a ship of her size, and defying the
+enemy to follow him, he reached the anchorage in safety,<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> to the no
+small surprise and mortification of the French, who, after firing some
+time over the rocks at the ship, were obliged, by the shot of the
+Crescent and that of the batteries, to give up the contest.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/134-t.jpg" width="450" height="258"
+alt="Rocks Guernsey" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/134-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<div class="blocquote">
+<p class="center">Close of the action when the Crescent retreated among the rocks at Guernsey.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p>It is worthy of remark that, after passing through the narrow channel,
+the ship had to sail so near to the shore of C&acirc;tel parish, that he
+could distinctly see his own house,&mdash;a position truly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> singular, for
+behind he beheld a French prison, and before him his own fireside!
+While passing through the narrowest part of the channel, Sir James
+asked the pilot if he was sure he could see the marks for running
+through? when he replied, "I am quite sure, for there is <span class="italic">your</span> house,
+and there is my own!"</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/135-t.jpg" width="325" height="617"
+alt="Chart Island" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/135-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">Chart of  the island of Guernsey, showing the positions of the English and French
+squadrons.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p>The gratification which Sir James must have felt in having, by his
+admirable skill and daring, so completely succeeded in saving the
+whole of the ships, could not but be highly augmented by the
+circumstance of his countrymen, and even his family and friends, being
+eye-witnesses of his gallant and judicious conduct.
+Lieutenant-governor Small, who, with a multitude of the inhabitants,
+beheld the whole of these masterly evolutions, immediately published
+the following flattering testimonial in his general orders, which was
+afterwards transmitted to Sir James by the brigade-major in a polite
+letter.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Parole, <span class="italic">Saumarez;</span> countersign,<span class="italic"> Crescent.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>The lieutenant-governor cannot, without doing injustice to his own feelings,
+help taking notice thus publicly of the gallant and distinguished conduct of Sir
+James Saumarez, with the officers and men of his Majesty's ships Crescent,
+Druid, and Eurydice, under his command, in the very unequal conflict of
+yesterday, where their consummate professional skill and masterly
+man&oelig;uvres demonstrated with brilliant effect the superiority of British
+seamanship and bravery, by repelling and frustrating the views of at least
+treble their force and weight of metal.</p>
+
+<p>This cheering instance of spirit and perseverance in a detachment of our royal
+navy, could not fail of presenting an animating and pleasing example to his
+Majesty's land forces, both of the line and island troops, who were anxious
+spectators, and beheld with admiration the active conduct of their brave
+countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>To the loyal inhabitants of Guernsey it afforded cause of real exultation to
+witness the manly and excellent conduct of an officer of whom this flourishing
+island has to boast he is a native.</p></div>
+
+<p>The governor of Guernsey, as a further mark of admiration at the
+gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez, wrote the following letter to
+the Secretary of the Admiralty:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Government-house, Guernsey, 9th June 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I do myself the honour of transmitting herewith a copy of what I deemed proper
+to insert this day in the public orders issued to his Majesty's forces stationed
+on the island of Guernsey, under my command. May I request that this tribute of
+well-earned approbation from a brother officer may be communicated to the Lords
+Commissioners of the Admiralty. Should it appear irregular that an
+extra-official communication of this nature comes from a department not
+immediately under their lordships' cognizance, the impropriety on my part I
+trust will be indulgently forgiven, as it arises from an irresistible impulse of
+wishing to do justice to merit and exertions far indeed above my praise. As an
+officer honoured with a public and confidential situation, and having from shore
+been an eye-witness of the gallant intrepidity of Sir James Saumarez, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>and
+sailors of his Majesty's ships Crescent, Druid, and Eurydice, under his command,
+I consider it my duty to express, although still inadequately, my opinion of the
+conduct of men whose modesty (the infallible concomitant of merit) may, in
+reporting to you, come short of what thousands of loyal and anxious spectators
+from this island beheld with joy and satisfaction, in the display of superior
+address and British bravery alluded to.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to subscribe myself,<br />
+<span class="i2">With esteem and high regard, sir,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John Small.</span></p>
+<p>To Philip Stephens, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+<p>N.B. The enclosure has been already given.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following general memorandum was issued to the squadron, dated</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.</p>
+<p>General Memorandum.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James Saumarez desires to return his best thanks to Captain Ellison, and the
+officers and men of H.M.S. Druid, for their spirited conduct and bravery on the
+8th instant, in having, jointly with the Crescent, repelled ships of the enemy
+treble our force. It is to be regretted that the bad sailing of the Eurydice
+prevented their deriving the advantage they otherwise would have received from
+Captain Cole and his brave ship's company.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.</p>
+<p>General Memorandum.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James Saumarez requests Captain Cole will signify to the officers and ship's
+company of his Majesty's ship Eurydice, under his command, how truly mortified
+he felt <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>himself at being deprived of their support and assistance on the 8th
+instant, in consequence of the bad sailing of their ship. Had the enemy's force
+on that day permitted their being brought to action on more equal terms, he is
+too fully persuaded of the gallantry and bravery of British seamen not to be
+convinced of its having been attended with the most signal success.</p></div>
+
+<p>Early in the action, the small vessels, being separated by the enemy,
+bore up for Plymouth. The Valiant arrived first with bad news; and
+then Mr. Hall, of the Cockchafer, went to Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride, and
+informed him that the whole of Sir James Saumarez' squadron was taken.
+The admiral, who was then suffering under a fit of the gout, demanded
+if he saw them strike; to which Mr. Hall replied that he did not, but
+they could not escape. This so enraged the admiral, who would not
+believe Sir James's squadron had been taken, that he threatened to
+throw his crutch at him, and sent him out of his presence in a very
+summary manner, charging him to return to Guernsey with the following
+letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Tuesday, 10th June.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>If I can gather anything right from Hall, of the little lugger that ran away
+from you, this will find you at Guernsey, and I hope in good health, with your
+associates; to whom remember me. The conduct of the small craft you are the best
+judge of, and I shall suspend my conjectures till I see or hear from you on that
+subject. As you must naturally have received damage, you will, I think, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>do well
+to return hither, by which time I suppose La Margaretta will arrive. Yesterday
+evening Sir Roger Curtis landed from the Phaeton. He left Lord Howe on the 4th.
+I know not the particulars, but there has been a general action; and I think
+Monsieur Jean Bon L'Andre and his Guillotine have had a thorough drubbing. We
+have lost very few officers of rank. Lord Howe is perfectly well, of which I
+give you joy.</p>
+<p class="left60">Yours, my dear sir, most affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the commodore, in consequence of the enemy's motions,
+wrote the following letter to the Admiralty:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, Guernsey Road, 11th June 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have despatched the Active cutter to Spithead, to acquaint you, for the
+information of their lordships, that the French squadron which engaged his
+Majesty's ships under my command on Sunday last, put into Cancalle Bay the day
+following. I have reason to believe they are part of the squadron that chased
+this ship, in company with the Nymphe and Concorde, on the 2nd instant, off the
+Seven Islands; and that the ships of the line that were then in company
+proceeded to Brest.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's ship Severn joined me this morning from Plymouth; and I propose to
+proceed to the Sound to-morrow, in compliance with orders from Rear-admiral
+M<sup>c</sup>Bride.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Philip Stephens, Esq. Secretary, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The squadron returned to Plymouth Sound on the 14th of June, when
+Sir James sent the following letter to his brother:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Saturday, 14th June 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>We sailed from the island at four yesterday morning, unluckily too
+soon for the arrival of the packet; by which I lost all the pretty
+things you, with other friends, said to me on the business of last
+Sunday. We remain also uninformed of Lord Howe's victory, except that
+we know a general action has taken place favourable to us. This
+evening will, I hope, clear up all our doubts.</p>
+
+<p>The French squadron put into Cancalle Bay the day after our rencontre,
+and I have reason to think were rather sore from our well-directed
+fire. That their fire did not take more effect on the Crescent, must
+be ascribed to a superior Providence; as, I will own to you, I never
+saw shot fall thicker about any ship than at the time we hauled up for
+Vason Bay.</p>
+
+<p>My old pilot, Jean Breton, has infinite merit, and I must have him
+recommended to that very laudable society for the encouragement of the
+protection of the commerce of the country. He has a large family, to
+whom any pecuniary recompense will be of service; but as two other
+pilots exerted themselves, one on board the Druid, and the other in
+this ship, I hope they will also be considered. Mention this to my
+worthy friend the Lord Mayor, who will probably have the goodness to
+undertake the business.</p>
+
+<p>I am proceeding to Plymouth for further orders, and you may rest
+assured of hearing from me when any thing is fixed. The Valiant lugger
+has this instant joined me from Plymouth, and has brought me the
+extraordinary Gazette; I most truly rejoice at the good news it
+contains, though I am savage enough to wish a few more had been sunk
+or taken.</p>
+
+<p>This business absorbs all lesser considerations, and I must be
+satisfied if I can only be considered the <span class="italic">horse-radish</span> to garnish
+the roast beef.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Adieu, my worthy Richard: lose no time, as the Admiral writes to me we
+shall sail again early next week. I hope to arrive in the Sound this
+evening.</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Yours affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James was, however, disappointed in receiving an answer from his
+brother, being ordered to sail in command of a squadron. The following
+letter concludes the account of the late meritorious affair:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Plymouth, Crescent, June 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+<p>I have been much disappointed, not to receive a single line from you since we
+sailed from this place, although I am convinced you must have written by way of
+Guernsey. To-morrow I sail with a squadron of six frigates under my command,
+viz. Crescent, Nymphe, Blonde, Druid, Concorde, and Severn: my only fear is,
+that we shall not be so fortunate as to fall in with the enemy. Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride
+has shown me his reply from the Admiralty to his letter, inclosing my account of
+our late business off Guernsey. It is highly flattering to myself, and
+expressive of their approbation of my conduct in the strongest terms. I doubt my
+letter being published, as it is only in instances where success has been the
+consequence.</p>
+
+<p>What a noble business that of Lord Howe! And how well he has fulfilled the
+expectations which those who knew him had formed of his character! Several of my
+friends are here who were in that action, and speak in the highest strain of
+panegyric of the whole of his conduct.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I wait for my wife being again on her legs to compose on the late victory. Why
+have you not a turn for poetry and music, so as to indite a song on this
+subject, in lieu of the famous <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Ninety-second'">Ninety-two</ins>., that has had the run of a whole
+century?</p>
+
+<p>Adieu, my worthy friend! I am truly and faithfully yours,</p>
+
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1794, 1795.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2">
+
+Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.&mdash;Visit to
+Weymouth.&mdash;Joins the Channel Fleet.&mdash;Black Rocks.&mdash;Private
+Letters and Instructions.&mdash;Appointed to the Orion.&mdash;Crescent's
+Officers and Crew volunteer to follow him.&mdash;Appointed to the Marlborough
+(<span class="italic">pro tempore</span>).&mdash;Commands a detached Squadron.&mdash;Returns to the Orion,
+attached to the Channel Fleet.&mdash;Private Letters.&mdash;Lord Bridport's
+Action.&mdash;Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.&mdash;Official
+Letter.&mdash;Two private Accounts.&mdash;Returns to Portsmouth&mdash;Expedition
+to Isle Dieu.&mdash;Returns to Spithead.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Saumarez, whose conduct in his late encounter with the enemy's
+squadron had called forth the admiration of his country, and the high
+approbation of the Admiralty, was continued in command of the squadron
+destined to protect the Channel islands. Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride emphatically
+said, "their defence could not be in better hands." Sir James left
+Plymouth on the 16th of June 1794, and arrived at Guernsey on the
+following day. The enemy's large ships escaped to Brest before any
+force could be brought to intercept them. The station of Saumarez was
+from Cape Barfleur to the Seven Islands; and, on the English coast,
+between the Isle of Wight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> and the Start, having four frigates under
+his command. The following letter to his brother gives an amusing
+account of a false alarm, occasioned by the squadron while his Majesty
+George the Third was at Weymouth:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Crescent, 18th September 1794.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I was made happy yesterday by the sight of your handwriting, of which I had for
+a considerable time been deprived. You will have learnt from the Lord Mayor of
+our short cruise off Cherbourg. On our return, Sunday evening, we caused an
+alarm I had little expected: the Trusty, having fallen in with the four
+frigates, made the private signal, which, not being distinctly seen, remained
+unanswered. In consequence of which she proceeded to Weymouth Road, making
+signals of an enemy. The troops were ordered under arms, the batteries manned,
+and the royal carriages got in readiness. At our approach to the road after
+dark, a shot was fired from the Trusty. This ship was secured with springs on
+her cables, and was ready to pour her broadside, when I fortunately made the
+night-signal, to denote we were friends. I immediately went on shore, and found
+the royal family at the rooms, not without apprehension of the enemy's landing.</p>
+
+<p>The King desired to see me, and very heartily laughed at the circumstance. I
+remained near an hour in conference with their Majesties in the tea-room; a very
+distinguished honour, I assure you, as even the lords in waiting are scarcely
+ever admitted during meals: I was highly flattered at the very gracious and
+flattering reception I met with. The next day they were on the water, and the
+King expressed himself much satisfied with the man&oelig;uvres <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>of the squadron
+under my directions. Lady S. and Mrs. Le Marchant, of Bath, were on board the
+Crescent, and I was happy in the company of Mr. G&mdash;&mdash;. All dined on board,
+and seemed well satisfied with the day.</p>
+
+<p>I expect Admiral M<sup>c</sup>Bride the beginning of next week; at which time we shall
+either go to Plymouth or Portsmouth, to complete our provisions. The weather is
+so bad that we must not expect the packet from Guernsey, and it prevents the one
+from Weymouth putting to sea. Love to my sister and children.</p>
+<p class="left70">Yours most affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Crescent continued on Channel service until the 10th of October,
+when she returned to Cawsand Bay; and, after a short cruise in the
+entrance of the Channel, she came to Plymouth to be refitted on the
+4th of November. On the 8th she was taken into dock, not having been
+coppered since 1784. Sir James had now an opportunity of enjoying
+repose for two months, (his ship being in course of repair,) till the
+15th of January 1795, when he was immediately attached to the grand
+fleet under Earl Howe.</p>
+
+<p>The following instructions will show the nature of the arduous service
+on which Saumarez was destined to be employed for a considerable time:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">
+Instructions for the conduct of ships appointed to obtain intelligence of the
+state of the enemy's naval force at Brest.</p>
+
+
+<p>Two frigates, supported by one or more ships <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>of the line, will be most
+generally appointed for obtaining intelligence of the enemy's naval force, from
+time to time, when the wind has been favourable to their fleet, or detachment
+thereof, to put to sea. The frigates so appointed are meant to stretch from
+Ushant inward to the Black Rocks, together or in succession, as requisite for
+their mutual support, and better means of communicating with the covering ships;
+and off St. Matthew's Point, or so as to discover whether the enemy's fleet are
+still in Brest water, and, if easily practicable, the number and situation of
+the enemy's ships of war there, and in the adjacent anchoring bays without the
+Goulet. The covering ships of the line, it is supposed, will generally answer
+the purpose of their appointment by keeping off, or a little within, the Black
+Rocks, whilst the frigates are advanced to the more eastern situation before
+mentioned. The several captains so employed are, nevertheless, to be governed on
+this service by the state of the weather and movements of the enemy, as they see
+best in their discretion, or may be directed by the commanding officer, for
+being able to get to sea with facility when necessary for the purpose of this
+appointment; and, having made the intended discovery, they are to return for
+reporting observations to me with all convenient despatch. They are to observe,
+that the capture of single ships of the line or frigates, or any action with the
+enemy not absolutely requisite for the security of their ships, is not an object
+of equal moment to compensate for any delay in conveying the earliest
+information to me, by signal or personal intercourse, of the state or motions of
+the enemy as aforesaid. The ordering of the fleet in their absence on this
+service will be calculated for arriving off Ushant as early as possible the next
+morning, on these occasions if the detached ships should not have joined the
+fleet the preceding day, in view to take advantage of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> every opportunity to
+intercept the ships of the enemy attempting to put to sea from Brest. And as it
+may be requisite often to renew this appointment, the intention will be
+expressed by signal No. 181, together with the particular signals (one or more)
+of the ships of the line and frigates then meant to be so employed; and the
+signal No. 124 will be subsequently made when the ships are to part company from
+the fleet for such purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given on board the Queen Charlotte,<br />
+Torbay, 5th February 1795.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Howe.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez,<br />
+<span class="left5">Captain H.M.S. Crescent.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>On this occasion Sir James Saumarez wrote the following letter to his
+brother, which shows the high opinion entertained of his services off
+the Black Rocks by his lordship:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Spithead, 15th January 1795.</p>
+
+<p>I had the pleasure of yours yesterday morning, and have only time to acquaint
+you that part of the fleet are now dropping down to St. Helen's, and to-morrow
+we hope to put to sea. The wind is far to the southward, but I hope we shall be
+able to get down Channel before it comes to the westward. There can be little
+doubt but the enemy's fleet are still at sea. If we have the good fortune to
+meet them, the business will be glorious for the country.</p>
+
+<p>Our line consists of thirty-five, ten of which are three-deckers. The French
+have only thirty-two, and four only of three-deckers. My situation in the fleet
+(repeating frigate) is certainly more desirable than a less conspicuous one; at
+the same time, I would rather command a seventy-four. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>Lord Howe is remarkably
+gracious, and has overwhelmed me with compliments in his opinion of my merits. I
+have the more to accomplish in order to show myself deserving of it. Be assured
+of my zealous endeavours. Adieu! Give my sincere love to my sister and dear
+children.</p>
+<p class="left65">I am ever affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James always preferred the command of a ship of the line to a
+frigate, notwithstanding the chances of prize-money are in favour of
+the latter. He accordingly made the following application to the First
+Lord of the Admiralty; and it will be seen, by the subsequent
+correspondence, that his wishes were complied with.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I beg leave to acquaint your lordship, that some time since I made application
+to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship, and the Earl of Chatham was pleased to
+signify his intention of meeting my wishes the earliest opportunity. I shall
+esteem myself greatly obliged to your lordship to appoint me to one, and at the
+same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's company.</p>
+<p class="left65">I have the honour to be, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p>
+<p>Right Honourable Earl Spencer.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging your letter to be appointed to
+a line-of-battle ship. I am not at present apprised of there being an immediate
+opportunity to comply with your request; but it will give me <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>great pleasure to
+have an early one afforded me of promoting an officer of so much acknowledged
+merit.</p>
+<p class="left60">I am, sir, with great respect,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Spencer.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Saumarez, H.M.S. Crescent.<br />
+<span class="left5">Admiralty, December 24th, 1794.</span></p>
+<hr class="c15"  />
+<p class="right">Crescent, Spithead, 1st March 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I beg to avail myself of the return of the fleet into port, to remind your
+lordship of the application I had the honour to make to be appointed to a
+line-of-battle ship; and as the Orion is likely soon to become vacant, I shall
+be greatly obliged to your lordship to have the goodness to give me the command
+of her, and at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's
+company.</p>
+
+<p class="left45"> I have the honour to be, my lord,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Right Honourable Earl Spencer.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p class="right">Crescent, off Spithead, 4th March 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments to your lordship for having been
+pleased to appoint me to the command of the Orion. I shall be further obliged to
+your lordship to permit the commissioned and warrant officers of the Crescent to
+be removed to her, with the ship's company. I have the honour to be, &amp;c.
+&amp;c.
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p>
+<p>Earl Spencer, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James remained with the Channel fleet until the 13th of March,
+when, at his own request,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> he was removed into his Majesty's ship
+Orion. The whole crew of the Crescent volunteered to follow him, and
+his application for them was in part complied with; as also for
+Lieutenants Otter and Rye, and some of the warrant and petty officers,
+who were consequently turned over to that ship, which was fitting at
+Portsmouth. As it would be a considerable time before she could be
+refitted so as to be ready for sea, Captain Saumarez was, at the
+special application of the admiral, Lord Hugh Seymour, appointed (pro
+tempore) to the Marlborough of seventy-four guns, and attached to a
+detachment of the grand fleet under the Honourable W. Waldegrave,
+(afterwards Lord Radstock,) cruising between Ushant and Cape
+Finisterre. His appointment was dated 19th March 1795. On the 8th of
+April he became senior officer of the detached squadron off the
+Western Isles, under the orders of Lord Bridport. He returned on the
+8th of June to take command of his own ship, the Orion, which had been
+fitted out by Captain Donnelly, and was now ready to receive orders
+for sea. He was now again placed under the orders of his lordship, the
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, and sailed on the 12th of
+June, two days after his arrival. On the 22nd, the squadron fell in
+with the enemy off L'Orient at daylight, at which time the Orion was
+one of the sternmost ships when the signal was made to chase. Her
+captain soon gave a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> manifest proof of his zeal and abilities on this
+occasion. She was, before morning of the 23rd, the headmost ship of
+the fleet; and, before six o'clock, was the first which actually began
+the action with one of the enemy's largest ships.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a copy of Lord Bridport's official despatch:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Royal George, at sea, 24th June 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is with sincere satisfaction I acquaint you, for the information of the Lords
+Commissioners of the Admiralty, that his Majesty's squadron under my command
+attacked the enemy's fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line, attended
+with eleven frigates and some smaller cruisers, on the 23rd instant, close in
+with the port of L'Orient. The ships which struck are the Alexander, Le
+Formidable, and Le Tigre, which were with difficulty retained. If the enemy had
+not been protected and sheltered by the land, I have every reason to believe
+that a much greater number, if not all the line-of-battle ships, would have been
+taken or destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>In detailing the particulars of this service, I am to state that at the dawn of
+day, on the 22nd instant, the Nymphe and Astrea, being the look-out frigates
+ahead, made the signal for the enemy's fleet. I soon perceived there was no
+intention to meet me in battle; consequently, I made the signal for four of the
+best-sailing ships, the Sanspareil, Orion, Russell, and Colossus, and, soon
+afterwards, the whole fleet, to chase; which continued all day and the whole
+night with very little wind.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of the 23rd, the headmost ships, the Orion, Irresistible,
+Queen Charlotte, Russell, Colossus, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>and Sanspareil, were pretty well up with
+the enemy; and a little before six o'clock the action began, and continued till
+near nine. When the ships struck, the British squadron was near to some
+batteries, and in the face of a strong naval port, which will manifest to the
+public the zeal, intrepidity, and skill of the admirals, captains, and all the
+other officers and seamen, and soldiers, employed upon this service; and they
+are fully entitled to my warmest acknowledgments.</p>
+
+<p>I beg also to be allowed to mark my approbation in a particular manner of
+Captain Domett's conduct, serving under my flag, for his manly spirit, and for
+the assistance I received from his active and attentive mind. I feel great
+satisfaction in doing justice to the meritorious conduct of all the officers of
+every class, as well as to the bravery of the seamen and soldiers in the Royal
+George, upon this event and on former occasions.</p>
+
+<p>I judged it necessary, upon the information I received of the force of the
+enemy, to put the Robust, Thunderer, and Standard into my line of battle; but
+their distance from my squadron, and there being little wind, prevented them
+from joining me till after the action was over.</p>
+
+<p>I shall proceed upon my station as soon as I have ordered a distribution of the
+prisoners, and made other necessary arrangements for the squadron. It is my
+intention to keep at sea, in order to fulfil every part of my instructions.</p>
+<p class="left75">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Bridport.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p><p>The enemy made their escape into L'Orient. By some accounts the
+commander-in-chief has been blamed for not continuing the action; but
+this does not seem to have been the opinion of Sir James Saumarez, who
+wrote the following letter to his brother on the day after the action.
+It is said that the fleet were not supplied with pilots for that part
+of the coast.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, at sea, 24th June 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I have the satisfaction to acquaint you that, last Monday, we fell in with the
+French fleet, about eighteen leagues from the Isle de Groix. The signal for a
+general chase was made at six o'clock; but, having little wind, we were still at
+a considerable distance from them in the evening. Our headmost ships denoted by
+signal that they consisted of fourteen sail of the line and eleven frigates. The
+admiral made the signal to engage the enemy on coming up with them. It was with
+great delight I found the Orion sail extremely well, and in the morning we were
+one of the headmost ships of the squadron. I should observe, that Sir John
+Warren's convoy were in sight at the time we first saw the enemy; and a vessel
+was detached to order the Robust and Thunderer to join us, which made our number
+nineteen sail of the line.</p>
+
+<p>The French fleet at daylight was about five miles from us, crowding all sail,
+and steering for their coast, which appeared in sight. At five o'clock, this
+ship, being ahead of the Queen Charlotte, began the action, and kept up a
+constant fire as we came up; which was warmly returned by the enemy's sternmost
+ships, one of which was the Montagne. Finding I could go to windward of one of
+their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>ships, I hauled up between her and their fleet, and gave her our larboard
+guns directly for her stern. She was afterwards attacked by other ships, to
+which she struck, and proved to be the Alexander.</p>
+
+<p>The Irresistible, Russell, Colossus, and Sanspareil were the headmost of our
+fleet after the Orion and Queen Charlotte, and engaged the enemy as they came
+up. A French seventy-four, that had taken fire on the poop, struck to the
+frigates. She is called the Formidable, and is not materially damaged from the
+fire. When the Queen, London, and finally the Royal George, came into action,
+they kept up a most amazing fire; but by this time the enemy were within three
+miles of their coast, and they all escaped except the Tigre, which struck to the
+Royal George.</p>
+
+<p>For further details I must refer you to the public accounts. Our loss in this
+ship has been inconsiderable when I assure you we were engaged with very little
+intermission the whole time of the action, which lasted four hours. We have four
+killed, two since dead, and eighteen wounded. The ship has suffered more in
+proportion in the hull, masts, and sails. We regret not to have had a few
+leagues' more space, as none could then have escaped. Port Louis, near L'Orient,
+has afforded them this timely shelter, but not till they had a severe drubbing.</p>
+
+<p>You will show the contents of this letter to Mr. Le Mesurier, as I have scarcely
+one moment to spare.</p>
+
+<p>Adieu! Remember me most kindly to my sister; and believe me truly, my dear
+Richard,</p>
+<p class="left70">Yours affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p>
+<p>You will oblige Lady S. by inclosing this, after perusal, to her.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+<p>This detachment of the Channel fleet, which was destined to protect
+the ill-fated expedition to Quiberon Bay, under Sir J. B. Warren,
+continued for some time on the coast; but the Orion, being one of the
+ships which had suffered most, was ordered to Portsmouth. On his
+arrival, Sir James wrote the following letter to his brother Richard.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Orion, off St. Helens, 12th July 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Brother,</p>
+
+<p>I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint you, that I parted from the fleet
+last Thursday, with the Charon, hospital ship, which I saw safe into Portland
+this morning: Captain Grindall, (the only captain wounded,) who took his passage
+on board her, was much recovered. On the day I left the fleet, Admiral
+Cornwallis, with the ships under his command, joined Lord Bridport; and I
+imagine the Queen Charlotte, with the ships that suffered most in the action,
+will go home. As the Orion requires a new fore-mast and bowsprit, besides
+considerable repair, I take it for granted she will be ordered into harbour.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after the action we were alarmed by the appearance of an epidemic
+fever on board; but, by sending the men infected on board the hospital ship, and
+using timely precaution, I am happy to say it has entirely subsided, but it gave
+me a great degree of concern: added to this, we have had the small-pox on board;
+but it has been of so favourable a kind, that the men who have had it are all
+doing well, two excepted, who died on board the hospital ship. Several are now
+under inoculation, and I hope will recover.</p>
+
+<p>We have lost eight men in consequence of the action: all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>the wounded, except
+two, are nearly well; their wounds, I am happy to find, were slight.</p>
+
+<p>It will have surprised you to find me differ in my statement of the action from
+the Admiral, when I mention having begun the action. The fact was, the
+Irresistible fired two, or, I believe, three bow-guns, but I never could
+consider that entitling her to being the first in action; <span class="italic">but of this hereafter</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Now is a good opportunity for you and my sister to come and spend a few days at
+Portsmouth, if you can spare time to undertake the journey. Come down
+immediately, and take a sail in the ship into Portsmouth Harbour. I was in great
+hope to be in time to see Lady S. this evening, but I fear it is impossible; it
+is near eight o'clock, and we are no nearer than St. Helen's Road, with little
+wind. I have heard from none of my friends during the cruise, so that I know not
+what became of you after your peregrination to St. Helens.</p>
+
+<p>The prizes left the fleet ten days ago, and must be expected the first westerly
+winds. You will be glad to hear that Mr. Otter is promoted.</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Yours affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p>
+
+<p>P.S. Portsmouth, 15th July 1795. I have only time to acquaint you with my being
+just landed. Let me hear from you. Adieu!</p></div>
+
+<p>We here give a diagram of this action at the time it began. When the
+Irresistible fired her bow-guns, she was in <span class="italic">chase</span>, astern and not up
+alongside of the enemy; but the Orion reserved all her fire until
+actually alongside; she was certainly the first that could bring all
+her broadside to bear on one of the enemy's ships, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> therefore
+justly claims the honour of having commenced the battle. But Sir James
+took no steps to correct the statement, and was, as usual, content
+with being included in the mass of those who distinguished themselves
+on that occasion.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Position of the hostile fleets on the morning of the 23rd June 1795, when the
+headmost ships brought the rear of the enemy to action.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/163.jpg" width="500" height="508"
+alt="diagram2" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>No.1. Orion, Capt. Sir J. Saumarez. 2. Queen Charlotte, Capt. Sir A.
+S. Douglas. 3. Irresistible, Capt. Grindall. 4. Russell, Capt. T.
+Luscom. 5. Colossus, Capt. Moncton. 6. Sanspareil, Admiral Lord H.
+Seymour, Capt. Brown. 7. London, Capt. Griffith. 8. Queen,
+Rear-admiral Gardner, Capt. Bedford. 9. Prince George, Capt. Edge. 10.
+Royal George, Admiral Lord Bridport, Captain Domett.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<p>The Orion was taken into Portsmouth harbour, and, as six weeks were
+required to repair her damages, Sir James had another month's
+relaxation from actual service. It was the 18th July before she was
+reported ready for sea. On the 21st he wrote the following letter to
+his brother, describing the service on which he was now to be
+employed:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Ryde, 21st August 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>Expecting to sail from day to day, I delayed writing till I could acquaint you
+with the precise time of our departure. This morning the wind proved easterly,
+but it has again veered to the westward, and become as uncertain as ever, so
+that I yet hope to hear from you. I understand that about four thousand troops,
+<span class="italic">British</span>, and fifteen hundred emigrants, sail under our escort. They are
+commanded by General Doyle, and it is supposed are destined to take possession
+of Noirmoutier, to keep up communication with Charrette's army. Monsieur, who
+you know is embarked on board the Jason, accompanies them. It is to be hoped
+that this last effort of ours to secure a footing on their own territory to
+these unfortunate people, will prove successful; I say this last, for, from what
+I learn, Lord Moira resigns with the whole of his staff, and the rest of his
+army are to be, under command of Sir R. Abercromby, destined for the West
+Indies.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>We are likely to have enough on our hands should war be continued, as it is
+impossible but we must have the Spanish to contend with. Several ships sailed
+this morning to reinforce our squadron in the North Seas, which shows the Dutch
+are beginning to stir themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I write from Ryde, where Lady S. has been since yesterday, being near Spithead,
+where I must be every day. As the wind is at present, there is every reason to
+expect that we shall be here some days longer; therefore write to me. Adieu! God
+bless you all!</p>
+<p class="left65">I am truly and affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The expedition, alluded to in the above letter, was placed under
+command of Rear-admiral Henry Harvey, and consisted of the Prince of
+Wales (flag-ship), Queen Charlotte, Prince, Orion, Russell, Arethusa,
+and Jason, with a convoy of one hundred and twenty-six vessels. These
+were detained at Spithead till the end of September; and on the 13th
+of October they reached Isle Dieu, where they were destined to
+co-operate with the former expedition. When off Hedic, Admiral Harvey
+sent the Orion to join Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, with that
+part of the convoy intended to act with the royalists, while he
+proceeded with the rest to the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The troops were landed. The Orion was employed blockading the coast
+near Rochfort and L'Orient; the nature of which memorable service will
+be best understood from the following letters from Sir James to his
+brother.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, at sea, 26th October.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+<p>I have just learnt from the Admiral, that he intends to despatch the Porcupine
+for England, which gives me an opportunity of writing a line merely to acquaint
+you of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>our being in existence, but most deucedly tired of our cruise: nothing
+worthy our notice has occurred since my last letter. Sir John Warren left
+Quiberon Bay last Wednesday for Noirmoutier, whence it is supposed the emigrants
+will join Charrette's army. We pay frequent visits to our friends in Port Louis.
+They continue nearly in the same state as when we left them after the 23rd of
+June; and, from the intelligence we have obtained, they are not in any
+forwardness for sea, being without stores or men.</p>
+
+<p>We experienced hitherto remarkable fine weather, which I hope will continue; but
+nothing can equal our unvaried scene, fixed to this confounded spot, without the
+least prospect of anything falling in our way. We have not even the advantage of
+hearing from England; for, sparingly, two ships only have joined us from
+Plymouth since we are on this station. In short, my dear friend, I am heartily
+tired of so inactive a situation, and shall very sincerely rejoice to be
+relieved from it. You are much more likely to receive accounts of the expedition
+than we are, having but little intercourse with the army, and that little is
+solely confined to the Admiral, who deals out the news very <span class="italic">cautiously</span>. Could we
+but hear from our friends, it would yield us some comfort; but that we are also
+denied: it is, however, some satisfaction we can let them know we are alive. God
+bless you! and believe me, with my kindest love to my dear sister and children,</p>
+<p class="left70"> Yours most affectionately,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="right">Orion, Houat, 26th November 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>We sailed from Isle Dieu this day, subsequent to my letter by the Thunderer; and
+various have been the decisions respecting withdrawing the troops from that
+island. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>On Monday, Sir John Warren sailed with the Robust, Theseus, and four
+frigates, with the intention of making the embarkation; but it came on to blow
+so strong that they were obliged to put back. I was dispensed with from that
+service, by having been appointed to carry on the communication with the
+royalists, for the purpose of conveying to them the immense supply of stores and
+ammunition intended for them, besides about thirty thousand pounds in specie.
+The 24th was the day fixed for their being landed, and General George was to
+muster all his force to receive them, at a place called Bitiers, at the entrance
+of the Villaine; but the weather proved so boisterous on that and the following
+day, that there existed no possibility of any communication.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Warren, to my great satisfaction, joined me this morning with the
+frigates; the embarkation from Isle Dieu having at last been given up. To-morrow
+we hope to hear that our friends occupy the post agreed on; and we shall throw
+them as speedily as possible, by means of the chasse-mar&eacute;es and boats of the
+squadron, the various articles in our possession which they so much want.</p>
+
+<p>The last letters I have received were dated the 19th: they mention P&mdash;&mdash;
+being under arrest; but there was a difference of opinion respecting him, which
+was submitted to Monsieur. As his Royal Highness is gone home, it will be some
+time before his fate is decided. Being informed that the Standard was ordered
+for England, I would not lose the opportunity, and in some way I hope to inform
+you with the successful result of our enterprise: once ended, I hope we shall
+bend our steps homeward.</p>
+
+<p>Our friend Dan, with Phil. Dumaresq, are perfectly well. Remember me with
+kindest love to my sister, and believe me ever affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+<p>The details of the failure of this expedition need not be dwelt upon;
+it was finally determined on the 13th of December to withdraw the
+troops, and Sir James Saumarez consequently received the following
+order:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>By Henry Harvey, Esq. Rear-admiral of the Red, &amp;c.<br />
+<span class="left5">To Sir James Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.</span></p>
+
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to take under your convoy all the
+transports, store-ships, victuallers, and other vessels lying in this bay, and
+put to sea in company with his Majesty's squadron under my command. You will
+have under your direction his Majesty's ship Porcupine, whose captain is
+directed to follow your orders. You are to use your utmost endeavours to keep
+company with me; but, in case of separation, make the best of your way to
+Spithead, leaving off Plymouth such of the victuallers as may have sailed from
+that port.</p>
+<p>Given under my hand, on board the<br />
+Prince of Wales, 17th December<br />
+1795, Houat Roads.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">H. Harvey.</p></div>
+
+<p>Admiral Harvey parted from the convoy off Brest, and Sir James arrived
+at Spithead, after having looked into Brest, on the 30th December, and
+reported his arrival to the Secretary of the Admiralty; to which he
+received the following answer:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right"> 31st December 1795.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
+your letter of yesterday's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>date, informing them of your arrival at Spithead in
+the ship you command, with part of the transports under your convoy, from
+Quiberon Bay; and I have their lordships' command to acquaint you that they are
+pleased with your proceedings.</p>
+<p class="left65">I am, sir, your obedient humble servant,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Evan Nepean.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Sir James Saumarez,<br />
+<span class="left5"> H.M.S. Orion, Spithead.</span></p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1796, 1797.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Orion taken into dock.&mdash;Is refitted, and joins the Channel
+fleet.&mdash;Detached on a particular service.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Proceeds to
+reinforce Sir John Jervis.&mdash;List of his fleet.&mdash;Battle with Spanish
+fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a private letter.&mdash;Conduct of
+Saumarez in the action.&mdash;Salvador del Mundo strikes to the Orion, and is
+taken possession of by her lieutenant.&mdash;Engages the Santissima
+Trinidada.&mdash;She strikes to the Orion.&mdash;Remarks on that
+occasion.&mdash;Lagos Bay.&mdash;Lisbon.&mdash;Sir James sails on a cruise with
+Admiral Sir H. Nelson.&mdash;Returns.&mdash;Commands the advanced
+squadron.&mdash;Several private letters.&mdash;Commands the advanced squadron
+off Cadiz.&mdash;Mutiny in the fleet.&mdash;Anecdote and remarks thereon.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Orion was ordered into harbour; and on examination it was found
+she had been so much strained during the last cruise, particularly in
+the November storm, subsequently known by the name of "Admiral
+Christian's gale," besides having sprung her lower masts, that it
+became absolutely necessary for her to be taken into dock. During the
+next four months Sir James obtained, leave of absence; and it was not
+until the 7th of May 1796, that, having rejoined his ship, he was
+called into active service, the Orion being placed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> in Rear-admiral
+Lord Hugh Seymour's division of the grand fleet which was fitted for
+foreign service.</p>
+
+<p>After a short cruise off Brest, the Orion proceeded to reinforce the
+fleet under Sir John Jervis, off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron
+consisted of the Sanspareil (flag-ship), Orion, Triumph, Juste,
+Hector, and Theseus, of the line; Phaeton and Latona, frigates; and
+Incendiary, fire-ship. On arriving off their station, Captain Saumarez
+was detached to Fayall by Lord Hugh's order, dated the 13th June, to
+obtain stock, wine, &amp;c. for the use of the squadron; and was directed
+to meet his lordship at ten leagues to the westward of that island;
+after which the squadron returned to Cape St. Vincent, and from
+thence, in the month of September, they joined the Channel fleet,
+under Lord Gardner.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of December the Orion returned to Spithead, in order to
+refit and replenish in water and provisions, after a six months'
+unsuccessful cruise. This occupied but a short time; and on the 17th
+of the same month Sir James proceeded in the Orion, with a squadron
+under the orders of Admiral W. Parker, to reinforce Sir John Jervis,
+off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron consisted of the Prince George,
+98; Namur, 90; Irresistible, Orion, and Colossus, of 74 guns; and
+Thalia frigate. The junction with Sir John was effected on the 6th of
+February.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> Thus reinforced, the Admiral had under his command&mdash;</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<table cellpadding="5" summary="English ships">
+<colgroup span="3"
+align="left">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>100</td>
+<td>Victory,</td>
+<td>Admiral Sir John Jervis.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain Robert Calder.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain George Grey.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Britannia, </td>
+<td>Vice-admiral Charles Thompson.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain Foley.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>98</td>
+<td>Barfleur,</td>
+<td>Vice-admiral Hon. W. Waldegrave.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain J.R. Dacres.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Prince George,</td>
+<td>Rear-admiral W. Parker.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain John Irwin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Blenheim,</td>
+<td>Captain Thos. L. Frederick.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>90</td>
+<td>Namur,</td>
+<td>Captain James H. Whitshed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>Captain,</td>
+<td>Commodore Horatio Nelson.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captain R.W. Miller.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Goliath,</td>
+<td>Captain Charles Knowles.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Excellent,</td>
+<td>Captain Cuthbert Collingwood.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Orion, </td>
+<td>Captain Sir James Saumarez.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Colossus,</td>
+<td>Captain Geo. Murray.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Egmont, </td>
+<td>Captain John Sutton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Culloden,  </td>
+<td>Captain Thomas Troubridge.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Irresistible,</td>
+<td>Captain Geo. Martin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>64 </td>
+<td>Diadem,</td>
+<td>Captain Geo. H. <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Towny'">Towry</ins>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>38</td>
+<td>Minerve,</td>
+<td>Captain Geo. Cockburn.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>32</td>
+<td>Lively,</td>
+<td>Captain Lord Garlies.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Niger,</td>
+<td>Captain Ed. Jas. Foote.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Southampton, </td>
+<td>Captain Jas. Macnamara.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Slps</td>
+<td>Bonne Citoyenne, </td>
+<td>Captain Chas. Lindsay.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Raven,</td>
+<td>Captain W. Prowse.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cut.</td>
+<td>Fox,</td>
+<td>Lieutenant John Gibson.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Sir John Jervis was well aware that the Spanish fleet might be nearly
+double his force, but he kept working up towards the position where he
+expected to meet them. On the 13th, in the morning, the Minerve,
+Captain Cockburn, bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Nelson,
+(which was afterwards shifted to the Captain, 74) having on board Sir
+Gilbert Elliot, late viceroy of Corsica and others, came into the
+fleet with intelligence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> that on the 11th, soon after quitting
+Gibraltar, she had been chased by two Spanish line-of-battle ships;
+and that afterwards, when in the mouth of the Straits, she got sight
+of the Spanish fleet. Before sunset the signals were made for the
+British fleet to prepare for battle, and to keep in close order all
+the night, during which the signal-guns of the Spaniards were
+distinctly heard. At half-past two, A.M. the Portuguese frigate
+Carlotta spoke the Victory; and her captain (Campbell) gave
+information that the Spanish grand fleet, commanded by Don Josef de
+Cordova, was only five leagues to windward; that they had sailed from
+Carthagena on the 1st of the month, and consisted of twenty-eight sail
+of the line, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<table cellspacing="5" summary="French and Spanish ships">
+<colgroup span="2"
+align="left">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>130</td>
+<td>Santissima Trinidada.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>(four-decker).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>112</td>
+<td>Concepcion.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Conde de Regla.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Mexicano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Principe de Asturias.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Salvador del Mundo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Josef.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>Neptuno.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Nicolas.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>Atalante.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Bahama.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Conquistador.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Firme.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Glorioso.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Oriente.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Pelayo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Antonio.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Domingo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Firmin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San F'sco de Paula.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Genaro.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Ildefonso.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Juan Nepomuceno.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Pablo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>San Ysidro.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Soberano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Terrible.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>There were also twelve frigates, some gun-boats, and seventy
+transports with troops, which were disembarked at Algesiras.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is not positively known what the destination of this powerful fleet
+was; some accounts say Cadiz, others Brest. It is, however, certain
+that their admiral did not expect to meet more than ten or twelve sail
+of the line with Sir John Jervis, and that he anticipated an easy
+capture, and a triumphant entry into port with his prizes. His dismay
+may therefore be easily imagined at seeing the English fleet of
+fifteen sail of the line close to him, in excellent order of battle,
+while his own fleet was in such a scattered situation as to render it
+impossible to prevent his intrepid enemy from cutting off a group
+which had separated from the main body of his fleet, and which in vain
+attempted to rejoin by crowding all sail.</p>
+
+<p>As it is not our intention to enter into the particulars of this
+memorable battle, excepting as regards the Orion, an extract from the
+admiral's despatch will be sufficient to show the bold and decisive
+step which he took on that occasion, and by which he succeeded in
+obtaining a most glorious victory over double his force.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The hope of falling in with the Spanish fleet, expressed in my letter to you of
+the 13th instant, was confirmed last night by distinctly hearing the report of
+their signal-guns, and by intelligence received from Captain Foote, of his
+Majesty's ship Niger, who had, with equal judgment and perseverance, kept
+company with them for several days, on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> my prescribed rendezvous, (which, from
+the strong S.E. wind, I had never been able to reach,) and that they were not
+more than the distance of three or four leagues from us.</p>
+
+<p>I anxiously waited the dawn of day; when, being on the starboard tack, Cape St.
+Vincent bearing E.N.E. eight leagues, I had the satisfaction of seeing a number
+of ships extended from S.W. to S., the wind then W. by S. At forty-nine minutes
+past ten, the weather being extremely hazy, La Bonne Citoyenne made the signal
+that the ships seen were of the line, twenty-five in number.</p>
+
+<p> His Majesty's squadron under my command, consisting of fifteen ships of the
+line, happily formed in the most compact order of sailing in two lines. By
+carrying a press of sail, I was fortunate in getting in with the enemy's fleet
+at half-past eleven, before it had time to collect and form a regular order of
+battle. Such a moment was not to be lost; and, confident in the skill, valour,
+and discipline of the officers and men I had the happiness to command, and
+judging that the honour of his Majesty's arms, and the circumstances of the war
+in these seas, required a considerable degree of enterprise, I felt myself
+justified in departing from the regular system; and, passing through their fleet
+in a line formed with the utmost celerity, tacked, and thereby separated
+one-third from the main body. After a partial cannonade, which prevented their
+rejunction till the evening, and by the very great exertions of the ships which
+had the good fortune to arrive up with the enemy on the larboard tack, the ships
+named in the margin<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> were captured, and the action ceased about five o'clock.</p></div>
+
+<p>That the Orion was one of those ships which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> distinguished themselves
+will best appear from the private letter of her brave commander to his
+brother, written only the day after the action; a circumstance which
+cannot but give such a communication a value far superior to a more
+elaborate composition. The log also of his ship, written at the time
+by the master, to which we have had access, completely accords with
+the facts so clearly stated in the letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, Lagos Bay, 15th February 1797.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>You will be happy to receive an account from me of the important victory
+obtained by our squadron over the Spanish fleet, consisting of nearly double our
+force. The Admiral having received previous information of their sailing from
+Carthagena, and of their cruising off the entrance of the Straits, gave us
+timely notice of the intelligence by the signal to prepare for battle.</p>
+
+<p>Early on Tuesday morning, the weather being hazy, with light winds, the frigates
+on the look-out made the signal for discovering the enemy, and soon after we
+discerned several ships to leeward, and the body of the fleet to windward. We
+were then on the starboard tack, standing to the southward. The signal was made
+to different ships to chase; and, shortly after, for the fleet to form in line
+of battle as most convenient. The enemy at this time were bearing down to join
+their ships to leeward; but we came upon them so fast, that, before they could
+effect the junction, the headmost ships, which were the Culloden, Prince George,
+Orion, Blenheim, and Colossus, with the Victory and the rest coming up, it was
+effectually <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>prevented. They then hauled their wind on the larboard tack, and
+our Admiral made the signal for the fleet to tack. Our sternmost ships then
+became the headmost.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Nelson, who had joined from Elba the day before, shifted his pendant
+to the Captain, the leading ship, and distinguished himself most eminently. The
+Culloden, Blenheim, Prince George, and Orion, were the next that came up, and
+were warmly engaged for nearly three hours with the body of the enemy's fleet,
+who had not had the time, or address, to form into any order. But it is only
+doing them justice to say, they defended themselves very bravely.</p>
+
+<p>We were, for above an hour, opposed to a three-decker, the Salvador del Mundo,
+which finally struck to this ship; we lowered the boat from the stern, and gave
+orders to Mr. Luce, the first lieutenant, to take possession of her; still
+making sail for the other ships, and following Admiral Parker in the Prince
+George. The Excellent, which had passed us to windward, had made a
+line-of-battle ship, the San Domingo, strike some time before this.</p>
+
+<p>Several ships of the enemy were extremely shattered in their masts and sails;
+but, keeping up a warm fire on their ships, the Captain laid one of them, the
+San Nicolas, an eighty-four, on board, and hauled down her colours. A
+three-decker, the San Josef, wishing, I believe, to rescue the ship, got on
+board of her, and gave Commodore Nelson an opportunity of also hauling down her
+colours. His bravery on this occasion is above all praise.</p>
+
+<p>The Namur and other ships had by this time joined the van, and engaged as they
+came up. I stood for a three-decker, which, after engaging some time, struck her
+colours: she first had showed a white flag, which, though I concluded to
+indicate a truce, was not satisfactory to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>myself, and we continued firing till
+they hoisted an English flag over the Spanish, on which we ceased firing.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's ships, many of which had not been in action, at this time came up
+and were forming to windward. The Admiral made the signal to wear and come to
+the wind on the starboard tack; wishing, I believe, to keep his squadron
+collected near the prizes, as well as the Captain, that was much disabled,
+besides the Colossus, which ship very unfortunately lost her fore-yard very
+early in the action. This ill-timed, but doubtless necessary man&oelig;uvre,
+lost us the additional triumph of having the Purissima Concepcion, to grace the
+ships already in our possession, and I experienced the regret of again seeing
+her resume the Spanish colours.</p>
+
+<p>I have here related to you facts as they really occurred, and I believe all my
+officers will vouch for the authenticity of this account. I am happy to acquaint
+you that we have providentially lost no man in the action; eight only wounded,
+all doing well; amongst which number is Mr. Mansell, from a contusion in his
+right shoulder by splinter. Our main and mizen top-masts are alone disabled, and
+the hull has not suffered materially. All the officers, and every man
+individually, behaved as nobly as I have ever witnessed; and you know it is not
+the first action in which I have seen courage excited.</p>
+
+<p>This is copied from the letter I write to my brother. My amanuensis is a
+gentleman who acted as my aide-de-camp, and I beg you will acquaint his good
+father that he acquitted himself highly to my satisfaction, and showed himself
+deserving the stock from which he sprung. I truly hope in due time to have the
+opportunity of advancing a young man of his merit.</p>
+
+<p>In case I have not time to write to my brother, as the above has been copied
+only from the scraps of the letter <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>I intended writing, send him this letter,
+stating my great hurry and the pressure of service at this crisis.</p>
+
+<p>Adieu! nothing can equal my impatience to hear from you, and to receive good
+accounts of my sister.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">I am truly, most affectionately yours,</p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Lagos Bay, 17th February 1797.</p>
+
+<p>The principal cause of my present haste is my anxiety attending the care of the
+San Josef, which we have in tow, and which has delayed us more than I can
+express, these twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. I since have found it was the Santissima Trinidada, and not the Concepcion,
+that struck, but afterwards got off. And the St. Ysidro, 74 guns, and not the
+Santa Domingo, that is captured. The Santissima Trinidada is reported to be off
+here by one of our frigates.</p></div>
+
+<p>The enemy, however, passed Lagos Bay, leaving the prizes unmolested.
+As the further details, and Spanish account of this action, will be
+found in the Appendix, we shall proceed by giving the copies of the
+following letters.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2 right">Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>No language I am possessed of can convey the high sense I entertain of the
+exemplary conduct of the flag-officers, captains, officers, seamen, marines, and
+soldiers embarked on board every ship of the squadron I have the honour to
+command, present at the vigorous and successful attack made upon the fleet of
+Spain on the 14th instant. The signal advantage obtained by his Majesty's arms
+on that day is entirely owing to their determined valour and discipline; and I
+request you will accept yourself, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>and give my thanks and approbation to those
+composing the crew of the ship under your command.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">I am, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right">J. <span class="smcap">Jervis.</span></p>
+<p>To Captain Sir James Saumarez, Orion.</p></div>
+
+<p>In consequence of this glorious victory, obtained, under Providence,
+by the valour and discipline of the crews of his Majesty's ships on
+the 14th February 1797, the commander-in-chief was pleased to grant a
+free pardon to James Maloney, seaman, then under sentence of death for
+repeated desertion from H.M.S. Speedy, which was communicated in the
+most impressive manner to the fleet.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot but remark that, in the various accounts of this action,
+justice has been but barely done to the commander of the Orion, who is
+only mentioned as one of the six captains who prevented the junction
+of the enemy's separated squadron. If any act of heroism displayed on
+that occasion was designed to be particularly recorded in the public
+despatches, surely the fact that the Orion was the last ship that
+engaged and took possession of the Salvador del Mundo, and then made
+the Santissima Trinidada strike her colours and hoist the English flag
+over the Spanish, deserves a place. For these achievements we have the
+undoubted testimonies, not only of the gallant commander and the
+officers of the ship,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> viz. Sir John Savage, Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, but also that of one of the officers of the Spanish ship who
+was on board at the time, and who added, that "we did not surrender
+until all further defence was hopeless." The Orion could not send a
+boat to her, because she had already taken possession of the Salvador,
+on board which ship she had sent her first lieutenant and as many men
+as she could spare, and also because she had no boat that could swim:
+but this, it appeared, raised some doubts on the subject; and on a
+subsequent occasion, when the captains met on board the Victory,
+Commodore Nelson said, "It <span class="italic">was true</span>, Saumarez, that the Santissima
+struck to you; the Spanish officers have acknowledged it." Sir James,
+supposing from the manner in which this was spoken that Nelson had
+doubted the truth of his report, answered rather sharply, "Who ever
+doubted it, sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to
+establish the truth of the report of a British officer."</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Luce's description of the state he found the Salvador in
+was appalling in the extreme.&mdash;There were more than fifty lying on the
+decks with wounds requiring amputation. In many instances the Spanish
+surgeon, after having separated the limb, omitted to tie up the
+arteries; consequently, on removing the tourniquet, the victim in a
+few minutes bled to death: and the English sailors, who at length
+stopped his merciless hand,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> were with difficulty prevented from
+throwing him overboard with those he had butchered.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Luce was one of the officers promoted, in consequence of
+this battle, to the rank of master and commander.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet now returned to Lisbon, where the conquerors were received
+with every demonstration of joy and gratitude. The English factory
+presented a congratulatory address; and at this place the thanks of
+both houses of parliament were communicated to them; and a third time
+to Sir James, as one of the most distinguished captains. At the same
+time he received from Earl Spencer and Lord Hugh Seymour the following
+handsome letters of congratulation:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you most sincerely on your having been present at the most
+brilliant action which our naval history records, and on having had so
+distinguished a share in it.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am, dear sir, with great truth,<br />
+<span class="left5">Your very obedient, humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 8th March 1797.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Spencer.</span></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir James,</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you most heartily on your having had another opportunity of
+displaying your merit, and on the share which you bore in the most brilliant
+action that ever was achieved.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I hope that I need not assure you how much I have shared with your friends the
+satisfaction your conduct has given them; the reward for which, I hope, you will
+long enjoy in the approbation of the whole world, which is now bestowed upon
+you.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">I am, my dear Sir James,<br />
+<span class="i4">Most truly and faithfully yours,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">H. Seymour.</span></p>
+<p>Admiralty, March 10th, 1797.</p></div>
+
+<p>Early in March the Orion was again ready for active service; and the
+following letter gives an account of the departure of Sir James
+Saumarez with Commodore Nelson on a cruize.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, off the Tagus, 6th March 1797.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I had the pleasure of your letter by packet, and I have to tell you we are now
+actually under sail, with Commodore Nelson, in the Irresistible, the Leander,
+and some frigates, going to intercept several Spanish ships expected from Vera
+Cruz with rich cargoes. Be not surprised if, with our <span class="italic">desperate</span> commodore, you
+hear of our taking the whole Spanish fleet, should we fall in with them. Our
+cruise is expected to last only three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>I hope on our return to receive letters from my friends, in reply to those I
+sent by the Lively. I shall thank you, when you see our friends in Walbrook, if
+you will mention to them that all my brother officers are extremely incensed at
+the opinion given by Sir William Scott on the case of the Kingston; and we hope
+he will have found reason to alter it. It is the circumstance, and not the value
+of the salvage, that has displeased us so much.</p>
+
+<p>We are just going over the Bar, so I must conclude <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>with my sincere and best
+wishes for health and every happiness to attend you, my dear sister and family,</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I am ever, my dear Richard,<br />
+<span class="left10">Affectionately yours,</span></p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>This short cruize was, however, an unsuccessful one; and the commodore
+had not yet an opportunity of displaying his valour. They returned to
+Lisbon, and found that their commander-in-chief had become Earl St.
+Vincent, and that Nelson had received the grand cross of the Bath;
+while Saumarez was among those on whom was bestowed a gold medal for
+their gallant conduct on Valentine's Day.</p>
+
+<p>A reinforcement had now arrived from England; and the whole fleet,
+consisting of twenty-one sail of the line, resumed the blockade of
+Cadiz, where they arrived on the 2nd of April, and found there the
+whole Spanish fleet of twenty-six sail of the line. Sir Horatio
+Nelson, who at first commanded the advanced squadron, was ordered up
+to Elba; and Sir James, in the Orion, succeeded in his room; during
+which time the two Spanish frigates Nimfa and Elena were captured by
+the Irresistible, Captain Martin, who chased them by signal from the
+Orion. Sir James on this occasion sent a flag of truce, and entered
+into correspondence with the Spanish admiral Mazarredo; which, we need
+only add, completely succeeded, and met with the high approbation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> of
+the commander-in-chief, as will appear from the following extracts of
+letters from Earl St. Vincent to Saumarez.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Ville de Paris, 11th May 1797.</p>
+
+<p>You approve yourself so able in the diplomatique, that you need no assistance
+from me: in truth, a better despatch could not have been penn'd than yours of
+yesterday to Don Joseph De Mazarredo.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p class="right">13th May.</p>
+
+<p>I very much admire your last letter to Mazarredo, as I have done all the former.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p class="right">27th May.</p>
+
+<p>I like your letter so much better than mine, of which I enclose a copy, that I
+desire you will send it on immediately.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p class="right">Ville de Paris, 30th May 1797.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible for any man to have acquitted himself with greater ability than
+you have done during the time you commanded the blockade; for which I return you
+my best thanks. Your last letter to Mazarredo is a masterpiece; and you will
+perceive, by the enclosed copy of my letter to him, in answer to his comment on
+our suspicion about the seamen from Trinidad, that I profited by your hint
+relative to the prisoners landed at Lagos. Your lash on the destruction of the
+Spanish ships he bears with Spanish stoicism: <span class="italic">nous verrons</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following communication from Sir James Saumarez to the
+commander-in-chief will elucidate the foregoing extracts:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>(Secret.)</p>
+<p class="right">Orion, 27th May, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing the cutter on her way to the advanced squadron this morning, I waited to
+send the flag of truce till she joined. I had prepared the enclosed for Don
+Mazarredo, but was happy to find you had been pleased to take up the business. I
+therefore confined my letter solely to the certificates for the seven men taken
+in the two Spanish barks.&mdash;In a former letter, you were pleased to advert
+to a proposed descent when the troops joined from Gibraltar. I hope you will
+excuse the zeal that urges me to observe, that if possession was taken of Fort
+St. Mary, it would in a great degree leave us masters of the entrance of Cadiz,
+and enable us to drive all the outward ships up the harbour, and possibly
+destroy some of them. I am extremely obliged to you for permitting the Flora to
+remain with the advanced squadron, where she is of the greatest service.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="left65">I am with great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right smcap">James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The high opinion entertained by Nelson of the great talent and zeal of
+Saumarez, is evidenced in the following short, but characteristic
+epistle:</p>
+
+<p class="right">Theseus, June 9th 1797.</p>
+<p>My <span class="smcap">dear Sir James</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Send, I beg, whatever you think fit towards San Lucar: all you do is right, and
+can hardly want my sanction. I hope your boats will be rewarded for their
+trouble; they take all the prizes for our squadron.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following letter to his brother in London gives an interesting
+account of the proceedings of Sir James Saumarez.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, off Cadiz, 26th May, 1797.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>I had the happiness to receive your kind letter of the 2nd yesterday,
+with several of nearly the same date, from Bath, and from our friends
+in the island. Having been near two months without hearing from you,
+and knowing you had been ill, you will readily suppose I was anxious
+for your letter. You will have heard from me by various opportunities
+since we sailed from the Tagus; my last acquainting you that I was
+entrusted with the command of the advanced squadron for effecting the
+blockade of Cadiz. We find, from different accounts, that the
+inhabitants feel great distress from the interruption of their trade,
+and begin to be in great want of provisions and other articles. We
+have detained a few neutrals laden with Spanish property, and two or
+three Spanish vessels; but as the whole fleet partake of them, they
+will not be very productive.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Horatio, now Rear-admiral Nelson, joined the fleet yesterday,
+having left the troops he brought from Elba at Gibraltar. I know not
+whether he is to resume the command of the advanced squadron. All the
+fleet are anchored about five miles from us, and we lie between them
+and the entrance of Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>All private accounts from England agree with you in the prospect of
+peace; and they are corroborated by those we occasionally receive from
+Cadiz. It is certain that the Spaniards are extremely tired with the
+war; and they are apprehensive of insurrection amongst themselves.
+Mazarredo, who commands their fleet, went off for Madrid a fortnight
+ago, and, it is said, to represent the state of the fleet, and its
+insufficiency to cope with ours.</p>
+
+<p>We understand Lord H. Seymour is off Cape St. Vincent, and that
+Admiral Frederick is on his way with five <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>sail of the line. It looks
+as if ministers meant to back the negociation with all their force.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiralty order respecting the increase of wages, &amp;c. has been
+read to the different ships' companies; and I am happy to observe that
+in my ship no part of their conduct has hitherto shown the least
+appearance of discontent. It is much to be lamented that the
+disturbance which prevailed in the Channel fleet was not timely
+prevented, as the same spirit of disaffection may hereafter show
+itself when it may not be so easily suppressed.</p>
+
+<p>We begin to want the luxuries, yet abound in the essentials of
+life,&mdash;having plenty of beef, mutton, fowls, &amp;c. Seriously, I have not
+had above twelve men in the sicklist since I left Lisbon, and most of
+them slight complaints.</p>
+
+<p>I want to hear that my sister has <span class="italic">dreamt</span> of another action,&mdash;or,
+what is still better, of galleons! It must be soon, or the approaching
+peace will oblige us to restore what we may capture. I am happy to
+hear from my brother Thomas that things go on prosperously at
+Guernsey, and that he does not fear the French, though the two
+regiments are taken from him.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">Adieu, my dear Richard!<br />
+<span class="left10">Affectionately yours,</span></p>
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>No part of the career of Sir James Saumarez is more deserving of
+admiration than his conduct on the unfortunate disaffection which took
+place in His Majesty's fleet; a calamity gently alluded to in the
+above letter. This circumstance, which must ever redound to his
+honour, was entirely owing to the high state of discipline of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+crew in his own ship, and to their unalterable attachment to their
+commander, under whom the greatest part had served since the
+commencement of the war. It was from a perfect knowledge of that
+loyalty of spirit in which he justly confided, that he consented to
+receive from the Prince George one of the worst of the mutineers in
+that ship, who was to have been tried for his life. The seasonable
+admonition which this man received from Sir James, and the attention
+paid to his situation and feelings, had the desired effect of working
+a complete change in his conduct, and from being one of the most
+hardened of the mutineers, he soon became one of the most loyal, as he
+was one of the bravest of English sailors. It was only three days
+after he came on board that the signal was made for a boat from each
+ship to attend the execution of three of the mutineers on board the
+Prince George; which Earl St. Vincent, by a well-timed decision, had
+ordered to take place very soon after the sentence, and while the
+in-shore squadron were actually engaged with the enemy. He directed,
+moreover, that this duty should be performed entirely by their own
+ship's crew.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James availed himself of this trying occasion to work out the
+man's full conversion. Instead of sending him, as it is customary to
+send culprits, in the boats to witness the execution of his shipmates,
+he ordered him into his cabin, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> having represented in the mildest
+and most feeling terms the heinousness of the crime which he was known
+to have committed, he assured him that it was his intention to spare
+him the anguish he must endure of beholding his late companions
+suffering the last penalty of the law for the very crime of which he
+had been guilty.</p>
+
+<p>This well-timed exhortation had the desired effect. The penitent man
+fell on his knees, and with tears in his eyes acknowledged the
+heinousness of his offence, and expressed the strongest protestations
+of future loyalty, and of gratitude as well as attachment to his
+humane commander. What followed was most creditable to both. The man
+not only kept his word, but highly distinguished himself: at the
+battle of the Nile he was captain of a gun, and, after the action, was
+very instrumental, from his exertions and ability as carpenter's mate,
+in saving the Peuple Souverain, which struck to the Orion. Being one
+of those who took possession of the former ship, he was slung over the
+side, and successfully employed in stopping the shot-holes under water
+as the vessel rolled in the opposite direction;&mdash;a dangerous service,
+which requires much intrepidity and address.</p>
+
+<p>It is, indeed, by no means surprising that the spirit of mutiny never
+appeared in the Orion, or in any ship Sir James commanded. The proper
+degree of discipline which was always maintained&mdash;the attention that
+was invariably paid to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> wants and the comforts of the crew,&mdash;the
+excellent regulations of his ship, which were subversive of every kind
+of vice and immorality,&mdash;his own unaffected piety, and, lastly, the
+example he himself set before his officers and men,&mdash;established in
+his ship a feeling of respect for, and warm attachment to, the captain
+which could not be shaken by any artifice of the wicked; for every
+officer and man looked up habitually to their commander as their
+<span class="italic">best</span> friend and adviser. There may, indeed, have been some ships,
+wherein the crews were made up from the metropolitan and other
+prisons, that no treatment would have brought under proper discipline;
+but we may confidently assert, that had all the ships in His Majesty's
+fleets been commanded by such officers as Saumarez, the disgraceful
+spirit of insubordination would never have been so seriously and
+generally diffused. The Orion's crew treated all attempts to seduce
+them with just indignation!</p>
+
+<p>Earl St. Vincent being well aware of the confidence that could be
+placed in the Orion at this critical time, kept her, for the safety of
+his fleet, constantly at the post of honour in the advance; and it was
+during this period of active and arduous service that a circumstance
+occurred which does honour to all concerned, while it particularly
+displays the humane character of Captain Saumarez, who was not one of
+those that desired or permitted his officers and men to risk their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+lives on any dangerous or desperate enterprise without a mature and
+compassionate consideration of the consequences.</p>
+
+<p>Near the fortifications of Cadiz, as if to guard the entrance of the
+harbour, about twenty gun-vessels had been placed, which it appeared
+to Earl St. Vincent might be cut out by the boats of the advanced
+squadron; and accordingly an order was sent by the commander-in-chief
+to Captain Saumarez, directing him to proceed in <span class="italic">person</span> with the
+boats of each ship to make the attempt. It was sufficiently evident to
+Captain Saumarez, who, from the position of the Orion, had a better
+view of the gun-vessels, that they were moored there on purpose to
+provoke an attack for which the enemy were well prepared; but, having
+received the order to command in <span class="italic">person</span>, he could not make known his
+opinions without appearing averse to risk his own life on an
+enterprise which the commander-in-chief thought advisable. Having thus
+in his own mind no doubt that the affair would be both desperate and
+bloody, he selected those officers and men who were unmarried for the
+service, a list of whom he sent to the first lieutenant, with the
+necessary orders to prepare the boats.</p>
+
+<p>This list being exhibited in the ward-room, Captain (now
+Lieutenant-general Sir John) Savage, of the Marines, had the
+mortification to see that his name was omitted, while those of the
+two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> subalterns of that distinguished corps were inserted. This
+gallant officer, who had been a sharer with his heroic chief in
+several actions, felt hurt that he was not chosen on this glorious
+occasion; and, having ventured respectfully to express his feelings,
+was sent for to the cabin, when he was addressed by his commander in
+the following terms:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>"Captain Savage, do not imagine that your name is left out in the list because I
+have not a high opinion of your zeal and intrepidity. I well know that you would
+be foremost in the assault; but I am also well aware that this is a desperate
+enterprise: many will fall; and if <span class="italic">you</span> should be one, who is to support your
+wife and family? The case is different with me: I am ordered, and my duty is to
+obey. Perhaps if Lord St. Vincent knew what I do, he would not send us; but it
+does not become me <span class="italic">now</span> to make any observation. However, aware as I am of the
+consequences, I cannot conscientiously order you to accompany me, under the
+conviction that your valuable life would thereby be sacrificed."</p></div>
+
+<p>The entreaties of Captain Savage were in vain. He beheld with mixed
+feelings of disappointment, gratitude, and admiration, his humane and
+heroic commander leave his ship at the head of the perilous enterprise
+with that smile on his manly countenance which denoted a full
+determination<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> to face every danger. The boats had not proceeded far
+before a storm arose directly off the land, against which no boats
+could make way, and it was with some difficulty they regained the
+ships. It was afterwards fully ascertained from various sources that
+these gun-vessels had been moored in that position with rivetted
+chains, having no person on board them, in order to tempt an attack;
+and that the plan was, to let the boats take possession, and then open
+a destructive fire from the batteries, which were kept several nights
+lined with troops for the purpose. Had not a merciful interposition of
+Providence prevented the advance of the boats, there can be no doubt
+that many, if not all the lives of the assailants, would have been
+sacrificed!</p>
+
+<p>We shall leave the feelings of Earl St. Vincent, when the truth came
+out, as well as those of Captain Savage and all concerned, to the
+imagination of the reader.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1797&mdash;1798.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced
+squadron.&mdash;Bombardment of Cadiz.&mdash;Nelson sails for
+Teneriffe.&mdash;Saumarez resumes the command.&mdash;Escorts a convoy to
+Gibraltar.&mdash;Refits at Lisbon, and returns.&mdash;Conducts the negotiation
+for exchange of prisoners.&mdash;Sir W. Parker relieves Sir James.&mdash;He
+arrives at Gibraltar.&mdash;Is attached to Nelson's squadron.&mdash;Proceeds off
+Toulon.&mdash;A storm.&mdash;Vanguard dismasted.&mdash;Great exertions of the
+Orion and Alexander in refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.&mdash;Sailing of
+the Toulon fleet.&mdash;Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.&mdash;Pursues
+the enemy unsuccessfully.&mdash;Proceedings of the fleet in a journal addressed
+by Sir James to his family.&mdash;French fleet discovered in Aboukir
+Bay.&mdash;Battle of the Nile.&mdash;Diagram of ditto.&mdash;Conduct of the
+Orion.&mdash;Saumarez wounded.&mdash;Writes to Nelson.&mdash;Goes on board the
+Vanguard.&mdash;Occurrences there.&mdash;Remarks on the name of the second in
+command being left out in Nelson's despatches.&mdash;On the mode of
+attack.&mdash;Various letters and orders.&mdash;Sir James's account of the
+battle, in a letter to Lady Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rear-admiral</span> Sir Horatio Nelson having resumed the command of the advanced
+squadron, Earl St. Vincent determined to bombard the city of Cadiz, for the
+double purpose of inducing the Spanish admiral Mazarredo, who had now
+twenty-eight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> sail of the line, to put to sea: the Earl wished moreover to
+employ the minds of the seamen, which had become unsettled by the baneful
+example of those in England. Accordingly the Thunder bomb, covered by the boats
+of the squadron, made the first attempt; but her mortar was discovered to have
+been injured in retreating: she was assailed by the Spaniards, when after a
+desperate struggle she was rescued, and the Spanish commanding-officer, Don
+Miguel Tyrason, was eventually made prisoner by Nelson, who also captured a
+number of men and two mortar-boats.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th July, another bombardment took place by the Thunder,
+Terror, and Strombolo, which being judiciously placed, their fire
+produced a considerable effect on both the town and shipping, and
+obliged the Spanish admirals to remove their fleet out of shell-range.
+This attack, like the first, ended in an encounter between the
+gun-boats. The third attempt, which was to have taken place on the
+8th, was rendered abortive by a strong gale blowing off the shore.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th, Nelson having been detached with a squadron of three sail
+of the line, a fifty, and three frigates, on the unfortunate
+expedition to Teneriffe, the command of the advanced squadron again
+devolved on Sir James Saumarez. Nothing could surpass the zeal and
+intrepidity with which he performed this arduous duty. On the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> 18th
+August he escorted a convoy to Gibraltar, and having refreshed his
+crew and refitted his ship, he resumed his duty off Cadiz, sometimes
+at anchor off the harbour, and under sail when obliged by the weather.
+On the 15th November he was relieved, in order to refit at Lisbon, and
+entered the Tagus on the 25th, returning about the same day in the
+next month to the blockade of Cadiz, which was almost entirely
+intrusted to him. Such indeed were his vigilance and activity, that
+nothing escaped during that period. He displayed, moreover, great tact
+and address in several communications with the Spanish admiral on the
+subject of the exchange of prisoners, to the entire satisfaction of
+Earl St. Vincent, the commander-in-chief, who had always reposed the
+most implicit confidence in his judgment.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of February 1798, the Spanish fleet were seen coming out of
+Cadiz, and, in hopes of decoying them into the open sea, the English
+fleet retired to Cape St. Vincent; but it was soon found that on the
+14th the enemy had returned into port, being unwilling again to try
+the fortune of war with such an opponent. The advanced squadron was at
+that time commanded by Sir William Parker, who remained there.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James Saumarez continued with the fleet until the 28th April, when
+he was sent to refit at Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th May 1798, the Orion sailed from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> Gibraltar in company with
+the Vanguard, Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson,&mdash;the Alexander, Captain
+Ball,&mdash;Emerald and Terpsichore frigates, and Bonne Citoyenne
+sloop,&mdash;with orders from Earl St. Vincent to watch the enemy's fleet
+at Toulon. When they were fairly through the Straits of Gibraltar, the
+following order was given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center"><span class="italic">Most secret rendezvous.</span></p>
+
+<p>In the direct track between Cape Saint Sebastian's and Toulon, in lat. 42&deg; 20'
+N. from twenty to thirty leagues from the Cape; and, not hearing where I may be,
+in ten days return to Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given on board His Majesty's ship Vanguard,<br />
+at sea, 14th May 1798.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir J. Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.<br />
+<span class="i2">By command of the Rear-admiral,</span> <span class="i2 smcap">J. Campbell.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>On the 17th, off Cape Sicie, the Orion being sent in chase, captured
+the Pierre, French corvette, which sailed the evening before from
+Toulon, and obtained the following information from the prisoners,
+which was immediately sent to the Rear-admiral: viz. "That the enemy's
+fleet, consisting of twelve sail of the line, besides six Venetian
+ships, were in readiness to sail, with a great number of transports,
+having on board both cavalry and infantry, on a secret expedition. The
+French general Buonaparte arrived at Toulon ten days ago to command
+the expedition, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> was to embark in the Sans-culotte, (afterwards
+L'Orient,) which ship was said to have three thousand men on board,
+including her complement; almost all the line-of-battle ships had
+troops on board. Three frigates,&mdash;La Juno, La Diane, and La
+Justice,&mdash;were seen by the corvette this morning, and sailed from
+Toulon five days ago."</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th a strong gale blew from the N.W. which being fair for the
+enemy, they sailed from Toulon, and, calling off Genoa, stood across
+to Cape Corse. This powerful expedition was found to consist of
+thirteen sail of the line, six frigates, and transports amounting to
+nearly four hundred sail, having on board, including the crews,
+forty-eight thousand men. It appears that, although not many leagues
+distant from Nelson's squadron, the fleet did not experience a gale
+which blew with uncommon violence on the 21st, and in which, after
+losing her three top-masts, the Vanguard lost her fore-mast and sprung
+her bowsprit; while the Orion and Alexander lost each a main-top-sail,
+and it was with difficulty they reached the Bay of St. Pietro in
+Sardinia on the following day. Here the squadron had a narrow escape;
+for, besides crossing the track of the enemy on the night of the 20th,
+they, by being at anchor in this bay, were not discovered by a
+detachment which the enemy sent in quest of them, and to which, in
+their disabled state, they must have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> been an easy capture. By the
+assistance of the Orion and Alexander the damages of the Vanguard were
+repaired in four days!</p>
+
+<p>It has been justly said by Nelson, that "the exertions of Sir James
+Saumarez in the Orion have been wonderful: if the Vanguard had been in
+England, months would have been taken to send her to sea; here my
+operations will not be delayed four days, and I shall rejoin the rest
+of my fleet on the rendezvous." <a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>Accordingly, on the 27th, while
+the Orion was taking possession of a Spanish brig, the Vanguard and
+Alexander joined her off the port; but the frigates which had parted
+never afterwards joined.</p>
+
+<p>The following journal, written in the shape of a letter by Sir James
+to his family, detailing the proceedings of the squadron, and the
+events previous to the memorable 1st of August, will be read with much
+interest.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">"Orion, St. Peter's Port, <br />
+"Island of Sardinia, 24th May 1798.</p></div>
+
+<p>"If the letter I sent you the 18th instant arrives safely, it will
+apprise you of our being in the neighbourhood of Toulon, with every
+prospect of a propitious cruise. The squadron experienced blowing
+weather till the Sunday following, when it became more moderate; and
+in the afternoon a valuable vessel was captured, from Smyrna, laden
+with cotton. This little success<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> appeared the forerunner of our
+future good fortune; and we began to make exulting reflections on the
+advantages of our situation. A few hours, however, convinced us of the
+futility of all our views, and the instability of human projects: at
+ten o'clock the wind began to increase with such rapidity as scarcely
+to give us time to take in our sails, and prepare to encounter the
+gale: at midnight we were reduced to a close-reefed main-topsail; a
+tremendous sea, and vivid flashes of lightning, convinced us that the
+storm was not at its height: at three o'clock our main-top-sail was
+shattered to ribands, and blew overboard.</p>
+
+<p>"The dawn of day presented to us a sad spectacle: the Vanguard without
+a fore-mast, and her main and mizen-top-mast gone; the rest of the
+squadron much dispersed, and the prize captured the evening before not
+in sight.</p>
+
+<p>"Providentially the Vanguard was enabled to <span class="italic">wear</span> on the other
+<span class="italic">tack</span>, as the sea was setting her fast towards Corsica, from which
+island we were not many leagues distant. The gale continued with
+unabated violence until the afternoon, when it became rather more
+moderate, but still there was a very great sea. This ship, with the
+Alexander and Emerald, kept company with the Admiral, and the latter
+parted in the night.</p>
+
+<p>"The next morning the gale had considerably abated, and we were
+enabled to set some sail. The Admiral hailed me that he intended to
+proceed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> for Orestan Bay, in the island of Sardinia, and directed me
+to make the land, which we discovered at noon: but the wind would not
+enable the Vanguard, in her disabled state, to reach it before night;
+and Sir H. Nelson altered his intention for this bay, which we reached
+yesterday morning, though not without having passed a most anxious
+night: the Alexander having the Vanguard in tow, within three miles of
+a most dangerous coast, where there existed no possibility of
+anchoring, and with which we were totally unacquainted. This is a very
+safe harbour, sheltered from any wind, very happily for us; as the
+weather has continued very unsettled since we are here. St. Pietro is
+a very small town; and the island, as well as this part of Sardinia,
+appears very uncultivated.</p>
+
+<p>"The governor sent an officer to the Admiral this morning, who very
+civilly informed us that by a late alliance with France he was not
+permitted to admit us in the port; at the same time observing that, as
+he could not prevent it, we might do as we pleased, but that he could
+not give us <span class="italic">pratique</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"We are going on in the equipment of the Vanguard with all expedition;
+and we hope the three ships will be ready to sail by next Sunday, Sir
+H. Nelson is happily very well, and has not lost his usual spirits.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday, 25th.&mdash;Whilst I was on shore this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> morning to have some
+conversation with the governor, a sail was discovered off the island,
+and my signal made to prepare to proceed after her, supposing she was
+an enemy. We are however disappointed, it being a neutral vessel from
+Cagliari, the principal port in Sardinia; and I am now returning to
+the anchorage. I have great hopes my having been on shore this morning
+will be attended with a good effect; the governor having promised to
+supply us with oxen, sheep, and as much poultry as can be procured by
+to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 27th May.&mdash;This morning my signal was made to chase a vessel,
+which I came up with and captured: she proved a Spanish brig from
+Cagliari, laden with wheat. It was in contemplation to set fire to
+her; we, however, finally determined to send the people on shore, and,
+if they bring off the value of the corn, we shall restore her to them.
+The Vanguard, being repaired of her damages, got under way this
+morning with the Alexander. I was happy to find my negotiation with
+the governor succeeded; and we have been supplied with the articles I
+mentioned, on moderate terms, both for the ships' companies and
+officers, which is a seasonable relief, as Gibraltar supplied us with
+nothing whatever excepting fowls.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not free from great anxiety lest the account of the gale we
+encountered may reach England before that of our safety shall arrive,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+and give you some uneasiness; but the experience you have had how
+nugatory all such fears are, will, I hope, make you banish them for
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>"Monday, 29th.&mdash;The Spaniard not having come off as was expected, the
+Admiral determined on sending the prize to Gibraltar. I hazarded a
+line by her for Mr. Le Mesurier; but we form no great expectation of
+her safety, from the great number of the enemy's gun-boats. A vessel
+we spoke yesterday, from Marseilles, informs us that the French fleet
+put to sea, the 20th, from Toulon, with all their transports, &amp;c.: as
+it was that evening the gale of wind came on, we have no doubt but
+they must have suffered severely. By this vessel we have also several
+papers from Paris, the latest dated the 16th instant: they contain
+extracts from the English papers, which to us are very interesting,
+viz. the capture of the Hercule, the defeat at <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Marcon'">Marcou</ins>, Sir Sidney
+Smith's escape, and other important news, which, on the whole, are
+favourable to the welfare of the country, particularly as regards the
+unanimity which appears to prevail in England.</p>
+
+<p>"I dined, together with Captain Ball, on board the Vanguard: we all
+form great expectations of our future success, which, I trust, will be
+realized. Certain it is that no ships could be ordered on a more
+promising service.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 3rd June&mdash;Nothing particular has occurred these last days.
+Yesterday a vessel was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> spoken with, which mentioned having seen
+eleven sail of the line, a few days ago, supposed to be English. We
+are at a loss what conjectures to put on this intelligence. We are at
+present off Toulon: unfortunately, none of our frigates have joined
+us, and we are apprehensive they have returned to Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday.&mdash;La Mutine brig joined us this morning, with the very
+interesting intelligence of the arrival off Cadiz of the reinforcement
+under Sir R. Curtis; and that Captain Troubridge, with eleven sail,
+was on his way to join us: we look for him with the utmost impatience,
+trusting in the Divine Providence to be in time to baffle the designs
+of the enemy, who, we understand, are certainly gone to Naples with
+their numerous army. I shall now go on with this journal with great
+glee, inasmuch as our proceedings are becoming of such very great
+import.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 7th.&mdash;Nothing can equal our anxiety to fall in with the
+reinforcement. Our squadron has been, these two days, detached in all
+directions, without falling in with them; and there is strong reason
+to fear they think us returned to Gibraltar. This morning the
+Alexander and myself chased two vessels, one of which we have just
+taken possession of; she proves a Spanish vessel from Genoa, not very
+valuable: the other the Alexander is still in chase of.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday, 8th.&mdash;As this is in some degree to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> a faithful account of
+our transactions, I must not conceal from you the deep distress I have
+been under at finding myself this morning parted from the Vanguard,
+and the Alexander almost out of sight; knowing how important and very
+material it was, for the good of the service we were upon, that the
+squadron should not be separated. It was not till this afternoon I was
+relieved from the most acute anxiety I have ever suffered, by the
+Leander joining me, with the very satisfactory account that Sir H.
+Nelson, while we were in chase, fell in with the expected ships under
+Captain Troubridge, and which occasioned our separation. I am now
+under full sail to join them; and have not the least doubt of being in
+time to add my endeavours to promote the tranquillity of Christendom
+by the destruction of the enemy's fleet, which, I firmly believe,
+cannot now escape us.</p>
+
+<p>"Our prize requiring more men than I can at this time conveniently
+spare to navigate her, I have consented to her being ransomed for ten
+thousand dollars, although, I dare say, worth more than five times
+that sum. She had thirty-six ex-Jesuits (Spanish priests), who, after
+having been banished from Spain, had resided thirty-one years in
+Italy, '<span class="italic">et &agrave; pr&eacute;sent pr&eacute;voyans le bannissement menac&eacute; des ex-Jesuites
+Espagnols des nouvelles r&eacute;publiques Italiennes, retournoient chez
+eux</span>.' Thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> these poor wretches are driven about according to the
+prejudices of the times. She had also on board Swiss recruits for the
+Spanish army, eight of whom have entered volunteers in Captain
+Savage's corps, which I consider an acquisition: but no captured
+vessel ever gave so much uneasiness as she has caused me; and I have
+often wished we had never seen her, even had she been worth a million
+of money.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 10th June.&mdash;I had the great satisfaction yesterday to join
+Sir H. Nelson with the reinforcement; and this morning the Alexander
+joined us, after having captured the prize she chased, which I
+understand to be a valuable ship, also from Genoa.</p>
+
+<p>"We are now fourteen sail of the line, with La Mutine brig only; our
+present anxiety is to gain information of the enemy's fleet, and to
+find them where we can attack them. I hope to give you soon good
+intelligence of them, and speedily be the bearer of the good news in
+person, as Sir H. Nelson has orders to send the Orion home, when he
+can spare her. What a blessing if our present endeavours should be
+crowned with success, and I have the good fortune to proceed to
+England immediately after; which at present is really intended, having
+seen the order from the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, June 12th: off Elba.&mdash;We have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> reached this distance without
+having been enabled to obtain any information of the enemy, who we
+have reason to think are not far from our squadron: the winds have
+been very favourable to us, as at this time of the year calms are very
+prevailing. Although a long period has elapsed since I was on this
+station, I derive great advantage, as well as satisfaction, from my
+recollection of the different places we have passed. We are at present
+between Corsica and Leghorn, about fifteen leagues from the latter: if
+we do not hear anything of the French fleet before we get to Naples,
+we shall rendezvous at that place; and, we hope, in time to save that
+country from the hands of our rapacious enemy.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 14th.&mdash;The Admiral has this morning made the signal of his
+having gained intelligence of the enemy, and that they were off
+Syracuse in the island of Sicily. This information has been
+communicated by a Moor that the Leander has spoken with. We are now in
+full sail, with a fresh breeze of wind; and to-morrow we hope to get
+sight of Naples, in order to obtain more certain accounts of them. The
+officers and crews in the several ships are all in the highest
+spirits; and I never remember going into action with more certain
+hopes of success.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday, 15th.&mdash;I dined with Sir Horatio to-day, and find his
+intelligence only extends to the enemy's fleet having been seen off
+Sicily. As<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> he has sent Captain Troubridge in La Mutine to Naples, we
+may expect to-morrow more certain accounts of them; but we have reason
+to suppose them gone for Alexandria, the distance from which to the
+Red Sea is only three days' journey. They may soon be transported
+thence by water to the East Indies, with the assistance of their ally
+and our inveterate enemy, Tippoo Saib; and with their numerous army
+they expect to drive us out of our possessions in India. This profound
+scheme, which is thought very feasible, we hope to frustrate by coming
+up with them before they reach the place of their destination; and, as
+we know them to have great numbers of troops embarked in their
+men-of-war, they will become an easier prey to us.</p>
+
+<p>"Saturday, 16th.&mdash;Calms and baffling winds since yesterday have
+prevented our getting within sight of Naples, although all the time
+within a few miles of that beautiful place; which you must suppose has
+been mortifying to an extreme. We are looking out for the Mutine. As
+soon as she joins us we expect to proceed in search of the enemy. Our
+route lies through a passage often celebrated by the ancients, "the
+famous Scylla and Charybdis." We shall have sight of Mount &AElig;tna and
+other volcanoes, particularly Mount Strombolo, and other small islands
+formed by subterranean eruptions. We are at present in sight of
+Vesuvius, at the foot of which Naples is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> situated; but we are at too
+great a distance to observe its fiery eruptions.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, June 17th. The wind has favoured us this morning, and given
+us a good sight of the Bay of Naples; but at too great a distance to
+see much of the city. The country around it, as well as several of the
+islands that form the bay, are beautifully interspersed with towns and
+villages; the whole presenting a most delightful scene. At 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> La
+Mutine joined us; and, from what I can understand from Sir H. Nelson,
+brings him some information of the enemy's fleet. He has just hailed
+me to say they were seen eight days ago, but I could not distinguish
+at what place. We are again making all possible sail after them.</p>
+
+<p>"I regret much not having been able to send a letter I had written to
+you, and carried on board the Admiral this morning; <span class="italic">mais tu sais bien
+qu'il ne se met gu&egrave;re en peine d'&eacute;crire lui-m&ecirc;me</span>, and he is so full
+of mystery at this time that he seems unwilling any letter should be
+sent but those he writes to Government. It shall go some other
+opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, 19th.&mdash;This morning has presented to us a delightful view of
+Mount Strombolo, from the top of which we plainly discern constant
+columns of smoke; and, although at the distance of at least six
+leagues from it, I can assure you, without assuming the privilege of
+travellers in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> general, that I am very sensible of the sulphureous
+vapour produced by the volcano: at the same time, it may be necessary
+to observe, that the wind blows directly towards the ship. Strombolo
+is a remarkably high island, of a regular conical form, and may be
+seen at the distance of twenty leagues. It is about ten miles in
+circumference, and, I understand, is inhabited by a few fishermen.
+Unluckily, the weather is too hazy to admit our seeing much of the
+beautiful coast of Calabria, which is at no great distance from us.</p>
+
+<p>"Wednesday, 20th.&mdash;We have now a pleasant breeze, which will soon waft
+us through the Straits of Messina, so famous for being the terror of
+the ancients. An old pilot is just come on board, who reminds me more
+of the poet's description of old Charon than of a modern human being.
+I hope he is not come to ferry us across the Styx. The whole of his
+crew have the same grotesque appearance. We can now discern the famous
+&AElig;tna disgorging columns of smoke. Some distance below its summit it
+appears covered with snow, whilst we are here melting with heat. It
+has indeed a most stately appearance; and the whole country of Sicily
+answers everything that has been reported of it for its fertility, as
+well as for the varied beauty of its scene: but I must recommend you
+to read Brydone's travels through Sicily and Malta, a writer who, I
+recollect, gives a lively description of these different places.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"We have this day been regaled with a most enchanting prospect in
+passing through the Faro of Messina. It is not more than three miles
+distant, and on each side lies the most picturesque and lovely country
+that can be described. The ship was within a mile of the beautiful
+city of Messina, where I distinctly observed some of the ruins
+occasioned by the earthquake in the year 1783.</p>
+
+<p>"From what I have been able to learn from old Charon (who has just
+left us in perfect safety), the French fleet are still off Malta; and
+it appears their formidable armament is directed against that island.
+As it is a place of great strength, and as we are within two days'
+sail of it, with a favourable wind, I hope we shall be in time for its
+relief, and add still more important exploits to many that have
+formerly been achieved in fighting for its defence.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 21st.&mdash;The wind has proved rather contrary for the squadron
+since yesterday. We are still in sight of Mount &AElig;tna, and only a few
+leagues from the nearest part of Sicily: the ancient city of Syracuse
+is discernible from the ship. To-morrow I think will bring us in view
+of the enemy's fleet, which will be a far more desirable sight.</p>
+
+<p>"June 22nd.&mdash;I am just returned from on board the Admiral, where I had
+the mortification to learn that a vessel, which sailed yesterday from
+Malta, gives the very unpleasing account that the island<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> had
+surrendered to the French, and that their fleet left it six days ago.
+This intelligence has more than ever left us in perplexity as to their
+further destination. On the supposition that Alexandria, as we first
+conjectured, was what they had in view, we are crowding sail for that
+place; but the contrast to what we experienced yesterday is great
+indeed, having made sure of attacking them this morning. At present it
+is very doubtful whether we shall fall in with them at all, as we are
+proceeding upon the merest conjecture only, and not on any positive
+information. Some days must now elapse before we can be relieved from
+our cruel suspense; and if, at the end of our journey, we find we are
+upon a wrong scent, our embarrassment will be great indeed.
+Fortunately, I only act here <span class="italic">en second</span>; but did the chief
+responsibility rest with me, I fear it would be more than my too
+irritable nerves would bear. They have already been put to the trial
+in two or three instances this voyage.</p>
+
+<p>"I should observe that we saw three French frigates this morning, but
+they were not considered of sufficient importance to run the risk of
+separating the squadron in chasing them. The island of Malta will
+prove a great acquisition to the French; as well for its excellent
+harbour as for the immense wealth it contains: they will also get a
+few ships of war and a considerable quantity of naval stores.
+<span class="italic">D'ailleurs</span>, the suppression<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> of a useless order that encouraged
+idleness will be no real detriment to the cause of Christianity.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, June 24th.&mdash;The last two days we have not gone less than a
+hundred leagues; and, as the wind continues favourable, we hope to
+arrive at Alexandria before the French, should their destination be
+for that place, which continues very doubtful. At the same time, if it
+should prove that our possessions in India is the object of their
+armament, our having followed them so immediately appears the only
+means of saving that country from falling into their hands. I
+therefore hope that credit will be given us for our intentions at
+least. We have hitherto been certainly unfortunate, which has chiefly
+arisen from the reinforcement not joining sooner; the French armament
+sailed from Toulon five days before Captain Troubridge left Lord St.
+Vincent: another circumstance has been the separation of all our
+frigates, which deprived us of the means of obtaining information. The
+day we were off Naples the French fleet left Malta, and it was not
+until we arrived off that island, six days after, that we heard of its
+being taken, and that the French fleet had left it; and then without
+the least intimation which way they were going.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir H. Nelson consulted with some of the senior captains, who agreed
+with his opinion, that, in the uncertainty where the enemy were gone,
+the preservation of our possessions should be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> first
+consideration. It may be worth remarking that our squadron was sent,
+on the application of the King of Naples, for the protection of his
+dominions. On our arrival there, and requiring the co-operation of his
+ships, the reply was, that, as the French had not declared war against
+him, he could not commence hostilities; that if the Emperor declared
+war, he would also join against France. Should his territories be
+attacked, he has to thank himself for the event.</p>
+
+<p>"We must hope that in England affairs prosper better than in this
+country; they are certainly <span class="italic">en fort mauvais train</span> in this part of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, 26th.&mdash;We are now within one day's sail of Alexandria, so
+that we hope soon to know whether the French fleet are in this
+direction; but having seen no appearance of any of their numerous
+convoy, we begin to fear they are gone some other way. I was this
+morning on board the Admiral; he has detached La Mutine for
+information. I hope she will not find the plague there, to which that
+country is very subject.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday, 29th.&mdash;The weather did not permit us to get near Alexandria
+before yesterday. La Mutine's boat went on shore; and I find this
+morning from the Admiral that they took us for the French fleet,
+having had some intimation of their coming this way. We have now to
+use all despatch in getting back towards Naples; it is probable we
+shall learn something of them on our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> passage. The squadron has
+captured a French ship this afternoon, which we suppose to be from
+Alexandria. I have passed the day on board the Vanguard, having
+breakfasted and staid to dinner with the Admiral.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 1st July.&mdash;The wind continues to the westward, and I am sorry
+to find it is almost as prevailing as the trade-winds. The vessel
+captured the day before yesterday was set on fire, after taking out
+what could be useful for firewood.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 29th July: off Candia.&mdash;A small vessel, captured yesterday by
+the Culloden, gave some information of the enemy's fleet. The Admiral
+having made the signal that he had gained intelligence of them, we are
+proceeding with a brisk gale for Alexandria. If at the end of our
+voyage we find the enemy in a situation where we can attack them, we
+shall think ourselves amply repaid for our various disappointments.
+The Alexander also spoke a vessel which gave information; but, having
+had no communication with the Admiral, we have not been able to learn
+the different accounts: we are however satisfied with the purport of
+the signal he made yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>"Monday.&mdash;I find from Captain Ball that the enemy were seen steering
+towards Alexandria <span class="italic">thirty</span> days ago, and we are once more making the
+best of our way for that place. I also understand that two of our
+frigates were seen a few days since<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> at Candia; it seems decreed we
+shall never meet with them. I am rather surprised the Admiral did not
+endeavour to fall in with them, as they probably have certain
+information where the enemy's fleet are, from vessels they may have
+spoken with, and they otherwise would be a great acquisition to our
+squadron."</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p>It may now be stated, that in the mean time the French expedition had
+landed the troops and taken possession, not only of Alexandria, but
+Cairo; and that their fleet, consisting of thirteen sail of the line,
+four frigates, two brigs, and several bombs and armed vessels, had
+taken up a position in the Bay of Aboukir, in which, according to the
+opinion of their admiral, they could "defy the British navy."</p>
+
+<p>As a particular list of both fleets will be given in a subsequent
+place, I need now only mention that the force of the British fleet was
+fourteen ships of seventy-four guns, one of fifty, and the Mutine
+brig. The fleet was manned with 7,000 men; but as the Culloden, which
+was not in the action, must not be included, the actual force may be
+estimated 6,300 men and 872 guns, while the enemy's force, actually
+opposed, may be reckoned 8,000 men, and 1,208 guns throwing a
+broadside of one-half more weight than the British.</p>
+
+<p>On the junction of the squadron, the following orders were given by
+the Admiral:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">General Order.</p>
+<p class="right">Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.</p>
+
+<p>As it is very probable the enemy may not be formed in regular order on the
+approach of the squadron under my command, I may in that case deem it most
+expedient to attack them by separate divisions; in which case, the commanders of
+divisions are strictly enjoined to keep their ships in the closest order
+possible, and on no account whatever to risk the separation of one of their
+ships. The captains of the ships will see the necessity of strictly attending to
+close order: and, should they compel any of the enemy's ships to strike their
+colours, they are at liberty to judge and act accordingly, whether or not it may
+be most advisable to cut away their masts and bowsprits; with this special
+observance, namely, that the destruction of the enemy's armament is the sole
+object. The ships of the enemy are, therefore, to be taken possession of by an
+officer and one boat's crew only, in order that the British ships may be enabled
+to continue the attack, and preserve their stations.</p>
+
+<p>The commanders of divisions are to observe that no consideration is to induce
+them to separate in pursuing the enemy, unless by signal from me, so as to be
+unable to form a speedy junction with me; and the ships are to be kept in that
+order that the whole squadron may act as a single ship. When I make the signal
+No. 16, the commanders of divisions are to lead their separate squadrons, and
+they are to accompany the signal they may think proper to make with the
+appropriate triangular flag, viz. Sir James Saumarez will hoist the triangular
+flag, white with a red stripe, significant of the van squadron under the
+commander in the second post; Captain Troubridge will hoist the triangular blue
+flag, significant of the rear squadron under the commander in the third post;
+and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>whenever I mean to address the centre squadron only, I shall accompany the
+signal with the triangular red flag, significant of the centre squadron under
+the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<table cellspacing="10" summary ="Battle order">
+<colgroup span="3"
+align="left">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" valign="bottom">1st. Div. red.</td>
+<td align="center">2d. Div.</td>
+<td rowspan="2" valign="bottom">3d. Div. blue.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>white with red stripe.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Vanguard.</td>
+<td align="center">Orion.</td>
+<td>Culloden.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Minotaur. </td>
+<td align="center">Goliath.</td>
+<td>Theseus.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Leander.</td>
+<td align="center">Majestic.</td>
+<td>Alexander.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Audacious.</td>
+<td align="center">Bellerophon.</td>
+<td>Swiftsure.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Defence.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Zealous.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="smcap">Gen. Mem.</p>
+<p class="right">Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.</p>
+
+<p>As the wind may probably blow along shore when it is deemed necessary to anchor
+and engage the enemy at their anchorage, it is recommended to each
+line-of-battle ship of the squadron to prepare to anchor with the sheet-cable in
+abaft and springs, &amp;c.&mdash;Vide Signal 54, and Instructions thereon, page
+56, &amp;c. Article 37 of the Instructions.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Mem. P.S.&mdash;To be inserted in pencil in the Signal-Book, at No. 182. Being
+to windward of the enemy, to denote that I mean to attack the enemy's line from
+the rear towards the van, as far as thirteen ships, or whatever number of the
+British ships of the line may be present, that each ship may know his opponent
+in the enemy's line.</p>
+
+<p>No. 183. I mean to press hard with the whole force on the enemy's rear.</p></div>
+
+<p>The proceedings of Sir Horatio Nelson's squadron are now brought down
+to the moment when their united, ardent, and anxious wishes were to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+be realized. The disappointments they had met with during their
+hitherto fruitless pursuit,&mdash;the state of anxiety, of alternate hope
+and despair, in which they had been kept, had raised their feelings of
+emulation to a pitch far beyond description; this was soon to be
+manifested by the endeavours of each to close with the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Never could there have been selected a set of officers better
+calculated for such a service; Nelson was fortunate in commanding
+them, and they in being commanded by him. It is true, indeed, that his
+particular favourite, Captain Troubridge, was intended for his
+second-in-command, instead of Sir James Saumarez; and the latter would
+no doubt have been sent home, according to the orders he had received:
+but, with the chance of such an engagement as that which they
+anticipated, the well-tried captain of the Orion and his highly
+disciplined crew could not be spared; and, although Nelson carefully
+concealed his feelings towards Saumarez, they were but too manifest by
+the chary manner in which he expressed himself on this and on former
+occasions.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the before-mentioned information, the fleet bore up
+for Alexandria; and on the morning of the 1st of August the towers of
+that celebrated city, and Pompey's Pillar made their appearance. Soon
+after was discerned a forest of masts in the harbour, which they had
+previously seen empty; and, lastly, the French flag<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> waving over its
+walls. A general disappointment was caused for a short time by a
+signal from the look-out ships that the enemy's men-of-war did not
+form a part of the vessels at anchor there; but this was soon
+dispelled by a signal from the Zealous that the enemy's fleet occupied
+the Bay of Aboukir in a line of battle, thirteen ships, four frigates,
+and two brigs, in sight on the larboard bow. At half-past two <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> the
+British fleet hauled up, and steered directly for them with a fine
+N.N.W. breeze, carrying top-gallant sails.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the Admiral made the signal to prepare for battle, at half-past
+three, the signal to haul the wind on the starboard tack, and for the
+<ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Colossus'">Culloden</ins> to cast off her prize, the Swiftsure and Alexander, which had
+been recalled from looking out off Alexandria, were carrying all sail
+to join. At five,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> the Admiral made the signal that it was his
+intention to attack the van and centre of the enemy as they lay at
+anchor, which was repeated by the Orion. At forty-five minutes past
+five, he made the signal to form the line as most convenient. The
+fleet then formed in the following order:&mdash;Goliath, Zealous, Vanguard,
+Minotaur, Theseus, Bellerophon, Defence, Orion, Audacious, Majestic,
+and Leander. The Culloden was then astern the Swiftsure, and the
+Alexander to leeward, tacking to clear the reef. The Admiral hove to,
+to pick up a boat, and also the four next ships astern of the
+Vanguard, which gave the Orion an opportunity, by standing on and
+passing them, to get up with the Zealous at about half-past six.</p>
+
+<p>In ten minutes afterwards the signal for close action was made, and
+repeated by most of the fleet; at the same time, the Goliath, having
+passed round the enemy's headmost ship, anchored on the quarter of the
+second; while the Zealous took her position on the bow of the former
+ship; both anchoring by the stern. The batteries on the island of
+Bequir or Aboukir, and the headmost ships, opened their fire as the
+leading ship approached; and they in return opened theirs on rounding
+the advanced ship of the enemy's line.</p>
+
+<p>The Orion, after giving that ship her broadside, passed round the
+Zealous and Goliath; and, as she was passing the third ship of the
+enemy, the French frigate S&eacute;rieuse approached, began to fire<span class='pagenum'>
+<a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> on her,
+and wounded two men. In reply to an observation of one of the
+officers, who proposed to return her fire immediately, Sir James said,
+"Let her alone, she will get courage and come nearer. Shorten sail."
+As the Orion lost way by shortening sail, the frigate came up; and,
+when judged to be sufficiently advanced, orders were given to yaw the
+Orion, and stand by the starboard guns, which were double-shotted. The
+moment having arrived when every gun was brought to bear, the fatal
+order to fire was given; when, by this single but well-directed
+broadside, the unfortunate S&eacute;rieuse was not only totally dismasted,
+but shortly afterwards sunk, and was discovered next morning with only
+her quarter above water.</p>
+
+<p>On discharging this fatal broadside the helm was put hard a-starboard;
+but it was found that the ship would not fetch sufficiently to
+windward, and near to the Goliath, if she anchored by the stern. She
+stood on, and, having given the fourth ship her starboard broadside,
+let go her bower anchor, and brought up on the quarter of Le Peuple
+Souverain, which was the fifth ship, and on the bow of Le Franklin,
+the sixth ship of the enemy's line. The third and fourth ships were
+occupied by the Theseus and Audacious on the inside, by passing
+through; while they were attacked on the outside by the Minotaur,
+Vanguard, and Defence.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By the log of the Orion it was forty-five minutes past six o'clock
+when that ship let go her anchor, and, in "tending," poured her
+starboard broadside into the Franklin and L'Orient. The fire was then
+directed on Le Peuple Souverain, until she cut and dropped out of the
+line, totally dismasted and silenced.</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/218-t.jpg" width="300" height="437"
+alt="diagram3" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/218-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION.</p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Explanation">
+<colgroup span="2" align="left">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="smcap">British.</span></td>
+<td><span class="smcap">French.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A&mdash;Audacious.</td>
+<td>1&mdash;Guerrier.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>B&mdash;Bellerophon. </td>
+<td>2&mdash;Conqu&eacute;rant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>C&mdash;Culloden (aground).</td>
+<td>3&mdash;Spartiate.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>D&mdash;Defence.</td>
+<td>4&mdash;Aquilon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>E&mdash;Majestic.</td>
+<td>5&mdash;Peuple Souverain.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>F&mdash;Alexander.</td>
+<td>6&mdash;Franklin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>G&mdash;Goliath.</td>
+<td>7&mdash;L'Orient.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>L&mdash;Leander.</td>
+<td>8&mdash;Tonnant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>M&mdash;Minotaur.</td>
+<td>9&mdash;Heureux.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>O&mdash;Orion.</td>
+<td>10&mdash;Mercure.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>S&mdash;Swiftsure.</td>
+<td>11&mdash;Guillaume Tell.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>T&mdash;Theseus.</td>
+<td>12&mdash;G&eacute;n&eacute;reux.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>V&mdash;Vanguard.</td>
+<td>13&mdash;Timol&eacute;on.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Z&mdash;Zealous.</td>
+<td>14&mdash;S&eacute;rieuse.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&#8224;*&mdash;S&eacute;rieuse, dismasted by</td>
+<td>15&mdash;Artemise.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;the Orion, and sunk at 14.</td>
+<td>16&mdash;Justice.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>I&mdash;Island of Aboukir.</td>
+<td>17&mdash;Diane.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Y&mdash;Shallow water.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>At seven o'clock the headmost ships were dismasted; a fire-raft was
+observed dropping down from them on the Orion. Her stern-boat having
+been shot through, and the others being on the booms, it was
+impossible to have recourse to the usual method of towing it clear:
+booms were then prepared to keep it off. As it approached, however,
+the current carried it about twenty-five yards clear of the ship.
+About half-past eight, just as the Peuple Souverain, which had been
+the Orion's opponent, had dropped to leeward, a suspicious ship was
+seen approaching the Orion in the vacant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> space which the vanquished
+one had occupied. Many on board were convinced of her being a
+fire-ship of the enemy, and Sir James was urged to allow the guns to
+be turned upon her. Happily he himself had stronger doubts of her
+being such than those who pressed the reverse. He ordered a vigilant
+watch to be kept on her movements; and when the darkness dispersed,
+she was discovered to be the Leander. Distinguishing lights were
+hoisted, and the Orion continued to engage Le Franklin from fifty
+minutes past six o'clock to a quarter before ten. The action was
+general, and kept up on both sides with perseverance and vigour, when
+the enemy's fire began to slacken, and the three-decker was discovered
+to be on fire. At ten the firing ceased; the ship opposed to the Orion
+having surrendered, as also all the van of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Preparations were now made to secure the ships from the effects of the
+expected explosion.&mdash;The ports were lowered down, the magazine
+secured, the sails handed, and water placed in various parts to
+extinguish whatever flames might be communicated. The unfortunate ship
+was now in a blaze; at half-past eleven she blew up, and the
+tremendous concussion was felt at the very kelsons of all the ships
+near her. The combatants on both sides seemed equally to feel the
+solemnity of this destructive scene. A pause of at least ten minutes
+ensued, each engaged in contemplating a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> sight so grand and terrible.
+The Orion was not far off; but, being happily placed to windward, the
+few fiery fragments that fell in her were soon extinguished. Her
+vicinity to the L'Orient was the happy means of saving the lives of
+fourteen of her crew, who, in trying to escape the flames, sought
+refuge in another element, and swam to the Orion, where they met a
+reception worthy the humanity of the conquerors. The generous,
+warm-hearted sailors stripped off their jackets to cover these
+unfortunate men, and treated them with kindness, proving that humanity
+is compatible with bravery.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of the action Sir James received a wound from a
+splinter, or rather the sheave from the heel of the spare top-mast on
+the booms, which, after killing Mr. Baird, the clerk, and wounding Mr.
+Miells, a midshipman, mortally, struck him on the thigh and side, when
+he fell into the arms of Captain Savage, who conducted him under the
+half-deck, where he soon recovered from the shock it gave him: but
+although he acknowledged it was painful, and might in the end be
+serious, he could not be persuaded to leave the deck even to have the
+wound examined; and the part was so much swelled and inflamed on the
+next day, that he was not able to leave the ship.</p>
+
+<p>After the pause occasioned by the dreadful explosion, the action
+continued in the rear by the ships dropping down which were not too
+much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> disabled; and Sir James had given orders to slip and run down to
+the rear, when the master declared that the fore-mast and mizen-mast
+were so badly wounded, that the moment the ship came broadside to the
+wind, they would go over the side, particularly the fore-mast, which
+was cut more than half through in three places. It was therefore
+determined to secure the disabled masts and repair other damages,
+while the action was renewed by those that were not so much disabled.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the battle ceased in the van, by the capture of the enemy's
+ships, Sir James, who was the senior captain of the fleet, ordered
+Lieutenant Barker on board the Admiral for the purpose of inquiring
+after his safety, and of receiving his further instructions. He
+shortly returned with the melancholy detail that Sir Horatio was
+severely wounded in the head. At this period, several of the ships of
+the squadron were still warmly engaged with the centre and part of the
+rear of the enemy's fleet. Sir James therefore sent a boat to such
+ships as appeared to be in condition, with directions to slip their
+cables and assist their gallant companions. These orders were
+immediately put in execution by that distinguished officer Captain
+Miller, of the Theseus, and by the other ships that were in a state to
+renew the action. It has been already stated that the masts of the
+Orion were too much damaged to admit of that ship getting under way.
+In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> course of the day the whole of the enemy's fleet had
+surrendered, excepting two ships of the line and two frigates, which
+escaped from the rear.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James being unable, from the effects of his wound, to wait on the
+Admiral and offer his congratulations personally, sent him the
+following letter:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, 2nd August 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+<p>I regret exceedingly being prevented from congratulating you in person on the
+most complete and glorious victory ever yet obtained,&mdash;the just recompense
+of the zeal and great anxiety so long experienced by you before it pleased
+Providence to give you sight of those miscreants who have now received the just
+punishment of their past crimes. You have been made the happy instrument of
+inflicting on them their just chastisement; and may you, my dear Admiral, long
+live to enjoy, in the approbation of the whole world, the greatest of earthly
+blessings!</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I am ever your most faithful and obedient servant,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir Horatio Nelson, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the character which has already been portrayed of Sir James, the
+reader will not be surprised to find that the Orion was the first to
+hoist the pendant at the mizen-peak, and thereby to show an example to
+the fleet worthy of imitation, in returning thanks to the great
+Disposer of events and Giver of all victory for that which they had
+just obtained over their enemies. A discourse on this occasion was
+delivered by the clergyman of the Orion, which must have made a great
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+and lasting impression on the hearers; but the circumstance, which is
+much easier to be imagined than described, of a ship's company on
+their knees at prayers, and offering up a most solemn thanksgiving for
+the Divine mercy and favour which had been so fully manifested towards
+them, must have excited feelings in the minds of the prisoners,&mdash;the
+demoralised citizens of the French republic,&mdash;which had never before
+been known to them; and we understand that they did not fail to
+express their astonishment and admiration at a scene of that kind
+under such circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>At ten o'clock, when the action had entirely ceased, and the Admiral
+had received the congratulations of most of the captains of the fleet,
+the following general memorandums were issued:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Vanguard, 2nd of August 1798, off the mouth of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiral most heartily congratulates the captains, officers, seamen, and
+marines of the squadron he has the honour to command, on the events of the late
+action; and he desires they will accept his sincere and cordial thanks for their
+very gallant behaviour in the glorious battle. It must strike forcibly every
+British seaman how superior their conduct is when in discipline and good order,
+to the notorious behaviour of lawless Frenchmen.</p>
+
+<p>The squadron may be assured that the Admiral will not fail, in his despatches,
+to represent their truly meritorious conduct in the strongest terms to the
+commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains of the ships of the squadron.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p>Almighty God having blessed his Majesty's arms with victory, the
+Admiral intends returning thanksgiving for the same at two o'clock
+this day; and he recommends every ship doing the same as soon as
+convenient.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Captain Ball, in pursuance of orders from the Rear-admiral, directed
+the negociation for landing the prisoners on parole. Such as were not
+Frenchmen were permitted to enter into the English service, for the
+purpose of conducting the prizes home.</p>
+
+<p>We must refer our readers to the different accounts of this splendid
+action, which have been published by James, Brenton, Willyams, &amp;c. for
+the particulars which do not concern the Orion. But we cannot forbear
+to mention the gallant conduct of Vice-admiral De Brueys, who,
+according to James and others, "had received two wounds, one in the
+face, the other in the hand; towards eight <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> as he was descending
+to the quarter-deck, a shot cut him almost in two. This brave officer
+then desired not to be carried below, but to be left to die on deck;
+exclaiming in a firm tone, 'Un amiral Fran&ccedil;ais doit mourir sur son
+banc de quart.' He survived only a quarter of an hour." Commodore
+Casa-Bianca fell mortally wounded soon after the admiral had breathed
+his last. Captain Du-Petit-Thouars, of the Tonnant, had first both his
+arms, and then one of his legs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> shot away; and his dying commands were
+"Never to surrender!"</p>
+
+<p>Neither must we leave unrecorded the heroic death of young Miells, the
+midshipman, who we mentioned had been mortally wounded by the same
+splinter which struck his gallant commander. His shoulder having been
+nearly carried off, and his life being despaired of, the surgeons were
+unwilling to put him to needless pain by amputation; but after some
+hours, finding he still lived, it was determined to give him a chance
+of recovery by removing the shattered limb. The operation was ably
+performed by Mr. Nepecker, the surgeon of the Orion, assisted by the
+surgeon of the Vanguard. The sufferer never uttered a moan, but as
+soon as it was over, quietly said&mdash;"Have I not borne it well?" The
+tidings were instantly conveyed to his captain, whose feelings may be
+better imagined than described, and who could only fervently exclaim
+"thank God!" But his joy soon received a check. Many minutes had not
+elapsed before he learnt that this amiable and promising youth had
+been seized with a fit of coughing and expired!</p>
+
+<p>The captains of the Mercure and Heureux, who participated but slightly
+in the action, were both wounded; Captain Trullet, of the Guerrier,
+the ship most shattered, was unhurt,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> and Gantheaume escaped in a boat
+from the L'Orient.</p>
+
+<p>By great care Sir James kept off the fever which threatened to be the
+consequence of his wound.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 3rd, Sir James, finding himself sufficiently
+recovered from the effects of his wounds to leave the ship, went on
+board the Vanguard to congratulate the Admiral in person on the
+glorious result of the battle. He found several of his brother
+officers on the quarter deck, discussing the merits of the action.
+Some regret having been expressed at the escape of the two sternmost
+ships of the French line, Sir James said to the Admiral, "It was
+unfortunate we did not&mdash;&mdash;" and was proceeding to say, "all anchor on
+the same side." But, before he could finish the sentence, Nelson
+hastily interrupted him, exclaiming, "Thank God there was no order!"
+thus turning the conversation, he entered his cabin, and sent for
+Captain Ball.</p>
+
+<p>While Sir James was receiving the congratulations of his brother
+captains on being the second in command, no doubt being entertained
+among them that the Admiral would make most honourable mention of his
+name as such,&mdash;<span class="italic">an honour which he so highly deserved</span>, and which is
+usual in similar cases,&mdash;Captain Ball came on deck, and interrupted
+the conversation by observing, "Nelson<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> says there is to be no second
+in command; <span class="italic">we are all to be alike in his despatches</span>!"<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>We need scarcely say that this was eventually the case; but we may
+relate the circumstances which induced Saumarez, without the least
+intention to offend, to make the observation at which offence was
+taken. It was the custom of Nelson, when in communication or in
+company with the captains under his command, to converse with them on
+the various modes of attacking the enemy under different
+circumstances; and, on one of these occasions, Sir James Saumarez, who
+had seen the evil consequences of <span class="italic">doubling</span> on the enemy, especially
+in a night action, had differed with the Admiral in that plan of
+attack, saying that "it never required two English ships to <span class="italic">capture</span>
+one French, and that the damage which they must necessarily do to each
+other might render<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> them both unable to fight an enemy's ship that had
+not been engaged; and as in this case two ships could be spared to the
+three-decker, every one might have his own opponent."</p>
+
+<p>It would perhaps be deemed invidious to mention the individual cases
+of English ships which fired on each other in this action; but that
+this did actually happen, and that many of our brave men fell by our
+own shot is a fact too notorious to be disputed. Moreover, had the
+four sternmost ships of the enemy's line done their duty as they
+ought, by slipping their cables soon after the action commenced, and
+making sail to windward, they would have made an easy capture of the
+Culloden as she lay aground; and afterwards, by doubling on the
+Vanguard, they would probably have given a different turn to the
+affair. The enemy's ships being moored 160 yards apart, left space
+enough for the British ships to pass between them, and rake the ship
+on each side, as the Theseus did; whereas, by anchoring outside, our
+squadron had equally to suffer the raking fire of the enemy as they
+approached, without being able to retaliate in the same way, thereby
+losing the important effect of two double-shotted broadsides, besides
+the advantage of being anchored in shore, to prevent the possibility
+of the enemy <span class="italic">doubling</span> on a disabled ship, or of their running on
+shore and destroying those that were vanquished.</p>
+
+<p>It has been insisted on that Nelson, in omitting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> to mention the name
+of his second in command, only followed the example of Earl St.
+Vincent; and this may have been the case; but it cannot justify his
+evident reluctance to acknowledge the position in which Sir James
+really stood. Every officer in the service must know that, if Nelson
+had lost his life, the command would have devolved on Sir James
+Saumarez: yet, in his public letter, he not only avoids mentioning
+him, but he endeavours to represent the captain of the Vanguard as his
+successor in that responsible situation. His great friendship for Sir
+Thomas Troubridge was, no doubt, the motive that occasioned the
+substitution, and led to this injustice, which he carried so far as to
+remonstrate, in his private letters to Earl St. Vincent and Earl
+Spencer, against any honours being conferred on Sir James Saumarez
+which were not equally bestowed on Sir Thomas Troubridge. <a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>When
+Nelson's great popularity, at this period, is considered, it may
+appear less extraordinary that this request should have had weight.
+Yet it cannot but surprise an impartial reader, in after-ages, that no
+honours or distinctions, except on the commander-in-chief, should have
+followed a victory, which Mr. Pitt in the House of Commons pronounced
+to be the greatest on record.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of August, when Sir James returned from the Vanguard, the
+captains were assembled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> on board the Orion. He proposed the following
+resolution, which was agreed to unanimously:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>The captains of the squadron under the orders of Rear-admiral Sir Horatio
+Nelson, K.B. desirous of testifying the high sense they entertain of his prompt
+decision and intrepid conduct in the attack of the French fleet in Bequir Road,
+off the Nile, August 1st, 1798, request his acceptance of a sword; and, as a
+further proof of their esteem and regard, hope that he will permit his portrait
+to be taken, and hung up in the room belonging to the Egyptian club now
+established, in commemoration of that glorious day.</p></div>
+
+<p>To which Sir Horatio returned the following answer:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I feel most sensibly the very distinguished honour you have conferred upon me by
+your address this day. My prompt decision was the natural consequence of having
+such captains under my command; and I thank God I can say that in the battle the
+conduct of every officer was equal.</p>
+
+<p>I accept as a particular mark of your esteem the sword you have done me the
+honour to offer; and I will direct my picture to be painted the first
+opportunity for the purpose you mention.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">I have the honour to be, gentlemen,<br />
+<span class="left5">with the highest respect,</span><br />
+<span class="left10">Your most obliged,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>We shall conclude this chapter with the extract of a letter written to
+Lady Saumarez by Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> James, which we have no doubt will be perused
+with much interest:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Thursday, 2nd August 1798.</p>
+
+<p>Happy am I in being enabled, through the mercy of Divine Providence, to acquaint
+you with our having obtained the most glorious and complete victory ever yet
+recorded in the annals of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday afternoon we discovered the enemy's fleet at anchor a short distance
+from Alexandria. Although our squadron was not collected,&mdash;the Alexander
+and Swiftsure being at a considerable distance from having been detached to
+reconnoitre the port, and the Culloden a great way off from having had a prize
+in tow,&mdash;Sir Horatio deemed it of such importance to make an immediate
+attack on the enemy, that he made sail for them without waiting for those ships.</p>
+
+<p>At sunset the action began upon the van and centre of the enemy's line, and in
+rather more than two hours six of their ships were completely dismasted, and the
+L'Orient, of 120 guns, blown up. The action was continued all night with the
+enemy's rear by the Alexander and Majestic; and this evening the whole, except
+three, have fallen into our hands, and a frigate, which they dastardly set fire
+to, and escaped on shore.</p>
+
+<p>The loss sustained has been considerable in some of the ships. I have to regret
+the loss of poor Miells, and of Mr. Baird, my clerk, and of several good men. I
+received a contusion in the side, which, though at first painful, is doing as
+well as possible, and does not even prevent my going on with the usual duty of
+the ship. Poor Captain Westcott is killed, and several other officers.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy have now obtained the just chastisement of their past crimes, and Sir
+Horatio Nelson has the happiness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>of being the fortunate instrument of
+inflicting their just punishment; in which happiness all his squadron partakes.
+Fourteen of the Frenchmen, who had the good fortune to swim on board the Orion
+from the L'Orient after she was on fire, report that their army were all landed
+three weeks since, and are at present in possession of Grand Cairo; and that
+they have frequent severe skirmishes with the Turks.</p>
+
+<p>Our worthy friend Mr. Le Cras will lament with me the loss of Mr. Miells. A
+better young man I think never existed. He lived until this evening, and was the
+whole time perfectly resigned to his fate, saying, "he died in a good cause."
+Mr. Richardson is also badly wounded, and my servant John Lewis, who you
+recollect waited on us at Portsmouth; but I hope they will both recover.</p>
+
+<p>I should observe that the Culloden, not having been able to get to us before
+night, unfortunately ran aground; by which accident we were deprived of the
+assistance of so fine a ship, and of the exertions of Captain Troubridge.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1798.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Fleet repair damages.&mdash;Sir James receives orders to take a detachment of
+six ships of the line, and five prizes, under his command.&mdash;Sails for
+Gibraltar.&mdash;Journal of his tedious voyage.&mdash;Arrives off
+Candia.&mdash;Decides to pass through a perilous passage, and escapes the
+dangers.&mdash;Falls in with the Marquis of Nisa, and summons the French
+garrison at Malta.&mdash;Puts into Port Auguste, in Sicily.&mdash;Sails from
+thence.&mdash;Tedious passage.&mdash;Letters from Earl St. Vincent and
+Nelson.&mdash;Arrives at Gibraltar.&mdash;Reception there from the Admiral,
+Governor, &amp;c.&mdash;Sails thence.&mdash;Arrives at Lisbon.&mdash;Sails
+thence.&mdash;Arrives at Spithead.&mdash;Paid off at Plymouth.&mdash;Remarks on
+his treatment, and explanation of it.</p></div>
+
+<p>The fleet was employed in repairing the damages it had received, and
+in fitting the prizes that were deemed worthy of being sent to
+England. This occupied the whole week after the battle. On the 5th,
+the Leander, having on board Captain Berry with the Rear-admiral's
+despatches, sailed for England; and, on the 12th, the Emerald,
+Alcmene, and Bonne Citoyenne arrived. On the same day Sir James
+received the following order:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>(1st Order.)</p>
+<p class="right"> By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to take the ships named on the
+margin <a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>under your command, their captains having orders for that
+purpose; and to proceed with them with all possible despatch down the
+Mediterranean. On your arrival near Europa Point, you will send a boat
+on shore to the Commissioners' office to receive any orders that may
+be lodged there for your further proceedings. In case you find no
+orders at Gibraltar, and learn that the commander-in-chief is off
+Cadiz, or at Lisbon, you will join him at either place with all
+possible expedition.</p>
+
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p>(2nd Order.)</p>
+<p class="right">By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to take charge of the prize ships; putting
+a sufficient number of men on board each to navigate the said prize, with six
+weeks' provisions. You are never to separate from her without orders in writing
+from the officer under whose command you are for the time being; and you are
+hereby required and directed to put yourself and the prize under the command of
+Captain Sir James Saumarez; and follow all such orders <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>and instructions as you
+may receive from him from time to time for his Majesty' service.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given on board H.M.S. Vanguard,<br />
+Mouth of the Nile, 12th August 1798.</p></div>
+
+<p>Thus were Sir James's wishes and anticipations, mentioned in his
+journal of the 10th June, completely realized. After a distinguished
+share in effecting the destruction of the enemy's fleet, he is
+returning home triumphant with the hard-earned fruits of his labours;
+which were, however, not yet at an end, as will be seen by the
+following journal of his tedious and hazardous voyage:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">"Orion, at sea, 18th August 1798.</p></div>
+
+<p>"After having so well completed the journal I sent by Captain Berry, you will
+not doubt the great pleasure I must feel in beginning the present, particularly
+when situation and many other circumstances combine to render it so interesting.
+But I have more to relate than you are aware of; and in which I have been most
+particularly favoured, as you will see, when it comes in its proper place to be
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>First, I sailed from Bequir Road last Tuesday morning, with seven sail of the
+line and six of our prizes; leaving the Admiral with the Culloden, Alexander,
+Zealous, Goliath, and Swiftsure, and the three remaining French ships, which it
+was intended to destroy after taking out their stores and landing the prisoners.
+The Alcmene, Emerald, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>and Bonne Citoyenne had at last joined us. As, however,
+they had not been with the fleet, but had remained all the time in search of us,
+we were disappointed of our letters, and <span class="italic">they</span> at finding themselves 'the day
+after the fair.'</p>
+
+<p>In falling light winds, we came again to an anchor, Tuesday noon, about five
+miles from the squadron; which gave the ships an opportunity to get completed
+for sea, and afforded a night's repose to the men. At eleven I was waked from a
+sound sleep with the account that a brig which joined the Admiral in the
+afternoon was from Tunis, and had on board a hundred men belonging to L'Aigle,
+which had been lost some time before on her way to join the squadron; and it was
+added, 'there is a large packet of letters for the different ships.' I soon had
+them sorted, and out of about twenty for myself I selected four from you, which
+were read with an avidity you will better conceive than I can describe; before I
+had finished a page of one I flew to another, and so for near an hour, till at
+last I found their date, and endeavoured to read them regularly; but it was not
+till daylight that I could bring myself to a sufficient degree of composure.
+Never were letters more welcome&mdash;never did any yield greater joy and comfort;
+they have since formed my chief happiness, and will continue so to do until the
+end of our voyage. Had we unfortunately sailed one day sooner, I should have
+lost these precious <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>letters: judge then how fortunate I think myself,
+particularly so at their having been preserved from the wreck of the poor
+L'Aigle; as I find that several packages, &amp;c. for this squadron, with the
+good things you sent me, shared the fate of the poor ship; Captain Hay having
+written to me from Gibraltar that they were put on board her.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Horatio Nelson wrote to me that he had not heard from his family; but, as
+Captain Nisbet came in the brig, he will give him accounts from Lady Nelson.</p>
+
+<p>I now come to the sequel of our voyage, having accounted for my being so
+<span class="italic">unseasonably</span> disturbed from a sound sleep."</p>
+
+<p>Sir James now received the following letters.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">August 15th, 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir James,</p>
+
+<p>I am not very anxious to receive any persons of the description you mention;
+they will all eat our meat, and drink. As they choose to serve the French, there
+let them remain. I have not a line from home, all lost in L'Aigle. You will get
+off in good time, I dare say. I am sure you will not lose a moment off Cape
+Bronte; the shoal extends six miles. If you favour me with a line, direct it for
+Naples, where I am going to join the Portuguese squadron. Zealous, Swiftsure,
+and the two frigates, I have kept here as long as possible. Nisbet thanks you
+for your inquiries. I send you a copy of my letter intended to be sent to Mr.
+Nepean; keep it quiet till you get off. Wishing you health, and good passage,</p>
+
+<p class="left75">Believe me ever,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your obliged,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p>
+<p>I hope Lady S. and all the little ones are well.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+<p>(Copy.)</p>
+<p class="right">Secret, for Sir James.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Six of the prizes sailed yesterday with Sir James Saumarez; three
+others, viz. Guerrier, Heureux, and Mercure are in the act of
+repairing. In this state I received last evening Earl St. Vincent's
+most secret orders, and most secret and confidential letters. Thus
+situated, it became an important part of my duty to do justice between
+my King and country, and the brave officers and men who captured those
+ships at the Battle of the Nile. It would have taken one month at
+least to fit those ships for a passage to Gibraltar, and not at a
+great expense to government, but with the loss to the service of at
+least two sail of the line. I therefore feel confident that the Lords
+Commissioners of the Admiralty will, under the present circumstances,
+direct that a fair value shall be paid for those ships. I have farther
+thought it my duty to tell the squadron the necessity I am under, for
+the benefit of the King's service, to order their property to be
+destroyed; but that I had no doubt but that government would make a
+liberal allowance. I have therefore directed such stores as could,
+without taking too much time, be saved from them, and ordered the
+hulls to be burned.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I have the honour to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p>The journal of Sir James is thus resumed: "We again weighed anchor,
+Wednesday noon; and although with a contrary wind, and ships in a
+crippled state, we had the good fortune to clear the land in the night
+without accident, and next day lost sight of our ships in the Nile.
+Since that period we have not made any great progress; but we have no
+reason to complain, and I trust a favourable wind will in due time
+waft us down the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="italic">A pr&eacute;sent, un petit mot sur ma sant&eacute;.</span> In the first place, too great
+exertion for two or three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> days after being under sail, certainly
+retarded my perfect recovery, and, added to the excessive heat of the
+weather, threw me into a sort of languor that required the three last
+days' rest and composure to shake off. I am now, thank God! as well as
+ever; and when I consider that every day shortens my distance from
+you, my happiness is daily increasing. I have much more to say, <span class="italic">mais
+en voil&agrave; assez pour le pr&eacute;sent</span>; and as there is abundance of time
+before this can be despatched, <span class="italic">il faut le remettre pour un autre
+jour: ainsi adieu</span>!</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, August 19th.&mdash;I was indeed surprised to find Lyme the place
+fixed for your residence; and, on reflection, approve of it highly, as
+I believe it is a very healthy place; but more particularly as I hope
+to send you a line in going up Channel, and possibly take you to
+Spithead. Judge, therefore, the <span class="italic">selfish</span> motives by which I am
+actuated, and scold me if you can.</p>
+
+<p>"I was happy our dear boy had reached home before the close of your
+last letter, and am charmed with your account of him. Having
+understood that there is a good school in Dorsetshire,&mdash;I think at
+Sherborne,&mdash;I shall not be surprised if you have placed him there for
+the summer, and shall not think it a bad plan to have him nearer to
+you. I am glad to find my letters from Gibraltar reached you, and hope
+that one or two stragglers will also have come to hand before those
+from the Nile arrive. These last will induce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> you to believe our
+cruise less unpleasant than you seemed to apprehend,&mdash;more
+particularly when you find it the means of bringing the Orion to
+England.</p>
+
+<p>"Your <span class="italic">P.S.</span> of the 11th of June is considerably later than any
+accounts received in the squadron; indeed, I find very few letters
+have been received by any of the captains. The Lion, I understand, is
+on her way to join the squadron; but I have reason to believe she has
+nothing for me, as she sailed before L'Aigle.</p>
+
+<p>"The accounts from Ireland are truly distressing; but I hope
+tranquillity has long since been restored in that distracted country.
+We have heard of the dreadful business off Cadiz; but as news from the
+fleet must reach home before we can be acquainted with them, I shall
+not enlarge on the subject. Captain Grey, I find, is gone to England,
+which will have been an agreeable surprise to his amiable lady.</p>
+
+<p>"Now for some account of the Orion and her crew:&mdash;In the first place,
+Mr. Barker is on board Le Peuple Souverain, happier than a prince. Mr.
+Wells becomes first, in his room; and, as I found it necessary to send
+away Mr. &mdash;&mdash; at Syracuse, I should remain with only three lieutenants,
+but that, in virtue of my present command, I appointed, the day I left
+Admiral Nelson, our kinsman Dumaresq to that station, who acquits
+himself with great zeal and assiduity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> He will receive pay for the
+time; but cannot be confirmed, from not having served the six required
+years.</p>
+
+<p>"All the officers are in rapture at the share the ship had in the
+action, except her captain, who is never satisfied. The ship's company
+all healthy, and the wounded daily recovering. Sheep and poultry in
+abundance; but the fear of a long passage down the Mediterranean
+obliges us to be frugal, wishing, if possible, to avoid putting into
+any place before we reach the fleet off Cadiz,&mdash;a thing scarcely
+possible, and rendered still more improbable from our little progress
+the last five days: however,&mdash;<span class="italic">patience</span>!</p>
+
+<p>"I have only two French officers on board; one was second captain of
+the Tonnant; they are both in the ward-room, and I occasionally invite
+them to my table. Of the six prizes four are fine ships, particularly
+the Franklin and Spartiate: the Souverain and Conqu&eacute;rant are both very
+old ships; Le Tonnant and L'Aquilon were built within these few years
+only. Both the former are quite new. But it is not what we have taken,
+but what we have destroyed. We have left France only two sail of the
+line in the Mediterranean, except a few bad Venetian ships and some
+frigates. A squadron of five sail leaves us masters of these seas,
+equal to protect our commerce, and with a few frigates destroy that of
+the enemy: these are the real fruits of our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> victory; and as to
+anything personal to ourselves, the approbation of our country, and
+possibly an additional medal, will be ample recompence to us. At
+present my chief solicitude is to find things go on well in England;
+and I think, when the account of our action arrives, it will set the
+minds of people at ease for some time at least.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall have a great deal to say to you, in which you will
+acknowledge with me that the Almighty has been kind and bountiful
+indeed, beyond my merits or pretensions. You will infer from my late
+journal what I particularly allude to, wherein I mention the Orion
+having been intended to return to the fleet on the junction of the
+reinforcement; which was merely to favour Captain Troubridge, with
+whom I clashed from seniority. Very, very fortunately for me, the
+enemy's force would not permit Sir H. Nelson to part with me; and the
+sequel has shown the partiality of the Earl's proceeding: but of this
+'<span class="italic">ci-apr&egrave;s</span>;' only, for the present, judge what must have been my
+feelings had I been thus deprived of my share in this action!</p>
+
+<p>"My situation at this moment is exactly what I could wish,&mdash;the
+command of a respectable squadron escorting the trophies of our
+victory; and I am induced to hope that I shall proceed with them to
+England without considerable delay. We have just gained sight of
+Cyprus, nearly the track we followed six weeks ago; so invariably
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> do
+the westerly winds prevail at this season; but I hope we shall not be
+subject to the tedious calms we experienced under Candia. Hitherto we
+have always had a good breeze, which has prevented any intercourse
+between the ships of the squadron, one day only excepted.</p>
+
+<p>"I have not told you that we all voted a sword to the Admiral before
+we parted from the squadron; the captains having agreed to subscribe
+fifty pounds each to defray the expense, and to have his picture,
+which is to be put up in the room intended to hold the <span class="italic">Egyptian
+Club</span>, when we all meet in England. The overplus, which will come to
+about thirty pounds each, is to be applied for the relief of the
+widows and orphans of those who have nobly fallen in the action. All
+this shows unanimity at least, and I believe greater never existed in
+any squadron.</p>
+
+<p>"Wednesday, 22nd.&mdash;This morning the wind has set in very favourably
+for us; but it is to the southward, and produces such a close, sultry,
+and damp air, that it is scarcely bearable; and, with all this, we
+have to encounter so strong a western swell, that the prizes and
+crippled ships, for want of more sail, can scarcely contend against
+it. What if we should have the good fortune to fall in with the four
+French ships! They are certainly on their way to Toulon; and, from the
+want of water and provisions, must have put into some of the ports in
+these seas. I <span class="italic">dreamt</span> so much of them last
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> night that I really form
+great hopes of our falling in with them. This leads me to mention that
+all the captains agreed to share together in whatever may be captured
+till the 1st of October.</p>
+
+<p>"It is now exactly three weeks since the Battle of the Nile; it
+appears almost an age; but when once we get in the fair track down the
+Mediterranean, every day will, I hope, shorten our distance. We have
+seen but one strange sail since we left Bequir, and that at too great
+a distance to speak with. I think it probable Sir Horatio may be on
+his way to Naples, as he proposed to sail soon to join the Portuguese
+squadron, taking with him the Culloden, Alexander, and Goliath. The
+Zealous, with Swiftsure, and the frigates, were to be left to block up
+Alexandria, and distress the enemy. What barbarous people we must be,
+after having done them so much mischief, still to add to their
+disasters!</p>
+
+<p>"August 24th.&mdash;I have been right in my conjectures this morning,
+having fallen in with Sir Horatio, who obligingly sent the Bonne
+Citoyenne with letters, &amp;c. for the ships with me, brought by the
+Seahorse, which joined him at Bequir. He has only the Culloden and
+Alexander with him, having left the rest of the ships for the good
+purposes before mentioned. This meeting has afforded me an opportunity
+of sending you a few hurried lines, which I have requested the Admiral
+to forward from Naples. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> have no doubt that the letter will reach
+you some time before any other I can have an opportunity of sending
+you.</p>
+
+<p>"I think the few last lines will not be the less acceptable for having
+been anticipated. I can assure you their purport is highly acceptable,
+as I now have the Earl's own assertion for the Orion being ordered to
+England upon his own terms, 'when I join him with the prizes.' Alas!
+they get on very slowly; but I am endowed with unparalleled patience,
+having scarcely uttered a murmur on their tardiness, so perfectly
+satisfied am I with the prospect before me.</p>
+
+<p>"I understand the Seahorse has taken La Sensible, and the Lion a
+Spanish frigate: <span class="italic">&agrave; propos</span>, we have received intimation that a
+Spanish squadron is on its way to Leghorn, to convey his holiness Pope
+Pius the Sixth to some part of Spain; and, in case of our falling in
+with them, we are to treat him with all the ceremony and respect due
+to the sovereign pontiff.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 26th.&mdash;I went yesterday on board the Admiral, for
+half-an-hour; and was happy at finding him in perfect health. He will
+ever retain the mark on his forehead which he has so honourably
+acquired; mine is not quite in so <span class="italic">distinguished a place</span>, but I also
+expect to have a scar on my left side, or rather on the hip-bone,
+which was slightly grazed; but it is now perfectly healed, and I
+reflect with great gratitude on the very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> narrow escape I had: my only
+fear is, that it will give you great uneasiness when the account
+reaches you. I did not intend to have my name inserted in the return
+of wounded, but the Admiral desired it should; so that he must share
+the blame if it should have alarmed you.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot tell you all the fine projects I form for some months at
+least after my arrival in England. This last business has so shattered
+the poor Orion, that she will not, without considerable repair, be in
+a state for more service; and if I can be so fortunate as to obtain Le
+Franklin with my officers and men, she will be getting forward during
+the winter months, and I shall have the enjoyment of your society all
+that time: and I think, if it pleases God to bless our arms in England
+with success, the enemy will be brought to sue for a peace before the
+spring of next year. Their great inducement for carrying on the war
+was their hopes of success from this expedition, which is considered
+as entirely frustrated, as their army will be too much reduced to
+attempt to go to India without being reinforced from France; and they
+never will be able to prevail on more troops to embark for Egypt, even
+if they had the means of conveyance for them.</p>
+
+<p>"The winds prove all this time very variable, <span class="italic">et nous avan&ccedil;ons fort
+lentement</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Admiral is still in sight, though we are not in company together.
+Had I not been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> certain of going to England, I should regret losing
+the opportunity of seeing Naples, particularly on this occasion; but
+everything is absorbed in that first consideration. The newspapers are
+at all times acceptable, and I was happy when you found opportunities
+to send them from Ryde; but as many of the squadron receive them, and
+they are always circulated to the different ships, I would not trouble
+you to send them. <span class="italic">D'ailleurs, pour le pr&eacute;sent, j'esp&egrave;re que ce serait
+inutile.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Monday.&mdash;We get on very slowly indeed, not having yet got sight of
+Candia; we must however have <span class="italic">patience</span>. Three days' fair wind will
+bring us the distance of Sicily. I have invited Captains Miller,
+Louis, and Gould to dine with me to-day. To the former I said that
+your ladyship had the pleasure of having made acquaintance with Mrs.
+Miller. Miller is an excellent man. Another day I shall have the other
+captains, Derby, Peyton, and Cuthbert, late first lieutenant of the
+Majestic.</p>
+
+<p>"Whilst I am writing, a fine breeze has sprung up, which will get us
+as far as Rhodes at least. We have entirely lost sight of the Admiral;
+and I think, from the wind having favoured us, that we shall have
+considerably the start of his little squadron.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday.&mdash;Nothing so uncertain and variable as the winds in this
+country. We are still off the island of Rhodes, which appears fertile
+and well<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> cultivated. We have also sight of Candia at the distance of
+above thirty leagues. Our present route is different from any of the
+former, as we go to the northward of Candia, amidst the innumerable
+islands that form the archipelago. It is thought by many a dangerous
+navigation with our disabled ships, but I always consider <span class="italic">que le bon
+Dieu nous guide</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Admiral has again joined us, but too far off for any personal
+communication. This evening we have effected a great object in
+doubling Rhodes, and we are now proceeding with a fine breeze. I hope
+in three days to congratulate you on our being in the fair track down
+the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday, 31st.&mdash;Events multiply and increase upon us, but not so
+favourably as they promised when I last took up my pen. After
+contending for three days against the baffling winds we had so often
+experienced, and by our perseverance gained a considerable distance,
+the wind increased so much against us yesterday morning, that I was
+compelled, from the disabled state of several of the ships, to abandon
+my intention of going to the northward of Candia; and, not without
+great risk, we ran through a passage imperfectly explored, and never
+known to ships of war till we found it practicable: at the same time,
+I almost shudder at the danger we escaped; nothing but a case of
+extreme necessity could have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> justified the attempt, and Providence
+was our guide;<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> at the same time warning us of the danger we ran,
+having actually seen the breakers, and escaped them by a trifling
+distance; and this was performed late at night, all the ships
+following and guided by our lights.</p>
+
+<p>"We are at present close to Candia, and the Admiral in sight; rather
+in advance of us, owing to the circumstance I have related. I now fear
+our voyage will prove very tedious, and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> the want of provisions
+and other circumstances will compel us to put into some port; this may
+occasion great delay, which the approach of the equinox makes me very
+desirous to avoid. I really believe no ships in so bad a condition as
+those with me ever attempted so intricate a navigation.</p>
+
+<p>"September 1st.&mdash;You are certainly unapprised of the Orion being on
+her way to England. Here have we been occupied for three weeks in
+effecting what might be accomplished in two days. Your wishes, I
+think, would prove more availing were you acquainted with the real
+state of things. This extraordinary delay makes me more fractious than
+can be imagined, and I begin to lose the character for patience which
+I had given myself by so tiresome a situation; besides which, I have
+Le Peuple Souverain to drag after me, that causes me more trouble than
+even the Spanish <span class="italic">saints</span> did after the 14th of February.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday.&mdash;I had almost determined not to resume my pen till we were
+entirely clear of this same island of Candia; but we have made such
+great progress since yesterday, and the prospect continues so
+favourable, that I cannot refuse myself the satisfaction of
+congratulating you thereon.</p>
+
+<p>"I received last evening a letter from the Admiral, brought me by La Bonne
+Citoyenne.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> He
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>is desirous of having the Minotaur and Audacious detached to
+Naples after accompanying us as far on our way as Minorca. A vessel was
+yesterday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> spoken with that saw one of the French line-of-battle ships, with the
+loss of her main-mast, and towed by a frigate towards Corfu, only eight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> days
+since; so that, had the winds favoured us, we should have been at no great
+distance from them. I dined to-day in the ward-room; but I am sorry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> to say we
+had no church this morning; this is so very necessary a duty, that I am always
+grieved when it is omitted."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 6th September.&mdash;The last four days we have got on
+remarkably well; and, what is still better, the wind seems now set in
+very favourably. Late last night the Thalia joined me, after cruising
+in all directions to fall in with Sir Horatio. I was not disappointed
+at receiving no letters by her: but this morning, having been joined
+by the Flora cutter, that left England the 26th July, and the fleet
+off Cadiz so late as the 12th August, I own it gave me concern to
+receive no tidings from you; but, on recollection that all the letters
+for this ship have been kept back, from our being expected down the
+Mediterranean, my disappointment ceases.</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen nothing of Admiral Nelson since I last wrote; and, as our
+route now lies in a different direction, I do not expect to meet with
+him again. The information obtained by the above vessels is of a very
+satisfactory nature; and I trust things will soon, very soon, draw to
+a favourable crisis.</p>
+
+<p>"The Thalia brought me from Bequir several intercepted letters from
+France, taken in a corvette going to Alexandria. I have read several
+of them, and find that their chief reliance was placed in the
+expedition to Egypt; which having failed so completely, must
+disconcert all their future projects. One bad piece of news I have
+learnt,&mdash;'that a Spanish vessel we took off St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> Pierre, laden with
+wheat, has been recaptured by a French privateer.'</p>
+
+<p>"I have been occupied for some days past in putting my cabin in good
+repair, which I hope to have fit for your ladyship's reception, so
+that, on my arrival in the Channel, I may have only to despatch the
+first vessel I fall in with to Lyme, with an invitation for you to
+partake of it, accompanied by one or more of the children, and any
+servants you may please to require to attend upon you. This has for
+some time past engaged my attention, and I trust nothing will
+intervene to thwart my expectations. Alas! they have been but too much
+disappointed already by the adverse winds, which still continue to
+weary our patience.</p>
+
+<p>"I dined to-day on board the Minotaur, the weather having proved
+nearly calm; it is the first time since we left Bequir that I have
+consented to leave the ship. I hope to fall in with the Colossus and
+some victuallers, which I find, by the Flora, were on their way to our
+squadron, supposing us to have been off Malta, blockading the French
+fleet. Strange that at so late a period Earl St. Vincent had not
+obtained information of their having sailed from that island!</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday.&mdash;The wind always continues contrary; but we get on,
+notwithstanding, by slow degrees. I made up for last Sunday, and had
+Divine service performed, and dined in the ward-room. We obtained a
+small supply of stock from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> the Thalia when she joined us; I should
+have told you that I despatched her and the cutter towards Naples, to
+meet Sir Horatio.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday evening.&mdash;The wind has at last favoured us for a few hours,
+and to-morrow I hope to be in sight of Syracuse. A vessel was
+yesterday spoken with, that had an ambassador on board from
+Constantinople, going to the different states in Barbary, to direct
+them to arm against the French. An English frigate had arrived at the
+Sublime Porte with the news of the defeat of their fleet at
+Alexandria; but I am at a loss to conjecture what the frigate was. The
+French officers "<span class="italic">sont indign&eacute;s de cette insulte offerte &agrave; la grande
+nation</span>."</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday.&mdash;We at last gained sight of Mount &AElig;tna yesterday evening;
+but the winds still prove very contrary, and I fear we shall be
+obliged, much against my inclination, to put into either Syracuse or
+Messina: we are at present off the former place. By a boat that has
+joined one of the ships, I find they only heard of the battle four
+days ago. They are disposed to give us a hearty welcome, but I hope we
+shall have no occasion for their well-meant intentions.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday.&mdash;We last night fell in with the Marquis de Niza's squadron,
+on their return from the mouth of the Nile. The Marquis hailed me that
+he was <span class="italic">very sorry</span> he had not arrived a few days sooner. We were much
+better without him."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir James sent, by the Thalia, the following letters to Sir Horatio:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, Port of Augusta, 16th September 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>I fear you will be disappointed at finding that we are no further on our voyage
+than this place. We were three days in sight of Sicily, endeavouring to beat
+round Cape Pesaro; and, Friday afternoon, the wind set in so strong to the
+westward, that I was obliged to endeavour to get into Syracuse, but I found the
+wind directly out of the harbour, and stood again to the southward. It blew a
+gale all night; and in the morning, seeing no possibility of getting into
+Syracuse, I bore up for this place, where the squadron anchored yesterday
+afternoon. We are completing the water with all expedition, but I am
+disappointed that there is no wine to be had but at a very high price. We are
+supplied with bullocks and other articles the same as at Syracuse; and, as at
+that place, the people are exorbitant in their demands. Every possible attention
+has been shown by the governor. I paid him a visit of ceremony this morning with
+the other captains of the squadron. He appears a man of the first
+respectability.</p>
+
+<p>I thought it proper to mention to him that I had seen Mr. Acton's letter, which
+stated that his Majesty's ships were to be received in the ports of this island;
+and I should do him great injustice, did I not observe to you, sir, his earnest
+endeavours that we should be supplied with everything we require on the most
+reasonable terms.</p>
+
+<p>A vessel, which left Malta six days ago, reports that the inhabitants have
+revolted against the French, who are driven to the greatest stress by the want
+of provisions. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>They seem very anxious for the appearance of an English squadron
+off that island.</p>
+
+<p>I hope to have the squadron completed in water by Wednesday next, and to put to
+sea the same evening. The Spartiate has caused us considerable uneasiness,
+having unfortunately got aground by bordering too near the light-house. She was
+however got off without sustaining any damage. All your friends, with me, desire
+their best compliments.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am, my dear Admiral,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your ever faithful and obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir Horatio Nelson.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Orion, Augusta, 20th September 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>I feel great satisfaction in acquainting you that the squadron and all the
+prizes are completed with water, and will be ready to proceed to sea at daylight
+to-morrow morning. The westerly winds have prevailed ever since our arrival, and
+I fear still continue in the channel of Malta; but it is of such importance to
+get from this place before easterly winds set in, that not a moment has been
+lost in getting the ships forward, which must be evident to you when you
+consider our great demands for water, and that we have only four boats in the
+squadron to supply the ships. We have been abundantly supplied with fresh
+provisions, and each ship takes twelve or fourteen bullocks to sea; but wine was
+not to be had at any reasonable rate. We have found difficulty in obtaining cash
+for the articles purchased on account of Government in a place where there
+scarcely exists any trade, and where the inhabitants are extremely poor. The
+governor has offered us every possible assistance; and I must entreat you will
+represent to Mr. Acton <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>the zeal and earnest endeavours he has shown to forward
+the King's service. I have the honour to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir Horatio Nelson.</p></div>
+
+<p>"Saturday, 22nd September.&mdash;A whole week has elapsed since I closed
+the account of our voyage; having the following day been under the
+necessity, from the state of the weather, to put into Augusta, a port
+a few leagues from Syracuse. We sailed thence yesterday, after
+completing the squadron with water. We found abundance of provisions,
+and each ship has sailed with a dozen or fourteen oxen, besides sheep,
+fowls, &amp;c. Augusta is a more modern town than Syracuse, having been
+rebuilt after an earthquake thirty years ago. It has no trade, and the
+inhabitants are extremely poor; the ships were visited by them daily,
+but we went to very few parties on shore. A few leagues from Augusta
+there is a considerable town called Catania. I regretted much it was
+not in my power to visit it, as there we might have had many things
+that would have been very acceptable in England.</p>
+
+<p>"In passing Syracuse yesterday, several of the principal inhabitants
+came on board; and I was happy in sending a letter to you, enclosed to
+Admiral Nelson at Naples. I hope to be with you as soon as it arrives,
+having still every expectation of being in England in the month of
+October.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> My mind is much more at ease since we have obtained the last
+supplies, as a small quantity of salt provisions, which we can have
+from the fleet, will enable the ships to proceed for England without
+stopping at Gibraltar, or any other place; and if the Orion is not of
+the number, great will be my disappointment.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 27th of September.&mdash;I have been very much engaged on public
+business of great importance the last three days, which, I am sorry to
+say, has not turned out quite equal to my wishes. On Monday I fell in
+with the Marquis de Niza's squadron, which had been ordered off Malta
+by Admiral Nelson. On Tuesday a deputation of the principal
+inhabitants came on board the Orion, to solicit a supply of arms and
+ammunition; at the same time informing me that the French garrison
+were in the greatest distress, and that, if the town was summoned,
+they had good grounds to believe they would be induced to surrender. I
+waited on the Marquis de Niza, who readily concurred in sending a flag
+of truce with proposals to the French garrison. After three hours'
+deliberation they returned a very concise answer,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> which although
+not satisfactory at this time, leaves little doubt that they will be
+compelled to surrender very shortly. Before I came away, I supplied
+the inhabitants, from the prizes, with twelve hundred muskets,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> and a
+great quantity of ammunition, of which they were in great want. I only
+regretted it was not in my power to stay a few days off the island.
+The Guillaume Tell and two frigates are in the harbour, and must fall
+with the garrison. A report prevailed that Le G&eacute;n&eacute;reux was lost; these
+ships form the remaining force that escaped us from the mouth of the
+Nile.</p>
+
+<p>"We are now pursuing our voyage with slow steps; but, as the light
+winds lead us in the fair track, we must not complain. I was glad to
+learn from the Marquis de Niza that the Colossus was seen going to
+Naples, with four victuallers and a store-ship. A frigate is now in
+sight, joining me, by which I hope to receive good accounts.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday morning.&mdash;The frigate proved to be the Terpsichore, from the
+Admiral, whom she left ten days ago going to Naples. The Terpsichore
+was going off Malta for intelligence, and to look out for the
+Colossus, with the victuallers. As I could satisfy the Admiral on both
+those points, I despatched her immediately for Naples. We have now a
+fine Siroc wind, attended with all its usual close dampness; but, as
+it wafts us down the Mediterranean, we readily put up with its
+disagreeable attendants, without the risk of hanging ourselves. I
+intend to part with the Minotaur and Audacious to-day, agreeably to my
+orders. Fortunately, I exchanged their men from the prizes two days
+ago, as it would have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> attended with danger to do it in the
+present weather. We have taken our final leave of Sicily this morning.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 30th Sept. The weather has proved very unfavourable the last
+three days. Le Souverain has sustained some disasters, and causes me
+great uneasiness. I hope, in another week, to get the distance of
+Gibraltar, where we may all be better refitted. I cannot be too
+thankful for the supplies we obtained at Augusta; the squadron would
+otherwise have been much distressed for want of water and provisions.
+We are in sight of Sardinia, with every appearance of a favourable
+breeze. To-morrow we enter the ever propitious month. I still hope my
+expectations will be fulfilled; although I own that probability is
+against their accomplishment.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 4th October.&mdash;This month began most auspiciously with a
+fine breeze of wind, which continued all the following day; but
+yesterday morning we experienced a tremendous gale to the northward,
+with a very heavy sea, which still continues: the wind has again
+shifted favourably, and I hope this time will carry us through the
+Straits; but we have had so many disappointments that we must not
+trust to appearances.</p>
+
+<p>"Saturday, 6th.&mdash;The winds prove again contrary for us. We have the
+Souverain in tow, and in so bad a condition that I almost fear it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+will not be possible to get her as far as Gibraltar. There has been a
+great deal of blowing weather, with heavy seas, since we left Malta,
+and the prizes have suffered considerably from it. I have had an
+addition to my stock since I left Augusta, having three fine little
+lambs; and I understand more are expected: it is fortunate I was well
+provided, as this increase would have proved ruinous to my table.</p>
+
+<p>"Monday, 8th October.&mdash;We have had variable winds these last two days,
+which have brought the squadron a considerable distance. We are at
+present off Algiers, a very unfriendly coast, which I hope soon to
+lose sight of with our present breeze. The anchorage off Cadiz having
+broken up about this time last year, I depend on finding Lord St.
+Vincent at anchor at Gibraltar, or there to find orders to join him at
+Lisbon, and from thence to proceed to England.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, 9th.&mdash;I congratulate you on our darling's birth-day; and
+join my prayers to yours that Heaven may bestow on him its choicest
+blessings.</p>
+
+<p>"We have a continuance of fine wind, which, I trust, will carry us to
+Gibraltar in two days. I have been treated with the perusal of several
+French papers, which I intercepted on board a Danish vessel from
+Marseilles, bound to Algiers. They are dated so late as the 27th
+Fructidor, which answers to the 13th September; and I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> happy to
+see, by the English news they contain, that things were going on
+favourably. I hope soon to have it under your hand more particularly:
+in the mean time it is very satisfactory to receive these news, which
+are near three months of later date from England than we before
+possessed; your dear letter of the 10th June being the latest I have
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>"Wednesday, 10th.&mdash;I fell in with L'Espoir this morning. She left
+Gibraltar ten days ago. She has surprised me with the account that the
+Leander had not at that time reached Earl St. Vincent; and that the
+news of our victory was only received two days before by the Mutine,
+which had arrived from Naples. This account has created amongst us
+great uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. I have despatched
+L'Espoir with a letter to Earl St. Vincent, apprising him of the
+approach of the prizes, with the ships under my command; and I hope to
+receive his lordship's orders for our proceedings when we appear off
+Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>"Saturday, 13th.&mdash;The wind has again set against us the last two days,
+and continues to exercise our patience. What adds to my uneasiness is,
+the small quantity of provisions in the squadron. We have been at
+short allowance these six weeks; and should it unfortunately continue
+to the westward a few days longer, we shall be very badly off. I now
+very reluctantly give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> up all hope of being in England during this
+month.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 14th.&mdash;The wind has again sprung up to the eastward, and I
+hope will this time carry us to Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>"Monday, 15th.&mdash;The wind still continues favourable, and to-morrow I
+hope to anchor in Gibraltar Bay; and, as an opportunity may offer to
+send you this tedious journal, I hold it in readiness accordingly. It
+will give you some faint idea of the trial our patience has been put
+to; and although our progress has not been attended with the same
+anxiety as I described in my former journal, when we were in pursuit
+of the enemy, still I have not been exempt from great uneasiness on
+various accounts, particularly from the crippled state of most of the
+ships, in a navigation some part of which is very hazardous, and where
+contrary winds so invariably prevail. I now hope in a short time to be
+released from so heavy a charge, and that I shall be permitted to
+proceed, as I have been given to expect, <span class="italic">immediately for England</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday, 16th.&mdash;We have gained sight of Gibraltar this morning; but
+westerly winds and the current prevent our approach to it. I hope,
+however, to have communication with the Rock to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday, 18th.&mdash;I received late last evening a very flattering
+letter from Earl St. Vincent, in answer to mine of the 10th, which, he
+says, diffused<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> universal joy to the garrison, and the little squadron
+with him: and his lordship has rejoiced my heart by informing me that
+so soon as the wounded and sick are landed from the squadron, and the
+wants of the ships are supplied, I shall proceed to Lisbon with them.
+He adds that, in his judgment, our action stands foremost in the page
+of naval history, having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was
+ever done before, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"We are still struggling against adverse winds, not without hope of
+gaining the anchorage to-morrow. I most sincerely wish it, on every
+account; and, although my next rendezvous is not what I exactly
+expected, it always brings me nearer England.</p>
+
+<p>"Great is our uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. In the letter
+above alluded to, Lord St. Vincent thinks it probable she may have
+been dismasted, and have put into one of the islands of the
+Archipelago. I own my fears for her are great." The following is Lord
+St. Vincent's letter, with Sir James's answer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Gibraltar, 16th October 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir, </p>
+
+<p>Your letter of the 10th instant, received yesterday, has diffused universal joy
+through the garrison and little squadron now here. I highly applaud and admire
+the measures taken by you and Rear-admiral the Marquis de Niza to induce the
+French to surrender their stronghold in Malta; and the supply of arms and
+ammunition you furnished the islanders with was very judicious. Two very
+respectable Moorish merchants, natives of the eastern <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>coast of Barbary, who
+arrived at Gibraltar from Genoa yesterday, report that advices had been received
+at the latter place before they left it, that the Maltese had succeeded, and put
+the French garrison to the sword. I have been so long accustomed to the fallacy
+of <span class="italic">pratique</span> reports, that I do not give entire credit to this.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Leander we know nothing; and I am rather inclined to believe that the
+story Sir Horatio Nelson learned from a Candia boat, is true; and that she has
+either been dismasted in the action, or so crippled as to be obliged to take
+refuge in one of the islands of the Archipelago. I never despair, and I have
+great confidence that she will yet turn up.</p>
+
+<p>The account you give from Captain Retallick, of the near approach to Naples of
+the Colossus and her precious charge,&mdash;for the Alliance is full of naval
+stores, with all the top-masts and top-sail yards we had, and the four
+victuallers loaded with new provisions of every species except bread,&mdash;is a
+communication of the utmost consequence.</p>
+
+<p>It is my anxious wish that the six prize ships of war should be safe moored in
+the Tagus as soon as possible; and my intention that the Orion, Defence, and
+Theseus shall accompany them: the Bellerophon and Majestic to enter Gibraltar
+Mole in order to be remasted, for all the lower masts are there; and their men,
+after assisting in the navigation of the prizes to Lisbon, may return hither in
+the Santa Dorothea.</p>
+
+<p>I am fitting out an expedition of great importance,&mdash;I believe, <span class="italic">entre nous</span>,
+against Monte Video, or Lima,&mdash;which swallows up all the transports and
+frigates I have, or I would send you some salt provisions and wine. Should the
+Levanters fail you, by working close to the Barbary shore you will soon reach
+Tetuan Bay, and find no difficulty in working round Europa with a flood-tide.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I request you will convey to your brave companions in arms, that, in my
+judgment, they stand foremost in the page of naval history; having, beyond all
+dispute, achieved more than was ever done before, and, under the critical
+circumstances of the times, have certainly rendered the greatest benefit to the
+human race at large, and to their King and country in particular, that ever was
+performed.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to be, with great esteem and regard,<br />
+<span class="i2">Sir,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">Your most obedient, humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span> </p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p>
+<p> P.S. Doctor Harness has prepared the naval hospital for the reception of the
+wounded and sick of your squadron in the best manner our means will admit; the
+wards have been whitewashed, and every exertion made to purify them. The moment
+the invalids are landed, and the wants of the ships that go to Lisbon supplied,
+you shall proceed thither with them. <span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p class="right">Orion, off Gibraltar, 18th Oct. 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I received late last evening the honour of your letter by L'Espoir, and shall
+not fail to communicate to the squadron the very handsome terms in which your
+lordship is pleased to express yourself of the action of the Nile. I am
+particularly happy the measures taken off Malta meet with your lordship's
+approbation; but I fear the account from Genoa is premature respecting the
+French garrison, as there has scarcely been time since we left the island, the
+26th Sept. for the news to reach Genoa, and arrive at Gibraltar, if such an
+event had taken place.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing that, with the ship I have in tow, it will not be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>possible to reach
+Rozia Bay till a late hour, I send an officer on shore with the despatches for
+your lordship, and the letters for the garrison.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">I have the honour to be, my lord,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent.</p></div>
+
+<p>The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on the evening of the 18th, amidst
+the universal and unbounded acclamations of the assembled population.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, 21st Oct.&mdash;Last Thursday, my dear love, we all anchored in
+safety in this bay, and met with a reception we want words to express
+from the governor, admiral, officers, soldiers, seamen, and
+inhabitants. We can never do justice to the warmth of their applause,
+and the praises they all bestowed on our squadron.</p>
+
+<p>"A ball was given last night by the governor, in honour of our
+victory; and we have a round of dinner invitations from the heads of
+the garrison. I am, however, happy to tell you that to-morrow I expect
+to put to sea for Lisbon, with the Theseus and prizes, which I am to
+leave in safety in the Tagus, and then proceed to England. I am to
+give a passage to the Duc d'Havr&eacute; and his suite: he is a nobleman of
+distinction, who has resided some time in Spain, but has been expelled
+from that country with other <span class="italic">emigr&eacute;s</span>. I had an opportunity of
+sending you, by a cutter for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> Lagos, a short letter, with the above
+pleasing accounts, which I am persuaded will yield no less happiness
+to you than it has to me."</p>
+
+<p>We have already mentioned the honours, the titles, the decorations,
+and the favours conferred on the victorious Nelson, as also the
+praises he had himself bestowed on some of the captains of the fleet;
+but we cannot refrain from reverting to the extraordinary circumstance
+that the second in command in that battle, which both Earl St. Vincent
+and Mr. Pitt declared "stands foremost in the page of naval history,"
+and which (as before stated), was most highly extolled, had not that
+mark of distinction conferred upon him, which is usually granted on
+such occasions. In common, indeed, with the other captains, he
+received a gold medal; being only the second given to him, although he
+commanded a ship of the line in four great general actions, and served
+in two others.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> We mention this, because Sir James was not aware of
+the extent of this neglect until many years after, when, meeting with
+Clarke and Mac Arthur's Life of Nelson, he discovered that Nelson's
+letters had influenced the Admiralty to regard him as having held no
+higher station in the action than any other captain in the squadron,
+and represented Sir Thomas Troubridge, who unfortunately had no part
+in the battle, as equally entitled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> to reward as himself: therefore he
+felt this deviation from the common usage less severely at the time
+than he would otherwise have done.</p>
+
+<p>We admit that it would be difficult to point out a situation of
+extraordinary hardship more peculiarly calculated, than that of
+Troubridge, to excite the feelings of sympathy expressed so strongly
+by Nelson.</p>
+
+<p>But what would have been the situation,&mdash;what would have been the
+feelings of Sir James Saumarez, had he been sent away to make room for
+Sir Thomas Troubridge? We leave the reader to judge. Suffice it to
+say, that as soon as the Admiral had ascertained the real force of the
+enemy, he found the Orion could not be spared, by which fortunate
+circumstance Sir James was saved a mortification which would have
+weighed on his heart the remainder of his days.</p>
+
+<p>Every admiral, captain, and officer, with whom we have conversed on
+the subject, has been decidedly of opinion that the name of Saumarez
+ought to have been honourably mentioned; and that, as second in
+command, some mark of distinction should have been conferred upon him.
+We dwell on this subject particularly, because we know, that when a
+brave and meritorious officer does not obtain the reward due to his
+merit, it is extremely injurious to the service, as it damps that
+ardour after fame, and weakens that emulation, which lead to valour
+and enterprise.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> May every succeeding Nelson regard, and be able to
+look up to, that motto which was conferred on the hero of the
+Nile,&mdash;<span class="italic">Palmam qui meruit, ferat!</span></p>
+
+<p>On Sir James's arrival at Gibraltar he received the following letters
+from Sir Horatio Nelson, approving of his proceedings:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Vanguard, Naples, 29th Sept. 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have received your letter of the 17th from Augusta, as well as your despatch
+of the 27th, by Captain Gage.</p>
+
+<p>I very much approve of your putting into Augusta to get water, and very highly
+so of your officer-like behaviour and conduct relative to Malta, as also of your
+supplying the Maltese with arms and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I am, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15"  />
+<p class="right">September 29th, 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir James,</p>
+
+<p>Captain Gage is just arrived with your letters and papers relative to Malta. I
+can say with truth there is no action of your life, as far as relates to me, but
+what must be entirely to my approbation: your summons to Malta is highly proper;
+and you have done as I wished in sending the arms, &amp;c. The wind here is
+strong at S.E. I hope you have it, and that it will carry you through the
+Straits. This is a sad place for refitting, the swell sets in so heavy; never
+again do we come to Naples: besides the rest, we are killed with kindness.
+Wishing you, my dear Sir James, every felicity in this world, believe me ever,</p>
+
+<p class="left60">Your obliged and affectionate,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At Gibraltar Sir James also received a letter from his gallant friend
+and brother-in-arms, Captain Ball, which gives so vivid a description
+of some of the events of this most eventful period of the war, that we
+are persuaded the reader will thank us for inserting it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Alexander, at sea, 11th Oct. 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir James,</p>
+
+<p>I have the satisfaction of sending you, by the Colossus, a case containing six
+fan-mounts, two boxes of perfumery, four large and two small of Naples soap,
+amounting to eighteen Spanish dollars and a half. I hope to collect from Sicily
+some ornamental figures for a table, which I will forward to you, by the first
+safe conveyance, with some Neapolitan shawls. I shall not draw upon your agent,
+as I expect, when I return to Naples, to receive nearly forty pounds as your
+share of the cotton and articles taken out of the Spanish polacre we captured.
+Pray let me know to whom I shall remit the balance. I sincerely hope that you
+had a good passage down, and have not suffered from the fatigue and anxiety you
+must have experienced. I make no doubt but you will have the pleasure of
+convoying the ships to England, where you will be amply recompensed by a joyful
+meeting with Lady Saumarez and your family. When you get your second medal,
+beware of the ladies, if they hear such a story of you as of our friend
+Collingwood. I shall feel very much flattered whenever you will favour me with a
+line; and you may be assured that I shall never lose an occasion of testifying
+to you my great esteem, and how very much I value your friendship. I enclose
+herewith a translation of Admiral Blanquet's account of the battle of the Nile,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>with his plans, which he is to present to the French Minister of the Marine.
+One of my officers copied them unknown to him, but his aide-de-camp allowed
+everybody to read them.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to describe to you the very flattering reception we met
+with at Naples. Our gallant Admiral was hailed as the saviour of Italy. He daily
+receives from all parts congratulatory addresses and verses, celebrating his
+fame. The King visited him before he anchored, and he gave him and all the
+captains a very elegant dinner on board one of his ships of the line. We dined
+on the poop; the party very select, consisting of the hereditary Prince and one
+of his brothers, the Minister of Marine, three of the Lords in waiting, Sir
+William and Lady Hamilton, and the captain of the Neapolitan ship. After dinner,
+the King gave as a toast, "Sir Horatio Nelson and the brave English nation,"
+with a salute from his lower deck guns. Sir William Hamilton gave a f&ecirc;te that
+cost more than a thousand pounds. It was much admired for its taste and
+magnificence. There was nothing to be seen or heard of but "Viva Nelson!" The
+English nation never stood so high in the estimation of the Italians as at this
+present moment: and I believe the French were never so universally execrated and
+despised as they now are. The Emperor and King of Naples will make an effort to
+drive them out of Italy. General Mack was daily expected at Naples to arrange
+the plans.</p>
+
+<p>We have to regret the capture of the Leander by the G&eacute;n&eacute;reux. She is carried
+into Corfu. Of course all our letters by her are destroyed, and our friends will
+suffer much anxiety until the arrival of Capel, who could not get there before
+the 20th of last month. The grand Seignior declared war against the French the
+1st of last month. He did not receive the Admiral's official account <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>of the
+action until the 6th ult. He has ordered a costly diamond to be presented to him
+for the important victory.</p>
+
+<p>Buonaparte's career is nearly finished. He will soon be surrounded by sixty
+thousand men. One of his colonels, whom Foley took very lately, says that the
+whole army will soon perish. He sent to Alexandria for all the troops in
+garrison to join him without loss of time, which they refused doing. The seamen
+marched to retrieve their character, but I do not think many will return to tell
+of their exploits. A Turkish fleet is gone for Alexandria. Our Envoy at
+Constantinople, Sir Sidney Smith's brother, has gained great credit by his
+ability and judicious conduct. I had great satisfaction in reading some of his
+correspondence. We expect very soon to be in possession of Malta, Corfu, Zante,
+and Cerigo. I shall then hope to go to England, Sir H. Nelson having given me
+reason to expect the pleasure of carrying home Sir William and Lady Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>I am now in company with the Colossus, going off Malta, which we are in sight
+of. Captain Murray talks of staying to ascertain the state of the island. He is
+then to proceed to join Lord St. Vincent. He has this moment made the signal for
+Gibraltar; I must therefore refer you to him for the state of Malta. The French
+must surrender in a few days. Their ships mean to slip out and trust to their
+sailing. Believe me,</p>
+
+<p class="left55">With true esteem and regard,<br />
+<span class="i2">My dear Sir James, very sincerely yours,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Alex. M. Ball.</span></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>To return to Sir James's journal:</p>
+
+<p>"19th October.&mdash;Your valued letters of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> 21st July and 29th August
+I received the morning of my arrival, and they gave me real comfort
+after so long a privation. I now trust that, in a few weeks, we shall
+be re-united, no more to part! It is my firm intention to remain, for
+some time at least, entirely abstracted from active service. If I can
+do so, and retain the command of the ship, well and good; if not, I
+shall apply to be superseded.</p>
+
+<p>"An expedition under Sir John Duckworth is now sailing from this bay;
+various are the conjectures on its destination. I need not tell you,
+after what I have noticed respecting the Earl, that we are on a very
+good footing. Indeed, the solicitous attention he shows to me almost
+overwhelms me, as I wish to keep clear of laying myself under
+obligation, except as far as concerns the promotion of my officers.</p>
+
+<p>"24th October, Orion, off Cadiz.&mdash;Yesterday I got clear of Gibraltar
+Bay with the Theseus and five of the prizes, it having been decided,
+the morning before we sailed, to leave the Souverain for a hulk at
+Gibraltar, which I had strongly recommended before.</p>
+
+<p>"I was fortunate in the arrival of the Transfer brig, in ten days from
+Naples, a few hours previous to our sailing. She brought the sad news
+of the capture of the Leander, with the despatches; but having long
+before given her over for lost, and being apprehensive for the safety
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> all on board, the account rather gave me satisfaction, especially
+as she is said to have well supported the fame of the Nile squadron,
+though the details of the action are not known.</p>
+
+<p>"Earl St. Vincent afforded me the perusal of several interesting
+letters that came by the Transfer from Naples, particularly from the
+envoy and our gallant Admiral: he was on the point of sailing for
+Malta, which, there is scarcely a doubt, is by this time, entirely in
+possession of the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>"We are going on with a fine breeze for Lisbon, which I hope to reach
+before Saturday. This morning I gained sight of our squadron off
+Cadiz; and, although within a few miles of one of the ships, (the
+Hector,) they had not the curiosity to join us, and I was unwilling to
+be delayed by going to them, although I should have been happy to have
+had communication with some of the ships. I hope my stay at Lisbon
+will be but short; as, after I embark the Duc d'Havr&eacute;, and have seen
+the prizes taken care of, I proceed immediately for Portsmouth. Judge
+then of my feelings. My only regret is, being unable to impart them to
+you!</p>
+
+<p>"Thursday.&mdash;Early this morning I fell in with the Barfleur and
+Northumberland. Although not without great difficulty, I persevered in
+my endeavours to join them; but, to my great concern, I found no
+letters for me on board either ship.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> Captain Dacres tells me he wrote
+to Ryde, thinking you were there, but in vain. Lady Parker, however,
+assured him that she had a letter from you very lately.</p>
+
+<p>"I was glad to hear Captain Capel had reached England with the
+accounts of our action, the news of which were received at Portsmouth
+the day before the Barfleur sailed.</p>
+
+<p>"Fortune has, as usual, proved propitious this month. What think you
+of two vessels, with valuable cargoes from Genoa, which promise to
+give, at the most moderate computation, at least &pound;10,000 between
+Captain Miller and myself!<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The Theseus joined me with one
+yesterday noon, and we brought the other to, some time after; both
+under Greek colours, but unquestionably laden with the property of
+Genoese merchants. More are on their way, which we expect to fall in
+with. But indeed, my dearest love, we require not riches to add to our
+happiness. Let us but have peace and tranquillity, and we have enough
+for every earthly enjoyment whilst it pleases Heaven to bless us with
+good health. Alas, poor Lady W.! how sensibly I feel for the
+misfortune that has deprived her excellent husband of all prospect of
+ever again enjoying comfort in this life. She was, indeed, all you
+have said of her.</p>
+
+<p>"To-morrow I depend on arriving at Lisbon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> with the hope of being
+detained a few days only, and where I rely on being cheered with
+letters from you. <span class="italic">A propos</span>: Miss R. is there, and will not be sorry
+to hear the Leander is at last heard of, although in possession of the
+enemy. She is going to England with General and Mrs. Trigge.</p>
+
+<p>"27th October.&mdash;I had hoped before the arrival of this <span class="italic">blessed</span> day
+to acquaint you with our being safe in the Tagus; but the light winds
+prevented our getting round Cape St. Vincent before yesterday evening,
+and it now blows so strong from the westward that there is no
+possibility of getting over the bar. To-morrow, I trust, we shall be
+more fortunate; or, what would prove still better, that it will blow
+so strong as to compel me to bear up for the Channel, which I
+certainly would do in case of a south-west gale.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday, two o'clock.&mdash;I now congratulate you on our safe arrival in
+the Tagus, in the midst of very boisterous weather; but, thanks to
+Divine Providence! without an accident to any of the ships; I have but
+once more to weigh anchor, and then I trust in its mercy to bring me
+to the haven where I would be, and to find all my precious treasures
+in complete possession of health and happiness.</p>
+
+<p>"A packet arrived this morning with Commissioner Coffin. The only
+letter I have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> so fortunate as to receive is one from Mr. Le M.
+dated the day Captain Capel arrived. What would I not give for one of
+as late date from you! Another is soon expected, this packet having
+had nearly three weeks' passage."</p>
+
+<p>The extract of the following letter from Sir James to the
+commander-in-chief continues this narrative:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Orion, Tagus, 1st November, 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acquaint your lordship of the safe arrival in the Tagus of
+this ship and the Theseus, with five of the prize-ships lately taken in his
+Majesty's service.</p>
+
+<p>His grace the Duc d'Havr&eacute; embarks on board this ship on Monday next; and the
+Marquis de Mortemart having solicited a passage to England, I have consented to
+receive him on condition of his being considered in the suite of the duke.
+Captain Tyler also takes his passage in the Orion. I should have been happy to
+have made the like offer to General Trigge, but it was not possible to
+accommodate him and the ladies of his family without considerable inconvenience
+to the Duc d'Havr&eacute;. His grace is a nobleman of the first distinction and
+consideration, and he expresses himself very sensible of your lordship's
+attention in providing for him so good a conveyance.</p>
+
+<p>I beg to offer my most sincere and fervent wishes for health and every happiness
+to attend your lordship; and, with my unfeigned thanks for all your lordship's
+favour,</p>
+
+<p class="left75">I remain, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James, having now fulfilled the anxious charge entrusted to him,
+and, with great professional skill and unremitting vigilance, brought
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+the prizes in safety to Lisbon, is at length setting sail for England:
+and who will not share the feelings of the husband and the father, on
+approaching his home after so long an absence! The following extracts
+from his letters will convey some impression of what those feelings
+were.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Lisbon, Nov. 3rd, 1798.</p>
+
+<p>I am now rejoicing in the hope of being in England nearly as soon as this letter
+can reach you. I propose to sail from this place the beginning of next week, and
+I trust my arrival will shortly follow. Let me find a letter from you at
+Portsmouth. I depend on your being ready to set off as soon as you hear the
+Orion is there. The post will arrive sufficiently early to allow of your leaving
+Bath the same day. I may possibly be able to meet you on the road, as I shall
+have had time to despatch Monsieur le Duc d'Havr&eacute; (who is a very polite
+Frenchman) and to make arrangements against our return. I think it right to
+mention that unless the wind admits the ships getting over the Bar of Lisbon, I
+may be detained. But I hope for a quick passage.</p></div>
+
+<p>"Sunday, November 25th, Spithead.&mdash;I wrote to you, this morning, from
+St. Helens. The happy moment is at length arrived when I can despatch
+a letter from Spithead. Yours of yesterday is in my hand. To-morrow
+you will be setting off; but I fear the service will prevent our
+meeting till the day after.</p>
+
+<p>"I have despatched Dumaresq to Newport for our dear boy; and I depend
+on seeing him to-night.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> <span class="italic">Le Duc est empress&eacute; de le voir.</span> I hope to
+get the party on shore, <span class="italic">de bonne heure</span>, to-morrow: but we are still
+in quarantine whilst I am making these arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>"Tuesday morning.&mdash;Great is my disappointment at being kept thus long
+in quarantine: it is a cruel <span class="italic">contre temps</span>, and the more so from its
+being unforeseen. What adds to my disappointment is, that I am at a
+loss to know if our <span class="italic">pratique</span> has been received by this day's post,
+the weather having prevented all communication with the shore. It will
+rejoice you to learn that our beloved boy has been with me since ten,
+yesterday morning, and that I find him all you have described. I
+expect to hear every moment of your arrival at the Fountain. Mr.
+Maxwell writes there is no doubt of our being released to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>"One o'clock.&mdash;If our <span class="italic">pratique</span> is not received by this post, request
+Sir Peter to set the telegraph at work, now that the weather has
+cleared up. 8 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> Your letter has this instant reached me. The
+tidings of your arrival have relieved my mind from great inquietude.
+The messenger has orders to wait your commands until after the post
+hour to-morrow; and if we are not then admitted to the privileges of
+<span class="italic">Christian charity</span> after our <span class="italic">Egyptian bondage</span>, we must <span class="italic">endeavour</span>
+to submit to our fate. James is by my side, and glows with
+thankfulness at being so soon likely to embrace his beloved mamma. He
+has indeed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> been a real comfort to me under this sad contrariety of
+events. I have placed Monsieur Le Duc, and the rest of the party, at
+cards, to send these lines in time <span class="italic">pour ton r&eacute;veil demain. Encore
+adieu, ma tr&egrave;s ch&egrave;re</span>! Write every hour of the day, and send your
+letters to Mr. Maxwell.</p>
+
+<p>"Wednesday morning.&mdash;Grieved as I am to be a prisoner still another
+day, there is consolation in the <span class="italic">certainty</span> of our being released
+to-morrow. Ardently as I aspire for the moment of our meeting, I must
+delay going on shore until after the performance of divine service in
+this ship:<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and I know this arrangement will have your full
+concurrence. Your note is just received: how well have you anticipated
+my thoughts, and met my wishes even before they were expressed. Please
+God, to-morrow we shall be compensated for a separation of two long
+years; and on a day in which none can have greater mercies to
+commemorate than ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>"Wednesday evening.&mdash;I have just ascertained that the Duke and the Marquis
+do not proceed to town before Friday; therefore expect to receive them at
+dinner, and desire Mrs. Fielding to prepare for eighteen or twenty guests."</p>
+
+<p>Sir James remained at Portsmouth, until the 15th December, when he
+sailed for Plymouth,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> at which place he arrived on the 22nd: and on
+the 6th of January 1799 the Orion was paid off, when Sir James went to
+Bath, where he was once more free and happy in the bosom of his
+family.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1800.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.&mdash;Is appointed to the C&aelig;sar, of 84
+guns.&mdash;Joins the Channel fleet.&mdash;The Brest fleet having escaped,
+proceeds to the Mediterranean.&mdash;English fleet at Bantry Bay.&mdash;Return
+of the French fleet.&mdash;C&aelig;sar at Lisbon.&mdash;Sir James returns to
+Spithead.&mdash;Rejoins the Channel fleet.&mdash;Earl St. Vincent takes the
+command.&mdash;Appoints Sir James to command the advanced squadron.&mdash;Black
+Rocks.&mdash;Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.&mdash;Douvernenez
+Bay.&mdash;Various letters.&mdash;Complete success of the blockade&mdash;Enemy's
+fleet laid up Sir James returns to Spithead.&mdash;Conclusion of 1800.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James had cherished the hope that he was to be permitted to enjoy
+the blessings of domestic life, at least for a few months; but even in
+the most perfect state of happiness which can be well imagined, he
+always held his duty to his King and country, (next to the duty he
+owed to his Creator,) to be paramount to every other consideration;
+and, feeling himself bound, after a short period of relaxation, to
+offer his services, he wrote the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Bath, 15th January 1799.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>As you were pleased to intimate your intention of being at Bath when I last had
+the honour of seeing you, I delayed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>writing until this time. I am extremely
+happy to find that Lady Spencer's improved state of health has rendered the
+journey unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after my arrival I received a letter from Admiral Young, proposing to
+me (in the absence of your lordship) a large seventy-four, which I declined
+accepting, as you had done me the honour to offer me the C&aelig;sar, on a certain
+expected event taking place. I hope you will forgive me for entreating that as
+many of the Orion's ship's company may be reserved for me as the service will
+admit. Having experienced their uniform good conduct for so many years, I am
+most solicitous to have them with me in another ship.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">I have the honour to be,<br />
+<span class="i2">With the highest respect,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">Your lordship's most obedient and humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To the Right Honourable Earl Spencer, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>To the above, Sir James received the following answer:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 18th January 1799.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Lady Spencer's journey to Bath is only deferred, I fear; as it will probably be
+necessary for her to go there soon.</p>
+
+<p>The proposal made to you by Admiral Young was only intended as a temporary
+measure, in case you had no objection to be employed in the interval before you
+could have a permanent appointment. Whenever the period shall come at which I
+can propose such an appointment to you, I shall avail myself of it with
+pleasure. With respect to reserving your ship's company, that practice is
+attended with so much inconvenience to the public service, that it has of late
+been necessarily discontinued. Although there is no one in whose favour I should
+be more disposed to relax <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>than to you, I fear it will be impossible for me to
+do so in this particular. I am, dear sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left60">Your very obedient and humble servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Spencer.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The 14th of February, being the anniversary of the glorious victory
+obtained over the Spanish fleet, was selected for a promotion of
+flag-officers; and on this occasion his Majesty was pleased to confer
+on Sir James Saumarez one of the colonelcies of Marines as a reward
+for his many and meritorious services. Earl Spencer availed himself of
+the opportunity to appoint him to the C&aelig;sar, of 84 guns, one of the
+finest, but hitherto most unfortunate, ships in the British navy. Sir
+James hoisted his pendant on the 26th of February, and had the
+satisfaction to have several of his officers and crew removed from the
+Orion to the C&aelig;sar, in Hamoaze, where her fitting out went on with
+considerable rapidity. On the 19th of March she proceeded to Cawsand
+Bay, where, on the 30th, she rode out a heavy gale of wind from the
+S.E.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, in company with the Magnificent and Impetueux,
+she sailed for the Channel fleet, commanded by Admiral Berkeley, which
+she joined off Brest the 3rd April. On the 16th, Lord Bridport arrived
+from Portsmouth with five sail more, increasing the fleet to fifteen
+sail of the line. Another heavy gale was experienced on the 20th, but
+no damage was sustained.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th, looking into Brest Harbour, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> were surprised to see
+the French fleet, consisting of twenty-five sail, partly in Camaret
+Bay, and under way in Brest Water. The fleet stood off Ushant; the
+wind came to the S.E. with hazy weather, and on the same night they
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"April 27th.&mdash;Yesterday at noon, it blowing very strong from the
+northward, with foggy weather, the signal was made that the enemy was
+under sail. A general chase soon followed; but, I am sorry to say,
+they eluded our pursuit under cover of the thick weather, keeping
+close to their shore, by the passage du Raz. The cruise has now taken
+quite a different turn to what I expected; and it gives me great
+spirits to find we are likely to render to our country some service.</p>
+
+<p>"1st of May.&mdash;My fervent vows were very early offered, my best love,
+for Heaven's choicest blessings to attend you, with many, many returns
+of your natal day. The fatted calf was intended to have been killed
+for the f&ecirc;te; but the bustle caused by the French fleet occasioned its
+being neglected. Your health, however, will be drunk in a bumper of my
+best wine. I have a letter from the Duc d'Havr&eacute;, dated Edinburgh,
+where he was on a visit to Monsieur.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He was going to embark for
+the continent. <span class="italic">Mille complimens de sa part pour miladi</span>, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+<p>"May 5th.&mdash;We have had, the last three days, a strong S.E. gale,
+which has brought us off Ireland. I hope to-morrow we shall fall in
+with ships from Plymouth, and that I shall have the satisfaction of
+receiving letters from you,&mdash;the greatest I can possibly enjoy at this
+time, except that of beating the French fleet.</p>
+
+<p>"May 8th.&mdash;Off Cape Clear.&mdash;Captain Durham hailed me: he says the
+French fleet were seen a week ago, steering to the southward. These
+are trying times for those who feel as we do the importance of events,
+which involve and may decide the fate of nations.</p>
+
+<p>"May 17th.&mdash;Sir Alan Gardner has joined us this morning with a
+reinforcement. We are still without any certain intelligence of the
+enemy; a few days must determine. I only wish we could soon, very soon
+meet them, to put a stop to our perplexity and impatience.</p>
+
+<p>"Friday evening, 24th May.&mdash;We are just anchored in Bantry Bay. I fear
+my conjectures of the enemy being gone to Portugal, or the
+Mediterranean, and not being destined for this country, are too surely
+founded.</p>
+
+<p>"I have this instant received your letter of the 4th, by which,
+though, as yet, very hastily perused, I learn you are at Teignmouth. I
+am sorry to see that you have already taken alarm at the reports which
+are circulated respecting us: follow the example of Lady Howe, who
+neither reads<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> newspapers, nor listens to rumours. I know not who are
+most to blame, those who invent them, or you who believe them.</p>
+
+<p>"26th.&mdash;We continue without any certain accounts respecting the
+destination of the French armament. Admiral Collingwood arrived this
+morning, and hoists his flag in the Triumph. He will take a strong
+detachment with him for the Mediterranean. It is not yet known what
+ships are to go: but I have been on board Lord Bridport; and I do not
+hear the C&aelig;sar is to be one of them; which, I suppose, will <span class="italic">please</span>
+you: <span class="italic">in other respects</span>, there is no doubt that the Mediterranean
+station is far preferable to the Channel service. Your wish that we
+should carry away a mast was nearly gratified, the Achille and the
+C&aelig;sar having been on board each other in coming into this bay; the
+principal damage was, however, sustained by the former;
+notwithstanding which, she will not be obliged to return into port;
+therefore, form no such wishes, but show yourself a true patriot, and
+let the good of the country be the principal wish of your heart. The
+escape of the French fleet, was, I dare say, consonant to these
+feminine feelings, and see what a dilemma it has thrown us into.</p>
+
+<p>"31st May.&mdash;Off Cape Clear.&mdash;I see Lord Bridport very frequently, who
+always inquires most kindly after you. His lordship, it may be
+believed, is not very well satisfied with the present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> state of
+affairs. We must hope that future good will result from apparent evil;
+but it must ever be regretted that the French fleet escaped from
+Brest, without being brought to action. I think it probable Sir Alan
+Gardner will have the command of a strong detachment, and proceed off
+Cape Finisterre; but what ships are to be attached to him will not be
+known until the separation takes place. Should the French fleet be
+gone up the Mediterranean, they will proceed on that station; in which
+case I hope the C&aelig;sar will be one of Sir Alan's squadron. I am well
+provided for a long cruise. When I shall hear from you, Heaven alone
+knows! but I am endued with patience, after all our trials. The
+<span class="italic">&eacute;loge</span> of Mr. Morgan, on our dear boy, is a great satisfaction to me,
+and no less so at knowing him to be where his morals will be attended
+to, equally with the other branches of his education.</p>
+
+<p>"June 9th.&mdash;My last will have led you to expect my being detached with
+Sir A. Gardner. We separated from Lord Bridport, Saturday, with
+sixteen sail of the line; and we are already the distance of Lisbon,
+with a fine breeze, steering for the Mediterranean. I almost fear we
+shall be too late, notwithstanding the expedition we are using. I fell
+in with a Dane, from whom I learned the French fleet had passed the
+Straits, and Lord St. Vincent after them.</p>
+
+<p>"Sunday 10th.&mdash;In going down with the information<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> to the Admiral, we
+had the misfortune to carry away our fore-top-mast. I was not a little
+surprised to find Sir Alan with only the Magnificent and Russell, Sir
+Charles Cotton having been detached to the Mediterranean; thus I fear
+we shall be deprived sharing in the victory we hoped to obtain over
+the enemy's fleet. Our small squadron is returning towards Lisbon,
+instead of gaining the medals we made sure of.</p>
+
+<p>"14th.&mdash;Off Lisbon. We are anxiously waiting here for intelligence.
+The Admiral surprised me with the information that the object of our
+coming to Lisbon was to take away our prizes. He has ordered me in to
+accelerate their joining him."</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p>Sir Alexander Ball, in a letter to Sir James, dated off Malta, 27th
+April 1799, writes: "Be assured that your appointment to the Marines
+and the command of the C&aelig;sar, which are given to you as a mark of the
+high estimation in which you are regarded by the Admiralty and the
+public, has given me more joy than I should have received from the
+appointment of any other person on the list, because I have had the
+satisfaction of witnessing your bravery, zeal, and ardour in the
+service. I am much pleased with your plan of the sword."</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<p>The Commander-in-chief, supposing the destination of the French
+expedition to be Ireland,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> proceeded at once to Bantry Bay, where the
+fleet remained until the end of May; while the enemy passed the
+Straits of Gibraltar unmolested, having been on that occasion favoured
+by a gale of wind, which prevented the fleet under Lord Keith (though
+certainly very inferior) from bringing them to action. The French and
+Spanish fleets returned to Brest, unobserved, on the 21st of June.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time a part of Lord Bridport's fleet, in which was the
+C&aelig;sar, proceeded under command of Sir Alan Gardner to the Tagus, which
+it left on the 18th; and, cruising back, returned to Cawsand Bay on
+the 13th July. As the enemy showed no disposition to put to sea again,
+the C&aelig;sar, and the rest of the fleet, remained quietly at Cawsand Bay,
+and subsequently at Torbay till the 2nd September, when they again
+sailed. In the course of the three ensuing months it put back three
+times; and finally, on the 8th of December 1799, when the Admiralty,
+being desirous of ascertaining whether Torbay was a safe anchorage for
+the fleet during the winter months, ordered the C&aelig;sar to continue on
+that station for the trial, and at the same time placed the London, of
+98 guns, under the orders of Sir James. The tempestuous weather which
+prevailed during the rest of the month, and throughout January,
+afforded several occasions to determine the point. The London, during
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> heavy gale, parted her cables, and was with great difficulty
+preserved from going on shore, which left no doubt that it was an
+insecure and unfit post to shelter a fleet.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th March 1800, Lord Bridport took command of the fleet, which
+was soon after increased to twenty-five sail of the line; but nothing
+remarkable occurred till the 18th of May, when a dreadful gale
+occasioned much damage to many of the ships. The wind was at first
+S.W. and blew with great violence, when it suddenly checked to the
+N.W., before the S.W. sea had time to subside: most of the fleet wore.
+The Lady Jane, Trompeuse, and Railleur foundered: the Montague lost
+all her masts, and several others met with damage. It appears by the
+log of the C&aelig;sar that she continued for some time on the same tack,
+which may account for her having sustained little injury, although it
+mentions that she shipped several heavy seas. So tremendous was the
+rolling of the ship, that her lower yard-arms were at one time under
+water, while the carpenters stood by with their axes, to cut the masts
+away, if she had not righted. She did not bear up for Torbay with the
+rest of the fleet, but followed two days after, and, having
+replenished her water and provisions, resumed her station, from whence
+Sir James wrote a letter to Lady Saumarez, of which the following is
+an extract:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">"C&aelig;sar, 26th June, 1800.</p></div>
+
+<p>"Of the enemy in this neighbourhood we know nothing, except of their
+inactivity. I hope they do not mean to leave so fine a fleet, as we
+have here, useless all the summer. Fear not my complying with your
+injunctions. I shall more than ever strive against <span class="italic">ennui</span>,&mdash;my
+greatest enemy, I believe, whilst in this inactive state. I read when
+I can, but anxiety to hear from you, and to have accounts of our
+darling children, has its share in withdrawing my attention and fixing
+it on more interesting subjects. Of one thing, however, be assured,
+that with respect to the ship and all thereto belonging, I am as well
+situated as possible. I enjoy the satisfaction of having a very quiet
+and well-disposed ship's company, who are kept orderly, and, I flatter
+myself, well regulated, without exercising severity or rigour. The
+officers continue as I wish them. Captain Maxwell, who joined some
+time ago, is an active, diligent officer in his corps; and Mr.
+Packwood, as well as Mr. Holliday, our new chaplain, are very good men
+in their respective stations.</p>
+
+<p>"Although I find amusement in books, believe me your letters form my
+sole delight, and tend more to lighten the time than all the volumes
+in Hoxland's library."</p>
+
+<p>Sir James, after another cruise, returned on the 24th of July, to
+prepare for a service of more responsibility and importance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The French had now a large fleet at Brest, which appeared to be in a
+state of great forwardness; and, as they had before eluded the
+vigilance of the blockading ships, it was necessary to place a strong
+squadron near the Black Rocks to watch their motions, and to give the
+command of this advanced detachment to an officer of skill,
+experience, and intrepidity. Earl St. Vincent, who was now
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, knowing how highly Sir James
+Saumarez was qualified for such an important trust, gave him the
+following order to take command of the in-shore squadron:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to proceed without a moment's loss of time,
+in his Majesty's ship under your command, off the Black Rocks, where you may
+expect to find his Majesty's ships named in the margin, <a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>which you are to take under your command; their
+respective captains being instructed to obey your orders: and having received
+from Captain Knight, of his Majesty's ship Montague, authenticated copies of all
+orders and papers in his possession relative to the command of the advanced
+squadron, carry the same into execution until you receive further orders.</p>
+
+<p>You will also receive from Captain Knight a sealed secret instruction,
+addressed to the officer commanding the advanced squadron off the
+Black Rocks for the time being, which is on no account to be opened,
+but under the circumstances thereon directed.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, &amp;c.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Copy of Instructions to the Senior Officer of the advanced squadron
+off the Black Rocks.</p>
+
+<p>You are hereby required and directed to take under your command the
+advanced squadron, composed of his Majesty's ships named on the other
+side hereof, (whose captains are instructed to obey your orders,)
+stationed off the Black Rocks and in the Bay of Brest, for the purpose
+of watching the combined fleets in that port; adopting such measures
+as you shall judge necessary for gaining every possible information of
+their force, condition, and movements.</p>
+
+<p>In the execution of this most important service, the line-of-battle
+ships (composing the advanced squadron) are to be anchored during an
+easterly wind in the Iroise Passage, as well to support the look-out
+frigates, as to intercept a squadron of the enemy which is held in
+constant readiness to slip out the very first opportunity that shall
+offer; and during a westerly wind, you are not to fail in making Brest
+every day, if possible, but at all events to take such precautions as
+will enable you to resume your former position in the Iroise, on the
+first appearance of easterly wind.</p>
+
+<p>You are to communicate to me from time to time every intelligence you
+may obtain respecting the enemy; and in case he should come out in
+great force, while the squadron under my command is in this
+rendezvous, you are to give me immediate notice thereof, and also the
+officers commanding the detachments off the Passage Du Raz, Isle
+Grois, and in Quiberon Bay; but, in the event of my being compelled by
+tempestuous weather to take shelter in Torbay, and of the enemy
+seizing that opportunity of putting to sea, you are to give me
+information thereof by every means in your power: taking under your
+command <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>the detachments off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in
+Quiberon Bay, together with the ships named in the margin,<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> which
+are directed to keep as near the Black Rocks as possible, under the
+orders of Captain Sutton, for the support of your ships; and to hang
+upon and use your utmost endeavours to harass the enemy's rear until
+the approach of this squadron, which, you may be assured, will be in
+pursuit.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given on board the Royal George,<br />
+off Ushant, 7th August 1800.<br />
+<span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir John Borlase Warren,<br />
+Bart. K.B. Rear-admiral of<br />
+the Blue, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.<br />
+<span class="left5">By command of the Admiral.</span> <span class="smcap">Ben. Tucker.</span></p>
+<p class="right">An exact copy. Given the 8th August 1800<br />
+<span class="smcap">John Borlase Warren.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James now proceeded, in the C&aelig;sar, to assume the important command
+off the Black Rocks, which had deservedly obtained the name of New
+Siberia, as being the least desirable of stations for a ship-of-war.
+It is, indeed, scarcely possible to describe any situation more
+miserable; for, besides being at the very entrance of a port
+containing twenty-five sail of the line ready for sea, which might
+slip out and attack the squadron of six, the ships are two-thirds
+surrounded with rocks and dangers, which afford no shelter; while they
+are open to the S.W. winds. They have often great difficulty in
+working out, sometimes against the tide as well as against the wind;
+and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> in reconnoitring, they are exposed to the fire of the enemy on
+each side of Brest Water.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts of private letters written by Sir James to Lady
+Saumarez, will be found interesting, as they convey the best idea of
+his situation.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off the Black Rocks, Sunday evening, 2d Sept. 1800.</p>
+
+<p><span class="italic">On dit</span>, but I do not believe it, that the French fleet is to be ordered out by
+the First Consul, at all risks. We may therefore expect to make <span class="italic">minced meat</span> of
+them with our seventeen three-deckers. We remain in sight of the enemy
+unmolested by them. To-day I had the colours hoisted, to show them Sunday was
+not expunged from <span class="italic">our</span> calendar; and divine service was performed on board.</p>
+
+<p>Our boats have occasionally landed on some small islands near this. Captain
+Buller purchased two nice little cows, one of which he has spared me: it is so
+tame, the children could play with it. It supplies me with milk, and cost me
+only three guineas.</p>
+
+<p>The Guernsey traders continue with the squadron; but, on account of the spirits
+they sell to the ships, I wish them further off. I have been obliged to be harsh
+with them, from this circumstance; and I expect they will give a very bad report
+of their countryman when they return to the island.</p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off the Black Rocks, Sept. 12th 1800.</p>
+
+<p> Sir Henry Harvey has joined the fleet, which makes up the complement of flags;
+and it remains to be proved if the Earl has influence to effect what he so
+strenuously aims at respecting the promotion. I form very sanguine hopes
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>that
+peace will shortly extend its blessed influence over these countries; and that I
+shall have the satisfaction to enjoy, without interruption, the sweets of
+domestic comfort. I certainly shall avail myself of the earliest respite the
+service will enable me to pass in the island; and I think I may have that
+opportunity this winter; for if the war should be continued, there is no doubt
+that a promotion would give me, at least, six weeks interval from duty; at any
+rate, I see no reason for the future affording you anxiety, as whether there, or
+in England, I depend on our passing a considerable portion of the winter
+together. I hope Master Saumarez knows his alpha, beta, &amp;c. by heart. When
+convenient to the young gentleman, I shall be glad that he will take the trouble
+to transcribe it for me to Omega, as I have no Greek grammar by me. I can
+readily believe the difficulty that attends fixing the little ladies to the
+French grammar, whose particularly quick and lively temper is not much suited to
+so tedious a process. I think, notwithstanding, it is the best method,
+especially as the same grammatical rules are adapted to any language, which they
+will find useful hereafter. Dancing, no doubt, has more attractions. I trust
+they have quite got rid of their colds: their papa has also had a very severe
+one, and kept his cabin for two days; but he is now perfectly recovered.</p>
+
+<p>September 18th. I admire N., with his comments on Colchester. When you next
+write, recommend him to try the Black Rocks in a thick fog, and no chance of
+letters from England: he will find even Norman Cross preferable. I, however,
+believe I have done with that anchorage for some time, as the wind is set in to
+the westward; and I shall now cruise to prevent vessels going into Brest.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy to say I am perfectly well. I trust my <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>nerves will prove equal to
+the task; as I have before often told you, they generally strengthen with
+difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>I mean to make this cruise long enough to entitle me to a relief, therefore do
+not expect me in port as long as I can keep the sea.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James immediately gave such orders and regulations as would best
+guard against, or overcome, the difficulties inseparable from such a
+service; and, with the prospect of a long winter before him, he sent
+these regulations, and a list of the rendezvous appointed by him, to
+the commander-in-chief, whose letter to Sir James, in answer, is
+expressive of the high opinion he entertained of him.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Ville de Paris, off Ushant, 15th Sept. 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can be more appropriate than the different rendezvous you have sent me a
+copy of; your change of position must fluctuate according to the sudden changes
+of the weather, which are to be looked for soon. I repose such unbounded
+confidence in your zeal and judgment that <span class="italic">I sleep as soundly as if I had the key
+of Brest in my possession</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Richard Strachan and Captain Buller, in the Captain and Edgar, will relieve
+two of the ships which last joined you as soon as they return to this
+rendezvous, and the Canada will relieve the third. As I have applied for Captain
+Foley's leave of absence on very important private business, I wish the Elephant
+to be the first sent to me. I am, sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left60">Your most obedient humble servant,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p><p>It was supposed that the Brest fleet would take advantage of the
+equinoctial gales, which were now approaching, and slip out as before,
+when the in-shore squadron was blown off, or compelled to bear up for
+Torbay; but Sir James had determined on frustrating their attempt. On
+the 23rd a heavy gale came on, which, in former instances, would have
+obliged the in-shore squadron to abandon the post; but, instead of
+bearing up for Torbay when no longer able to maintain his position,
+Sir James steered for Douvarnenez Bay, where he anchored with the
+whole squadron, just out of range of the enemy's mortar batteries,
+which soon tried their shells, but without effect.</p>
+
+<p>Here his squadron struck top-masts and lower yards, and rode out all
+the equinoctial gales, actually in the enemy's harbour, within a few
+miles of their whole fleet of four times his force, and in perfect
+safety! The gale had been very severe; and although Earl St. Vincent,
+who was obliged to run with his fleet for Torbay, had no fears for the
+safety of the in-shore squadron, relying as he did on the experience
+and skill of Sir James, yet the Admiralty were in a considerable state
+of alarm until the following account of his proceedings was received:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">TO THE RIGHT HON. EARL SPENCER.</p>
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th Sept. 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>On the supposition that the fleet may have been driven from their station by the
+late tempestuous weather, and as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>some anxiety may be excited for the safety of
+this squadron, I take the opportunity by the Marlborough to inform your lordship
+of my having anchored in this bay last Tuesday evening, with the ships under my
+command, where we have ridden the gale out in perfect safety, together with the
+Montague and Naiad, which ships anchored here on Wednesday.</p>
+
+<p>This is a most spacious bay, and may be considered safe anchorage in any
+weather: it lies about four leagues to the southward of Brest; from which port
+it is only separated about five miles by land, over a mountainous and hilly
+country. As the same winds that enable the enemy's fleet to put to sea, also
+lead out of this bay, we can always be in time for them; and this appears the
+most favourable position to prevent their coasting convoys coming from the
+southern ports. The enemy has endeavoured to annoy the squadron with shells, but
+at too great a distance to reach any of the ships, and the whole fleet may lie
+in perfect safety from any of the batteries.</p>
+
+<p>I purpose to remain here until the weather becomes more moderate, to enable me
+to resume the station off the Black Rocks. In the mean time, ships will
+occasionally be detached to watch the motions of the enemy in Brest Water. I
+have the honour to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="right smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>In answer to this, Sir James received the following letter from Earl
+Spencer, then First Lord of the Admiralty.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 30th Sept. 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 26th, dated from Douvarnenez
+Bay, and was much pleased to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>find that you had got hold of that anchorage, as I
+felt very uneasy at your absence during the late gales. I should rather doubt
+whether that bay could be capacious enough for a large fleet to anchor in
+without danger from the batteries; but I have always hoped that some of our
+small squadron might avail themselves of that resource on such an occasion as
+that which has presented itself to you; and I have no doubt that the doing so
+will much assist the occupation of our fleet off Brest.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">Believe me, dear sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your very faithful humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Spencer.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James, at the same time, wrote to Earl St. Vincent by the
+Marlborough, giving his lordship an account of his proceedings, which
+could not but be highly satisfactory.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th September 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>The weather not having admitted the stores and provisions to be taken out of the
+Marlborough whilst under sail, I bore up for this anchorage with the squadron;
+and early Wednesday morning the boats were all employed in conveying the water
+and provisions to the squadron: but it having continued to blow excessively hard
+from that time, it was not until this morning we have been enabled to accomplish
+this service.</p>
+
+<p>The Montague and Naiad anchored in the bay Wednesday morning, and are now under
+sail. It has blown a very severe gale of wind at north-west the last two days,
+and we have saved considerable wear and tear to all the ships by having taken
+this anchorage in good time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I propose to remain here during the continuation of westerly winds, or until the
+weather enables me to resume the station off the Black Rocks; detaching ships
+occasionally to watch the enemy's motions.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">I have the honour to be<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is an extract of a letter which Sir James wrote to Lady
+Saumarez, and sent by the same opportunity. It will be found to give
+an accurate description of the important anchorage of which he was the
+first who was so daring as to take advantage in stormy weather, with
+the squadron under his command.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Douvarnenez Bay, Sept. 24th, 1800.</p>
+
+<p>We anchored at eleven last night, and this morning found ourselves in one of the
+finest bays I have ever seen. It is far more spacious than Torbay, and much more
+enclosed; consequently more secure against all winds. It is the same distance
+from Brest by sea as Dartmouth is from Torbay; and by land the same as from
+Brixham, not being more than five miles across, over a hilly country;
+substituting the Bec de Ch&egrave;vre for the Berry Head, and it exactly forms the
+counter part to Torbay. It abounds with the finest fish, of which we shall
+profit.</p>
+
+<p>As it is not possible for the ships to sail from Brest but with an easterly
+wind, which blows directly out of this bay, we can always be beforehand with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>25th.&mdash;It has continued to blow hard since we entered this bay, and it has
+now risen to a severe storm. I wish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>you knew how well sheltered we are in this
+famous anchorage. Captain Pierrepont has been with me since yesterday: he has
+been near fourteen weeks at sea, and, as you may suppose, very tired. I am
+better satisfied with my situation than since I have been in the Channel fleet,
+and find it far preferable to being attached to it.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Monday, 29th Sept.</p>
+
+<p>I trust my letter by the Marlborough has reached you this morning, which will
+have set your mind at ease as to our safety after the gales we encountered last
+week. I wrote to you yesterday, but too hastily to express, as I wished, the
+happiness I derived from having just received your letters of the 15th and 19th.
+They had been too long and too anxiously looked for not to receive the most
+cordial and heartfelt welcome. I am in hourly expectation of seeing the fleet,
+the letters from the Earl acquainting me with his intention of putting to sea
+the moment the weather moderated. The Superb, with Centaur and Warrior, hove in
+sight this afternoon,&mdash;the only ships I have seen since last Tuesday, when
+I went into Douvarnenez Bay; and I have the satisfaction to reflect that,
+notwithstanding the tempestuous weather, this squadron has been enabled to keep
+its station, although all the other detachments have been driven from theirs.
+Now that your letter gives me reason to believe you entertain serious thoughts
+of going to Guernsey, like your father I lose my courage at the prospect of it.
+I sincerely wish I had never suggested the idea, which I was induced to do from
+the hope of the war being over, and that you would pass the winter more
+comfortably than in England during the dreary months. I am now become a very
+coward on the subject, and leave it to you to determine as you think best; at
+the same time assuring you that I shall endeavour <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>to be reconciled to whatever
+plan is adopted which is most likely to conduce to your comfort. Your account of
+our dear girls gives me the most heartfelt satisfaction, and of the increasing
+strength of the sweet dove in particular, whom I truly long to behold,&mdash;a
+happiness I still hope to enjoy ere many weeks are elapsed. I shall expect a
+letter from the dear boy by the next opportunity from Plymouth.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next letter to the Earl of St. Vincent gives an account of the
+further proceedings of his squadron, and the situation of the enemy's
+fleet in Brest, which proves how successful his endeavours had been in
+preventing its meditated escape.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off the Black Rocks, 28th September 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>Soon after I despatched my letter by the Marlborough, dated from Douvarnenez
+Bay, the wind having shifted to the northward, I got under sail with the
+squadron; but in the evening it came to the south-west, with thick weather: I
+returned to the anchorage, as did Captain Knight, with the Montague and Naiad.</p>
+
+<p>It continued to blow very strong till yesterday noon, when the wind suddenly
+shifted to N. and N. by E. I immediately got under sail, and stood out of the
+bay; the Pomp&eacute;e leaving a bower-anchor, her cable having parted in endeavouring
+to weigh it. From the report of several signal-guns fired in Brest soon after
+the sudden change of wind, I have no doubt of the preparatory movements of the
+enemy to put to sea, had the wind continued favourable for them; and I carried a
+press of sail during the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>night, in order to be off St. Matthew's Point early
+this morning to watch their motions.</p>
+
+<p>I had a full view of the enemy's fleet, and counted twenty-two sail with their
+top-gallant-masts struck, but apparently ready for sea. Having made the signal
+to the Meg&aelig;ra to reconnoitre, I beg to refer your lordship to Captain Hill for a
+more particular report of their state and numbers.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to be, my lord,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's ship Montague, with the Naiad, and Suwarrow schooner, went through
+the bay yesterday evening.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="right">Ville de Paris, Torbay, 4th October, 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several letters of the 25th, 26th,
+28th ultimo, and 1st instant, detailing your proceedings with his Majesty's
+ships under your orders; the whole of which I very much approve, particularly
+the taking under your command Captains Sutton and King, with the ships and
+vessels attached to them: and you will herewith receive orders to their
+respective captains and commanders to put themselves under your command, and
+obey your orders for their future proceedings in the important duty of watching
+the combined fleets.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">I am, sir, your most obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>By this bold and unexpected step, (which the French have since
+characterised as a piece of <span class="italic">impudence</span>,) Sir James completely
+frustrated the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> meditated escape of the combined fleets, which were
+now thirty-two in number, seven of which were three-deckers. He had,
+moreover, the honour of being the first to defy the enemy in his own
+anchorage, proving at the same time that it would not be so easy as
+formerly to elude the vigilance of the advanced squadron.</p>
+
+<p>The weather having moderated after the second return to Douvarnenez
+Bay, the squadron resumed the anchorage near the Black Rocks, daily
+reconnoitring the enemy, destroying several small vessels which
+attempted to get in, and keeping under sail when the wind was
+westerly. In continuation to Lady Saumarez he writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Oct. 4th 1800.</p>
+
+<p>The anxiety inseparable from this cruise is very considerably alleviated from
+knowing the fleet is in port, which must prove of the greatest benefit both to
+officers and men, and to the service in general. I find the rumours of peace are
+vanished, and that war is determined upon. I trust events will be favourable to
+this country. There is no doubt the French are much distressed for provisions in
+the neighbourhood of Brest, and that discontent prevails among their troops, who
+are ill-paid, ill-fed, and badly clothed. It is horrid to see the leading men of
+all nations so infatuated for war, at a time peace is so much to be desired for
+the sake of humanity.</p>
+
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Bay of Brest, 18th Oct.</p>
+
+<p>The delightful weather we have enjoyed this last week has enabled me to remain
+at anchor off the Black Rocks. They have lost their gloom from the serene
+atmosphere, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>but more particularly from having had such frequent tidings from
+you, as scarce a day has passed (I believe not one) without being joined by
+something from the fleet. Yesterday, the Earl sent me a message that he expected
+my flag to be hoisted in a very few days; and Troubridge writes to me the
+promotion was to extend to Sir Edward Pellew; and,&mdash;what think
+you!&mdash;that Lord St. Vincent has actually written for Captain Brenton to be
+appointed my flag-captain. His lordship, in his letter, tells me that Capt.
+Thornbrough is to remain in the Mars, and will relieve me here, if the measure
+he has proposed is acceded to: so you may perceive I have some grounds on which
+to form my hopes; but I do not wish <span class="italic">you</span> to dwell too much upon it.</p>
+
+<p>21st.&mdash;I am now <span class="italic">solus</span>. Captain Brenton, who I mentioned had been staying
+with me, is gone to the Ville de Paris. I know no one I should prefer as captain
+under my flag. He is a steady, sensible, good officer, and of great experience,
+having served several years with admirals as a lieutenant. Captain Cook dined
+with me to-day on a <span class="italic">Black Rock</span> dinner, viz. a fine piece of salmon and a nice
+little <span class="italic">cochon-de-lait</span>, with <span class="italic">entrem&ecirc;ts</span>, removes, &amp;c. The salmon was sent me
+with a basket of vegetables from Plymouth, I suspect from Captain Markham; the
+roaster was a present from Captain Hood, who, being under sail, could not dine
+with me. I mention these trifles because I know they please you. The boats
+occasionally go to the small islands and procure bullocks, &amp;c.; and, as fast
+as the stock is purchased, they contrive to replenish it from the
+mainland,&mdash;a proof they are well satisfied with the price we pay for it,
+which is fixed by themselves.</p>
+
+<p>26th Oct.&mdash;After near a fortnight passed at what the Earl now calls the
+Elysian Lake (instead of Siberia), a westerly wind compelled me to get under
+sail yesterday <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>afternoon; and it was fortunate that I did so, as it has blown a
+gale since that time. By the Meg&aelig;ra, which has joined me this evening, I find
+the fleet is to go to Torbay; and, from what Sir Thomas Troubridge writes, I
+conjecture the Earl intends to go on shore part of the winter.... While we
+remained at an anchor the boats of the squadron were occasionally detached in
+pursuit of the enemy's vessels. Last Monday they chased one close under the
+batteries at the entrance of Brest, which has afforded me an opportunity of
+making favourable mention of Mr. Lamborn and Mr. Wood, who were employed on that
+service. The Earl has desired me to send the latter to him to be promoted. The
+Canada, which was ordered to cover the boats, took possession of three Spaniards
+belonging to the Principe de Asturias, Don Gravina's flag-ship, who were fishing
+in a small boat. They are to be returned without being exchanged, agreeably to
+what I suggested, and I shall send in a flag of truce the first favourable
+weather. We were so comfortably anchored the last fortnight, and so agreeably
+employed, that it has nearly spoilt me for the remainder of the cruise. Of the
+promotion nothing further is said, and I have not heard when I am to be
+released. If I am kept out much longer, and have the duty of an admiral without
+my flag, I fear I shall grow <span class="italic">sulky</span> and impatient. It is not improbable Captain
+Sutton may relieve me in the charge of this squadron, as I doubt Sir Edward
+Pellew being yet ready. I fear the second return of the fleet will have again
+set your heart palpitating, and caused you another disappointment at the C&aelig;sar
+not being with it.</p>
+
+<p>October 30th.&mdash;Yesterday I received a very civil reply to the letter I
+wrote to Don Gravina, who wishes that I may live many thousand years. The French
+received the officer from the Canada who was entrusted with the flag of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>truce
+with great politeness. I sent Maingy from this ship as interpreter. They
+remained at Camaret till the following morning. You will not be displeased to
+hear that the C&aelig;sar must go into port <span class="italic">from necessity</span>, having sprung her
+main-yard; but, if possible, I shall delay it three or four weeks longer,
+notwithstanding my <span class="italic">threat</span> of losing patience. I shall depend on finding you at
+Dartmouth.</p>
+
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Nov. 1st.</p>
+
+<p>I remain without any of your letters since the 20th, which I feel a grievous
+circumstance, particularly at this time, when I am left in doubt whether you are
+still at Dartmouth, or gone to Bath. This morning I experienced a severe
+disappointment. The Nile cutter, whose tardy approach for four hours was
+anxiously waited for, at last joined without any letters, having left Plymouth
+with sealed orders. We have such blessed weather at present that it is almost
+impious to be discontented; yet I cannot enjoy it while I remain so long without
+hearing from you. I accuse the Earl of indifference to the comfort of those whom
+it is incumbent on him to attend to. Since he has left this station there has
+been scarcely a day that the wind has not been favourable for vessels to join
+us. A fortnight or three weeks more and I hope my turn will come, when, if
+things do not meet my expectations, I shall be tempted to take leave of the good
+ship, and look out for a snug cottage to pass some time in the enjoyment of your
+society. I am serious, <span class="italic">je t'assure</span>. I understand Sir Hyde Parker is to command
+in the absence of the chief. <span class="italic">Cela ne me plait pas aucunement</span>; for, after having
+been employed upon this important and arduous service with acknowledged credit,
+I shall certainly very ill brook being hurried out of port in the usual manner
+to serve with him: I therefore <span class="italic">go on shore</span> unless my views are complied with.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>I
+hope to-morrow to have letters from you to acknowledge the receipt of. At
+present I am much out of humour, and with too much cause to be easily reconciled
+on any other terms but of hearing from you.</p>
+
+<p>2nd.&mdash;Another disappointment this morning, having been joined by a lugger
+which we hoped had letters, but which proves to be from another quarter. I look
+for the Nimrod: if she joins us to-morrow I shall be satisfied. It has blown
+strong all day, with very thick weather. I hope for better success, but I still
+continue out of temper.</p>
+
+<p>3rd.&mdash;The Superb, which has been in sight since daylight, is at last
+joining. Imagine my impatience after a whole fortnight since the date of your
+last letter. Captain Sutton, who is now with me, has not brought a single
+letter. I send this by the Courageux, and have only time to say that the Edgar
+is hourly expected, and possibly we may be more fortunate. A ship is in sight: I
+hope it is her.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 9th of November the fleet experienced one of the severest gales
+ever known, which did immense damage to the shipping; but, except the
+loss of some storm-sails, the C&aelig;sar sustained no injury; while several
+of the others lost masts and yards, obliging them to return to port.
+But Sir James kept his station; indeed, during the whole fifteen weeks
+he had the command, not a vessel either sailed from, or entered, the
+harbour of Brest.</p>
+
+<p>At last, seeing their escape impossible, they began to dismantle the
+ships; and Sir James received the following letter from Earl St.
+Vincent:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The Impetueux took in her guns this day, and Sir Edward Pellew will receive his
+orders to-morrow morning; and, if the wind favours his getting out of Hamoaze,
+he will be with you in the course of the week. You will receive by him orders to
+proceed to Spithead; but I shall be very glad to see you here <span class="italic">en route</span>, and I
+will inform Lady Saumarez by to-morrow's post of your probable approach.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Spencer has been fully impressed by me of the long and arduous service you
+have undergone, and seems well disposed to give you the respite so justly due to
+the cheerfulness with which you have conducted the most important employment of
+this war. I am not in the secret when the promotion is to take effect. Private
+letters from town and the newspapers are full of it, and I am morally certain it
+will be out soon; for one of the ninety-gun ships, commanded by an officer very
+near the head of the list of captains, is nominated for Sir Erasmus Gower's
+flag, which appears conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Hyde Parker has asked leave of absence; and, as the size of the fleet of
+observation is much reduced, I conceive it will be granted.</p>
+
+<p class="left60">Yours, most truly,<br />
+<span class="i2">Torr Abbey, 2nd December, 1800.</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following extract, which alludes to the preceding, was written by
+Sir James to Lady Saumarez on the</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>29th Dec.&mdash;The Earl informs me of his intention to write to you. I perceive
+he is resolved to become a favourite <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>of yours by his attention. The order for
+the C&aelig;sar to anchor in Torbay for twenty-four hours, on her way to Portsmouth,
+will not lessen his favour with you. After this, I suppose I cannot do less than
+invite you to take a passage in the ship with your two dear little companions;
+but it must be on condition that the weather is propitious to my views.</p></div>
+
+<p>The station off the Black Rocks had hitherto been considered tenable
+only by frigates during the winter; on which service three or four
+were annually employed; but which, like the Channel fleet,
+occasionally took refuge in Torbay. It had been, however, resolved
+upon by Earl St. Vincent to form an advanced squadron of six sail of
+the line; and Sir James, as we have before stated, was the officer
+selected to proceed on this arduous and important undertaking. None
+but professional men who have been in that anxious and perilous
+service can have any idea of its difficulties. In such a situation the
+commanding-officer must consider himself constantly in the scene of
+action, surrounded by dangers of every description, exposed to the
+violence of storms, and sailing amidst a multitude of rocks and
+variable currents, in the longest and darkest nights, and often on a
+lee-shore on the enemy's coast, while the whole of their fleet is
+near, and ready to take advantage of any disaster, or change of wind
+or circumstance that might arise in their favour.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has already been shown that Sir James performed this duty to the
+entire satisfaction of the noble Earl, and to the country. No storm
+ever obliged him to leave his station, which has justly been
+denominated <span class="italic">the post of honour</span>.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot conclude this chapter with more satisfaction than by
+subjoining the following interesting correspondence between Sir James
+and Earl Spencer, which no longer need be characterised as "secret."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center"><span class="italic">Secret and confidential.</span></p>
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Ushant, 20th June 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>At this time, when a proper example should be set to the seamen of his Majesty's
+fleet, and a due sense of religion and the practice of it kept up in the royal
+navy, permit me to suggest to your lordship the propriety of a strong
+recommendation from the Board of Admiralty to the commanders-in-chief on the
+different stations (more particularly the Channel fleet) that they will cause
+the public worship of Almighty God to be duly and regularly performed on board
+the ships under their command, and that nothing but the most pressing exigency
+shall prevent Divine service from being publicly read every Sunday on board the
+respective ships.</p>
+
+<p>It is from the too flagrant neglect of this most essential part of our duty that
+I have been impelled to write <span class="italic">in confidence</span> to your lordship on the subject,
+with the hope that proper means will be adopted to rectify it.</p>
+
+<p>We have signals to denote that the ship's companies will have time for dinner or
+breakfast; why should there not be one to signify that they will have time for
+the performance <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>of Divine service? Were such a signal to be made from the ship
+of the commander-in-chief on Sunday morning, it would be generally followed by
+all the fleet, as they would then know the Admiral's intention to give time for
+that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>I trust that your lordship will do justice to the motives that have induced me
+to write on the present subject, which I have long had in contemplation, and
+which I have now decided upon from the apprehensions that seem to be entertained
+of disturbances among the seamen of this fleet, as I know nothing that will
+contribute more to keep them in the right line of their duty than a proper
+attention to religious principles, the example to which should be set them by
+their officers.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most faithful</span><br />
+<span class="i4">and obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15"  />
+<p class="smcap">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, and am much obliged to
+you for the hint contained in it. You must be aware how delicate a matter it is
+for me to interfere in a detail of this description. I shall not, however, fail
+to make such use of the suggestion as may appear to me to come within the bounds
+of propriety, and may very probably produce the desired effect.</p>
+
+<p>I trust that the present alarm, which has been excited by several circumstances
+of a suspicious nature, may prove groundless; and I feel very strongly that
+nothing can more probably contribute to make it so than every precaution being
+taken in time to prevent an evil, which experience<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> has already proved to us, if
+suffered once to begin, is so very difficult to remedy.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am, dear sir,<br /></p>
+<span class="i2">Your very obedient humble servant,</span><br />
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Spencer.</span></p>
+<p>Admiralty, June 1800.</p></div>
+
+<p>The C&aelig;sar arrived at Torbay on the 14th December, and on the 21st
+reached Spithead, where she remained during the rest of the year
+1800.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1801.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.&mdash;Appointed to
+command the advanced squadron.&mdash;Proceedings at the Black
+Rocks.&mdash;Douvarnenez Bay.&mdash;Returns to England.&mdash;Appointed to
+command a squadron on a very particular service.&mdash;His secret orders,
+&amp;c. and letter of approbation.&mdash;Ready for sea.&mdash;Is created a
+Baronet of the United Kingdom.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 1st of January 1801, a promotion of flag-officers took place,
+in order, it was said, to include the name of Sir James Saumarez; and
+this flattering compliment was immediately followed by a further
+honour, in his being ordered forthwith to hoist his flag on board his
+old ship, the C&aelig;sar; while Lieutenant Henryson, who was senior in that
+ship, was promoted to the rank of commander. Sir James being ordered
+to fit for the same service in which he had lately been so
+successfully employed, Captain Jahleel Brenton, who had been
+recommended by Earl St. Vincent, and who had been a volunteer during
+the last cruise, was appointed to the C&aelig;sar as his captain.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of January the ship came out of harbour, and having
+received her guns, and her stores and provisions for six months, the
+flag of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez was hoisted on the 24th; and
+on the 25th of February he sailed to resume the command of the
+in-shore squadron off Brest, but joined the Channel fleet at Torbay on
+the way thither. On the 7th March he arrived off the Black Rocks,
+where he relieved Admiral Thornbrough, and soon afterwards
+reconnoitred the harbour of Brest. On the 20th, the severe equinoctial
+gale forced the squadron into Douvarnenez Bay, where the ships
+anchored in eighteen fathoms, just out of reach of the enemy's shot.
+Here they remained, as much at their ease in the enemy's harbour as
+they would have been at Spithead, and were never molested. On the 25th
+March, after two attempts to work out of the bay, the squadron resumed
+their station at the Black Rocks.</p>
+
+<p>The following is extracted from a letter from one of the officers of
+the C&aelig;sar, dated 26th March:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Our advanced squadron of the Channel fleet, commanded by Sir James Saumarez,
+never quitted the French coast during the late stormy weather. We anchored
+during the late violent gales in Douvarnenez Bay, which is, in my opinion, one
+of the finest in the universe. It is sheltered from every wind but those from W.
+1/2 N. to W. 1/2 S.; and even that opening is protected by a reef of rocks.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>Although the height of the gale was in the worst direction it could have been,
+yet, having no very considerable sea, we rode it out remarkably well. We lay,
+much to the disappointment of the enemy, just out of gun-shot of the forts. They
+favoured us, however, with some shells. We found, upon our re-appearance off
+Brest, that six Spaniards had equiped themselves, in addition to six Frenchmen,
+probably with a design to attack us.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Government having been relieved from their anxiety for the safety
+of the in-shore squadron by a despatch from Sir James, Earl St.
+Vincent, who was now First Lord of the Admiralty, wrote to him the
+following letter of approbation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 1st April 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which you have conducted the advanced squadron calls upon me to
+repeat my admiration of it. Your taking the anchorage in Douvarnenez Bay during
+the late equinoctial gales has been of the utmost importance, and prevented the
+crippling of one or more of your squadron. I heartily hope you continue in good
+health, for which and every other blessing you have the fervent wishes of</p>
+
+<p class="left55">Your very sincere and obedient servant,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To R. A. Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>During the whole of this month, Sir James kept his squadron generally
+within three or four miles of the entrance of Brest, from which it was
+never further than as many leagues. In this situation, and by
+frequently reconnoitring in his own ship, he was enabled to watch the
+preparations of the enemy, and to frustrate their designs to attack
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
+his squadron with a superior force; while he so completely blockaded
+their port that, as when he formerly commanded, no square-rigged
+vessel ever entered it, thereby preventing the necessary supplies of
+stores and provisions from reaching the dep&ocirc;t of their navy. Nor did a
+single vessel escape the unwearied vigilance and perseverance of the
+advanced squadron during the whole time it was under his command.</p>
+
+<p>Early in May, letters reached him from Guernsey, intimating the great
+apprehension his countrymen were under of invasion by the enemy; when
+he wrote to Sir Thomas Troubridge, then one of the Lords of the
+Admiralty, who sent the following answer:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 17th May 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir James,</p>
+
+<p>Many thanks for your kind letter of the 6th instant. I am sorry our <span class="italic">French
+friends</span> do not come out, that you may teach them <span class="italic">English</span>. The Gazette <a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+will show you that our soldiers are getting into the habits of
+fighting.</p>
+
+<p>We heard of the miscreants' intentions on the islands; and I have sent
+over several gun-brigs, gun-barges, frigates, sloops, &amp;c. and a few
+additional troops. There are 5,000 regulars at Jersey, and some more
+going soon, so that I think they have little chance of success if they
+make the attempt; but it appears to me that the different powers
+cannot look on without interfering, and stopping the progress of the
+villains. In short, I hope to see them soon weighed down in a
+congress.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lord St. Vincent's cough is better, and the warm weather will
+re-establish him. I beg you to give my best compliments to Brenton.
+Believe me</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Yours most faithfully,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Thomas Troubridge.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez. </p></div>
+
+<p>Thus released from the painful anxiety for the safety of the Channel
+islands, where so many of his dearest connexions resided, he wrote the
+following letter to his brother, Sir Thomas Saumarez, who was at that
+time in command of the local force in Guernsey:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Ushant, 30th May 1801.</p>
+
+<p>I have received your kind letter of the 17th, and am happy to hear that a
+considerable force has been sent for the protection of Guernsey and the other
+islands. They cannot be too well taken care of, when we consider the infinite
+mischief they would do to Great Britain, should they fall into the enemy's
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>I am in daily expectation of being relieved by Admiral Thornbrough, after a
+fourteen weeks' cruise, which is rather a longer period than the Earl intended
+when I sailed from Spithead. Brenton is everything that can be desired. I have
+found in him a most excellent officer and a most agreeable companion.</p></div>
+
+<p>It appears by his journal, that on the following day he received the
+welcome orders which put an end to his long and harassing cruise; also
+a private letter of importance from Earl Spencer: and, being relieved
+by Admiral Thornbrough on the 1st of June, he arrived on the 2nd at
+Cawsand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> Bay. Having reported the return of the C&aelig;sar, he received in
+answer the following letters from Earl St. Vincent and Mr. Nepean:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Admiralty, 4th June 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am glad the C&aelig;sar is in Cawsand Bay, because you will be the sooner informed
+of his Majesty's most gracious intentions towards you, in which I have greater
+pleasure than I can express, as you are to be placed at the head of a detached
+squadron destined for a very important service, at no great distance from home.
+I hope the C&aelig;sar will not be long in fitting up.</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Yours most truly,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="right">Admiralty Office, 4th June 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
+your letter to me of the 2nd instant, acquainting me, for their lordships'
+information, of your arrival in H.M.S. C&aelig;sar, in Cawsand Bay, in pursuance of
+orders from Admiral Cornwallis, a copy of which you have enclosed: and I have
+their lordships' commands to signify their directions to you to use every
+exertion in completing the stores and provisions of the said ship, as also of
+the Spencer; and, having so done, remain with the said ships in Cawsand Bay, in
+constant readiness to proceed on service, when you shall receive their
+lordships' orders for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I am, sir, your obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Evan Nepean.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is the reply to Earl St. Vincent's letter of the 4th
+June, dated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Cawsand Bay, 6th June.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>Previously to receiving the honour of your lordship's letter, I had been
+informed by Earl Spencer of his Majesty's gracious intentions; and I beg to
+express my sincere acknowledgments for the part your lordship has taken in
+obtaining for me this mark of the royal favour.</p>
+
+<p>I am much flattered by the communication your lordship has the goodness to make
+of having nominated me for the command of a squadron to be employed on a very
+particular service; and I beg your lordship will be assured of my most zealous
+exertions for the promotion of every part of it. I have the honour to be,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of June, Sir James received the following communication
+from the Lords of the Admiralty, which could not fail to afford him
+the highest gratification.</p>
+
+<p>Most secret.</p>
+
+<p class="center">By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of the United
+Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Whereas we have received information that a squadron consisting of five Spanish
+ships of the line, which lately sailed from Ferrol, have arrived at Cadiz; and
+that great exertions are now making at the last-mentioned place for the
+equipment of a further naval force, for the purpose (it is alleged) of an attack
+upon Portugal; we send you herewith copies of the several letters containing the
+information mentioned: and do hereby direct you, on the arrival of the Hannibal,
+Audacious, and Thames, at Plymouth, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>to take them under your command, (their
+captains being directed to follow your orders,) as also the Spencer, and either
+the Juste, Pomp&eacute;e, or Courageux, now in Cawsand Bay, whichever may first be
+ready, and proceed with them and the C&aelig;sar, with as little delay as possible,
+off Cadiz, where you may expect to be joined by the Venerable and Superb, which
+ships you are also to take under your command; and use your best endeavours to
+prevent the enemy's ships at that port from putting to sea, or to take or
+destroy them should they sail from thence.</p>
+
+<p>In the event of the enemy's squadron getting out of Cadiz undiscovered, either
+before or after your arrival off that place, you are to follow it, according to
+any well-grounded intelligence you may be able to obtain of it; but you are not
+to proceed in quest of it to any distant station, unless you should receive such
+information as shall leave no doubt of the certainty of the enemy's destination.
+If you should not be able to obtain any information of the enemy's squadron so
+as to enable you to follow it, you are in that case to repair with the ships
+under your command off the Straits, and send into Tangier and Gibraltar, and,
+finding that it has proceeded up the Mediterranean, to follow it; but, not
+gaining any intelligence of it, you are to resume your station off Cadiz, and
+remain there until you shall receive some information whereby your proceedings
+may be regulated.</p>
+
+<p>And whereas it has been represented to us that three Portuguese ships of the
+line are now fitting out in the Tagus for the purpose of joining you and serving
+under your orders, you are, on the arrival of the said ships, to take them under
+your command, and employ them in such manner as you may judge most advisable in
+carrying these, or any other orders you may receive from us or from Admiral Lord
+Keith, (under whose command you are to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>consider yourself,) into execution. And
+whereas we have directed Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley to order one of the hired
+brigs, and either a cutter or lugger, to follow your orders; you are to take the
+commanders of these vessels under your command, and, on your repairing to your
+station, you are to send one of them into the Tagus for the purpose of apprizing
+his Majesty's minister there of your situation, and for obtaining from him such
+intelligence as he may have to give you.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst you remain on this service, you are to send occasionally to Lisbon for
+intelligence, and to keep a good look-out for any French squadron which may
+attempt either to join the Spanish ships at Cadiz, or to pass through the
+Straits; and to use your best endeavours to intercept, and to take or destroy
+it, if the force you may have with you should be sufficient to enable you to do
+so; taking care to avoid it in time, if the enemy's force should be so superior
+to that under your command as to render it improper for you to attack it; in
+which case it is left to your discretion to act as circumstances shall require:
+using, however, every possible exertion to join the commander-in-chief of his
+Majesty's ships in the Mediterranean, or to fall in with the same detachment of
+his Majesty's ships; and, so soon as you shall have collected such a force as
+may be sufficient to enable you to attack the enemy's squadron, you are to
+proceed in quest of it, and, upon falling in with it, to bring it to action.</p>
+
+<p>In case you should get sight of a French squadron, or should obtain certain
+information that such squadron has passed the Straits, you are no longer to
+attend to the Spanish ships in Cadiz, but to consider the capture or destruction
+of the French squadron as the principal object to which your exertions are to be
+directed; and, in the event of your following any squadron into the
+Mediterranean, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>you are to send an account thereof to our secretary, as well as
+to Admiral Lord Keith, with as little delay as possible; and you are also to
+transmit to him and the said admiral, by every proper opportunity that may
+offer, accounts of your proceedings, and of every information you may be able to
+obtain of the movements and intentions of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given under our hands, 6th day of June 1801.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span> <br />
+<span class="smcap">J. Markham.</span></p>
+
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, Bart.<br />
+Rear-admiral of the Blue,<br />
+Plymouth.</p>
+<p class="right">By command of their Lordships,<br /></p>
+<span class="smcap">Evan Nepean.</span></div>
+
+<p>The following is the copy of information transmitted to Sir James with
+the above letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">No. 1.</p>
+<p class="right">Dated Lisbon, 15th May 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>It appears, from the report of an American captain arrived here from Bilboa,
+that a French corps had passed within a few miles of that place, on their way to
+Vittoria, on the 21st and 22nd ultimo. It consisted in the whole of 7,000
+infantry and 2,000 cavalry, well armed and mounted; and had reached their place
+of encampment, supposed to be Burgos, according to the accounts which had
+arrived at Bilboa, on the 30th day, when the vessel sailed. It appeared evident
+that no other troops had passed the frontier at that time, though it was
+uniformly reported that a body of no less than 22,000 men were collected at
+Bayonne.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish army on the south side of the Tagus, between Badajos and Alcantara,
+amounts to 21,000 men; of which 10,000 are encamped at Badajos, 8,000 at
+Albuquerque,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> and the remainder between Vincenti and Alcantara. The Prince of
+Peace was daily expected at head-quarters. His aides-de-camp were already
+arrived, and a train of 700 mules had been collected for the conveyance of his
+baggage. The French detachment was destined to join the army of Castile, which I
+already mentioned to your lordship has returned from its movements towards the
+northern provinces, and taken a position to the southward of Ciudad Rodrigo. Its
+numbers and distribution are not so accurately known, but it is stated to be
+equal to the army of Estremadura, with the addition of the French auxiliaries.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I have the honour to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right"><ins title="It was John Hookman Frere,
+(1769-1846), diplomatist, translator, and author who was appointed in 1800
+Envoy to Portugal, and was Ambassador to Spain 1802-4, and again
+1808-9. Original reads 'J.M'">J.H.</ins><span class="smcap">Frere.</span></p>
+<p class="center">No. 2.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>By intelligence which arrived from Cadiz, in date of the second of this month,
+it appears that there were in that port five Spanish ships of the line, which
+had pushed out from Ferrol, conformably to the report which I mentioned to your
+lordship in my last despatch. There was at the same time (in Cadiz) an
+additional force of eight or ten sail preparing for sea; four of them of the
+line, and the remainder frigates. This equipment was however retarded by the
+want of naval stores, particularly sailcloth and cables, which was occasioned by
+the late fire which has taken place in the arsenal, as well as by the total want
+of money, which was such that many of the officers were actually reduced to
+subsist on charity.</p>
+
+<p>The informant, whose authority may be depended on, adds that a squadron from
+Brest was expected to join them. It was supposed that the whole armament would
+be directed against Portugal; and this supposition was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>not weakened by a report
+which was given out industriously that the object of the intended expedition was
+to make a landing on the coast of Barbary, in order to force the Emperor of
+Morocco to shut his ports against the English. The ships from Ferrol have the
+French and Spanish colours united in the same flag. It was understood that the
+ships now arming in Cadiz were to be commanded by French officers. They were
+victualled only for a very short voyage.</p>
+
+<p>Respecting the danger to which this capital would be exposed by a <span class="italic">coup-de-main</span>,
+which might be attempted in spite of the batteries at the entrance of the river,
+as well as the possibility of effecting a landing a few miles off Cascaes, your
+lordship has at hand the means of information so much superior to any which I
+could presume to offer, or collect from professional persons here, that I shall
+only presume to solicit your lordship's attention to the consideration of this
+subject, and to the necessity which may arise out of it, for employing a naval
+force upon this station. Don Rodrigo has informed me that the three Portuguese
+ships of the line, which I mentioned to your lordship as preparing for service,
+will be ready within three weeks to form a junction with any force which his
+Majesty might be pleased to detach, for the defence of Portugal; and that two
+more would be prepared to follow them within a short time after.</p>
+
+<p>It appears by a letter from Viana, that the master of an English vessel, who had
+been captured on the 10th ultimo by Le Telegraph privateer, and carried into
+Corunna on the 23rd, had found there two large French frigates, which had
+arrived immediately before him in eight days from Cherbourg, laden with some
+ammunition, and destined (as they reported) for Cadiz. The master of Le
+Telegraph had avoided putting into any of his own ports from the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>apprehension
+of being detained, as it was reported that other privateers had been stopped,
+and stripped of their men, on account of a secret expedition which was fitting
+out in the French ports.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I have the honour to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J.H. Frere.</span></p>
+<p>The Right Honourable Lord Hawkesbury, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="center">No. 3.</p>
+<p>Intelligence arrived from General O'Hara, at Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>Arrived by land the crew of the Fortune privateer, consisting of twelve men.
+They report that last Saturday, between three and four <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> they saw two
+three-deckers and three seventy-fours arrive at Cadiz from Ferrol; that the
+Santissima Trinidad, another Spanish three-decker, is completed and ready in
+that harbour; and that they are fitting out five other line-of-battle ships at
+Cadiz, which have their lower-masts in; that, in order to man the said ships,
+they are detaining all the crews of the French privateers; that those eleven
+ships are to be commanded by French officers; and they say the five ships in the
+Caraccas will soon be ready,&mdash;that they observed a number of seamen rigging
+them.&mdash;Gibraltar, 29th April 1801.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">List of the armament fitting out at Cadiz.</p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Armament">
+<colgroup span="4">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Santissima Trinidada</td>
+<td>140</td>
+<td>San Justo</td>
+<td>74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Atlante</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>San Januario</td>
+<td>80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ferrivel</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>Intrepido</td>
+<td>80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>San Antonio</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>Firme</td>
+<td>80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Suberano</td>
+<td>80</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="p2">The above ships are commanded by French officers, and probably, therefore, are
+those which are alluded to as having been ceded to France.</p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+<table cellspacing="8" summary="Gunpower">
+<colgroup span="4">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A. Real de St. Carlos</td>
+<td>120</td>
+<td>Bergantina St. Andre</td>
+<td>24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Hermenegildo</td>
+<td>120</td>
+<td>Balandra Aglina</td>
+<td>14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Fernando</td>
+<td>120</td>
+<td>St. Nicalao</td>
+<td>14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Agustino</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>4 gun-boats<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+</td>
+<td>2}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Izidoro</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>20 built by the inhabitants</td>
+<td>}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Argonauta</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>of Cadiz</td>
+<td>1}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fragata Sabina</td>
+<td>44</td>
+<td>18 gun-boats</td>
+<td>1}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fragata Perula</td>
+<td>40</td>
+<td>4 burlates</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+
+<p class="p2 right">C&aelig;sar, Cawsand Bay, 9th June 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of their lordships' secret orders,
+dated 6th instant; and, in compliance therewith, I have directed Captain
+Stirling, of his Majesty's ship Pomp&eacute;e, to put himself under my command.</p>
+
+<p>Be pleased to inform their lordships that Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley has
+acquainted me that there is no hired armed brig at this port except the Louisa,
+and has placed the Joseph, hired cutter, only under my orders.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">I am, sir,<br /></p>
+<span class="left5">Your most obedient servant,</span>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>We need scarcely add that every possible exertion was made on the part
+of the admiral, the captains, officers, and crews of the respective
+ships, to get the squadron ready for sea; and in eight days the
+equipment was completed.</p>
+
+<p>Before we record a circumstance which, in rewarding the merits of the
+new commander-in-chief, afforded great and universal satisfaction to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+the royal navy, we take occasion to introduce a correspondence, which,
+in order to avoid interruption of the narrative, has been omitted, and
+which will now be found more interesting.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Royal George, between Ushant and the Black Rocks, 26th July 1800.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I need not describe to your lordship the merit of Sir James Saumarez, which
+cannot be surpassed. In a conversation I accidentally had with him last evening,
+I learned that his ambition had been much disappointed in not being created a
+baronet; and he thought I was wanting, in not pointing to this object in the
+letter I had the honour to write your lordship by him, after the battle of the
+Nile, where he was second in command; and he also conceives that your lordship
+led him to hope this mark of approbation of his services would have been
+conferred upon him. May I therefore trespass upon your indulgence, to request
+you will bring it about, if possible, as nothing can gratify me more, than that
+officers, who have signalised themselves under my auspices, should be amply
+rewarded.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">Yours, most faithfully,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">St. Vincent.</span></p>
+<p>To the Right Hon. Earl Spencer.</p></div>
+
+<p>A copy of the preceding having been sent by Earl St. Vincent to Sir
+James, produced the following answer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>Permit me to express my sincere acknowledgments for the very handsome letter you
+have done me the favour to write on a certain subject to Lord Spencer. Whether
+it meets with the expected success, or otherwise, I shall ever feel grateful for
+your obliging intentions towards me: at the same time, I am persuaded your
+lordship must coincide with my feelings, when I observe that the boon now
+pointed out was no more than the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>services I had the good fortune to be employed
+upon, gave me reason to expect long before this.</p>
+
+<p>That health, and every possible success may ever attend your lordship, is the
+fervent wish of</p>
+
+<p class="left55">My dear lord,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your much obliged,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">and faithful humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>C&aelig;sar, 29th July 1800.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 13th of June, his Majesty, having taken into consideration the
+meritorious services of Sir James Saumarez, was pleased to create him
+a Baronet of the United Kingdom; and, as an additional mark of the
+royal favour, permission was granted under the King's sign manual to
+wear the supporters to the arms of his family (which had been
+registered in the Heralds' office since the reign of Charles the
+Second); a privilege to which no commoner is entitled without a
+dispensation from the Crown. Of these honours Sir James was informed
+by Earl St. Vincent, at that time First Lord of the Admiralty, at the
+moment the C&aelig;sar and squadron were about to proceed on one of the most
+interesting, and, as it turned out, one of the most glorious
+expeditions that ever left the shores of Great Britain.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1801.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of the line on
+a particular service.&mdash;Arrives off Cadiz.&mdash;Attacks a French squadron
+at Algeziras.&mdash;Captain Brenton's account of the battle.&mdash;Loss of the
+Hannibal.&mdash;Colonel Connolly's statements.&mdash;Logs of the C&aelig;sar and ships
+of the squadron.&mdash;Sir James proceeds to
+Gibraltar.&mdash;Remarks.&mdash;Flag of truce sent to
+Algeziras.&mdash;Correspondence with Linois.&mdash;Squadron refit at Gibraltar.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 16th June the signal was made to unmoor; and soon after, for
+the squadron to weigh. The wind being fair, the ships quickly cleared
+the English Channel, and crossed the Bay of Biscay. Cape Finisterre
+was reached on the 22nd; on the 26th the squadron hove to off the
+Tagus, and sent letters on shore at Lisbon. The detachment was now
+joined by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, and proceeded off Cadiz, where
+it arrived on the 28th June: to announce this, the following letter
+was written to Admiral Lord Keith, who had then the chief command on
+the Mediterranean station:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Cadiz, 26th June 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to inform your lordship of my arrival off Cadiz with the ships
+named on the margin <a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>under my orders; having sailed from Cawsand Bay on the
+16th instant. On the 26th I was joined, off Lisbon, by the Phaeton, Captain
+Morris, from whom I received the enclosed state of the enemy's ships at Cadiz.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>
+The Venerable and Superb have both joined the squadron; and I
+have taken these ships under my orders, agreeably to my instructions from my
+Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p>I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to your lordship a copy of
+those instructions; but having at present no other vessel than the Plymouth,
+hired lugger, I cannot part with her further than to Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I have the honour to be,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Right Honourable Lord Keith, K.B. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The squadron continued to cruise off Cadiz, and frequently to
+reconnoitre the harbour; while the Superb was stationed off Lagos as a
+look-out ship to westward, and the Thames in the Straits of Gibraltar
+to the eastward.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing of importance occurred until the 5th, when intelligence was
+received as to the situation of a French squadron. Sir James
+accordingly despatched the Plymouth lugger with the following letters
+to the Secretary of the Admiralty,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> and to Mr. Frere, the English
+ambassador at Lisbon:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In my letter of the 29th ultimo, I acquainted you, for the information of my
+Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, of my arrival before Cadiz with the
+squadron under my orders, and of my having been joined by the Venerable and
+Superb.</p>
+
+<p>You will please to inform their lordships, that, early this morning, a
+despatch-boat joined me from Gibraltar, with intelligence that three French
+line-of-battle ships and a frigate were seen, on the 1st instant, endeavouring
+to pass the Straits from the eastward; and the Plymouth lugger has since joined
+me, whose commander informs me that they anchored yesterday off Algeziras. As
+from the different accounts I form great hopes of being able to attack them with
+success, I am proceeding to the eastward, and I hope to reach the bay early
+to-morrow morning. The ships in Cadiz are getting in forwardness to put to sea.
+Eight appeared this morning with top-gallant yards across and sails bent, and
+four others with their top-masts rigged. I have directed the commander of the
+Plymouth, hired lugger, after having landed this letter at Faro, to cruise off
+Cape St. Mary's to apprise any of his Majesty's ships of my rendezvous, giving
+them such further information as he may be possessed of.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am, sir, your most obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Evan Nepean, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. Admiralty.</p>
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">C&aelig;sar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to acquaint you with my having this instant received
+information, by an express from Gibraltar, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>that three sail of French
+line-of-battle ships and a frigate had anchored yesterday in Algeziras Bay,
+after being three days in endeavouring to pass the Straits from the eastward.
+They are supposed to be destined for Cadiz. I am proceeding off Gibraltar, in
+hopes it may be practicable to attack them, or prevent the junction of their
+other ships, from whom they are said to be separated. I request you will please
+to forward the letters I take the liberty to enclose herewith. I have the honour
+to be, sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left55">Your most obedient humble servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+
+<p>Governor O'Hara writes that he is without intelligence from Egypt since the
+repulse of the French, the 21st March.</p>
+
+<p>His Excellency J.H. Frere, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. Lisbon.</p></div>
+
+<p>It now becomes our duty to give a particular account of the defensive
+means of the French Admiral. The road of Algeziras, six miles distant
+from Gibraltar, is open to the eastward. It is shallow, with sunken
+rocks in several parts. The town is nearly in the centre, at the
+bottom of the Bay; about a third of a mile from which there is a tower
+standing on a point, and off this point is Isla Verda, whereon is a
+battery of seven long 24-pounders. About a mile to the southward of
+this battery is Fort Santa Garcia. The English ships had to pass these
+fortifications before they could reach the French line. The northward
+of the town was no less protected, having at the distance of about
+two-thirds of a mile the fort of San Jago, mounting five long
+18-pounders, besides the tower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> Almirante. By referring to the
+diagrams, it will be manifest that the road is admirably protected by
+these fortifications, while those at a greater distance to the
+northward would be of some service in throwing shells, and in
+preventing the ships from working up to the attack. There were also
+fourteen large gun-boats, whose positions, as shown, were such as to
+form a serious opposition to an approaching enemy in light and
+variable winds.</p>
+
+<p>Before we proceed to a description of the attack on the enemy's
+well-protected squadron, we must intreat the reader to pause, while we
+call his attention to the circumstance of the British ships, led by
+the gallant Hood, slowly and silently approaching the batteries of an
+enemy, strongly reinforced, perfectly prepared to receive them, and
+knowing well that they could not suffer any injury from the ships,
+while every shot from their cannon must tell. Silence, undoubtedly
+derives importance from the circumstances under which it is observed,
+and we cannot well refer to an instance where silence could have had a
+more solemn and impressive character than that which must have been
+observed on this occasion, until broken by the roar of the enemy's
+destructive engines.</p>
+
+<p>Captain (now Admiral Sir Jahleel) Brenton, who was flag-captain of the
+C&aelig;sar, has kindly transmitted the following particular and authentic
+account of all that took place on that eventful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> day, which afforded
+the enemy a short-lived triumph. We shall make no apology for giving
+it in his own words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>On Sunday, the 5th July 1801, a despatch-boat was seen in the S.E., and at two
+<span class="smcap">p.m.</span> came alongside the C&aelig;sar, with intelligence of a French squadron having
+anchored in Algeziras Bay, consisting of three sail of the line and a frigate.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+The Admiral immediately decided on attacking them; and ordered
+the Thames frigate to proceed off St. Lucar to recall the Superb, and make sail
+with the Pomp&eacute;e, Hannibal, Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable, for the entrance
+of the Straits of Gibraltar; making the signal to prepare for action, and for
+anchoring by the stern.</p>
+
+<p>The day was beautiful, with a light air from the westward. At eleven o'clock the
+ship's company was, as usual, assembled for the purpose of Divine service. The
+appearance of this congregation, under the peculiar circumstances in which they
+were placed,&mdash;proceeding, as they all knew they were, to engage in battle
+with the enemy, with the probability that many had but a few remaining hours to
+live,&mdash;was solemn and deeply impressive. The crew were all dressed in
+white, as is customary in warm climates; and being arranged according to their
+respective divisions on the quarter-deck, with the band and the marines on the
+poop, and the Admiral and the officers under the poop awning, an effect was
+produced highly animating, solemn, and appropriate; while the meek, devotional
+countenance of the well-tried Admiral indicated that he derived his confidence
+and support from its only true source.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Our chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Holliday, gave an excellent discourse,
+appropriate to the occasion; and it cannot be doubted but the
+impressions it made on that eventful day were deep and affecting,
+however temporary.</p>
+
+<p>I had of course much communication with the Admiral during the course
+of this day and the ensuing night. He was, as usual, calm, cheerful,
+and collected; foreseeing, and endeavouring to provide for, whatever
+might be required during the struggle which we were anticipating. He
+was quite aware of the difficulties we had to encounter, and fully
+determined to overcome them if possible.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>At daylight we were off Tariffa, with light airs from the westward,
+which at seven freshened to a strong breeze,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> and enabled the
+Venerable to open the Bay of Algeziras, in which the French squadron
+were discovered at anchor. On the Venerable making the signal that she
+could weather the enemy, the Admiral made another to take stations for
+mutual support. The Pomp&eacute;e, Venerable, and Audacious were soon at an
+anchor, and at thirty-five minutes after eight began the action with
+the enemy. The C&aelig;sar at nine o'clock opened her fire, and at fifteen
+minutes past nine came to an anchor ahead of the Venerable. The
+Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee, nearly becalmed, and
+anchored without the C&aelig;sar, firing, as the smoke subsided, through the
+openings between our ships at the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>About ten o'clock the fire of the French ships appeared to slacken so
+much that I ventured to suggest to the Admiral that a flag of truce
+might be sent in, with a notice to the Spaniards that if the British
+squadron were permitted to take away the French ships without any
+further molestation from the batteries, the town would be respected,
+and no further injury done to it.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiral expressed his readiness to do this; but considered the
+advantage we had gained, as yet, not sufficiently decisive to justify
+such a measure. And his judgment was but too correct. The decrease of
+the fire from the French ships arose from their being occupied in
+warping close in-shore; and, shortly after this period, the Pomp&eacute;e
+having broken her sheer, lost her commanding position relative to the
+French Admiral, whom she had been raking with great effect, and now
+became raked in her turn. At twenty minutes after ten, the boats of
+the squadron were sent to her assistance, and, having cut her cables,
+she was towed out of her exposed situation.</p>
+
+<p>At thirty-five minutes after ten, the Admiral, observing how much the
+enemy had increased their distance from us <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>by warping in-shore,
+ordered our cables to be cut, and sail to be made upon the ships, in
+the hope of being able to close with them. He also sent me on board
+the Spencer, with orders to Captain Darby to weigh, and work up to the
+enemy. The Hannibal, having already received these orders, was in the
+act of obeying them, and soon after opened her fire upon the French
+Admiral; but in the gallant endeavour to get between the Formidable
+and the shore, and not being aware of the French Admiral's change of
+position by warping in, Captain Ferris unfortunately ran his ship
+aground, abreast of the battery of St. Jago, and under the raking fire
+of the Formidable. In this helpless state he continued to engage the
+enemy until, to use the French Admiral's words, his decks were <span class="italic">jonch&eacute;
+de morts</span>. He had seventy-three killed and sixty-four wounded,&mdash;a very
+unusual proportion, as, in general, the wounded trebles the number of
+the killed; but this may be accounted for by the Hannibal being so
+near that the enemy's shot passed through her sides without making any
+splinters, to which the greater number of wounds are attributable.</p>
+
+<p>From the time the C&aelig;sar cut her cable, she and the Audacious were
+constantly engaged with the Indomptable, Meuron, and island batteries,
+and occasionally with the Dessaix, as they could bring their guns-to
+bear; but the perpetual flaws of wind rendered this very difficult,
+and exposed them frequently to a severe and raking fire from the
+enemy. The Admiral made the signal for the marines to be prepared to
+land on the island; but, as the boats were all employed in assisting
+the Pomp&eacute;e and Hannibal, this was rendered impracticable. At length,
+finding every effort fruitless to close with the enemy, the Admiral
+was under the necessity of withdrawing his ships from this unequal
+contest with winds and batteries; but it was not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>until all hope had
+vanished of saving the Hannibal that he left her in possession of the
+enemy.</p></div>
+
+<p>The accompanying diagram shows first, the position of the hostile
+squadrons at the moment the Spencer, and Venerable, and C&aelig;sar, had
+anchored; secondly, their position when the action ceased, and when
+the Hannibal was in possession of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/346-t.jpg" width="500" height="319"
+alt="Diagam Algeziras" title="" />
+<p class="center"><a href="images/346-b.jpg">View larger image</a></p></div>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center">Diagram of Algeziras and Gibraltar Bay.</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+<p>The action of Algeziras was certainly obstinately fought, and gallantly
+contested on both sides. It is true that the French had little to do but to
+attend to their guns, being either at an anchor in their strong position, or
+warping towards the shore. In this operation the Spaniards had the hardest duty,
+being employed in their boats in carrying out hawsers, and even in heaving them
+in. Success seemed certain to the British squadron till the Pomp&eacute;e broke her
+sheer; after that, it was one continued but unavailing struggle to recover the
+ground we had lost by this misfortune: and we retreated to Gibraltar when all
+hope was at an end, the Admiral justly considering the importance of repairing
+the damages already sustained, and of preserving the lives of his gallant crew,
+which would be uselessly sacrificed by a continuance of a hopeless contest.</p>
+
+<p>Never did I contemplate more real greatness of mind than was displayed on this
+occasion by our heroic chief. The calmness and cheerfulness with which he met
+and sustained the sad reverses of this most trying day, were objects worthy of
+remark and admiration. Whilst going into the Bay of Algeziras, he desired me to
+look over my signal-book, and to mark such signals as might be likely to be
+called for. He had already done the same, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>and when, during the heat of the
+action, any of the flags were destroyed, or the halliards shot away, I was
+astonished at the readiness with which he ordered one signal to be substituted
+for another, according as the signification might answer the purpose, without
+any reference to the book.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching our anchorage off the Mole of Gibraltar, after giving the necessary
+orders for the disposal and refitting of his squadron, he returned to his cabin
+with a deep sense of the responsibility he had incurred; but supported by the
+unqualified conviction that every exertion had been made to obtain success, and
+that the disappointment resulted from circumstances over which he had no
+control.</p>
+
+<p>The action terminated, as appears by the log, at thirty-five minutes after one;
+and the squadron proceeded to Gibraltar. As soon as the ship was secured, the
+Admiral sent me on shore to the governor, to relate to him the events of the two
+preceding days. I found him sitting in his balcony, which commanded a view of
+the Bay and Algeziras, evidently deeply affected by the unlooked-for termination
+of an attack upon the French squadron, and anxiously reflecting on the probable
+results.</p>
+
+<p>On my return on board, the Admiral had retired to his cot; and I had no means of
+communicating with him until next morning. I could then, however, perceive that
+under all the severity of disappointment he experienced from our failure, and
+the loss of the Hannibal, he felt that no honour had been lost; that every
+effort had been made to obtain success; and that he derived comfort from the
+sanguine hopes he entertained that an opportunity might present itself in which
+he should be able to retrieve the loss.</p>
+
+<p>He ordered me to take a flag of truce and wait upon <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>the French Admiral, and
+propose an exchange of prisoners; which M. Linois refused, alleging that it was
+not in his power to establish a cartel for the purpose until he obtained the
+sanction of the Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent off an
+express as soon as the firing had ceased on the preceding day; but he consented
+to send over the officers on parole. The object of the French Admiral was very
+obvious. He concluded we wanted the men to replace those that had been killed
+and wounded; but he thought, justly, that sending over officers on parole would
+be a harmless act of courtesy, from which we could reap no immediate benefit. It
+will be seen that, subsequently to the second action, (only six days after the
+first,) when his despatches from Algeziras had scarcely reached Paris, he did
+not wait for an answer from the Minister of the Marine: but circumstances had
+altered. We had taken a line-of-battle ship, and burned two first-rates; and he
+now wished to get as many of the crew back as possible.</p></div>
+
+<p>We shall now transcribe the Rear-admiral's official account of the
+battle: this affords additional particulars, and proves that every
+step had been taken to insure success; which, but from circumstances
+that often blight the fairest prospects, would have had a very
+different result. We shall venture to add, that, had the gallant
+Admiral hesitated to make the attempt, he would have rendered himself
+obnoxious to animadversions, not only from all the squadron under his
+command, but from every one on the Rock of Gibraltar who witnessed the
+enemy's squadron of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> inferior force setting, as it were, that of Sir
+James at defiance; while it would have afforded the French and
+Spaniards a just, or, at least a plausible subject of exultation. But
+Sir James, with that decision of character and coolness, when in the
+presence of an enemy, for which he was always remarkable, did not
+hesitate one moment on the attack, which was made with consummate
+skill, and maintained with a perseverance never surpassed.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Gibraltar, 6th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have to request you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the
+Admiralty that, conformable to my letter of yesterday's date, I stood through
+the Straits, with his Majesty's squadron under my orders, with the intention of
+attacking three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate that I was informed
+were at anchor off Algeziras. On opening Cabrita Point, I found the ships lay at
+a considerable distance from the enemy's batteries; and having a leading wind up
+to them, every reasonable hope of success in the attack was afforded.</p>
+
+<p>I had previously directed Captain Hood in the Venerable, from his experience and
+knowledge of the anchorage, to lead the squadron, which he executed with his
+accustomed gallantry; and, although it was not intended he should anchor, he
+found himself under the necessity of so doing, from the wind failing,&mdash;a
+circumstance so much to be apprehended in this country, and to which I have to
+attribute the want of success in this well-intended enterprise. Captain Stirling
+anchored, conformably to the enclosed order of attack, opposite to the inner
+ship of the enemy, and brought the Pomp&eacute;e to action in the most
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>spirited and
+gallant manner; an example which was followed by the commanders of every ship in
+the squadron.</p>
+
+<p>Captains Darby and Ferris, owing to light winds, were prevented for a
+considerable time from coming into action. At length, the Hannibal getting a
+breeze, Captain Ferris had the most favourable prospect of being alongside one
+of the enemy's ships, when the Hannibal unfortunately took the ground; and I am
+extremely concerned to acquaint their lordships that, after having made every
+possible effort with this ship and the Audacious to rescue her from the enemy, I
+was under the necessity to make sail, being at the time only three cables'
+length from one of the enemy's batteries.</p>
+
+<p>My thanks are particularly due to all the captains and men under my orders; and,
+although their endeavours have not been crowned with success, I trust the
+thousands of spectators from his Majesty's garrison, and also the surrounding
+coast, will do justice to their valour and intrepidity, which were not to be
+checked by the fire from the numerous batteries (however formidable) that
+surrounded Algeziras.</p>
+
+<p>I feel it incumbent upon me to state to their lordships the great merits of
+Captain Brenton of the C&aelig;sar, whose cool judgment and intrepid conduct, I will
+venture to pronounce, were never surpassed. I also beg leave to recommend to
+their lordships' notice my flag-lieutenant, Mr. Philip Dumaresq, who has served
+with me from the commencement of this war, and is a most deserving officer. Mr.
+Lamborn and the other lieutenants are also entitled to great praise; as well as
+Captain Maxwell of the Marines, and the other officers of his corps serving on
+board the C&aelig;sar.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's ships consisted of two of eighty-four guns and one of seventy-four,
+with a large frigate: two of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>former are aground, and the whole are rendered
+totally unserviceable.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's ships have suffered considerably in their masts and rigging; but I
+hope will soon be refitted, and in readiness to proceed on service.</p>
+
+<p>Inclosed is the return of the killed and wounded from the different ships of the
+squadron. Amongst other valuable men I have most sincerely to lament the loss of
+Mr. William Grave, master of the C&aelig;sar. I cannot close this letter without
+rendering the most ample justice to the great bravery of Captain Ferris: the
+loss in his ship must have been very considerable both in officers and men; but
+I have the satisfaction to be informed that his Majesty has not lost so valuable
+an officer.</p>
+
+<p>The Honourable Captain Dundas, of his Majesty's sloop the <ins title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'Calp&eacute;'">Calpe,</ins> made his vessel
+as useful as possible, and kept up a spirited fire on one of the enemy's
+batteries. I have also to express my approbation of Lieutenant Janvrin,
+commander of the gun-boats; who, having joined me with intelligence, served as
+volunteer on board the C&aelig;sar.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the return of the squadron to the Mole of Gibraltar, the following
+public order was issued by the Admiral.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, in Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez desires to express in the strongest terms the
+high sense he entertains of the gallantry and valiant conduct of all the
+captains, officers, and men belonging to the squadron under his orders, in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>the
+attack made this day on the enemy's ships and batteries; and, although the
+result has not proved so successful as his expectations had framed, he trusts
+that the glory they have acquired on this occasion will ever be acknowledged by
+their country.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following addition to Sir James's despatch gives the account of
+the capture of the Hannibal, from Captain Ferris, then a prisoner at
+Algeziras.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+C&aelig;sar, Gibraltar, 9th July 1801.
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I herewith enclose a letter from Captain Ferris of his Majesty's late ship
+Hannibal, which I request you will please to lay before their lordships; and I
+have only to express my deep regret that his well-meant endeavours to bring his
+ship to close action should have occasioned so severe a loss. I have the honour
+to be, sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Your most obedient servant,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Algeziras Bay, 7th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have little more to tell you of the fate of his Majesty's ship Hannibal than
+yourself must have observed; only, that from the number of batteries, and ships'
+gun-boats, &amp;c. we had to encounter, our guns soon got knocked up; and I
+found it was impossible to do anything, either for the preservation of the ship,
+or for the good of the service. Our boats, sails, rigging, and springs being all
+shot away, and having so many killed and wounded, as will appear by the annexed
+list, I thought it prudent to strike, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>thereby preserve the lives of the
+brave men that remained.</p>
+
+<p>Had I been successful in the view before me previously to the ship taking the
+ground, my praises of the conduct of my officers and ship's company could not
+have exceeded their merits; but I have, notwithstanding, the satisfaction to
+say, that every order was obeyed and carried into execution with that
+promptitude and alacrity becoming British officers and seamen.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I am, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">S. Ferris.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.</p></div>
+
+<p>It has now become necessary that we should notice a controversy which
+has taken place between the authors of the different naval histories
+on the subject of the Battle of Algeziras; and we have been led to
+make minute inquiries, first, into the cause of the discrepancies of
+the different accounts; and, secondly, into the truth, which we have
+been the better able to do from our personal knowledge and recent
+communication with some of the officers of the Hannibal and C&aelig;sar, on
+whose veracity we can depend. We are happy to add that the result of
+our inquiries has been satisfactory, and, we trust, will completely
+clear up and reconcile the facts, while it will leave no reflection of
+a dubious character on the conduct of the heroic commander of the
+squadron.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that no difference of opinion arose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> on this subject until
+the court-martial of Captain Ferris, which took place on the 1st
+September 1801, at Portsmouth, Rear-admiral Holloway president; when,
+as usual on trials for the loss of a ship, Captain Ferris read his
+narrative, which he begins thus:</p>
+
+<p>"In giving a detail of the circumstances which led to the loss of his
+Majesty's late ship Hannibal, I am sorry that, owing to my clerk being
+killed, whose remarks were lost,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> I cannot be so particular as to
+the exact times of signals being made as I otherwise should have been;
+but I shall state them to you to the best of my recollection."</p>
+
+<p>After this admission, is it not surprising that the controversy should
+be mainly founded on the time at which the Hannibal struck her
+colours? Captain Ferris says, "about two o'clock;" while by the log of
+the C&aelig;sar the action had entirely ceased at thirty-five minutes past
+one. It may be asked, why did not the court, which must have seen the
+discrepancy between his narrative and the public and other documents
+before it, inquire into the truth by requiring the evidence of the
+officers and crew, none of whom were examined as to the time the ship
+struck: but the duty of the court being confined to the trial of
+Captain Ferris, his officers and crew, and it being (whether
+supported<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> or not) evident and notorious that they had defended their
+ship to the last extremity, they had (unluckily for Sir James) nothing
+to do but to pronounce an honourable acquittal.</p>
+
+<p>The next contradiction which appears, relates to the boats which were
+sent to the assistance of the Hannibal. Captain Ferris says, "The
+Admiral, having previously made my signal of recall, sent a boat from
+the C&aelig;sar, and another from the Venerable, to my assistance; but,
+finding they could afford me none, I sent the Venerable's boat back,
+and the crew of the C&aelig;sar in one of my own cutters, their pinnace
+having been sunk by a shot alongside."</p>
+
+<p>I am bound to say that this assertion is not borne out either by the
+testimony of those who were in the boats of the C&aelig;sar and the
+Venerable, or by the officers of the Hannibal; because, as will be
+seen hereafter, these boats never reached the Hannibal, when aground,
+until after she had struck her colours.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ferris next relates that "About twelve o'clock our ships were
+all out of gun-shot of the enemy, and we had the fire of the whole
+French squadron, batteries, and gun-boats, to contend with alone;
+against which we continued to keep up as brisk a fire as could be
+expected, even by men in the most sanguine anticipation of victory,
+until near two o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>Now this is quite impossible, as, by the log of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> every ship, the
+squadron was engaging much later: by the C&aelig;sar, until 1h.35m.; by the
+Audacious, until 1h.20m.; by the Venerable, until 1h.30m. &amp;c.;
+before which, the ensign of the Hannibal was seen, from every ship,
+<span class="italic">Union down</span>.</p>
+
+<p>It has been unwarrantably alleged by some that the Hannibal hauled the
+ensign down, and then hoisted it reversed, as a signal of distress,
+and afterwards, when she struck, hauled it down; and that the French
+hoisted it union down to decoy the <ins title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'Calp&eacute;'">Calpe,</ins>. But, for the refutation of
+these absurdities, we must refer the reader to the testimony of
+Colonel Connolly, who was then acting captain of the marines, an
+officer of the highest character, whose veracity cannot be questioned;
+and who, moreover, from being the only officer on the poop when the
+colours were struck, had a better opportunity of knowing the facts
+than any other. The following are the questions which we put to
+Colonel Connolly, with his answers, given verbatim:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>Did the enemy take possession of the Hannibal before the colours were hoisted
+union down?</p>
+
+<p>The colours were hauled down by Captain Ferris's orders, and remained so; but,
+being so near the Formidable, the captain of her was on board of us in two
+minutes after we had struck, and the colours were hoisted <span class="italic">union downwards</span> by the
+Frenchmen.<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>Were the colours hoisted union down by the enemy; or, at any time, by Captain
+Ferris's orders?</p>
+
+<p>By the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Did the boats come <span class="italic">before</span> or <span class="italic">after</span> the colours were hoisted union downwards, to
+render her assistance?</p>
+
+<p>The boats from our ships did not get near us till after we were in possession of
+the enemy; and I called to an old shipmate of mine in the Venerable's barge, and
+told him so, as he came under the starboard quarter; but he persisted in coming
+on board, and was taken.</p>
+
+<p>What boats were taken; and what boats escaped?</p>
+
+<p>A good many were taken. The Venerable's barge and her first lieutenant; and
+another lieutenant, in the C&aelig;sar's boat, of some ship lying at Gibraltar; beside
+the mids. I am not aware indeed that any escaped.</p>
+
+<p>What French officer took possession of the Hannibal?</p>
+
+<p>I am not quite certain whether it was the captain of the Formidable or the
+Dessaix; they were both very close to us: however, he was a very little fellow.</p>
+
+<p>To what prison were you taken?</p>
+
+<p>The ship's company were divided into two prisons, which appeared to have been
+stables. There was no water in one of them, and the distress of our poor
+fellows, on that account, was truly shocking: often, when they would give money
+to the people outside to bring them some to drink, they would walk off with it,
+and never bring the water.</p></div>
+
+<p>On this occasion Colonel Connolly recognised a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> French officer who had
+been a short time previously a prisoner on board the Warrior, to whom
+he had been particularly civil, supplying him with linen, &amp;c.; and who
+left the ship with protestations of his desire to make every return in
+his power, if the "fortune of war" should give him an opportunity: but
+when he claimed the performance of his promise, his reply was,
+"Monsieur de Connolly, I very sorry for your misfortune; but I wish
+you good morning!" and left him with a sarcastic sneer.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident, from this testimony, that the colours were only struck
+once, and hoisted once union down, and only hoisted union down by the
+Frenchmen; and that the boats of the C&aelig;sar and Venerable were only
+once on board the Hannibal after she was aground; namely, when their
+crews were taken prisoners. But both these boats were actually sent to
+her assistance at a previous period, when the Hannibal was directed by
+the Admiral to endeavour to obtain a position to rake the Formidable;
+and it was then that they were sent back. Captain Brenton first
+received the report of the Hannibal having her colours union downwards
+between twelve and one, while the C&aelig;sar was engaging the island
+battery, and the Dessaix and the Muiron.</p>
+
+<p>The C&aelig;sar's boat was sent with others to the assistance of the
+Hannibal, according to the log, at seventeen minutes past one, and
+must have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> reached her certainly before the action ceased, and found
+her in the hands of the enemy, as described by Colonel Connolly.</p>
+
+<p>It is absurd to suppose that, while actually engaging the enemy,
+Captain Ferris would haul down his colours, to hoist them as a signal
+of distress, when he had other ensigns to hoist, and when there was a
+signal in the book, "In distress, and in want of immediate
+assistance:" this is a circumstance which, I will venture to assert,
+never occurred in any naval action.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Brenton, being decidedly of the same opinion, adds, "I can
+only say, when it was reported to me, <span class="italic">while in action</span>, that the
+Hannibal's colours were reversed, I considered her to be in possession
+of the enemy: that the Admiral took the same view of the subject, I
+have not the least doubt; and I think nothing would have induced him
+to abandon the Hannibal while she was engaged. I will further add,
+that I never remember the slightest doubt being expressed of the
+Hannibal having struck before the action terminated, until I read the
+narrative of Captain Ferris, at his court-martial, some time
+afterwards."</p>
+
+<p>The moment these champions of "libert&eacute;, &eacute;galit&eacute;, et la mort," entered
+the Hannibal, plunder was the order of the day; and, in their furious
+haste to get at the officers' trunks, they cruelly trod over the
+wounded in the cockpit and cable-tiers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> Colonel Connolly relates that
+in a few minutes one of them had taken his new cocked-hat, and
+appeared on deck with it. He himself had given up seeking his desk,
+which contained a considerable sum of money besides valuable papers,
+because he could not get at it without creeping over the wounded; but
+the French, not so particular, soon found it.</p>
+
+<p>We shall now give the extracts of the various logs to which we have
+had access. These have never yet been published, and we trust they
+will set the matter at rest. It is some satisfaction indeed, that all
+authors agree in declaring that nothing more could have been done, and
+that the honour of the British flag was to the last gloriously
+maintained on the 6th of July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Extract of the C&aelig;sar's log in the Battle of Algeziras, 5th July:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>Winds S.W. and variable. At 12h.30m. <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> up mainsail and in royals; at 2h.
+made the signal for the squadron to prepare for battle, and, anchoring, bent the
+sheet cable through the larboard gun-room port to the sheet anchor; at 4h. set
+steering-sails,&mdash;fresh breezes and fair; at 8h. moderate
+breezes,&mdash;Cape Moulinau E.N.E. seven or eight miles; at 12h. (midnight),
+light airs inclinable to calm,&mdash;squadron in company, Venerable S.S.E. one
+mile. At 12h.30m. (6th), in steering-sails, and at 12h.40m. lowered down the
+yawl; at 3h.45m. a breeze sprung up,&mdash;made the signal for attention; at
+4h.5m. beat to quarters,&mdash;Cabrita Point, S.E. by E. three or four
+leagues,&mdash;made the Pomp&eacute;e's signal to close; at 5h. set top-gallant
+steering-sails, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>and at 6h. the fore-top-mast steering-sail; at 7h. 45m. made
+the Venerable's signal to haul the wind,&mdash;took in the starboard
+steering-sails; at 8h. in steering-sails; at 8h.5m. in top-gallant
+sails,&mdash;made the signal for being at liberty to engage the enemy in
+passing; at 8h. do. to take stations for mutual support; at 8h.25m. set
+top-gallant sails,&mdash;the enemy's ships opened their fire,&mdash;saw the
+Venerable break round off,&mdash;C&aelig;sar fired at a Spanish battery in passing; at
+8h.35m. the action commenced with the Pomp&eacute;e, Venerable, and Audacious; at 8h.
+45m. made the signal for the ships astern to make more sail; at 9h. light
+breezes, and variable,&mdash;opened our fire, and the engagement became general;
+at 9h.15m. passed the Venerable, and came to with the sheet-anchor in nine
+fathoms,&mdash;the sheet-cable became <span class="italic">taut</span>,&mdash;let go the best bower to
+steady the ship,&mdash;Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee,&mdash;hailed
+them to get the boats ahead, and tow into action,&mdash;light airs; at 9h. 35m.
+the Spencer opened her fire; at 9h.40m. the Hannibal, do.&mdash;our
+spanker-boom shot away; at 10h.20m. sent boats to the Pomp&eacute;e and Hannibal; at
+10h.26m. made the Hannibal's signal to tack,&mdash;saw the Pomp&eacute;e had broke her
+sheer, apparently by a flaw of wind, and was raked by the French Admiral; at
+10h.30m. made the Pomp&eacute;e's signal to cut or slip; at 10h.35m., a breeze
+springing up from the N.W., cut our cable, wore, and made sail, engaging the
+enemy's ships while passing them; at 10h.50m. the Hannibal opened her fire on
+the French Admiral; at 10h.52m. made the signal for the squadron to come
+to,&mdash;the wind on the starboard tack; at 11h.5m. made the signal for the
+boats to tow the Pomp&eacute;e,&mdash;C&aelig;sar engaging the southernmost
+ships,&mdash;Audacious, ditto,&mdash;C&aelig;sar opened her fire on the island
+battery,&mdash;Audacious and C&aelig;sar becalmed near the island reef,&mdash;boats
+employed towing the ship's head round; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>afternoon,&mdash;light winds and
+variable weather,&mdash;engaging the enemy; at 12h.33m. made the signal for the
+Hannibal being aground,&mdash;employed engaging the southernmost ship; at 1h.
+17m. Audacious wore,&mdash;made the signal for armed-boats to proceed as
+denoted; at 1h.35m. the action ceased,&mdash;found the main-mast shot through
+in five places, (and other damage which need not be mentioned,) nine men killed,
+twenty-five wounded, and seven missing; at 5h. came-to at Gibraltar, with the
+small bower employed warping alongside of the sheer hulk.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Venerable's log, which we have examined at the dep&ocirc;t at Deptford,
+and which is signed by Captain Hood, fully corroborates the above,
+with the addition,&mdash;"At 12h.40m. sent the first lieutenant in the
+pinnace to assist the Hannibal;" and this officer (Lieutenant Collis)
+in his own journal mentions the same fact. When he arrived at the
+Hannibal, she was in possession of the enemy; and he was taken
+prisoner, with his boat's crew, by persisting to go on board after he
+was warned by Lieutenant (now Colonel) Connolly, of the Marines. He
+says it was in consequence of the ensign being reversed that the boats
+were sent; and, before any of the boats reached her, she was in
+possession of the French, who hoisted the colours union downwards
+themselves, and that they never were hoisted in that manner at any
+other time.</p>
+
+<p>These facts are also corroborated by the logs and journals of the
+Audacious and Spencer, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> will be given in the next chapter. Every
+ship, indeed, mentions the impossibility of affording any assistance
+to the Hannibal, and that the signal was not made to leave off action
+until her situation was utterly hopeless.</p>
+
+<p>The nature of the well-protected road of Algeziras being fully
+manifest in the diagram facing the 346th page, it is unnecessary to
+point out the difficulties the squadron had to contend with from the
+five strong batteries, which were served with much effect by the
+French artillerymen. The numerous gun-boats stationed at Algeziras for
+the annoyance of our commerce, were from their constant practice in
+that kind of warfare, of themselves a most formidable enemy; besides,
+the assistance they afforded in warping their ships in-shore, and
+placing them in such a position as to enable the different batteries
+to support them. But the failure of the attack must be mainly
+attributed to the unsteadiness and faintness of the wind, which
+enabled none of the squadron to obtain the position it wished; that
+is, in-shore of the enemy: while, by falling calm at a moment the most
+disadvantageous, it left the ships exposed to the enemy's fire without
+the possibility of returning it.</p>
+
+<p>The loss sustained by each ship was severe. The C&aelig;sar had her master,
+Mr. William Grave, six seamen, and two marines, killed; her boatswain,
+G.W. Forster, seventeen seamen, one boy, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> six marines, wounded;
+besides the capture of Lieutenant Janvarin, a volunteer, Mr. Richard
+Best, and seven seamen, who were taken by boarding the Hannibal when
+in possession of the enemy. Her masts, particularly the main-mast, and
+yards, were very much injured; her boats were all cut to pieces,
+besides that taken at the Hannibal; and there were many shots in her
+hull. The Pomp&eacute;e had Mr. P. Roxborough, master, Mr. Stewart,
+midshipman, ten seamen, and three marines killed; Lieutenants
+Cheesman, Stapleton, and Innes, Messrs. Currie, Hillier, and Hibbert,
+fifty-three seamen, and ten marines, wounded. She was so completely
+damaged in masts, rigging, and sails, that all hope of refitting her
+as promptly as the rest was at an end. The Spencer had Mr. Spencer, a
+midshipman, and five seamen, killed; Mr. Chatterton, midshipman,
+twenty-three seamen, and three marines wounded. She was damaged
+chiefly in her rigging and sails, which were soon repaired. The
+Venerable had Mr. W. Gibbons, midshipman, and eight seamen, killed;
+Messrs. Austin and Collins, midshipmen, twenty seamen, and four
+marines, wounded; and eight missing. The Hannibal had seventy-five
+killed, among whom were Mr. D. Lindsay, clerk, and Lieut. James
+Williams, R.M.; and seventy wounded and missing. The Audacious had
+eight killed; Lieut. Day, of the Marines, thirty-one seamen and
+marines, wounded. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> total loss of the squadron being one hundred
+and twenty-three killed, two hundred and forty-two wounded, and
+twenty-two missing.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of the French and Spaniards, by their own accounts, was
+considerable; the former having three hundred and six killed,&mdash;among
+whom were Captains Moncousu, of the Dessaix, seventy-four, and
+Lalonde, of the Indomptable, eighty-four,&mdash;and near five hundred
+wounded; five gun-boats were sunk, and others damaged; and the forts,
+in which eleven men were killed, received considerable injury. The
+ships suffered a good deal in hull, masts, and rigging; but not so
+much as was anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>The French, as might be expected, from their usual disregard to truth,
+made this out one of the most brilliant exploits ever performed. Their
+account stated that three French ships had completely beaten six
+English, which took refuge in Gibraltar after leaving the Hannibal in
+their possession, &amp;c.; saying nothing of the heavy batteries and
+gun-boats they had to contend with. But the Spaniards, in the Madrid
+Gazette extraordinary, represented the "action as very obstinate and
+bloody on both sides; and likewise on the part of the batteries, which
+decided the fate of the day:" and in another place, "the fire of our
+batteries was so hot and well supported that the enemy suffered most
+from them; and particularly it is to the St. Jago we owe the capture
+of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> English ship, for her bold man&oelig;uvre of attempting to pass
+between the French Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore,
+made her take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertions to
+get her afloat, it was found impossible to move her. Then the fire
+from the battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to
+strike.<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>The diagram, besides pointing out the situations of the five strong
+batteries, which so completely protect the harbour, and which did the
+greatest execution, shows the first position of the ships about the
+time they all anchored, and before the enemy's ships had warped near
+the shore. The second, represented by the outlines, shows the
+situation of the hostile squadrons at the time the Hannibal struck,
+when the Pomp&eacute;e had nearly reached the Mole, the distance of which
+from Algeziras is little more than four miles, and the Spencer was
+considerably advanced in that direction.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot conclude our account of this action without a few remarks on
+the circumstances we have related. There cannot be a doubt that, had
+the enemy remained in the position he held at the commencement of the
+action, every ship would have been taken. Praise is certainly due to
+Admiral Linois for his able man&oelig;uvre of warping his ships aground,
+being the only chance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> he had of escaping; while it was acknowledging
+that, as long as his ships were continued afloat, he had no confidence
+in protection from the batteries, strong as they were, against the
+valour and perseverance of British seamen.</p>
+
+<p>Although the attack was not crowned with the success it merited, in a
+national point of view the result was as complete as if the whole
+squadron had been destroyed, as the enemy were thereby prevented from
+proceeding further in the execution of the ulterior object of their
+expedition; and the chance of this alone was sufficient to justify Sir
+James in this bold and daring attempt, which, it will be seen,
+ultimately led to one of the most glorious achievements which adorn
+the annals of the empire.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1801.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p> Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.&mdash;Copies of the Journals of the
+Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable.&mdash;Remarks on them.&mdash;Further
+particulars.&mdash;The Spanish account.&mdash;The French account.&mdash;Bulletin
+from the Moniteur.&mdash;Anecdote of an occurrence at St. Malo.&mdash;Sword
+presented to Linois.&mdash;Lines on the occasion.&mdash;His improvement of Naval
+tactics.&mdash;Epigram.&mdash;Anecdote of the intrepidity of one of the C&aelig;sar's
+men.</p></div>
+
+<p>It has been mentioned in the preceding chapter that, owing chiefly to
+the minutes of Captain Ferris's court-martial, and to the
+discrepancies in different statements, a controversy has arisen on the
+subject. In order to avoid the possibility of our becoming a party
+thereto, correct copies of the logs, which are now at the Record
+Office in the Admiralty, are subjoined, after having been compared
+with those at Somerset House.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">Copy of the Log of his Majesty's ship Spencer, 6th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Moderate and cloudy,&mdash;spoke his Majesty's ship C&aelig;sar, which informed us of
+having intelligence of three sail of French line-of-battle ships and a frigate
+being in Algeziras <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>Bay,&mdash;answered the signal to prepare for battle at
+anchor,&mdash;employed clearing ship for battle at anchor; at 6h. Apes hill S.
+E.; at half-past 6 beat the general to quarters,&mdash;ship clear for action;
+<span class="smcap">a.m.</span> light airs and variable; at 4h. sprung up a breeze from the westward; at
+7h.58m. saw three French sail-of-the-line and one frigate, lying under the
+protection of the Spanish batteries of Algeziras, and a strong fortified island
+to the southward, and a number of forts and redoubts to the westward of them.</p>
+
+<p>At 8h.17m. the batteries commenced firing on the Venerable, Pomp&eacute;e, and
+Audacious,&mdash;Venerable commenced firing; at 9h.11m. we commenced firing; at
+9h.35m. found the sheet-cable cut through by the enemy's shot; at 9h. 48m.
+anchored between the C&aelig;sar and the Hannibal, Audacious astern, the Pomp&eacute;e on our
+larboard bow, having a battery and the French Admiral's ship to oppose us on our
+larboard beam, a battery and gun-boats ahead; at 10h.33m. dismasted and
+disabled a gun-boat that was rowing to the assistance of the others; at 10h.
+39m. cut the cable per Admiral's order whilst wearing,&mdash;the gun-boats
+attempted to approach us from under the land, but the brisk fire that was kept
+up made them retreat in great disorder; at 11h.3m. answered the signal to come
+to the wind on the larboard tack (No. 98); at 11h.7m. commenced firing at the
+outer ships of the enemy, which was kept up at intervals.</p>
+
+<p>At 11h.37m. observed the Hannibal under the batteries at the north end of the
+town, with her main-top-mast shot away and aground, but keeping up a brisk fire
+on the enemy's ships and batteries; <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Hannibal still on shore, but keeping up
+a brisk fire at the enemy's ships and batteries; at 1h.16m. observed the
+Hannibal to slacken her fire, shortly after the ensign hauled down and hoisted
+union <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>downwards; at 1h.35m. observed the enemy's boats boarding the Hannibal;
+at 1h.44m. ceased firing,&mdash;found the ship had suffered considerably in her
+hull, having several shots on both sides between wind and water. Our loss in the
+action was six killed, twenty-seven badly wounded, two of whom died of their
+wounds. The fore-mast, bowsprit, main-top-mast, main-top-gallant yard, and
+main-top-sail yard badly wounded; the boats and booms shot through in several
+places; the cutter and yawl that were towing astern were sunk by the enemy. At
+6h.30m. anchored per signal, and moored ship in Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is a correct copy of the Audacious's log, at Somerset
+House.</p>
+
+<p>This log, like the former, begins in the evening of the 5th July 1801.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>Wind S.W. <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> moderate and hazy; half-past 2 tacked,&mdash;Cape Trafalgar S.
+E. three or four leagues,&mdash;got springs on the anchors; at 8h. standing up
+the Gut of Gibraltar,&mdash;Admiral S. by W. three-quarters of a mile; at 12h.
+taken aback, came to the wind on the land-tack; at 6h. Gibraltar Rock N. by E.
+four or five leagues,&mdash;shortened sail to let the Pomp&eacute;e go ahead to her
+station; at half-past 7, saw the enemy's ships at anchor in Algeziras Roads,
+consisting of three line-of-battle ships, a frigate, gun-boats, &amp;c.;
+three-quarters past 7, the batteries commenced firing on our ships as they
+passed; twenty minutes past 8, the enemy's ships began to fire on our ships; at
+half-past 8, the action became hot on both sides,&mdash;the Venerable, Pomp&eacute;e,
+and Audacious as yet only in action; at half-past 9, the C&aelig;sar, Spencer, and
+Hannibal joined the action against the ships and batteries; at 11h. cut the
+cables, and tried to tow the ship's head round to the eastward, to bring
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>the
+ship's broadside to bear on her opponent, but without effect; by this time the
+sails and rigging being much cut up, and the ship unmanageable, got the kedge
+anchor with a five-inch hawser out on the starboard bow, and succeeded in
+bringing the broadside to bear; at noon, light airs inclining to
+calm,&mdash;C&aelig;sar, Spencer, under way, still in action.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">p.m.</span> dark weather; at forty-five minutes past 12, the Venerable and Pomp&eacute;e
+hauled to the wind on the starboard tack; at 1h. cut the sheet-cable, and
+slipped the end of the kedge hawser, and spring on the sheet-anchor,&mdash;got
+the boats ahead to tow,&mdash;found the ship drifting under the island fort,
+which did us considerable injury,&mdash;the rocks close under the
+lee-bow,&mdash;cut away the best bower-anchor to check her head, and bring her
+broadside to bear, it being calm; at twenty minutes past 1, a light breeze
+sprung up off-shore,&mdash;cut away the best bower-cable, and made sail on the
+starboard tack,&mdash;observed the Hannibal on shore, and the enemy take
+possession of her; at 4h. anchored in Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next is the journal of Captain Hood of the Venerable.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">6th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Monday, 6th July, wind variable off Algeziras,&mdash;Gibraltar Bay, light
+breezes, and variable,&mdash;the captain went on board the C&aelig;sar,&mdash;all sail
+set,&mdash;squadron in company,&mdash;the captain returned,&mdash;got the
+sheet-cable through the stern-port, and bent it to the anchor,&mdash;got springs
+on the sheet and bower-anchors; at 2h. Captain Hood went on board the Admiral;
+at 3h. returned,&mdash;received a midshipman and seven men per the Plymouth
+lugger, and from the Boladore, Spanish lugger; at 4h. Cape Trafalgar, N.E. seven
+or eight miles,&mdash;all sail set,&mdash;made and shortened <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>sail occasionally
+for the squadron, and tacked occasionally,&mdash;<span class="smcap">a.m.</span> do. weather; at 4h. made
+more sail; at 7h. discovered the enemy, consisting of three two-decked ships and
+a frigate, with an Admiral's flag flying, at anchor under the town and batteries
+of Algeziras, protected by many gun-boats, &amp;c.&mdash;all sail set, standing
+in for the enemy, followed by the Pomp&eacute;e, Audacious, C&aelig;sar, Spencer, and
+Hannibal; at 7h.50m. the batteries opened their fire on us,&mdash;Pomp&eacute;e and
+Audacious one mile and a half distant from us astern.</p>
+
+<p>At 8h. it fell calm; at 8h.20m. the Pomp&eacute;e and Audacious, bringing up the
+breeze, passed us to windward, when the enemy's ships opened their fire on us;
+at 8h.14m. a light air sprung up,&mdash;passed the Audacious to leeward, at
+which time the Pomp&eacute;e and Audacious opened their fire; at 8h. 20m. the breeze
+dying away, came to with the sheet-anchor, as did the Pomp&eacute;e and
+Audacious,&mdash;hove in the spring; and at 8h.30m. opened our fire on the
+French Admiral's ship: at 10h. the C&aelig;sar anchored on our bow, and sent a spring
+on board of us; at the same time the action became general, and the Hannibal got
+on shore, after attempting to cut off the French Admiral's ship.</p>
+
+<p>At 10h.20m. the Pomp&eacute;e drifted between us and the French Admiral's,&mdash;hove
+in our spring, and brought our guns to bear on the other enemy's ship on our
+bow, and the other's stern: at 12h. the Pomp&eacute;e drifted between our fire and the
+enemy's,&mdash;slipt the sheet-cable, and eight-inch hawser, the spring, with
+the intention of getting alongside the enemy's southernmost ship,&mdash;light
+air springing up at the time from the N.E.; in awaiting this opportunity, the
+mizen-top-mast, fore-braces, and jibb halyards, with various other standing and
+running rigging, shot away, and main-mast badly wounded: at 11h.15m. breeze
+dying away prevented our intention,&mdash;opened our fire on the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>southernmost
+ship; at 12h. calm and hazy,&mdash;C&aelig;sar, Hannibal, Audacious, Spencer, and us
+still firing on the enemy's ships, batteries, and gun-boats,&mdash;boats of the
+squadron towing off the Pomp&eacute;e to Gibraltar; <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> calm,&mdash;still firing on
+the enemy's ships, which were warping farther in-shore.</p>
+
+<p>At 12h.40m. sent Lieutenant Collis in the pinnace to assist the Hannibal; at
+1h.40m. finding it impossible to near the enemy's ships with safety, it being
+calm, and a strong current setting in-shore, their batteries firing red-hot shot
+and throwing shells, ceased the action as per signal, as did the other ships,
+and steered for Gibraltar,&mdash;observed the Hannibal ceased firing, and hoist
+the colours reversed, having her fore and mainmasts shot away, and being in ten
+foot water, rendered all assistance useless.</p>
+
+<p>24 Nov. 1801.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">S. Hood.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Thus the logs and journals of the captains and officers of the
+Spencer, Audacious, Venerable, and C&aelig;sar, all agree that the Hannibal
+struck her colours between 1h.20m. and 1h.40m. The Pomp&eacute;e, being by
+this time near the Mole at Gibraltar, could not see nor take minutes
+of that circumstance. The Spencer, according to her position at that
+time, was in the best situation for seeing the Hannibal, and
+accordingly her log is the most particular. The C&aelig;sar's log need not
+be given, as it would be merely a repetition of Captain Brenton's
+narrative. All these agree with Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> Connolly's testimony, and
+their evidence is quite conclusive as to the following facts; namely,
+that the Hannibal struck her colours before the main-mast fell; that
+these colours were hoisted union down by the enemy, who had possession
+of the ship before the boats came alongside from the Venerable and
+C&aelig;sar, and that to save her was quite impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The following further particulars relative to the action are given in
+the extract of a letter from an officer of the C&aelig;sar, dated at
+Gibraltar:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>There is one point that needs explanation; namely, when the C&aelig;sar cut her cable
+at half-past ten o'clock, it was from a fine breeze springing up, and the hope
+of closing with the enemy. Orders were given for that purpose to the Audacious
+and Venerable; the C&aelig;sar wore round them, and brought her broadside to bear on
+the Indomptable's bow, lying there (about three cables distant from her) a
+considerable time, with the fore-top-sail to the mast (aback). The Audacious,
+bringing up a breeze from the north-west, passed between us and the enemy, who,
+in this part of the day, suffered materially, his fore-top-mast going about five
+minutes before twelve o'clock. Shortly afterwards, the Audacious and C&aelig;sar were
+becalmed upon the broadside of the Indomptable, without being able to bring one
+of their guns to bear,&mdash;the C&aelig;sar not more than three cables' length from
+the island battery, and the Audacious still nearer,&mdash;both ships drifting on
+the reef.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this time that Sir James Saumarez formed the resolution of attacking
+the island with marines. Boats were signalised for the purpose; but, being all
+employed with the Pomp&eacute;e, or sunk by the enemy's fire, it was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>found
+impracticable. A breeze again sprung up, and Sir James directed his ship to be
+laid alongside of the Indomptable, in the firm resolution of carrying her. The
+sails were trimmed for that purpose as well as the crippled state of the masts
+would allow, but a calm ensued. The Venerable had never received the breeze from
+the time of her cutting, and still lay unmanageable. The Spencer had drifted
+considerably in repairing her rigging.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is a translation of the Spanish official account of the
+battle of Algeziras, 6th July 1801:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>The division of three French line-of-battle ships and one frigate, under the
+command of Rear-admiral Citizen Linois, that sailed from the road of Toulon on
+the 25th last June, destined for Cadiz, came in sight of this station and bay on
+the 1st of July; and, the Levant wind having failed on entering the Straits,
+they cruised between the coast of Africa and that of Europe, in which they
+captured the English brig of war the Speedy, of sixteen guns, that was a Mahon
+packet, and was conducting to Gibraltar a prize, the merchant brig the Union,
+loaded with oil and provisions.</p>
+
+<p>The continuation of the westerly winds obliged the said division to come into
+this port on the 5th instant, at seven in the evening. From that moment,
+recollecting the desperate attacks of the English at Alexandria and Copenhagen,
+we could not but expect that their squadron, which had been seen off Cadiz on
+the 3rd instant, under the command of Rear-admiral Saumarez, would come and
+attack this division. So it happened.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the English received intelligence where the French had anchored, they
+steered directly for the Straits; and, on the 6th instant, at half-past six in
+the morning, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>six English ships doubled the Point of Carnero, and, coming round
+the island of Algeziras, advanced in a line within half cannon-shot of the
+French ships. The batteries of St. Garcia and the island opened their fire upon
+the English; and afterwards the frigate and republican ships.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the English line came opposite the French ships at anchor, they
+opened upon them an animated, bold, and unremitting fire. The English Admiral
+having placed himself against the French, and the British ship Hannibal being
+under sail, cannonaded furiously the French Admiral, who, with superior spirit
+and success, resisted them; insomuch that, having carried away the Admiral's
+mizen-mast, and sails of the main and fore-mast, with no small damage of his
+hull, the commander of the English ship Hannibal, despising the fire from the
+battery of St. Jago, pushed on to his succour; and, intending to place the
+French Admiral between two fires, by running between him and the shore, had the
+imprudence, being unacquainted with his position, to place himself within a
+quarter of a gun-shot of the battery, and ran aground. He relieved his Admiral,
+who, after this, went out of the action; but he lost his own ship and crew, as
+the fire from the battery and French Admiral dismantled him, and killed three
+parts of his ship's company.</p>
+
+<p>Until this ship's surrender, which was about the time of the retreat of the
+English Admiral, the fire was constant upon the two French ships and frigate, as
+well as upon the seven Spanish gun-boats, the batteries of the island, St.
+Garcia, St. Jago, La Almiranta, and Almirante, which, as opportunity offered,
+returned their fire.</p>
+
+<p>The battle lasted from half-past eight o'clock in the morning, when the fort of
+St. Garcia opened its fire, till two in the afternoon, when the last shot was
+fired from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>the French ship Indomptable. The persevering, active, and tremendous
+fire of the enemy, and that of the two nations (French and Spanish), were only
+distinguishable by the prudence, skill, and greatness of soul with which the
+allied chiefs directed theirs, and the audacity, temerity, and confusion which
+were shown in that of the English. The idea of this kind of fighting, which we
+form from the account of the battles of Alexandria and Copenhagen, does not, in
+proportion to the numbers engaged, bear any comparison with that of Algeziras,
+either in point of bloodiness or obstinacy.</p>
+
+<p>The English, after having left the glory and the field of battle to the two
+nations, covered with shame, and taught by dear-bought experience, have only
+given an unequivocal proof of their inveterate hatred to France and Spain;
+since, not being able to obtain any advantage over the French and Spanish
+forces, they directed their fire against an inoffensive town, which received no
+small injury in the buildings. This is the only glory which the arms of Great
+Britain have to boast of.</p>
+
+<p>The Pomp&eacute;e was towed out of the action by eight boats, who came to her succour
+from the garrison of Gibraltar. She was kept afloat by casks, or otherwise could
+not have been brought in.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>The ships of the French Republic which sustained this attack were the
+Formidable, 84, Citizen Linois; Dessaix, 74, Moncousu, killed; L'Indomptable,
+84, Lalonde, killed; the frigate Muiron, 36, Martinencq; five Spanish gun-boats
+damaged, and two sunk. In the French ships, three hundred and six killed; one
+hundred and eighty-four wounded. We suppose in the English squadron above five
+hundred are killed, and from two hundred and seventy to two hundred and eighty
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="smcap">Madrid Gazette Extraordinary.</span></p>
+<p class="right">Merida, 10 July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>The general commandant of the camp at St. Roque, in a despatch of the 6th
+instant, transmitted by a courier extraordinary, communicates an account of an
+action which has been fought between six sail of the line, and other vessels of
+war, belonging to the English, and the French squadron of three ships of the
+line, and one frigate, lying at anchor in the harbour of Algeziras; and of the
+glorious result which has taken place for his Majesty's arms, and those of the
+Republic, his ally.</p>
+
+<p>About eight in the morning of that day, (viz. the 6th,) there were seen, coming
+out of Gibraltar, one ship of eighty-four guns, five of seventy-four, a lugger
+of sixteen, another of ten, and a polacre of ten, two armed launches, and
+fourteen boats. This force, under the command of a Rear-admiral, stood into
+Algeziras, for the purpose of attacking the French squadron then anchored in
+that port, which, as has been already stated, consisted of three sail of the
+line, and one frigate. The commanders of this squadron, being aware of the
+enemy's intention, made their dispositions for defence, placing themselves, as
+well as they were able, under the cover of our batteries, and waiting in this
+position for his approach.</p>
+
+<p>The action commenced at nine; it was very obstinate and bloody on both sides,
+and likewise on the part of our batteries, which decided the fate of the day.
+The action was continued till two in the afternoon, at which hour the English
+drew off with the loss of one ship of the line; taking in tow another, which was
+dismasted and damaged in the hull; and having sustained very great loss and
+damage in the rest of their vessels. Their loss in men must have been
+considerable, as it is certain that a great number were killed and wounded on
+board all the ships. The French <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>also have been equal sufferers, the killed and
+wounded in their squadron being estimated at eight hundred: that of our troops
+has been less; out of the whole, only the royal regiment of Ronda has lost
+eleven men.</p>
+
+<p>The fire of our batteries was so hot and well supported, that the enemy suffered
+most from them; and particularly it is to that of St. Jago we owe the capture of
+the English ship, for her bold man&oelig;uvre of attempting to pass between the
+French Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore, made her take the
+ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertion to put her afloat, it being
+found impossible to move her, the fire from the battery very soon dismasted her,
+and compelled her to strike. The French vessels, and our batteries, have
+likewise received a good deal of damage; but they are already in a course of
+repair; and the most active dispositions are making in order to cause the enemy
+to repent, should he have any intention of renewing the action with troops so
+animated and well-conducted as ours and the French have proved themselves in the
+engagement of the 6th.</p></div>
+
+<p>The French account of this action, as we have already noticed, was
+still more exaggerated than the Spanish; and, unfortunately for the
+friends and relatives of the Admiral, officers, and men of the
+squadron, it made its way to England some time previously to the
+<span class="italic">true</span> accounts,&mdash;causing much uneasiness. The <span class="italic">Moniteur</span> announced
+that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>On the 5th July, at eight o'clock in the morning, the cannonade commenced
+against six English ships, which lost no time in coming within musket-shot of
+the French vessels. The action then became very warm. These two squadrons seemed
+equally animated with a determination <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>to conquer. If the French squadron had
+any advantage in point of situation, the English had double their force, and
+several of their vessels had ninety guns each: already had the English ship,
+Hannibal, of seventy-four guns, contrived to place herself between the French
+squadron and the shore. It was now eleven o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, and this proved the
+decisive moment. For two hours the Formidable, the French Admiral's ship,
+successfully opposed three English ships.</p>
+
+<p>One of the British squadron, which was singly engaged with a French vessel,
+struck her colours at three-quarters past eleven. Immediately after, the
+Hannibal, exposed to the fire of three French ships, which fired from two decks,
+also struck her colours: about half-past twelve, the English squadron cut their
+cables, and sailed away. The Hannibal was boarded by the Formidable. Of six
+hundred men, who composed her crew, three hundred were killed. The first ship
+that struck her colours was retaken by a great number of gun-boats, and other
+vessels, sent out from Gibraltar. This action covers the French arms with glory,
+and shows what they are capable of accomplishing. Rear-admiral Linois <span class="italic">proceeded
+to Cadiz with the Hannibal, in order to repair her damage</span>.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> We wait with impatience the returns of the loss
+sustained by each ship.</p></div>
+
+<p>These accounts appear to have reached Paris on the 11th July. On the
+19th, the following bulletin reached St. Malo.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Three French ships of the line and a frigate, under the command of Rear-admiral
+Linois, were attacked on the 6th instant by six English sail of the line and a
+frigate. The English were completely beaten, and took refuge <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>in Gibraltar,
+leaving in possession of the French the Hannibal, of seventy-four guns: another
+ship of the line had struck, but was towed off by a great number of gun-vessels,
+which sailed from Gibraltar to her relief.</p></div>
+
+<p>About this time, the Jason frigate, having been wrecked near St. Malo,
+the captain and crew were made prisoners. The author was sent in with
+a flag of truce by Commodore Cunningham, of the Clyde, to negotiate
+for the exchange of prisoners; when the French officer, with an air of
+triumph and exultation, handed him a copy of that bulletin: but, as
+soon as the negotiation was ended, the author had the pleasure of
+handing to him, in return, the Gazette account of the victory of the
+13th, which Sir James Saumarez had gained over Linois, and which the
+Commodore had received, fortunately, on that day. The Frenchman's
+chagrin may be easily imagined, when he threw down the Gazette, with
+the exclamation '<span class="italic">Ce n'est pas vrai</span>!'</p>
+
+<p>On the statement of Linois' victory, as it was called, reaching Paris,
+a handsome sword was sent to him; which, however, did not reach him
+until after his subsequent defeat. On this occasion the following
+Epigram was written.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="left10">In the days of the Bourbons, a man was <span class="italic">rewarded</span><br />
+<span class="i2">For <span class="italic">standing</span> the brunt of the day:</span><br />
+But, now, this old maxim in France is <span class="italic">discarded</span>,&mdash;<br />
+<span class="i2">Men are honoured for</span> <span class="italic">running away</span>!</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p><p>In the French accounts nothing was mentioned of their running their
+ships aground to escape from the English, which is, indeed, the only
+thing Citizen Linois deserved any credit for doing. At the same time,
+it could not fail to convince both the French and Spanish troops, of
+the want of confidence he must have had in his crews, and of their
+evident inferiority: it was certainly a new mode of fighting, which
+called forth the following lines on this improvement in naval tactics.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="left10">To mar our skill, fam'd Linois, thou hast found<br />
+A certain way,&mdash;by fighting ships on <span class="italic">ground</span>;<br />
+Fix deep in sand thy centre, van, and rear,<br />
+Nor e'er St. Vincent, Duncan, Nelson, fear.<br />
+While, o'er the main, Britannia's thunder rolls,<br />
+She leaves to thee the trident of the <span class="italic">shoals</span>!</p></div>
+
+<p>In concluding this chapter, we shall relate the following anecdote of
+British heroism, derived from Captain Brenton's Naval History.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>When, in the hottest part of the action at Algeziras, the C&aelig;sar <span class="italic">broke her
+sheer</span>,&mdash;that is, her situation was altered by a puff or flaw of wind so as
+to change the direction of her head, and turn her round, that her guns could not
+be brought to bear on her opponent,&mdash;the captain ordered the boat to be
+lowered down from the stern, to convey a warp to the Audacious; but the boat was
+found to be knocked to pieces by the enemy's shot. Before other means could be
+resorted to, Michael Collins, a young sailor belonging to the C&aelig;sar's mizen-top,
+seized the end of a lead-line, and exclaiming, "You shall soon have a warp,"
+darted into the sea from the tafrail, and swam with the line to the Audacious,
+where it was received, and by that means a hawser was run out which answered the
+intended purpose.</p></div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1801.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Mole of Gibraltar.&mdash;Negociation for the exchange of prisoners
+unsuccessful.&mdash;Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal return on
+parole.&mdash;They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger, which carries home
+despatches and private letters.&mdash;Despatch sent to Lord Keith.&mdash;Admiral
+Saumarez shifts his flag to the Audacious.&mdash;Extraordinary exertions of the
+crew of the C&aelig;sar.&mdash;Their admirable conduct.&mdash;Captain Brenton and the
+garrison.&mdash;Arrival of the Spanish squadron at Algeziras.&mdash;Increased
+exertions of the crews of the squadron.&mdash;Private
+letters.&mdash;Preparations to attack the enemy.</p></div>
+
+<p>The squadron being now in the Mole at Gibraltar, the wounded having
+been removed to the hospital, and the necessary orders given for
+refitting with all possible speed, the Admiral lost no time in turning
+his attention to the situation of the captain, officers, and crew of
+the unfortunate Hannibal, which had so nobly maintained the honour of
+the British flag.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Jahleel Brenton says, "He ordered me to take a flag of truce, and
+wait upon the French admiral (Linois), proposing an exchange of
+prisoners,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> which the latter refused, alleging that it was not in his
+power to establish a cartel for the purpose, until he obtained the
+sanction of the Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent
+off an express, as soon as the firing had ceased, on the preceding
+day; but he consented to send over on parole Captain Ferris and the
+officers of the Hannibal. The object of the French Admiral was very
+obvious; he concluded we wanted to replace the men who were killed,
+and wounded; but he justly thought, that sending officers on parole
+would be an act of harmless courtesy, from which we could reap no
+immediate benefit. It will be seen that, after the second action, when
+his dispatches from Algeziras could scarcely have reached Paris, (only
+six days having elapsed,) he did not wait for an answer from the
+Minister of Marine. But circumstances had altered; we had taken a
+line-of-battle ship, and burned two first-rates; and he then wished to
+get back as many of the crews as possible."</p>
+
+<p>The following correspondence, which took place between Sir James
+Saumarez and the French Admiral Linois, shows the deep interest Sir
+James took in the distressing situation of the crew of the Hannibal,
+of which an account was brought to him by Captain Brenton, together
+with the assurance that Captain Ferris and his officers would be
+liberated on parole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Rosia Bay, 8th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Solicitous as I am for the welfare of the men unfortunately wounded on board his
+Majesty's ship Hannibal, and desirous to have them conveyed as speedily as
+possible to this garrison, I propose to send a boat early to-morrow morning with
+a flag of truce, and I trust no objection can be made to their coming by her.</p>
+
+<p>Being informed that Captain Ferris and his officers have permission to come on
+their parole, a boat will also be sent for them. I have the honour to be, sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left50">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Linois,<br />
+<span class="left5">commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The boat having returned from Algeziras with Captain Ferris and his
+officers, but not with the crew of the Hannibal, Sir James despatched
+another boat, with the following letter to Admiral Linois:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Rosia Bay, 9th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Having received different reports, particularly from Captain Ferris, that the
+men who had the misfortune of being wounded on board his Majesty's ship Hannibal
+are left in the most afflicting condition, and are unprovided with every kind of
+refreshment, I am impelled, from motives of humanity, to renew my application to
+you that they may be permitted to come to this place by the boat now sent for
+them; and that you will also permit those wounded men who are confined in the
+prison, and who, I understand, are without any surgical attendance whatever, to
+accompany them. I have the honour to be, sir,</p>
+
+<p class="left50">With all possible regard, your obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Linois,<br />
+<span class="left5">commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.</span></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>
+<p>This application was, however, not attended with success; and the
+sufferings of the unfortunate wounded at Algeziras were extreme, until
+circumstances changed, in consequence of the second action.</p>
+
+<p>We shall now continue the authentic and interesting communication
+which Sir Jahleel Brenton has so kindly made to us:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>"The morning of the 7th July was passed in getting the C&aelig;sar secured in the
+Mole, and in landing the wounded men that still remained on board; also in
+stripping the ship, and in ascertaining the amount of injury she had sustained.
+The main-mast was so much injured that it became necessary to take it out and
+get in a new one; the fore-mast was also very badly wounded, but capable of
+being fished and rendered serviceable. Every effort was made to complete our
+repairs, and get again ready for sea. On the following day, Captain Ferris and
+his officers, who were sent on parole, arrived. They were accompanied by Lord
+Cochrane and the officers of the Speedy, sloop of war, which had been taken on
+the 3rd by Linois' squadron, off Malaga."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Admiral now prepared duplicates of his despatches for the
+Admiralty, which Lieutenant Janvarin, of the <ins title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'Calp&eacute;'">Calpe,</ins>, who was taken in
+the C&aelig;sar's boat, assisting the Hannibal, had been previously charged
+to carry to Faro. These were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> confided to Lieutenant Hills, of the
+Hannibal, who, with Captain Ferris, were embarked on board the
+Plymouth lugger for England. Sir Jableel Brenton says: "On taking
+leave of the Admiral, the scene was deeply interesting, and even
+affecting. Sir James, after giving Captain Ferris the highest credit
+for his gallant daring, to which the loss of the Hannibal was
+attributed, and lamenting that their united endeavours had not been
+crowned with the success they merited, added, adverting to his
+despatches, 'Tell them, sir, that I feel convinced I shall soon have
+an opportunity of attacking the enemy again, and that they may depend
+on my availing myself of it.'"</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th, in the afternoon, the Superb and Thames, which had
+continued to watch the enemy off Cadiz, were seen coming through the
+Straits under a crowd of canvass, with the signal for an enemy flying;
+and they had scarcely rounded Cabrita Point before the Spanish
+squadron, consisting of six sail of the line, were seen in pursuit of
+them, and soon after anchored in Algeziras with the French squadron.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James now added the following to his despatches to Lord Keith:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Gibraltar, 9th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to inform your lordship that the Superb and Thames are now
+standing into the bay, with the signal for the enemy's being in sight; and I
+understand from Governor O'Hara that he has information from Cadiz
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>that all the
+Spanish and French ships in that port were ordered to Algeziras Bay to take the
+French ships to Carthagena.</p>
+
+<p>I hope to have all the squadron ready before this day week; and, as they cannot
+possibly put to sea under a fortnight at the earliest, I hope something may join
+me from your lordship before they can put to sea: but, on the event of their
+sailing before such junction, I shall follow them up with all the ships with me,
+and proceed off Minorca, which will be my rendezvous till I have the honour of
+hearing from your lordship.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry to mention that the Hannibal is got off; but Captain Ferris, who has
+just come over on his parole, describes her in the worst condition, as well as
+the three French ships, and does not think they can be repaired under a
+fortnight or three weeks at the earliest; as does Lord Cochrane, who is likewise
+come over on his parole.</p>
+
+<p class="left45">I have the honour to be<br />
+<span class="i2">Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Right Hon. Lord Keith, K.B. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The public despatches being closed, Sir James wrote the following
+letters, which were sent by the same conveyance; and, as they contain
+his own private feelings on the occasion, they will be read with
+interest:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Richard,</p>
+
+<p>After the warm expectations my friends have always formed for my success in the
+public service, they will be distressed on being informed of my having failed in
+an enterprise with the squadron on three French line-of-battle
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>ships at anchor
+off Algeziras. I was informed by different expresses from this garrison of their
+having attempted to pass the Straits for Cadiz, and having anchored at some
+distance from the batteries. I made sail yesterday with the intention to attack
+them, if found practicable. We got round the point of the bay at about seven
+this morning, and at half-past eight the action began, and during the first
+hour, promised the most favourable hopes of success; when, by a most unfortunate
+circumstance, the Hannibal got aground, and at once destroyed all my
+expectations, though the action was continued for nearly four hours after.</p>
+
+<p>Every possible effort was made to rescue her from the enemy's fire; and after
+repeated attempts, and a very great risk of this ship and the Audacious getting
+on shore under the enemy's batteries, I was under the necessity of abandoning
+the Hannibal to her fate. Although we have not succeeded in bringing off the
+enemy's ships, they are, we believe, very seriously damaged. Two of them are
+aground, and it is not expected they will be got off.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Wednesday, 9th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Having found a conveyance by way of Tangier, I sent you a duplicate of this. The
+Superb and Thames have just made their appearance, with the signal for the enemy
+being out of port. I think it is a good thing to have drawn them this way, as I
+trust the first Levanter will bring us ships from the Mediterranean. Captain
+Ferris goes by this opportunity, and has promised to forward this immediately to
+you. He will be heard of at the Admiralty, or at the Adelphi Hotel. Great praise
+is due for the brave defence of his ship.</p>
+
+<p class="right">10th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>It is incalculable how much I have on my hands, night <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>and day; but, thank God!
+my health is good, though my anxiety is great. A fresh Levanter having sprung
+up, the lugger sails immediately. Phil. Dumaresq is very well, as are all the
+others. Poor Graves is the only person we have lost of the class of officers. I
+also wrote to you, by way of Lisbon, only an hour since, and just before the
+easterly wind set in. I trust none of my friends will suffer anxiety on my
+account. This will be addressed to you, my dear Richard, and you will forward it
+to my brother. He will be happy in being able to satisfy those who have friends
+on board that they have all escaped unhurt. H. Brock, with the young men from
+the island, are all well. I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Richard Saumarez, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p>Extracts of letters written on the 7th July 1801, to Lady Saumarez:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>I have formed a thousand apprehensions lest an account of the events of
+yesterday should reach England through France before the arrival of my
+despatches (which were sent off by way of Faro), and fill your mind with cruel
+anxiety on my account; and this fear is much increased lest those despatches
+should not even arrive, as I was obliged to send them by a doubtful opportunity,
+through Tetuan and Tangier, the wind not admitting any vessel to pass the
+Straits.</p>
+
+<p>Trusting, however, to their safety, I will not repeat their contents; but will
+only observe that, when I sat down to write to you, it was the first interval of
+rest from one of the most bustling scenes I ever witnessed, and from
+experiencing one of the severest disappointments I have ever <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span>known; having, for
+a considerable period during the action, flattered myself with the strongest
+confidence that the most complete success would have attended the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>I resign myself to the decree of <span class="smcap">Divine Providence</span>, whose will the winds obey;
+and I have great cause to be thankful for not having been forsaken in the hour
+of danger, but for having my courage strengthened as the peril increased.
+Feeling, as I do, all the responsibility on an event of this importance to the
+country, I should be miserable had I to reproach myself for having undertaken
+the enterprise on light grounds, or with having failed in the planning or in the
+execution; but, on the contrary, it is admitted by every one to have been most
+judicious. It is therefore only in the result that I have been unfortunate, and
+that arising from unforeseen and inevitable causes. I have been too much
+employed to reflect on the light in which the business may be viewed in England;
+but, conscious of having done my duty, and to the utmost of my exertions, I
+shall be indifferent as to the rest. I only trust that all my friends, but you
+more particularly, will be superior to any reflexions that may be made, should
+there be any unfavourable to me; though I hope for better things, and that with
+the liberal, at least, that which has been well intended, and carried on with
+conduct and bravery, will be held in some estimation.</p></div>
+
+<p>Admiral Linois, from the specimen he had had of the determined
+perseverance of the British commander-in-chief, had no wish to try
+another contest; nor was it possible for him to escape the risk of
+one, either by lying under the protection of the Spanish batteries, or
+by proceeding to Cadiz. He lost no time, therefore, in sending an
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>
+express to the Spanish Admiral Mazzaredo, and the French Rear-admiral
+Dumanoir, who, with Commodore Le Ray and other officers and men, had
+previously arrived in two frigates at Cadiz for the purpose of
+equipping the Spanish fleet, imploring the assistance of a squadron to
+convoy them to Cadiz, before the English ships under Sir James
+Saumarez could be refitted; adding in his despatch, "I have just
+received advice that the enemy intends burning us at our anchorage. It
+is in your power to save for the Republic three fine ships of the line
+and a frigate by merely ordering the Spanish squadron to come and seek
+us."</p>
+
+<p>This demand, through the influence of Admiral Dumanoir, was
+immediately acceded to by Mazzaredo, who ordered Vice-admiral Moreno
+to proceed with five sail of the line, three frigates, and a lugger,
+accompanied by the San Antonio, manned partly with French and
+Spaniards, in which Admiral Dumanoir hoisted his flag. The movements
+of these ships were observed by Captain Keats in the Superb, who, in
+consequence of information he had received from an American, returned
+with the Thames and Pasley off Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight, on the 9th, this squadron put to sea, except the San
+Antonio, which, being unable to fetch out, came to an anchor in the
+road. The rest made sail up the Straits, preceded by the Superb,
+Thames, and Pasley; and, the wind being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> fair, the former reached
+Algeziras about four <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, while the latter, as already stated,
+anchored in Gibraltar Bay, to unite their efforts in refitting the
+shattered ships. On the next morning, the San Antonio, with Admiral
+Dumanoir's flag, arrived at Algeziras.</p>
+
+<p>As the object of this overwhelming force could be no other than to
+conduct in safety the three French ships, and their prize the
+Hannibal, to Cadiz or Carthagena, the exertions of the British
+officers and men were redoubled in getting the damaged ships ready to
+meet the enemy. They accomplished what has been justly acknowledged,
+one of the most extraordinary undertakings ever known.</p>
+
+<p>The Pomp&eacute;e was in too bad a state to leave any hopes that she could be
+got ready in time; her men, therefore, were distributed to assist in
+repairing the other ships: and all idea of refitting the C&aelig;sar was on
+the point of being abandoned!</p>
+
+<p>The following account given by Captain Brenton will be read with much
+interest: "Sir James now expressed the greatest anxiety to have as
+many of his little squadron as possible ready for action, that he
+might avail himself at any moment of the motions of the enemy to make
+an attack upon some part of them; and despairing, from the state of
+the C&aelig;sar, that she could possibly be got in readiness before the
+departure of the ships from Algeziras, he expressed a wish that the
+deficiencies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> in the other ships might be made up from the crew of the
+C&aelig;sar; but on my entreaty for permission to keep them while a
+possibility remained of getting her in a state to receive his flag
+again, he consented, hoisting it for the time on board the Audacious.</p>
+
+<p>"On communicating to the people what had passed, there was a universal
+cry, 'All hands all night and all day until the ship is ready!' so
+earnest were they to carry the flag of their beloved Admiral again
+into battle, and so sanguine in the expectation of victory,
+notwithstanding the disparity of force,&mdash;nearly <span class="italic">two to one</span>! This I
+could not consent to, as they would have been worn out and incapable
+of further exertion; but I directed that all hands should be employed
+during the day, and that they should work <span class="italic">watch and watch</span> during the
+night. They immediately commenced their various duties, with all the
+energy and zeal that could be expected from men under such powerful
+causes of excitement. The new main-mast was got in forthwith, and
+extraordinary efforts made to refit the rigging.</p>
+
+<p>"On Saturday, the 11th, the enemy showed symptoms of moving; and the
+Admiral, fearing they might get out in the night, again suggested that
+the people from the C&aelig;sar should be distributed, and every idea of
+getting her ready abandoned; but I entreated, and obtained permission
+to keep them during that night, under the promise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> that they should be
+held in readiness at a minute's warning to proceed to the ship pointed
+out to receive them.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy having anchored again, the Admiral went to dine with the
+governor; and, on his return on board, was greatly delighted at
+beholding the ship apparently ready for sea, although much yet
+remained to be done."</p>
+
+<p>We must here pay a just tribute to the professional abilities and
+conduct of Captain (now Sir Jahleel) Brenton. He was, in the first
+place, well aware of the magnitude of the labour which the men had to
+perform, and saw the danger of allowing his brave crew to be worn out
+with fatigue in attempting that to which the human frame is unequal.
+He therefore decided that, instead of working on until the labour was
+finished, according to the seamen's laudable wishes, they should have
+such a portion of rest as would enable them to resume their labour
+with renewed energy. In the second place, he knew that without system,
+the exertions of the men would be in vain; but the admirable
+directions he gave employed every man in what he was best able to
+perform without impeding his neighbour, whilst every part of the
+labour advanced simultaneously. There has, indeed, never yet been on
+record an instance of a ship performing such a task so well and in so
+short a time.</p>
+
+<p>Although the services going on required many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> men to be on shore for
+gunpowder and other stores, to replace what had been expended, there
+was not a single complaint of any one absenting himself from his duty,
+or of being intoxicated; though the inducement must have been great,
+from the number of wine-houses on the Rock: but such was the desire of
+these brave fellows to be avenged for the loss of the Hannibal, that
+they would not allow any temptation to induce them to swerve from the
+duty they had to perform.</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary anxiety of mind, and the multiplicity of duty he had
+to perform, did not divert the attention of Sir James from the
+situation of the unfortunate crew of the Hannibal, especially the
+wounded, who were suffering as well from want of proper surgical care
+as from the treatment they had received. He once more made a strong,
+but fruitless attempt for their exchange, by addressing the following
+letter to Admiral Linois:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote"><p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Rosia Bay, 10th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am impelled by motives of humanity again to renew my application in behalf of
+the men unfortunately wounded on board his Britannic Majesty's ship Hannibal,
+and to request they may be permitted to come to this garrison without delay. A
+proposition so conformable to the laws of civilised nations I trust cannot be
+rejected; but, should you further refuse to comply with it, you must take upon
+yourself the impression all the world must have of so cruel a proceeding as to
+deny those unhappy people the benefit <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>of their own hospital, where they would
+receive surgical assistance, and not be subjected to the severe treatment they
+have so long experienced in their present situation.</p>
+
+<p class="left50">I am, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>Rear-admiral Linois, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>No answer having been given to this application, the correspondence
+ended, to be resumed under more favourable circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James now added to the duplicates of his despatches (which had
+been sent in charge of Lieutenant Janvarin, by way of Tangier,) the
+following letter to his brother:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="left65"></p>
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Gibraltar, 10th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>You will, I hope, receive the letters I have written to you on the subject of
+the enterprise of our squadron against three ships of the line and a frigate, at
+anchor in Algeziras Bay, last Monday; for a more particular account of which I
+must refer you to my public letter. But as my friends, with their usual anxiety
+on my account, will naturally wish further information from me, I must assure
+them in justice to myself and for their satisfaction, that everything was done
+that depended on myself, both in the planning and executing the business; but I
+cannot be accountable for the accidents that prevented its success. Even within
+an hour from our first engaging, and before any of our ships had sustained much
+injury, the Pomp&eacute;e, which was remarkably well placed against the inner ship,
+which proved to be the French Admiral, had at one time nearly silenced her, and
+must have done so in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>less than ten minutes, had not an unfortunate flaw of wind
+<span class="italic">broke her sheer</span>; and from that moment she was unable to bring one of her guns to
+bear on the enemy's ship.</p>
+
+<p>A short time after, the Hannibal got a fine breeze of wind, and was lying up in
+the handsomest manner for the French ship; but unfortunately, wishing to go
+between her and the shore, got aground. Surely in either of these instances I
+was not concerned.</p>
+
+<p>I had, before this, cut our cables, to profit by a favourable breeze to close
+the other two ships; but before we got near them it failed us, as well as the
+Audacious, and with the current we drove close to the island battery, where we
+remained a considerable time before either of the ships could clear a shoal
+close to it. At length a fine breeze sprung up, which gave the most favourable
+hope of carrying us close to the enemy's ships, and, by silencing them, to
+extricate the unfortunate Hannibal.</p>
+
+<p>But here, again, it most unhappily failed us; and although we had, at different
+times, opened a heavy fire upon them, we were still not sufficiently near to
+silence them effectually; and, the wind all the time leading us farther off, I
+was constrained to abandon all hopes of success, and proceeded with the squadron
+to this anchorage.</p>
+
+<p>The Superb yesterday joined us, with the Thames. Captain Keats, having seen the
+enemy coming out of Cadiz, appeared with the signal of their being in sight, and
+they soon after came round Cabrita Point. Two are three-deckers, and three are
+seventy-fours, with three frigates. If it draws this force to the Mediterranean,
+some good may come from it. A squadron is hourly expected from Lord Keith, and
+probably some ships may soon join us from England. We shall have all the ships
+in readiness; and the junction of a few ships, would make us again superior to
+the enemy's force. I must not forget to mention <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span>that Captain Brenton has shown
+himself a brave and most able officer.</p>
+
+<p>It is with difficulty I have found a leisure moment to write this. All I request
+of my friends is, to feel assured that the failure of this enterprise has in no
+instance proceeded from myself; and every one is ready to acknowledge that I
+did, in every respect, all that depended on me. This, you will perceive, is
+written in the midst of much bustle and a most active scene.</p></div>
+
+<p>The despatches contained accounts of the arrival of the Spanish
+squadron, and of Sir James's determination to attack them if they
+attempted to put to sea, even with the force under his command. He
+also sent despatches to Lisbon to delay any convoys which might be
+sailing; and to Lord Keith, in the Mediterranean, to inform his
+lordship of all the circumstances we have related. The Plymouth lugger
+had already sailed, the wind being fair, with Captain Ferris, who, as
+well as Lieutenant Hills, were bearers of the interesting details.</p>
+
+<p>The intense interest which these circumstances created on the Rock of
+Gibraltar is far beyond description; nor do we know whether the kind
+and sympathising reception which the suffering heroes met with on
+their return from Algeziras was more worthy of praise than the
+unparalleled exertions made to renew the conflict. On the one hand,
+had the squadron arrived after the most complete and glorious victory,
+they could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> not have been received in a manner more gratifying to
+their feelings; while, on the other hand, it was evident that every
+man was worthy of such generous and such noble conduct.</p>
+
+<p>The attention of the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants,
+although themselves in a state of privation, was unremitting. We shall
+leave them for the present preparing to take farewell of each other on
+the evening before the Admiral's departure, to meet what must have
+appeared to every spectator an overwhelming foe!</p>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="c30" />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
+<p class="p1 center"><strong>1801.</strong></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p>Occurrences at Gibraltar.&mdash;Determination of Sir James to attack the
+combined squadron.&mdash;C&aelig;sar rehoists the Admiral's flag.&mdash;Sir J.
+Brenton's description of that interesting scene.&mdash;His account of the
+battle.&mdash;Destruction of two Spanish three-deckers.&mdash;Capture of the St.
+Antonio.&mdash;Action between the Venerable and Formidable.&mdash;Public
+letters.&mdash;Private letters.&mdash;French details of the
+battle.&mdash;Spanish ditto.&mdash;Orders of sailing.&mdash;Remarks.</p></div>
+
+<p>General O'Hara the gallant governor, and the brave garrison of
+Gibraltar, had beheld from the Rock, which is only four miles from
+Algeziras, the long-contested, severe, but unfortunate conflict of the
+6th of July. They had witnessed the bravery of their countrymen. Their
+intense anxiety for the success of the Admiral's daring attack had
+been changed into sympathy for the loss his squadron had sustained;
+and, fully convinced that not only no honour had been sacrificed, but
+that the character of the nation had been gloriously maintained, the
+unsuccessful were received at the Rock, as if they had returned from a
+victory. The garrison<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> beheld with admiration the wonderful efforts
+which were made to meet a still more formidable foe. Every day marked
+the progress of the Herculean labours in preparation for that event;
+the exertions, zeal, and intrepidity of Sir James's officers and crews
+increased in proportion to the multiplied force of the enemy, which,
+to men of any other cast, would have appeared overwhelming!</p>
+
+<p>After one of the severest engagements on record, the British squadron,
+in the short space of five days, had repaired its damages, and sought
+the enemy, whose force had been nearly tripled by the junction of six
+ships and three frigates from Cadiz. With such men, and in such a
+cause, victory seemed certain, notwithstanding the great disparity of
+force between the belligerents, and the exertions of the enemy proved,
+that he expected a tremendous struggle. Every circumstance contributed
+to render the approaching contest more eventful. Their late
+unsuccessful attack only served to animate the officers and crews with
+a noble enthusiasm, and a desire to put their valour to another but a
+fairer trial; and they well knew that their Admiral would lead them to
+the combat with that consummate skill, and deliberate courage which
+had so justly rendered his name illustrious.</p>
+
+<p>At length the moment arrived. The enemy, whose force almost tripled
+that of the English, were seen under sail; the wind was fair, and the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span>
+weather fine. The C&aelig;sar, having rehoisted the Admiral's flag, made the
+signal to prepare for battle!</p>
+
+<p>For a description of the intensely interesting and animating scene
+which followed, we gladly avail ourselves of a communication kindly
+made to us by Sir Jahleel Brenton, the gallant captain of the C&aelig;sar on
+that memorable occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"12th July 1801.&mdash;At daylight the enemy were seen making every
+preparation for sailing; and in the course of the forenoon were
+getting under way, and working out of the bay with a fresh wind from
+the eastward. As they required to make several tacks for this purpose,
+it was past one o'clock before the headmost ships could clear Cabrita
+Point, when they brought to, to wait for the others to join them.</p>
+
+<p>"At half-past two the C&aelig;sar hauled out of the Mole, her band playing
+"Cheer up my lads, 'tis to glory we steer!" which was answered by the
+military band on the Mole-head with "Britons, strike home!" At the
+same moment the Admiral's flag was rehoisted on board the C&aelig;sar; and
+sail being made upon her, she weighed amidst the deafening cheers and
+acclamations of the garrison, and the whole assembled population,
+carrying with her the sincerest and most ardent wishes for victory.</p>
+
+<p>"She took her station off Europa Point, with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>the signals for her
+little squadron to close round her, and to prepare for battle.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> We
+then returned the salute which had been fired by the garrison on
+entering the bay on the 6th; and which, in consequence of being
+immediately engaged with the enemy, we could not do at the time. It
+was delightful during this and the preceding days to witness the calm,
+but decided manner of the admiral. He had evidently calculated the
+awful responsibility under which he was placed; and this, at the same
+time, was self-imposed; for it was by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>no means incumbent on him as a
+duty, with only five sail of the line, viz. the C&aelig;sar, Superb,
+Spencer, Venerable, and Audacious, to attack an enemy with six fresh
+ships, of which number two mounted one hundred and twelve guns each,
+one of ninety, and three of seventy-four, in addition to the three
+French ships we had already engaged, and their prize, the Hannibal.
+But our chief had counted the cost, and made up his mind to the
+enterprise. His intention was to throw his whole force upon whatever
+part of the enemy's line he might be able to reach; depending upon the
+talents of his captains, and the discipline of his ships, to make up
+for the disparity of force, especially in a night action.</p>
+
+<p>"The squadron was soon assembled off Europa, and we beheld that of the enemy
+forming their line off Cabrita, about five miles to leeward, waiting for the
+Hannibal, which was the last ship to leave Algeziras. Sir James now made the
+interrogatory signal to know if all the ships were ready for battle, which was
+most properly answered in the negative, as all had much to do. The time which
+the combined squadron took to get into the order of battle and sailing was
+invaluable to all of us, by enabling us to complete the arrangements so
+necessary upon so momentous an occasion. At length, every ship having announced
+her readiness for action, the Admiral made the signal for them to be prepared to
+follow <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>his motions. He had already communicated with his captains his plan of
+attack, and no other signal was made, or was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="italic">At eight o'clock</span> the Hannibal, unable to work out of the Bay, was observed to
+anchor again at Algeziras, and the enemy bore up through the Straits; the
+C&aelig;sar's helm was instantly put up, a blue light being burned at the same time
+for the squadron to follow. At 8h.40m. the Superb was gaining fast upon us, and
+the Admiral ordered me to hail Captain Keats, directing him to engage the ship
+nearest to the Spanish shore. The enemy was retreating in two lines abreast,
+thus:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/412.jpg" width="400" height="243"
+alt="diagram4" title="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>the three French ships in the van, the Spanish squadron in the rear. Had the
+Hannibal succeeded in getting out of the bay, she was to have taken the station
+ahead of the French ships, at the place marked with a cross H, in order to put
+her in the greatest security, and to preserve their trophy.</p>
+
+<p>"At five minutes past eleven the Superb opened her fire; and, very shortly
+after, the two sternmost ships of the enemy were seen to be in flames. We were
+rapidly approaching them, and orders had been sent down to the officers at their
+quarters to fire as soon as the guns would bear.</p>
+
+<p>"I was at this time standing on the poop ladder, near the Admiral, when he
+seized me by the shoulder, and, pointing to the flames bursting out, exclaimed,
+'My God, sir, look there! the day is ours!' A more magnificent scene never
+presented itself, as may be easily imagined, than two ships of such immense
+magnitude as the Spanish first-rates, on board of each other in flames, with a
+fresh gale, the sea running high, and their sails in the utmost confusion. The
+flames, ascending the rigging with the rapidity of lightning, soon communicated
+to the canvass, which instantly became one sheet of fire. A very general feeling
+of regret and sympathy seemed to be quickly experienced around us when we beheld
+the Spanish colours brilliantly illuminated by the dreadful conflagration,
+instead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> of the French. The unfortunate Spaniards, having become at once the
+tools and the victims of France, were objects of our sincere commiseration.</p>
+
+<p>"The Superb was now seen a little way on the starboard bow, engaged with one of
+the enemy's ships, while several others were in sight at a distance ahead. We
+kept on our course, and after having fired a broadside into the Superb's
+opponent, (which, however, was already nearly silenced), continued the chase,
+followed by the Venerable; but, when nearly the length of Trafalgar, our wounded
+masts complained so much, that we were under the necessity of close-reefing the
+main-top-sail, and taking in the fore-top-sail. The Admiral was also anxious to
+get his squadron round him, that he might, with his collected force, reach Cadiz
+before the morning, and cut the enemy off from the only port in which they could
+find security.</p>
+
+<p>"The easterly wind, which, although blowing with great violence in the Straits,
+is seldom felt close in shore on either the Spanish or African coasts, entirely
+failed us as we hauled round Cape Trafalgar, and left our ship rolling heavily
+in the swell, to the great danger of our masts. At half-past twelve o'clock one
+of the Spanish three-deckers blew up, with a tremendous explosion, and soon
+after the other. They had previously separated, after their masts had fallen,
+and the rigging was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>consumed; and they were seen for some time burning at a
+distance from each other, before their fatal termination.</p>
+
+<p>"As the Admiral and myself were looking over the chart together, in order to
+shape our course for Cadiz, we heard an alarming cry of 'Fire!' and, running out
+upon deck, were enveloped in a thick sulphrueous smoke, which seemed to pervade
+every part of the ship. Soon, however, we found it clear away, and ascertained
+the cause to be, that we had run into the column of smoke and vapour arising
+from the explosion of the Spanish ship, which, being too dense to rise, lay
+along the surface of the water. We gradually emerged from this, and were
+relieved from our apprehensions of sharing the fate of our unhappy enemies.</p>
+
+<p>"At the dawn of day we saw the Venerable close to a French line-of-battle ship,
+and drawing up with her by the aid of a light air off the Spanish shore. At five
+o'clock the Venerable opened her fire upon the enemy. The breeze dying away, the
+two ships were enveloped in a cloud of smoke. The C&aelig;sar, at the distance of
+about a mile and a half, was perfectly becalmed. The boats were sent ahead, in
+hopes of being able to tow her within gun-shot of the enemy. In the course of a
+short time, a light breeze having dispersed the dense cloud of smoke which the
+fire of the two ships had occasioned, we discovered the Venerable with her
+main-mast gone, and her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>opponent availing herself of the air from the eastward
+to draw away, and pursue her course for Cadiz, firing her stern-chasers at the
+Venerable. The remainder of the enemy's squadron, consisting of five sail of the
+line and one frigate, in which both the French and Spanish admirals were
+embarked, were discerned in the N.W., at a considerable distance, coming down
+with a westerly wind.</p>
+
+<p>"The Superb having secured the prize, was approaching us from the S.E., and the
+Spencer and Audacious were also to the southward. Such was the relative
+situation of the squadrons, when, at eight minutes past eight, the Venerable
+made the signal of having struck on a shoal. The Admiral, very apprehensive of
+her falling into the hands of the enemy, sent me with discretional orders to
+Captain Hood, that, should he not be able to get her off the shoal, he might put
+his men into the Thames, and burn the Venerable, making the signal at the same
+time for the Thames to close with the Venerable as soon as possible. I had
+scarcely left the C&aelig;sar when I saw the Venerable's fore-mast go over the side;
+and before I reached her the mizen-mast followed. I found her, on going on
+board, a perfect wreck, striking on the shoal, and the shot from the stern-chase
+guns of the Formidable, her opponent, going over her. The gallant Hood was
+seated on a gun on the quarter-deck, cheerfully waiting for the assistance
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>which he knew the Admiral would send to him as soon as the wind would enable
+him, and ready to take advantage of any circumstance that might occur.</p>
+
+<p>"Having delivered my message from the Admiral, he said, 'Tell Sir James I hope
+it is not yet so bad with the old Venerable; I hope to get her off soon. Let the
+Thames stay by me, in readiness to receive our people. These rascals shall not
+have her.' I returned to my ship; the breeze sprung up; and the Thames closing
+with the Venerable, enabled her to heave off the shoal, and the enemy availed
+himself of the wind to get into Cadiz. The Venerable was soon under jury-masts
+and in tow of the Spencer, steering for Gibraltar, followed by the rest of the
+squadron; where we all anchored, with our prize, the San Antonio, of
+seventy-four guns, at 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> on the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>"The scene before us, on anchoring, was of the most animating description. Every
+point of the Rock overhanging the shore was crowded with people, and the
+acclamations of the troops and inhabitants which rent the air resounded
+throughout the bay! Here, indeed, was a triumph for our hero, who, only a week
+before, had been towed in from Algeziras with his crippled and defeated
+squadron, with the loss of a ship of the line; but now entering victorious with
+the same squadron, reinforced, it is true, by the Superb, but diminished by the
+loss of the Hannibal, while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> the disabled state of the Pomp&eacute;e had prevented her
+leaving Gibraltar; after having engaged and defeated an enemy of more than
+double his force, and having burnt two of their first-rates, and taken from them
+a ship of the line.</p>
+
+<p>"From the nature of the attack and retreat, there was not much hard fighting on
+this occasion, and consequently little opportunity for any display of that
+valour and skill which is so constantly manifested in severe actions. The Superb
+and Venerable had the greatest, and almost the only share. But the conduct of
+the Admiral, I will venture to say, when all the circumstances are taken into
+consideration, must be deemed fully equal to anything that has adorned the pages
+of England's naval history. Instead of the recklessness of despair, to which
+some might have attributed an attack with crippled ships against a force every
+way so greatly superior, he manifested a calm and resolute determination. His
+intentions were expressed with so much clearness that, as I have already
+observed, signals were rendered unnecessary. He waited with much patience and
+firmness for the enemy to bear up, which would place them in a situation the
+least favourable for resisting a simultaneous attack upon any portion of their
+squadron.</p>
+
+<p>"When the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants of Gibraltar, who had
+passed the night with painful anxiety beheld the approach of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>victorious
+squadron, their joy and exultation knew no bounds. Even the wounded at the
+hospitals, when they heard of the glorious success which had attended their
+brethren in arms, raising their stumps, joined in the general burst of
+acclamation. On the arrival of the C&aelig;sar, the royal standard was hoisted,
+twenty-one guns were fired at the King's Bastion, and the whole of this noble
+fortress was brilliantly illuminated in honour of the victory."</p>
+
+<p>After the termination of this contest,&mdash;a contest which may be said to have
+lasted seven days, in which two battles had been fought under peculiar
+disadvantages, and which ended in adding another brilliant ray to the naval
+glory of Britain,&mdash;Sir James, with that humility which had ever formed a
+distinguished feature in his character, returned thanks to the great Giver of
+all victory for crowning his exertions with success.</p>
+
+<p>The following general memorandum was given out to the squadron, on their return
+to Gibraltar:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Rosia Bay, 15th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez has the happiness to offer his most heartfelt
+congratulations to the captains, officers, and men of the ships he had the
+honour to command, on the signal success with which it has pleased Almighty God
+to crown their zealous exertions in the service of their country. To the
+discipline and valour of British seamen is to be ascribed their great
+superiority over the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span>enemy, who, although more than triple the force of the
+English squadron in number of guns and weight of metal, have been so signally
+defeated.</p>
+
+<p>The Rear-admiral has not failed to transmit in his late despatches a report of
+the unparalleled exertions of all the officers and men in refitting his
+Majesty's ships after the battle of Algeziras, where their conduct and bravery
+were equally conspicuous, and which has led to the late glorious success.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Dumaresq, of the C&aelig;sar, was now despatched in the Louisa
+brig to England, with the following official accounts of the action
+from the Rear-admiral, and from Captains Keats and Hood:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I request you will please to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that
+it has pleased the Almighty to crown the exertions of this squadron with the
+most signal success over the enemies of their country.</p>
+
+<p>The three French line-of-battle ships disabled in the action of the 6th instant
+off Algeziras, were, on the 8th, reinforced by a squadron of five Spanish
+line-of-battle ships, under the command of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno, and a
+French ship of seventy-four guns, wearing a broad pendant; besides three
+frigates, and an incredible number of gun-boats and other vessels; and got under
+sail yesterday morning, together with his Majesty's late ship Hannibal, which
+they had succeeded in getting off the shoal on which she struck.</p>
+
+<p>I almost despaired of having a sufficient force in readiness to oppose to such
+numbers; but, through the great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span>exertions of Captain Brenton, and the officers
+and men belonging to the C&aelig;sar, the ship was in readiness to warp out of the
+Mole yesterday morning, and got under way immediately after, with all the
+squadron except the Pomp&eacute;e, which ship had not had time to get her masts in.</p>
+
+<p>Confiding in the zeal and intrepidity of the officers and men I had the
+happiness to serve with, I determined, if possible, to obstruct the passage of
+this powerful force to Cadiz. Late in the evening I observed the enemy's ships
+to have cleared Cabrita Point; and, at eight, I bore up with the squadron to
+stand after them. His Majesty's ship Superb being stationed ahead of the C&aelig;sar,
+I directed Captain Keats to make sail and attack the sternmost ships of the
+enemy's rear, using his endeavours to keep in-shore of them.</p>
+
+<p>At eleven, the Superb opened her fire close to the enemy's ships; and, on the
+C&aelig;sar's coming up and preparing to engage a three-decker that had hauled her
+wind, she was perceived to have taken fire; and the flames having communicated
+to a ship to leeward of her, both were soon in a blaze, and presented a most
+awful sight. As no possibility existed of affording the least assistance in so
+distressing a situation, the C&aelig;sar passed, to close with the ship engaged by the
+Superb; but, by the cool and determined fire kept up on her, which must ever
+reflect the highest credit on the discipline of that ship, she was completely
+silenced, and soon after hauled down her colours.</p>
+
+<p>The Venerable and Spencer having at this time come up, I bore up after the
+enemy, who were carrying a press of sail, standing out of the Straits; and lost
+sight of them. During the night it blew excessively hard till daylight, and, in
+the morning, the only ships in company were the Venerable and Thames, ahead of
+the C&aelig;sar, and one of the French ships at some distance from them, standing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>towards the shoals of Conil, besides the Spencer astern, coming up.</p>
+
+<p>All the ships immediately made sail with a fresh breeze, but, as we approached,
+the wind suddenly failing, the Venerable was alone able to bring her to action;
+which Captain Hood did in the most gallant manner, and had nearly silenced the
+French ship, when his main-mast (which had been before wounded) was
+unfortunately shot away, and, it coming nearly calm, the enemy's ship was
+enabled to get off without any possibility of following her. The highest praise
+is due to Captain Hood, the officers, and men of the Venerable, for their spirit
+and gallantry in this action, which entitled them to better success. The French
+ship was an eighty-four, with additional guns on the gunwale. This action was so
+near the shore that the Venerable struck on one of the shoals; but was soon
+after got off, and taken in tow by the Thames, though with the loss of all her
+masts.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's ships are now in sight to the westward, standing in for Cadiz; the
+Superb and Audacious, with the captured ship, are in sight, with the Carlotta,
+Portuguese frigate, commanded by Captain Crawford Duncan, who very handsomely
+came out with the squadron, and has been of the greatest assistance to Captain
+Keats in staying by the enemy's ship captured by the Superb.</p>
+
+<p>I am proceeding with the squadron for Rosia Bay, and shall proceed, the moment
+all the ships are refitted, to resume my station before Cadiz; and shall
+immediately detach the Thames to cruise off Cape St. Mary's.</p>
+
+<p>No praises that I can bestow are adequate to the merits of the officers and
+ships' companies of all the squadron, particularly for their unremitted
+exertions in refitting the ships at Gibraltar; to which, in a great degree, is
+to be ascribed the success of the squadron against the enemy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although the Spencer and Audacious had not the good fortune to partake of this
+action, I have no doubt of their exertion, had they come up in time to close
+with the enemy's ships.</p>
+
+<p>My thanks are also due to Captain Holles of the Thames, and to the Honourable
+Captain Dundas of the Calpe, whose assistance was particularly useful to Captain
+Keats in securing the enemy's ship, and enabling the Superb to stand after the
+squadron in case of being enabled to renew the action with the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I have the honour to be, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. Admiralty.</p>
+
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Cape Trafalgar, 14th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I herewith enclose, for their lordships' further information, the statement I
+have received from Captain Keats, to whom the greatest praise is due for his
+gallant conduct in the service alluded to. Captain Hood's merits are held in too
+high estimation to receive additional lustre from any praise I can bestow; but I
+only do justice to my feelings, when I observe that in no instance have I known
+superior bravery to that displayed by him on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I have the honour to be, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.</p>
+
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="right">Superb, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Pursuant to your directions to state the particulars of the Superb's services
+last night, I have the honour to inform <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>you that, in consequence of your
+directions to make sail up to, and engage, the sternmost of the enemy's ships,
+at half-past eleven I found myself abreast of a Spanish three-deck ship, (the
+Real Carlos, as appears by the report of some survivors,) which, having been
+brought with two other ships, in nearly line abreast, I opened my fire upon them
+at not more than three cables' lengths. This evidently produced a good effect,
+as well in this ship as the others abreast of her, which soon began firing at
+each other, and, at times, on the Superb. In about a quarter of an hour, I
+perceived the ship I was engaging, and which had lost her fore-top-mast, to be
+on fire; upon which we ceased to molest her; and I proceeded on to the ship next
+at hand, which proved to be the San Antonio, of seventy-four guns and seven
+hundred and thirty men, commanded by Chef-de-division Le Ray, under French
+colours, wearing a broad pendant, and manned, nearly equally, with seven hundred
+and thirty French and Spanish seamen, and which, after some action, (the chef
+being wounded,) struck her colours.</p>
+
+<p>I learn, from the very few survivors of the ships that caught fire and blew up,
+who, in an open boat, reached the Superb at the time she was taking possession
+of the San Antonio, that, in the confusion of the action, the Hermenegildo, (a
+first-rate ship,) mistaking the Real Carlos for an enemy, ran on board of her,
+and shared her melancholy fate. Services of this nature cannot well be expected
+to be performed without some loss; but though we have to lament that Lieutenant
+Edward Waller, and fourteen seamen and marines, have been mostly severely
+wounded, still there is reason to rejoice that that is the extent of our loss. I
+received able and active assistance from Mr. Samuel Jackson, the first
+lieutenant; and it is my duty to represent to you that the officers of all
+descriptions, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>seamen and marines, conducted themselves with the greatest
+steadiness and gallantry.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">I have the honour to be, sir,<br />
+<span class="i2">Your most obedient humble servant,</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">R.G. Keats.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, Bart. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>List of the Spanish and French squadrons which sailed from Algeziras
+on the 12th July 1801, under command of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno,
+Lieutenant-general (or Vice-admiral), and the French Vice-admiral
+Linois:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Spanish.</span></p>
+
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Captains">
+<colgroup span="3">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Ships' names.</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>Captains.</td>
+<td>Where built. </td>
+<td>Year.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Real Carlos* </td>
+<td>112</td>
+<td>Don J. Esquerra</td>
+<td align="left">Havanna</td>
+<td>1793</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hermenegildo*</td>
+<td>112</td>
+<td>Don J. Emparran</td>
+<td align="center">Do.</td>
+<td>1789</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>San Fernando</td>
+<td>96</td>
+<td>Don J. Malina</td>
+<td align="center">Do.</td>
+<td>1765</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Argonauta</td>
+<td>80</td>
+<td>Don J. Harrera</td>
+<td align="left">Ferrol</td>
+<td>1798</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>San Augustin</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>Don R. Jopete</td>
+<td align="left">Guarnizo</td>
+<td>1768</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sabrina</td>
+<td>40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>514</td>
+<td align="center">* Burnt.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="smcap">French.</span></p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="French and Spanish captains">
+<colgroup span="3">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="right"></col>
+<col align="center"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Ships' names.</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>Captains.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Brought over</td>
+<td>514</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Formidable</td>
+<td>84</td>
+<td>Amable-Gilles-Troude.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Indomptable</td>
+<td>84</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; Callende.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dessaix</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>Jean A. Chirly-Palli&egrave;re.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>San Antonio</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>Julien Le Ray (Commodore), taken.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Libre</td>
+<td>40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Indienne</td>
+<td>40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Muron</td>
+<td>40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Vautour</td>
+<td>12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td>
+<td>962</td>
+<td>&amp; Hannibal, 74 not in the action, 1036.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span>
+The Spanish and French admirals were on board the Sabrina frigate.</p>
+
+<p>List of the British squadron, commanded by Rear-admiral Sir James
+Saumarez, which defeated the above combined squadron, 12th July 1801,
+in the Straits of Gibraltar:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="British squadron">
+<colgroup span="4">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="center"></col>
+<col align="center"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Ships names.</td>
+<td>Guns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Captains.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>C&aelig;sar.</td>
+<td>84</td>
+<td>Captain</td>
+<td>Jahleel Brenton.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spencer</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Henry D'Esterre Darby.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Venerable</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Samuel Hood.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Superb</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Rich. Goodwin Keats.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Audacious</td>
+<td>74</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Shuldham Peard.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Thames</td>
+<td>36</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>A.P. Holles.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td>
+<td>416</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>In favour of the}</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;enemy.}</td>
+<td>546</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Rear-admiral had his flag on board the C&aelig;sar, 84.</p>
+
+<p>The guns of the enemy's ships being much heavier, increased their
+weight of metal to triple that of the squadron.</p>
+
+<p>The Superb had Lieutenant Waller, and fourteen seamen and marines,
+wounded. The Venerable had Mr. J. Williams (her master), fifteen
+seamen, and two marines, killed; Lieutenant Thomas Church, Mr. Snell
+(boatswain), Messrs. Massey and Pardoe (midshipmen), seventy-three
+seamen, and ten marines, wounded.</p>
+
+<p>In the French and Spanish accounts of this action, which will be given
+hereafter, it will be seen that the loss of the enemy has <span class="italic">not</span> been
+accurately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> enumerated; but, out of two thousand men that were in the
+Real Carlos and Hermenegildo, only three hundred were saved. Commodore
+Le Ray, of the San Antonio, was wounded; but his loss in men, which
+must have been severe, has not been ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>We shall here give some interesting extracts from private letters from
+Sir James, written at the close of the battle:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, 13th July 1801, 8 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>I shall leave you to judge of the difference of my feelings to those when I sat
+down to write the letter of this day week.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> To an all-merciful <span class="smcap">Providence</span> is to be ascribed the wonderful
+and most awful event of last night, which will ever be remembered with terror by
+the nations it concerned, and by me with infinite gratitude for so peculiar a
+token of Divine mercy vouchsafed towards me.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after the action of last Monday, a strong squadron was sent to
+Algeziras from Cadiz, to protect the disabled French ships, and to convoy them
+to the latter port, with the Hannibal, which ship they had succeeded in getting
+off the shoal whereon she had unfortunately grounded. It may be supposed that no
+exertion was wanting on my part to get the squadron in a state for service; and,
+beyond all expectation, owing to the great activity and zeal of every officer
+and man in the squadron, we were in a state to put to sea yesterday, on the
+enemy's getting under sail from the Bay of Algeziras; the Pomp&eacute;e excepted, which
+had not sufficient time to get in new masts.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the evening I observed that the enemy's ships, consisting of ten sail of
+the line and four frigates, had succeeded in clearing the bay; and at eight
+o'clock I made sail <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span>after them. Captain Keats, who, in the Superb, had been
+much mortified at not having shared in the former affair, being near the C&aelig;sar,
+I directed him to endeavour to bring the rear ships of the enemy to action;
+myself following with the Venerable, and the other two ships, some distance
+astern.</p>
+
+<p>It was near midnight when the Superb succeeded in engaging the enemy; and, as we
+came up, a three-deck ship hauling up for us after having fired at the Superb,
+by some accident, in the moment we were going to give her our broadside, took
+fire, which communicating to a ship which we perceived close to her, both were
+almost instantly in a blaze. So awful a scene I never yet have witnessed. We
+then closed with the Superb, which had nearly silenced her opponent, when she
+struck.</p>
+
+<p>Think what a change then took place in the inequality of force with which we
+began the action! I left the Superb to take care of the prize, and proceeded
+after the other ships; the Audacious and Spencer having now joined. It came on
+to blow excessively hard till daylight, when I found the Venerable and Thames a
+small distance ahead, and one of the French ships standing for the shore. We
+immediately crowded all sail, and made sure of taking her, when the wind failed
+us, and the Venerable only was able to engage her; but, being at the time close
+to the shore, she very unfortunately got aground, and we were obliged to leave
+her, after sustaining very great damage.</p>
+
+<p>We are now about seven leagues from Cadiz, and I see the remainder of the
+enemy's squadron going into port. I am as yet ignorant of the ship's name that
+struck her colours last night. She is, however, one of those that came from
+Cadiz with the Spanish squadron, but under French colours, and had a broad
+pendant. We are proceeding to Gibraltar.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
+The following extract is from a letter to Richard Saumarez, Esq.:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, off Cadiz, 13th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>I intend to send Phil. D. with my despatches. You must refer to him for the
+particulars of the wonderful events since yesterday.</p></div>
+
+<p>After detailing these events exactly as in the above, he adds,
+respecting the Venerable:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>It was as severe an action as I have known, and must reflect the highest credit
+on Captain Hood; but having his main-mast shot away, and it falling nearly calm,
+he was obliged to leave the enemy. We were at this time close to the shoals off
+the coast, on which the Venerable got aground; but she was afterwards got off,
+and was taken in tow by the Thames. I fear she has sustained great loss in men.
+What a surprising change, my dear Richard, to the events of last Monday! To the
+Divine mercy I entirely ascribe this signal success, who never forsakes those
+who place their confidence in him! I mean to send the Louisa, which joined me
+yesterday from Minorca, with Phil. Dumaresq, and doubt not but he will be a
+welcome messenger. We see the remainder of the enemy's squadron. They are
+standing for Cadiz, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Sir James subsequently wrote to his eldest brother, residing in
+Guernsey; and, as his letter will be found to contain additional
+matter of much interest, we herewith insert it.</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, Gibraltar, 16th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Brother,</p>
+
+<p>I hope that the several letters I have had the pleasure of writing to you at
+different opportunities, will arrive <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>safely; and that you and all my friends
+will not be kept in suspense on events which, thanks to the Divine Providence!
+have terminated so successfully to the squadron. Although I always trusted some
+favourable turn would take place, I never could have formed any hopes equal to
+what has actually occurred. The possession of one or two of the disabled ships,
+besides the recovery of the Hannibal, was the utmost that could have been
+expected; but our present success far exceeds that. The destruction of two
+first-rates, and the capture of a seventy-four, completely cripples the force in
+Cadiz, and places the squadron with me superior to all the force the enemy can
+collect; and this, without any loss whatever to this ship, and trifling to the
+Superb. The men, wounded on board the latter, suffered from the explosion of
+cartridges in their own ship.</p>
+
+<p>The misfortune to the Venerable was more serious; but this was subsequently to
+the attack on the enemy's force, and was mainly attributable to the untoward
+circumstance of the wind failing this ship when we were very close to her.</p>
+
+<p>It is inconceivable the <span class="italic">&eacute;clat</span> with which we have been received by this garrison,
+and the distinguished honours paid to the squadron; indeed their marked
+attention, after the attack of Algeziras, does them great credit; as, after the
+failure of that business, we exposed Gibraltar to all the inconvenience of a
+blockaded port; and yet the whole garrison received us as if we had obtained a
+victory. You must suppose my distress must have been great during the interval:
+convoys long expected were liable to fall into the enemy's hands, whilst the
+increasing force at Cadiz would soon have put it out of my power to cope with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Antoine has scarcely suffered: my intention is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>to take her into the
+service; and in two weeks, I expect, she will be partly manned, and fit for sea.
+Yesterday, almost all the Hannibal's men were sent in, which will make up our
+deficiencies, and partly man that ship, when in a fortnight she shall proceed on
+a particular service.</p>
+
+<p>These are trifling advantages compared to those that result from both actions.
+The three ships were to have proceeded direct to the Bay of Casquays, at the
+entrance of the Tagus, where the troops with them were to have taken possession
+of the batteries, which would have given them complete possession of the trade
+to and from Lisbon. I have despatched the Spencer and Audacious, and shall join
+them with this ship, the Pomp&eacute;e, and Superb, the first easterly wind, and cruise
+before Cadiz with this force, far superior to any the enemy can put to sea. I
+shall soon be joined by ships from England.</p>
+
+<p>We have, as yet, no accounts since we sailed. You will have the pleasure of
+mentioning to the relations of the young men I have, that they have all behaved
+most nobly, and are perfectly well: it is a particular circumstance that, out of
+six ships, three masters should have been killed, and not one lieutenant hurt
+out of the whole number.</p>
+
+<p>I hope the benevolence of the public will be extended to the sufferers in these
+actions: some are piteous objects; indeed, no less than three brave men with the
+loss of both arms.</p>
+
+<p>I send this by a vessel belonging to Jersey.</p>
+<p class="left60">My dear brother, most sincerely yours,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jas. Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>John Saumarez, Esq. Guernsey.</p>
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I am under great concern at the uneasiness you must all suffer at our
+unsuccessful attack off Algeziras; but this will, I hope, soon remove it.
+Messrs. Le Mesurier, jointly with Mr. Tucker, Lord St. Vincent's secretary, are
+appointed agents.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span></p>
+<p>The following letter to Lady Saumarez is dated 17th July, on board the
+C&aelig;sar, at Gibraltar; and gives a detailed account of his proceedings
+after his arrival there.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Since our arrival here on Tuesday afternoon, every distinguished attention which
+can be thought of has been paid to the squadron. The day following, the royal
+standard was hoisted; at noon the garrison saluted; and, in the evening, the
+most splendid illuminations took place in every habitable part of this famous
+Rock. Yesterday the governor gave a dinner, and he intends to invite the ladies
+to a ball on this occasion. We have, also, invitations from the different corps
+for every day we are likely to remain here: but what has afforded me more
+satisfaction, is the manner we were received after the attack of Algeziras,
+which, from the arrival of the Spanish squadron, subjected the garrison to every
+inconvenience of a port blockaded. The St. Antoine I have ordered to be
+purchased into the service; and I propose to appoint officers to her. She is a
+very good ship, and has suffered so little that I expect to have her fit for
+service in less than a fortnight. The Spencer and Audacious I detached off Cape
+St. Mary's, and I shall join them with the Pomp&eacute;e and Superb the first easterly
+wind, and resume my station before Cadiz, where they cannot have more than four
+ships ready for sea; and, I may venture to pronounce, the Spanish ships will not
+come out, except the French take possession of the batteries and compel them. We
+have almost daily accounts from thence, describing the disagreements between the
+French and Spaniards as most serious. They also describe the two French ships as
+being in a very shattered condition, and there being no materials in store to
+repair them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I think my first accounts will reach you by way of Lisbon; but I hope Dumaresq,
+with the subsequent ones, will make his appearance very soon after. I am very
+impatient to hear from England. I require small vessels very much, as I have not
+been able to convey the accounts of our success to Lord Keith.</p>
+
+<p>When am I to hear from you? and when shall I be assured you have not suffered
+from the relation of these events? The governor and others talk to me of honours
+being conferred; but, unless Parliament furnish the means to support them with
+dignity, I might as well be without them. The only ladies I have yet seen are,
+Lady Ann Niel and Mrs. Edwards, whose husbands have regiments here; they are
+very amiable people: besides, Mr. Fyers, whose daughter was married the evening
+of the illumination,&mdash;an ominous day you will think. Captain Brenton will
+draw you some excellent views of both actions, without partiality. I am most
+highly indebted to him, in getting this ship so soon refitted, and, indeed,
+throughout the whole of our important service. A large shot passed through the
+cabin, which filled it with splinters, and demolished the tables and chairs,
+besides the glass. Fortunately, my papers and wardrobe escaped. We are now quite
+refitted; as well, I may say, as we were a fortnight ago.</p>
+
+<p>I am in want of nothing whatever, but letters from you. Let me have favourable
+accounts of yourself and of our precious children, and I shall be satisfied. I
+hope to send a box of Malaga raisins for the young tribe. James will be
+overjoyed to hear of his father's victory.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is the account of the above action, from the French
+commander-in-chief, dated at Cadiz, 16th July 1801.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Citizen Minister.</span>&mdash;General Moreno has returned into harbour. General Linois
+will give you an account of the sailing and passage of the squadron. I shall
+only mention to you the chagrin which I have experienced at not seeing the
+French ship, St. Antonio, and the two three-deckers, the Real Carlos and the
+Hermenegildo: a marine, saved with forty-five men from the Real Carlos, has
+informed us that about midnight the squadron having been attacked by the
+English, the Real Carlos and the Hermenegildo took each other for enemies. A
+very smart engagement ensued, the two vessels being nearly foul of each other. A
+fire broke out on board the Real Carlos, which soon blew up, and set fire to the
+Hermenegildo, which shared the same fate. The St. Antonio, in consequence of her
+station, was near the latter vessel, and this station gave me the greatest
+uneasiness; yet I have been assured that there were only two explosions. I have
+reason to conclude that, to get at a distance from the conflagration, Captain
+Lenny proceeded towards the coast of Africa, where the calms and currents
+carried him away from the squadron, which, at the break of day, was six leagues
+west of Cadiz. The day before yesterday the British ships were descried from the
+coast, and a French ship in the Strait; but the latter did not appear to be
+captured. This may give us some hope, if the signals are correct. Nothing
+remains to me but uncertainty, with a great deal of fear; I do not know what
+opinion to entertain.</p>
+
+<p>After having spoken of our losses, it gives me great pleasure to state to you
+the new glory with which Le Formidable, commanded by Captain Troude, has been
+covered. During the night cannonade, in the middle of the Strait, this ship
+received the fire of her friends and enemies; but with intrepid coolness the
+captain would not return the fire, lest he should increase the disorder, and,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span>keeping close to the Spanish coast, he retired from the combatants. He was
+followed by a division of the British fleet of three ships, and a frigate: and,
+at break of day, being in sight of Cadiz, and five leagues distant from the
+squadron, he was attacked by three ships, with which he was engaged
+half-an-hour, and obliged two of them to retire: the third endeavoured to attack
+Le Formidable on the quarter, while the frigate cannonaded her in stern. But,
+notwithstanding the bad state of his masts, Captain Troude approached within
+musket-shot of the British ship, the Pomp&eacute;e, which, having lost her mast, after
+an engagement of an hour and a half, made haste to get away, being taken in tow
+by a frigate. Some time after, both of her masts came down, and the vessel had
+the appearance of having yielded; but, as the two other ships and the frigate
+were at a short distance, Captain Troude would not take possession of her: he
+expected to be attacked again. The enemy, disconcerted both in their fire and
+their bravery, suffered him quietly to pursue his course.</p>
+
+<p>This engagement took place in sight of Cadiz; and the glorious result of a
+combat so unequal, by covering our arms with glory, has filled the hearts of the
+Spaniards with the utmost degree of enthusiasm. Le Formidable was scarcely
+repaired after the battle of Algeziras, on the 6th,&mdash;top-gallant-mast
+served as top-masts; but, in this damaged state, the brave Troude, instead of
+flying from the enemy, who might have captured him without firing a shot,
+offered them battle, as by this man&oelig;uvre, as prudent as bold, he first
+extricated himself from two ships, which he greatly damaged, and at last totally
+dismasted the Pomp&eacute;e,<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> which fought him bravely for an hour and a half.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span></p>
+<p>The combined squadron was at that time becalmed, at the distance of five or six
+leagues. I expected to see it, on the breeze springing up, come to take
+possession of this vessel, and give chase to capture the four British ships
+which were in sight; but I was far from having any idea of the misfortune which
+befel the two three-deckers, which no doubt occasioned the separation of the St.
+Antonio: and in the evening the squadron came to anchor.</p>
+
+<p>Rear-admiral Linois was exceedingly sorry that he was not on board the
+Formidable; but he did not think proper to resist the earnest solicitations of
+General Moreno, who induced him to go on board his frigate that they might
+better concert their operations. My respectful salutations,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Dumanoir le Pelley.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Report of Captain Troude, provisional commander of Le Formidable, to
+Rear-admiral Linois:</p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="right">Cadiz, 15th July 1801.</p>
+<p class="smcap">Citizen General,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour of communicating to you an account of the operations of Le
+Formidable, with the provisional command of which you entrusted me. Proud of the
+honourable charge of defending your flag, I endeavoured to execute your orders
+with the most scrupulous exactness. I immediately repaired on board to assume
+the chief command, and I put to sea as soon as you made the signal.</p>
+
+<p>You observed, as well as myself, the movements of the enemy's squadron, which
+had retired to Gibraltar after the memorable battle of the 6th at Algeziras.
+Seeing the enemy set sail at the same time as the combined squadrons, and
+keeping to windward of us at the distance of about a league, I endeavoured to
+follow exactly your man&oelig;uvres, and made all the sail possible to follow
+you; but the ship I had the honour to command, being absolutely disabled, having
+only jury-masts and the lower sails, I <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span>could not make that way which I wished.
+During the darkness of the night a strong breeze broke the small
+top-gallant-mast that served me as a fore-top-mast, and everything contributed
+to prevent me from following the combined squadron.</p>
+
+<p>About midnight I sustained the fire of five English ships that had come up with
+me: they fired red-hot bullets. I escaped as fast as possible from the brisk
+cannonade which they maintained, hanging up the same lights as I observed them
+to have. I had only three men killed, and two wounded. As I was very near the
+combined squadron, I resolved not to engage, that I might avoid those fatal
+mistakes which too often take place in a night engagement. I was afraid lest I
+might fire into some of our own vessels, or that they might fire into mine; from
+which, fatal accidents must have resulted to the combined squadron. At one in
+the morning, not being able to observe or distinguish any more signals, I made
+for Cadiz, keeping close in with the Spanish coast, on a course N. or N.E., and
+by that means got at a distance from the squadron, which were steering large in
+a westerly direction.</p>
+
+<p>At break of day I found myself attacked by four of the enemy's
+squadron,&mdash;three ships and a frigate,&mdash;which had pursued the same
+course. Though totally disabled, and the crew fatigued, having had no rest for
+three days, we returned their fire with courage: the frigate attacked us first,
+but a few shots well directed from our stern-guns made her abandon her object.
+The ship which followed, approached us, and kept up a brisk fire. We
+man&oelig;uvred to get into a better position; I ran close to her until we were
+yard-arm and yard-arm, and maintained a terrible and well-supported fire: after
+being engaged an hour and a half, she was completely dismasted, making water in
+every part. The frigate which had attacked me astern, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span>came immediately to her
+assistance; the other two vessels finding it necessary to sheer off after
+receiving some broadsides, not without damage, joined the frigate, and hoisted
+out all their boats to save the crew of the other vessel, and to take her in
+tow. They resigned to me the field of battle, and retired.</p>
+
+<p>I expected, however, another combat. We were determined to make the most
+vigorous defence; but, as the enemy retired, and as I found myself in such a
+situation as to be unable to pursue them, I resolved to proceed to Cadiz, where
+I arrived at two in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not attempt to give you any account of particular instances of bravery.
+The two staffs, the crew, and the troops who were passengers, vied with each
+other,&mdash;covering themselves with glory; for, besides the noble combat of
+the 6th, this proves that the valour which animated the brave men I have the
+honour to command, was carried to a degree which it is difficult to describe.
+Government will, no doubt, take the earliest opportunity of rewarding so much
+courage, and so great a devotion to restore the glory of the French navy. It
+would be just, also, to indemnify them for the losses they have sustained; their
+effects having been cut to pieces and absolutely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>I have now, Citizen General, to communicate to you a very fatal
+relation.&mdash;In the battle of this night, two of the ships which fired upon
+me, took fire and blew up. I supposed them to be English, presuming that the
+fire had been occasioned by the furnaces they had on board for heating their
+shot; but, on entering the harbour of Cadiz, I was assured they were Spanish.
+The darkness had led them into a mistake, which I had justly dreaded. They fired
+on each other, and on my vessel, at the moment when I formed the prudent
+resolution of avoiding a combat <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>in which I could not distinguish the enemy. The
+names of these two vessels are the San Carlos and the Hermenegildo.</p>
+
+<p>In the combat so severe as that of this morning, and against so unequal a force,
+I am happy in having to regret only twenty men killed, or severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, Citizen General, assurances of my zeal and most respectful devotion.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Troude.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Letter from Rear-admiral Linois to the Minister of the Marine, giving
+an account of the action:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">Citizen Minister,</p>
+<p>On the 9th of July a Spanish division, consisting of six sail of the line and
+three frigates, arrived at Algeziras from Cadiz, under command of his Excellency
+Lieutenant-general Moreno, in order to raise the blockade of four sail of the
+line and one frigate, which were under my orders, and to favour their escape to
+Cadiz. That officer accordingly gave me every assistance in his power in order
+to put my ships in a condition to put to sea, and to tow them out, in order to
+enable them to set sail. Our labour was continued day and night. General Moreno
+made his squadron anchor in a line N.E. and S.W. On the 12th, there was a
+tolerable fresh east wind, and it was determined to set sail at one o'clock in
+the afternoon, on account of the tide. The signal being given at that hour, the
+fleet set sail, the Spanish squadron being to windward of ours. The frigate
+L'Indienne towed the Hannibal, which we were sorry to perceive made very little
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The calm which we experienced under Gibraltar necessarily deranged the
+regularity of our order; while the enemy, having a brisk gale at east, sailed
+from Gibraltar <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span>with five sail of the line, a frigate, a brig, and a Portuguese
+frigate, and formed the order of battle. As soon as the English Admiral had
+passed Europa Point, he made a signal, and immediately we saw to windward six
+sail, of which two had three masts. I was then with M. de Moreno on board the
+Sabina frigate. At sunset, the two last ships of our line doubled the Cape
+Carnero. Three only remained, with the Hannibal, which was under jury-masts, and
+which consequently could not carry much sail.</p>
+
+<p>Night was coming on, and it was necessary to return to our anchorage, which
+afforded the enemy an opportunity of attacking us before we took a position. At
+all events every delay was dangerous, for the reinforcements which the enemy
+expected might arrive every moment. The breeze from the east becoming stronger,
+we were assured of the wind during the night. We determined to send the Hannibal
+back to Algeziras, and to pass the Strait with the combined squadron. We then
+man&oelig;uvred so as to facilitate the rallying of two of our vessels, which
+had fallen into the rear in consequence of the calm. The three French vessels,
+which sailed better than could have been expected, were in the van; and in that
+order it was proposed to pass the Strait.</p>
+
+<p>At eight, the enemy showed a disposition to attack us. At nine we heard the
+reports of three cannon, and at the same time we saw fires at a considerable
+distance behind us. We presumed it might be some of the enemy's vessels making
+signals of their arrival. We congratulated ourselves upon seeing our squadrons
+so well collected together, and sailing so well, which made us confident that
+the plan of the enemy would not succeed.</p>
+
+<p>At half-past eleven the wind was considerably increased. The night was very
+dark, and we heard a smart cannonade in the E.N.E.; and, soon after, we saw a
+conflagration, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span>which made us apprehend that some of our vessels, in firing
+their stern guns, had taken fire, in consequence of the force of the wind. We
+thought also that they might be fire-ships of the enemy. We put about for a
+moment; but the vessel on fire approaching us, we continued our way, having
+constantly a light at our main-top-mast head, as a signal for rallying.</p>
+
+<p>It could no longer be doubted that the enemy had passed the Strait, and had got
+into our wake. The cannonade became pretty general, but the wind was too strong
+to continue the action. We received several shots on board the frigate, which
+killed one man and wounded five. Several balls passed through our sails. We took
+down the signal we had at our mast-head, for fear the enemy would fall upon us.
+It was afterwards hoisted, in order to collect our ships. We made sail,
+directing our course to the W.N.W., not choosing to go more before the wind,
+lest the wind, which was very strong, would carry away our masts. We passed the
+night in the greatest disquietude, not knowing whether the vessels which were in
+sight were not enemies. At length the day dissipated part of our fears, and we
+found ourselves in the midst of our fleet, with the exception of the two ships
+of three decks, viz. the Hermenegildo and Real Carlos, and the Formidable and
+the St. Antoine. The wind having fallen calm, it became impossible to go in
+search of the vessels which had separated. We were then six leagues west of
+Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>At half-past four the Dessaix made a signal that she had sprung a leak, and that
+the water gained upon her thirty inches an hour. She demanded assistance, which
+was granted. At five o'clock we heard an action in the east, and perceived a
+smoke. The wind being then from the S.E., we made the signal for the line of
+battle to be formed as quickly as possible, without regard to places, in order
+to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span>assist the vessel that was engaged. At half-past six the action ceased, and
+a most perfect calm succeeded. At eleven, the wind rising again, we perceived
+four vessels at a considerable distance from one another. We flattered ourselves
+at first that they were our ships, but we soon found by their man&oelig;uvres
+that they were enemies. We also distinguished the Formidable close under the
+land, making the best of her way to Cadiz. We stood for the port, from which a
+felucca brought me a letter from the captain of the Formidable, which had been
+anchored in the Road of Cadiz, stating that in the morning he had engaged two
+ships of the line and a frigate, and that one of the ships of the line had been
+completely dismasted, and had been towed away by a frigate. We then anchored in
+Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>I must acknowledge the consummate experience and talents of General Moreno, as
+well as the zeal and care which he displayed for the success of his mission. If
+separations have taken place, they must be attributed to the darkness of the
+night, and the necessity which there was of getting away from the vessels that
+were on fire. That officer, on hearing at Cadiz of the destruction of two ships
+of his squadron, Hermenegildo and Real-Carlos, was justly struck with grief on
+the occasion. He had, by his wise instructions, provided against almost every
+possible case. I have since been informed that the two Spanish vessels which
+were destroyed, cannonaded and run foul of one another, each supposing the other
+to be an enemy. We are uncertain about the fate of the St. Antoine. The violence
+of the wind made it extremely dangerous to fire to windward.</p>
+<p class="right">Rear-admiral <span class="smcap">Linois.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dated in Cadiz Harbour, 15th July 1801,<br />
+<span class="left">on board the Formidable.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Admiral Moreno's orders to his fleet on the 11th July 1801:</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p>Orders of sailing to be observed by the ships in my charge on their passage
+through the Straits of Gibraltar.</p>
+
+<p>The three ships under the command of Rear-admiral Linois will form the vanguard,
+with the line abreast; the six ships under my charge will form astern of these,
+likewise formed in a line abreast, endeavouring, as much as possible, to keep
+opposite to the intervals of the French ships, so as not to impede their fire,
+according to the following disposition:</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Vanguard">
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Hannibal.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Indomptable.</td>
+<td>Formidable.</td>
+<td>Dessaix.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Augustin.&nbsp; <ins title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'Arganauta'">Argonauta,</ins>.</td>
+<td>R. Carlos.&nbsp; Hermenegildo.</td>
+<td>St. Antonio.&nbsp; St. Fernando.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p>In case the enemy should attempt to follow and attack the combined squadron in
+the rear, besides the continual fire which we ought to make from the stern
+chasers, chiefly with a view to destroy the enemy's rigging, the squadron will
+form the line ahead, either with their heads to the Spanish coast, or to that of
+Africa, as will be determined by signal from the Admiral; and, in order that
+this might be more simple, in that case, he will only show the signal for the
+course, at the entire lowering of which the movements must be made. As their
+situation, from their local position, cannot be of long duration, consequently
+either by hailing (if near enough) or by signal to preserve the course, the
+squadron will proceed again to form the line abreast as formerly. It is of the
+utmost importance that the fire from none of the ships should interfere, or be
+embarrassed with that of others in this squadron, nor leave the three French
+ships in the rear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As soon as the French ships get under sail, all those in my charge will do the
+same, following the track of each other, always observing to keep at a short
+distance from the French, till we weather the Point of Carnero, in order that if
+the enemy should get under sail, and find themselves in a situation to offer
+battle to our squadron before it is formed in the Straits with the line abreast
+as above directed, we may engage them with advantage; consequently, the least
+inattention or delay may produce the most unfortunate consequences.</p>
+
+<p>I think the captains of the ships I have the honour to command are fully
+persuaded of this truth, and therefore I depend upon its efficacy; and I flatter
+myself that they are convinced everything will be performed on my part which can
+be inspired by my wish to add to the glory of his Majesty's arms, that of our
+corps in particular, and the nation in general.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Line of battle in natural order.</p>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="Battle line">
+<tr>
+<td><span class="italic">2nd Squadron.</span></td>
+<td><span class="italic">1st Squadron.</span></td>
+<td><span class="italic">3rd Squadron.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Ferdinand,</td>
+<td>Formidable,</td>
+<td>Arganauta,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. Antonio,</td>
+<td>R. Carlos,</td>
+<td>Dessaix,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hermenegildo.</td>
+<td>Indomptable.</td>
+<td>St. Augustin.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table cellspacing="10" summary="French frigate">
+<tr>
+<td>Fr. frigate Sabina,</td>
+<td>Vautour.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A red pendant, under any other signal, signifies it is directed to the French
+ships only.</p></div>
+
+<p>To those conversant in naval affairs, it must appear manifest that the
+disposition made by Admirals Moreno and Linois was one of the worst
+that could be devised. It was scarcely possible that nine ships, which
+had never sailed in company with each other, could maintain, for any
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span>
+length of time, a line abreast before the wind so exactly as to be
+able to form in a line ahead when required, especially in a dark night
+with a strong breeze; and it must be evident that any ship which
+advanced at all ahead of the others could never get into the line of
+battle when the signal was made to form it on either tack. Moreno
+seems to have been fully aware of the probability of the ships firing
+into each other, yet he made arrangements of all others the least
+likely to prevent it. Had he formed into two lines ahead, with the
+disabled ships in advance, he would have obviated the risk of firing
+into each other, while the one division, by shortening sail, might
+have given timely assistance to the other which had been attacked.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can equal the scene of horror which the sudden conflagration
+produced in these two ships. The collision in which the fore-top-mast
+of the Hermenegildo fell on board of the Real Carlos, added to the
+general dismay; and the agonising screams of the unhappy crews,
+deserted by their countrymen and allies in that dreadful hour, could
+not fail to pierce the hearts of the brave conquerors; but to render
+them any assistance while the hostile flag was flying was impossible.
+The duty of the Admiral was to "sink, burn, and destroy." Seven sail
+of the enemy's line were still flying from half their force, and he
+was obliged to leave the burning ships to their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> fate, and pursue his
+enemy until his destruction was complete.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of the Hannibal, in which the Spaniards had so
+distinguished a share, induced a number of the young men of family to
+embark in the two Spanish three-deckers, in order to convey their
+trophy to Cadiz, never supposing that the half-demolished British
+squadron would dare to approach so formidable and so superior a force.
+This fatal event, while it plunged into distress the whole city of
+Cadiz, could not fail to create a sensation strongly unfavourable to
+their new republican allies as the originators of their misery.</p>
+<p class="p6 center">
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</p>
+<p class="p6 center">
+LONDON:<br />
+PRINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEY,<br />
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.</p>
+<hr class="p6 c45" />
+<p class="p6"></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+<div class="footnote">
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>See Addenda.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>See Addenda.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+When the action had ceased, Sir Hyde Parker, captain of the Latona
+and son of the admiral, bore down on the Fortitude, and affectionately inquired
+for his brave parent, of whose gallantry he had been an anxious eye-witness. The
+admiral, with equal warmth, assured his son of his personal safety, and spoke of
+his mortification at being unable, from the state of his own ship, and from the
+reports he had received of the other ships, to pursue the advantage he had
+gained, in the manner he most ardently desired.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+Ralfe's Naval Biography, Vol. ii. p. 378.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+See Appendix for this memorandum, and for extracts from the
+Russell, Canada, and Barfleur's logs; also Captain White's reply, and extracts
+of letters from Sir Lawrence Halsted and Admiral Gifford, who were in the
+Canada, and Captain Knight's letter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+Governor Le Mesurier was brother to Mrs. Richard Saumarez.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+Sir James's brother.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+Druid, Valiant, Dolphin, Cockchafer, Active, and Prestwood.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+See Engraving.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+See Engraving and Diagram.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+The San Josef, Salvador del Mundo, San Nicolas, and
+San Ysidro.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Lord Nelson.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+In allusion to this memorable event, Sir James writes&mdash;"When
+on the morning of the 1st of August the reconnoitring ship made the signal that
+the enemy was not there, despondency nearly took possession of my mind, and I do
+not recollect ever to have felt so utterly hopeless, or out of spirits, as when
+we sat down to dinner; judge then what a change took place when, as the cloth
+was being removed, the officer of the watch hastily came in, saying&mdash;'Sir,
+a signal is just now made that the enemy is in Aboukir Bay, and moored in a line
+of battle.' All sprang from their seats, and only staying to drink a <span class="italic">bumper</span> to
+our success, we were in a moment on deck." On his appearance there his brave
+men, animated by one spirit, gave three hearty cheers, in token of their joy at
+having at length found their long-looked-for enemy, without the possibility of
+his again eluding their pursuit.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+We may here state that, on the preceding day, Captain Ball had
+paid a visit to Sir James; and as they were discussing the various points of the
+battle, he stated to Sir James, that "having been the second in command, he
+would, unquestionably, receive some mark of distinction on the occasion."
+Saumarez, in the enthusiasm of the moment, exclaimed, "We all did our
+duty,&mdash;there was no second in command!" meaning, of course, that he did not
+consider he had done more than other captains; and, not supposing that this
+observation would come to the ears of the Admiral. But, he afterwards thought,
+Nelson had availed himself of this conversation, to deprive him of the advantage
+to which his seniority entitled him, although he fully exonerated Captain Ball
+of having the slightest intention of communicating to the Admiral anything he
+could have supposed would be detrimental to his interest.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Nelson, vol. ii. p. 119.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+The captains of his Majesty's ships to take charge of the prizes
+as under:</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+<table summary="Prizes">
+<colgroup span="3">
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="center"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>Orion</td>
+<td>to take charge of&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Le Souverain Peuple.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bellerophon</td>
+<td>&nbsp;do.}</td>
+<td rowspan="2">Le Spartiate.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Majestic</td>
+<td>&nbsp;do.}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Minotaur</td>
+<td>do.</td>
+<td>Aquilon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Defence</td>
+<td>do.</td>
+<td>Franklin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Audacious </td>
+<td>do.</td>
+<td>Conqu&eacute;rant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Theseus</td>
+<td>do.</td>
+<td>Tonnant.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>To the captains of above-mentioned ships. H. N.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+Sir James displayed a remarkable instance of presence of mind and
+unhesitating decision in this unexpected case of extreme danger. Captain John
+Tancock, who was then lieutenant of the watch, and who, having served under Sir
+James during the whole of the war, enjoyed his perfect confidence, anticipated
+the captain's wishes in volunteering on this occasion to go up to the mast-head
+and look out for rocks, and thus considerably relieved his anxiety. The prizes
+were quite unable to beat to windward, and, in order to be extricated from the
+peril which the shift of wind had occasioned, their signal was made "to keep in
+the Orion's wake." Sir James having determined to push on, as the most probable
+means of saving his inefficient squadron, the "helm was put up," and orders
+given to steer through a passage between islands, which was marked "<span class="italic">doubtful</span>" in
+the charts, and in which shallow water was soon discovered by Mr. Tancock, who
+gave timely notice to the helmsman on their approach to each danger. The rest of
+the ships kept close in the track of the Orion, and in this manner the whole of
+the squadron and prizes passed between the islands and breakers without
+accident; and there can be no doubt that their safety was owing to the skilful
+and decisive conduct of Sir James. It is but justice to add, that, in approving
+of Mr. Tancock's very meritorious conduct, he emphatically assured him that "he
+should never forget that he had so fully anticipated his wishes."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></p>
+<p class="right">Vanguard, September 1st, 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>From what I have heard, and made up in my own mind, I feel it is absolutely
+necessary that I should order the Minotaur and Audacious to quit your squadron
+when you are in the fair way between Sardinia and Minorca, and join me at
+Naples; and also with as much salt provisions as can be got out of the ships
+victualled for <span class="italic">six</span> months, reserving only one month's at whole allowance. My
+squadron are at two-thirds of salt provisions, making the allowance up with
+flour; therefore you will direct the same in yours. I have put down the number
+of casks of beef, pork, and pease, which can be easily spared if the
+commander-in-chief's orders for victualling have been obeyed. Audacious is, I
+fancy, short of salt provisions, not knowing of coming so long a voyage. If you
+can manage to let those ships have any part of their officers and men, it will
+be very useful for the King's service; but of this you must be the best judge.
+Retalick will tell you all the news from Rhodes, and I was rejoiced to see you
+are this side of Candia.</p>
+
+<p class="left70">Ever yours most truly,<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Horatio Nelson.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir James Saumarez, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Your squadron evidently sails better than Culloden. The Bellerophon sails so
+well that Darby can take very good care of Conqu&eacute;rant; and Aquilon seems also to
+sail remarkably well. Remember me kindly to all my good friends with you.</p>
+<hr class="p2 c15"  />
+<p class="p2 right">Orion, at sea, 1st September.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>Captain Retalick has just joined me with your order respecting the Minotaur and
+Audacious, both which ships are to be detached for Naples so soon as we are in
+the fair way between Sardinia and Minorca, with as much salt provisions as can
+be spared from the ships victualled for six months; which shall be duly complied
+with. I shall also take from the prizes as many of the officers and men as can
+be replaced from the ships left with me, which I shall endeavour to be as near
+the full number as can be thought prudent. Wishing to use as little delay as
+possible, not to detain the Bonne Citoyenne,</p>
+
+<p class="left75">I am very truly, &amp;c.<br /></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.</p>
+
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Orion, at sea, 1st September.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>After contending for three days against the adverse winds which are almost
+invariably encountered here, and getting sufficiently to the northward to have
+weathered the small islands that lie more immediately between the Archipelago
+and Candia, the wind set in so strong to the westward Thursday morning, that I
+was compelled to desist from that passage, and bear up between Sargeanto and
+Guxo, a narrow and intricate channel; but which we happily cleared without any
+accident, the loss of a few spars excepted, which are now replaced; and we are
+proceeding as fast as the wind will admit to our destination. The ships are all
+doing as well as possible; the fever on board the Defence fast abating, and the
+wounded in Bellerophon, Majestic, and Minotaur daily recovering. Seeing the
+Citoyenne on her way to us, I seize the opportunity to give you the information.</p>
+
+<p class="left70">I am, my dear sir, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir H. Nelson, K.B.</p>
+
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Orion, at sea, 5th Sept. 1798.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>Since the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant, containing an order for the
+Minotaur and Audacious to join you at Naples, I have been employed in making the
+necessary arrangements for the distribution of prisoners from the ships that
+remain with me. I fear the quantity that can be spared, after reducing ourselves
+to four weeks at whole allowance, will fall very short of what you mention. The
+order for the ships to be put to two-thirds' allowance was given the day after I
+received your letter. With regard to the men belonging to the Minotaur and
+Audacious on board the prizes, I hope to have it in my power to meet more fully
+your expectations, as I see no reason why these men should not be almost
+entirely replaced from the ships with me, the Bellerophon and Majestic having
+only fifty men each on board; the Spartiate certainly can spare the same number
+for Le Conqu&eacute;rant; and I hope to man the Aquilon from the other three ships,
+except the party of marines, which I shall direct to be left on board of them.
+We have had favourable winds the last three days, and I hope to-morrow to get
+sight of Mount &AElig;tna. The enclosed report of a vessel boarded by the Theseus
+makes me regret the wind did not prove favourable a few days sooner, to have
+come up with the strayed sheep.</p>
+
+<p class="right">10 o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>Captain Renhouse, in the Thalia, has this instant joined me on his return from
+Bequir. I have taken his letters for the fleet, &amp;c.: and as the Flora cutter
+is in sight, closing with the squadron, I have detained him till the morning,
+that he may take from her any despatches she may have for you. I am happy to
+learn from him that the Lion had joined the squadron off Alexandria. He also
+informs me that the Marquis de Niza was on his return from Aboukir, highly
+mortified at having lost the opportunity of distinguishing himself in the
+action. I am truly, my dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p class="left55">Your faithful and most obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.</p>
+
+<hr class="p2 c15" />
+<p class="p2 right">Orion, 6th September 1798.<br />
+<span class="smcap">A.M.</span> 7 o'clock.</p>
+<p class="smcap">My dear Admiral,</p>
+
+<p>The Flora did not join me till this instant, owing to the commander's timidity.
+I was waiting for him the whole night. I thought it my duty to open one of Earl
+St. Vincent's public despatches, in case they might contain anything that might
+render necessary any alteration in my present proceedings. I find from them that
+Colossus is to the southward of Sardinia, with the Alliance and four
+victuallers: we shall of course keep a look-out for them. This information will
+enable me to keep rather a greater supply of provisions than I had made
+arrangements for, having scarcely reserved four weeks to each ship of the
+squadron. I have charged Captain Newhouse with the Flora's despatches, with
+orders to proceed in search of you immediately, and also indicated to him the
+track I mean to pursue, in case you should have occasion to send me further
+orders, in consequence of your letters from Earl St. Vincent.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will do me the favour to believe that I have acted to the best of my
+judgment for the good of his Majesty's service, and that you will approve my
+having opened one of Lord St. Vincent's public despatches; which it will be
+satisfactory to me to know from you.</p>
+
+<p class="left55">With sincere and best wishes for your health<br />
+<span class="i2">and every happiness, &amp;c.</span></p>
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To Sir H. Nelson, K.B. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+See Appendix.(Vol II)</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+The actions of Sullivan's Island, and the Dogger Bank.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+This was never realised.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+November 29th, the day appointed for a general thanksgiving for
+the great naval victories.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+Afterwards Louis XVIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+Magnificent, Defiance, Marlborough, and Edgar.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+Superb and Captain.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+Battle of Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+24-pounders each.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+C&aelig;sar, Pomp&eacute;e, Spencer, Hannibal, Audacious, Thames, Phaeton, and
+Plymouth, hired lugger.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+See list already given.<a href="#Footnote_28">28</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a>
+Le Formidable, 84. Dessaix, 84. Indomptable, 74: and Meuron, 38.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a>
+The following memorandum was communicated to the squadron before
+bearing up for Gibraltar Bay:</p>
+<p class="p2"></p>
+
+<p class="left5">Memorandum</p>
+<p class="right">C&aelig;sar, 5th July 1801.</p>
+
+<p>If the Rear-admiral finds the enemy's ships in a situation to be
+attacked, the following is the order in which it is to be executed:</p>
+
+<p>The Venerable to lead into the bay, and pass the enemy's ships without
+anchoring;</p>
+
+<p>The Pomp&eacute;e to anchor abreast of the inner ship of the enemy's line;</p>
+
+<table summary="Battle array">
+<colgroup span="4">
+<col align="center"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+<col align="center"></col>
+<col align="left"></col>
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>The</td>
+<td>Audacious,</td>
+<td>}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>C&aelig;sar,</td>
+<td>}</td>
+<td>to anchor abreast of the enemy's ships</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Spencer,</td>
+<td>}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;and batteries;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Hannibal,</td>
+<td>}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>{</td>
+<td>to keep under sail, and annoy the enemy's</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Superb,</td>
+<td>{</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;batteries and gun-boats during the attack</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"</td>
+<td>Thames,</td>
+<td>{ </td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;assisted by the Plymouth lugger.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The boats of the different ships to be lowered down and armed, in
+readiness to act where required.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Given on board the C&aelig;sar, off Tariffa,<br />
+5th July 1801.<br />
+<span class="smcap">James Saumarez.</span></p>
+<p>To the respective Captains.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a>
+ The captain's clerk is stationed in action to take minutes of the
+events as they occur.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a>
+When the French happen to take one of our men-of-war, they do not,
+as we would do, hoist their own colours over their opponents', but hoist the
+English ensign union downwards. It so seldom happened that an English man-of-war
+was taken by the French, that this circumstance was known to very few in the
+navy, and consequently, the ensign reversed was known only as the signal of
+distress used by merchant-ships.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a>
+James, vol. iii. p. 120.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a>
+The discrepancies between the diagram and <span class="italic">some</span> of the statements
+given in the logs, are easily accounted for by the changes which took place in
+the positions of the ships during the action.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a>
+The journal of Lieutenant Collis of the Venerable, the officer who
+was sent to assist the Hannibal, and was taken prisoner when on board, but who
+was sent to Gibraltar on parole, need not be given, as it is an exact copy of
+the captain's log.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a>
+This was a gratuitous falsehood.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a>
+While off Europa point, and probably at the distance of more than
+half a mile, a boat with two men was observed pulling towards us, and, on coming
+alongside, the men proved to be two of our own people, who had been wounded in
+the action of Algeziras, and sent to the hospital at Gibraltar. On seeing the
+ship under sail, with the evident intention of attacking the enemy, these
+gallant fellows asked permission of the surgeon to rejoin their ship, and being
+refused, on account of their apparent unfitness, they made their escape from the
+hospital, and taking possession of the first boat they could find, pulled off to
+the ship.</p>
+
+<p>Two other seamen belonging to the Pomp&eacute;e, who had not been selected as part of
+the reinforcement to the crews of the other ships, secreted themselves on board
+the C&aelig;sar, and the day after the action presented themselves on the
+quarter-deck, with a request that intercession might be made for them with their
+captain, telling their story in the following quaint manner:&mdash;"Sir, we
+belongs to the Le Pomp&eacute;e, and finding our ship could not get out, we stowed
+ourselves away in this ship, and, in the action, quartered ourselves to the
+"10th gun, and opposite&mdash;&mdash; on the lower deck," referring, at the same
+time, to the officer in command of this division of guns, for the truth of their
+statement.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a>
+See page <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a>
+M. Dumanoir le Pelley is in error here. The Pomp&eacute;e was not in this
+action. It has been seen that she was lying disabled at Gibraltar.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p class="p4"></p>
+<hr class="p2 c15"  />
+<p class="p4"></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral
+Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,13262 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord
+de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I
+
+Author: Sir John Ross
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2008 [EBook #26031]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--LORD DE SAUMAREZ. VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Helene de Mink and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Minor spelling inconsistencies, mainly hyphenated
+words, have been harmonised. Obvious printer errors have been
+repaired. The Latin number (i) in the text refers to a transcriber's
+note at the end of this e-book.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS
+AND CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+ADMIRAL
+LORD DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+FROM
+ORIGINAL PAPERS IN POSSESSION OF THE FAMILY.
+
+
+BY SIR JOHN ROSS,
+CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY.
+
+
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.
+1838.
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY SAMUEL, BENTLEY,
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.
+
+   Transcriber's note: Minor spelling inconsistencies--mainly
+   hyphenated words--have been harmonised. Obvious printer errors
+   have been corrected, but the original spelling has been
+   retained.
+
+   The Latin number (i) behind a word refers to the transcriber's
+   notes at the end of this e-book.
+
+
+CONTENTS
+OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+   CHAPTER I.
+
+   Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.--Curious Record.--Branches of
+   the late family.--Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.    Page 7
+
+
+   CHAPTER II.
+
+   Commencement of his Career.--His Education.--Visit of the Duke of
+   Gloucester to Guernsey.--Decides for the Navy.--Is put on the
+   Solebay's books.--School at London.--Embarks in the
+   Montreal.--Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.--Smyrna.--Returns
+   home.--Passes for Lieutenant.--Embarks in the Bristol.--Proposal to
+   leave the Navy.--Attack on Fort Sullivan.--Gallant Conduct.--Is made
+   Lieutenant.--Bristol, Chatham, Lady Parker.--Commands the
+   Spitfire.--Rhode Island.--Many Engagements.--War with
+   France.--Appearance of the French Fleet under D'Estaing.--Spitfire
+   burnt.--Appearance of Lord Howe.                            Page 14
+
+
+   CHAPTER III.
+
+   Serves ashore.--Returns to England in the Leviathan.--Providential
+   escape from shipwreck.--Visits Guernsey.--Joins the Victory.--A
+   journey to London.--Joins the Fortitude.--Battle off the Dogger
+   Bank.--Anecdotes of Admiral Parker.--Lieut. Saumarez promoted to the
+   rank of Master and Commander.--Appointed to the Tisiphone.--Sails for
+   the West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.--Action with Comte de
+   Guichen.--Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.--Is despatched to
+   Sir Samuel Hood.--Arrives at Barbadoes.--Escapes from two French
+   men-of-war.--Passes through an intricate channel.--Joins Sir Samuel
+   Hood.--Gallant conduct in cutting out a vessel.--Tisiphone ordered
+   home.--Fortunate exchange with Captain Stanhope.--Takes command of the
+   Russel.                                                     Page 41
+
+
+   CHAPTER IV.
+
+   Situation of the Hostile Fleets.--Surrender of Brimstone
+   Hill.--Junction of the Fleets.--Antigua.--St. Lucia.--Sailing of the
+   French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.--Action of the 9th of April.--12th
+   of April.--Gallant conduct of the Russel.--Captain Saumarez returns to
+   Jamaica.--Comes to England with Convoy.--Is paid off at Chatham, and
+   confirmed a Post-captain.                                   Page 65
+
+
+   CHAPTER V.
+
+   Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.--His exemplary Conduct.--Visits
+   Cherbourg.--Is introduced to the French King.--Returns.--Changes at
+   Guernsey.--Prince William Henry visits the Island twice.--His
+   Reception.--Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.--Captain Saumarez is
+   appointed to the Ambuscade, and pays her off.--His Letter on his
+   Marriage.--Remarks thereon.--Armament of 1790.--Saumarez commissions
+   and pays off the Raisonable.--War of 1793.--Appointed to command the
+   Crescent.--First Cruise; takes a prize and saves Alderney.--Second
+   Cruise; captures a cutter.--Third Cruise.--Return.--Crescent docked
+   and refitted.                                               Page 84
+
+
+   CHAPTER VI.
+
+   Crescent refitted.--Sails for the Channel Islands.--Falls in with the
+   French frigate La Reunion.--Particular account of the action.--Letters
+   from Captain Saumarez to his brother.--Brings his prize to
+   Portsmouth.--Official letters.--Letters from various persons.--Ship
+   refitting.--Captain Saumarez obtains leave of absence.--Is knighted
+   for his gallant conduct.                                    Page 99
+
+
+   CHAPTER VII.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral McBride.--Is
+   detached, and attacks an Enemy's squadron.--Narrow Escape from
+   Shipwreck.--Off Havre.--Cherbourg.--Private letters relating the
+   particulars of several Cruises on the French coast.--Gallant Action
+   with a French squadron of superior force off Guernsey.      Page 119
+
+
+   CHAPTER VIII.
+
+   Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.--Visit to
+   Weymouth.--Joins the Channel Fleet.--Black Rocks.--Private Letters and
+   Instructions.--Appointed to the Orion.--Crescent's Officers and Crew
+   volunteer to follow him.--Appointed to the Marlborough (_pro
+   tempore_).--Commands a detached Squadron.--Returns to the Orion,
+   attached to the Channel Fleet.--Private Letters.--Lord Bridport's
+   Action.--Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.--Official
+   Letter.--Two private Accounts.--Returns to Portsmouth.--Expedition to
+   Isle Dieu.--Returns to Spithead.                            Page 143
+
+
+   CHAPTER IX.
+
+   Orion taken into dock.--Is refitted, and joins the Channel
+   Fleet.--Detached on a particular service.--Returns.--Proceeds to
+   reinforce Sir John Jervis.--List of his fleet.--Battle with Spanish
+   Fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a private letter.--Conduct of
+   Saumarez in the action.--Salvador del Mundo strikes to the Orion, and
+   is taken possession of by her Lieutenant.--Engages the Santissima
+   Trinidada.--She strikes to the Orion.--Remarks on that
+   occasion.--Lagos Bay.--Lisbon.--Sir James sails on a cruise with
+   Admiral Sir H. Nelson.--Returns.--Commands the advanced
+   squadron.--Several private letters.--Commands the advanced squadron
+   off Cadiz.--Mutiny in the fleet.--Anecdote and remarks thereon.
+                                                               Page 164
+
+   CHAPTER X.
+
+   Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced
+   squadron.--Bombardment of Cadiz.--Nelson sails for
+   Teneriffe.--Saumarez resumes the command.--Escorts a convoy to
+   Gibraltar.--Refits at Lisbon, and returns.--Conducts the
+   negotiation for exchange of prisoners.--Sir W. Parker relieves
+   Sir James.--He arrives at Gibraltar.--Is attached to Nelson's
+   squadron.--Proceeds off Toulon.--A storm.--Vanguard
+   dismasted.--Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in
+   refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.--Sailing of the Toulon
+   fleet.--Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.--Pursues the
+   enemy unsuccessfully.--Proceedings of the fleet in a journal
+   addressed by Sir James to his family.--French fleet discovered
+   in Aboukir Bay.--Battle of the Nile.--Diagram of ditto.--Conduct
+   of the Orion.--Saumarez wounded.--Writes to Nelson.--Goes on
+   board the Vanguard.--Occurrences there.--Remarks on the name of
+   the second in command being left out in Nelson's despatches.--On
+   the mode of attack.--Various letters and orders.--Sir James's
+   account of the battle, in a letter to Lady Saumarez.        Page 189
+
+
+   CHAPTER XI.
+
+   Fleet repair damages.--Sir James receives orders to take a detachment
+   of six ships of the line, and five prizes, under his command.--Sails
+   for Gibraltar.--Journal of his tedious voyage.--Arrives off
+   Candia.--Decides to pass through a perilous passage, and escapes the
+   dangers.--Falls in with the Marquis of Nisa, and summons the French
+   garrison at Malta.--Puts into Port Auguste, in Sicily.--Sails from
+   thence.--Tedious passage.--Letters from Earl St. Vincent and
+   Nelson.--Arrives at Gibraltar.--Reception there from the Admiral,
+   Governor, &c.--Sails thence.--Arrives at Lisbon.--Sails
+   thence.--Arrives at Spithead.--Paid off at Plymouth.--Remarks on his
+   treatment, and explanation of it.                           Page 231
+
+
+   CHAPTER XII.
+
+   Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.--Is appointed to the Caesar, of 84
+   guns.--Joins the Channel fleet.--The Brest fleet having escaped,
+   proceeds to the Mediterranean.--English fleet at Bantry Bay.--Return
+   of the French fleet.--Caesar at Lisbon.--Sir James returns to
+   Spithead.--Rejoins the Channel fleet.--Earl St. Vincent takes the
+   command.--Appoints Sir James to command the advanced squadron.--Black
+   Rocks.--Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.--Douvarnenez
+   Bay.--Various letters.--Complete success of the blockade.--Enemy's
+   fleet laid up.--Sir James returns to Spithead.--Conclusion of 1800.
+                                                               Page 287
+
+   CHAPTER XIII.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.--Appointed
+   to command the advanced squadron.--Proceedings at the Black
+   Rocks.--Douvarnenez Bay.--Returns to England.--Appointed to command a
+   squadron on a very particular service.--His secret orders, &c. and
+   letter of approbation.--Ready for sea.--Is created a Baronet of the
+   United Kingdom.                                             Page 321
+
+
+   CHAPTER XIV.
+
+   Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of
+   the line on a particular service.--Arrives off Cadiz.--Attacks a
+   French squadron at Algeziras.--Captain Brenton's account of the
+   battle.--Loss of the Hannibal.--Colonel Connolly's statements.--Logs
+   of the Caesar and ships of the squadron.--Sir James proceeds to
+   Gibraltar.--Remarks.--Flag of truce sent to Algeziras.--Correspondence
+   with Linois.--Squadron refit at Gibraltar.                  Page 337
+
+
+   CHAPTER XV.
+
+   Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.--Copies of the Journals of
+   the Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable.--Remarks on them.--Further
+   particulars.--The Spanish account.--The French account.--Bulletin from
+   the Moniteur.--Anecdote of an occurrence at St. Malo.--Sword presented
+   to Linois.--Lines on the occasion.--His improvement of Naval
+   tactics.--Epigram.--Anecdote of the intrepidity of one of the Caesar's
+   men.                                                        Page 363
+
+
+   CHAPTER XVI.
+
+   Mole of Gibraltar.--Negotiation for the exchange of prisoners
+   unsuccessful.--Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal
+   return on parole.--They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger,
+   which carries home despatches and private letters.--Despatch
+   sent to Lord Keith.--Admiral Saumarez shifts his flag to the
+   Audacious.--Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the
+   Caesar.--Their admirable conduct.--Captain Brenton and the
+   garrison.--Arrival of the Spanish squadron at
+   Algeziras.--Increased exertions of the crews of the
+   squadron.--Private letters.--Preparations to attack the enemy.
+
+                                                               Page 383
+
+   CHAPTER XVII.
+
+   Occurrences at Gibraltar.--Determination of Sir James to attack the
+   combined squadron.--Caesar rehoists the Admiral's flag.--Sir J.
+   Brenton's description of that interesting scene.--His account of the
+   battle.--Destruction of two Spanish three-deckers.--Capture of the St.
+   Antonio.--Action between the Venerable and Formidable.--Public
+   letters.--Private letters.--French details of the battle.--Spanish
+   ditto.--Orders of sailing.--Remarks.                        Page 401
+
+
+   LIST OF PLATES.
+
+   Portrait of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez, taken after
+   the battle of the 12th July 1801                 _Frontispiece._
+
+   Action with the Crescent and Reunion taken at the time
+   the latter surrendered                                      Page 103
+
+   Commencement of the action between the Crescent and
+   her squadron, with the French squadron of superior
+   force off Guernsey                                               131
+
+   Close of the action when the Crescent retreated among
+   the rocks at Guernsey                                            134
+
+   Chart of the island of Guernsey, showing the positions of
+   the English and French squadrons                                 135
+
+   Diagram of Algeziras and Gibraltar Bay                           346
+
+
+   ERRATA.
+
+   Page 86, l. 26, _for_ "present" _read_ "late."
+
+       142, l.  4,--"ninety-second" _read_ "ninety-two."
+
+       166, l. 23,--"Towny" _read_ "Towry."
+
+       198, l. 19,--"Marcon" _read_ "Marcou."
+
+       215, l. 14,--"Collossus" _read_ "Culloden."
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+In perusing the following Memoir, the reader must not be surprised if
+he finds that the accounts of the several battles in which the
+illustrious Saumarez was engaged, differ in some degree from those
+previously given to the public. Every circumstance connected with them
+has been carefully examined, and whatever statements are now advanced
+can be borne out by documentary evidence. The career of Saumarez was a
+long and eventful one: he entered the Navy while the nation was at
+peace; he subsequently served during the American War of
+independence, and throughout the late continental war, in both of
+which he was in more engagements with the enemy than any other
+officer. He was the last of the heroes of the 12th of April 1782.
+
+
+THE LIFE
+
+OF
+
+LORD DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+   Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.--Curious Record.--Branches
+   of the late family.--Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.
+
+
+Admiral the Right Honourable James Lord de Saumarez, of Guernsey, was
+born, on the 11th March 1757, in the parish of St. Peter-Port, the
+principal town of that romantic island. The family, whose original
+name was _De Sausmarez_, is of Norman extraction, and of great
+antiquity in the island of Guernsey, where their lineage can be traced
+almost to the Norman conquest.
+
+Their remote ancestor received from the Dukes of Normandy a fief of
+the district of Jerbourg, and was appointed hereditary captain (or
+chatelain) of the castle of that name, which lies within the limits of
+the fief, and is situated in the parish of St. Martin.
+
+Among the records of the island, we find the following interesting
+particulars:--In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of Edward the
+First, at a court of chief pleas held at Guernsey, in the presence of
+the judges of assize, Matthew de Sausmarez made homage for his fief;
+which appears to have been acknowledged by an act of Edward the Second
+in the year 1313: and in the reign of Edward the Third, in the year
+1331, an application was made by Matthew de Sausmarez for a
+confirmation of his rights and prerogatives, as formerly enjoyed by
+his ancestors.
+
+On receipt of this petition, his Majesty sent an order to John de
+Roches, guardian of the Channel islands, to make a perquisition
+thereon; authorising him to give to it his royal assent if not found
+to be prejudicial to the rights of the Crown or the privileges of the
+inhabitants, who had, by consent of his Majesty's father, fortified
+the castle of Jerbourg as a place of retreat and protection, as also
+for the security of their effects in case of invasion by the enemy.
+
+In pursuance of his Majesty's order, the guardian appointed twelve of
+the most respectable inhabitants of the island to be examined before
+the bailiff or chief magistrate, who declared upon oath that the
+predecessors of Matthew de Sausmarez held that appointment from the
+Crown, with sundry appurtenances and privileges, which, in
+consideration of their services as hereditary keepers of the castle,
+had always been, and ought to be, inseparable from the fief of
+Jerbourg; and they further deposed, that these were not in any respect
+detrimental to the prerogative of the Crown, or injurious to the
+rights of the inhabitants, who still retained the advantage and
+privilege of retreating into the castle, with their effects, in every
+emergency.
+
+The following curious and interesting fact, as attached to this
+ancient fief, has been also recorded in a Guernsey periodical:
+"Whenever the lord had occasion to go to Jersey, his tenants were
+obliged to convey him thither, for which they received a gratuity of
+_three sous_, or a dinner; but they were not obliged to bring him
+back." And this exemption may be thus explained:--The lord, or captain
+of Jerbourg, in those days held a fief in Jersey, called by the same
+name, which no longer belongs to the De Saumarez family; but formerly,
+when it was possessed by the same individual, the same rights and
+privileges were attached, so that when the affairs of the lord called
+him to Jersey, he was conducted to that island by his Guernsey
+tenants, and brought back by those of Jersey.
+
+It is indeed certain, that, during many years after the Norman
+conquest, several gentlemen possessed estates in both islands, more or
+less considerable in one than in the other. The fief of Jerbourg
+remained in the family of De Sausmarez till about the year 1555, when
+it became the property of Mr. John Andros, in right of Judith de
+Sausmarez: but it has since reverted to the descendants of the old
+family, and belonged to Thomas de Sausmarez, his Majesty's late
+attorney-general in the island of Guernsey, who died lately at a very
+advanced age,--the father of twenty-eight children!
+
+The genealogy of the family between the year 1481, and the birth of
+the grandfather of the late Lord de Saumarez on the 4th June 1635,
+will be found in the Addenda, as also that of the subsequent members
+of the family who are not mentioned here; but, in proceeding, we
+cannot pass over the names of Captains Philip and Thomas Saumarez,
+uncles of the late lord, who were two of the bravest and most
+meritorious officers of their time. The former, who was first
+lieutenant with Commodore Anson, afterwards commanded the Nottingham,
+sixty-four, captured the French seventy-four, Mars, and was killed in
+action 1747;[1] and the latter, when in command of the Antelope, of
+fifty guns, captured the French sixty-four, Belliqueux, in the
+following extraordinary manner:
+
+   [1] See Addenda.
+
+In the month of November 1758, Captain Saumarez was stationed in the
+Bristol Channel for the protection of the trade, and, the wind blowing
+strong from the westward, had anchored his ship, the Antelope, of
+fifty guns and three hundred and fifty men, in King Road; and there
+being little probability of the appearance of an enemy under such
+circumstances, he had repaired to Bristol to partake of the
+hospitality of his friends in that prosperous city. While sitting at
+dinner, an express came from Barnstaple to inform him that a large
+ship, supposed to be an enemy, had anchored under Lundy Island.
+
+Captain Saumarez immediately repaired on board his ship, weighed
+anchor, and, notwithstanding the contrary wind and fresh gale, he beat
+down the channel, and in the morning saw her at anchor off Ilfracombe.
+On discovering the Antelope, the enemy weighed and stood towards her,
+and, on coming near, hoisted French colours and seemed prepared to
+engage. As soon as the Antelope came within gun-shot, she opened her
+fire, when the Frenchman immediately hauled down his colours without
+returning a shot. Captain Saumarez now sent his boat with the first
+lieutenant to know if she had surrendered; but finding that the boat
+did not return, he bore down under her stern, and asked if they had
+struck. The answer was in the affirmative, and she was immediately
+taken possession of. She proved to be the Belliqueux, of sixty-four
+guns and five hundred men.
+
+When the captain came on board the Antelope, and found that he had
+surrendered to a ship so much inferior in force, both in men and
+weight of metal, his chagrin and mortification knew no bounds. He
+exclaimed that he had been deceived, and actually proposed to Captain
+Saumarez that he should allow him to return to his ship, and that he
+would fight him fairly; to which the English captain replied that he
+must keep possession now; that he had obtained it, but he had no
+objection to his going back to France and getting another ship of the
+same kind to try the fortune of war. He conducted his prize back to
+King Road, and returned to Bristol with his French guest to enjoy the
+hospitality and hearty welcome of his friends, after an absence of
+only eighteen hours!
+
+Matthew de Saumarez, father of Lord de Saumarez, being brought up to
+the medical profession, arrived at considerable practice and high
+respectability. He was remarkable for his urbanity of manners and
+hospitality, particularly to strangers. He married, first, Susannah,
+daughter of Thomas Dumaresq, Esq. of Jersey, and by her had Susannah
+(an only child), who married Henry Brock, Esq. of Guernsey: his second
+wife was Carteret, daughter of James Le Marchant, Esq. of Guernsey,
+and by her he had a numerous family, who are brothers and sisters of
+the late lord.[2]
+
+   [2] See Addenda.
+
+The family of De Sausmarez, a branch of which changed the spelling of
+the name to Saumarez about the year 1700, was not only one of the most
+ancient and respectable, but the members of it successively held the
+highest situations, and were connected with the first families
+residing in the island of Guernsey, which has always been
+distinguished for its loyalty and patriotism: indeed, it has not only
+produced several of our bravest and greatest warriors, but its
+inhabitants have ever manifested themselves to be proof against every
+attempt to seduce them from their allegiance. The opinions which have
+been entertained unfavourable to this fact,--arising no doubt from the
+proximity of the island to the coast of France, and the general use of
+the French language, but, most of all, from its having at one time
+been infested by adventurers,--are totally without foundation.
+
+Having been many years stationed at this island, we have witnessed the
+loyalty and intrepidity of the natives: and could give several
+instances where the Guernsey pilot was the _first_ to board the enemy.
+
+Lord de Saumarez was married at Guernsey, on the 27th October 1788, to
+Martha, only daughter and heiress of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by
+marriage with Miss Mary Dobree, two of the most ancient and
+respectable families in the island. This marriage was the consequence
+of a long and mutual attachment: it need scarcely be added, that it
+completed the happiness of both. They became the parents of eight
+children, whose biography will be found in the Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1767 to 1778.
+
+   Commencement of his Career.--His Education.--Visit of the Duke
+   of Gloucester to Guernsey.--Saumarez decides for the Navy.--Is
+   put on the Soleby's books.--School at London.--Embarks in the
+   Montreal.--Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.--Smyrna.--Returns
+   home.--Passes for Lieutenant.--Embarks in the Bristol.--Proposal
+   to leave the Navy.--Attack on Fort Sullivan.--Gallant
+   Conduct.--Is made Lieutenant.--Bristol, Chatham, Lady
+   Parker.--Commands the Spitfire.--Rhode Island.--Many
+   Engagements.--War with France.--Appearance of the French Fleet
+   under D'Estaing.--Spitfire burnt.--Appearance of Lord Howe.
+
+
+The illustrious admiral, of whose ancestors a biographical sketch has
+been briefly given in the preceding chapter, and in the Addenda to
+this work, and whose glorious career is the subject of this record,
+passed from the first rudiments of learning, under a dame, to the more
+manly tuition of Elizabeth College, in Guernsey, where his brother,
+fifteen months his senior, was receiving his education.
+
+Although he always said that his brother was a much better scholar in
+both Latin and Greek than himself, his taste for poetry, and his
+discrimination in that refined branch of literature, must have
+appeared at a very early age, as, when he was only seven or eight
+years old, he surprised his mother by reciting to her several lines
+from the first pages of Milton's Paradise Lost, which he had learnt of
+his own accord,--a foretaste of the gratification which he derived
+through life in reading that noble poem. His mother was so delighted
+with this unexpected discovery of his taste, that she could not
+forbear making it known to her friends; especially to a literary
+gentleman of her acquaintance, who sent young Saumarez a present of
+the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, which he also committed to memory,
+and retained throughout his life.
+
+But the great sensibility of his heart was most apparent in his
+attachment to all his relations: their pleasures and their pains were
+always _his_; and it is therefore not surprising that he was a
+favourite with them all. In those days, Guernsey was, as it were, a
+large family; and the society of the upper classes was linked in a
+small, but a select and happy, circle, interested in each other's
+welfare. The communication with England not being, as now, kept up by
+regular packets, the arrival of a stranger was an event of some
+importance, and mostly occurred through the visits of the king's ships
+going on foreign stations, which put into Guernsey for wines and
+other stores: on these occasions the captains and officers were
+constant guests at the hospitable mansion of our hero's father, and it
+was usually the province of young Saumarez to look out for and report
+their appearance.
+
+In July 1767, this little community was surprised by an occurrence
+which to this day is related among the events of "olden times," as
+having made a great, and certainly a lasting impression. His royal
+highness the Duke of Gloucester, on his return from a tour in France,
+anchored in Guernsey roads. At two in the morning, the hostess of the
+only inn in the town was awakened by a call that the Duke of
+Gloucester had landed, and was coming there: not supposing this
+possible, she for a long time refused to rise; but, being at
+length convinced, she directed the party to the house of the
+lieutenant-governor, who was as incredulous as the good woman of the
+Ship Inn.
+
+At last he appeared at the window in his dressing-gown and _bonnet de
+nuit_, and finding whom he was called upon to receive, he exclaimed,
+in the trepidation of the moment,--"My house is not fit for the duke;
+go to my friend, Doctor Saumarez." There at last his royal highness
+found entrance, and a hearty welcome; but it may be conjectured that
+no little surprise and bustle spread through the house at the
+unexpected arrival at such an hour of the illustrious guest. The blue
+damask room was, however, soon prepared, with other apartments for the
+aides-de camp, Sir Henry Clinton and another.
+
+Young Saumarez and his brother were sent off, as soon as the sun rose,
+to inform their uncle the attorney-general, who resided some distance
+from the town, that the royal visitor had arrived. On their return the
+streets were decorated with crowns, festoons, and garlands of flowers,
+which had risen as from the wand of a magician; the bells were
+ringing, the populace were in holiday suits, and the whole effect was
+so animated, that the more splendid scenes of after-life never erased
+it from the mind of Saumarez.
+
+The duke, on rising, was surprised at the quick display of loyalty he
+beheld, and expressed himself much gratified at the proofs he received
+of respect and attachment which these faithful islanders evinced in
+his person towards the king and the royal family. His royal highness
+condescended to honour a ball in the evening; and often did young
+Saumarez hear his aunt (a sister of his mother, married to Major
+Brabazon of the 65th regiment,) relate her having opened the ball in a
+minuet with his royal highness.
+
+Young Saumarez had long and constantly cherished a decided
+predilection for the navy. Accustomed as he had been from childhood to
+hear of the fame which his valiant uncles, Captains Philip and Thomas
+Saumarez, had acquired, his mind was early inspired with a desire to
+tread in their path, and to acquire for himself a name which might
+emulate theirs. His eldest brother was already in the navy; but his
+father having six sons, when he found that James had evinced such a
+desire for the sea, and having connexions in the service, probably
+considered that he could not place another more advantageously than in
+a profession which had already afforded an honourable and glorious
+career to two of his family. Accordingly he accepted the offer of
+Captain Lucius O'Bryen, of his majesty's ship Soleby, who entered his
+name on the books of that ship on the 20th September 1767 as
+volunteer, where it remained until the 3rd of June 1770, having been
+there two years and nine months. During this time, however, he never
+joined the ship, but was for a part of it at a school in the vicinity
+of London, which had been recommended to his father by a naval friend,
+who appears to have been ill qualified to make the selection, if we
+may judge from the amusing account which Saumarez gave in after-life
+of his acquirements in that seminary. Fortunately, as he said, when he
+had been there ten months, his father being in London, sent for him,
+and to his great joy took him home, and with this portion of education
+he was launched into the world; as a few months after he went to
+Portsmouth to join the Montreal, Captain Alms, who had been a friend
+of his uncles, and who had visited his father at Guernsey.
+
+On the 9th of August 1769, the ship sailed for the Mediterranean.
+Great pains were taken by the captain to improve the talents of young
+Saumarez, which soon became apparent: but the commodore being obliged
+to return home on account of ill health, he placed him in the
+Winchelsea; and we find that he went on board the Pembroke, bearing
+the broad pendant of Commodore Proby, and commanded by Captain Durell,
+who was a relative of the family, on the 14th August 1770, and joined
+the former ship on the 28th September following.
+
+Nature happily had endowed young Saumarez with talents, and qualities
+of mind and heart, which in a great measure repaired the want of a
+regular and more enlarged education: a sound judgment and quick
+sensibility soon led him to perceive his deficiency in acquired
+knowledge; and he was inspired with a laudable ambition, to remedy it
+by every exertion the feeble means within his reach could accomplish.
+When, indeed, it is considered that only a few volumes of the
+Spectator and Idler, with some stray volumes of the Roman History,
+composed his little library, it may justly be inferred that it was no
+ordinary capacity or moderate application which could form a character
+such as was manifested by him.
+
+Frigates, in those days, had neither chaplains nor schoolmasters; and
+the "young gentlemen," when off duty, were left to spend their time as
+they thought fit. The midshipmen of the present day can have but a
+faint idea of the hardships and privations of a naval aspirant's life
+at the period Saumarez entered the service. Biscuits with insects, and
+tainted meat, was the usual fare when at sea at their mess-table; and
+none would have thought of procuring such _luxuries_ as are now
+indispensable _necessaries_ to their successors in the service. While
+there is great cause to rejoice in the change which has taken place,
+it should not prevent the expression of just and well-founded regret
+that the amelioration has spread to the opposite extreme; the placing
+a son in the navy being now a heavy tax instead of a relief, which we
+know is felt severely by old naval officers on half-pay, who naturally
+wish to employ a son in the service to which they belong.
+
+With grateful remembrance, Saumarez has often been heard to say, that,
+on his departure from home, his affectionate father put a purse
+containing fifteen guineas in his hand; observing that, as he knew he
+had a large family, he trusted that he would use it with economy, but
+that when he wanted more he might draw on his banker. So strictly,
+however, did he fulfil this recommendation, that his father said, the
+sight of his drafts gave him pleasure.
+
+His first journal is of the Winchelsea, Captain Samuel Cranston
+Goodall, and commences on the 8th November 1770, at which time he was
+first rated a midshipman: he remained in that ship until the 14th
+February 1772. During these seventeen months he gained a valuable
+friend in Captain Goodall, whose regard he preserved to the end of his
+life. Saumarez had constant access to his cabin: he allowed him to
+write there, and make extracts from the best authors in his
+possession, which was of great service in improving his acquaintance
+with modern literature. This ship had been cruising in the
+Mediterranean, and visited most of the interesting ports there; and,
+in February 1772, the Winchelsea was ordered to England,--an account
+joyfully hailed by all on board, but by none more sincerely than by
+Mr. Saumarez, whose heart panted to see his dearest friends. What,
+then, must have been his feelings, on the arrival of the Levant to
+relieve the Winchelsea, when he was sent for by Captain Goodall, and
+apprised that Captain Thompson would receive him?--and as it was of
+importance that he should finish his time before going home, he
+strongly recommended his stay, especially as it was his father's wish.
+Although it was as if a sword had pierced his heart, he calmly
+submitted to the decision, and he saw the worthy Captain Goodall and
+his messmates depart without a murmur.
+
+This self-denial was not wholly unrewarded. The Levant was a larger
+ship, affording much better accommodation to the midshipmen; and Mr.
+Saumarez, having been nearly three years at sea, became of some
+consequence with his messmates. The date of his joining the Levant was
+the 15th February 1772, having been discharged on the preceding day
+from the Winchelsea. He soon formed a close friendship with Mr. Samuel
+Thompson, the captain's son; which continued unshaken till the death
+of the latter in 1782.
+
+The British merchants having petitioned for a ship of war to be
+stationed in the Mediterranean for the protection of the trade, the
+Levant was ordered on that service, and for fourteen months remained
+in that inactive position, which young Saumarez used to say he
+considered a blank in his existence. Having no books to relieve the
+spirits, no letters to cheer the heart, life wasted away without
+profit or satisfaction. There must, however, have been a few bright
+days; for he often mentioned with pleasure the hospitality of the
+English families settled in Smyrna, of which he occasionally partook
+when Captain Thompson allowed it. This was the more frequent on
+account of his thorough knowledge of the French language, which was
+the means of procuring him attentions rendered doubly acceptable by
+the dulness of that anchorage: such were the advantages he derived
+from his familiarity with that language, that he never failed to
+recommend the study of it to all his young _proteges_ before going to
+sea.
+
+On the 28th of May 1773, the Levant was at length released, and sailed
+for Gibraltar; from which place she proceeded to Port Mahon, to be
+repaired. On the 28th of May 1774, she resumed her old station in
+Smyrna harbour, (in consequence of an insurrection, in which several
+Christians had been massacred, owing to the destruction of the Russian
+fleet in the Bay of Chisma, on the contiguous coast,) having been away
+precisely one year. She again left that station, on the 19th of
+September, for Gibraltar; and finally for England in March 1775, on
+the 29th of which month she arrived at Spithead. On the 14th of the
+following April, Mr. Saumarez was discharged from the Levant; and had
+at length the long-wished-for happiness of seeing again his native
+land, and the friends from whom he had been for more than five years
+separated.
+
+The Levant, being paid off, was recommissioned by the Honourable
+Captain Murray, who used every persuasion to induce Mr. Saumarez to
+remain in the ship; but, after an absence of five years, he was too
+anxious to spend some time with his family, to accede to his proposal,
+and the moment he was at liberty he set off for Guernsey.
+
+Taking into account the time his name had been on the books of the
+Solebay, he had now served more than the required six years of
+service: and as the regulations for age were at that time not strictly
+enforced, after a few weeks of rest he went to London to pass his
+examination for lieutenant; but owing to the commissioners being on
+their annual visits to the dock-yards, and their return being
+protracted, two months elapsed before the object was accomplished.
+This enabled him again to return to his friends, but he was not then
+permitted long to enjoy their society.
+
+In the year 1775, on the breaking out of the war with the American
+colonies, Commodore Sir Peter Parker being appointed to the command of
+a squadron, with his broad pendant on board the Bristol, of fifty
+guns, Mr. Saumarez, then eighteen years of age, was ordered to join
+that ship, through the recommendation of Admiral Keppel, who, having
+been the friend and contemporary of his uncles, ever evinced an
+interest in his advancement. After an interview with Sir Peter in
+London, he embarked, on the 9th of October, at Sheerness, whence the
+Bristol proceeded to the Nore at the end of November. After passing a
+short time at Spithead and Plymouth, which they left on the 21st of
+December, the squadron sailed for Cork, the last rendezvous of the
+expedition destined for South Carolina. This consisted of six
+frigates, two bombs, and two hundred transports, containing seven
+regiments of infantry and two companies of artillery, under the
+command of that distinguished nobleman, the Earl Cornwallis, and the
+Honourable Brigadier-general Vaughan. These two chiefs, with their
+aides-de-camp, Lord Chewton and Captain Eustace, were embarked on
+board the Bristol: they sailed about the middle of January 1776.
+
+On the passage out, which was remarkable for stormy weather, and for
+the consequent dispersion of the convoy, the activity and zeal of
+young Saumarez not only attracted the attention, but gained the esteem
+of the noble earl; who, by offering to make him his aide-de-camp and
+take him by the hand, had nearly persuaded him to leave the naval
+service, and enter the army, offering him a commission in the 33rd,
+his own regiment. We have heard him relate, that, after he had more
+than half consented, he went below and told his messmates, who
+immediately jeered him so much about "turning soldier," that he
+returned to the quarter-deck and gave a positive refusal to the earl,
+who could not help expressing his disappointment and chagrin on the
+occasion.
+
+There can be no doubt that he would have highly distinguished himself
+in the army, or wherever he was placed; but, happily for the nation,
+and for the honour of the profession which he had first chosen, he was
+destined to display his bravery and splendid talents in a sphere where
+there happened to be a much greater range for them, than if he had
+followed the fortunes of the noble earl in the other honourable
+service. Many years after, when Saumarez's career had proved the
+wisdom of his decision, he met Lord Cornwallis at dinner at Lord
+Spencer's, then first lord of the admiralty; who, on hearing this
+anecdote, observed, "Lord Cornwallis would have deprived the naval
+service of one of its best officers."
+
+The Bristol arrived off Cape Fear early in May, where they found
+General Clinton; and, having repaired their damages, reached
+Charlestown in the beginning of June. The troops were landed on the
+island, at a low, sandy spot, in the midst of a heavy surf, and the
+guns of the Bristol and the Experiment were put on board the Harcourt
+East-indiaman, to enable them to get over the bar.
+
+One of the transports, called the Friendship, having been fitted as a
+ship of war to be taken into the service, was commissioned by
+Lieutenant Charles Hope, first of the Bristol, an excellent officer,
+and he selected Sir James Barclay and Mr. Saumarez to be his officers;
+but, after a few days, he prevailed on Captain Hope to allow him to
+return to the Bristol, which he did only two days previously to the
+attack on Fort Sullivan, which, after passing the bar, it became
+necessary to silence and take possession of. This fortress was
+considered the key of the harbour, and the fortifications of it were
+constructed with great skill: the works being formed of cabbage-tree,
+a kind of wood peculiarly calculated, by its porous and elastic
+quality, to resist the effects of shot; and, from its not being liable
+to splinter, the troops in the batteries were secured from what is
+deemed one of the principal means of destruction; while the Bristol's
+crew were fully exposed to the fatal effects of the enemy's fire. The
+guns being taken on board on the 28th of June 1776, at 8 A.M. the
+squadron began the attack by a furious and incessant cannonade, which
+continued with little intermission until nine o'clock at night. Never
+did British valour shine more conspicuously, nor did our ships in an
+engagement of the same nature experience so serious an encounter: the
+squadron could not approach within grape-shot of the enemy, and
+therefore could not clear the batteries; and the spring of the
+Bristol's cable being cut by the shot, she swung so as to get
+dreadfully raked. Mr. Saumarez was employed in replacing this spring
+three times in the Mercury's boat, assisted by the captain of that
+transport.
+
+The brave Captain Morris, after receiving a number of wounds, with a
+noble constancy disdained to quit his duty; until, his arm being shot
+off, he was carried below in a condition which did not afford any
+probability of recovery. At one time, the quarter-deck of the Bristol
+was cleared of every one except the commodore, who stood on the
+poop-ladder alone; a spectacle of intrepidity and firmness which has
+been seldom equalled, never exceeded. It is said, that Mr. Saumarez
+seeing him in this situation, requested him to come down; when he
+replied with a smile, "What! you want to get rid of me, do ye?" while
+he well knew that the reverse was the fact.
+
+The loss sustained by the squadron in general, and by the Bristol in
+particular, in an action unexampled in point of duration, and in which
+it was finally repulsed, was very great: she had alone one hundred and
+eleven killed and wounded, including her gallant captain and several
+other officers.
+
+During this severe conflict, Mr. Saumarez had a very narrow escape: at
+the moment he was pointing a gun on the lower-deck, of which he had
+the command, a shot from the fort entered the port-hole, struck the
+gun, and killed seven out of eight men who were stationed to work it.
+Some time afterwards, being called on deck to execute certain orders
+respecting the replacing the spring on the cable, he was standing
+close to Mr. Darley, a midshipman, for whom he had the greatest
+regard, when a shot took off the young man's head and covered Mr.
+Saumarez with his blood.
+
+Captain Morris, after being carried below, lingered contrary to
+expectation, and hopes were formed that he would survive; when,
+unfortunately, his attendant being overcome with sleep, it is supposed
+the captain's bandages gave way, and, not having strength to awake
+him, he was found in the morning bathed in his blood. His dissolution
+becoming inevitable, one of the officers asked him if he had any
+direction to give with respect to his family; to which he nobly
+replied, "None! I leave them to the Providence of God, and the
+generosity of my country," and soon after expired. This engagement
+lasted thirteen hours: it was the first in which Mr. Saumarez had been
+present; and, after the very many in which he was subsequently
+engaged, he has been heard to declare it to have been one of the most
+severe he ever witnessed. Captain Scott, of the Experiment, lost his
+arm; and there were several death-vacancies for lieutenants.
+
+Mr. Saumarez's conduct during the whole of this obstinate and bloody
+contest was deemed so especially meritorious, that the commodore
+expressed his highest approbation of it in the warmest and most
+flattering terms, and soon after the battle he promoted him to the
+rank of lieutenant. The following is a copy of his first acting
+commission:
+
+   "By Sir Peter Parker, Commander-in-chief of a squadron of his
+   Majesty's ships to be employed on a particular service.
+
+   "Whereas I think it necessary for the good of his Majesty's
+   service to have an Acting-lieutenant on board his Majesty's ship
+   the Bristol, you are hereby required and directed to take upon
+   you the office of Acting-lieutenant of his Majesty's ship
+   Bristol; strictly charging and commanding all the officers and
+   company of the said ship to behave themselves jointly, and
+   severally, in their respective employments, with all due respect
+   and obedience unto you their said LIEUTENANT; and you are
+   likewise to observe and execute the GENERAL PRINTED
+   INSTRUCTIONS, and such orders and directions as you shall from
+   time to time receive from your captain, or any other your
+   superior officer, for his Majesty's service.
+
+   "For which this shall be your Order. Dated on board his
+   Majesty's ship Bristol, in Five-fathom Hole, off Charlestown,
+   the 11th day of July 1776.
+   P. PARKER
+
+   "To Mr. James Saumarez, hereby
+   appointed to act as Lieutenant on
+   board his Majesty's ship Bristol,
+   until further orders.
+   "By command of the Commodore.
+   JOHN READ."
+
+In this ship Acting-lieutenant Saumarez remained until the 23rd
+September; serving often with the army on shore, and on all occasions
+taking a distinguished part. He was actively employed in the boats of
+the Bristol on every landing that took place, from the first
+disembarkation of the troops in Gravesend Bay, to the landing at
+Rochelle from Frog's-neck. Lord Howe then commanded in person on this
+expedition, and hoisted his flag in the Carysfort, the gallant Captain
+Fanshawe. His lordship appointed Mr. Saumarez his aide-de-camp, and
+selected him to convey General Clinton, commanding the troops, to the
+vicinity of Rochelle, when he had the satisfaction of receiving the
+thanks of his lordship for his zealous exertions. All the boats were
+then ordered to join their respective ships off New York; an order,
+it may be supposed, not unwelcome after an absence of several weeks,
+during which officers and men had been subject to all the privations
+consequent on such a service, sleeping in boats, and scarcely having
+any change of clothing.
+
+Saumarez was afterwards on duty up the North River, and had the honour
+of conveying Lord Cornwallis and his staff on board his boat in the
+first landing in the Jerseys; and on several occasions he was actively
+useful to his lordship, who repeatedly acknowledged his services.
+Being employed in the disembarkation of troops newly arrived, he
+discovered that his brother's regiment, the twenty-third Welsh (now
+Royal Welsh) Fusileers, was one of them; and soon after he had the
+happiness of meeting him, who, on his part, was not less agreeably
+surprised at the welcome and unexpected encounter.
+
+Being at head-quarters when Fort Washington surrendered, the garrison,
+consisting of two thousand seven hundred men, having laid down their
+arms, Lieutenant Saumarez was the bearer of the tidings to the
+Bristol; but they appeared so incredible, that it was some time before
+Sir Peter Parker could be persuaded of their authenticity.
+
+Rear-admiral Lord Shuldham, having on the 6th September, shifted his
+flag to the Bristol, Lieutenant Saumarez followed his commander, who
+then hoisted his broad pendant in the Chatham. He was therefore
+removed by Lord Viscount Howe, vice-admiral of the white, and
+commander-in-chief of all his Majesty's ships and vessels in North
+America, to the Chatham, as fifth lieutenant "for the time being." In
+this situation Lieutenant Saumarez so often and so particularly
+distinguished himself in the boats, and in command of the Lady
+Parker schooner, tender to the Unicorn, Captain Ford, that, on
+the 17th February 1778, he was appointed lieutenant commanding
+the Spitfire, a schooner-rigged galley, by special direction of
+the commander-in-chief, as will appear by the following order:
+
+   "By Commodore Hotham, on board the Preston.
+
+   "The Viscount Howe having directed that you shall command the
+   Spitfire galley, in the room of Lieutenant Scott; you are hereby
+   directed to repair on board the said galley, and take the
+   command of her accordingly, using the utmost despatch in
+   preparing and fitting her for a passage to Rhode Island.
+
+   "Given on board the Preston,
+   off New York, 17th February 1778.
+   W. HOTHAM.
+
+   "To Lieut. Saumarez, hereby
+   appointed to command
+   H.M. galley, the Spitfire.
+   "By command.
+   TITUS LEWIS."
+
+Our young hero, who had been far less actively employed than he
+wished, had now obtained almost the height of his ambition,--in other
+words, a situation where he could have an opportunity of displaying
+his talents and intrepidity. He found his new vessel in the king's
+yard; and, having taken charge from her former commander, proceeded
+to fit out with surprising diligence. On the 23rd February he received
+twenty-three seamen from the Preston; and on the 27th a sergeant and
+eleven marines completed his complement of thirty-seven men, including
+himself and the carpenter; when he immediately weighed and made sail.
+It soon after blew a gale, but he succeeded in reaching the Brothers,
+where he anchored, and found H.M.S. Sphinx, and some traders: the
+next morning he weighed, and falling in with H.M.S. Falcon and
+convoy, they proceeded on their voyage. On the 4th of March strong
+gales obliged the convoy to put into Huntingdon Bay, where they were
+detained by stormy weather till the 13th of March. On the 15th the
+convoy reached Oyster-pond Bay, and on the 16th anchored off Fort
+Island, in company with the Eagle, Nonsuch, Apollo, Mermaid, Unicorn,
+Ariel, Maidstone, Grampus, and Stromboli; and here their active
+operations began. On the 28th of March an enemy's frigate was chased
+and run on shore in the Narraganset Passage, when Lieutenant Saumarez,
+together with the boats of the squadron, went to destroy her, she
+being protected by a battery on shore; the Spitfire was anchored about
+four hundred yards from this battery in twelve feet water, and, having
+got her long-bow gun to bear, engaged it while the boats boarded and
+set fire to the frigate: this occupied more than an hour, during
+which time the battery was silenced, but a brisk fire of musketry was
+kept up by the rebels; and the service being performed, the galley was
+towed out with little damage, five men being wounded: at nine she
+anchored in safety off Newton's Point. Soon after this a gale came on;
+the galley drove towards the rocks, and it was supposed she must be
+lost; but Lieutenant Saumarez cut his cable, and by a masterly act of
+seamanship saved his vessel, and gained the admiration of the whole
+squadron. During this period, Lieutenant Saumarez was under the orders
+of Commodore Griffith, of the Nonsuch, senior officer of his Majesty's
+ships and vessels at Rhode Island; and it will appear by the following
+secret order, that he was kept at the most important point in advance.
+
+   (Secret.)
+   "By Walter Griffith, Esq. Commander of a division of his
+   Majesty's ships and vessels at Rhode Island.
+
+   "The employment of the galley under your command being necessary
+   in the Seakonnet Channel, with the intention to intercept any
+   armed vessels fitted by the rebels for putting to sea from the
+   harbours or creeks communicating therewith; but more
+   particularly to defeat any attempts they may propose for making
+   a descent in force, or attacking the post occupied by the king's
+   troops on the eastern shore of Rhode Island; you are therefore
+   to proceed to the aforesaid channel, and put yourself under the
+   command of the superior officer there, for those purposes
+   accordingly: but you are, nevertheless, at liberty to move the
+   galley (under the orders of the commanding officer there) from
+   time to time, to prevent the enemy from being able to ascertain
+   the position thereof, either for executing any meditated insult
+   on the galley, or to pass you unobserved during the night;
+   taking care, however, to keep as much as may be within such
+   limits, as will fully enable you to effect the principal object
+   of your appointment as aforesaid.
+
+   "It will become requisite for this end, to have your boats (or
+   other better-appointed craft, with which you can in future be
+   supplied), advanced at seasonable lines, both for the earlier
+   discovery of any ships or vessels attempting to pass your
+   station in the night, and preventing any other advantages
+   attempted by the enemy under cover thereof.
+
+   "The crews of the boats so directed should be prudently cautious
+   in boarding vessels of inconsiderable appearance, that they may
+   not be exposed to suffer by the treacherous practice of the
+   enemy in different modes to blow up and destroy your men; but a
+   suitable discretion will be no less requisite on your part,
+   that, in warning them of these hazards, they are not induced to
+   become remiss in their exertions in the essential services.
+
+   "If the enemy should attempt to pass your station with any ship
+   of apparent force, great attention will be requisite that you
+   may not be misled by such not improbable expeditions to draw you
+   from your station, and thereby facilitate the means to succeed
+   with less risk in a meditated descent on the eastern shore of
+   the island; which is to be at all times the object of your chief
+   care to resist and oppose, by endeavouring to destroy the boats
+   of the enemy employed on that occasion, or otherwise to prevent
+   the further use of them in the attempt.
+
+   "It will therefore be incumbent on you, in conjunction with
+   other armed vessels stationed with you in Seakonnet Channel, to
+   intercept the said armed vessels (if possible) before they have
+   advanced below your first anchoring station, and to keep secret
+   such directions as the senior officer at the said anchorage may
+   propose to adopt for that intent.
+
+   "You are to continue on this service until further orders; and I
+   am to recommend your attention, that a careful watch is kept in
+   the galley at all times, conformable to the tenour of the
+   printed instructions given in that respect; and that every other
+   precaution is taken to guard against the attempts of the rebel
+   for the annoyance of the galley, wherein it is to be observed of
+   all such enterprises, that those which are the least suspected
+   are ever the most likely to be attended with success.
+
+   "Given on board H.M.S. Nonsuch,
+   at Rhode Island, 21st May 1778.
+   S.W. GRIFFITH."
+
+   "To Lieut. Saumarez, &c."
+
+It should be mentioned here, that Rhode Island was taken possession of
+by his Majesty's forces under General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker on
+the 9th December 1776; and some description of it is necessary to show
+the arduous as well as perilous nature of the service on which our
+young hero was now employed. This island takes its name from the
+province, and lies in Narraganset Bay: it is fifteen miles in length
+from north to south, and three miles and a half broad; the north end
+is only three miles from Bristol, to which there is a ferry. The
+Seakonnet Passage separates it from the main on the north-west side,
+and the islands of Conanicut and Prudence lie in the passage on the
+south-east side, the town of Newport being in the south-east part of
+the island.
+
+The Seakonnet Passage was in consequence of the above order allotted
+to the Spitfire. Lieutenant Saumarez was now under the orders of
+Captain Graeme, and proceeded to his station: it appears from his
+journal, now in our possession, that he was constantly on the alert,
+and almost daily skirmishing with the enemy. On the 24th he had to
+sustain the attack of three armed boats which came off from Point
+Judith, and had nearly decoyed them on board; but they found their
+mistake in time to escape after a good drubbing. On the same evening
+he joined a detachment of five hundred men, which, under cover of the
+Flora, had landed above Bristol and burnt one hundred and twenty-five
+batteaux-plats, an armed galley, and a privateer of fourteen guns,
+besides destroying the greatest part of the town. On the 30th April a
+firing was heard in the direction of the Taunton: the Spitfire
+immediately weighed, and ran over to the enemy's shore, where
+Lieutenant Saumarez opposed his vessel to a field-piece, which
+returned his fire without doing any injury for a considerable time;
+this was meant as a diversion to enable the 54th regiment to attack
+unobserved, which in the mean time landed up the Taunton, destroyed
+eight sawmills and several flat-boats, and came off by the assistance
+of the Spitfire with inconsiderable loss.
+
+On the 1st of May the Spitfire weighed, and was beating against the
+wind to obtain her station, when, by the vessel missing stays, she got
+aground on Sandy Hook. On this, the enemy immediately brought down a
+gun, but without effect. An anchor was carried out; the vessel was
+hove off without damage, and reached Fogland Battery, off which she
+anchored, and the next day reached her former station.
+
+It will be needless to notice every occasion wherein the Spitfire was
+engaged with the enemy, which, while Lieutenant Saumarez commanded
+her, was no less than forty-seven times! but we shall proceed to the
+period when his operations in that vessel were drawing to a close. The
+Americans, who had publicly declared their independence on the 4th
+July 1776, had concluded a treaty with the French on the 13th March
+1778, which was considered by the British government as a declaration
+of war; and the French ambassador being directed to withdraw, the
+following orders were issued to the squadron at Rhode Island by
+Commodore John Brisbane, who had now taken the command:
+
+   "By Captain John Brisbane, Captain of H.M.S. Flora, and senior
+   officer of his Majesty's ships and vessels at Newport, Rhode
+   Island.
+
+   "In pursuance of an order from the Lord Viscount Howe,
+   vice-admiral of the white, and commander-in-chief of his
+   Majesty's ships and vessels employed on a particular service,
+   you are hereby required and directed to MAKE WAR UPON, take, or
+   destroy any part of the French squadron lately arrived on the
+   coasts of this continent, as well as other ships of war of that
+   nation appearing on the coasts of North America, to the utmost
+   of your ability, until further orders, keeping this secret.
+
+   Dated on board H.M.S. Flora, at Newport, Rhode Island, 26th
+   July 1778.
+   (Signed)
+   J. BRISBANE.
+
+   "To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
+   the Spitfire, galley."
+
+This order was transmitted with an enclosure, designated "Copy of a
+paragraph of a letter received from Lord Viscount Howe, dated off
+Sandy Hook, 19th July 1778."
+
+   "As there is not a sufficient naval force for the defence of
+   Rhode Island, and none can be sent while the French squadron, at
+   anchor off Sandy Hook, continues so much superior to that under
+   my command, it may not be unseasonable to remind you that you
+   are at liberty to apply the force under your direction, by
+   landing of guns and men for the service of the batteries;
+   dismantling, and even destroying the ships, to strengthen the
+   defences of the post in the most effectual manner, in case of an
+   attack upon the post, more especially when no longer in prospect
+   of rendering better assistance under the same circumstances, or
+   preventing the capture of the ships.
+
+   "Every captain or commander is therefore directed to attend to
+   the foregoing paragraph, and act from circumstances, in the best
+   and most effectual manner possible for the defence of the post,
+   and ship or vessel under his command, so as to answer the
+   intention of his lordship. Dated on board H.M.S. Flora,
+   Newport Harbour, 27th July 1778.
+
+   "To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
+   H.M. galley Spitfire."
+
+The French, who had secretly been assisting the Americans, and had
+long been preparing for war, sent a powerful fleet from France, which
+arrived, and anchored off Sandy Hook, while Lord Howe was within the
+harbour with a very inferior force, but could not be attacked: they
+therefore bent their course to reduce Rhode Island. On the 29th of
+July they were discovered; and, on the 4th of August, two ships of the
+line and two frigates entered the passage, where the Kingfisher sloop,
+the Alarm and Spitfire, galleys, were stationed; and it being no
+longer possible to prevent them from falling into the hands of the
+enemy, their stores, guns, and crews were landed, and the vessels set
+on fire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1778 to 1782.
+
+     Serves ashore.--Returns to England in the
+     Leviathan.--Providential escape from shipwreck.--Visits
+     Guernsey.--Joins the Victory.--A journey to London.--Joins the
+     Fortitude.--Battle off the Dogger Bank.--Anecdotes of Admiral
+     Parker.--Mr. Saumarez promoted to the rank of Master and
+     Commander.--Appointed to the Tisiphone.--Sails for the West
+     Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.--Action with Comte de
+     Guichen.--Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.--Is
+     despatched to Sir Samuel Hood.--Arrives at Barbadoes.--Escapes
+     from two French men-of-war.--Passes through an intricate
+     channel.--Joins Sir Samuel Hood.--Gallant conduct in cutting
+     out a vessel.--Tisiphone ordered home.--Fortunate exchange with
+     Captain Stanhope.--Takes command of the Russell.
+
+
+After the destruction of his little vessel, the Spitfire, Lieutenant
+Saumarez was attached to the division of sailors under Commodore
+Brisbane, to whom he became aide-de-camp. This division consisted of
+the crews of the frigates and other vessels which had been destroyed,
+on the following day in the southern passage, to prevent their falling
+into the hands of the enemy. The vessels destroyed, in addition to
+those mentioned in the last chapter, were, the Juno, Lark, Orpheus,
+and Flora of thirty-two guns, and the Cerberus of twenty-eight.
+
+The artillery and stores had been in part landed, and mounted in
+various positions on the island; while the seamen and officers,
+amounting to above a thousand men, were actively employed there during
+the whole of the siege. Lieutenant Saumarez was stationed latterly in
+command of one of the advanced posts, and had several opportunities of
+distinguishing himself in repulsing the repeated assaults of the
+enemy, and in attacking them in return.
+
+The plans of the French for the reduction of Rhode Island having
+failed, and their fleet having been dispersed in a storm, during which
+some were disabled, and others captured, and finally the appearance of
+Lord Howe with a reinforced but still inferior squadron, induced them
+to abandon the project, and, after refitting at Boston, to steer for
+the West Indies.
+
+The officers and seamen, being now no longer wanted, were ordered a
+passage home in the Leviathan of fifty guns, on board which ship
+Lieutenant Saumarez embarked, in company with Captains Dalrymple,
+Smith, Hudson, Brisbane, Symons, and Graeme, whose ships had also been
+destroyed. As she was approaching the English Channel, the Leviathan
+was overtaken by a violent storm, and most providentially saved from
+shipwreck by the clearing up of a thick fog just in time to avoid the
+danger, when they found the ship close to the Rocks of Scilly, near to
+the spot where Sir Cloudesley Shovel was lost. This circumstance has
+been attributed to a strong northerly current, but it was probably
+from the position of these dangerous islands being inaccurately laid
+down in the charts; it is indeed an extraordinary fact, that an error
+of no less than three leagues in their situation was first discovered
+by the Swedish surveyor, Nordenanker, about the commencement of last
+war. The Leviathan, nevertheless, arrived safely at Portsmouth about
+the beginning of the year 1779, when Lieutenant Saumarez had again an
+opportunity of visiting his family and friends in Guernsey.
+
+He had, however, resided there but a short time, when he was appointed
+first lieutenant of the Edgar of seventy-four guns, then fitting at
+Woolwich for the broad pendant of Commodore Elliot. After receiving
+his letter of appointment, he was obliged to wait some time for an
+opportunity to cross the channel; but at length availed himself of the
+Ambuscade, which touched at Guernsey. Having arrived at the Isle of
+Wight, Captain Phipps, her commander, ascertained that the squadron
+under Admiral Drake, to which he belonged, had sailed from Spithead;
+therefore without touching at Portsmouth to land Lieutenant Saumarez,
+he proceeded to join the Channel fleet, which he found twenty leagues
+to the westward of Scilly, having on the way retaken the Helena sloop
+of war; to command which Sir John Warren, then first lieutenant of the
+Victory, was appointed, and Mr. Saumarez was ordered in his stead to
+join the Victory, then bearing the flag of Sir Charles Hardy, at whose
+request he was continued in that ship, where he was third lieutenant
+in seniority, but supernumerary on the books. Besides the
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, Rear-Admiral Kempenfelt, as
+first, and Captain Collings, as second captain, were both on board the
+Victory detached to cruise off Brest, commencing in June 1779, and
+returning occasionally to port until May 31st, 1780. After the death
+of Sir Charles Hardy, which took place on the 9th May 1780, Admiral
+Geary, and then Sir Francis Drake, succeeded to the command, with
+Captain Clayton as captain.
+
+The Victory continued on the same service until the spring of 1781,
+when Admiral Hyde Parker hoisted his flag, and Mr. Saumarez now became
+first lieutenant. He had been so zealously attentive to his duty, that
+for several months he never went on shore, till at length he yielded
+to the persuasion of his messmates. On arriving at Point Beach,
+Portsmouth, he was accosted by a person in French, who demanded the
+way to the admiral's house, and at the same time informed him that he
+had just landed with the intelligence that Jersey had been attacked
+by the French. Mr. Saumarez immediately went with the messenger to
+the admiral, who despatched him as a courier to town, and he returned
+in a remarkably short time with orders respecting it. In short, his
+diligence and zeal were so manifest in every service on which he was
+employed, that he soon gained the esteem and friendship of
+Vice-admiral Hyde Parker, who, in June 1781, was appointed to the
+command in the North Seas, and shifted his flag into the Fortitude,
+Captain Robertson. The squadron in those seas, when under command of
+Commodore Keith Stewart, was of inconsiderable strength, but had now
+risen to a force of five ships of the line, besides one fifty, one
+forty-four, and three frigates. Notwithstanding the desire of Lord
+Sandwich, then first lord of the admiralty, to provide for his own
+friends, the admiral succeeded in carrying with him, from the Victory,
+Lieutenants Waghorne and Saumarez. On the 3rd of June they sailed from
+Spithead to Sheerness, and, after refitting and touching at Leith,
+sailed to bring home the Baltic convoy from Elsineur, about the
+beginning of July.
+
+The squadron, which might have been made much stronger, consisted of
+the Fortitude, seventy-four, Captain Robertson; the Princess Amelia,
+eighty, Captain Macartney; the Berwick, seventy-four, Captain
+Fergusson; the Bienfaisant, sixty-four, Captain Braithwaite; the
+Buffalo, sixty, Captain Truscott; the Preston, fifty, Captain Graeme;
+the Dolphin, forty-four, Captain Blair; the Latona, thirty-eight, Sir
+Hyde Parker (the admiral's son); the Belle Poule, thirty-six, Captain
+Patton; the Cleopatra, thirty-two, Captain Murray; and the Surprise,
+cutter, Lieutenant Rivett.
+
+The Dutch by this time had declared war, and, being perfectly aware of
+the force of Admiral Parker's squadron, sailed with a large convoy for
+the Baltic, under command of Admiral Zoutman, whose squadron was one
+ship of the line superior; it became, therefore, necessary to take the
+Dolphin, of forty-four guns, into the line, although she had only
+eighteen-pounders on the lower deck.
+
+But before entering into the details of the action which took place on
+the 5th of August 1781, it is proper to give some of the particulars
+of each squadron. That of Admiral Parker was totally unfit for the
+line of battle; the ships had been but a short time together, and had
+only two or three times practised the usual manoeuvres of forming
+the line, &c. The Fortitude was a small seventy-four, but well manned.
+The Princess Amelia was an old eighty-gun ship, with reduced metal and
+masts. The Berwick was a good ship, and, in addition to her metal, had
+two sixty-eight-pounder carronades on the poop; but next to her was
+the Dolphin, forty-four, with only twenty twelve-pounders on the
+lower-deck, which could not be expected to make any impression on a
+sixty-four. The Buffalo was formerly the Captain, of seventy guns;
+but, in the commencement of hostilities, not being thought efficient
+as a ship of war, she was fitted up as a mast-ship and her name
+changed; but, probably for want of vessels, she was again equipped for
+war with sixty guns, but only with eighteen-pounders on the lower
+deck. The Preston was a good fifty-gun ship, with her proper metal,
+twenty-four-pounders on the lower, and twelve-pounders on the upper
+deck. The Bienfaisant had the metal on her lower deck reduced. The
+Artois, which afterwards joined the squadron, was the finest frigate
+then known; had twenty-eight, eighteen-pounders on her main deck,
+with, in addition to her complement of guns, heavy carronades on the
+quarter-deck and forecastle; she was manned with three hundred
+men. The Latona was a fine thirty-eight gun frigate, with
+eighteen-pounders; the Belle Poule and Tartar were excellent of their
+class.
+
+The Dutch squadron consisted of one seventy-four, one sixty-eight, one
+sixty-four, and five fifty-fours. In the action there were five
+frigates, the other five having gone off with the convoy; the list of
+both will be found in the Appendix to this volume, with that of the
+killed and wounded.
+
+The Dutch squadron and convoy, which were bound to the Baltic, were
+discovered at four o'clock in the morning about six leagues to
+leeward; and there being a fine commanding breeze and smooth water,
+everything was favourable, as well for detaching the convoy, which was
+immediately done by signal to the Tartar, as for making dispositions
+to attack the enemy. The admiral seeing that they had their own port
+(the Texel) directly to leeward, and being doubtful that they would
+run in there for shelter, or at least go nearer to the shore, made the
+signal to chase at thirty-five minutes past four, which obliged every
+ship to make sail instead of preparing for action with a superior
+enemy. At five, Admiral Zoutman hoisted Dutch colours, and his
+men-of-war drew out from the convoy, which took their station under
+the lee to await the event. At half-past five, the admiral made the
+Tartar's signal to stay by, and part company with the convoy, which
+then hauled their wind, made sail to the south-west, and was soon out
+of sight and danger.
+
+At ten minutes past six, the signal for the line of battle abreast was
+made, which allowed the headmost ships to take in small sails; and
+immediately after another signal was given for the Dolphin and Preston
+to change stations; this was a serious mistake, as it led our squadron
+to believe that the admiral meant to engage the ship ahead of the
+Dutch admiral, and not that of the latter, which was actually his
+intention. This unfortunately placed the Dolphin in opposition to one
+of the largest of the enemy's vessels; and while it left the rear-ship
+(the Bienfaisant) for some time without an opponent, the van-ship
+Berwick and the Dolphin had to engage three of the enemy.
+
+In the mean time, the Dutch were regularly drawn up in a line of
+battle ahead, on the larboard tack, the ships being about a cable's
+length apart, and keeping a point from the wind, with their sails well
+proportioned to each other. They appeared in excellent order, their
+hammocks stowed, and marines drawn up on the poop.
+
+At fifty-six minutes past seven, the signal for close action was made,
+and, to the astonishment of our squadron, the enemy never fired a
+shot, although they might have done considerable damage to our ships
+had they opened their fire on them as they approached end on to them,
+on their weather beam. Not a gun was fired on either side until within
+half-musket shot, when the red flag was hoisted on both ships. Up to
+that moment all was silent, and it is scarcely possible to conceive a
+silence more solemn and impressive! At the same instant, they saw the
+signal go to the mast-head of Zoutman's ship. The dreadful silence was
+now broken by the tremendous roar of cannon when within pistol-shot,
+and the battle raged with the utmost fury for three hours and forty
+minutes.
+
+At ten o'clock, the signal for close action which had been made, was
+repeated. The Berwick, having forced the van-ship of the enemy to
+edge off, fell to leeward of the line, and was consequently obliged to
+make sail, tack, and regain her station in support of the Dolphin,
+which had then two ships on her, and was also thrown to leeward. The
+admiral, having now slackened the Dutch admiral's fire, passed ahead
+of the Buffalo, on which the ships astern closed up to the Buffalo;
+and the Berwick took the station ahead of the admiral. At thirty-five
+minutes past eleven, the ships became unmanageable; and, the Dutch
+dropping to leeward, the action ceased.
+
+By some it has been affirmed that Admiral Parker should have renewed
+the action: Lieutenant Saumarez says, it was certainly his intention
+to do so; but the state of his own ship, and the reports he received
+from others, rendered it quite impossible.[3]
+
+   [3] When the action had ceased, Sir Hyde Parker,
+   captain of the Latona and son of the admiral, bore down on the
+   Fortitude, and affectionately inquired for his brave parent, of
+   whose gallantry he had been an anxious eye-witness. The admiral,
+   with equal warmth, assured his son of his personal safety, and
+   spoke of his mortification at being unable, from the state of
+   his own ship, and from the reports he had received of the other
+   ships, to pursue the advantage he had gained, in the manner he
+   most ardently desired.
+
+The Dutch convoy had about the middle of the conflict bore up for the
+Texel. The protection of them was no longer an object, and Admiral
+Zoutman, as soon as he could possibly get his ships collected and put
+before the wind, made the best of his way into the port; but during
+the night the Hollandia, Dutch seventy-four, was seen sunk in
+twenty-two fathoms water, and her pendant was hauled down by Captain
+Patton, of the Belle Poule, and brought to the admiral. As no ship was
+taken, both claimed the victory: but, the convoy being sent back into
+port and one ship sunk, should certainly decide it to Admiral Parker;
+and had the English admiral not inadvertently rendered his van too
+weak by the mistake in the signal which also extended his line beyond
+their rear, thereby rendering one ship for a time useless, he would
+have obtained a decisive victory.
+
+While Admiral Zoutman must be admired for his cool intrepidity, it
+must be admitted that he was much to blame in forbearing to avail
+himself of the opportunity of attacking and disabling the approaching
+fleet, which he might have done with great effect. After the Fortitude
+had been put into a condition to make sail, Lieutenant Saumarez was
+sent to conduct the Preston, one of the disabled ships, into port; her
+commander, Captain Graeme, having lost his arm in the action. When
+Admiral Parker arrived at the Nore, his Majesty paid the squadron a
+visit; but the veteran commander, indignant at the conduct of
+ministers, who, he conceived, ought to have reinforced his squadron
+instead of allowing some fine ships to lie idle in port, received the
+King with that rough _hauteur_ peculiar to himself, observing, "I wish
+your Majesty better ships and younger officers. As for myself, I am
+now too old for the service."
+
+On this occasion Lieut. Saumarez was presented to George III. The King
+inquired if he was related to the captains of the same name one of
+whom had circumnavigated the globe with Anson, and who had fallen
+gloriously in the service of their country: the admiral replied in the
+affirmative, saying, "Yes, please your Majesty; he is their nephew,
+and as brave and as good an officer as either of them."
+
+In consequence of the bravery and skill he displayed in this action,
+Lieut. Saumarez was promoted to the rank of commander, although only
+second lieutenant; the first being wounded early in the action, the
+duty had fallen on our hero: and he was immediately appointed to the
+Tisiphone, a fire-ship constructed on a new plan, and armed with
+carronades, which was then fitting at Sheerness; his commission as
+"master and commander," bearing date for that ship, the 23rd August
+1781.
+
+When lieutenant of the Fortitude, with Admiral Sir Hyde Parker,--who,
+from his acerbity of temper, was distinguished from others of the same
+name by the sobriquet of "Vinegar Parker,"--the old admiral betrayed
+his ill-humour by unwarrantably finding fault with him one morning
+when Mr. Saumarez commanded the watch; but soon after, probably to
+make amends for such hasty and unguarded conduct towards an officer
+for whom he had the greatest regard, he sent to invite him to dinner,
+an honour which the young lieutenant declined in terms sufficiently
+strong to indicate that his feelings had been hurt. On this, the
+admiral sent for him and exclaimed, "What! can't you put up with the
+fractious disposition of an old man?" The admiral, who could not bear
+to be, even for a day, at variance with Lieutenant Saumarez, would do
+anything to serve him; and, when he obtained the command on the East
+India station, offered to take him with him in the Cato, which sailed,
+and was supposed to have foundered off the Cape of Good Hope, as she
+was never afterwards heard of; and he happily escaped sharing the fate
+of that gallant chief and unfortunate crew.
+
+The Tisiphone having been fitted out at Sheerness, and the complement
+of men having been filled up by supernumeraries from the Conquestadore
+at the Nore, Captain Saumarez, by order from Admiral Roddam, placed
+himself under the command of Captain Allen, of the Sceptre, on the 6th
+September 1781, from whom he received the following order:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to put yourself under my
+   command, and to follow all such orders and directions as you
+   shall from time to time receive from me for his Majesty's
+   service, and to hold yourself in constant readiness to sail at a
+   moment's warning; and in case of separation by any unavoidable
+   accident, you are to make the best of your way without loss of
+   time to Torbay, and put yourself under the command of Admiral
+   Darby.
+
+   (Mem.) In case of your parting company with his Majesty's ship
+   Sceptre, and falling in with any ships or vessels belonging to
+   France or French subjects, Spain or Spanish subjects, the States
+   General of the United Provinces, or to his Majesty's rebellious
+   subjects in the colonies of North America, that you can cope
+   with, you are to use your best endeavours to take, seize, sink,
+   burn, or destroy the same: giving me an account of your arrival
+   at Torbay, and of anything you may have so taken or destroyed.
+
+   Signed.
+   WM. ALLEN.
+
+In pursuance of these orders Captain Saumarez sailed from the Nore,
+and, arriving at Torbay on the 17th, found that Admiral Darby had
+sailed in the Britannia on the 15th, after having left orders for the
+Tisiphone to cruise a week off the Lizard. Here he was directed to
+proceed for Plymouth, where he arrived on the 1st of October; and
+having received further orders to repair to Spithead without loss of
+time, he arrived there on the 13th October, to fit for Channel
+service. He now joined the fleet under Lord Howe, and, after a cruise
+off Brest, returned to Portsmouth on the 21st of November: his ship
+was found to sail extremely well.
+
+Captain Saumarez was now ordered to place himself under the command of
+Admiral Kempenfelt, who, with a detachment of twelve sail of the
+line, was destined to intercept Count de Guichen, who had put to sea
+from Brest, after having returned from his last severe campaign. The
+count had been ordered to use every exertion to refit and prepare the
+French fleet for sea, notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The
+objects in view could be accomplished only by extreme diligence and
+the most profound secrecy, as it was absolutely necessary to reinforce
+Count de Grasse, with both ships and troops in the West Indies, as
+also M. Des Ornes and Admiral Suffrein in the East. It was evident
+that De Grasse, after his hard service on the coast of North America
+during the preceding campaign, must stand in need of a vast supply of
+naval and military stores; and the service he was about to undertake
+in the West Indies would increase the want of provisions, and almost
+every necessary of life and of warfare: neither was the demand for
+naval and military stores in the East Indies less urgent. Accordingly,
+a numerous convoy of transports, store-ships, and victuallers were
+prepared and equipped at the same time as the fleet, which was now
+extended to such a number of men-of-war as was considered sufficient
+for the protection of the convoys until fairly out of reach. This part
+of the service, as well as the charge of the whole expedition, was, as
+we have stated, confided to Count Guichen; and the command of the
+squadron and fleet destined to the West Indies, to M. de Vaudreuil.
+The Tisiphone was the look-out ship of the squadron, which sailed from
+Spithead at the end of November.
+
+At day-break on the 12th December, Captain Saumarez, being the first
+to discover the enemy, made known his situation to the admiral; which
+was, that the men-of-war were too far ahead and too much to leeward of
+the convoy to afford any protection to it. The admiral, with that
+decision and professional skill by which he was so eminently
+distinguished, determined to profit by their situation, and boldly
+pushed between the convoy and the greater part of the enemy's
+line-of-battle ships, and succeeded in capturing twenty sail. In this
+affair Captain Saumarez had a noble opportunity of distinguishing
+himself, by attacking the ship of war, of thirty-six guns, which was
+bringing up the rear of the convoy, and capturing her after an action
+of twenty minutes.
+
+Besides those captured, many others had struck; but, the weather at
+this time becoming thick and squally, the admiral discontinued the
+chase of those which had been cut off, and which made sail in every
+direction, that he might collect his squadron before dark, many of his
+ships being at a great distance astern with the prizes. At daylight
+next morning, the enemy's ships of war, twenty-one sail of the line,
+were seen formed to leeward; but their force was so much superior,
+that the admiral did not think it advisable to risk an action. The
+captured ships consisted of twenty-one sail of transports, having on
+board eleven thousand troops, besides their crews of seven thousand
+seamen; the greatest part of which were taken by this squadron, and
+the Agamemnon, which picked up five or six more.
+
+It was now evident that the force under Count Guichen, destined to
+assist Count de Grasse in the capture of the valuable island of
+Jamaica; was much greater than had been supposed by the English
+government; and, consequently, it became of the utmost importance to
+give the earliest information of the approach of such a formidable
+enemy to Sir Samuel Hood. Accordingly, Captain Saumarez, whose gallant
+conduct and zeal had been so manifest, was selected for this service.
+His men were returned to the Tisiphone from the captured ships; and he
+was detached with orders to push past the French fleet, and make the
+best of his way to Barbadoes, (see Appendix) where he arrived on the
+28th of January; and finding the Pegasus, Captain John Stanhope, he
+delivered his despatches, and received the following orders from that
+officer:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed (without a
+   moment's loss of time) to the island of Antigua, where, on your
+   arrival off English Harbour, you are to send a boat in for
+   intelligence respecting Sir Samuel Hood and the fleet under his
+   command; which having received from the senior officer in that
+   port, you will proceed in search of the commander-in-chief, and
+   deliver him the despatches you are charged with from
+   Rear-admiral Kempenfelt, as also those you will receive
+   herewith.
+
+   Given on board his Majesty's ship Pegasus,
+   Carlisle Bay, this 28th Jan. 1782.
+
+   (Mem.) I recommend that particular attention may be paid to
+   keep well to windward of the French islands.
+
+   Signed  JOHN STANHOPE.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, H.M. fire-ship Tisiphone.
+
+In pursuance of these orders, Captain Saumarez sailed from Barbadoes
+on the 28th of January. In the mean time, the Comte de Grasse, who had
+been beating to windward for some days with the intention of attacking
+Barbadoes, but without gaining ground, had abandoned his plan, and
+bore away for St. Kitts. On his arrival there, he landed eight
+thousand men, and took possession of greater part of the island:
+General Frazer, with a small party of six hundred men, was obliged to
+retire to Brimstone Hill Fort.
+
+Sir Samuel Hood, notwithstanding the superiority of the enemy,
+(twenty-nine sail of the line,) resolved on a sudden and unusually
+bold manoeuvre, namely, to sail and attack the enemy's fleet at
+anchor. It was for this purpose that he had put to sea with twenty-two
+sail of the line, and proceeded to Antigua, where he took in
+provisions, and embarked the twenty-eighth and two companies of the
+thirteenth regiment, under command of General Prescott.
+
+Captain Saumarez, according to the orders he had received, proceeded
+for Antigua, and keeping "well to windward," as he had been directed
+to do, fell in with the Triumphante and Terrible, two French
+line-of-battle ships, of the squadron which had been attacked by
+Admiral Kempenfelt on the 12th December, and which had been detached
+by Comte de Guichen to Martinique. These ships immediately gave chase;
+but, night coming on, Captain Saumarez had recourse to stratagem in
+order to effect his escape, which would otherwise have been impossible
+in consequence of the Tisiphone having carried away her fore-top-mast
+in a squall, an accident which was fortunately not observed by his
+pursuers: he now made night-signals by hoisting lights and burning
+false fires; which having led the enemy to suppose he was
+communicating with an English squadron, they abandoned the pursuit
+after a chase of half-an-hour.
+
+At the moment the fore-top-mast was carried away, Mr. Robb, one of the
+midshipmen, who was looking out at the fore-top-gallant-mast-head,
+fell on the forecastle without receiving any injury. This young
+gentleman was an _eleve_ of Captain Saumarez, continued with him to
+the end of that war, and embarked with him on board the Crescent in
+1793. After the capture of _La Reunion_, he was promoted to the rank
+of lieutenant.
+
+The fore-top-mast of the Tisiphone was soon replaced; and next day, on
+reaching English Harbour, he learned that Sir Samuel Hood, with his
+squadron was at anchor in Basseterre Roads, St. Kitts, where he had
+three times repulsed the enemy of a much superior force, but which had
+now taken up such a position as rendered it impossible for him to
+communicate with the admiral; for, unless he would venture to push
+through the intricate channel between Nevis and St. Kitts, he would
+run the greatest risk of being captured. Undismayed, however, at the
+danger of navigating an unknown passage, he fearlessly proceeded where
+no ship had ever before ventured; and by sounding as he advanced, and
+by the dexterous management of his ship, he succeeded in carrying the
+Tisiphone to the anchorage at St. Kitts in safety; and delivered his
+despatches to Sir Samuel Hood, who informed him that the intelligence
+was of such importance, that it was necessary it should be immediately
+sent on to Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica. But when the admiral proposed
+to send the Tisiphone on with it, Captain Saumarez, desirous of
+remaining at the seat of warlike operations, represented to him that
+the Tisiphone was a fine fast-sailing ship on a new construction, that
+in the existing state of affairs she might be useful, and that he
+should be happy to contribute by his own personal exertions to the
+promotion of the public service; whereas any vessel could run down
+with the trade-wind to Jamaica. Sir Samuel, no less pleased with the
+proposal, and the manner in which it was made, than convinced of the
+advantage he would derive from having with him a fast-sailing vessel
+commanded by so zealous an officer, whose tact and intrepidity had
+already been manifested, determined to keep the Tisiphone with his
+squadron, and send a less useful vessel with the intelligence to
+Jamaica. The admiral soon reaped the advantage of this decision.
+Captain Saumarez, during the time the fleet remained there and at
+Antigua, was the most active in harassing the enemy. He commanded
+several boat expeditions, and cut out a vessel in a most gallant style
+from Basseterre Roads and several other small vessels from the back of
+the island.
+
+The time, however, had now arrived when it was absolutely necessary to
+send another despatch to England; and the admiral had no other small
+vessel remaining but the Tisiphone. On the 7th February 1782, the
+signal was made for an opportunity of sending letters to England, and
+subsequently for the captain of the Tisiphone: Captain Saumarez had
+been dining with his friend, Captain Charrington, on board the Ajax,
+and it was some time before he reached the Barfleur; when he found to
+his dismay and mortification that he was ordered home! In a short
+time the despatches were ready, and he had taken his leave. He
+described this interesting circumstance, on which it may be said his
+fortune was founded, in the following manner to us, and we cannot do
+better than give it in his own words.
+
+"I was," says he, "in my own boat, with the despatches in my hand; and
+with a heavy heart had ordered the bow-man to shove off, when Captain
+Stanhope, of the Russell, came alongside, and seeing me called:
+'Hollo! Saumarez, where are you going?'--'To _England_', said I, 'I am
+sorry to tell you!'--'Sorry,' replied Stanhope; 'I wish I was in your
+place; I want to go home on account of my health; and, if I had known,
+I would have exchanged with you.'--'Perhaps it is not too late,' said
+I.--'Hold on then,' said he, 'till I speak to the admiral, since I
+have your leave.'"
+
+By this time the Russell's boat was alongside the admiral's ship; and
+at the word "Hold on!" which was emphatically repeated by Saumarez,
+the bow-man hooked the quarter of the Russell's barge, and he remained
+but a few minutes in breathless suspense; after which Captain Stanhope
+appeared at the gangway, and called, "Come up, Saumarez." He was on
+deck in an instant, and found that, on Captain Jackson being asked to
+submit the proposal to the admiral, he said, "Let Captain Saumarez do
+it himself, he is the fittest person."
+
+When Sir Samuel Hood heard the application, he was silent, and after
+reflecting for a few minutes he said, "Captain Saumarez, you know not
+how much I wish to serve you; Captain Stanhope shall go home as he
+desires, and you shall have command of the Russell." Accordingly,
+before the close of that day, Captain Stanhope was on board the
+Tisiphone on his way to England; while her late commander was in
+possession of his post-rank, and captain of one of his Majesty's ships
+of the line of seventy-four guns; and all this effected in less than
+two hours!
+
+We cannot forbear making honourable mention of a trait of attachment
+manifested on this occasion by the first lieutenant, a Scotch baronet
+of an ancient family, who had not been at sea for twenty-two years,
+when he was appointed to the Tisiphone. The conflict of this officer's
+feelings between joy for his captain's promotion and regret at losing
+so excellent a friend was far beyond description; but, as the moment
+of parting approached, he selected what he considered most valuable,
+and so earnestly did he press Captain Saumarez to accept some
+testimonial of his esteem, that, finding a refusal would deeply wound
+his feelings, he accepted a silver ladle marked with his initials,
+which has ever since been carefully preserved in memory of its former
+owner.
+
+The same night Captain Saumarez took command of the Russell, he had
+cause to find that promotion and honours bring cares. A report was
+made to him that the ship was in a state of mutiny, and that a shot
+had been thrown at one of the officers. He soon found, indeed, that he
+had a most disorderly ship's company; but the firm, prompt, and
+judicious regulations which Captain Saumarez immediately established,
+brought the crew so effectually into order, that two months after, at
+the memorable battle of the 12th April 1782, no ship was in a higher
+state of discipline than the Russell.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1782.
+
+   Situation of the Hostile Fleets.--Surrender of Brimstone
+   Hill.--Junction of the Fleets.--Antigua.--St. Lucia.--Sailing of
+   the French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.--Action of the 9th
+   April.--12th of April.--Gallant conduct of the Russell.--Captain
+   Saumarez returns to Jamaica.--Comes to England with Convoy.--Is
+   paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.
+
+
+It has now become necessary to give a brief account of the situation
+of the hostile fleets at the seat of war in the West Indies. While the
+enemy's troops were prosecuting the siege of Brimstone Hill, the fleet
+under the Comte de Grasse had been reinforced, and either continued at
+sea, near to Basseterre, or anchored in the old road. On the 13th, a
+practicable breach being made in the works, the general and governor
+having given up all hopes of succour, and his brave garrison being
+reduced to five hundred men, they embraced the proposals of a
+capitulation made by the Marquis de Boullie, who on the same day
+proclaimed the surrender of Brimstone Hill to the admiral by a flag of
+truce, which had been previously agreed upon. The British fleet,
+which had till this time continued at the anchorage in which it had so
+bravely resisted the attacks of the Comte de Grasse, who on the 14th
+anchored off Nevis with thirty-four sail of the line, was now in a
+perilous situation, especially as the enemy were erecting mortar
+batteries on the hill opposite to the shipping; and as it was no
+longer necessary for him to continue there, Sir Samuel Hood issued
+orders to slip or cut cables _without signal_ at eleven o'clock at
+night, the sternmost and leeward-most ships first, and so on in
+succession, and proceed under easy sail until directed otherwise by
+signal. That this order might be punctually executed, the captains
+were ordered to set their watches by the admiral's timepiece. The
+movement was performed with the utmost order and regularity. Not one
+ship was molested or pursued by the French fleet, which was lying
+within five miles, and must have been astonished at this excellent
+manoeuvre of the British admiral, wherein the Russell had a
+distinguished share. Soon afterwards, Nevis and Montserrat fell into
+the hands of the French.
+
+On the 19th February, Sir Samuel Hood anchored in St. John's Road,
+Antigua; and on the same day, Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadoes
+from England with several sail of the line. On the 25th, he joined Sir
+Samuel Hood off Antigua; and, three days after, three more sail of the
+line arrived from England. Thus fortunately united, the admiral
+proceeded to St. Lucia, to refit and complete with water. On the 14th
+of March he put to sea, with a view of intercepting a large French
+convoy which was expected to arrive from Europe; but, notwithstanding
+the vigilance of the frigates, the enemy, by keeping close to
+Guadaloupe and Dominique, effected their escape into Fort Royal Bay,
+on the 20th and 21st, unperceived by any of our ships. When this
+unlucky event was made known to Sir George Rodney, he returned to St.
+Lucia, to watch the motions of the enemy. In the mean time the
+Russell, which had been damaged by striking on a rock, was repaired at
+the Carenage.
+
+The Comte de Grasse was equally active in the equipment of his fleet,
+in order to proceed to leeward and form a junction with the Spaniards,
+for the purpose of carrying into execution their grand object--the
+reduction of Jamaica, with an overwhelming force of sixty sail of the
+line and twenty thousand troops.
+
+At daylight, on the 8th April, Captain Byron, of the Andromache,
+communicated to the admiral by signal the anxiously-expected
+intelligence that the enemy's fleet, with their large convoy, were
+coming out of Fort Royal Bay, and standing to the north-west. Sir
+George Rodney first made the signal for all boats, and persons who had
+been necessarily employed in watering, &c. to repair on board, and
+immediately after to weigh. Before noon the whole fleet were clear of
+Gros Islet Bay: Sir George stretched first over to Fort Royal, and
+then made the general signal to chase north-eastward.
+
+The enemy's lights were distinctly visible during the night; and as
+their ships-of-war, though better sailers than the English, were
+delayed by the convoy of transports, there was little doubt of
+overtaking them. Accordingly, at daylight on the morning of the 9th,
+some of the advanced ships were close up with their convoy under
+Dominique, while their men-of-war seemed much scattered: fourteen of
+the latter were between Dominique and the Saints, with a breeze from
+east-north-east; but the rest were becalmed under the land about St.
+Rupert's Bay, and one ship was observed at some distance in the
+north-west.
+
+About half-past seven, the van division, commanded by Sir Samuel Hood,
+got the breeze; while the centre and rear, in which was the Russell,
+continued to be becalmed. This of course caused a separation, but did
+not deter Sir Samuel Hood from advancing, although he had only eight
+ships to fourteen of the enemy. In the mean time, the French ship seen
+in the north-west, which had got the breeze, boldly stood on and
+weathered the Alfred, the van-ship of Sir Samuel Hood's division,
+which bore up to allow her to pass; and, no signal having been made to
+engage, not a shot was fired.
+
+At nine o'clock the action began, and was maintained with determined
+bravery for upwards of an hour, the enemy's ships which had the breeze
+having borne down upon and engaged this division; the Barfleur and
+others had, at times, three to one opposed to them; and in this attack
+there can be but one opinion, that the Comte de Grasse displayed great
+professional ability. At length the leading ships of the centre got up
+with the enemy's rear, and were followed by the Duke, Formidable, and
+Namur; the Arrogant lost her main-top-mast, as well as the Royal Oak.
+The rear squadron, commanded by Admiral Drake, now came up, and the
+Comte de Grasse prudently hauled his wind; and as his ships sailed
+better than the English, he succeeded in gradually drawing off, and by
+half-past one his fleet were all out of the reach of shot.
+
+Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, lost his life in this his sixth
+encounter with the enemy; and it is said that he bled to death after
+his leg was shot off, before he was carried to the cockpit.
+
+In the action of this day the Russell had only a small share, as she
+belonged to the rear division of the fleet, and, being becalmed, could
+not get up until the enemy had hauled off. The Royal Oak, Montagu, and
+Alfred were the ships which suffered most, but not so much as to
+prevent their being repaired at sea; while two of the enemy's ships
+were so materially disabled as to oblige them to bear up for
+Guadaloupe. The necessary repairs of these ships were not completed
+before the 11th, during which time the enemy, by carrying a great
+press of sail, had gained so far to windward as to weather the Saints,
+and were nearly hull down; and, as it was supposed that the Comte de
+Grasse meant to abandon to their fate two of his ships of the line
+that had been so much damaged in the late action as not to be able to
+keep company, all hope of being able to come up with them seemed now
+to vanish.
+
+In the mean time the line had been inverted, which brought
+Rear-admiral Drake's division in the van, and that of Rear-admiral
+Hood, which had been engaged, in the rear. The signal having been made
+for a general chase, the two ships above mentioned would have been cut
+off, had not De Grasse been induced to bear down to their relief. This
+brought the enemy so far to leeward, that the hope of forcing them to
+engage was revived.
+
+As soon as the commander-in-chief saw that the enemy's fleet was
+sufficiently to leeward, he recalled the chasing ships, formed a close
+line of battle, and carried sail to windward all night; during which
+the French line-of-battle ship Le Zele, whether from injuries received
+in action, or in running foul of another ship, lost her bowsprit and
+fore-mast, and at daylight on the morning of the 12th was seen in tow
+of a frigate, both carrying all the sail they could, and steering for
+Basseterre. Sir Samuel Hood being in the rear, and consequently
+nearest these ships, was directed to detach some of his division in
+chase of them; and the Comte de Grasse, seeing that they must be
+inevitably taken, bore up with his whole fleet for their protection.
+It was now impossible to avoid an action.
+
+The ships which had been recalled from chase resumed their stations,
+and a close line ahead was formed on the starboard tack, the enemy
+being on the larboard. Having hauled their wind after they had
+perceived the chasing ships recalled, they thus endeavoured to avoid
+an action; but the English fleet could now fetch near the body of the
+French. At half-past seven, therefore, the engagement began by Admiral
+Drake's division, led by the Marlborough and Arrogant, fetching the
+fifth ship from the van, and bearing up in succession. The Honourable
+Hugh Lindsay, who was a midshipman in the Arrogant, informed us that
+in that part, and in the whole of the action, the enemy fired so high,
+that the three _trucks_ of the Princessa's mast-heads were shot away,
+and the consequence was that very few men were killed or wounded. The
+Duke lost her main-top-mast, as she approached the centre of the
+enemy's fleet.
+
+At half-past nine the action became general: Admiral Drake's division,
+in which was the Russell, had now passed the rear of the enemy on the
+opposite tack; and Captain Thompson, of the America, seeing that he
+could fetch to windward of the enemy's line, wore without waiting for
+the anxiously-expected signal, as did also the Russell; and we have
+reason to know that Captain Saumarez rejoiced at this circumstance.
+Captain Thompson, being an experienced officer and second in command,
+gave a sufficient authority to any other officer to follow his
+motions, and they now stood to the southward. The America, however,
+did not continue long on that tack, and the Russell was consequently
+separated from her and the whole division; as the signals to tack, and
+soon after to wear, were not made and put in execution for an hour
+afterwards by Sir Francis Drake, who was then considerably to the
+northward.
+
+In the mean time the Russell continued, and got up with the rear ship
+of the enemy's centre division about eleven o'clock, with which she
+exchanged broadsides. At noon, the wind, which was very light, changed
+to the south, throwing both fleets into confusion; but this gave Sir
+George Rodney, and three of the centre division, an opportunity of
+passing through an opening it occasioned in the enemy's line, and
+doubling on its rear division: all their attempts to form again were
+in vain; the enemy's van could never come into action. After this, the
+remainder of the day was spent in desultory actions of single ships,
+without regard to the motions of each other; the signals to chase and
+for close action being visible only at intervals.
+
+It is here unnecessary to give a particular account of the events
+which took place on this memorable day, or to allude to those
+circumstances which have been so fruitful in controversy; more
+especially as Rodney's public letter, and other official records, will
+be found in the Appendix to this volume. We shall, therefore, confine
+our observations to the positions and conduct of the Russell,
+commanded by Captain Saumarez.
+
+The Russell was the only ship belonging to the van (Admiral Drake's)
+division, which had wore and continued her course soon after she had
+passed the rear of the enemy. By standing to the southward again,
+Captain Saumarez brought his ship into action, but to _windward_ of
+the enemy; and, at the time the wind shifted to the southward, Sir
+George Rodney, in passing through the enemy's fleet, was surprised to
+find an English ship to _windward_ of the French. Having ascertained
+it was the Russell, he declared emphatically that the captain had
+distinguished himself more than any officer in the fleet.[4] By this
+favourable position, which he had thus gallantly obtained, after
+receiving the more distant fire of several of the enemy's ships, about
+three o'clock he was able to come up with and closely engage a French
+seventy-four, and after exchanging broadsides with three others,
+pushed up to the Ville de Paris, and after raking her, having
+maintained a position on the lee quarter, poured in a most destructive
+fire, until the Barfleur, Sir Samuel Hood's flag-ship, came up.
+
+   [4] Ralfe's Naval Biography, Vol. ii. p. 378.
+
+Sir Gilbert Blane, in his account of this period of the battle, says:
+"It was late in the day when the Ville de Paris struck her colours:
+the ships immediately engaged with her at that moment were the
+Barfleur, the flag-ship of Sir Samuel Hood, and the Russell, commanded
+by Captain Saumarez. The Formidable (in which was Sir Gilbert) was
+right astern, and, having come within shot, was yawing in order to
+give the enemy a raking broadside, when Sir Charles Douglas and I
+standing together on the quarter-deck, the position of our ship opened
+a view of the enemy's stern between the foresail and the jib-boom,
+through which we saw the French flag hauled down." This fact has not
+been generally stated.
+
+But the anecdote which we are now about to relate, must remove every
+doubt on the subject. In the autumn of 1808, when the Baltic fleet,
+under command of Vice-admiral Sir James Saumarez, returned from the
+Gulf of Finland, in company with the Swedish fleet, to the harbour of
+Carlscrona, the Swedish commander-in-chief, Admiral Palmquist,
+Rear-admiral Nauckhoff, Commodore Blessing, Captain Tornquist, and
+others, came on board the flag-ship, Victory, to pay their respects to
+the admiral: they were of course asked to take some refreshment in the
+cabin: on which, as on all other occasions where an interpreter was
+wanted, we were of the party. The conversation naturally turned to the
+actions wherein they each had served in early life, when it appeared
+that the whole of the four officers mentioned had been brought up in
+the French service, and had actually been in the battle of the 12th of
+April 1782. When we acquainted them that Sir James Saumarez commanded
+a ship in that action, they eagerly inquired the name; and being
+informed it was the Russell, Captain Tornquist, who was in the
+Northumberland, rising from his chair and seizing Sir James's hand,
+exclaimed, "Mon Dieu! Monsieur l'Amiral, nous avons brule le poudre
+ensemble; allons boire un coup."
+
+It is impossible to do justice to the scene which followed. The old
+Swedish officer's joy at this discovery knew no bounds; they
+completely "fought the battle o'er again;" and we found it distinctly
+proved that it was the Russell, commanded by Captain Saumarez, which
+gallantly engaged several of the enemy's ships for two hours, and at
+six, P.M. pushed on to the Ville de Paris. Baron Rosenstien, who was
+on board that ship, and Baron Palmquist, who was on board La Couronne
+stationed next to her, declared that the Compte de Grasse, who was
+then attempting to escape to leeward, would have succeeded had it not
+been for the Russell. During our sojourn among the Swedes in that and
+another winter, we often heard the history of that memorable battle
+repeated; and they never ceased to maintain the circumstance we have
+stated, of which we made a memorandum at the time.[5]
+
+   [5] See Appendix for this memorandum, and for extracts from the
+   Russell, Canada, and Barfleur's logs; also Captain White's
+   reply, and extracts of letters from Sir Lawrence Halsted and
+   Admiral Gifford, who were in the Canada, and Captain Knight's
+   letter.
+
+We took leave on that occasion to say to Sir James, that we believed
+the credit had been given to another ship; to which he replied, "Yes,
+it was; but what Admiral Palmquist and Captain Tornquist has told you,
+is true: it _was_ the Russell that engaged the Ville de Paris until
+the Barfleur came up." But such was the extreme sensibility of
+Saumarez, that he could not persuade himself to correct the error,
+from an idea that such an interference might argue a desire to sound
+his own praise; and, but for the circumstance we have now related, the
+truth might never have come to light.
+
+In answer to a letter from Captain Thomas White, which he sent to Lord
+de Saumarez with a copy of his publication, called "Naval
+Researches," written in 1836, to defend the gallant Rodney from
+certain attacks and allegations which had been published, _not_ to
+give a "full and perfect account of the battle, but," says Captain
+White, "more particularly that part where your lordship so ably
+commanded the Russell, which portion of our fleet the tongue of
+calumny has never ventured to assail," Lord de Saumarez wrote the
+following letter:
+
+   Guernsey, 13th June 1836.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   I BEG to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, accompanying
+   your interesting publication, which you have done me the favour
+   to send for my acceptance, and which has been forwarded to me by
+   Lord Amelius Beauclerc.
+
+   I regret that you have (inadvertently, I am persuaded) fallen
+   into the same error as some of your predecessors, in detailing
+   the account of Lord Rodney's victory of the 12th of April, by
+   ascribing to the Canada what is alone due to the Russell, which
+   ship I commanded.
+
+   I shall for your information briefly state the circumstance to
+   which I allude. After passing the sternmost of the enemy's
+   ships, the America, the ship astern of the Russell, wore to
+   stand after them: I was glad to have the example of an old
+   experienced officer, and wore also; but Captain Thompson,
+   finding there was no signal, shortly after wore again, to join
+   Sir Samuel Drake's division. I stood on, till passing a division
+   of four of the enemy's ships, I exchanged broadsides with them,
+   and finally came up with the Ville de Paris, wore under her
+   stern and engaged her on the quarter for some time, when the
+   Barfleur came up, and the Comte de Grasse hauled down his
+   colours.
+
+   Even at this distant period, I have a perfect recollection of
+   the transactions of that day. I shall only add, that I am
+   convinced that no officer who was on board the Canada in the
+   victory of the 12th of April, will assert that she was engaged
+   with the Ville de Paris at the time stated. The present Admiral
+   Giffard was, I believe, one of the lieutenants, to whom I wish
+   to refer you.
+
+   I am, &c.
+   DE SAUMAREZ.
+
+Captain White, as well as other officers, is of opinion that Admiral
+Drake's division should have tacked sooner; and, as circumstances
+happened, it would doubtless have been better if he had done so; but
+probably the admiral, in continuing to stand on the same tack, had
+calculated that the wind would continue in the same direction, or
+alter to the northward; in either case he would have weathered the
+whole of the enemy's fleet, besides giving time to his division to
+repair damages. The wind veering to the southward immediately after
+his division had wore, had unfortunately the effect of throwing them
+to leeward; whereas the Russell, which wore as above stated, was by
+the same change of wind far to windward of his division and nearer the
+enemy.
+
+No sooner had the Ville de Paris struck her colours, which "went down
+with the setting sun," than the Russell made sail in chase of one of
+the French ships which had deserted her chief, as also did Sir Samuel
+Hood; but their noble efforts were arrested by the night signal to
+bring to, which put an end to the battle in that quarter: and although
+Commodore Affleck in the Bedford, and three others, who did not see
+the signal, continued the chase, they were unable to come up with the
+enemy, who escaped to leeward in small divisions and single ships,
+leaving the Ville de Paris, the Glorieux, the Hector, and Caesar, in
+possession of the English.
+
+On the morning of the 13th no enemy was in sight, and the ships which
+had been in chase returned to the fleet. Admiral Rodney, with his
+prizes and the fleet, remained three days under Guadaloupe to repair
+damages, which afforded the flying enemy an opportunity to escape;
+but, on the 19th, the Caton and Jason, of sixty-four guns each, with
+the Astree and Ceres, frigates, were added to the list of prizes by
+the exertions of Sir Samuel Hood, Captains Goodall, and Linzee. On the
+23rd of April, Sir Samuel Hood rejoined the fleet off Tiberoon;
+whereupon Sir George Rodney proceeded to Jamaica with those ships most
+disabled, among which was the Russell and the prizes, leaving Sir
+Samuel Hood with a strong squadron to watch the enemy, should they
+venture out and attempt to prosecute their attack on Jamaica.
+
+Nothing could be more flattering than the reception that Sir George
+Rodney met with at Jamaica from the inhabitants, whose anxiety was so
+suddenly supplanted by unbounded joy; and who not only found
+themselves freed from the danger of invasion, but beheld the principal
+commander of that overwhelming force which had caused them so much
+alarm a prisoner within their harbour, and six of his principal ships
+having the English colours triumphantly waving over the fleur-de-lis
+of France.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, down to this period, the Ville de Paris
+was the only _first-rate_ man-of-war that had ever been taken and
+carried into port by any commander of any nation! The Ville de Paris,
+in the capture of which Captain Saumarez had a distinguished share,
+was the largest ship in the French navy: she had been a present from
+the city of Paris to Louis XV. and no expense had been spared to
+render the gift worthy of the city and of the monarch. Her length was
+185 feet 7-1/2 inches, her breadth 53 feet 8-1/2, depth 22 feet 2, and
+2347 tons' measurement; and the expense of building her and sending
+her to sea is said to have been 156,000_l._ On board her at the time
+of capture were found thirty-six chests of money intended for the pay
+and subsistence of the men who were to be employed in the expedition
+against Jamaica; and she had on board, at the commencement of the
+action on the 9th, 1,300 men: in the other captured ships, the whole
+train of artillery, the battering cannon and carriages meant for the
+expedition, were found.
+
+The loss of men in the British fleet in both actions was very small,
+amounting to only two hundred and thirty-seven killed, and seven
+hundred and seventy-six wounded; while the loss of the French was
+computed to be three thousand slain, and double that number wounded.
+In the Ville de Paris alone three hundred were killed.
+
+In the engagement on the 9th of April, the French fleet consisted of
+thirty-four sail of the line, and the British of thirty-six; but in
+that engagement, two of the enemy's ships having been disabled, their
+numerical force was reduced in the battle of the 12th to thirty-two
+sail of the line: on the other hand, the French ships were much larger
+than the British; and it was calculated by Sir Charles Douglas, that
+the broadside of the French fleet exceeded that of the British in
+weight by 4396 pounds, and their numerical superiority in men was much
+greater.
+
+On the 13th of April, the Comte de Grasse was removed to the
+flag-ship; and, some days after, when Captain Saumarez went on board
+the Formidable after the action, and several times after their arrival
+at Jamaica, the Comte de Grasse acknowledged that the Ville de Paris
+suffered very severely from the well-directed fire of the Russell.
+
+Among the instances of heroic submission and perseverance under the
+severest suffering, may be recorded the conduct of the captain of the
+main-top of the Russell, who having received a shot that carried off
+one of his arms, instead of requesting the assistance of his
+companions to take him below, insisted that they should continue at
+their stations, and let himself down by one of the backstays. After
+suffering amputation, he persisted in going again on deck, where he
+remained encouraging the men till the action terminated.
+
+On the arrival of the fleet at Jamaica, the Russell was found to be in
+so disabled a state, that Sir George Rodney intended to send her home
+with the Ville de Paris and the other prizes, and arrangements were
+made for that purpose accordingly. His old friend, Sir Peter Parker,
+who had held the command at Jamaica, sailed in the Sandwich, on board
+which ship was the Comte de Grasse, for England, with a convoy of
+merchant-ships. After having been at sea three days, the Ajax, one of
+the ships under his command, sprang a leak, returned to Bluefields
+Bay, and the Russell was ordered to follow the fleet in her stead. The
+exertions which Captain Saumarez used to refit his ship obtained the
+commander-in-chief's highest approbation. In two days he was ready,
+and immediately joined the Sandwich and Intrepid, which now sailed
+with the trade under convoy, and preceded the prizes, which were not
+yet ready to undertake the voyage to England; and it was owing to
+this interposition of Providence, that the Russell escaped the
+melancholy fate which afterwards befel the unfortunate fleet, in which
+the ill-fated Ville de Paris was lost with all her crew. The Russell
+had on board three hundred French prisoners and twenty-two officers,
+and arrived at the Downs on the 29th July 1782. She was ordered to be
+paid off at Chatham, to which port she proceeded. On her arrival
+there, an order came from the Admiralty to draft her crew into a ship
+which was under order to sail for the East Indies. This excited a
+general murmur, and at length the men refused to obey. On Captain
+Saumarez being informed of it, he went on board and remonstrated, when
+they unanimously declared that, although they had but just returned
+from a long voyage, they would follow him all the world over. Before
+he left the ship, however, he prevailed on them to resume their duty;
+and these orders were subsequently altered. After returning her
+stores, the Russell was paid off on the 24th of September. Captain
+Saumarez' acting commission as a post-captain, dated on the 8th of
+February 1782, was confirmed by Earl Howe; and no officer in his
+Majesty's service more richly deserved his promotion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1784 to 1793.
+
+   Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.--His exemplary
+   Conduct.--Visits Cherbourg.--Is introduced to the French
+   King.--Returns.--Changes at Guernsey.--Prince William Henry
+   visits the Island twice.--His Reception.--Appearance of
+   Hostilities in 1787.--Captain Saumarez is appointed to the
+   Ambuscade, and pays her off.--His Letter on his
+   Marriage.--Remarks thereon.--Armament of 1790.--Saumarez
+   commissions and pays off the Raisonable.--War of
+   1793.--Appointed to command the Crescent.--First Cruise; takes a
+   prize and saves Alderney.--Second Cruise; captures a
+   cutter.--Third Cruise.--Return.--Crescent docked and refitted.
+
+
+Captain Saumarez having paid off the Russell, and distributed his crew
+into different ships according to the final orders he had received
+from the Admiralty, repaired to London, and after paying his respects
+to Earl Howe, proceeded to Guernsey to receive the congratulations of
+his numerous friends; but these were far from altering "the natural
+bent of his disposition to do good." Instead of becoming elevated by
+prosperity, his sincere and unaffected piety induced him to take a
+leading part in the establishment of charitable institutions, and in
+his own person to give "a striking and useful example of moral and
+religious life." But his noble mind was never diverted from the
+service and the good of his country; he was constantly attentive to
+every circumstance that concerned the duties of his profession, and an
+event occurred about this time that peculiarly interested him.
+
+Although this was a period of profound peace, the ambition of France
+was constantly awake. It had long been the object of the French
+government to form a naval port in the British Channel, for the
+evident, if not avowed, purpose of annoying our trade in time of war,
+and disputing with us the dominion of the British seas. No labour
+however arduous, and no expense however great, could check this
+favourite design. The port of Cherbourg, which had long been fixed
+upon as being immediately adjacent to our great arsenal at Portsmouth,
+became the point of attraction. The unfortunate Louis XVI. had
+determined to stimulate this grand undertaking by his presence, when
+the first _cone_ was submerged.
+
+The assemblage of the French court opposite our own coast naturally
+attracted a number of our countrymen, among whom was Captain Saumarez,
+who was induced to cross the Channel probably by a secret wish to
+examine the nautical projects of our rivals, to counteract which,
+might at some future period become his duty. This was eventually the
+case in 1793, when he captured the French frigate Reunion off that
+very harbour, from which she had sailed only a few hours before the
+action.
+
+Captain Saumarez was present at the above imposing ceremony, and had
+the honour of being introduced to the French king, by whom he was
+treated with the greatest attention. It is worthy of remark, that this
+was the only time during his long life that he ever set his foot in
+France, and he returned directly to Guernsey much gratified by his
+excursion.
+
+Between the period of Captain Saumarez' departure from Guernsey in
+1776, and his return in 1782, the island of Guernsey had undergone
+great and important changes. The war with America had brought an
+influx of strangers; wealth and its attendant luxuries had superseded
+the simple mode of living of its inhabitants; society had extended;
+and when the peace took place, at the close of 1782, no spot of its
+size could display a greater appearance of prosperity, civilization,
+and beauty.
+
+Between the years 1785 and 1787, the island was twice honoured with a
+visit from Prince William Henry, our present most gracious sovereign;
+and, however great the change had been in men and manners since it had
+beheld a prince of the blood on its shores, the loyalty of the
+islanders had sustained no diminution, and the arrival of the prince,
+then a lieutenant of the Hebe, Captain Thornborough, excited the most
+unbounded joy. Every one's heart glowed at seeing the son of a monarch
+whom they were accustomed to regard with veneration and love; and as
+people who lived in the habitual belief that to "fear God and honour
+the King" is a "united precept," every mark of respect and attachment
+was exhibited on both occasions. When his Royal Highness came the
+second time, as captain of the Pegasus, the homage, which had been
+paid to him at the first visit, as son of their sovereign, was mingled
+with respect to himself. Some there are who yet remember, and still
+delight to relate, the account of the elegant _dejeune_ with which the
+illustrious prince entertained a party on board the Pegasus; after
+which his Royal Highness honoured Captain Saumarez and his brothers
+with his company at dinner, and attended a ball in the evening at the
+assembly-rooms.
+
+In 1787, when Captain Saumarez had nearly attained his thirtieth year,
+peace seemed to be completely established. At an early age he had
+attained, by his own merit, the highest rank to which an officer could
+be advanced: he had fully established a character equally exalted for
+courage and professional talent; and having been, wherever Fortune had
+placed him, always in the best society, his manners as a gentleman
+were no less elegant than his person, which was tall and graceful,
+while his handsome features denoted a heart susceptible of the
+dictates both of humanity and love. It is not then to be wondered at,
+when he returned to his native island, that he still cherished an
+attachment which he had long formed; especially when he found her on
+whom he had fixed his affections, possessed of every quality which
+could ensure mutual happiness; neither can it appear surprising that
+on her part the regard should be equally warm and sincere.
+
+The appearance of hostilities in the same year, however, occasioned a
+suspension of his matrimonial arrangements, as he was then appointed
+by Lord Howe to the command of the Ambuscade frigate, which he had
+scarcely fitted before she was ordered to be paid off, the hostile
+differences having been adjusted. He now returned to Guernsey, and, on
+the 8th October 1788, was united to Miss Martha Le Marchant, only
+daughter and heir of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by his marriage with
+Miss Mary Dobree, to the entire satisfaction of the families and
+relations on both sides.
+
+The following extract of a private letter to his brother Richard,
+written a few days after his marriage, will give the reader a just
+idea of the feelings which occupied his mind on this happy occasion:
+
+"It is needless," he says, "to attempt giving you any idea of my joy
+on this occasion. The abundant blessings which Providence is pleased
+to pour down on me, who am ever unworthy the least of its favours,
+makes my heart glow with boundless gratitude and love, which I hope
+ever to testify by a life strictly devoted to His service. To have the
+power of making her happy who has ever been the joy and delight of my
+soul, far surpasses all that I had ever formed of felicity in this
+world. I must also acknowledge the affectionate kindness of her
+relations, who have for ever attached me to them by the confidence
+they have placed in me."
+
+These self-congratulations were, indeed, fully confirmed in after
+life; for few husbands have ever been blessed with such a devoted
+wife, or children with such an affectionate mother. During their
+younger days, and when their gallant father was at sea, Mrs. Saumarez
+lived retired, giving up her whole time to their instruction; and we
+can most fully testify that gratitude for her maternal anxiety, both
+for their spiritual and temporal welfare, has been indelibly impressed
+on all their hearts.
+
+After passing some time at Guernsey, Captain Saumarez removed to the
+neighbourhood of Exeter, where he resided two years. In 1790,
+appearances of hostility took place. The Spanish armament was not to
+be lightly regarded. Captain Saumarez was appointed to command the
+Raisonable of 64 guns; but he never went to sea in this ship, the
+differences between the two nations having been amicably settled. It
+seemed to show, however, that, in the event of war, he was one of
+those who were to be actively employed.
+
+Captain Saumarez remained on shore until the war occasioned by the
+French revolution broke out in 1793, when he was appointed to command
+the Crescent of 36 guns. His commission was dated on the 24th January,
+and he hoisted his pendant in her at Portsmouth on the 28th of the
+same month, receiving, at the same time, orders to place himself under
+the command of Commodore Sir Hyde Parker. No sooner was it known at
+Guernsey, and in Devonshire, that the Crescent was commissioned by
+Captain Saumarez, than a number equal to half the complement of seamen
+volunteered for the Crescent; and, on the 1st of February, the
+Tisiphone sloop was sent to bring the men from Guernsey, while the
+rest, from Exeter, were sent by the way of Plymouth to join the ship.
+It could not but be highly gratifying to his feelings when he found
+that so many of his countrymen had chosen to devote themselves to his
+service; and he was soon able to report his ship ready for sea.
+
+On the 10th of February 1793, in common with other officers, he
+received the following intelligence that war had been declared against
+France.
+
+   By Sir Hyde Parker, Knt. &c.
+
+   Accounts having been received that war was declared at Paris, by
+   the National Convention of France, against Great Britain and
+   Holland; you are, in pursuance of the King's pleasure, signified
+   to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty by the Right
+   Honourable Henry Dundas, one of his Majesty's principal
+   secretaries of state, hereby required and directed to seize or
+   destroy all ships and vessels belonging to France that you may
+   happen to fall in with.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board the Victory,
+   this 10th day of February 1793.
+   H. PARKER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, R.N.
+
+The Crescent having been reported ready for sea on the 1st of March,
+Captain Saumarez received orders to proceed to Guernsey with his ship,
+accompanied by the Liberty brig, and three transports under convoy, to
+reinforce the garrisons of the Channel islands. He had also sealed
+orders, which were to be put in execution when the troops were landed
+at Guernsey and Jersey. The following account of this cruise was sent
+to his brother, on the ship's return to Guernsey Road.
+
+   H.M.S. Crescent, Guernsey, 18th March 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   As the detail of our proceedings on our first cruise cannot but
+   be acceptable to you, I take up my pen to communicate them. We
+   anchored in this road on Sunday morning, the day after we had
+   sailed from Spithead. The independent companies and invalids for
+   this island were immediately disembarked. The wind being too
+   much to the southward for the transports to proceed to Jersey,
+   they remained till Thursday following, when I sent them under
+   convoy of the Liberty brig.
+
+   On Thursday morning, intelligence was brought to me that a
+   French brig was seen to the northward of the island, standing
+   for the Casketts. I immediately got under way, and directed the
+   Drake to do the same. We pushed through the Race of Alderney
+   during the night, and at day-break found ourselves close to the
+   brig, off Cherbourg. She is about 100 tons, from Vannes, loaded
+   with salt, for Havre. Seeing another brig and a galliot to the
+   N.W. from us, I ordered the Drake and Cockatrice to chase, and I
+   have hopes they are also prizes.
+
+   About three o'clock, it blowing very hard, I was much surprised
+   at an express joining me from Alderney, with a letter from the
+   governor, addressed to the commander of H.M. ships off
+   Alderney, mentioning that he had positive information that the
+   enemy meant to attack the island this or the following night;
+   and as there was no ship of force at Cherbourg but an old 64,
+   with frigate's masts, he was certain that the appearance of a
+   man-of-war off Cherbourg would preserve Alderney, and baffle the
+   expedition. Chance having thrown me off Cherbourg, within sight
+   the whole day, I was happy the purport of this letter was so
+   fully answered. Expecting further intelligence, I waited till a
+   cutter hailed us that he was going express to Plymouth. No other
+   vessel appearing, I made sail for this island, and anchored in
+   the road this morning. I have scarcely a doubt that what caused
+   your brother[6] to be alarmed was the appearance of this ship,
+   the Drake and Cockatrice, with another small vessel in the Race
+   of Alderney; and I am sorry it was not in my power to acquaint
+   him with it, as the vessel he sent me returned immediately.
+
+   [6] Governor Le Mesurier was brother to Mrs. Richard Saumarez.
+
+Captain Saumarez, on his return to Guernsey, wrote to Governor Le
+Mesurier, and, in reply to his letter, informed him that the
+appearance of the Crescent and squadron off Cherbourg had the desired
+effect of baffling the meditated attack on Alderney; nevertheless, the
+Crescent was detained on that station until the 25th, in consequence
+of other reports of the enemy's intentions to attack either Jersey or
+Alderney, and his squadron therefore was reinforced. In the mean time
+he succeeded in filling up the complement of his crew at Guernsey, and
+at length returned to Spithead, when some alteration took place in the
+armament of his ship: having there completed his stores and
+provisions, Captain Saumarez' next employment was to take a convoy of
+transports with troops to Cork, and bring from thence two regiments to
+Guernsey. This service occupied his ship until the 4th of May, when
+she arrived off the Lizard, and, having sent part of his convoy into
+Falmouth, he anchored at Guernsey on the following day.
+
+He left Guernsey on the 15th of May, having six transports with French
+prisoners on board, and arrived at Spithead on the 17th.
+
+On the 22nd Captain Saumarez received orders from the Admiralty to
+take the Hind, Captain Cochrane, under his command, and proceed with
+the Crescent and that ship to cruise between lat. 51 deg. and 47 deg. N. and
+long. 10 deg. to 16 deg. W. for the protection of the trade, and continue on
+that service for three weeks. The account of this cruise, in which
+two prizes were taken, is given in the following letter to his
+brother.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 26th June 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have the pleasure to acquaint you with our return from a
+   cruise which has been rather unsuccessful, having only taken
+   (besides the brig I informed you of) a cutter called "Le Club de
+   Cherbourg," of ten guns. She sailed from Brest on the 20th
+   instant, and was found on the coast of Ireland, where she had
+   done much mischief on her former cruise, having taken four
+   vessels within a few days. I find by the prisoners that the
+   French have only eighteen sail from Brest in readiness for sea.
+   They rendezvous in Quiberon Bay as soon as they are equipped. I
+   hope Lord Howe will soon give a good account of all of them. I
+   anchored at Guernsey for a few hours, where I left the cutter
+   for my brother's disposal.
+
+   As we have been parted from the Hind since the 8th instant, I
+   hope to find she may have met with success. We are under
+   agreement to share till the expiration of our cruise. As I write
+   before we anchor, you cannot expect I should give you an account
+   of my further destination; but, from what they informed me in
+   the island, we are to go with Lord Howe, which hurried me from
+   there. All the family were in perfect health at six o'clock on
+   Tuesday evening, when I left them. We must now console ourselves
+   with the hope that we shall soon terminate the business. I think
+   this year will nearly do it. We anxiously sought for an
+   opportunity similar to the Nymphe. We traversed the bay (Biscay)
+   in every direction, without the appearance of a French ship; and
+   on Monday we were all day in sight of Ushant, but could never
+   meet with any but neutral vessels. Our next cruise may probably
+   prove more fortunate. With my affectionate love to my sister
+   and the children, I am, my dear Richard,
+
+   Yours truly,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+It will be seen by the date of this letter, that the Crescent had
+arrived at Spithead on the 26th, which is the date of his official
+letter to the Admiralty, giving an account of the capture of Le
+Club, which, being the same as already given, need not be repeated.
+
+The Crescent, being replenished with water and provisions, was
+directed on the 4th July to take on board a quantity of specie for
+Plymouth, to which he sailed on the 5th, and, having delivered it
+there, took a convoy from thence to the Downs, where he arrived on the
+18th July, and, according to further orders, returned with the trade
+under convoy from thence to Spithead on the 20th.
+
+The following order, which Captain Saumarez received from the Lords of
+the Admiralty, will show the nature of the service on which he was now
+employed.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.
+
+   CAPTAIN SAUMAREZ,
+
+   You are to take his Majesty's ships named on the margin
+   (Concorde and Thames) under your command, (their captains being
+   directed to follow your orders,) and putting to sea with them
+   and the Crescent, the moment the wind and weather will permit,
+   proceed and cruise between the latitudes of 49 deg. and 50 deg. 30'
+   north, and from sixty to one hundred leagues to the westward of
+   the Scilly Islands, for the protection of the trade of his
+   Majesty's subjects, and the annoyance of the enemy, taking all
+   possible care of the above-mentioned frigates; and diligently
+   looking out for, and using your best endeavours to fall in with,
+   the homeward-bound convoys from Jamaica and the Leeward Islands,
+   which are daily expected, and which are to be the principal
+   objects of your attention.
+
+   In case of falling in with either of the said convoys, you are
+   to see, or cause to be seen, such of the merchant ships or
+   vessels as may be bound to Ireland, or into the Bristol Channel,
+   as far as may be necessary for their security, and those bound
+   into the English Channel, as far as the Start; and, having so
+   done, return with the frigates under your command to the
+   above-mentioned station, to look out for the other convoy; and,
+   having met with it, to see, or cause to be seen, such of the
+   merchant vessels as may be bound to Ireland, and into the
+   Bristol Channel, as before directed, and to see those bound up
+   the English Channel off their respective ports, as high as
+   Spithead, where you are to remain until further orders, sending
+   to our secretary an account of your arrival and proceedings.
+
+   You are to continue on the above-mentioned service until the
+   20th of next month, unless you shall have fallen in with both
+   the said convoys sooner; when you are to make the best of your
+   way to Spithead, and remain there as above directed.
+
+   Given under our hands, this 18th day of July 1793.
+   CHATHAM,
+   J. SMYTH,
+   CHs. S. PYBUS.
+
+   To James Saumarez, Esq. &c.
+   By command of their lordships.
+   P. STEPHENS.
+
+Captain Saumarez received at the same time information of the number
+of ships expected from the different islands in both the convoys, took
+the Concorde and Thames under his command, and sailed from Spithead on
+the 26th of July 1793.
+
+Next to the command of a fleet, that of a squadron of frigates was at
+this period of the war considered the most important, and it could not
+but be highly gratifying to Captain Saumarez to find himself selected
+again for such a desirable command; but Fortune did not favour his
+little detachment. The convoys, which they had been sent to look out
+for and protect, had arrived safely at the respective ports before the
+squadron reached their destination, and they continued to cruise in
+vain within the prescribed limits of their station, till at length
+they were assailed by a tremendous gale from the south-east on the
+17th of August, in which the Concorde parted company, the Thames lost
+her bowsprit and bore up for England, while the Crescent sprung her
+main-yard, and by a sudden shift of wind to the northward carried away
+her main-top-mast, and, her orders for returning into port having
+expired, she arrived at Spithead after an unsuccessful cruise.
+
+The Crescent had not been in dock since the year 1785, and required
+much refitting: Captain Saumarez, therefore, on reporting his arrival
+to the Secretary of the Admiralty, sent also a statement of the
+ship's defects; in consequence of which, an order was sent for her to
+be docked at Portsmouth, and refitted for Channel service, while one
+hundred of her crew were lent to the Vanguard. As this process
+required a considerable time, Captain Saumarez sent for his family;
+and, having taken apartments at Ryde, had a few weeks of enjoyment in
+their society, and of relaxation from the arduous duties of his
+profession. The Crescent was received into dock on the 25th August,
+and was again fit for sea on the 10th October, when he received orders
+to hold himself ready to proceed at a moment's notice.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1793.
+
+   Crescent refitted.--Sails for the Channel Islands.--Falls in
+   with the French frigate La Reunion.--Particular account of the
+   action.--Letters from Captain Saumarez to his brother.--Brings
+   his prize to Portsmouth.--Official letters.--Letters from
+   various persons.--Ship refitting.--Captain Saumarez obtains
+   leave of absence.--Is knighted for his gallant conduct.
+
+
+The Crescent being now ready for sea, but with thirteen men short of
+her complement, Captain Saumarez applied to have the number filled up,
+as her masts and yards were of the same dimensions as those of a
+frigate of thirty-eight guns; he also requested such increase as the
+Lords of the Admiralty thought proper: but these applications were
+unsuccessful, and on the 10th of October he received orders from Sir
+Peter Parker, the port-admiral, to "hold himself in constant readiness
+to put to sea at a moment's warning;" and it was not long before the
+following order was received from the Admiralty.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral, &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed in the ship
+   under your command, without a moment's loss of time, to the
+   islands of Guernsey and Jersey; and so soon as you shall have
+   delivered the pacquets you will herewith receive, addressed to
+   the commanding officers of his Majesty's troops serving in these
+   islands, you are to repair with the said ship off St. Maloes,
+   and use your best endeavours to obtain such information of the
+   enemy's forces there, as circumstances will admit.
+
+   Having so done, you are to return with the said ship with all
+   possible despatch, for further orders, transmitting to our
+   secretary, for our information, by post-office express, an
+   account of your arrival and proceedings.
+
+   Given under our hands, this 18th October 1793,
+   A. GARDNER.
+   J. SMYTH.
+   P. AFFLECK.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, R.N.
+
+For several days previously to the 19th, it had been reported that a
+French frigate usually quitted the port of Cherbourg at night, and
+returned next morning with what prizes she had picked up: this,
+together with the information that an armament was preparing for the
+invasion of Jersey, caused Captain Saumarez to make extraordinary
+exertions to get to sea; and, although the wind was light, he
+fortunately succeeded in getting round St. Helens before night. Early
+on the morning, on the 20th, he was close to the light-house off Cape
+Barfleur.
+
+ACTION BETWEEN THE CRESCENT AND REUNION.
+
+This gallant action, which we are now about to describe, having been
+misrepresented in every account yet published, we have, in order to
+make the circumstances attending it more easily understood,
+illustrated the positions by a diagram, showing the masterly
+manoeuvre performed by the Crescent, and the relative situation of
+the ships at the commencement and the end of the conflict. The
+engraving shows the state and situation of the two ships at the time
+the Reunion surrendered.
+
+During the night, the wind had been so far to the westward as to
+enable the Crescent to fetch Cape Barfleur, while the Reunion, which
+left Cherbourg in the evening, stood to the northward, in hopes of
+meeting with merchant-ships coming up Channel. The two frigates,
+therefore, must have crossed each other at no great distance; but the
+wind having changed towards the south about daylight, and the French
+frigate being unable to fetch back to Cherbourg, broke off with her
+head to the eastward, while the Crescent, by coming up on the opposite
+tack, was enabled to weather and get in shore of the enemy.
+
+Shortly after day-break Captain Saumarez saw two sail standing on the
+starboard tack towards the Crescent, and it appears that they had
+approached her within two miles before they discovered themselves to
+be under the lee of an English frigate: they then tacked and made all
+sail, either for the purpose of trying to escape, or to approach
+nearer to Cherbourg, that they might have the assistance of their
+consort then in the harbour with her sails hoisted up. It was soon
+evident that the Crescent, now "clean out of dock," had the advantage
+in sailing; and, by half-past ten, Captain Saumarez, by edging down,
+took his position on the enemy's larboard quarter within pistol-shot,
+when the action began.
+
+Captain John Tancock, who was then a midshipman stationed on the
+main-deck, says that the men had directions to fire at the rudder of
+their opponent, which was very soon disabled, while the
+main-topsail-yard and fore-yard were both shot away. The enemy fired
+so high that scarcely any shot struck the hull of the Crescent; but,
+consequently, her fore-topsail-yard, and soon afterwards her
+fore-top-mast, fell over the starboard gangway. Hitherto the ship had
+been kept in her first position by backing and filling the
+mizen-topsail, but now she came to, and eventually _came round_: but
+Captain Saumarez, whose presence of mind never forsook him, brailed up
+the mizen, and, by keeping all the square-sails aback, gave the ship a
+_stern-board_; at the same time, by keeping the _helm up_, she wore
+round on her heel, obtaining a position under the stern and on the
+starboard quarter, while the enemy was lying with his yards square and
+totally unmanageable. This manoeuvre is shown in the diagram, to
+which an explanation is added.
+
+Illustration:
+
+C. The Crescent. R. The Reunion. 1. Commencement of the
+action. 2. The Crescent's track in wearing on her heel. 3. The
+position when the Reunion struck.
+
+In passing under the enemy's stern, it was observed that his colours
+had been shot away, and, supposing he had struck, the firing ceased;
+but, on coming round on the starboard quarter, the enemy again opened
+his fire. The Crescent, having now got her larboard guns to bear,
+returned his broadside with such effect, that at twenty minutes past
+noon the officers of the Reunion waved their hats and flags to
+indicate that they had surrendered. The engraving represents the
+situation of the two ships at this moment; and Captain Sir Thomas
+Mansel, who was then a midshipman, declares it to be correct.
+
+The combat now ceased, and the prize was taken possession of by
+Lieutenant (now Admiral) Sir George Parker, who received the usual
+order to carry her into port. The French captain being sent on board
+the Crescent, they began to remove the prisoners and repair damages.
+When the action began, a ship had been seen under the land to the
+eastward, about four leagues distant; this was supposed to be an
+enemy: but it turned out to be the Circe, Captain Yorke, who joined
+four hours after the action, and took part of the prisoners. In the
+mean time the cutter made off towards Cherbourg, out of which harbour
+the wind and adverse tide prevented the other frigate, said to be La
+Semillante, from getting to assist the Reunion.
+
+The following very concise official letter to the Secretary of the
+Admiralty from Captain Saumarez, supplies the rest of the detail.
+
+   Crescent, off Cherbourg, 20th October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you, for the information of my
+   Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that this morning, being
+   off Cape Barfleur in his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my
+   command, I fell in with a French frigate, which, after a close
+   action of two hours and ten minutes, struck to his Majesty's
+   colours: she proved to be the Reunion, mounting thirty-six guns,
+   and manned with three hundred and twenty men.
+
+   I am singularly happy in being able to inform their lordships
+   that she has been obtained without the loss of a single man, or
+   even any wounded, although her own loss has been very
+   considerable indeed, having, as the prisoners informed me, one
+   hundred and twenty killed and wounded.
+
+   I must beg leave to render the most ample justice to the
+   officers and ship's company of the Crescent, for their cool and
+   steady behaviour during the action; and I take this opportunity
+   to recommend to their lordships' notice the three lieutenants,
+   Messrs. Parker, Otter, and Rye: their conduct has afforded me
+   the utmost satisfaction.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   With the greatest respect, sir,
+   Your most obedient and very humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+   P.S.--The Reunion was accompanied by a cutter, which did not
+   attempt to come into action, but made for Cherbourg.
+
+Captain Saumarez was now on his passage to Portsmouth, where he had
+left his wife and infant children only two days before, in pursuit of
+an implacable enemy known to be not many leagues distant! It was the
+first battle he had fought since he became a husband and a father; and
+his feelings, as he returned triumphantly to the bosom of his family,
+can be easier imagined than described.
+
+The anxiety and excitement inseparable from the day of battle had
+subsided, the prisoners had been removed, the captive Frenchmen with
+whom he had been sympathizing had retired, and he was at length left
+alone to meditate on that remarkable dispensation of Divine favour
+which had been so fully and especially manifested towards him: he had
+gloriously wrested from an enemy, fighting under the proud banner of
+liberty, a ship equal to his own in weight of metal and superior by
+seventy men in numbers, after a furious contest of above two hours,
+without a man being hurt by his opponent, who lost one hundred and
+twenty men killed and wounded: a fact unparalleled in the page of
+history. With the generality of mankind, such circumstances were well
+calculated to raise feelings of proud exultation; but these were never
+cherished in the breast of Saumarez. Having done all in his power to
+soothe the affliction of his vanquished enemy, his first impulse was
+to offer up his thanksgivings and acknowledgments to the great GIVER
+of all victory, and to implore that his mind might not be too highly
+elevated by his glorious success. After despatching his unpresuming
+letter to the Admiralty, which has been already given, he wrote to his
+brother, in London, the following letter:
+
+   Crescent, 21st Oct. 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will rejoice with me at the success that has attended our
+   short cruise. On Saturday evening we sailed from Spithead; and
+   the next morning, being about three leagues from Cape Barfleur,
+   we saw two sail standing towards us from under Cherbourg, which
+   I soon discovered to be a French frigate and a cutter. We were
+   on the larboard tack with the wind off shore; I was happy in
+   being able to keep between them and the land. When about two
+   miles from us, the frigate tacked with all her sail set, and the
+   cutter made sail to windward: we edged down to her, and at a
+   cable's distance, at half-past ten, began the action, which
+   continued with scarcely any intermission two hours and ten
+   minutes.
+
+   Both ships were soon cut up in their sails and rigging, our
+   fore-topsail yard being shot away, and soon after the
+   fore-top-mast; the ship came to, and wearing on the other tack,
+   gave us an opportunity to fire our guns, which were so well
+   served that the French ship soon became unmanageable, and
+   enabled us to rake her fore and aft; in which situation she
+   struck her colours. I must observe that they had been before
+   shot away, and, imagining she had struck, I gave orders to cease
+   firing; she, however, soon relieved us of our suspense by giving
+   us her broadside: we were so well prepared, and kept up so good
+   a fire, that in a short time after they waved their colours and
+   made signs from the gunwale with their hats that they had
+   struck.
+
+   I immediately sent Mr. Parker to take possession of the ship,
+   and send the first and second captains on board the Crescent.
+   They informed me that the ship they had surrendered was La
+   Reunion, mounting thirty-six guns and three hundred and
+   twenty-one men. When we came into action, another frigate was in
+   sight to the eastward, which we took to be her consort; we
+   therefore lost no time to exchange prisoners, and repair our
+   damages, in the best manner we could: she, however, proved to be
+   the Circe, and joined us four hours after the action ceased.
+
+   The circumstance that has made me most happy from this
+   engagement is, that we have not had a single person hurt by the
+   enemy, and but one man injured, who had his leg fractured by the
+   recoil of a gun. There being little wind the sea was perfectly
+   calm; and I had the satisfaction to observe that most of our
+   shot were perfectly well directed. The enemy's frigate is indeed
+   most sadly a wreck, thirty-four men killed and eighty-four
+   wounded, many of them mortally; one officer only has suffered,
+   being badly wounded. She was commanded by Citizen Denain,
+   capitaine de vaisseau, to whose obstinacy they ascribe the
+   sacrifice of many lives.
+
+   It is unnecessary for me to observe, my dear Richard, the great
+   happiness I derive from the consciousness that this event will
+   afford you and all our friends particular satisfaction. My dear
+   Martha, too,--I scarcely know how I shall disclose the
+   circumstance to her; it embarrasses me as much as if it were a
+   mournful subject. One observation is incumbent on me to make,
+   namely, that Captain Yorke used every possible exertion to join
+   us sooner, and that he has most readily afforded us every
+   assistance we required,
+
+   I now remain, your ever affectionate brother,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Captain Saumarez had now realized his ardent desire for an opportunity
+of distinguishing himself, such as was afforded to his gallant
+brother-officer of the Nymphe; and it is a singular coincidence that
+each should have written to his brother on the day of action, under
+similar circumstances of triumph and excitement. These interesting
+documents seem to have decided the superiority of the British over the
+French navy, at the commencement of the French revolution, and in
+reference to that of Saumarez, we cannot but dwell with admiration on
+the humility and acuteness of feeling with which it is replete!
+
+The Circe, which had joined four hours after the action, was
+despatched to Guernsey to execute the service on which Captain
+Saumarez had been ordered; but the Crescent and her prize, in
+proceeding to Spithead, were detained by light winds and calms. On the
+22nd, she arrived off the Isle of Wight, when Lieutenant Otter was
+sent to Portsmouth in the boat with the following official letter:
+
+   Crescent, off the Isle of Wight, 22d Oct. 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I BEG you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, that, being unable to gain Spithead from the
+   prevailing calms, I have thought it expedient to despatch
+   Lieutenant Otter with the intelligence I have the honour to
+   convey to their lordships.
+
+   Having been prevented by the action with La Reunion from
+   complying with their lordships' orders, I directed the Hon.
+   Captain Yorke, who joined me in his Majesty's ship Circe, to
+   proceed with the pacquets I was charged with for the commanding
+   officers of his Majesty's troops at Guernsey and Jersey, and
+   from thence to proceed to St. Maloes, and return to Spithead,
+   agreeable to their lordships' orders.
+
+   I beg to observe, that Captain Yorke gave me every possible
+   assistance, and has taken one hundred and sixty prisoners from
+   the Reunion, which I directed him to land in the island of
+   Guernsey.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq.
+
+The Crescent arrived at Spithead on the following day, and with her
+prize was ordered into harbour; the former to have her damages
+repaired, and the latter to be surveyed and purchased for his
+Majesty's service.
+
+Before we submit the interesting official and private letters which
+Captain Saumarez received on his arrival, and which may be considered
+as the best proof of the sensation which this gallant action created,
+it becomes our duty to state the comparative force of the two
+frigates.
+                                                            Weight
+                                                             of
+      _Crescent._  No. Size. No.  Size.    No. Size. Total. metal.
+    Broadside guns 13  18pr. 4  18pr. car. 1    9pr.  36   315lbs.
+      _Reunion._
+    Broadside guns 13  14pr. 3  40pr. car. 4    7pr.  40   330lbs.
+     Difference of guns, and of weight of shot in favour
+     of La Reunion                                     4    15lbs.
+        _Crescent._               Men   257     Tons 888
+        _Reunion._                Men   320     Tons 951
+     Difference in favour of La
+     Reunion                             63           63
+     N.B. The weight has been reduced to English pounds.
+
+The Crescent lost her fore-top-mast; her sails and rigging were much
+damaged, but very few shot struck her hull; and the only man hurt was
+at the first broadside, when his leg was fractured by the recoil of a
+gun.
+
+La Reunion, on the contrary, had many shot in her hull, and her stern
+was very much shattered. After she was in dock, we saw where a shot
+had entered the starboard quarter, and made its way out of the
+larboard bow. It was said to have killed and wounded twenty-one men!
+The head of her rudder and wheel were shot away, and the fore-yard and
+main-topsail-yard came down early in the action: she was, in short, a
+complete wreck, as represented in the plate. The hopes that the ship
+seen to the eastward under the land was a friend, induced the French
+captain to delay surrendering after defence could no longer be
+effectual.
+
+The head-money was only paid for three hundred men; but there was no
+doubt that three hundred and twenty-one were on board at the
+commencement of the action, as many of the slain were thrown
+overboard, and the French officers, for obvious reasons, wished to
+make their force less than it was. According to Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, forty men were killed, and eighty wounded. The cutter which
+was in company, believed to be L'Esperance, mounting fourteen guns,
+made off for Cherbourg with sweeps and sails as soon as the firing
+commenced. La Reunion's consort, believed to be the Semillante, made
+an attempt to get out of Cherbourg, but was prevented by the tide,
+when she sent a boat full of men, it was supposed, to reinforce the
+former, but which returned when it was observed that her fate was
+decided. The French shore, only five miles distant, was crowded with
+spectators.
+
+There is no action between two single ships on record, where
+consummate skill in naval tactics has been so brilliantly and
+successfully displayed as in that which we have just described. The
+patriotic reader must not imagine that, because the Crescent had
+"none" either killed or wounded, the captain and officers of La
+Reunion did not do their utmost, and far less that they were deficient
+in courage. The severe loss they sustained, and the obstinacy with
+which their ship was defended, has fully proved their bravery. Had the
+Crescent at once boarded the Reunion, which was in her power, and
+carried her sword in hand, as in the case of the Nymphe and Cleopatre,
+it would have been perhaps better calculated to excite feelings of
+admiration in the general reader, who is not acquainted with naval
+affairs; but this mode of attack is one which, we must acquaint them,
+might readily be made by any officer moderately skilled in naval
+tactics. It is where the commander of a ship, by his presence of mind
+and skilful manoeuvring, succeeds in the defeat and capture of an
+enemy, that the superiority is manifest; and it is to him who has thus
+proved that he possesses the _tact_ to accomplish his object, and yet
+spare the valuable lives of his men, that the meed of praise is most
+justly due.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 23rd October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I beg you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty of my arrival at Spithead in H.M. ship Crescent,
+   under my command, and the prize La Reunion, and from thence into
+   Portsmouth Harbour, conformable with orders from Sir Peter
+   Parker.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq.
+
+
+   Admiralty, October 24th, 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I learnt yesterday with great satisfaction the account of your
+   action with the French frigate La Reunion, and beg to
+   congratulate you very sincerely on your success on this
+   occasion. The greatest praise seems due to the bravery and good
+   conduct of the officers and men of the Crescent. I shall be
+   extremely happy, as soon as it is convenient to you, to have the
+   pleasure of seeing you in town, and of presenting you to his
+   Majesty on an occasion so highly honourable to you. I am, sir,
+
+   Your very faithful humble servant,
+   CHATHAM.
+   (First Lord of the Admiralty.)
+
+   To Captain Saumarez.
+
+
+   Admiralty, 24th October 1793.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I was this morning so happy as to receive your letter, conveying
+   the agreeable account of your having captured the French frigate
+   La Reunion, and which I lost no time in communicating to Lord
+   Chatham, who will himself express to you his very high sense of
+   your distinguished conduct, as well as his great satisfaction at
+   the account you have given of the exemplary and gallant
+   behaviour of your officers and men. I beg, my dear sir, to
+   congratulate you most sincerely on an event which adds such
+   lustre to your professional character, at the same time that it
+   entitles you to every reward from your country, and
+
+   I remain, with great regard,
+   Your very faithful
+   and obedient humble servant,
+   J. HUNT.
+   (Private Secretary.)
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, &c.
+
+
+   St. James's-square, 24th October 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Lord Chatham was so obliging as to acquaint me yesterday with
+   your success, and at the same time with his fullest approbation
+   of your conduct, which you may be assured gave me great
+   pleasure. I have this day the favour of your letter, and thank
+   you for your kind attention in informing me of what you might be
+   confident would give me particular satisfaction.
+
+   I am, with great regard, sir,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   AMHERST.
+
+   To Captain James Saumarez.
+
+
+   FROM THE REV. R.B. NICHOLLS.
+   28th October 1793, Middleham, Yorkshire.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   Accept my warmest congratulations on your late very
+   extraordinary and glorious success, which I consider as a signal
+   favour and blessing upon you from the God of armies, whom I
+   invoke, and shall ever, on your behalf, that the path of
+   happiness and glory, temporal and eternal, may be successfully
+   trodden by you, and that you may long live an example of the
+   blessings that Heaven has for a Cornelius. Continue me in your
+   friendly remembrance, which I shall ever consider as an honour.
+
+   I am, dear sir,
+   Your most affectionate
+   and most obedient humble servant,
+   R.B. NICHOLLS.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, &c.
+
+
+   Portsmouth, 30th October 1793.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I am infinitely obliged to you for your kindness and attention
+   to George Parker. I have not as yet heard from Lord Chatham, but
+   suppose I shall in a day or two. This morning I reckon you will
+   kiss hands, and return home "Sir James." Such an honour obtained
+   on such an occasion is worthy the solicitation of a duke. If
+   anything material occurs, be so good to favour me with a line.
+   Lady Parker unites in every good wish for your rib and yourself,
+   with
+
+   Yours, most sincerely,
+   P. PARKER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez.
+
+Captain Saumarez, after a happy visit to his family at Ryde, repaired
+to London, on leave of absence; and, on being presented to his
+Majesty, received the well-merited honour of knighthood, and his first
+lieutenant (now Admiral Sir) George Parker, was promoted to the rank
+of master and commander. Sir James, having applied for an extension of
+his leave, enjoyed the society of his friends in London until the
+14th of November, when he and Lady Saumarez returned to their family
+at Ryde. The following letter to his brother, descriptive of other
+marks of respect which had been paid to him, will be read with
+interest:
+
+   Ryde, Isle of Wight, 16th Nov. 1793.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   It was not before yesterday that we were enabled to return to
+   our little treasure in this island, owing to official business
+   and the badness of the weather. We found all in perfect good
+   health except our little girl, who has been for some time very
+   unwell, and has suffered exceedingly; she is at present rather
+   better, and we hope her disorder is past its height. Mr. Le
+   Marchant has fixed for next Monday to leave the island. I shall
+   endeavour to accompany them to Southampton, and, after that,
+   trust to opportunities hereafter offering to enable me to see
+   them at Bath.
+
+   I do not expect the Crescent will be ready to leave the harbour
+   before the middle of next week; what our destination will then
+   be must remain uncertain. Sir John Jarvis has this morning made
+   the signal for sailing, and it is expected will put to sea on
+   Monday or Tuesday next. I mean to return to Portsmouth to-day or
+   to-morrow, that I may have an opportunity of seeing General
+   Dundas before his departure.
+
+   Our last letters from the island (Guernsey) are of the 6th; no
+   particular news. You will be concerned to hear of the fate of
+   the unlucky Thames; when the particulars are received, I am
+   persuaded it will be found that the ship has not been given
+   away. The report is, that, after a severe action with a
+   six-and-thirty, she was next day attacked by the Carmagniolle,
+   to which ship she struck. Sir E. Pellew is cruising with the
+   Circe off St. Maloes; the French have no ships at present at
+   Cherbourg.
+
+   Yesterday I received a very polite letter from Mr. Marsham,
+   inclosing the resolution of the 14th instant from the committee
+   for encouraging the capture of French privateers, voting me a
+   piece of plate, value one hundred guineas, which I consider a
+   very high compliment paid to my earnest endeavours. But I am not
+   quite so well pleased with a letter from Mr. Cooke, who has the
+   distribution of the fees which he says are due from those who
+   receive the honour of knighthood, and which amount to 103_l._
+   6_s._ 8_d._ In reply to this, I have referred him to whoever
+   paid the above fees for Sir E. Pellew, on whom that honour was
+   conferred on a similar occasion. I fear it may not be taken
+   well; at the same time, I think it hard to pay so much for an
+   honour which my services have been thought to deserve.
+
+   Captain Parker came down to Portsmouth last Thursday, without
+   having obtained an interview with Lord Chatham. I am, however,
+   persuaded he will soon get a ship. The other arrangements are
+   not yet made. Mr. Warren has gone to London, to endeavour to get
+   over the difficulty of not having served his rated time; if he
+   does, he is to be third lieutenant.
+
+   You must now permit me to return you and my dear sister our most
+   sincere thanks for the kind hospitality we experienced under
+   your roof; we not only ate of your board and drank of your cup,
+   but you gave us your very bed to repose on: when shall we have
+   it in our power to requite such goodness? At any rate, receive
+   this tribute of our warmest gratitude.
+
+   I hope your dear children, whom we almost considered as ours,
+   are very well: bestow on them a thousand kisses from us. With
+   our most sincere love, I remain, my dear brother,
+
+   Ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+On the 22nd of November, the Crescent came out of harbour, and was
+reported ready for sea; and Sir James Saumarez was now ready to
+proceed, and to add fresh laurels to those he had so gloriously gained
+in the service of his king and country.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1793, 1794.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral
+   McBride.--Is detached, and attacks an Enemy's squadron.--Narrow
+   Escape from Shipwreck.--Off Havre.--Cherbourg.--Private Letters
+   relating the particulars of several Cruises on the French
+   coast.--Gallant Action with a French squadron of superior force
+   off Guernsey.
+
+
+Sir James was now placed under the orders of Admiral McBride, who gave
+him the command of a squadron, consisting of the Crescent and Druid,
+frigates, Liberty brig, and Lion cutter. The first service he had to
+perform was to carry a small convoy of transports with troops, &c. to
+Guernsey and Jersey, and furthermore to obtain pilots for the
+admiral's squadron.
+
+We shall not attempt to describe the enthusiastic reception which Sir
+James and his gallant crew received from their loyal and patriotic
+countrymen in these islands; but his stay was short. Despatching the
+Liberty to reconnoitre St. Maloes, he proceeded to Jersey, and, having
+reconnoitred Granville, returned to Guernsey Roads on the 28th of
+November, when he detached the Lion with pilots to the admiral; and,
+pursuant to orders, sailed to the adjacent coast of France to assist
+the royalists.
+
+The following is his account of an attempt to attack a French squadron
+in the bay of Brehat.
+
+   Crescent, off Guernsey, 7th Dec. 1793.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you, that pursuant to your orders
+   I sailed from Guernsey Roads the night of the 5th instant, in
+   his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command, together with the
+   Druid frigate and Liberty brig. The wind being to the southward,
+   we were unable to fetch to windward off Cape Frehel in the
+   morning; and observing several sail at anchor off the isles of
+   Brehat, particularly two large ships and a brig, in a bay to the
+   northward, which there appeared a great probability of attacking
+   with success, I stood in for them; but the tide of ebb setting
+   us to the westward, prevented our fetching into the bay, and
+   enabled the enemy's ships to get under way with the first of the
+   flood, and save themselves between the rocks. We were however in
+   time to fire several shot at the largest, which, as well as the
+   others, appeared armed _en flute_ and deeply laden.
+
+   Finding it impossible to follow them without endangering his
+   Majesty's ships, I stood out of the bay through a passage which
+   both the pilots I had on board assured me was perfectly safe.
+
+   We soon found ourselves deceived, perceiving several rocks which
+   we with difficulty cleared. Unfortunately the Druid, (which I
+   hailed to acquaint her of the danger,) in wearing, tailed on a
+   sunken rock; and, although she floated in a few minutes, she has
+   I fear received so much damage as to require her to be taken
+   into dock.
+
+   I have directed Captain Ellison, whose activity and exertions
+   cannot be too highly praised, to proceed to Plymouth, and the
+   Liberty to accompany him into the Sound, and rejoin you without
+   loss of time.
+
+   I am, with every respect, sir,
+   Your obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-admiral John McBride.
+
+On Sir James's arrival at Guernsey, he addressed the following letter
+to his brother in London, which continues the narrative of his
+proceedings on that dangerous coast.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I take the first opportunity to send you an account of an
+   enterprise which, had it been attended with success, would have
+   proved fortunate indeed. Not having time to send you the
+   particulars, I have enclosed a copy of my letter to the admiral,
+   which you will show to M. Le Mesurier. I have only to add, that
+   the object in view justified the attempt; but, as the world too
+   often forms its judgment from events, I fear we shall not
+   acquire much credit for the attempt.
+
+   At midnight, we providentially escaped getting wrecked on the
+   Rocks Douvre, in steering after the Druid. We were warned of our
+   perilous situation by the noise of the breakers, and had only
+   time to avoid them. In short, my dear friend, when I consider
+   our disappointment, and the very wonderful escapes we have had,
+   it is almost too much for me, and I can only be thankful things
+   are not worse.
+
+   Accounts have lately arrived from the army of the royalists,
+   that they are in possession of Rennes, and we have reason to
+   expect soon to hear of their having a seaport wherein we can
+   land the reinforcement. Four French frigates have been in sight
+   of the island these two days; the more mortifying as we cannot
+   detach after them without leaving the troops embarked
+   unprotected. An expedition of this consequence should have at
+   least the support of two ships of the line.
+
+   Be careful that nothing that I write to you transpires. I have
+   lately seen paragraphs which have given me concern, particularly
+   one mentioning my being ordered off St. Maloes. Be assured they
+   may occasion much mischief and distrust, if it can be imagined
+   that they originate from any of my friends. My brother has shown
+   me the P.S. of your letter to him: I think it best the plate
+   should be confined to a dinner-set, as I am unwilling to
+   separate the whole of a present so handsomely bestowed;
+   therefore, if not too late, I wish you to direct accordingly.
+   Lady S. writes to me that our dear little girl is better; I wish
+   to hear that she is sufficiently well to be inoculated. I shall
+   be happy to have it over.
+
+   You are a long time without writing to me. Although I know you
+   are most hurried at this time, you must forgive me if I desire
+   you will devote a few spare minutes to me; my sister, I am sure,
+   will consent to it. Assure her of my sincere love; and believe
+   me truly,
+   My dear Richard,
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S.--We are close ship-keepers, being all on board by six
+   o'clock; a very proper regulation. I do not expect to sail
+   before the fleet proceeds to the French coast, when I hope our
+   accounts will prove more favourable.
+
+We have here two other remarkable instances, where on sudden and
+unexpected danger appearing, the presence of mind and professional
+skill of Saumarez saved his ship and squadron from destruction; and
+although the bold attempt he made to attack the enemy was
+unsuccessful, he does not less deserve the merit of making it, for we
+cannot command the wind and tide.
+
+The Crescent continued to cruise with Admiral McBride's squadron
+during the winter, making several attempts to assist the royalists on
+various places on the coast of France, and annoying the enemy's
+coasting trade.
+
+The following letters from Sir James to his brother in London, give a
+particular account, in his own words, of the arduous services on which
+he was employed during that time.
+
+   Crescent, Cowes Roads, 25th January 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will not expect so soon to hear from me, but I must just
+   give you a journal of our short cruise. The day after we sailed
+   from here, we chased three armed brigs off Havre, which were
+   very near captured by the Flora and this ship. The day
+   following, Sir John Warren having detached me and La Nymphe to
+   look into Cherbourg, on the very spot where La Reunion fell into
+   our hands, we were on the point of taking a French frigate,
+   apparently of twenty-eight or thirty-two guns. The wind at first
+   flattered us with the hope of cutting her off from the land,
+   when it shifted and enabled her to get into Cherbourg: they were
+   decidedly frightened, and kept firing guns as signals to their
+   ships in the bay, which never attempted to come out to their
+   assistance, although we were alone, as La Nymphe was scarcely
+   discernible from this ship. The next day La Nymphe sprung her
+   fore-mast, which obliged her to return to Spithead.
+
+   I appeared close to Cherbourg all day yesterday, in the hope of
+   drawing their ships out, which I plainly discerned to consist of
+   six frigates, four of which were large. In the evening it coming
+   on to blow hard, and no appearance of our ships, I stood off
+   shore, and at noon this day, it blowing a severe storm, I
+   anchored in this road. Admiral McBride having consented to my
+   going to Bath for twenty-four hours, I am setting off with all
+   speed: not having time to add more, I remain, with my kindest
+   love,
+   My dear Richard,
+
+   Yours ever affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Sunday Morning.
+
+   P.S.--I really intended to write to the Lord Mayor, but have not
+   a moment's time; I shall therefore leave you to acquaint him
+   with our return here.
+
+We may stop here to mention, that in the debate in the House of
+Commons on the address to the King's speech at the opening of
+parliament, the gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez was mentioned in
+terms of admiration, and his late action quoted as a remarkable
+instance of the superiority of our naval commanders in professional
+talent and skill; the account of this had been transmitted to him from
+London by his brother Richard.
+
+   Cowes, 2nd February 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I left my dearest concerns yesterday morning, and arrived here
+   this afternoon, after a six hours' storm, from Southampton.
+   Both your kind letters afford me infinite satisfaction. When I
+   wrote to you on Sunday, I had not the admiral's consent to
+   remain till I heard from him, and only expected to remain
+   twenty-four hours in Bath; but depended, nevertheless, on
+   hearing from you there. You must therefore desire my sister to
+   plead in your behalf, when she writes to Lady S.
+
+   I am much flattered at my name having been found worthy of
+   notice in the House of Commons, and I thank you for the praise
+   you bestow on me for the business of our last cruise. Though we
+   failed in taking the frigate, it was certainly a matter of
+   exultation and triumph to me, in a single ship, thus to brave
+   the enemy off their port.
+
+   I find Sir John Warren has sent in an armed brig, which we were
+   prevented from sharing, at the time we were in pursuit of the
+   frigate: we decoyed her to within a small distance from us by
+   showing French colours, and I am persuaded we should have taken
+   her, if we had chased her instead of the frigate; and they ought
+   in justice to allow us to share in the profits of this prize.
+
+   I would advise you to wait till Donaldson's plates come out for
+   your paintings. Let me caution you against purchasing any of the
+   prints, as I have engaged fifteen sets for my friends, in order
+   to have proof engravings.
+
+   Tom[7] writes to me they are under serious apprehensions for the
+   island. I own to you I think there is some cause, unless we keep
+   a strong squadron for their defence; at the same time, I do not
+   believe they have so strong a force as mentioned, or that they
+   are making preparation for invading this country. Let me know
+   what has become of Mr. Warren, and whether Captain Parker has
+   sailed.
+
+   I must now wish you and my sister, and all under your roof, a
+   good night. And
+
+   I remain truly,
+   Yours affectionately,
+   Monday morning.
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S.--Our admiral has not yet made his appearance, a vessel is
+   gone to Portsmouth for him. The packet returns so speedily that
+   it is next to impossible to answer letters the same day.
+
+   [7] Sir James's brother.
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 24th February 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will be pleased to hear of our being safe in port in the
+   midst of the prevailing storms, but not without our having
+   previously felt their rigour. Last Thursday morning we carried
+   away our main-top-mast; and, in going to Torbay soon after, we
+   sprung our fore-yard, which made the admiral determine to send
+   us to Spithead to refit, and afterwards join him with all
+   possible despatch. We are just anchored; but it blows so very
+   hard, there is no possibility of sending a boat on shore.
+
+   I left the squadron anchored in Torbay yesterday evening, where
+   they are well sheltered from the present very high wind. Let me
+   hear from you, if possible, by the next post. Not expecting to
+   be ordered here, I wrote to Lady S. yesterday morning, desiring
+   her to direct to me there; and would have written to you to the
+   same purpose, but that I expected to have sent my letters from
+   here by this evening's post, which would have reached you
+   equally soon.
+
+   I think this weather will, for the present at least, let us
+   sleep in tranquillity, and make our enemies set aside their
+   projected invasion. Let them attempt it when they will, I shall
+   view it as a desirable event for this country. But I am not of
+   that opinion with regard to our islands.
+
+   God bless you, and preserve them all! Let us deserve well, and
+   there is nothing that we may not confidently expect from his
+   providence. And, with my sincere love,
+
+   I am ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S. Sunday morning.--I availed myself of a favourable time this
+   morning to come on shore, and have just received a letter
+   stating that the Liberty had been chased by two frigates off the
+   Casketts.
+
+The following letter gives an account of his visit to the island of
+Jersey, &c.
+
+   Bouley Bay, Jersey, 30th March 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have at length had an opportunity of visiting this island, the
+   admiral having detached this ship and the Druid to look into
+   Cancalle Bay and Granville. It falling calm on Thursday evening,
+   we anchored in St. Owen's Bay; and, next morning, Captain
+   Ellison and myself went on shore to wait on Lord Balcarras. We
+   called on Mr. Dumaresq on our way to St. Hilliers, who most
+   obligingly assisted us with horses, and accompanied us to town
+   after having engaged us to dinner. I had just time to call on
+   our friends John Durell and Mr. Wm. Dumaresq, who were very kind
+   in their offers of service. We then returned to St. Peter's, and
+   I shall ever be thankful for one of the most pleasant days I
+   have passed since I commanded the Crescent. Lord Balcarras and
+   his aides-de-camp were the only strangers; Major and Mrs. Le
+   Couteur were of the party; and they were all to have favoured me
+   with their company on board the following day, had not untoward
+   circumstances prevented that pleasure. In the evening we had so
+   thick a fog that it was impossible to join the ships; and at
+   day-break we had the mortification to find, that, the wind
+   having come to the southward, they had found it necessary to
+   leave the bay. They however soon made their appearance, and with
+   some difficulty I got on board.
+
+   The weather not permitting our going on the French coast, I
+   anchored in this bay, and detached a lugger with the third
+   lieutenant, which will execute the service better than we could
+   in the ships. They are here greatly relieved from their fears by
+   knowing our squadron is so near them; and the ladies that at
+   first emigrated are now returning. Write to me by the packet to
+   Guernsey.
+
+   When we can ascertain the force at Cancalle, I hope we shall
+   find ourselves of sufficient strength to pay them a visit. If
+   the emissaries are to be credited, they are disembarking their
+   troops, and marching against the royalists in La Vendee.
+
+   I hope my sister continues well, as when I left you. And, with
+   kindest love,
+
+   I remain, yours ever affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Sunday evening.--P.S. Mr. French, third lieutenant, is this
+   moment returned. He reports that eleven sail of frigates are in
+   Cancalle Bay only;--not the least appearance of ships of the
+   line.
+
+After remaining some time on this dangerous station, the Crescent and
+squadron returned to Plymouth, when Sir James Saumarez was employed on
+the expedition under Earl Moira, which need not be detailed here. On
+the 11th May he received orders to take a squadron under his command,
+to cruise off the Lizard. The following letter is relative to this
+cruise:
+
+   Crescent, at sea, 14th May, 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Pursuant to your directions, I dispatch the Mary cutter to
+   Plymouth for any orders you may be pleased to send me, and I
+   avail myself of this opportunity to acquaint you with the
+   proceedings of the squadron from the time of our departure.
+
+   We made sail to the southward on Sunday night, and saw nothing
+   except two neutral vessels. One of them was informed by Sir
+   Richard Strachan, that on the 6th instant he fell in with a
+   squadron of French frigates in lat. 47 deg. 50' N., long. 6 deg. 15' W.
+
+   Yesterday morning, about eighteen leagues to the southward of
+   the Lizard, the weather having proved hazy, on clearing up we
+   saw a ship and a brig, which we soon distinguished to be enemy's
+   cruisers. I made the signal for general chase, and endeavoured
+   to cut them off from the French coast. We pursued them till
+   within four miles of Ushant, when they escaped through the
+   passage De Four. I then made the best of my way to regain the
+   station; and we are now anxiously looking for the frigates we
+   sailed in pursuit of, with the hopes of better success.
+
+   I beg to assure you of my most earnest endeavours to merit the
+   confidence you are pleased to repose in me; being, with great
+   truth,
+   My dear Admiral,
+
+   Your most faithful
+   and obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Admiral McBride, Plymouth.
+
+It was in the interval between December 1793 and June 1794, that Sir
+James Saumarez and Sir Edward Pellew, and Sir John Warren, being each
+in command of squadrons of frigates, agreed to share prize-money until
+the latter should return to port, which did not take place until June.
+It is notorious in the navy that this led to a dispute, and
+consequently a coolness, between these gallant officers, but the
+misunderstanding was subsequently made up, and need not be farther
+alluded to.
+
+On the 1st June Captain Saumarez returned to Plymouth from the coast
+of France adjacent to the Channel islands, and on the 6th received the
+following order from Admiral McBride.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your command
+   his Majesty's ships, luggers, and cutters, named on the
+   margin,[8] and proceed first with them to Guernsey and Jersey,
+   and then endeavour to ascertain the force the enemy may have in
+   Cancalle Bay and St. Maloes, and then return to Cawsand Bay,
+   leaving the Prestwood cutter with Captain Ball, of his Majesty's
+   ship Fury.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board
+   H.M.S. Echo, 6th June 1794.
+   JNO. McBRIDE.
+
+   [8] Druid, Valiant, Dolphin, Cockchafer, Active, and Prestwood.
+
+Sir James sailed on the 7th from Plymouth: the following is a copy of
+his official letter, giving an account of his action with the French
+squadron:
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey, 8th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you that this morning, at dawn of
+   day, being with his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command,
+   and the Druid and Eurydice frigates, about twelve leagues to the
+   northward of Guernsey, on the larboard tack, with a fresh breeze
+   to the N.E., we fell in with five sail of ships and a cutter to
+   windward. From their not bearing down, and other circumstances,
+   I did not take them for enemy's ships; and I directed Lieut.
+   Baker, of the Valiant, armed lugger, to make sail to windward,
+   for the purpose of reconnoitring them. At six o'clock they
+   hoisted national colours, and fired on the lugger. I then
+   shortened sail to form the line; but the Eurydice sailing so
+   indifferently, and having so superior a force to contend
+   with,--three of the enemy's ships being large frigates, with
+   another which I took for the Thames, and one apparently of
+   twenty-four guns,--I directed Captain Cole to make all the sail
+   he could and stand in shore, Guernsey at the time being in
+   sight.[9]
+
+     [9] See Engraving.
+
+   I remained with this ship and the Druid under easy sail to
+   windward. The two headmost ships of the enemy kept up a brisk
+   fire as they came up; which was returned, but at too great a
+   distance to do any considerable damage. At eight, the Eurydice
+   being so far in shore as to run no risk of their coming up with
+   her, and the whole French line coming up within gun-shot, I made
+   sail with the Druid for the Hanoways.
+
+   Observing the headmost of the enemy gaining very fast on the two
+   ships, I hauled in for the shore with the view of drawing off
+   her attention; which answered my purpose, as she immediately
+   hauled up after me, and maintained a brisk fire for some time,
+   but without effect. She then bore away, but the Druid and
+   Eurydice were too far ahead; and soon after they hauled their
+   wind to the northward.
+
+   I feel every satisfaction in acquainting you that, from the
+   spirit and bravery of my officers and men on this occasion, I am
+   persuaded it would have had every effect, had we had a more
+   equal force to contend with. I met with a noble support in
+   Captain Ellison; and I have only to regret that Captain Cole was
+   not in a ship of sufficient force to allow of my deriving
+   advantage from his tact and intrepidity.
+
+   I am, with every respect, sir,
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-Admiral John McBride.
+
+
+RELATIVE FORCE OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SQUADRONS.
+
+   _English._
+
+
+                Guns.  Weight of shot.
+     Crescent     36    630
+     Druid        36    630
+     Eurydice     20    240
+                  ----------
+     Total        92   1500
+
+   The cutters and luggers went off to Plymouth when the action
+   began.
+
+   _French._
+
+                                Guns.   Weight of shot.
+     Le Scaevola (razee)           54    1656
+     Le Brutus (ditto)            54    1656
+     La Danae                     36     800
+     La Felicite                  36     800
+     La Terreur.                  12     144
+                                 ---    ----
+     Total                       192    5056
+
+Thus it appears that the French were 100 guns, and 3556 pounds in
+weight of metal, superior to the English squadron.
+
+This exploit, which has been justly considered by every officer of the
+navy a masterpiece of professional skill, as well as of presence of
+mind and intrepidity, should be more particularly related than in the
+above very modest public letter. The superiority of the enemy being
+much too great to be opposed with any chance of success, it became the
+imperative duty of Saumarez to effect, if possible, the escape of his
+ships, to which the enemy immediately gave chase. Observing that his
+own ship and the Druid had the advantage in sailing, and that the
+Eurydice, which was not only in bad condition but a bad sailer, would
+fall into their hands, he shortened sail, and having ordered the
+Eurydice by signal to push for Guernsey, he contrived, by occasionally
+showing a disposition to engage, to amuse the enemy, and lead him off
+until the Eurydice was safe. He now tacked, and, in order to save the
+Druid, closed with the enemy, passing along their line; and the
+capture of the Crescent seemed at one time inevitable. The Druid
+meanwhile made her escape, with the Eurydice, into Guernsey Roads.
+
+But Sir James Saumarez had for his own preservation a scheme which, in
+the first instance, required great courage; in the second, a perfect
+knowledge of a most dangerous and intricate channel; and, in the last,
+a consummate skill in the management of his ship. He was himself well
+acquainted with the coast, and possessed an experienced pilot, John
+Breton, a native, whose house was on that extremity of the island. As
+soon therefore as the other two ships were secure, he bore up as if to
+run his ship on the rocks, to avoid capture. Ordering his pilot to
+steer the Crescent through a narrow passage between the rocks, which
+had never before been attempted by a ship of her size, and defying the
+enemy to follow him, he reached the anchorage in safety,[10] to the no
+small surprise and mortification of the French, who, after firing some
+time over the rocks at the ship, were obliged, by the shot of the
+Crescent and that of the batteries, to give up the contest.
+
+   [10] See Engraving and Diagram.
+
+It is worthy of remark that, after passing through the narrow channel,
+the ship had to sail so near to the shore of Catel parish, that he
+could distinctly see his own house,--a position truly singular, for
+behind he beheld a French prison, and before him his own fireside!
+While passing through the narrowest part of the channel, Sir James
+asked the pilot if he was sure he could see the marks for running
+through? when he replied, "I am quite sure, for there is _your_ house,
+and there is my own!"
+
+The gratification which Sir James must have felt in having, by
+his admirable skill and daring, so completely succeeded in saving
+the whole of the ships, could not but be highly augmented by
+the circumstance of his countrymen, and even his family and
+friends, being eye-witnesses of his gallant and judicious conduct.
+Lieutenant-governor Small, who, with a multitude of the inhabitants,
+beheld the whole of these masterly evolutions, immediately published
+the following flattering testimonial in his general orders, which was
+afterwards transmitted to Sir James by the brigade-major in a polite
+letter.
+
+   Parole, _Saumarez_; countersign, _Crescent._
+
+   The lieutenant-governor cannot, without doing injustice to his
+   own feelings, help taking notice thus publicly of the gallant
+   and distinguished conduct of Sir James Saumarez, with the
+   officers and men of his Majesty's ships Crescent, Druid, and
+   Eurydice, under his command, in the very unequal conflict of
+   yesterday, where their consummate professional skill and
+   masterly manoeuvres demonstrated with brilliant effect the
+   superiority of British seamanship and bravery, by repelling and
+   frustrating the views of at least treble their force and weight
+   of metal.
+
+   This cheering instance of spirit and perseverance in a
+   detachment of our royal navy, could not fail of presenting an
+   animating and pleasing example to his Majesty's land forces,
+   both of the line and island troops, who were anxious spectators,
+   and beheld with admiration the active conduct of their brave
+   countrymen.
+
+   To the loyal inhabitants of Guernsey it afforded cause of real
+   exultation to witness the manly and excellent conduct of an
+   officer of whom this flourishing island has to boast he is a
+   native.
+
+The governor of Guernsey, as a further mark of admiration at the
+gallant conduct of Sir James Saumarez, wrote the following letter to
+the Secretary of the Admiralty:
+
+   Government-house, Guernsey, 9th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I do myself the honour of transmitting herewith a copy of what I
+   deemed proper to insert this day in the public orders issued to
+   his Majesty's forces stationed on the island of Guernsey, under
+   my command. May I request that this tribute of well-earned
+   approbation from a brother officer may be communicated to the
+   Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Should it appear irregular
+   that an extra-official communication of this nature comes from a
+   department not immediately under their lordships' cognizance,
+   the impropriety on my part I trust will be indulgently forgiven,
+   as it arises from an irresistible impulse of wishing to do
+   justice to merit and exertions far indeed above my praise. As an
+   officer honoured with a public and confidential situation, and
+   having from shore been an eye-witness of the gallant intrepidity
+   of Sir James Saumarez, and sailors of his Majesty's ships
+   Crescent, Druid, and Eurydice, under his command, I consider it
+   my duty to express, although still inadequately, my opinion of
+   the conduct of men whose modesty (the infallible concomitant of
+   merit) may, in reporting to you, come short of what thousands of
+   loyal and anxious spectators from this island beheld with joy
+   and satisfaction, in the display of superior address and British
+   bravery alluded to.
+
+   I have the honour to subscribe myself,
+   With esteem and high regard, sir,
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JOHN SMALL.
+
+   To Philip Stephens, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   N.B. The enclosure has been already given.
+
+The following general memorandum was issued to the squadron, dated
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
+
+   General Memorandum.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez desires to return his best thanks to Captain
+   Ellison, and the officers and men of H.M.S. Druid, for their
+   spirited conduct and bravery on the 8th instant, in having,
+   jointly with the Crescent, repelled ships of the enemy treble
+   our force. It is to be regretted that the bad sailing of the
+   Eurydice prevented their deriving the advantage they otherwise
+   would have received from Captain Cole and his brave ship's
+   company.
+
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
+
+   General Memorandum.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez requests Captain Cole will signify to the
+   officers and ship's company of his Majesty's ship Eurydice,
+   under his command, how truly mortified he felt himself at being
+   deprived of their support and assistance on the 8th instant, in
+   consequence of the bad sailing of their ship. Had the enemy's
+   force on that day permitted their being brought to action on
+   more equal terms, he is too fully persuaded of the gallantry and
+   bravery of British seamen not to be convinced of its having been
+   attended with the most signal success.
+
+Early in the action, the small vessels, being separated by the enemy,
+bore up for Plymouth. The Valiant arrived first with bad news; and
+then Mr. Hall, of the Cockchafer, went to Admiral McBride, and
+informed him that the whole of Sir James Saumarez' squadron was taken.
+The admiral, who was then suffering under a fit of the gout, demanded
+if he saw them strike; to which Mr. Hall replied that he did not, but
+they could not escape. This so enraged the admiral, who would not
+believe Sir James's squadron had been taken, that he threatened to
+throw his crutch at him, and sent him out of his presence in a very
+summary manner, charging him to return to Guernsey with the following
+letter:
+
+   Tuesday, 10th June.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   If I can gather anything right from Hall, of the little lugger
+   that ran away from you, this will find you at Guernsey, and I
+   hope in good health, with your associates; to whom remember me.
+   The conduct of the small craft you are the best judge of, and I
+   shall suspend my conjectures till I see or hear from you on that
+   subject. As you must naturally have received damage, you will, I
+   think, do well to return hither, by which time I suppose La
+   Margaretta will arrive. Yesterday evening Sir Roger Curtis
+   landed from the Phaeton. He left Lord Howe on the 4th. I know
+   not the particulars, but there has been a general action; and I
+   think Monsieur Jean Bon L'Andre and his Guillotine have had a
+   thorough drubbing. We have lost very few officers of rank. Lord
+   Howe is perfectly well, of which I give you joy.
+
+   Yours, my dear sir, most affectionately,
+   JOHN McBRIDE.
+
+Meanwhile the commodore, in consequence of the enemy's motions,
+wrote the following letter to the Admiralty:
+
+   Crescent, Guernsey Road, 11th June 1794.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have despatched the Active cutter to Spithead, to acquaint
+   you, for the information of their lordships, that the French
+   squadron which engaged his Majesty's ships under my command on
+   Sunday last, put into Cancalle Bay the day following. I have
+   reason to believe they are part of the squadron that chased this
+   ship, in company with the Nymphe and Concorde, on the 2nd
+   instant, off the Seven Islands; and that the ships of the line
+   that were then in company proceeded to Brest.
+
+   His Majesty's ship Severn joined me this morning from Plymouth;
+   and I propose to proceed to the Sound to-morrow, in compliance
+   with orders from Rear-admiral McBride.
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Philip Stephens, Esq. Secretary, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The squadron returned to Plymouth Sound on the 14th of June, when
+Sir James sent the following letter to his brother:--
+
+   Saturday, 14th June 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   We sailed from the island at four yesterday morning, unluckily
+   too soon for the arrival of the packet; by which I lost all the
+   pretty things you, with other friends, said to me on the
+   business of last Sunday. We remain also uninformed of Lord
+   Howe's victory, except that we know a general action has taken
+   place favourable to us. This evening will, I hope, clear up all
+   our doubts.
+
+   The French squadron put into Cancalle Bay the day after our
+   rencontre, and I have reason to think were rather sore from our
+   well-directed fire. That their fire did not take more effect on
+   the Crescent, must be ascribed to a superior Providence; as, I
+   will own to you, I never saw shot fall thicker about any ship
+   than at the time we hauled up for Vason Bay.
+
+   My old pilot, Jean Breton, has infinite merit, and I must have
+   him recommended to that very laudable society for the
+   encouragement of the protection of the commerce of the country.
+   He has a large family, to whom any pecuniary recompense will be
+   of service; but as two other pilots exerted themselves, one on
+   board the Druid, and the other in this ship, I hope they will
+   also be considered. Mention this to my worthy friend the Lord
+   Mayor, who will probably have the goodness to undertake the
+   business.
+
+   I am proceeding to Plymouth for further orders, and you may rest
+   assured of hearing from me when any thing is fixed. The Valiant
+   lugger has this instant joined me from Plymouth, and has brought
+   me the extraordinary Gazette; I most truly rejoice at the good
+   news it contains, though I am savage enough to wish a few more
+   had been sunk or taken.
+
+   This business absorbs all lesser considerations, and I must be
+   satisfied if I can only be considered the _horse-radish_ to
+   garnish the roast beef.
+
+   Adieu, my worthy Richard: lose no time, as the Admiral writes to
+   me we shall sail again early next week. I hope to arrive in the
+   Sound this evening.
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Sir James was, however, disappointed in receiving an answer from his
+brother, being ordered to sail in command of a squadron. The following
+letter concludes the account of the late meritorious affair:
+
+
+   Plymouth, Crescent, June 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have been much disappointed, not to receive a single line from
+   you since we sailed from this place, although I am convinced you
+   must have written by way of Guernsey. To-morrow I sail with a
+   squadron of six frigates under my command, viz. Crescent,
+   Nymphe, Blonde, Druid, Concorde, and Severn: my only fear is,
+   that we shall not be so fortunate as to fall in with the enemy.
+   Admiral McBride has shown me his reply from the Admiralty to his
+   letter, inclosing my account of our late business off Guernsey.
+   It is highly flattering to myself, and expressive of their
+   approbation of my conduct in the strongest terms. I doubt my
+   letter being published, as it is only in instances where success
+   has been the consequence.
+
+   What a noble business that of Lord Howe! And how well he has
+   fulfilled the expectations which those who knew him had formed
+   of his character! Several of my friends are here who were in
+   that action, and speak in the highest strain of panegyric of the
+   whole of his conduct.
+
+   I wait for my wife being again on her legs to compose on the
+   late victory. Why have you not a turn for poetry and music, so
+   as to indite a song on this subject, in lieu of the famous
+   Ninety-second, that has had the run of a whole century?.
+
+   Adieu, my worthy friend! I am truly and faithfully yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1794, 1795.
+
+   Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the
+   Channel.--Visit to Weymouth.--Joins the Channel Fleet.--Black
+   Rocks.--Private Letters and Instructions.--Appointed to the
+   Orion.--Crescent's Officers and Crew volunteer to follow
+   him.--Appointed to the Marlborough (_pro tempore_).--Commands a
+   detached Squadron.--Returns to the Orion, attached to the
+   Channel Fleet.--Private Letters.--Lord Bridport's
+   Action.--Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.--Official
+   Letter.--Two private Accounts.--Returns to
+   Portsmouth--Expedition to Isle Dieu.--Returns to Spithead.
+
+
+Captain Saumarez, whose conduct in his late encounter with the enemy's
+squadron had called forth the admiration of his country, and the high
+approbation of the Admiralty, was continued in command of the squadron
+destined to protect the Channel islands. Admiral McBride emphatically
+said, "their defence could not be in better hands." Sir James left
+Plymouth on the 16th of June 1794, and arrived at Guernsey on the
+following day. The enemy's large ships escaped to Brest before any
+force could be brought to intercept them. The station of Saumarez was
+from Cape Barfleur to the Seven Islands; and, on the English coast,
+between the Isle of Wight and the Start, having four frigates under
+his command. The following letter to his brother gives an amusing
+account of a false alarm, occasioned by the squadron while his Majesty
+George the Third was at Weymouth:
+
+   Crescent, 18th September 1794.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I was made happy yesterday by the sight of your handwriting, of
+   which I had for a considerable time been deprived. You will have
+   learnt from the Lord Mayor of our short cruise off Cherbourg. On
+   our return, Sunday evening, we caused an alarm I had little
+   expected: the Trusty, having fallen in with the four frigates,
+   made the private signal, which, not being distinctly seen,
+   remained unanswered. In consequence of which she proceeded to
+   Weymouth Road, making signals of an enemy. The troops were
+   ordered under arms, the batteries manned, and the royal
+   carriages got in readiness. At our approach to the road after
+   dark, a shot was fired from the Trusty. This ship was secured
+   with springs on her cables, and was ready to pour her broadside,
+   when I fortunately made the night-signal, to denote we were
+   friends. I immediately went on shore, and found the royal family
+   at the rooms, not without apprehension of the enemy's landing.
+
+   The King desired to see me, and very heartily laughed at the
+   circumstance. I remained near an hour in conference with their
+   Majesties in the tea-room; a very distinguished honour, I assure
+   you, as even the lords in waiting are scarcely ever admitted
+   during meals: I was highly flattered at the very gracious and
+   flattering reception I met with. The next day they were on the
+   water, and the King expressed himself much satisfied with the
+   manoeuvres of the squadron under my directions. Lady S. and
+   Mrs. Le Marchant, of Bath, were on board the Crescent, and I was
+   happy in the company of Mr. G----. All dined on board, and
+   seemed well satisfied with the day.
+
+   I expect Admiral McBride the beginning of next week; at which
+   time we shall either go to Plymouth or Portsmouth, to complete
+   our provisions. The weather is so bad that we must not expect
+   the packet from Guernsey, and it prevents the one from Weymouth
+   putting to sea. Love to my sister and children.
+
+   Yours most affectionately,
+   Jas. Saumarez.
+
+The Crescent continued on Channel service until the 10th of October,
+when she returned to Cawsand Bay; and, after a short cruise in the
+entrance of the Channel, she came to Plymouth to be refitted on the
+4th of November. On the 8th she was taken into dock, not having been
+coppered since 1784. Sir James had now an opportunity of enjoying
+repose for two months, (his ship being in course of repair,) till the
+15th of January 1795, when he was immediately attached to the grand
+fleet under Earl Howe.
+
+The following instructions will show the nature of the arduous service
+on which Saumarez was destined to be employed for a considerable time:
+
+   Instructions for the conduct of ships appointed to obtain
+   intelligence of the state of the enemy's naval force at Brest.
+
+   Two frigates, supported by one or more ships of the line, will
+   be most generally appointed for obtaining intelligence of the
+   enemy's naval force, from time to time, when the wind has been
+   favourable to their fleet, or detachment thereof, to put to sea.
+   The frigates so appointed are meant to stretch from Ushant
+   inward to the Black Rocks, together or in succession, as
+   requisite for their mutual support, and better means of
+   communicating with the covering ships; and off St. Matthew's
+   Point, or so as to discover whether the enemy's fleet are still
+   in Brest water, and, if easily practicable, the number and
+   situation of the enemy's ships of war there, and in the adjacent
+   anchoring bays without the Goulet. The covering ships of the
+   line, it is supposed, will generally answer the purpose of their
+   appointment by keeping off, or a little within, the Black Rocks,
+   whilst the frigates are advanced to the more eastern situation
+   before mentioned. The several captains so employed are,
+   nevertheless, to be governed on this service by the state of the
+   weather and movements of the enemy, as they see best in their
+   discretion, or may be directed by the commanding officer, for
+   being able to get to sea with facility when necessary for the
+   purpose of this appointment; and, having made the intended
+   discovery, they are to return for reporting observations to me
+   with all convenient despatch. They are to observe, that the
+   capture of single ships of the line or frigates, or any action
+   with the enemy not absolutely requisite for the security of
+   their ships, is not an object of equal moment to compensate for
+   any delay in conveying the earliest information to me, by signal
+   or personal intercourse, of the state or motions of the enemy as
+   aforesaid. The ordering of the fleet in their absence on this
+   service will be calculated for arriving off Ushant as early as
+   possible the next morning, on these occasions if the detached
+   ships should not have joined the fleet the preceding day, in
+   view to take advantage of every opportunity to intercept the
+   ships of the enemy attempting to put to sea from Brest. And as
+   it may be requisite often to renew this appointment, the
+   intention will be expressed by signal No. 181, together with the
+   particular signals (one or more) of the ships of the line and
+   frigates then meant to be so employed; and the signal No. 124
+   will be subsequently made when the ships are to part company
+   from the fleet for such purpose.
+
+   Given on board the Queen Charlotte,
+   Torbay, 5th February 1795.
+   HOWE.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez,
+   Captain H.M.S. Crescent.
+
+On this occasion Sir James Saumarez wrote the following letter to his
+brother, which shows the high opinion entertained of his services off
+the Black Rocks by his lordship:
+
+   Spithead, 15th January 1795.
+
+   I had the pleasure of yours yesterday morning, and have only
+   time to acquaint you that part of the fleet are now dropping
+   down to St. Helen's, and to-morrow we hope to put to sea. The
+   wind is far to the southward, but I hope we shall be able to get
+   down Channel before it comes to the westward. There can be
+   little doubt but the enemy's fleet are still at sea. If we have
+   the good fortune to meet them, the business will be glorious for
+   the country.
+
+   Our line consists of thirty-five, ten of which are
+   three-deckers. The French have only thirty-two, and four only of
+   three-deckers. My situation in the fleet (repeating frigate) is
+   certainly more desirable than a less conspicuous one; at the
+   same time, I would rather command a seventy-four. Lord Howe is
+   remarkably gracious, and has overwhelmed me with compliments in
+   his opinion of my merits. I have the more to accomplish in order
+   to show myself deserving of it. Be assured of my zealous
+   endeavours. Adieu! Give my sincere love to my sister and dear
+   children.
+
+   I am ever affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+Sir James always preferred the command of a ship of the line to a
+frigate, notwithstanding the chances of prize-money are in favour of
+the latter. He accordingly made the following application to the First
+Lord of the Admiralty; and it will be seen, by the subsequent
+correspondence, that his wishes were complied with.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg leave to acquaint your lordship, that some time since I
+   made application to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship, and
+   the Earl of Chatham was pleased to signify his intention of
+   meeting my wishes the earliest opportunity. I shall esteem
+   myself greatly obliged to your lordship to appoint me to one,
+   and at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's
+   company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Right Honourable Earl Spencer.
+
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging your letter to
+   be appointed to a line-of-battle ship. I am not at present
+   apprised of there being an immediate opportunity to comply with
+   your request; but it will give me great pleasure to have an
+   early one afforded me of promoting an officer of so much
+   acknowledged merit.
+
+   I am, sir, with great respect,
+   Your obedient humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+
+   To Captain Saumarez, H.M.S. Crescent.
+   Admiralty, December 24th, 1794.
+
+
+   Crescent, Spithead, 1st March 1795.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg to avail myself of the return of the fleet into port, to
+   remind your lordship of the application I had the honour to make
+   to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship; and as the Orion is
+   likely soon to become vacant, I shall be greatly obliged to your
+   lordship to have the goodness to give me the command of her, and
+   at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's
+   company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Right Honourable Earl Spencer.
+
+
+   Crescent, off Spithead, 4th March 1795.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments to your lordship for
+   having been pleased to appoint me to the command of the Orion. I
+   shall be further obliged to your lordship to permit the
+   commissioned and warrant officers of the Crescent to be removed
+   to her, with the ship's company.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Earl Spencer, &c. &c.
+
+Sir James remained with the Channel fleet until the 13th of March,
+when, at his own request, he was removed into his Majesty's ship
+Orion. The whole crew of the Crescent volunteered to follow him, and
+his application for them was in part complied with; as also for
+Lieutenants Otter and Rye, and some of the warrant and petty officers,
+who were consequently turned over to that ship, which was fitting at
+Portsmouth. As it would be a considerable time before she could be
+refitted so as to be ready for sea, Captain Saumarez was, at the
+special application of the admiral, Lord Hugh Seymour, appointed (pro
+tempore) to the Marlborough of seventy-four guns, and attached to a
+detachment of the grand fleet under the Honourable W. Waldegrave,
+(afterwards Lord Radstock,) cruising between Ushant and Cape
+Finisterre. His appointment was dated 19th March 1795. On the 8th of
+April he became senior officer of the detached squadron off the
+Western Isles, under the orders of Lord Bridport. He returned on the
+8th of June to take command of his own ship, the Orion, which had been
+fitted out by Captain Donnelly, and was now ready to receive orders
+for sea. He was now again placed under the orders of his lordship, the
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, and sailed on the 12th of
+June, two days after his arrival. On the 22nd, the squadron fell in
+with the enemy off L'Orient at daylight, at which time the Orion was
+one of the sternmost ships when the signal was made to chase. Her
+captain soon gave a manifest proof of his zeal and abilities on this
+occasion. She was, before morning of the 23rd, the headmost ship of
+the fleet; and, before six o'clock, was the first which actually began
+the action with one of the enemy's largest ships.
+
+The following is a copy of Lord Bridport's official despatch:
+
+   Royal George, at sea, 24th June 1795.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   It is with sincere satisfaction I acquaint you, for the
+   information of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that
+   his Majesty's squadron under my command attacked the enemy's
+   fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line, attended with
+   eleven frigates and some smaller cruisers, on the 23rd instant,
+   close in with the port of L'Orient. The ships which struck are
+   the Alexander, Le Formidable, and Le Tigre, which were with
+   difficulty retained. If the enemy had not been protected and
+   sheltered by the land, I have every reason to believe that a
+   much greater number, if not all the line-of-battle ships, would
+   have been taken or destroyed.
+
+   In detailing the particulars of this service, I am to state that
+   at the dawn of day, on the 22nd instant, the Nymphe and Astrea,
+   being the look-out frigates ahead, made the signal for the
+   enemy's fleet. I soon perceived there was no intention to meet
+   me in battle; consequently, I made the signal for four of the
+   best-sailing ships, the Sanspareil, Orion, Russell, and
+   Colossus, and, soon afterwards, the whole fleet, to chase; which
+   continued all day and the whole night with very little wind.
+
+   Early in the morning of the 23rd, the headmost ships, the Orion,
+   Irresistible, Queen Charlotte, Russell, Colossus, and
+   Sanspareil, were pretty well up with the enemy; and a little
+   before six o'clock the action began, and continued till near
+   nine. When the ships struck, the British squadron was near to
+   some batteries, and in the face of a strong naval port, which
+   will manifest to the public the zeal, intrepidity, and skill of
+   the admirals, captains, and all the other officers and seamen,
+   and soldiers, employed upon this service; and they are fully
+   entitled to my warmest acknowledgments.
+
+   I beg also to be allowed to mark my approbation in a particular
+   manner of Captain Domett's conduct, serving under my flag, for
+   his manly spirit, and for the assistance I received from his
+   active and attentive mind. I feel great satisfaction in doing
+   justice to the meritorious conduct of all the officers of every
+   class, as well as to the bravery of the seamen and soldiers in
+   the Royal George, upon this event and on former occasions.
+
+   I judged it necessary, upon the information I received of the
+   force of the enemy, to put the Robust, Thunderer, and Standard
+   into my line of battle; but their distance from my squadron, and
+   there being little wind, prevented them from joining me till
+   after the action was over.
+
+   I shall proceed upon my station as soon as I have ordered a
+   distribution of the prisoners, and made other necessary
+   arrangements for the squadron. It is my intention to keep at
+   sea, in order to fulfil every part of my instructions.
+
+   I have judged it necessary to send Captain Domett with my
+   despatches, who will give their lordships such further
+   particulars as shall have occurred to him on the victory we have
+   gained.
+
+   I am, &c.
+   BRIDPORT.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq.
+
+The enemy made their escape into L'Orient. By some accounts the
+commander-in-chief has been blamed for not continuing the action; but
+this does not seem to have been the opinion of Sir James Saumarez, who
+wrote the following letter to his brother on the day after the action.
+It is said that the fleet were not supplied with pilots for that part
+of the coast.
+
+   Orion, at sea, 24th June 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have the satisfaction to acquaint you that, last Monday, we
+   fell in with the French fleet, about eighteen leagues from the
+   Isle de Groix. The signal for a general chase was made at six
+   o'clock; but, having little wind, we were still at a
+   considerable distance from them in the evening. Our headmost
+   ships denoted by signal that they consisted of fourteen sail of
+   the line and eleven frigates. The admiral made the signal to
+   engage the enemy on coming up with them. It was with great
+   delight I found the Orion sail extremely well, and in the
+   morning we were one of the headmost ships of the squadron. I
+   should observe, that Sir John Warren's convoy were in sight at
+   the time we first saw the enemy; and a vessel was detached to
+   order the Robust and Thunderer to join us, which made our number
+   nineteen sail of the line.
+
+   The French fleet at daylight was about five miles from us,
+   crowding all sail, and steering for their coast, which appeared
+   in sight. At five o'clock, this ship, being ahead of the Queen
+   Charlotte, began the action, and kept up a constant fire as we
+   came up; which was warmly returned by the enemy's sternmost
+   ships, one of which was the Montagne. Finding I could go to
+   windward of one of their ships, I hauled up between her and
+   their fleet, and gave her our larboard guns directly for her
+   stern. She was afterwards attacked by other ships, to which she
+   struck, and proved to be the Alexander.
+
+   The Irresistible, Russell, Colossus, and Sanspareil were the
+   headmost of our fleet after the Orion and Queen Charlotte, and
+   engaged the enemy as they came up. A French seventy-four, that
+   had taken fire on the poop, struck to the frigates. She is
+   called the Formidable, and is not materially damaged from the
+   fire. When the Queen, London, and finally the Royal George, came
+   into action, they kept up a most amazing fire; but by this time
+   the enemy were within three miles of their coast, and they all
+   escaped except the Tigre, which struck to the Royal George.
+
+   For further details I must refer you to the public accounts. Our
+   loss in this ship has been inconsiderable when I assure you we
+   were engaged with very little intermission the whole time of the
+   action, which lasted four hours. We have four killed, two since
+   dead, and eighteen wounded. The ship has suffered more in
+   proportion in the hull, masts, and sails. We regret not to have
+   had a few leagues' more space, as none could then have escaped.
+   Port Louis, near L'Orient, has afforded them this timely
+   shelter, but not till they had a severe drubbing.
+
+   You will show the contents of this letter to Mr. Le Mesurier, as
+   I have scarcely one moment to spare.
+
+   Adieu! Remember me most kindly to my sister; and believe me
+   truly, my dear Richard,
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   You will oblige Lady S. by inclosing this, after perusal, to
+   her.
+
+This detachment of the Channel fleet, which was destined to protect
+the ill-fated expedition to Quiberon Bay, under Sir J.B. Warren,
+continued for some time on the coast; but the Orion, being one of the
+ships which had suffered most, was ordered to Portsmouth. On his
+arrival, Sir James wrote the following letter to his brother Richard.
+
+   Orion, off St. Helens, 12th July 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint you, that I parted
+   from the fleet last Thursday, with the Charon, hospital ship,
+   which I saw safe into Portland this morning: Captain Grindall,
+   (the only captain wounded,) who took his passage on board her,
+   was much recovered. On the day I left the fleet, Admiral
+   Cornwallis, with the ships under his command, joined Lord
+   Bridport; and I imagine the Queen Charlotte, with the ships that
+   suffered most in the action, will go home. As the Orion requires
+   a new fore-mast and bowsprit, besides considerable repair, I
+   take it for granted she will be ordered into harbour.
+
+   A few days after the action we were alarmed by the appearance of
+   an epidemic fever on board; but, by sending the men infected on
+   board the hospital ship, and using timely precaution, I am happy
+   to say it has entirely subsided, but it gave me a great degree
+   of concern: added to this, we have had the small-pox on board;
+   but it has been of so favourable a kind, that the men who have
+   had it are all doing well, two excepted, who died on board the
+   hospital ship. Several are now under inoculation, and I hope
+   will recover.
+
+   We have lost eight men in consequence of the action: all the
+   wounded, except two, are nearly well; their wounds, I am happy
+   to find, were slight.
+
+   It will have surprised you to find me differ in my statement of
+   the action from the Admiral, when I mention having begun the
+   action. The fact was, the Irresistible fired two, or, I believe,
+   three bow-guns, but I never could consider that entitling her to
+   being the first in action; _but of this hereafter_.
+
+   Now is a good opportunity for you and my sister to come and
+   spend a few days at Portsmouth, if you can spare time to
+   undertake the journey. Come down immediately, and take a sail in
+   the ship into Portsmouth Harbour. I was in great hope to be in
+   time to see Lady S. this evening, but I fear it is impossible;
+   it is near eight o'clock, and we are no nearer than St. Helen's
+   Road, with little wind. I have heard from none of my friends
+   during the cruise, so that I know not what became of you after
+   your peregrination to St. Helens.
+
+   The prizes left the fleet ten days ago, and must be expected the
+   first westerly winds. You will be glad to hear that Mr. Otter is
+   promoted.
+
+   Yours affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   P.S. Portsmouth, 15th July 1795. I have only time to acquaint
+   you with my being just landed. Let me hear from you. Adieu!
+
+We here give a diagram of this action at the time it began. When the
+Irresistible fired her bow-guns, she was in _chase_, astern and not up
+alongside of the enemy; but the Orion reserved all her fire until
+actually alongside; she was certainly the first that could bring all
+her broadside to bear on one of the enemy's ships, and therefore
+justly claims the honour of having commenced the battle. But Sir James
+took no steps to correct the statement, and was, as usual, content
+with being included in the mass of those who distinguished themselves
+on that occasion.
+
+
+   Position of the hostile fleets on the morning of the 23rd June
+   1795, when the headmost ships brought the rear of the enemy to
+   action.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   No. 1. Orion, Capt. Sir J. Saumarez. 2. Queen Charlotte, Capt.
+   Sir A.S. Douglas. 3. Irresistible, Capt. Grindall. 4. Russell,
+   Capt. T. Luscom. 5. Colossus, Capt. Moncton. 6. Sanspareil,
+   Admiral Lord H. Seymour, Capt. Brown. 7. London, Capt. Griffith.
+   8. Queen, Rear-admiral Gardner, Capt. Bedford. 9. Prince George,
+   Capt. Edge. 10. Royal George, Admiral Lord Bridport, Captain
+   Domett.
+
+The Orion was taken into Portsmouth harbour, and, as six weeks were
+required to repair her damages, Sir James had another month's
+relaxation from actual service. It was the 18th July before she was
+reported ready for sea. On the 21st he wrote the following letter to
+his brother, describing the service on which he was now to be
+employed:
+
+   Ryde, 21st August 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   Expecting to sail from day to day, I delayed writing till I
+   could acquaint you with the precise time of our departure. This
+   morning the wind proved easterly, but it has again veered to the
+   westward, and become as uncertain as ever, so that I yet hope to
+   hear from you. I understand that about four thousand troops,
+   _British_, and fifteen hundred emigrants, sail under our escort.
+   They are commanded by General Doyle, and it is supposed are
+   destined to take possession of Noirmoutier, to keep up
+   communication with Charrette's army. Monsieur, who you know is
+   embarked on board the Jason, accompanies them. It is to be hoped
+   that this last effort of ours to secure a footing on their own
+   territory to these unfortunate people, will prove successful; I
+   say this last, for, from what I learn, Lord Moira resigns with
+   the whole of his staff, and the rest of his army are to be,
+   under command of Sir R. Abercromby, destined for the West
+   Indies.
+
+   We are likely to have enough on our hands should war be
+   continued, as it is impossible but we must have the Spanish to
+   contend with. Several ships sailed this morning to reinforce our
+   squadron in the North Seas, which shows the Dutch are beginning
+   to stir themselves.
+
+   I write from Ryde, where Lady S. has been since yesterday, being
+   near Spithead, where I must be every day. As the wind is at
+   present, there is every reason to expect that we shall be here
+   some days longer; therefore write to me. Adieu! God bless you
+   all!
+
+   I am truly and affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+The expedition, alluded to in the above letter, was placed under
+command of Rear-admiral Henry Harvey, and consisted of the Prince of
+Wales (flag-ship), Queen Charlotte, Prince, Orion, Russell, Arethusa,
+and Jason, with a convoy of one hundred and twenty-six vessels. These
+were detained at Spithead till the end of September; and on the 13th
+of October they reached Isle Dieu, where they were destined to
+co-operate with the former expedition. When off Hedic, Admiral Harvey
+sent the Orion to join Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, with that
+part of the convoy intended to act with the royalists, while he
+proceeded with the rest to the West Indies.
+
+The troops were landed. The Orion was employed blockading the coast
+near Rochfort and L'Orient; the nature of which memorable service will
+be best understood from the following letters from Sir James to his
+brother.
+
+   Orion, at sea, 26th October.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I have just learnt from the Admiral, that he intends to despatch
+   the Porcupine for England, which gives me an opportunity of
+   writing a line merely to acquaint you of our being in
+   existence, but most deucedly tired of our cruise: nothing worthy
+   our notice has occurred since my last letter. Sir John Warren
+   left Quiberon Bay last Wednesday for Noirmoutier, whence it is
+   supposed the emigrants will join Charrette's army. We pay
+   frequent visits to our friends in Port Louis. They continue
+   nearly in the same state as when we left them after the 23rd of
+   June; and, from the intelligence we have obtained, they are not
+   in any forwardness for sea, being without stores or men.
+
+   We experienced hitherto remarkable fine weather, which I hope
+   will continue; but nothing can equal our unvaried scene, fixed
+   to this confounded spot, without the least prospect of anything
+   falling in our way. We have not even the advantage of hearing
+   from England; for, sparingly, two ships only have joined us from
+   Plymouth since we are on this station. In short, my dear friend,
+   I am heartily tired of so inactive a situation, and shall very
+   sincerely rejoice to be relieved from it. You are much more
+   likely to receive accounts of the expedition than we are, having
+   but little intercourse with the army, and that little is solely
+   confined to the Admiral, who deals out the news very
+   _cautiously_. Could we but hear from our friends, it would yield
+   us some comfort; but that we are also denied: it is, however,
+   some satisfaction we can let them know we are alive. God bless
+   you! and believe me, with my kindest love to my dear sister and
+   children,
+
+   Yours most affectionately,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+
+   Orion, Houat, 26th November 1795.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   We sailed from Isle Dieu this day, subsequent to my letter by
+   the Thunderer; and various have been the decisions respecting
+   withdrawing the troops from that island. On Monday, Sir John
+   Warren sailed with the Robust, Theseus, and four frigates, with
+   the intention of making the embarkation; but it came on to blow
+   so strong that they were obliged to put back. I was dispensed
+   with from that service, by having been appointed to carry on the
+   communication with the royalists, for the purpose of conveying
+   to them the immense supply of stores and ammunition intended for
+   them, besides about thirty thousand pounds in specie. The 24th
+   was the day fixed for their being landed, and General George was
+   to muster all his force to receive them, at a place called
+   Bitiers, at the entrance of the Villaine; but the weather proved
+   so boisterous on that and the following day, that there existed
+   no possibility of any communication.
+
+   Sir John Warren, to my great satisfaction, joined me this
+   morning with the frigates; the embarkation from Isle Dieu having
+   at last been given up. To-morrow we hope to hear that our
+   friends occupy the post agreed on; and we shall throw them as
+   speedily as possible, by means of the chasse-marees and boats of
+   the squadron, the various articles in our possession which they
+   so much want.
+
+   The last letters I have received were dated the 19th: they
+   mention P---- being under arrest; but there was a difference of
+   opinion respecting him, which was submitted to Monsieur. As his
+   Royal Highness is gone home, it will be some time before his
+   fate is decided. Being informed that the Standard was ordered
+   for England, I would not lose the opportunity, and in some way I
+   hope to inform you with the successful result of our enterprise:
+   once ended, I hope we shall bend our steps homeward.
+
+   Our friend Dan, with Phil. Dumaresq, are perfectly well.
+   Remember me with kindest love to my sister, and believe me ever
+   affectionately yours,
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+The details of the failure of this expedition need not be dwelt upon;
+it was finally determined on the 13th of December to withdraw the
+troops, and Sir James Saumarez consequently received the following
+order:
+
+   By Henry Harvey, Esq. Rear-admiral of the Red, &c.
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your convoy
+   all the transports, store-ships, victuallers, and other vessels
+   lying in this bay, and put to sea in company with his Majesty's
+   squadron under my command. You will have under your direction
+   his Majesty's ship Porcupine, whose captain is directed to
+   follow your orders. You are to use your utmost endeavours to
+   keep company with me; but, in case of separation, make the best
+   of your way to Spithead, leaving off Plymouth such of the
+   victuallers as may have sailed from that port.
+
+   Given under my hand, on board the
+   Prince of Wales, 17th December 1795,
+   Houat Roads.
+   H. HARVEY.
+
+Admiral Harvey parted from the convoy off Brest, and Sir James arrived
+at Spithead, after having looked into Brest, on the 30th December, and
+reported his arrival to the Secretary of the Admiralty; to which he
+received the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty Office, 31st December 1795.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, your letter of yesterday's date, informing them
+   of your arrival at Spithead in the ship you command, with part
+   of the transports under your convoy, from Quiberon Bay; and I
+   have their lordships' command to acquaint you that they are
+   pleased with your proceedings.
+
+   I am, sir, your obedient humble servant,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+   To Captain Sir James Saumarez,
+   H.M.S. Orion, Spithead.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1796, 1797.
+
+   Orion taken into dock.--Is refitted, and joins the Channel
+   fleet.--Detached on a particular service.--Returns.--Proceeds to
+   reinforce Sir John Jervis.--List of his fleet.--Battle with
+   Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent described in a private
+   letter.--Conduct of Saumarez in the action.--Salvador del Mundo
+   strikes to the Orion, and is taken possession of by her
+   lieutenant.--Engages the Santissima Trinidada.--She strikes to
+   the Orion.--Remarks on that occasion.--Lagos Bay.--Lisbon.--Sir
+   James sails on a cruise with Admiral Sir H.
+   Nelson.--Returns.--Commands the advanced squadron.--Several
+   private letters.--Commands the advanced squadron off
+   Cadiz.--Mutiny in the fleet.--Anecdote and remarks thereon.
+
+
+The Orion was ordered into harbour; and on examination it was found
+she had been so much strained during the last cruise, particularly in
+the November storm, subsequently known by the name of "Admiral
+Christian's gale," besides having sprung her lower masts, that it
+became absolutely necessary for her to be taken into dock. During the
+next four months Sir James obtained, leave of absence; and it was not
+until the 7th of May 1796, that, having rejoined his ship, he was
+called into active service, the Orion being placed in Rear-admiral
+Lord Hugh Seymour's division of the grand fleet which was fitted for
+foreign service.
+
+After a short cruise off Brest, the Orion proceeded to reinforce the
+fleet under Sir John Jervis, off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron
+consisted of the Sanspareil (flag-ship), Orion, Triumph, Juste,
+Hector, and Theseus, of the line; Phaeton and Latona, frigates; and
+Incendiary, fire-ship. On arriving off their station, Captain Saumarez
+was detached to Fayall by Lord Hugh's order, dated the 13th June, to
+obtain stock, wine, &c. for the use of the squadron; and was directed
+to meet his lordship at ten leagues to the westward of that island;
+after which the squadron returned to Cape St. Vincent, and from
+thence, in the month of September, they joined the Channel fleet,
+under Lord Gardner.
+
+On the 11th of December the Orion returned to Spithead, in order to
+refit and replenish in water and provisions, after a six months'
+unsuccessful cruise. This occupied but a short time; and on the 17th
+of the same month Sir James proceeded in the Orion, with a squadron
+under the orders of Admiral W. Parker, to reinforce Sir John Jervis,
+off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron consisted of the Prince George,
+98; Namur, 90; Irresistible, Orion, and Colossus, of 74 guns; and
+Thalia frigate. The junction with Sir John was effected on the 6th of
+February. Thus reinforced, the Admiral had under his command--
+
+     Guns.
+     100      Victory,          Admiral Sir John Jervis.
+                                Captain Robert Calder.
+                                Captain George Grey.
+
+              Britannia,        Vice-admiral Charles Thompson.
+                                Captain Foley.
+
+     98       Barfleur,         Vice-admiral Hon. W. Waldegrave.
+                                Captain J.R. Dacres.
+
+              Prince George,    Rear-admiral W. Parker.
+                                Captain John Irwin.
+
+              Blenheim,         Captain Thos. L. Frederick.
+
+     90       Namur,            Captain James H. Whitshed.
+
+     74       Captain,          Commodore Horatio Nelson.
+                                Captain R.W. Miller.
+              Goliath,          Captain Charles Knowles.
+              Excellent,        Captain Cuthbert Collingwood.
+              Orion,            Captain Sir James Saumarez.
+              Colossus,         Captain Geo. Murray.
+              Egmont,           Captain John Sutton.
+              Culloden,         Captain Thomas Troubridge.
+              Irresistible,     Captain Geo. Martin.
+
+     64       Diadem,           Captain Geo. H. Towny.
+
+     38       Minerve,          Captain Geo. Cockburn.
+
+     32       Lively,           Captain Lord Garlies.
+              Niger,            Captain Ed. Jas. Foote.
+              Southampton,      Captain Jas. Macnamara.
+
+     Slps     Bonne Citoyenne,  Captain Chas. Lindsay.
+              Raven,            Captain W. Prowse.
+
+     Cut.     Fox,              Lieutenant John Gibson.
+
+Sir John Jervis was well aware that the Spanish fleet might be nearly
+double his force, but he kept working up towards the position where he
+expected to meet them. On the 13th, in the morning, the Minerve,
+Captain Cockburn, bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Nelson,
+(which was afterwards shifted to the Captain, 74) having on board Sir
+Gilbert Elliot, late viceroy of Corsica and others, came into the
+fleet with intelligence that on the 11th, soon after quitting
+Gibraltar, she had been chased by two Spanish line-of-battle ships;
+and that afterwards, when in the mouth of the Straits, she got sight
+of the Spanish fleet. Before sunset the signals were made for the
+British fleet to prepare for battle, and to keep in close order all
+the night, during which the signal-guns of the Spaniards were
+distinctly heard. At half-past two, A.M. the Portuguese frigate
+Carlotta spoke the Victory; and her captain (Campbell) gave
+information that the Spanish grand fleet, commanded by Don Josef de
+Cordova, was only five leagues to windward; that they had sailed from
+Carthagena on the 1st of the month, and consisted of twenty-eight sail
+of the line, viz.
+
+     Guns.
+     130  Santissima Trinidada.
+            (four-decker).
+
+     112  Concepcion.
+          Conde de Regla.
+          Mexicano.
+          Principe de Asturias.
+          Salvador del Mundo.
+          San Josef.
+
+     80   Neptuno.
+          San Nicolas.
+
+     74   Atalante.
+          Bahama.
+          Conquistador.
+          Firme.
+          Glorioso.
+          Oriente.
+          Pelayo.
+          San Antonio.
+          San Domingo.
+          San Firmin.
+          San F'sco de Paula.
+          San Genaro.
+          San Ildefonso.
+          San Juan Nepomuceno.
+          San Pablo.
+          San Ysidro.
+          Soberano.
+          Terrible.
+
+There were also twelve frigates, some gun-boats, and seventy
+transports with troops, which were disembarked at Algesiras.
+
+It is not positively known what the destination of this powerful fleet
+was; some accounts say Cadiz, others Brest. It is, however, certain
+that their admiral did not expect to meet more than ten or twelve sail
+of the line with Sir John Jervis, and that he anticipated an easy
+capture, and a triumphant entry into port with his prizes. His dismay
+may therefore be easily imagined at seeing the English fleet of
+fifteen sail of the line close to him, in excellent order of battle,
+while his own fleet was in such a scattered situation as to render it
+impossible to prevent his intrepid enemy from cutting off a group
+which had separated from the main body of his fleet, and which in vain
+attempted to rejoin by crowding all sail.
+
+As it is not our intention to enter into the particulars of this
+memorable battle, excepting as regards the Orion, an extract from the
+admiral's despatch will be sufficient to show the bold and decisive
+step which he took on that occasion, and by which he succeeded in
+obtaining a most glorious victory over double his force.
+
+   Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   The hope of falling in with the Spanish fleet, expressed in my
+   letter to you of the 13th instant, was confirmed last night by
+   distinctly hearing the report of their signal-guns, and by
+   intelligence received from Captain Foote, of his Majesty's ship
+   Niger, who had, with equal judgment and perseverance, kept
+   company with them for several days, on my prescribed
+   rendezvous, (which, from the strong S.E. wind, I had never been
+   able to reach,) and that they were not more than the distance of
+   three or four leagues from us.
+
+   I anxiously waited the dawn of day; when, being on the starboard
+   tack, Cape St. Vincent bearing E.N.E. eight leagues, I had the
+   satisfaction of seeing a number of ships extended from S.W. to
+   S., the wind then W. by S. At forty-nine minutes past ten, the
+   weather being extremely hazy, La Bonne Citoyenne made the signal
+   that the ships seen were of the line, twenty-five in number.
+
+   His Majesty's squadron under my command, consisting of fifteen
+   ships of the line, happily formed in the most compact order of
+   sailing in two lines. By carrying a press of sail, I was
+   fortunate in getting in with the enemy's fleet at half-past
+   eleven, before it had time to collect and form a regular order
+   of battle. Such a moment was not to be lost; and, confident in
+   the skill, valour, and discipline of the officers and men I had
+   the happiness to command, and judging that the honour of his
+   Majesty's arms, and the circumstances of the war in these seas,
+   required a considerable degree of enterprise, I felt myself
+   justified in departing from the regular system; and, passing
+   through their fleet in a line formed with the utmost celerity,
+   tacked, and thereby separated one-third from the main body.
+   After a partial cannonade, which prevented their rejunction till
+   the evening, and by the very great exertions of the ships which
+   had the good fortune to arrive up with the enemy on the larboard
+   tack, the ships named in the margin[11] were captured, and the
+   action ceased about five o'clock.
+
+   [11] The San Josef, Salvador del Mundo, San Nicolas, and San
+   Ysidro.
+
+That the Orion was one of those ships which distinguished themselves
+will best appear from the private letter of her brave commander to his
+brother, written only the day after the action; a circumstance which
+cannot but give such a communication a value far superior to a more
+elaborate composition. The log also of his ship, written at the time
+by the master, to which we have had access, completely accords with
+the facts so clearly stated in the letter.
+
+   Orion, Lagos Bay, 15th February 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   You will be happy to receive an account from me of the important
+   victory obtained by our squadron over the Spanish fleet,
+   consisting of nearly double our force. The Admiral having
+   received previous information of their sailing from Carthagena,
+   and of their cruising off the entrance of the Straits, gave us
+   timely notice of the intelligence by the signal to prepare for
+   battle.
+
+   Early on Tuesday morning, the weather being hazy, with light
+   winds, the frigates on the look-out made the signal for
+   discovering the enemy, and soon after we discerned several ships
+   to leeward, and the body of the fleet to windward. We were then
+   on the starboard tack, standing to the southward. The signal was
+   made to different ships to chase; and, shortly after, for the
+   fleet to form in line of battle as most convenient. The enemy at
+   this time were bearing down to join their ships to leeward; but
+   we came upon them so fast, that, before they could effect the
+   junction, the headmost ships, which were the Culloden, Prince
+   George, Orion, Blenheim, and Colossus, with the Victory and the
+   rest coming up, it was effectually prevented. They then hauled
+   their wind on the larboard tack, and our Admiral made the signal
+   for the fleet to tack. Our sternmost ships then became the
+   headmost.
+
+   Commodore Nelson, who had joined from Elba the day before,
+   shifted his pendant to the Captain, the leading ship, and
+   distinguished himself most eminently. The Culloden, Blenheim,
+   Prince George, and Orion, were the next that came up, and were
+   warmly engaged for nearly three hours with the body of the
+   enemy's fleet, who had not had the time, or address, to form
+   into any order. But it is only doing them justice to say, they
+   defended themselves very bravely.
+
+   We were, for above an hour, opposed to a three-decker, the
+   Salvador del Mundo, which finally struck to this ship; we
+   lowered the boat from the stern, and gave orders to Mr. Luce,
+   the first lieutenant, to take possession of her; still making
+   sail for the other ships, and following Admiral Parker in the
+   Prince George. The Excellent, which had passed us to windward,
+   had made a line-of-battle ship, the San Domingo, strike some
+   time before this.
+
+   Several ships of the enemy were extremely shattered in their
+   masts and sails; but, keeping up a warm fire on their ships, the
+   Captain laid one of them, the San Nicolas, an eighty-four, on
+   board, and hauled down her colours. A three-decker, the San
+   Josef, wishing, I believe, to rescue the ship, got on board of
+   her, and gave Commodore Nelson an opportunity of also hauling
+   down her colours. His bravery on this occasion is above all
+   praise.
+
+   The Namur and other ships had by this time joined the van, and
+   engaged as they came up. I stood for a three-decker, which,
+   after engaging some time, struck her colours: she first had
+   showed a white flag, which, though I concluded to indicate a
+   truce, was not satisfactory to myself, and we continued firing
+   till they hoisted an English flag over the Spanish, on which we
+   ceased firing.
+
+   The enemy's ships, many of which had not been in action, at this
+   time came up and were forming to windward. The Admiral made the
+   signal to wear and come to the wind on the starboard tack;
+   wishing, I believe, to keep his squadron collected near the
+   prizes, as well as the Captain, that was much disabled, besides
+   the Colossus, which ship very unfortunately lost her fore-yard
+   very early in the action. This ill-timed, but doubtless
+   necessary manoeuvre, lost us the additional triumph of having
+   the Purissima Concepcion, to grace the ships already in our
+   possession, and I experienced the regret of again seeing her
+   resume the Spanish colours.
+
+   I have here related to you facts as they really occurred, and I
+   believe all my officers will vouch for the authenticity of this
+   account. I am happy to acquaint you that we have providentially
+   lost no man in the action; eight only wounded, all doing well;
+   amongst which number is Mr. Mansell, from a contusion in his
+   right shoulder by splinter. Our main and mizen-top-masts are
+   alone disabled, and the hull has not suffered materially. All
+   the officers, and every man individually, behaved as nobly as I
+   have ever witnessed; and you know it is not the first action in
+   which I have seen courage excited.
+
+   This is copied from the letter I write to my brother. My
+   amanuensis is a gentleman who acted as my aide-de-camp, and I
+   beg you will acquaint his good father that he acquitted himself
+   highly to my satisfaction, and showed himself deserving the
+   stock from which he sprung. I truly hope in due time to have the
+   opportunity of advancing a young man of his merit.
+
+   In case I have not time to write to my brother, as the above has
+   been copied only from the scraps of the letter I intended
+   writing, send him this letter, stating my great hurry and the
+   pressure of service at this crisis.
+
+   Adieu! nothing can equal my impatience to hear from you, and to
+   receive good accounts of my sister.
+
+   I am truly, most affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Lagos Bay, 17th February 1797.
+
+   The principal cause of my present haste is my anxiety attending
+   the care of the San Josef, which we have in tow, and which has
+   delayed us more than I can express, these twenty-four hours.
+
+   N.B. I since have found it was the Santissima Trinidada, and not
+   the Concepcion, that struck, but afterwards got off. And the St.
+   Ysidro, 74 guns, and not the Santa Domingo, that is captured.
+   The Santissima Trinidada is reported to be off here by one of
+   our frigates.
+
+The enemy, however, passed Lagos Bay, leaving the prizes unmolested.
+As the further details, and Spanish account of this action, will be
+found in the Appendix, we shall proceed by giving the copies of the
+following letters.
+
+   Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   No language I am possessed of can convey the high sense I
+   entertain of the exemplary conduct of the flag-officers,
+   captains, officers, seamen, marines, and soldiers embarked on
+   board every ship of the squadron I have the honour to command,
+   present at the vigorous and successful attack made upon the
+   fleet of Spain on the 14th instant. The signal advantage
+   obtained by his Majesty's arms on that day is entirely owing to
+   their determined valour and discipline; and I request you will
+   accept yourself, and give my thanks and approbation to those
+   composing the crew of the ship under your command.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most humble servant,
+   J. JERVIS.
+
+   To Captain Sir James Saumarez, Orion.
+
+In consequence of this glorious victory, obtained, under Providence,
+by the valour and discipline of the crews of his Majesty's ships on
+the 14th February 1797, the commander-in-chief was pleased to grant a
+free pardon to James Maloney, seaman, then under sentence of death for
+repeated desertion from H.M.S. Speedy, which was communicated in the
+most impressive manner to the fleet.
+
+We cannot but remark that, in the various accounts of this action,
+justice has been but barely done to the commander of the Orion, who is
+only mentioned as one of the six captains who prevented the junction
+of the enemy's separated squadron. If any act of heroism displayed on
+that occasion was designed to be particularly recorded in the public
+despatches, surely the fact that the Orion was the last ship that
+engaged and took possession of the Salvador del Mundo, and then made
+the Santissima Trinidada strike her colours and hoist the English flag
+over the Spanish, deserves a place. For these achievements we have the
+undoubted testimonies, not only of the gallant commander and the
+officers of the ship, viz. Sir John Savage, Captains Tancock and
+Mansell, but also that of one of the officers of the Spanish ship who
+was on board at the time, and who added, that "we did not surrender
+until all further defence was hopeless." The Orion could not send a
+boat to her, because she had already taken possession of the Salvador,
+on board which ship she had sent her first lieutenant and as many men
+as she could spare, and also because she had no boat that could swim:
+but this, it appeared, raised some doubts on the subject; and on a
+subsequent occasion, when the captains met on board the Victory,
+Commodore Nelson said, "It _was true_, Saumarez, that the Santissima
+struck to you; the Spanish officers have acknowledged it." Sir James,
+supposing from the manner in which this was spoken that Nelson had
+doubted the truth of his report, answered rather sharply, "Who ever
+doubted it, sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to
+establish the truth of the report of a British officer."
+
+Lieutenant Luce's description of the state he found the Salvador in
+was appalling in the extreme.--There were more than fifty lying on the
+decks with wounds requiring amputation. In many instances the Spanish
+surgeon, after having separated the limb, omitted to tie up the
+arteries; consequently, on removing the tourniquet, the victim in a
+few minutes bled to death: and the English sailors, who at length
+stopped his merciless hand, were with difficulty prevented from
+throwing him overboard with those he had butchered.
+
+Lieutenant Luce was one of the officers promoted, in consequence of
+this battle, to the rank of master and commander.
+
+The fleet now returned to Lisbon, where the conquerors were received
+with every demonstration of joy and gratitude. The English factory
+presented a congratulatory address; and at this place the thanks of
+both houses of parliament were communicated to them; and a third time
+to Sir James, as one of the most distinguished captains. At the same
+time he received from Earl Spencer and Lord Hugh Seymour the following
+handsome letters of congratulation:
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I congratulate you most sincerely on your having been present at
+   the most brilliant action which our naval history records, and
+   on having had so distinguished a share in it.
+
+   I am, dear sir, with great truth,
+   Your very obedient, humble servant,
+   Admiralty, 8th March 1797.
+   SPENCER.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I congratulate you most heartily on your having had another
+   opportunity of displaying your merit, and on the share which you
+   bore in the most brilliant action that ever was achieved.
+
+   I hope that I need not assure you how much I have shared with
+   your friends the satisfaction your conduct has given them; the
+   reward for which, I hope, you will long enjoy in the approbation
+   of the whole world, which is now bestowed upon you.
+
+   I am, my dear Sir James,
+   Most truly and faithfully yours,
+   H. SEYMOUR.
+
+   Admiralty, March 10th, 1797.
+
+Early in March the Orion was again ready for active service; and the
+following letter gives an account of the departure of Sir James
+Saumarez with Commodore Nelson on a cruize.
+
+   Orion, off the Tagus, 6th March 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I had the pleasure of your letter by packet, and I have to tell
+   you we are now actually under sail, with Commodore Nelson, in
+   the Irresistible, the Leander, and some frigates, going to
+   intercept several Spanish ships expected from Vera Cruz with
+   rich cargoes. Be not surprised if, with our _desperate_
+   commodore, you hear of our taking the whole Spanish fleet,
+   should we fall in with them. Our cruise is expected to last only
+   three weeks.
+
+   I hope on our return to receive letters from my friends, in
+   reply to those I sent by the Lively. I shall thank you, when you
+   see our friends in Walbrook, if you will mention to them that
+   all my brother officers are extremely incensed at the opinion
+   given by Sir William Scott on the case of the Kingston; and we
+   hope he will have found reason to alter it. It is the
+   circumstance, and not the value of the salvage, that has
+   displeased us so much.
+
+   We are just going over the Bar, so I must conclude with my
+   sincere and best wishes for health and every happiness to attend
+   you, my dear sister and family,
+
+   I am ever, my dear Richard,
+   Affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+This short cruize was, however, an unsuccessful one; and the commodore
+had not yet an opportunity of displaying his valour. They returned to
+Lisbon, and found that their commander-in-chief had become Earl St.
+Vincent, and that Nelson had received the grand cross of the Bath;
+while Saumarez was among those on whom was bestowed a gold medal for
+their gallant conduct on Valentine's Day.
+
+A reinforcement had now arrived from England; and the whole fleet,
+consisting of twenty-one sail of the line, resumed the blockade of
+Cadiz, where they arrived on the 2nd of April, and found there the
+whole Spanish fleet of twenty-six sail of the line. Sir Horatio
+Nelson, who at first commanded the advanced squadron, was ordered up
+to Elba; and Sir James, in the Orion, succeeded in his room; during
+which time the two Spanish frigates Nimfa and Elena were captured by
+the Irresistible, Captain Martin, who chased them by signal from the
+Orion. Sir James on this occasion sent a flag of truce, and entered
+into correspondence with the Spanish admiral Mazarredo; which, we need
+only add, completely succeeded, and met with the high approbation of
+the commander-in-chief, as will appear from the following extracts of
+letters from Earl St. Vincent to Saumarez.
+
+   Ville de Paris, 11th May 1797.
+
+   You approve yourself so able in the diplomatique, that you need
+   no assistance from me: in truth, a better despatch could not
+   have been penn'd than yours of yesterday to Don Joseph De
+   Mazarredo.
+
+
+   13th May.
+
+   I very much admire your last letter to Mazarredo, as I have done
+   all the former.
+
+
+   27th May.
+
+   I like your letter so much better than mine, of which I enclose
+   a copy, that I desire you will send it on immediately.
+
+
+   Ville de Paris, 30th May 1797.
+
+   It is impossible for any man to have acquitted himself with
+   greater ability than you have done during the time you commanded
+   the blockade; for which I return you my best thanks. Your last
+   letter to Mazarredo is a masterpiece; and you will perceive, by
+   the enclosed copy of my letter to him, in answer to his comment
+   on our suspicion about the seamen from Trinidad, that I profited
+   by your hint relative to the prisoners landed at Lagos. Your
+   lash on the destruction of the Spanish ships he bears with
+   Spanish stoicism: _nous verrons_.
+
+The following communication from Sir James Saumarez to the
+commander-in-chief will elucidate the foregoing extracts:
+
+   (Secret.) Orion, 27th May, 1797.
+
+   Seeing the cutter on her way to the advanced squadron this
+   morning, I waited to send the flag of truce till she joined. I
+   had prepared the enclosed for Don Mazarredo, but was happy to
+   find you had been pleased to take up the business. I therefore
+   confined my letter solely to the certificates for the seven men
+   taken in the two Spanish barks.--In a former letter, you were
+   pleased to advert to a proposed descent when the troops joined
+   from Gibraltar. I hope you will excuse the zeal that urges me to
+   observe, that if possession was taken of Fort St. Mary, it would
+   in a great degree leave us masters of the entrance of Cadiz, and
+   enable us to drive all the outward ships up the harbour, and
+   possibly destroy some of them. I am extremely obliged to you for
+   permitting the Flora to remain with the advanced squadron, where
+   she is of the greatest service.
+
+   I am with great respect, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+The high opinion entertained by Nelson of the great talent and zeal of
+Saumarez, is evidenced in the following short, but characteristic
+epistle:
+
+   Theseus, June 9th 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Send, I beg, whatever you think fit towards San Lucar: all you
+   do is right, and can hardly want my sanction. I hope your boats
+   will be rewarded for their trouble; they take all the prizes for
+   our squadron.
+
+   Believe me, ever yours most faithfully,
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+The following letter to his brother in London gives an interesting
+account of the proceedings of Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   Orion, off Cadiz, 26th May, 1797.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   I had the happiness to receive your kind letter of the 2nd
+   yesterday, with several of nearly the same date, from Bath, and
+   from our friends in the island. Having been near two months
+   without hearing from you, and knowing you had been ill, you will
+   readily suppose I was anxious for your letter. You will have
+   heard from me by various opportunities since we sailed from the
+   Tagus; my last acquainting you that I was entrusted with the
+   command of the advanced squadron for effecting the blockade of
+   Cadiz. We find, from different accounts, that the inhabitants
+   feel great distress from the interruption of their trade, and
+   begin to be in great want of provisions and other articles. We
+   have detained a few neutrals laden with Spanish property, and
+   two or three Spanish vessels; but as the whole fleet partake of
+   them, they will not be very productive.
+
+   Sir Horatio, now Rear-admiral Nelson, joined the fleet
+   yesterday, having left the troops he brought from Elba at
+   Gibraltar. I know not whether he is to resume the command of the
+   advanced squadron. All the fleet are anchored about five miles
+   from us, and we lie between them and the entrance of Cadiz.
+
+   All private accounts from England agree with you in the prospect
+   of peace; and they are corroborated by those we occasionally
+   receive from Cadiz. It is certain that the Spaniards are
+   extremely tired with the war; and they are apprehensive of
+   insurrection amongst themselves. Mazarredo, who commands their
+   fleet, went off for Madrid a fortnight ago, and, it is said, to
+   represent the state of the fleet, and its insufficiency to cope
+   with ours.
+
+   We understand Lord H. Seymour is off Cape St. Vincent, and that
+   Admiral Frederick is on his way with five sail of the line. It
+   looks as if ministers meant to back the negociation with all
+   their force.
+
+   The Admiralty order respecting the increase of wages, &c. has
+   been read to the different ships' companies; and I am happy to
+   observe that in my ship no part of their conduct has hitherto
+   shown the least appearance of discontent. It is much to be
+   lamented that the disturbance which prevailed in the Channel
+   fleet was not timely prevented, as the same spirit of
+   disaffection may hereafter show itself when it may not be so
+   easily suppressed.
+
+   We begin to want the luxuries, yet abound in the essentials of
+   life,--having plenty of beef, mutton, fowls, &c. Seriously, I
+   have not had above twelve men in the sicklist since I left
+   Lisbon, and most of them slight complaints.
+
+   I want to hear that my sister has _dreamt_ of another
+   action,--or, what is still better, of galleons! It must be soon,
+   or the approaching peace will oblige us to restore what we may
+   capture. I am happy to hear from my brother Thomas that things
+   go on prosperously at Guernsey, and that he does not fear the
+   French, though the two regiments are taken from him.
+
+   Adieu, my dear Richard!
+   Affectionately yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+No part of the career of Sir James Saumarez is more deserving of
+admiration than his conduct on the unfortunate disaffection which took
+place in His Majesty's fleet; a calamity gently alluded to in the
+above letter. This circumstance, which must ever redound to his
+honour, was entirely owing to the high state of discipline of the
+crew in his own ship, and to their unalterable attachment to their
+commander, under whom the greatest part had served since the
+commencement of the war. It was from a perfect knowledge of that
+loyalty of spirit in which he justly confided, that he consented to
+receive from the Prince George one of the worst of the mutineers in
+that ship, who was to have been tried for his life. The seasonable
+admonition which this man received from Sir James, and the attention
+paid to his situation and feelings, had the desired effect of working
+a complete change in his conduct, and from being one of the most
+hardened of the mutineers, he soon became one of the most loyal, as he
+was one of the bravest of English sailors. It was only three days
+after he came on board that the signal was made for a boat from each
+ship to attend the execution of three of the mutineers on board the
+Prince George; which Earl St. Vincent, by a well-timed decision, had
+ordered to take place very soon after the sentence, and while the
+in-shore squadron were actually engaged with the enemy. He directed,
+moreover, that this duty should be performed entirely by their own
+ship's crew.
+
+Sir James availed himself of this trying occasion to work out the
+man's full conversion. Instead of sending him, as it is customary to
+send culprits, in the boats to witness the execution of his shipmates,
+he ordered him into his cabin, and having represented in the mildest
+and most feeling terms the heinousness of the crime which he was known
+to have committed, he assured him that it was his intention to spare
+him the anguish he must endure of beholding his late companions
+suffering the last penalty of the law for the very crime of which he
+had been guilty.
+
+This well-timed exhortation had the desired effect. The penitent man
+fell on his knees, and with tears in his eyes acknowledged the
+heinousness of his offence, and expressed the strongest protestations
+of future loyalty, and of gratitude as well as attachment to his
+humane commander. What followed was most creditable to both. The man
+not only kept his word, but highly distinguished himself: at the
+battle of the Nile he was captain of a gun, and, after the action, was
+very instrumental, from his exertions and ability as carpenter's mate,
+in saving the Peuple Souverain, which struck to the Orion. Being one
+of those who took possession of the former ship, he was slung over the
+side, and successfully employed in stopping the shot-holes under water
+as the vessel rolled in the opposite direction;--a dangerous service,
+which requires much intrepidity and address.
+
+It is, indeed, by no means surprising that the spirit of mutiny never
+appeared in the Orion, or in any ship Sir James commanded. The proper
+degree of discipline which was always maintained--the attention that
+was invariably paid to the wants and the comforts of the crew,--the
+excellent regulations of his ship, which were subversive of every kind
+of vice and immorality,--his own unaffected piety, and, lastly, the
+example he himself set before his officers and men,--established in
+his ship a feeling of respect for, and warm attachment to, the captain
+which could not be shaken by any artifice of the wicked; for every
+officer and man looked up habitually to their commander as their
+_best_ friend and adviser. There may, indeed, have been some ships,
+wherein the crews were made up from the metropolitan and other
+prisons, that no treatment would have brought under proper discipline;
+but we may confidently assert, that had all the ships in His Majesty's
+fleets been commanded by such officers as Saumarez, the disgraceful
+spirit of insubordination would never have been so seriously and
+generally diffused. The Orion's crew treated all attempts to seduce
+them with just indignation!
+
+Earl St. Vincent being well aware of the confidence that could be
+placed in the Orion at this critical time, kept her, for the safety of
+his fleet, constantly at the post of honour in the advance; and it was
+during this period of active and arduous service that a circumstance
+occurred which does honour to all concerned, while it particularly
+displays the humane character of Captain Saumarez, who was not one of
+those that desired or permitted his officers and men to risk their
+lives on any dangerous or desperate enterprise without a mature and
+compassionate consideration of the consequences.
+
+Near the fortifications of Cadiz, as if to guard the entrance of the
+harbour, about twenty gun-vessels had been placed, which it appeared
+to Earl St. Vincent might be cut out by the boats of the advanced
+squadron; and accordingly an order was sent by the commander-in-chief
+to Captain Saumarez, directing him to proceed in _person_ with the
+boats of each ship to make the attempt. It was sufficiently evident to
+Captain Saumarez, who, from the position of the Orion, had a better
+view of the gun-vessels, that they were moored there on purpose to
+provoke an attack for which the enemy were well prepared; but, having
+received the order to command in _person_, he could not make known his
+opinions without appearing averse to risk his own life on an
+enterprise which the commander-in-chief thought advisable. Having thus
+in his own mind no doubt that the affair would be both desperate and
+bloody, he selected those officers and men who were unmarried for the
+service, a list of whom he sent to the first lieutenant, with the
+necessary orders to prepare the boats.
+
+This list being exhibited in the ward-room, Captain (now
+Lieutenant-general Sir John) Savage, of the Marines, had the
+mortification to see that his name was omitted, while those of the
+two subalterns of that distinguished corps were inserted. This
+gallant officer, who had been a sharer with his heroic chief in
+several actions, felt hurt that he was not chosen on this glorious
+occasion; and, having ventured respectfully to express his feelings,
+was sent for to the cabin, when he was addressed by his commander in
+the following terms:
+
+"Captain Savage, do not imagine that your name is left out in the list
+because I have not a high opinion of your zeal and intrepidity. I well
+know that you would be foremost in the assault; but I am also well
+aware that this is a desperate enterprise: many will fall; and if
+_you_ should be one, who is to support your wife and family? The case
+is different with me: I am ordered, and my duty is to obey. Perhaps if
+Lord St. Vincent knew what I do, he would not send us; but it does not
+become me _now_ to make any observation. However, aware as I am of the
+consequences, I cannot conscientiously order you to accompany me,
+under the conviction that your valuable life would thereby be
+sacrificed."
+
+The entreaties of Captain Savage were in vain. He beheld with mixed
+feelings of disappointment, gratitude, and admiration, his humane and
+heroic commander leave his ship at the head of the perilous enterprise
+with that smile on his manly countenance which denoted a full
+determination to face every danger. The boats had not proceeded far
+before a storm arose directly off the land, against which no boats
+could make way, and it was with some difficulty they regained the
+ships. It was afterwards fully ascertained from various sources that
+these gun-vessels had been moored in that position with rivetted
+chains, having no person on board them, in order to tempt an attack;
+and that the plan was, to let the boats take possession, and then open
+a destructive fire from the batteries, which were kept several nights
+lined with troops for the purpose. Had not a merciful interposition of
+Providence prevented the advance of the boats, there can be no doubt
+that many, if not all the lives of the assailants, would have been
+sacrificed!
+
+We shall leave the feelings of Earl St. Vincent, when the truth came
+out, as well as those of Captain Savage and all concerned, to the
+imagination of the reader.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1797--1798.
+
+   Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced
+   squadron.--Bombardment of Cadiz.--Nelson sails for
+   Teneriffe.--Saumarez resumes the command.--Escorts a convoy to
+   Gibraltar.--Refits at Lisbon, and returns.--Conducts the
+   negotiation for exchange of prisoners.--Sir W. Parker relieves
+   Sir James.--He arrives at Gibraltar.--Is attached to Nelson's
+   squadron.--Proceeds off Toulon.--A storm.--Vanguard
+   dismasted.--Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in
+   refitting the Vanguard at St. Pierre.--Sailing of the Toulon
+   fleet.--Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.--Pursues the
+   enemy unsuccessfully.--Proceedings of the fleet in a journal
+   addressed by Sir James to his family.--French fleet discovered
+   in Aboukir Bay.--Battle of the Nile.--Diagram of ditto.--Conduct
+   of the Orion.--Saumarez wounded.--Writes to Nelson.--Goes on
+   board the Vanguard.--Occurrences there.--Remarks on the name of
+   the second in command being left out in Nelson's despatches.--On
+   the mode of attack.--Various letters and orders.--Sir James's
+   account of the battle, in a letter to Lady Saumarez.
+
+
+REAR-ADMIRAL Sir Horatio Nelson having resumed the command of the
+advanced squadron, Earl St. Vincent determined to bombard the city of
+Cadiz, for the double purpose of inducing the Spanish admiral
+Mazarredo, who had now twenty-eight sail of the line, to put to sea:
+the Earl wished moreover to employ the minds of the seamen, which had
+become unsettled by the baneful example of those in England.
+Accordingly the Thunder bomb, covered by the boats of the squadron,
+made the first attempt; but her mortar was discovered to have been
+injured in retreating: she was assailed by the Spaniards, when
+after a desperate struggle she was rescued, and the Spanish
+commanding-officer, Don Miguel Tyrason, was eventually made prisoner
+by Nelson, who also captured a number of men and two mortar-boats.
+
+On the 5th July, another bombardment took place by the Thunder,
+Terror, and Strombolo, which being judiciously placed, their fire
+produced a considerable effect on both the town and shipping, and
+obliged the Spanish admirals to remove their fleet out of shell-range.
+This attack, like the first, ended in an encounter between the
+gun-boats. The third attempt, which was to have taken place on the
+8th, was rendered abortive by a strong gale blowing off the shore.
+
+On the 15th, Nelson having been detached with a squadron of three sail
+of the line, a fifty, and three frigates, on the unfortunate
+expedition to Teneriffe, the command of the advanced squadron again
+devolved on Sir James Saumarez. Nothing could surpass the zeal and
+intrepidity with which he performed this arduous duty. On the 18th
+August he escorted a convoy to Gibraltar, and having refreshed his
+crew and refitted his ship, he resumed his duty off Cadiz, sometimes
+at anchor off the harbour, and under sail when obliged by the weather.
+On the 15th November he was relieved, in order to refit at Lisbon, and
+entered the Tagus on the 25th, returning about the same day in the
+next month to the blockade of Cadiz, which was almost entirely
+intrusted to him. Such indeed were his vigilance and activity, that
+nothing escaped during that period. He displayed, moreover, great tact
+and address in several communications with the Spanish admiral on the
+subject of the exchange of prisoners, to the entire satisfaction of
+Earl St. Vincent, the commander-in-chief, who had always reposed the
+most implicit confidence in his judgment.
+
+On the 7th of February 1798, the Spanish fleet were seen coming out of
+Cadiz, and, in hopes of decoying them into the open sea, the English
+fleet retired to Cape St. Vincent; but it was soon found that on the
+14th the enemy had returned into port, being unwilling again to try
+the fortune of war with such an opponent. The advanced squadron was at
+that time commanded by Sir William Parker, who remained there.
+
+Sir James Saumarez continued with the fleet until the 28th April, when
+he was sent to refit at Gibraltar.
+
+On the 8th May 1798, the Orion sailed from Gibraltar in company with
+the Vanguard, Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson,--the Alexander, Captain
+Ball,--Emerald and Terpsichore frigates, and Bonne Citoyenne
+sloop,--with orders from Earl St. Vincent to watch the enemy's fleet
+at Toulon. When they were fairly through the Straits of Gibraltar, the
+following order was given:
+
+   _Most secret rendezvous._
+
+   In the direct track between Cape Saint Sebastian's and Toulon,
+   in lat. 42 deg. 20' N. from twenty to thirty leagues from the Cape;
+   and, not hearing where I may be, in ten days return to
+   Gibraltar.
+
+   Given on board His Majesty's ship Vanguard, at sea, 14th May
+   1798.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir J. Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
+   By command of the Rear-admiral,
+   J. CAMPBELL.
+
+On the 17th, off Cape Sicie, the Orion being sent in chase, captured
+the Pierre, French corvette, which sailed the evening before from
+Toulon, and obtained the following information from the prisoners,
+which was immediately sent to the Rear-admiral: viz. "That the enemy's
+fleet, consisting of twelve sail of the line, besides six Venetian
+ships, were in readiness to sail, with a great number of transports,
+having on board both cavalry and infantry, on a secret expedition. The
+French general Buonaparte arrived at Toulon ten days ago to command
+the expedition, and was to embark in the Sans-culotte, (afterwards
+L'Orient,) which ship was said to have three thousand men on board,
+including her complement; almost all the line-of-battle ships had
+troops on board. Three frigates,--La Juno, La Diane, and La
+Justice,--were seen by the corvette this morning, and sailed from
+Toulon five days ago."
+
+On the 19th a strong gale blew from the N.W. which being fair for the
+enemy, they sailed from Toulon, and, calling off Genoa, stood across
+to Cape Corse. This powerful expedition was found to consist of
+thirteen sail of the line, six frigates, and transports amounting to
+nearly four hundred sail, having on board, including the crews,
+forty-eight thousand men. It appears that, although not many leagues
+distant from Nelson's squadron, the fleet did not experience a gale
+which blew with uncommon violence on the 21st, and in which, after
+losing her three top-masts, the Vanguard lost her fore-mast and sprung
+her bowsprit; while the Orion and Alexander lost each a main-top-sail,
+and it was with difficulty they reached the Bay of St. Pietro in
+Sardinia on the following day. Here the squadron had a narrow escape;
+for, besides crossing the track of the enemy on the night of the 20th,
+they, by being at anchor in this bay, were not discovered by a
+detachment which the enemy sent in quest of them, and to which, in
+their disabled state, they must have been an easy capture. By the
+assistance of the Orion and Alexander the damages of the Vanguard were
+repaired in four days!
+
+It has been justly said by Nelson, that "the exertions of Sir James
+Saumarez in the Orion have been wonderful: if the Vanguard had been in
+England, months would have been taken to send her to sea; here my
+operations will not be delayed four days, and I shall rejoin the rest
+of my fleet on the rendezvous."[12] Accordingly, on the 27th, while
+the Orion was taking possession of a Spanish brig, the Vanguard and
+Alexander joined her off the port; but the frigates which had parted
+never afterwards joined.
+
+  [12] See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Lord Nelson.
+
+The following journal, written in the shape of a letter by Sir James
+to his family, detailing the proceedings of the squadron, and the
+events previous to the memorable 1st of August, will be read with much
+interest.
+
+   "Orion, St. Peter's Port,
+   "Island of Sardinia, 24th May 1798.
+
+"If the letter I sent you the 18th instant arrives safely, it will
+apprise you of our being in the neighbourhood of Toulon, with every
+prospect of a propitious cruise. The squadron experienced blowing
+weather till the Sunday following, when it became more moderate; and
+in the afternoon a valuable vessel was captured, from Smyrna, laden
+with cotton. This little success appeared the forerunner of our
+future good fortune; and we began to make exulting reflections on the
+advantages of our situation. A few hours, however, convinced us of the
+futility of all our views, and the instability of human projects: at
+ten o'clock the wind began to increase with such rapidity as scarcely
+to give us time to take in our sails, and prepare to encounter the
+gale: at midnight we were reduced to a close-reefed main-topsail; a
+tremendous sea, and vivid flashes of lightning, convinced us that the
+storm was not at its height: at three o'clock our main-top-sail was
+shattered to ribands, and blew overboard.
+
+"The dawn of day presented to us a sad spectacle: the Vanguard without
+a fore-mast, and her main and mizen-top-mast gone; the rest of the
+squadron much dispersed, and the prize captured the evening before not
+in sight.
+
+"Providentially the Vanguard was enabled to _wear_ on the other
+_tack_, as the sea was setting her fast towards Corsica, from which
+island we were not many leagues distant. The gale continued with
+unabated violence until the afternoon, when it became rather more
+moderate, but still there was a very great sea. This ship, with the
+Alexander and Emerald, kept company with the Admiral, and the latter
+parted in the night.
+
+"The next morning the gale had considerably abated, and we were
+enabled to set some sail. The Admiral hailed me that he intended to
+proceed for Orestan Bay, in the island of Sardinia, and directed me
+to make the land, which we discovered at noon: but the wind would not
+enable the Vanguard, in her disabled state, to reach it before night;
+and Sir H. Nelson altered his intention for this bay, which we reached
+yesterday morning, though not without having passed a most anxious
+night: the Alexander having the Vanguard in tow, within three miles of
+a most dangerous coast, where there existed no possibility of
+anchoring, and with which we were totally unacquainted. This is a very
+safe harbour, sheltered from any wind, very happily for us; as the
+weather has continued very unsettled since we are here. St. Pietro is
+a very small town; and the island, as well as this part of Sardinia,
+appears very uncultivated.
+
+"The governor sent an officer to the Admiral this morning, who very
+civilly informed us that by a late alliance with France he was not
+permitted to admit us in the port; at the same time observing that, as
+he could not prevent it, we might do as we pleased, but that he could
+not give us _pratique_.
+
+"We are going on in the equipment of the Vanguard with all expedition;
+and we hope the three ships will be ready to sail by next Sunday, Sir
+H. Nelson is happily very well, and has not lost his usual spirits.
+
+"Friday, 25th.--Whilst I was on shore this morning to have some
+conversation with the governor, a sail was discovered off the island,
+and my signal made to prepare to proceed after her, supposing she was
+an enemy. We are however disappointed, it being a neutral vessel from
+Cagliari, the principal port in Sardinia; and I am now returning to
+the anchorage. I have great hopes my having been on shore this morning
+will be attended with a good effect; the governor having promised to
+supply us with oxen, sheep, and as much poultry as can be procured by
+to-morrow.
+
+"Sunday, 27th May.--This morning my signal was made to chase a vessel,
+which I came up with and captured: she proved a Spanish brig from
+Cagliari, laden with wheat. It was in contemplation to set fire to
+her; we, however, finally determined to send the people on shore, and,
+if they bring off the value of the corn, we shall restore her to them.
+The Vanguard, being repaired of her damages, got under way this
+morning with the Alexander. I was happy to find my negotiation with
+the governor succeeded; and we have been supplied with the articles I
+mentioned, on moderate terms, both for the ships' companies and
+officers, which is a seasonable relief, as Gibraltar supplied us with
+nothing whatever excepting fowls.
+
+"I am not free from great anxiety lest the account of the gale we
+encountered may reach England before that of our safety shall arrive,
+and give you some uneasiness; but the experience you have had how
+nugatory all such fears are, will, I hope, make you banish them for
+ever.
+
+"Monday, 29th.--The Spaniard not having come off as was expected, the
+Admiral determined on sending the prize to Gibraltar. I hazarded a
+line by her for Mr. Le Mesurier; but we form no great expectation of
+her safety, from the great number of the enemy's gun-boats. A vessel
+we spoke yesterday, from Marseilles, informs us that the French fleet
+put to sea, the 20th, from Toulon, with all their transports, &c.: as
+it was that evening the gale of wind came on, we have no doubt but
+they must have suffered severely. By this vessel we have also several
+papers from Paris, the latest dated the 16th instant: they contain
+extracts from the English papers, which to us are very interesting,
+viz. the capture of the Hercule, the defeat at Marcon, Sir Sidney
+Smith's escape, and other important news, which, on the whole, are
+favourable to the welfare of the country, particularly as regards the
+unanimity which appears to prevail in England.
+
+"I dined, together with Captain Ball, on board the Vanguard: we all
+form great expectations of our future success, which, I trust, will be
+realized. Certain it is that no ships could be ordered on a more
+promising service.
+
+"Sunday, 3rd June--Nothing particular has occurred these last days.
+Yesterday a vessel was spoken with, which mentioned having seen
+eleven sail of the line, a few days ago, supposed to be English. We
+are at a loss what conjectures to put on this intelligence. We are at
+present off Toulon: unfortunately, none of our frigates have joined
+us, and we are apprehensive they have returned to Gibraltar.
+
+"Tuesday.--La Mutine brig joined us this morning, with the very
+interesting intelligence of the arrival off Cadiz of the reinforcement
+under Sir R. Curtis; and that Captain Troubridge, with eleven sail,
+was on his way to join us: we look for him with the utmost impatience,
+trusting in the Divine Providence to be in time to baffle the designs
+of the enemy, who, we understand, are certainly gone to Naples with
+their numerous army. I shall now go on with this journal with great
+glee, inasmuch as our proceedings are becoming of such very great
+import.
+
+"Thursday, 7th.--Nothing can equal our anxiety to fall in with the
+reinforcement. Our squadron has been, these two days, detached in all
+directions, without falling in with them; and there is strong reason
+to fear they think us returned to Gibraltar. This morning the
+Alexander and myself chased two vessels, one of which we have just
+taken possession of; she proves a Spanish vessel from Genoa, not very
+valuable: the other the Alexander is still in chase of.
+
+"Friday, 8th.--As this is in some degree to be a faithful account of
+our transactions, I must not conceal from you the deep distress I have
+been under at finding myself this morning parted from the Vanguard,
+and the Alexander almost out of sight; knowing how important and very
+material it was, for the good of the service we were upon, that the
+squadron should not be separated. It was not till this afternoon I was
+relieved from the most acute anxiety I have ever suffered, by the
+Leander joining me, with the very satisfactory account that Sir H.
+Nelson, while we were in chase, fell in with the expected ships under
+Captain Troubridge, and which occasioned our separation. I am now
+under full sail to join them; and have not the least doubt of being in
+time to add my endeavours to promote the tranquillity of Christendom
+by the destruction of the enemy's fleet, which, I firmly believe,
+cannot now escape us.
+
+"Our prize requiring more men than I can at this time conveniently
+spare to navigate her, I have consented to her being ransomed for ten
+thousand dollars, although, I dare say, worth more than five times
+that sum. She had thirty-six ex-Jesuits (Spanish priests), who, after
+having been banished from Spain, had resided thirty-one years in
+Italy, '_et a present prevoyans le bannissement menace des ex-Jesuites
+Espagnols des nouvelles republiques Italiennes, retournoient chez
+eux_.' Thus these poor wretches are driven about according to the
+prejudices of the times. She had also on board Swiss recruits for the
+Spanish army, eight of whom have entered volunteers in Captain
+Savage's corps, which I consider an acquisition: but no captured
+vessel ever gave so much uneasiness as she has caused me; and I have
+often wished we had never seen her, even had she been worth a million
+of money.
+
+"Sunday, 10th June.--I had the great satisfaction yesterday to join
+Sir H. Nelson with the reinforcement; and this morning the Alexander
+joined us, after having captured the prize she chased, which I
+understand to be a valuable ship, also from Genoa.
+
+"We are now fourteen sail of the line, with La Mutine brig only; our
+present anxiety is to gain information of the enemy's fleet, and to
+find them where we can attack them. I hope to give you soon good
+intelligence of them, and speedily be the bearer of the good news in
+person, as Sir H. Nelson has orders to send the Orion home, when he
+can spare her. What a blessing if our present endeavours should be
+crowned with success, and I have the good fortune to proceed to
+England immediately after; which at present is really intended, having
+seen the order from the commander-in-chief.
+
+"Tuesday, June 12th: off Elba.--We have reached this distance without
+having been enabled to obtain any information of the enemy, who we
+have reason to think are not far from our squadron: the winds have
+been very favourable to us, as at this time of the year calms are very
+prevailing. Although a long period has elapsed since I was on this
+station, I derive great advantage, as well as satisfaction, from my
+recollection of the different places we have passed. We are at present
+between Corsica and Leghorn, about fifteen leagues from the latter: if
+we do not hear anything of the French fleet before we get to Naples,
+we shall rendezvous at that place; and, we hope, in time to save that
+country from the hands of our rapacious enemy.
+
+"Thursday, 14th.--The Admiral has this morning made the signal of his
+having gained intelligence of the enemy, and that they were off
+Syracuse in the island of Sicily. This information has been
+communicated by a Moor that the Leander has spoken with. We are now in
+full sail, with a fresh breeze of wind; and to-morrow we hope to get
+sight of Naples, in order to obtain more certain accounts of them. The
+officers and crews in the several ships are all in the highest
+spirits; and I never remember going into action with more certain
+hopes of success.
+
+"Friday, 15th.--I dined with Sir Horatio to-day, and find his
+intelligence only extends to the enemy's fleet having been seen off
+Sicily. As he has sent Captain Troubridge in La Mutine to Naples, we
+may expect to-morrow more certain accounts of them; but we have reason
+to suppose them gone for Alexandria, the distance from which to the
+Red Sea is only three days' journey. They may soon be transported
+thence by water to the East Indies, with the assistance of their ally
+and our inveterate enemy, Tippoo Saib; and with their numerous army
+they expect to drive us out of our possessions in India. This profound
+scheme, which is thought very feasible, we hope to frustrate by coming
+up with them before they reach the place of their destination; and, as
+we know them to have great numbers of troops embarked in their
+men-of-war, they will become an easier prey to us.
+
+"Saturday, 16th.--Calms and baffling winds since yesterday have
+prevented our getting within sight of Naples, although all the time
+within a few miles of that beautiful place; which you must suppose has
+been mortifying to an extreme. We are looking out for the Mutine. As
+soon as she joins us we expect to proceed in search of the enemy. Our
+route lies through a passage often celebrated by the ancients, "the
+famous Scylla and Charybdis." We shall have sight of Mount AEtna and
+other volcanoes, particularly Mount Strombolo, and other small islands
+formed by subterranean eruptions. We are at present in sight of
+Vesuvius, at the foot of which Naples is situated; but we are at too
+great a distance to observe its fiery eruptions.
+
+"Sunday, June 17th. The wind has favoured us this morning, and given
+us a good sight of the Bay of Naples; but at too great a distance to
+see much of the city. The country around it, as well as several of the
+islands that form the bay, are beautifully interspersed with towns and
+villages; the whole presenting a most delightful scene. At 6 P.M. La
+Mutine joined us; and, from what I can understand from Sir H. Nelson,
+brings him some information of the enemy's fleet. He has just hailed
+me to say they were seen eight days ago, but I could not distinguish
+at what place. We are again making all possible sail after them.
+
+"I regret much not having been able to send a letter I had written to
+you, and carried on board the Admiral this morning; _mais tu sais bien
+qu'il ne se met guere en peine d'ecrire lui-meme_, and he is so full
+of mystery at this time that he seems unwilling any letter should be
+sent but those he writes to Government. It shall go some other
+opportunity.
+
+"Tuesday, 19th.--This morning has presented to us a delightful view of
+Mount Strombolo, from the top of which we plainly discern constant
+columns of smoke; and, although at the distance of at least six
+leagues from it, I can assure you, without assuming the privilege of
+travellers in general, that I am very sensible of the sulphureous
+vapour produced by the volcano: at the same time, it may be necessary
+to observe, that the wind blows directly towards the ship. Strombolo
+is a remarkably high island, of a regular conical form, and may be
+seen at the distance of twenty leagues. It is about ten miles in
+circumference, and, I understand, is inhabited by a few fishermen.
+Unluckily, the weather is too hazy to admit our seeing much of the
+beautiful coast of Calabria, which is at no great distance from us.
+
+"Wednesday, 20th.--We have now a pleasant breeze, which will soon waft
+us through the Straits of Messina, so famous for being the terror of
+the ancients. An old pilot is just come on board, who reminds me more
+of the poet's description of old Charon than of a modern human being.
+I hope he is not come to ferry us across the Styx. The whole of his
+crew have the same grotesque appearance. We can now discern the famous
+AEtna disgorging columns of smoke. Some distance below its summit it
+appears covered with snow, whilst we are here melting with heat. It
+has indeed a most stately appearance; and the whole country of Sicily
+answers everything that has been reported of it for its fertility, as
+well as for the varied beauty of its scene: but I must recommend you
+to read Brydone's travels through Sicily and Malta, a writer who, I
+recollect, gives a lively description of these different places.
+
+"We have this day been regaled with a most enchanting prospect in
+passing through the Faro of Messina. It is not more than three miles
+distant, and on each side lies the most picturesque and lovely country
+that can be described. The ship was within a mile of the beautiful
+city of Messina, where I distinctly observed some of the ruins
+occasioned by the earthquake in the year 1783.
+
+"From what I have been able to learn from old Charon (who has just
+left us in perfect safety), the French fleet are still off Malta; and
+it appears their formidable armament is directed against that island.
+As it is a place of great strength, and as we are within two days'
+sail of it, with a favourable wind, I hope we shall be in time for its
+relief, and add still more important exploits to many that have
+formerly been achieved in fighting for its defence.
+
+"Thursday, 21st.--The wind has proved rather contrary for the squadron
+since yesterday. We are still in sight of Mount AEtna, and only a few
+leagues from the nearest part of Sicily: the ancient city of Syracuse
+is discernible from the ship. To-morrow I think will bring us in view
+of the enemy's fleet, which will be a far more desirable sight.
+
+"June 22nd.--I am just returned from on board the Admiral, where I had
+the mortification to learn that a vessel, which sailed yesterday from
+Malta, gives the very unpleasing account that the island had
+surrendered to the French, and that their fleet left it six days ago.
+This intelligence has more than ever left us in perplexity as to their
+further destination. On the supposition that Alexandria, as we first
+conjectured, was what they had in view, we are crowding sail for that
+place; but the contrast to what we experienced yesterday is great
+indeed, having made sure of attacking them this morning. At present it
+is very doubtful whether we shall fall in with them at all, as we are
+proceeding upon the merest conjecture only, and not on any positive
+information. Some days must now elapse before we can be relieved from
+our cruel suspense; and if, at the end of our journey, we find we are
+upon a wrong scent, our embarrassment will be great indeed.
+Fortunately, I only act here _en second_; but did the chief
+responsibility rest with me, I fear it would be more than my too
+irritable nerves would bear. They have already been put to the trial
+in two or three instances this voyage.
+
+"I should observe that we saw three French frigates this morning, but
+they were not considered of sufficient importance to run the risk of
+separating the squadron in chasing them. The island of Malta will
+prove a great acquisition to the French; as well for its excellent
+harbour as for the immense wealth it contains: they will also get a
+few ships of war and a considerable quantity of naval stores.
+_D'ailleurs_, the suppression of a useless order that encouraged
+idleness will be no real detriment to the cause of Christianity.
+
+"Sunday, June 24th.--The last two days we have not gone less than a
+hundred leagues; and, as the wind continues favourable, we hope to
+arrive at Alexandria before the French, should their destination be
+for that place, which continues very doubtful. At the same time, if it
+should prove that our possessions in India is the object of their
+armament, our having followed them so immediately appears the only
+means of saving that country from falling into their hands. I
+therefore hope that credit will be given us for our intentions at
+least. We have hitherto been certainly unfortunate, which has chiefly
+arisen from the reinforcement not joining sooner; the French armament
+sailed from Toulon five days before Captain Troubridge left Lord St.
+Vincent: another circumstance has been the separation of all our
+frigates, which deprived us of the means of obtaining information. The
+day we were off Naples the French fleet left Malta, and it was not
+until we arrived off that island, six days after, that we heard of its
+being taken, and that the French fleet had left it; and then without
+the least intimation which way they were going.
+
+"Sir H. Nelson consulted with some of the senior captains, who agreed
+with his opinion, that, in the uncertainty where the enemy were gone,
+the preservation of our possessions should be the first
+consideration. It may be worth remarking that our squadron was sent,
+on the application of the King of Naples, for the protection of his
+dominions. On our arrival there, and requiring the co-operation of his
+ships, the reply was, that, as the French had not declared war against
+him, he could not commence hostilities; that if the Emperor declared
+war, he would also join against France. Should his territories be
+attacked, he has to thank himself for the event.
+
+"We must hope that in England affairs prosper better than in this
+country; they are certainly _en fort mauvais train_ in this part of
+the world.
+
+"Tuesday, 26th.--We are now within one day's sail of Alexandria, so
+that we hope soon to know whether the French fleet are in this
+direction; but having seen no appearance of any of their numerous
+convoy, we begin to fear they are gone some other way. I was this
+morning on board the Admiral; he has detached La Mutine for
+information. I hope she will not find the plague there, to which that
+country is very subject.
+
+"Friday, 29th.--The weather did not permit us to get near Alexandria
+before yesterday. La Mutine's boat went on shore; and I find this
+morning from the Admiral that they took us for the French fleet,
+having had some intimation of their coming this way. We have now to
+use all despatch in getting back towards Naples; it is probable we
+shall learn something of them on our passage. The squadron has
+captured a French ship this afternoon, which we suppose to be from
+Alexandria. I have passed the day on board the Vanguard, having
+breakfasted and staid to dinner with the Admiral.
+
+"Sunday, 1st July.--The wind continues to the westward, and I am sorry
+to find it is almost as prevailing as the trade-winds. The vessel
+captured the day before yesterday was set on fire, after taking out
+what could be useful for firewood.
+
+"Sunday, 29th July: off Candia.--A small vessel, captured yesterday by
+the Culloden, gave some information of the enemy's fleet. The Admiral
+having made the signal that he had gained intelligence of them, we are
+proceeding with a brisk gale for Alexandria. If at the end of our
+voyage we find the enemy in a situation where we can attack them, we
+shall think ourselves amply repaid for our various disappointments.
+The Alexander also spoke a vessel which gave information; but, having
+had no communication with the Admiral, we have not been able to learn
+the different accounts: we are however satisfied with the purport of
+the signal he made yesterday.
+
+"Monday.--I find from Captain Ball that the enemy were seen steering
+towards Alexandria _thirty_ days ago, and we are once more making the
+best of our way for that place. I also understand that two of our
+frigates were seen a few days since at Candia; it seems decreed we
+shall never meet with them. I am rather surprised the Admiral did not
+endeavour to fall in with them, as they probably have certain
+information where the enemy's fleet are, from vessels they may have
+spoken with, and they otherwise would be a great acquisition to our
+squadron."
+
+
+It may now be stated, that in the mean time the French expedition had
+landed the troops and taken possession, not only of Alexandria, but
+Cairo; and that their fleet, consisting of thirteen sail of the line,
+four frigates, two brigs, and several bombs and armed vessels, had
+taken up a position in the Bay of Aboukir, in which, according to the
+opinion of their admiral, they could "defy the British navy."
+
+As a particular list of both fleets will be given in a subsequent
+place, I need now only mention that the force of the British fleet was
+fourteen ships of seventy-four guns, one of fifty, and the Mutine
+brig. The fleet was manned with 7,000 men; but as the Culloden, which
+was not in the action, must not be included, the actual force may be
+estimated 6,300 men and 872 guns, while the enemy's force, actually
+opposed, may be reckoned 8,000 men, and 1,208 guns throwing a
+broadside of one-half more weight than the British.
+
+On the junction of the squadron, the following orders were given by
+the Admiral:
+
+   Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
+
+   GENERAL ORDER.
+
+   As it is very probable the enemy may not be formed in regular
+   order on the approach of the squadron under my command, I may in
+   that case deem it most expedient to attack them by separate
+   divisions; in which case, the commanders of divisions are
+   strictly enjoined to keep their ships in the closest order
+   possible, and on no account whatever to risk the separation of
+   one of their ships. The captains of the ships will see the
+   necessity of strictly attending to close order: and, should they
+   compel any of the enemy's ships to strike their colours, they
+   are at liberty to judge and act accordingly, whether or not it
+   may be most advisable to cut away their masts and bowsprits;
+   with this special observance, namely, that the destruction of
+   the enemy's armament is the sole object. The ships of the enemy
+   are, therefore, to be taken possession of by an officer and one
+   boat's crew only, in order that the British ships may be enabled
+   to continue the attack, and preserve their stations.
+
+   The commanders of divisions are to observe that no consideration
+   is to induce them to separate in pursuing the enemy, unless by
+   signal from me, so as to be unable to form a speedy junction
+   with me; and the ships are to be kept in that order that the
+   whole squadron may act as a single ship. When I make the signal
+   No. 16, the commanders of divisions are to lead their separate
+   squadrons, and they are to accompany the signal they may think
+   proper to make with the appropriate triangular flag, viz. Sir
+   James Saumarez will hoist the triangular flag, white with a red
+   stripe, significant of the van squadron under the commander in
+   the second post; Captain Troubridge will hoist the triangular
+   blue flag, significant of the rear squadron under the commander
+   in the third post; and whenever I mean to address the centre
+   squadron only, I shall accompany the signal with the triangular
+   red flag, significant of the centre squadron under the
+   commander-in-chief.
+
+
+                               2d. Div.
+     1st. Div. red.      white with red stripe.        3d. Div. blue.
+
+       Vanguard.             Orion.                       Culloden.
+       Minotaur.             Goliath.                     Theseus.
+       Leander.              Majestic.                    Alexander.
+       Audacious.            Bellerophon.                 Swiftsure.
+       Defence.
+       Zealous.
+
+   Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
+
+   GEN. MEM.
+
+   As the wind may probably blow along shore when it is deemed
+   necessary to anchor and engage the enemy at their anchorage, it
+   is recommended to each line-of-battle ship of the squadron to
+   prepare to anchor with the sheet-cable in abaft and springs,
+   &c.--Vide Signal 54, and Instructions thereon, page 56, &c.
+   Article 37 of the Instructions.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c.
+
+   Mem. P.S.--To be inserted in pencil in the Signal-Book, at No.
+   182. Being to windward of the enemy, to denote that I mean to
+   attack the enemy's line from the rear towards the van, as far as
+   thirteen ships, or whatever number of the British ships of the
+   line may be present, that each ship may know his opponent in the
+   enemy's line.
+
+   No. 183. I mean to press hard with the whole force on the
+   enemy's rear.
+
+The proceedings of Sir Horatio Nelson's squadron are now brought down
+to the moment when their united, ardent, and anxious wishes were to
+be realized. The disappointments they had met with during their
+hitherto fruitless pursuit,--the state of anxiety, of alternate hope
+and despair, in which they had been kept, had raised their feelings of
+emulation to a pitch far beyond description; this was soon to be
+manifested by the endeavours of each to close with the enemy.
+
+Never could there have been selected a set of officers better
+calculated for such a service; Nelson was fortunate in commanding
+them, and they in being commanded by him. It is true, indeed, that his
+particular favourite, Captain Troubridge, was intended for his
+second-in-command, instead of Sir James Saumarez; and the latter would
+no doubt have been sent home, according to the orders he had received:
+but, with the chance of such an engagement as that which they
+anticipated, the well-tried captain of the Orion and his highly
+disciplined crew could not be spared; and, although Nelson carefully
+concealed his feelings towards Saumarez, they were but too manifest by
+the chary manner in which he expressed himself on this and on former
+occasions.
+
+In consequence of the before-mentioned information, the fleet bore up
+for Alexandria; and on the morning of the 1st of August the towers of
+that celebrated city, and Pompey's Pillar made their appearance. Soon
+after was discerned a forest of masts in the harbour, which they had
+previously seen empty; and, lastly, the French flag waving over its
+walls. A general disappointment was caused for a short time by a
+signal from the look-out ships that the enemy's men-of-war did not
+form a part of the vessels at anchor there; but this was soon
+dispelled by a signal from the Zealous that the enemy's fleet occupied
+the Bay of Aboukir in a line of battle, thirteen ships, four frigates,
+and two brigs, in sight on the larboard bow. At half-past two P.M. the
+British fleet hauled up, and steered directly for them with a fine
+N.N.W. breeze, carrying top-gallant sails.[13]
+
+   [13] In allusion to this memorable event, Sir James
+   writes--"When on the morning of the 1st of August the
+   reconnoitring ship made the signal that the enemy was not there,
+   despondency nearly took possession of my mind, and I do not
+   recollect ever to have felt so utterly hopeless, or out of
+   spirits, as when we sat down to dinner; judge then what a change
+   took place when, as the cloth was being removed, the officer of
+   the watch hastily came in, saying--'Sir, a signal is just now
+   made that the enemy is in Aboukir Bay, and moored in a line of
+   battle.' All sprang from their seats, and only staying to drink
+   a _bumper_ to our success, we were in a moment on deck." On his
+   appearance there his brave men, animated by one spirit, gave
+   three hearty cheers, in token of their joy at having at length
+   found their long-looked-for enemy, without the possibility of
+   his again eluding their pursuit.
+
+When the Admiral made the signal to prepare for battle, at half-past
+three, the signal to haul the wind on the starboard tack, and for the
+Colossus to cast off her prize, the Swiftsure and Alexander, which had
+been recalled from looking out off Alexandria, were carrying all sail
+to join. At five, the Admiral made the signal that it was his
+intention to attack the van and centre of the enemy as they lay at
+anchor, which was repeated by the Orion. At forty-five minutes past
+five, he made the signal to form the line as most convenient. The
+fleet then formed in the following order:--Goliath, Zealous, Vanguard,
+Minotaur, Theseus, Bellerophon, Defence, Orion, Audacious, Majestic,
+and Leander. The Culloden was then astern the Swiftsure, and the
+Alexander to leeward, tacking to clear the reef. The Admiral hove to,
+to pick up a boat, and also the four next ships astern of the
+Vanguard, which gave the Orion an opportunity, by standing on and
+passing them, to get up with the Zealous at about half-past six.
+
+In ten minutes afterwards the signal for close action was made, and
+repeated by most of the fleet; at the same time, the Goliath, having
+passed round the enemy's headmost ship, anchored on the quarter of the
+second; while the Zealous took her position on the bow of the former
+ship; both anchoring by the stern. The batteries on the island of
+Bequir or Aboukir, and the headmost ships, opened their fire as the
+leading ship approached; and they in return opened theirs on rounding
+the advanced ship of the enemy's line.
+
+The Orion, after giving that ship her broadside, passed round the
+Zealous and Goliath; and, as she was passing the third ship of the
+enemy, the French frigate Serieuse approached, began to fire on her,
+and wounded two men. In reply to an observation of one of the
+officers, who proposed to return her fire immediately, Sir James said,
+"Let her alone, she will get courage and come nearer. Shorten sail."
+As the Orion lost way by shortening sail, the frigate came up; and,
+when judged to be sufficiently advanced, orders were given to yaw the
+Orion, and stand by the starboard guns, which were double-shotted. The
+moment having arrived when every gun was brought to bear, the fatal
+order to fire was given; when, by this single but well-directed
+broadside, the unfortunate Serieuse was not only totally dismasted,
+but shortly afterwards sunk, and was discovered next morning with only
+her quarter above water.
+
+On discharging this fatal broadside the helm was put hard a-starboard;
+but it was found that the ship would not fetch sufficiently to
+windward, and near to the Goliath, if she anchored by the stern. She
+stood on, and, having given the fourth ship her starboard broadside,
+let go her bower anchor, and brought up on the quarter of Le Peuple
+Souverain, which was the fifth ship, and on the bow of Le Franklin,
+the sixth ship of the enemy's line. The third and fourth ships were
+occupied by the Theseus and Audacious on the inside, by passing
+through; while they were attacked on the outside by the Minotaur,
+Vanguard, and Defence.
+
+By the log of the Orion it was forty-five minutes past six o'clock
+when that ship let go her anchor, and, in "tending," poured her
+starboard broadside into the Franklin and L'Orient. The fire was then
+directed on Le Peuple Souverain, until she cut and dropped out of the
+line, totally dismasted and silenced.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+     EXPLANATION.
+
+     BRITISH.                          FRENCH.
+
+     A--Audacious.                     1--Guerrier.
+     B--Bellerophon.                   2--Conquerant.
+     C--Culloden (aground).            3--Spartiate.
+     D--Defence.                       4--Aquilon.
+     E--Majestic.                      5--Peuple Souverain.
+     F--Alexander.                     6--Franklin.
+     G--Goliath.                       7--L'Orient.
+     L--Leander.                       8--Tonnant.
+     M--Minotaur.                      9--Heureux.
+     O--Orion.                        10--Mercure.
+     S--Swiftsure.                    11--Guillaume Tell.
+     T--Theseus.                      12--Genereux.
+     V--Vanguard.                     13--Timoleon.
+     Z--Zealous.                      14--Serieuse.
+     +*--Serieuse, dismasted by       15--Artemise.
+         the Orion, and sunk at 14.   16--Justice.
+     I--Island of Aboukir.            17--Diane.
+     Y--Shallow water.
+
+At seven o'clock the headmost ships were dismasted; a fire-raft was
+observed dropping down from them on the Orion. Her stern-boat having
+been shot through, and the others being on the booms, it was
+impossible to have recourse to the usual method of towing it clear:
+booms were then prepared to keep it off. As it approached, however,
+the current carried it about twenty-five yards clear of the ship.
+About half-past eight, just as the Peuple Souverain, which had been
+the Orion's opponent, had dropped to leeward, a suspicious ship was
+seen approaching the Orion in the vacant space which the vanquished
+one had occupied. Many on board were convinced of her being a
+fire-ship of the enemy, and Sir James was urged to allow the guns to
+be turned upon her. Happily he himself had stronger doubts of her
+being such than those who pressed the reverse. He ordered a vigilant
+watch to be kept on her movements; and when the darkness dispersed,
+she was discovered to be the Leander. Distinguishing lights were
+hoisted, and the Orion continued to engage Le Franklin from fifty
+minutes past six o'clock to a quarter before ten. The action was
+general, and kept up on both sides with perseverance and vigour, when
+the enemy's fire began to slacken, and the three-decker was discovered
+to be on fire. At ten the firing ceased; the ship opposed to the Orion
+having surrendered, as also all the van of the enemy.
+
+Preparations were now made to secure the ships from the effects of the
+expected explosion.--The ports were lowered down, the magazine
+secured, the sails handed, and water placed in various parts to
+extinguish whatever flames might be communicated. The unfortunate ship
+was now in a blaze; at half-past eleven she blew up, and the
+tremendous concussion was felt at the very kelsons of all the ships
+near her. The combatants on both sides seemed equally to feel the
+solemnity of this destructive scene. A pause of at least ten minutes
+ensued, each engaged in contemplating a sight so grand and terrible.
+The Orion was not far off; but, being happily placed to windward, the
+few fiery fragments that fell in her were soon extinguished. Her
+vicinity to the L'Orient was the happy means of saving the lives of
+fourteen of her crew, who, in trying to escape the flames, sought
+refuge in another element, and swam to the Orion, where they met a
+reception worthy the humanity of the conquerors. The generous,
+warm-hearted sailors stripped off their jackets to cover these
+unfortunate men, and treated them with kindness, proving that humanity
+is compatible with bravery.
+
+About the middle of the action Sir James received a wound from a
+splinter, or rather the sheave from the heel of the spare top-mast on
+the booms, which, after killing Mr. Baird, the clerk, and wounding Mr.
+Miells, a midshipman, mortally, struck him on the thigh and side, when
+he fell into the arms of Captain Savage, who conducted him under the
+half-deck, where he soon recovered from the shock it gave him: but
+although he acknowledged it was painful, and might in the end be
+serious, he could not be persuaded to leave the deck even to have the
+wound examined; and the part was so much swelled and inflamed on the
+next day, that he was not able to leave the ship.
+
+After the pause occasioned by the dreadful explosion, the action
+continued in the rear by the ships dropping down which were not too
+much disabled; and Sir James had given orders to slip and run down to
+the rear, when the master declared that the fore-mast and mizen-mast
+were so badly wounded, that the moment the ship came broadside to the
+wind, they would go over the side, particularly the fore-mast, which
+was cut more than half through in three places. It was therefore
+determined to secure the disabled masts and repair other damages,
+while the action was renewed by those that were not so much disabled.
+
+As soon as the battle ceased in the van, by the capture of the enemy's
+ships, Sir James, who was the senior captain of the fleet, ordered
+Lieutenant Barker on board the Admiral for the purpose of inquiring
+after his safety, and of receiving his further instructions. He
+shortly returned with the melancholy detail that Sir Horatio was
+severely wounded in the head. At this period, several of the ships of
+the squadron were still warmly engaged with the centre and part of the
+rear of the enemy's fleet. Sir James therefore sent a boat to such
+ships as appeared to be in condition, with directions to slip their
+cables and assist their gallant companions. These orders were
+immediately put in execution by that distinguished officer Captain
+Miller, of the Theseus, and by the other ships that were in a state to
+renew the action. It has been already stated that the masts of the
+Orion were too much damaged to admit of that ship getting under way.
+In the course of the day the whole of the enemy's fleet had
+surrendered, excepting two ships of the line and two frigates, which
+escaped from the rear.
+
+Sir James being unable, from the effects of his wound, to wait on the
+Admiral and offer his congratulations personally, sent him the
+following letter:
+
+   Orion, 2nd August 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I regret exceedingly being prevented from congratulating you in
+   person on the most complete and glorious victory ever yet
+   obtained,--the just recompense of the zeal and great anxiety so
+   long experienced by you before it pleased Providence to give you
+   sight of those miscreants who have now received the just
+   punishment of their past crimes. You have been made the happy
+   instrument of inflicting on them their just chastisement; and
+   may you, my dear Admiral, long live to enjoy, in the approbation
+   of the whole world, the greatest of earthly blessings!
+
+   I am ever your most faithful and obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson, &c. &c. &c.
+
+From the character which has already been portrayed of Sir James, the
+reader will not be surprised to find that the Orion was the first to
+hoist the pendant at the mizen-peak, and thereby to show an example to
+the fleet worthy of imitation, in returning thanks to the great
+Disposer of events and Giver of all victory for that which they had
+just obtained over their enemies. A discourse on this occasion was
+delivered by the clergyman of the Orion, which must have made a great
+and lasting impression on the hearers; but the circumstance, which is
+much easier to be imagined than described, of a ship's company on
+their knees at prayers, and offering up a most solemn thanksgiving for
+the Divine mercy and favour which had been so fully manifested towards
+them, must have excited feelings in the minds of the prisoners,--the
+demoralised citizens of the French republic,--which had never before
+been known to them; and we understand that they did not fail to
+express their astonishment and admiration at a scene of that kind
+under such circumstances.
+
+At ten o'clock, when the action had entirely ceased, and the Admiral
+had received the congratulations of most of the captains of the fleet,
+the following general memorandums were issued:
+
+   Vanguard, 2nd of August 1798, off the mouth of the Nile.
+
+   The Admiral most heartily congratulates the captains, officers,
+   seamen, and marines of the squadron he has the honour to
+   command, on the events of the late action; and he desires they
+   will accept his sincere and cordial thanks for their very
+   gallant behaviour in the glorious battle. It must strike
+   forcibly every British seaman how superior their conduct is when
+   in discipline and good order, to the notorious behaviour of
+   lawless Frenchmen.
+
+   The squadron may be assured that the Admiral will not fail, in
+   his despatches, to represent their truly meritorious conduct in
+   the strongest terms to the commander-in-chief.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains of the ships of the squadron.
+
+   Almighty God having blessed his Majesty's arms with victory, the
+   Admiral intends returning thanksgiving for the same at two
+   o'clock this day; and he recommends every ship doing the same as
+   soon as convenient.
+
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c. &c.
+
+Captain Ball, in pursuance of orders from the Rear-admiral, directed
+the negociation for landing the prisoners on parole. Such as were not
+Frenchmen were permitted to enter into the English service, for the
+purpose of conducting the prizes home.
+
+We must refer our readers to the different accounts of this splendid
+action, which have been published by James, Brenton, Willyams, &c. for
+the particulars which do not concern the Orion. But we cannot forbear
+to mention the gallant conduct of Vice-admiral De Brueys, who,
+according to James and others, "had received two wounds, one in the
+face, the other in the hand; towards eight P.M. as he was descending
+to the quarter-deck, a shot cut him almost in two. This brave officer
+then desired not to be carried below, but to be left to die on deck;
+exclaiming in a firm tone, 'Un amiral Francais doit mourir sur son
+banc de quart.' He survived only a quarter of an hour." Commodore
+Casa-Bianca fell mortally wounded soon after the admiral had breathed
+his last. Captain Du-Petit-Thouars, of the Tonnant, had first both his
+arms, and then one of his legs shot away; and his dying commands were
+"Never to surrender!"
+
+Neither must we leave unrecorded the heroic death of young Miells, the
+midshipman, who we mentioned had been mortally wounded by the same
+splinter which struck his gallant commander. His shoulder having been
+nearly carried off, and his life being despaired of, the surgeons were
+unwilling to put him to needless pain by amputation; but after some
+hours, finding he still lived, it was determined to give him a chance
+of recovery by removing the shattered limb. The operation was ably
+performed by Mr. Nepecker, the surgeon of the Orion, assisted by the
+surgeon of the Vanguard. The sufferer never uttered a moan, but as
+soon as it was over, quietly said--"Have I not borne it well?" The
+tidings were instantly conveyed to his captain, whose feelings may be
+better imagined than described, and who could only fervently exclaim
+"thank God!" But his joy soon received a check. Many minutes had not
+elapsed before he learnt that this amiable and promising youth had
+been seized with a fit of coughing and expired!
+
+The captains of the Mercure and Heureux, who participated but slightly
+in the action, were both wounded; Captain Trullet, of the Guerrier,
+the ship most shattered, was unhurt, and Gantheaume escaped in a boat
+from the L'Orient.
+
+By great care Sir James kept off the fever which threatened to be the
+consequence of his wound.
+
+On the morning of the 3rd, Sir James, finding himself sufficiently
+recovered from the effects of his wounds to leave the ship, went on
+board the Vanguard to congratulate the Admiral in person on the
+glorious result of the battle. He found several of his brother
+officers on the quarter deck, discussing the merits of the action.
+Some regret having been expressed at the escape of the two sternmost
+ships of the French line, Sir James said to the Admiral, "It was
+unfortunate we did not----" and was proceeding to say, "all anchor on
+the same side." But, before he could finish the sentence, Nelson
+hastily interrupted him, exclaiming, "Thank God there was no order!"
+thus turning the conversation, he entered his cabin, and sent for
+Captain Ball.
+
+While Sir James was receiving the congratulations of his brother
+captains on being the second in command, no doubt being entertained
+among them that the Admiral would make most honourable mention of his
+name as such,--_an honour which he so highly deserved_, and which is
+usual in similar cases,--Captain Ball came on deck, and interrupted
+the conversation by observing, "Nelson says there is to be no second
+in command; _we are all to be alike in his despatches_!"[14]
+
+   [14] We may here state that, on the preceding day, Captain Ball
+   had paid a visit to Sir James; and as they were discussing the
+   various points of the battle, he stated to Sir James, that
+   "having been the second in command, he would, unquestionably,
+   receive some mark of distinction on the occasion." Saumarez, in
+   the enthusiasm of the moment, exclaimed, "We all did our
+   duty,--there was no second in command!" meaning, of course, that
+   he did not consider he had done more than other captains; and,
+   not supposing that this observation would come to the ears of
+   the Admiral. But, he afterwards thought, Nelson had availed
+   himself of this conversation, to deprive him of the advantage to
+   which his seniority entitled him, although he fully exonerated
+   Captain Ball of having the slightest intention of communicating
+   to the Admiral anything he could have supposed would be
+   detrimental to his interest.
+
+We need scarcely say that this was eventually the case; but we may
+relate the circumstances which induced Saumarez, without the least
+intention to offend, to make the observation at which offence was
+taken. It was the custom of Nelson, when in communication or in
+company with the captains under his command, to converse with them on
+the various modes of attacking the enemy under different
+circumstances; and, on one of these occasions, Sir James Saumarez, who
+had seen the evil consequences of _doubling_ on the enemy, especially
+in a night action, had differed with the Admiral in that plan of
+attack, saying that "it never required two English ships to _capture_
+one French, and that the damage which they must necessarily do to each
+other might render them both unable to fight an enemy's ship that had
+not been engaged; and as in this case two ships could be spared to the
+three-decker, every one might have his own opponent."
+
+It would perhaps be deemed invidious to mention the individual cases
+of English ships which fired on each other in this action; but that
+this did actually happen, and that many of our brave men fell by our
+own shot is a fact too notorious to be disputed. Moreover, had the
+four sternmost ships of the enemy's line done their duty as they
+ought, by slipping their cables soon after the action commenced, and
+making sail to windward, they would have made an easy capture of the
+Culloden as she lay aground; and afterwards, by doubling on the
+Vanguard, they would probably have given a different turn to the
+affair. The enemy's ships being moored 160 yards apart, left space
+enough for the British ships to pass between them, and rake the ship
+on each side, as the Theseus did; whereas, by anchoring outside, our
+squadron had equally to suffer the raking fire of the enemy as they
+approached, without being able to retaliate in the same way, thereby
+losing the important effect of two double-shotted broadsides, besides
+the advantage of being anchored in shore, to prevent the possibility
+of the enemy _doubling_ on a disabled ship, or of their running on
+shore and destroying those that were vanquished.
+
+It has been insisted on that Nelson, in omitting to mention the name
+of his second in command, only followed the example of Earl St.
+Vincent; and this may have been the case; but it cannot justify his
+evident reluctance to acknowledge the position in which Sir James
+really stood. Every officer in the service must know that, if Nelson
+had lost his life, the command would have devolved on Sir James
+Saumarez: yet, in his public letter, he not only avoids mentioning
+him, but he endeavours to represent the captain of the Vanguard as his
+successor in that responsible situation. His great friendship for Sir
+Thomas Troubridge was, no doubt, the motive that occasioned the
+substitution, and led to this injustice, which he carried so far as to
+remonstrate, in his private letters to Earl St. Vincent and Earl
+Spencer, against any honours being conferred on Sir James Saumarez
+which were not equally bestowed on Sir Thomas Troubridge.[15] When
+Nelson's great popularity, at this period, is considered, it may
+appear less extraordinary that this request should have had weight.
+Yet it cannot but surprise an impartial reader, in after-ages, that no
+honours or distinctions, except on the commander-in-chief, should have
+followed a victory, which Mr. Pitt in the House of Commons pronounced
+to be the greatest on record.
+
+   [15] See Clarke and M'Arthur's Life of Nelson, vol. ii. p. 119.
+
+On the 3rd of August, when Sir James returned from the Vanguard, the
+captains were assembled on board the Orion. He proposed the following
+resolution, which was agreed to unanimously:
+
+   The captains of the squadron under the orders of Rear-admiral
+   Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. desirous of testifying the high sense
+   they entertain of his prompt decision and intrepid conduct in
+   the attack of the French fleet in Bequir Road, off the Nile,
+   August 1st, 1798, request his acceptance of a sword; and, as a
+   further proof of their esteem and regard, hope that he will
+   permit his portrait to be taken, and hung up in the room
+   belonging to the Egyptian club now established, in commemoration
+   of that glorious day.
+
+To which Sir Horatio returned the following answer:
+
+   GENTLEMEN,
+
+   I feel most sensibly the very distinguished honour you have
+   conferred upon me by your address this day. My prompt decision
+   was the natural consequence of having such captains under my
+   command; and I thank God I can say that in the battle the
+   conduct of every officer was equal.
+
+   I accept as a particular mark of your esteem the sword you have
+   done me the honour to offer; and I will direct my picture to be
+   painted the first opportunity for the purpose you mention.
+
+   I have the honour to be, gentlemen,
+   with the highest respect,
+   Your most obliged,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+We shall conclude this chapter with the extract of a letter written to
+Lady Saumarez by Sir James, which we have no doubt will be perused
+with much interest:
+
+   Thursday, 2nd August 1798.
+
+   Happy am I in being enabled, through the mercy of Divine
+   Providence, to acquaint you with our having obtained the most
+   glorious and complete victory ever yet recorded in the annals of
+   the world.
+
+   Yesterday afternoon we discovered the enemy's fleet at anchor a
+   short distance from Alexandria. Although our squadron was not
+   collected,--the Alexander and Swiftsure being at a considerable
+   distance from having been detached to reconnoitre the port, and
+   the Culloden a great way off from having had a prize in
+   tow,--Sir Horatio deemed it of such importance to make an
+   immediate attack on the enemy, that he made sail for them
+   without waiting for those ships.
+
+   At sunset the action began upon the van and centre of the
+   enemy's line, and in rather more than two hours six of their
+   ships were completely dismasted, and the L'Orient, of 120 guns,
+   blown up. The action was continued all night with the enemy's
+   rear by the Alexander and Majestic; and this evening the whole,
+   except three, have fallen into our hands, and a frigate, which
+   they dastardly set fire to, and escaped on shore.
+
+   The loss sustained has been considerable in some of the ships. I
+   have to regret the loss of poor Miells, and of Mr. Baird, my
+   clerk, and of several good men. I received a contusion in the
+   side, which, though at first painful, is doing as well as
+   possible, and does not even prevent my going on with the usual
+   duty of the ship. Poor Captain Westcott is killed, and several
+   other officers.
+
+   The enemy have now obtained the just chastisement of their past
+   crimes, and Sir Horatio Nelson has the happiness of being the
+   fortunate instrument of inflicting their just punishment; in
+   which happiness all his squadron partakes. Fourteen of the
+   Frenchmen, who had the good fortune to swim on board the Orion
+   from the L'Orient after she was on fire, report that their army
+   were all landed three weeks since, and are at present in
+   possession of Grand Cairo; and that they have frequent severe
+   skirmishes with the Turks.
+
+   Our worthy friend Mr. Le Cras will lament with me the loss of
+   Mr. Miells. A better young man I think never existed. He lived
+   until this evening, and was the whole time perfectly resigned to
+   his fate, saying, "he died in a good cause." Mr. Richardson is
+   also badly wounded, and my servant John Lewis, who you recollect
+   waited on us at Portsmouth; but I hope they will both recover.
+
+   I should observe that the Culloden, not having been able to get
+   to us before night, unfortunately ran aground; by which accident
+   we were deprived of the assistance of so fine a ship, and of the
+   exertions of Captain Troubridge.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1798.
+
+   Fleet repair damages.--Sir James receives orders to take a
+   detachment of six ships of the line, and five prizes, under his
+   command.--Sails for Gibraltar.--Journal of his tedious
+   voyage.--Arrives off Candia.--Decides to pass through a perilous
+   passage, and escapes the dangers.--Falls in with the Marquis of
+   Nisa, and summons the French garrison at Malta.--Puts into Port
+   Auguste, in Sicily.--Sails from thence.--Tedious
+   passage.--Letters from Earl St. Vincent and Nelson.--Arrives at
+   Gibraltar.--Reception there from the Admiral, Governor,
+   &c.--Sails thence.--Arrives at Lisbon.--Sails thence.--Arrives
+   at Spithead.--Paid off at Plymouth.--Remarks on his treatment,
+   and explanation of it.
+
+
+The fleet was employed in repairing the damages it had received, and
+in fitting the prizes that were deemed worthy of being sent to
+England. This occupied the whole week after the battle. On the 5th,
+the Leander, having on board Captain Berry with the Rear-admiral's
+despatches, sailed for England; and, on the 12th, the Emerald,
+Alcmene, and Bonne Citoyenne arrived. On the same day Sir James
+received the following order:
+
+   (1st Order.) By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take the ships named on
+   the margin[16] under your command, their captains having orders
+   for that purpose; and to proceed with them with all possible
+   despatch down the Mediterranean. On your arrival near Europa
+   Point, you will send a boat on shore to the Commissioners'
+   office to receive any orders that may be lodged there for your
+   further proceedings. In case you find no orders at Gibraltar,
+   and learn that the commander-in-chief is off Cadiz, or at
+   Lisbon, you will join him at either place with all possible
+   expedition.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   [16] The captains of his Majesty's ships to take charge of the
+   prizes as under:
+
+     Orion         to take charge of      Le Souverain Peuple.
+     Bellerophon         do.}
+     Majestic            do.}             Le Spartiate.
+     Minotaur            do.              Aquilon.
+     Defence             do.              Franklin.
+     Audacious           do.              Conquerant.
+     Theseus             do.              Tonnant.
+
+   To the captains of above-mentioned ships. H.N.
+
+
+   (2nd Order.) By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take charge of the prize
+   ships; putting a sufficient number of men on board each to
+   navigate the said prize, with six weeks' provisions. You are
+   never to separate from her without orders in writing from the
+   officer under whose command you are for the time being; and you
+   are hereby required and directed to put yourself and the prize
+   under the command of Captain Sir James Saumarez; and follow all
+   such orders and instructions as you may receive from him from
+   time to time for his Majesty' service.
+
+   Given on board H.M.S. Vanguard,
+   Mouth of the Nile, 12th August 1798.
+   By command of the Rear-admiral.
+   J. CAMPBELL.
+
+
+Thus were Sir James's wishes and anticipations, mentioned in his
+journal of the 10th June, completely realized. After a distinguished
+share in effecting the destruction of the enemy's fleet, he is
+returning home triumphant with the hard-earned fruits of his labours;
+which were, however, not yet at an end, as will be seen by the
+following journal of his tedious and hazardous voyage:
+
+   "Orion, at sea, 18th August 1798.
+
+"After having so well completed the journal I sent by Captain Berry,
+you will not doubt the great pleasure I must feel in beginning the
+present, particularly when situation and many other circumstances
+combine to render it so interesting. But I have more to relate than
+you are aware of; and in which I have been most particularly favoured,
+as you will see, when it comes in its proper place to be mentioned.
+
+"First, I sailed from Bequir Road last Tuesday morning, with seven
+sail of the line and six of our prizes; leaving the Admiral with the
+Culloden, Alexander, Zealous, Goliath, and Swiftsure, and the three
+remaining French ships, which it was intended to destroy after taking
+out their stores and landing the prisoners. The Alcmene, Emerald, and
+Bonne Citoyenne had at last joined us. As, however, they had not been
+with the fleet, but had remained all the time in search of us, we were
+disappointed of our letters, and _they_ at finding themselves 'the day
+after the fair.'
+
+"In falling light winds, we came again to an anchor, Tuesday noon,
+about five miles from the squadron; which gave the ships an
+opportunity to get completed for sea, and afforded a night's repose to
+the men. At eleven I was waked from a sound sleep with the account
+that a brig which joined the Admiral in the afternoon was from Tunis,
+and had on board a hundred men belonging to L'Aigle, which had been
+lost some time before on her way to join the squadron; and it was
+added, 'there is a large packet of letters for the different ships.' I
+soon had them sorted, and out of about twenty for myself I selected
+four from you, which were read with an avidity you will better
+conceive than I can describe; before I had finished a page of one I
+flew to another, and so for near an hour, till at last I found their
+date, and endeavoured to read them regularly; but it was not till
+daylight that I could bring myself to a sufficient degree of
+composure. Never were letters more welcome--never did any yield
+greater joy and comfort; they have since formed my chief happiness,
+and will continue so to do until the end of our voyage. Had we
+unfortunately sailed one day sooner, I should have lost these precious
+letters: judge then how fortunate I think myself, particularly so at
+their having been preserved from the wreck of the poor L'Aigle; as I
+find that several packages, &c. for this squadron, with the good
+things you sent me, shared the fate of the poor ship; Captain Hay
+having written to me from Gibraltar that they were put on board her.
+
+"Sir Horatio Nelson wrote to me that he had not heard from his family;
+but, as Captain Nisbet came in the brig, he will give him accounts
+from Lady Nelson.
+
+"I now come to the sequel of our voyage, having accounted for my being
+so _unseasonably_ disturbed from a sound sleep."
+
+
+Sir James now received the following letters.
+
+   August 15th, 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I am not very anxious to receive any persons of the description
+   you mention; they will all eat our meat, and drink. As they
+   choose to serve the French, there let them remain. I have not a
+   line from home, all lost in L'Aigle. You will get off in good
+   time, I dare say. I am sure you will not lose a moment off Cape
+   Bronte; the shoal extends six miles. If you favour me with a
+   line, direct it for Naples, where I am going to join the
+   Portuguese squadron. Zealous, Swiftsure, and the two frigates, I
+   have kept here as long as possible. Nisbet thanks you for your
+   inquiries. I send you a copy of my letter intended to be sent to
+   Mr. Nepean; keep it quiet till you get off. Wishing you health,
+   and good passage,
+
+   Believe me ever,
+   Your obliged,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   I hope Lady S. and all the little ones are well.
+
+   (Copy.)
+
+   Secret, for Sir James.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Six of the prizes sailed yesterday with Sir James Saumarez;
+   three others, viz. Guerrier, Heureux, and Mercure are in the act
+   of repairing. In this state I received last evening Earl St.
+   Vincent's most secret orders, and most secret and confidential
+   letters. Thus situated, it became an important part of my duty
+   to do justice between my King and country, and the brave
+   officers and men who captured those ships at the Battle of the
+   Nile. It would have taken one month at least to fit those ships
+   for a passage to Gibraltar, and not at a great expense to
+   government, but with the loss to the service of at least two
+   sail of the line. I therefore feel confident that the Lords
+   Commissioners of the Admiralty will, under the present
+   circumstances, direct that a fair value shall be paid for those
+   ships. I have farther thought it my duty to tell the squadron
+   the necessity I am under, for the benefit of the King's service,
+   to order their property to be destroyed; but that I had no doubt
+   but that government would make a liberal allowance. I have
+   therefore directed such stores as could, without taking too much
+   time, be saved from them, and ordered the hulls to be burned.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq.
+
+The journal of Sir James is thus resumed:
+
+"We again weighed anchor, Wednesday noon; and although with a contrary
+wind, and ships in a crippled state, we had the good fortune to clear
+the land in the night without accident, and next day lost sight of our
+ships in the Nile. Since that period we have not made any great
+progress; but we have no reason to complain, and I trust a favourable
+wind will in due time waft us down the Mediterranean.
+
+"_A present, un petit mot sur ma sante._ In the first place, too great
+exertion for two or three days after being under sail, certainly
+retarded my perfect recovery, and, added to the excessive heat of the
+weather, threw me into a sort of languor that required the three last
+days' rest and composure to shake off. I am now, thank God! as well as
+ever; and when I consider that every day shortens my distance from
+you, my happiness is daily increasing. I have much more to say, _mais
+en voila assez pour le present_; and as there is abundance of time
+before this can be despatched, _il faut le remettre pour un autre
+jour: ainsi adieu_!
+
+"Sunday, August 19th.--I was indeed surprised to find Lyme the place
+fixed for your residence; and, on reflection, approve of it highly, as
+I believe it is a very healthy place; but more particularly as I hope
+to send you a line in going up Channel, and possibly take you to
+Spithead. Judge, therefore, the _selfish_ motives by which I am
+actuated, and scold me if you can.
+
+"I was happy our dear boy had reached home before the close of your
+last letter, and am charmed with your account of him. Having
+understood that there is a good school in Dorsetshire,--I think at
+Sherborne,--I shall not be surprised if you have placed him there for
+the summer, and shall not think it a bad plan to have him nearer to
+you. I am glad to find my letters from Gibraltar reached you, and hope
+that one or two stragglers will also have come to hand before those
+from the Nile arrive. These last will induce you to believe our
+cruise less unpleasant than you seemed to apprehend,--more
+particularly when you find it the means of bringing the Orion to
+England.
+
+"Your _P.S._ of the 11th of June is considerably later than any
+accounts received in the squadron; indeed, I find very few letters
+have been received by any of the captains. The Lion, I understand, is
+on her way to join the squadron; but I have reason to believe she has
+nothing for me, as she sailed before L'Aigle.
+
+"The accounts from Ireland are truly distressing; but I hope
+tranquillity has long since been restored in that distracted country.
+We have heard of the dreadful business off Cadiz; but as news from the
+fleet must reach home before we can be acquainted with them, I shall
+not enlarge on the subject. Captain Grey, I find, is gone to England,
+which will have been an agreeable surprise to his amiable lady.
+
+"Now for some account of the Orion and her crew:--In the first place,
+Mr. Barker is on board Le Peuple Souverain, happier than a prince. Mr.
+Wells becomes first, in his room; and, as I found it necessary to send
+away Mr. ---- at Syracuse, I should remain with only three lieutenants,
+but that, in virtue of my present command, I appointed, the day I left
+Admiral Nelson, our kinsman Dumaresq to that station, who acquits
+himself with great zeal and assiduity. He will receive pay for the
+time; but cannot be confirmed, from not having served the six required
+years.
+
+"All the officers are in rapture at the share the ship had in the
+action, except her captain, who is never satisfied. The ship's company
+all healthy, and the wounded daily recovering. Sheep and poultry in
+abundance; but the fear of a long passage down the Mediterranean
+obliges us to be frugal, wishing, if possible, to avoid putting into
+any place before we reach the fleet off Cadiz,--a thing scarcely
+possible, and rendered still more improbable from our little progress
+the last five days: however,--_patience_!
+
+"I have only two French officers on board; one was second captain of
+the Tonnant; they are both in the ward-room, and I occasionally invite
+them to my table. Of the six prizes four are fine ships, particularly
+the Franklin and Spartiate: the Souverain and Conquerant are both very
+old ships; Le Tonnant and L'Aquilon were built within these few years
+only. Both the former are quite new. But it is not what we have taken,
+but what we have destroyed. We have left France only two sail of the
+line in the Mediterranean, except a few bad Venetian ships and some
+frigates. A squadron of five sail leaves us masters of these seas,
+equal to protect our commerce, and with a few frigates destroy that of
+the enemy: these are the real fruits of our victory; and as to
+anything personal to ourselves, the approbation of our country, and
+possibly an additional medal, will be ample recompence to us. At
+present my chief solicitude is to find things go on well in England;
+and I think, when the account of our action arrives, it will set the
+minds of people at ease for some time at least.
+
+"I shall have a great deal to say to you, in which you will
+acknowledge with me that the Almighty has been kind and bountiful
+indeed, beyond my merits or pretensions. You will infer from my late
+journal what I particularly allude to, wherein I mention the Orion
+having been intended to return to the fleet on the junction of the
+reinforcement; which was merely to favour Captain Troubridge, with
+whom I clashed from seniority. Very, very fortunately for me, the
+enemy's force would not permit Sir H. Nelson to part with me; and the
+sequel has shown the partiality of the Earl's proceeding: but of this
+'_ci-apres_;' only, for the present, judge what must have been my
+feelings had I been thus deprived of my share in this action!
+
+"My situation at this moment is exactly what I could wish,--the
+command of a respectable squadron escorting the trophies of our
+victory; and I am induced to hope that I shall proceed with them to
+England without considerable delay. We have just gained sight of
+Cyprus, nearly the track we followed six weeks ago; so invariably do
+the westerly winds prevail at this season; but I hope we shall not be
+subject to the tedious calms we experienced under Candia. Hitherto we
+have always had a good breeze, which has prevented any intercourse
+between the ships of the squadron, one day only excepted.
+
+"I have not told you that we all voted a sword to the Admiral before
+we parted from the squadron; the captains having agreed to subscribe
+fifty pounds each to defray the expense, and to have his picture,
+which is to be put up in the room intended to hold the _Egyptian
+Club_, when we all meet in England. The overplus, which will come to
+about thirty pounds each, is to be applied for the relief of the
+widows and orphans of those who have nobly fallen in the action. All
+this shows unanimity at least, and I believe greater never existed in
+any squadron.
+
+"Wednesday, 22nd.--This morning the wind has set in very favourably
+for us; but it is to the southward, and produces such a close, sultry,
+and damp air, that it is scarcely bearable; and, with all this, we
+have to encounter so strong a western swell, that the prizes and
+crippled ships, for want of more sail, can scarcely contend against
+it. What if we should have the good fortune to fall in with the four
+French ships! They are certainly on their way to Toulon; and, from the
+want of water and provisions, must have put into some of the ports in
+these seas. I _dreamt_ so much of them last night that I really form
+great hopes of our falling in with them. This leads me to mention that
+all the captains agreed to share together in whatever may be captured
+till the 1st of October.
+
+"It is now exactly three weeks since the Battle of the Nile; it
+appears almost an age; but when once we get in the fair track down the
+Mediterranean, every day will, I hope, shorten our distance. We have
+seen but one strange sail since we left Bequir, and that at too great
+a distance to speak with. I think it probable Sir Horatio may be on
+his way to Naples, as he proposed to sail soon to join the Portuguese
+squadron, taking with him the Culloden, Alexander, and Goliath. The
+Zealous, with Swiftsure, and the frigates, were to be left to block up
+Alexandria, and distress the enemy. What barbarous people we must be,
+after having done them so much mischief, still to add to their
+disasters!
+
+"August 24th.--I have been right in my conjectures this morning,
+having fallen in with Sir Horatio, who obligingly sent the Bonne
+Citoyenne with letters, &c. for the ships with me, brought by the
+Seahorse, which joined him at Bequir. He has only the Culloden and
+Alexander with him, having left the rest of the ships for the good
+purposes before mentioned. This meeting has afforded me an opportunity
+of sending you a few hurried lines, which I have requested the Admiral
+to forward from Naples. I have no doubt that the letter will reach
+you some time before any other I can have an opportunity of sending
+you.
+
+"I think the few last lines will not be the less acceptable for having
+been anticipated. I can assure you their purport is highly acceptable,
+as I now have the Earl's own assertion for the Orion being ordered to
+England upon his own terms, 'when I join him with the prizes.' Alas!
+they get on very slowly; but I am endowed with unparalleled patience,
+having scarcely uttered a murmur on their tardiness, so perfectly
+satisfied am I with the prospect before me.
+
+"I understand the Seahorse has taken La Sensible, and the Lion a
+Spanish frigate: _a propos_, we have received intimation that a
+Spanish squadron is on its way to Leghorn, to convey his holiness Pope
+Pius the Sixth to some part of Spain; and, in case of our falling in
+with them, we are to treat him with all the ceremony and respect due
+to the sovereign pontiff.
+
+"Sunday, 26th.--I went yesterday on board the Admiral, for
+half-an-hour; and was happy at finding him in perfect health. He will
+ever retain the mark on his forehead which he has so honourably
+acquired; mine is not quite in so _distinguished a place_, but I also
+expect to have a scar on my left side, or rather on the hip-bone,
+which was slightly grazed; but it is now perfectly healed, and I
+reflect with great gratitude on the very narrow escape I had: my only
+fear is, that it will give you great uneasiness when the account
+reaches you. I did not intend to have my name inserted in the return
+of wounded, but the Admiral desired it should; so that he must share
+the blame if it should have alarmed you.
+
+"I cannot tell you all the fine projects I form for some months at
+least after my arrival in England. This last business has so shattered
+the poor Orion, that she will not, without considerable repair, be in
+a state for more service; and if I can be so fortunate as to obtain Le
+Franklin with my officers and men, she will be getting forward during
+the winter months, and I shall have the enjoyment of your society all
+that time: and I think, if it pleases God to bless our arms in England
+with success, the enemy will be brought to sue for a peace before the
+spring of next year. Their great inducement for carrying on the war
+was their hopes of success from this expedition, which is considered
+as entirely frustrated, as their army will be too much reduced to
+attempt to go to India without being reinforced from France; and they
+never will be able to prevail on more troops to embark for Egypt, even
+if they had the means of conveyance for them.
+
+"The winds prove all this time very variable, _et nous avancons fort
+lentement_.
+
+"The Admiral is still in sight, though we are not in company together.
+Had I not been certain of going to England, I should regret losing
+the opportunity of seeing Naples, particularly on this occasion; but
+everything is absorbed in that first consideration. The newspapers are
+at all times acceptable, and I was happy when you found opportunities
+to send them from Ryde; but as many of the squadron receive them, and
+they are always circulated to the different ships, I would not trouble
+you to send them. _D'ailleurs, pour le present, j'espere que ce serait
+inutile._
+
+"Monday.--We get on very slowly indeed, not having yet got sight of
+Candia; we must however have _patience_. Three days' fair wind will
+bring us the distance of Sicily. I have invited Captains Miller,
+Louis, and Gould to dine with me to-day. To the former I said that
+your ladyship had the pleasure of having made acquaintance with Mrs.
+Miller. Miller is an excellent man. Another day I shall have the other
+captains, Derby, Peyton, and Cuthbert, late first lieutenant of the
+Majestic.
+
+"Whilst I am writing, a fine breeze has sprung up, which will get us
+as far as Rhodes at least. We have entirely lost sight of the Admiral;
+and I think, from the wind having favoured us, that we shall have
+considerably the start of his little squadron.
+
+"Tuesday.--Nothing so uncertain and variable as the winds in this
+country. We are still off the island of Rhodes, which appears fertile
+and well cultivated. We have also sight of Candia at the distance of
+above thirty leagues. Our present route is different from any of the
+former, as we go to the northward of Candia, amidst the innumerable
+islands that form the archipelago. It is thought by many a dangerous
+navigation with our disabled ships, but I always consider _que le bon
+Dieu nous guide_.
+
+"The Admiral has again joined us, but too far off for any personal
+communication. This evening we have effected a great object in
+doubling Rhodes, and we are now proceeding with a fine breeze. I hope
+in three days to congratulate you on our being in the fair track down
+the Mediterranean.
+
+"Friday, 31st.--Events multiply and increase upon us, but not so
+favourably as they promised when I last took up my pen. After
+contending for three days against the baffling winds we had so often
+experienced, and by our perseverance gained a considerable distance,
+the wind increased so much against us yesterday morning, that I was
+compelled, from the disabled state of several of the ships, to abandon
+my intention of going to the northward of Candia; and, not without
+great risk, we ran through a passage imperfectly explored, and never
+known to ships of war till we found it practicable: at the same time,
+I almost shudder at the danger we escaped; nothing but a case of
+extreme necessity could have justified the attempt, and Providence
+was our guide;[17] at the same time warning us of the danger we ran,
+having actually seen the breakers, and escaped them by a trifling
+distance; and this was performed late at night, all the ships
+following and guided by our lights.
+
+   [17] Sir James displayed a remarkable instance of presence of
+   mind and unhesitating decision in this unexpected case of
+   extreme danger. Captain John Tancock, who was then lieutenant of
+   the watch, and who, having served under Sir James during the
+   whole of the war, enjoyed his perfect confidence, anticipated
+   the captain's wishes in volunteering on this occasion to go up
+   to the mast-head and look out for rocks, and thus considerably
+   relieved his anxiety. The prizes were quite unable to beat to
+   windward, and, in order to be extricated from the peril which
+   the shift of wind had occasioned, their signal was made "to keep
+   in the Orion's wake." Sir James having determined to push on, as
+   the most probable means of saving his inefficient squadron, the
+   "helm was put up," and orders given to steer through a passage
+   between islands, which was marked "_doubtful_" in the charts,
+   and in which shallow water was soon discovered by Mr. Tancock,
+   who gave timely notice to the helmsman on their approach to each
+   danger. The rest of the ships kept close in the track of the
+   Orion, and in this manner the whole of the squadron and prizes
+   passed between the islands and breakers without accident; and
+   there can be no doubt that their safety was owing to the skilful
+   and decisive conduct of Sir James. It is but justice to add,
+   that, in approving of Mr. Tancock's very meritorious conduct, he
+   emphatically assured him that "he should never forget that he
+   had so fully anticipated his wishes."
+
+"We are at present close to Candia, and the Admiral in sight; rather
+in advance of us, owing to the circumstance I have related. I now fear
+our voyage will prove very tedious, and that the want of provisions
+and other circumstances will compel us to put into some port; this may
+occasion great delay, which the approach of the equinox makes me very
+desirous to avoid. I really believe no ships in so bad a condition as
+those with me ever attempted so intricate a navigation.
+
+"September 1st.--You are certainly unapprised of the Orion being on
+her way to England. Here have we been occupied for three weeks in
+effecting what might be accomplished in two days. Your wishes, I
+think, would prove more availing were you acquainted with the real
+state of things. This extraordinary delay makes me more fractious than
+can be imagined, and I begin to lose the character for patience which
+I had given myself by so tiresome a situation; besides which, I have
+Le Peuple Souverain to drag after me, that causes me more trouble than
+even the Spanish _saints_ did after the 14th of February.
+
+"Sunday.--I had almost determined not to resume my pen till we were
+entirely clear of this same island of Candia; but we have made such
+great progress since yesterday, and the prospect continues so
+favourable, that I cannot refuse myself the satisfaction of
+congratulating you thereon.
+
+"I received last evening a letter from the Admiral, brought me by La
+Bonne Citoyenne.[18] He is desirous of having the Minotaur and
+Audacious detached to Naples after accompanying us as far on our way
+as Minorca. A vessel was yesterday spoken with that saw one of the
+French line-of-battle ships, with the loss of her main-mast, and towed
+by a frigate towards Corfu, only eight days since; so that, had the
+winds favoured us, we should have been at no great distance from them.
+I dined to-day in the ward-room; but I am sorry to say we had no
+church this morning; this is so very necessary a duty, that I am
+always grieved when it is omitted."
+
+   [18] MY DEAR SIR, Vanguard, September 1st, 1798. From what I
+   have heard, and made up in my own mind, I feel it is absolutely
+   necessary that I should order the Minotaur and Audacious to quit
+   your squadron when you are in the fair way between Sardinia and
+   Minorca, and join me at Naples; and also with as much salt
+   provisions as can be got out of the ships victualled for _six_
+   months, reserving only one month's at whole allowance. My
+   squadron are at two-thirds of salt provisions, making the
+   allowance up with flour; therefore you will direct the same in
+   yours. I have put down the number of casks of beef, pork, and
+   pease, which can be easily spared if the commander-in-chief's
+   orders for victualling have been obeyed. Audacious is, I fancy,
+   short of salt provisions, not knowing of coming so long a
+   voyage. If you can manage to let those ships have any part of
+   their officers and men, it will be very useful for the King's
+   service; but of this you must be the best judge. Retalick will
+   tell you all the news from Rhodes, and I was rejoiced to see you
+   are this side of Candia.
+
+   Ever yours most truly,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
+
+   Your squadron evidently sails better than Culloden. The
+   Bellerophon sails so well that Darby can take very good care of
+   Conquerant; and Aquilon seems also to sail remarkably well.
+   Remember me kindly to all my good friends with you.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 1st September.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   Captain Retalick has just joined me with your order respecting
+   the Minotaur and Audacious, both which ships are to be detached
+   for Naples so soon as we are in the fair way between Sardinia
+   and Minorca, with as much salt provisions as can be spared from
+   the ships victualled for six months; which shall be duly
+   complied with. I shall also take from the prizes as many of the
+   officers and men as can be replaced from the ships left with me,
+   which I shall endeavour to be as near the full number as can be
+   thought prudent. Wishing to use as little delay as possible, not
+   to detain the Bonne Citoyenne,
+
+   I am very truly, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 1st September.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   After contending for three days against the adverse winds which
+   are almost invariably encountered here, and getting sufficiently
+   to the northward to have weathered the small islands that lie
+   more immediately between the Archipelago and Candia, the wind
+   set in so strong to the westward Thursday morning, that I was
+   compelled to desist from that passage, and bear up between
+   Sargeanto and Guxo, a narrow and intricate channel; but which we
+   happily cleared without any accident, the loss of a few spars
+   excepted, which are now replaced; and we are proceeding as fast
+   as the wind will admit to our destination. The ships are all
+   doing as well as possible; the fever on board the Defence fast
+   abating, and the wounded in Bellerophon, Majestic, and Minotaur
+   daily recovering. Seeing the Citoyenne on her way to us, I seize
+   the opportunity to give you the information.
+
+   I am, my dear sir, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir H. Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, at sea, 5th Sept. 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   Since the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant, containing
+   an order for the Minotaur and Audacious to join you at Naples, I
+   have been employed in making the necessary arrangements for the
+   distribution of prisoners from the ships that remain with me. I
+   fear the quantity that can be spared, after reducing ourselves
+   to four weeks at whole allowance, will fall very short of what
+   you mention. The order for the ships to be put to two-thirds'
+   allowance was given the day after I received your letter. With
+   regard to the men belonging to the Minotaur and Audacious on
+   board the prizes, I hope to have it in my power to meet more
+   fully your expectations, as I see no reason why these men should
+   not be almost entirely replaced from the ships with me, the
+   Bellerophon and Majestic having only fifty men each on board;
+   the Spartiate certainly can spare the same number for Le
+   Conquerant; and I hope to man the Aquilon from the other three
+   ships, except the party of marines, which I shall direct to be
+   left on board of them. We have had favourable winds the last
+   three days, and I hope to-morrow to get sight of Mount AEtna. The
+   enclosed report of a vessel boarded by the Theseus makes me
+   regret the wind did not prove favourable a few days sooner, to
+   have come up with the strayed sheep.
+
+   10 o'clock P.M.
+
+   Captain Renhouse, in the Thalia, has this instant joined me on
+   his return from Bequir. I have taken his letters for the fleet,
+   &c.: and as the Flora cutter is in sight, closing with the
+   squadron, I have detained him till the morning, that he may take
+   from her any despatches she may have for you. I am happy to
+   learn from him that the Lion had joined the squadron off
+   Alexandria. He also informs me that the Marquis de Niza was on
+   his return from Aboukir, highly mortified at having lost the
+   opportunity of distinguishing himself in the action. I am truly,
+   my dear Admiral,
+
+   Your faithful and most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B.
+
+
+   Orion, 6th September 1798.
+   A.M. 7 o'clock.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   The Flora did not join me till this instant, owing to the
+   commander's timidity. I was waiting for him the whole night. I
+   thought it my duty to open one of Earl St. Vincent's public
+   despatches, in case they might contain anything that might
+   render necessary any alteration in my present proceedings. I
+   find from them that Colossus is to the southward of Sardinia,
+   with the Alliance and four victuallers: we shall of course keep
+   a look-out for them. This information will enable me to keep
+   rather a greater supply of provisions than I had made
+   arrangements for, having scarcely reserved four weeks to each
+   ship of the squadron. I have charged Captain Newhouse with the
+   Flora's despatches, with orders to proceed in search of you
+   immediately, and also indicated to him the track I mean to
+   pursue, in case you should have occasion to send me further
+   orders, in consequence of your letters from Earl St. Vincent.
+
+   I hope you will do me the favour to believe that I have acted to
+   the best of my judgment for the good of his Majesty's service,
+   and that you will approve my having opened one of Lord St.
+   Vincent's public despatches; which it will be satisfactory to me
+   to know from you.
+
+   With sincere and best wishes for your health
+   and every happiness, &c.
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir H. Nelson, K.B. &c.
+
+"Thursday, 6th September.--The last four days we have got on
+remarkably well; and, what is still better, the wind seems now set in
+very favourably. Late last night the Thalia joined me, after cruising
+in all directions to fall in with Sir Horatio. I was not disappointed
+at receiving no letters by her: but this morning, having been joined
+by the Flora cutter, that left England the 26th July, and the fleet
+off Cadiz so late as the 12th August, I own it gave me concern to
+receive no tidings from you; but, on recollection that all the letters
+for this ship have been kept back, from our being expected down the
+Mediterranean, my disappointment ceases.
+
+"I have seen nothing of Admiral Nelson since I last wrote; and, as our
+route now lies in a different direction, I do not expect to meet with
+him again. The information obtained by the above vessels is of a very
+satisfactory nature; and I trust things will soon, very soon, draw to
+a favourable crisis.
+
+"The Thalia brought me from Bequir several intercepted letters from
+France, taken in a corvette going to Alexandria. I have read several
+of them, and find that their chief reliance was placed in the
+expedition to Egypt; which having failed so completely, must
+disconcert all their future projects. One bad piece of news I have
+learnt,--'that a Spanish vessel we took off St. Pierre, laden with
+wheat, has been recaptured by a French privateer.'
+
+"I have been occupied for some days past in putting my cabin in good
+repair, which I hope to have fit for your ladyship's reception, so
+that, on my arrival in the Channel, I may have only to despatch the
+first vessel I fall in with to Lyme, with an invitation for you to
+partake of it, accompanied by one or more of the children, and any
+servants you may please to require to attend upon you. This has for
+some time past engaged my attention, and I trust nothing will
+intervene to thwart my expectations. Alas! they have been but too much
+disappointed already by the adverse winds, which still continue to
+weary our patience.
+
+"I dined to-day on board the Minotaur, the weather having proved
+nearly calm; it is the first time since we left Bequir that I have
+consented to leave the ship. I hope to fall in with the Colossus and
+some victuallers, which I find, by the Flora, were on their way to our
+squadron, supposing us to have been off Malta, blockading the French
+fleet. Strange that at so late a period Earl St. Vincent had not
+obtained information of their having sailed from that island!
+
+"Sunday.--The wind always continues contrary; but we get on,
+notwithstanding, by slow degrees. I made up for last Sunday, and had
+Divine service performed, and dined in the ward-room. We obtained a
+small supply of stock from the Thalia when she joined us; I should
+have told you that I despatched her and the cutter towards Naples, to
+meet Sir Horatio.
+
+"Tuesday evening.--The wind has at last favoured us for a few hours,
+and to-morrow I hope to be in sight of Syracuse. A vessel was
+yesterday spoken with, that had an ambassador on board from
+Constantinople, going to the different states in Barbary, to direct
+them to arm against the French. An English frigate had arrived at the
+Sublime Porte with the news of the defeat of their fleet at
+Alexandria; but I am at a loss to conjecture what the frigate was. The
+French officers "_sont indignes de cette insulte offerte a la grande
+nation_."
+
+"Thursday.--We at last gained sight of Mount AEtna yesterday evening;
+but the winds still prove very contrary, and I fear we shall be
+obliged, much against my inclination, to put into either Syracuse or
+Messina: we are at present off the former place. By a boat that has
+joined one of the ships, I find they only heard of the battle four
+days ago. They are disposed to give us a hearty welcome, but I hope we
+shall have no occasion for their well-meant intentions.
+
+"Friday.--We last night fell in with the Marquis de Niza's squadron,
+on their return from the mouth of the Nile. The Marquis hailed me that
+he was _very sorry_ he had not arrived a few days sooner. We were much
+better without him."
+
+Sir James sent, by the Thalia, the following letters to Sir Horatio:
+
+   Orion, Port of Augusta, 16th September 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I fear you will be disappointed at finding that we are no
+   further on our voyage than this place. We were three days in
+   sight of Sicily, endeavouring to beat round Cape Pesaro; and,
+   Friday afternoon, the wind set in so strong to the westward,
+   that I was obliged to endeavour to get into Syracuse, but I
+   found the wind directly out of the harbour, and stood again to
+   the southward. It blew a gale all night; and in the morning,
+   seeing no possibility of getting into Syracuse, I bore up for
+   this place, where the squadron anchored yesterday afternoon. We
+   are completing the water with all expedition, but I am
+   disappointed that there is no wine to be had but at a very high
+   price. We are supplied with bullocks and other articles the same
+   as at Syracuse; and, as at that place, the people are exorbitant
+   in their demands. Every possible attention has been shown by the
+   governor. I paid him a visit of ceremony this morning with the
+   other captains of the squadron. He appears a man of the first
+   respectability.
+
+   I thought it proper to mention to him that I had seen Mr.
+   Acton's letter, which stated that his Majesty's ships were to be
+   received in the ports of this island; and I should do him great
+   injustice, did I not observe to you, sir, his earnest endeavours
+   that we should be supplied with everything we require on the
+   most reasonable terms.
+
+   A vessel, which left Malta six days ago, reports that the
+   inhabitants have revolted against the French, who are driven to
+   the greatest stress by the want of provisions. They seem very
+   anxious for the appearance of an English squadron off that
+   island.
+
+   I hope to have the squadron completed in water by Wednesday
+   next, and to put to sea the same evening. The Spartiate has
+   caused us considerable uneasiness, having unfortunately got
+   aground by bordering too near the light-house. She was however
+   got off without sustaining any damage. All your friends, with
+   me, desire their best compliments.
+
+   I am, my dear Admiral,
+   Your ever faithful and obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson.
+
+
+   Orion, Augusta, 20th September 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+   I feel great satisfaction in acquainting you that the squadron
+   and all the prizes are completed with water, and will be ready
+   to proceed to sea at daylight to-morrow morning. The westerly
+   winds have prevailed ever since our arrival, and I fear still
+   continue in the channel of Malta; but it is of such importance
+   to get from this place before easterly winds set in, that not a
+   moment has been lost in getting the ships forward, which must be
+   evident to you when you consider our great demands for water,
+   and that we have only four boats in the squadron to supply the
+   ships. We have been abundantly supplied with fresh provisions,
+   and each ship takes twelve or fourteen bullocks to sea; but wine
+   was not to be had at any reasonable rate. We have found
+   difficulty in obtaining cash for the articles purchased on
+   account of Government in a place where there scarcely exists any
+   trade, and where the inhabitants are extremely poor. The
+   governor has offered us every possible assistance; and I must
+   entreat you will represent to Mr. Acton the zeal and earnest
+   endeavours he has shown to forward the King's service. I have
+   the honour to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Sir Horatio Nelson.
+
+"Saturday, 22nd September.--A whole week has elapsed since I closed
+the account of our voyage; having the following day been under the
+necessity, from the state of the weather, to put into Augusta, a port
+a few leagues from Syracuse. We sailed thence yesterday, after
+completing the squadron with water. We found abundance of provisions,
+and each ship has sailed with a dozen or fourteen oxen, besides sheep,
+fowls, &c. Augusta is a more modern town than Syracuse, having been
+rebuilt after an earthquake thirty years ago. It has no trade, and the
+inhabitants are extremely poor; the ships were visited by them daily,
+but we went to very few parties on shore. A few leagues from Augusta
+there is a considerable town called Catania. I regretted much it was
+not in my power to visit it, as there we might have had many things
+that would have been very acceptable in England.
+
+"In passing Syracuse yesterday, several of the principal inhabitants
+came on board; and I was happy in sending a letter to you, enclosed to
+Admiral Nelson at Naples. I hope to be with you as soon as it arrives,
+having still every expectation of being in England in the month of
+October. My mind is much more at ease since we have obtained the last
+supplies, as a small quantity of salt provisions, which we can have
+from the fleet, will enable the ships to proceed for England without
+stopping at Gibraltar, or any other place; and if the Orion is not of
+the number, great will be my disappointment.
+
+"Thursday, 27th of September.--I have been very much engaged on public
+business of great importance the last three days, which, I am sorry to
+say, has not turned out quite equal to my wishes. On Monday I fell in
+with the Marquis de Niza's squadron, which had been ordered off Malta
+by Admiral Nelson. On Tuesday a deputation of the principal
+inhabitants came on board the Orion, to solicit a supply of arms and
+ammunition; at the same time informing me that the French garrison
+were in the greatest distress, and that, if the town was summoned,
+they had good grounds to believe they would be induced to surrender. I
+waited on the Marquis de Niza, who readily concurred in sending a flag
+of truce with proposals to the French garrison. After three hours'
+deliberation they returned a very concise answer,[19] which although
+not satisfactory at this time, leaves little doubt that they will be
+compelled to surrender very shortly. Before I came away, I supplied
+the inhabitants, from the prizes, with twelve hundred muskets, and a
+great quantity of ammunition, of which they were in great want. I only
+regretted it was not in my power to stay a few days off the island.
+The Guillaume Tell and two frigates are in the harbour, and must fall
+with the garrison. A report prevailed that Le Genereux was lost; these
+ships form the remaining force that escaped us from the mouth of the
+Nile.
+
+   [19] See Appendix.
+
+"We are now pursuing our voyage with slow steps; but, as the light
+winds lead us in the fair track, we must not complain. I was glad to
+learn from the Marquis de Niza that the Colossus was seen going to
+Naples, with four victuallers and a store-ship. A frigate is now in
+sight, joining me, by which I hope to receive good accounts.
+
+"Friday morning.--The frigate proved to be the Terpsichore, from the
+Admiral, whom she left ten days ago going to Naples. The Terpsichore
+was going off Malta for intelligence, and to look out for the
+Colossus, with the victuallers. As I could satisfy the Admiral on both
+those points, I despatched her immediately for Naples. We have now a
+fine Siroc wind, attended with all its usual close dampness; but, as
+it wafts us down the Mediterranean, we readily put up with its
+disagreeable attendants, without the risk of hanging ourselves. I
+intend to part with the Minotaur and Audacious to-day, agreeably to my
+orders. Fortunately, I exchanged their men from the prizes two days
+ago, as it would have been attended with danger to do it in the
+present weather. We have taken our final leave of Sicily this morning.
+
+"Sunday, 30th Sept. The weather has proved very unfavourable the last
+three days. Le Souverain has sustained some disasters, and causes me
+great uneasiness. I hope, in another week, to get the distance of
+Gibraltar, where we may all be better refitted. I cannot be too
+thankful for the supplies we obtained at Augusta; the squadron would
+otherwise have been much distressed for want of water and provisions.
+We are in sight of Sardinia, with every appearance of a favourable
+breeze. To-morrow we enter the ever propitious month. I still hope my
+expectations will be fulfilled; although I own that probability is
+against their accomplishment.
+
+"Thursday, 4th October.--This month began most auspiciously with a
+fine breeze of wind, which continued all the following day; but
+yesterday morning we experienced a tremendous gale to the northward,
+with a very heavy sea, which still continues: the wind has again
+shifted favourably, and I hope this time will carry us through the
+Straits; but we have had so many disappointments that we must not
+trust to appearances.
+
+"Saturday, 6th.--The winds prove again contrary for us. We have the
+Souverain in tow, and in so bad a condition that I almost fear it
+will not be possible to get her as far as Gibraltar. There has been a
+great deal of blowing weather, with heavy seas, since we left Malta,
+and the prizes have suffered considerably from it. I have had an
+addition to my stock since I left Augusta, having three fine little
+lambs; and I understand more are expected: it is fortunate I was well
+provided, as this increase would have proved ruinous to my table.
+
+"Monday, 8th October.--We have had variable winds these last two days,
+which have brought the squadron a considerable distance. We are at
+present off Algiers, a very unfriendly coast, which I hope soon to
+lose sight of with our present breeze. The anchorage off Cadiz having
+broken up about this time last year, I depend on finding Lord St.
+Vincent at anchor at Gibraltar, or there to find orders to join him at
+Lisbon, and from thence to proceed to England.
+
+"Tuesday, 9th.--I congratulate you on our darling's birth-day; and
+join my prayers to yours that Heaven may bestow on him its choicest
+blessings.
+
+"We have a continuance of fine wind, which, I trust, will carry us to
+Gibraltar in two days. I have been treated with the perusal of several
+French papers, which I intercepted on board a Danish vessel from
+Marseilles, bound to Algiers. They are dated so late as the 27th
+Fructidor, which answers to the 13th September; and I am happy to
+see, by the English news they contain, that things were going on
+favourably. I hope soon to have it under your hand more particularly:
+in the mean time it is very satisfactory to receive these news, which
+are near three months of later date from England than we before
+possessed; your dear letter of the 10th June being the latest I have
+seen.
+
+"Wednesday, 10th.--I fell in with L'Espoir this morning. She left
+Gibraltar ten days ago. She has surprised me with the account that the
+Leander had not at that time reached Earl St. Vincent; and that the
+news of our victory was only received two days before by the Mutine,
+which had arrived from Naples. This account has created amongst us
+great uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. I have despatched
+L'Espoir with a letter to Earl St. Vincent, apprising him of the
+approach of the prizes, with the ships under my command; and I hope to
+receive his lordship's orders for our proceedings when we appear off
+Gibraltar.
+
+"Saturday, 13th.--The wind has again set against us the last two days,
+and continues to exercise our patience. What adds to my uneasiness is,
+the small quantity of provisions in the squadron. We have been at
+short allowance these six weeks; and should it unfortunately continue
+to the westward a few days longer, we shall be very badly off. I now
+very reluctantly give up all hope of being in England during this
+month.
+
+"Sunday, 14th.--The wind has again sprung up to the eastward, and I
+hope will this time carry us to Gibraltar.
+
+"Monday, 15th.--The wind still continues favourable, and to-morrow I
+hope to anchor in Gibraltar Bay; and, as an opportunity may offer to
+send you this tedious journal, I hold it in readiness accordingly. It
+will give you some faint idea of the trial our patience has been put
+to; and although our progress has not been attended with the same
+anxiety as I described in my former journal, when we were in pursuit
+of the enemy, still I have not been exempt from great uneasiness on
+various accounts, particularly from the crippled state of most of the
+ships, in a navigation some part of which is very hazardous, and where
+contrary winds so invariably prevail. I now hope in a short time to be
+released from so heavy a charge, and that I shall be permitted to
+proceed, as I have been given to expect, _immediately for England_.
+
+"Tuesday, 16th.--We have gained sight of Gibraltar this morning; but
+westerly winds and the current prevent our approach to it. I hope,
+however, to have communication with the Rock to-morrow.
+
+"Thursday, 18th.--I received late last evening a very flattering
+letter from Earl St. Vincent, in answer to mine of the 10th, which, he
+says, diffused universal joy to the garrison, and the little squadron
+with him: and his lordship has rejoiced my heart by informing me that
+so soon as the wounded and sick are landed from the squadron, and the
+wants of the ships are supplied, I shall proceed to Lisbon with them.
+He adds that, in his judgment, our action stands foremost in the page
+of naval history, having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was
+ever done before, &c.
+
+"We are still struggling against adverse winds, not without hope of
+gaining the anchorage to-morrow. I most sincerely wish it, on every
+account; and, although my next rendezvous is not what I exactly
+expected, it always brings me nearer England.
+
+"Great is our uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. In the letter
+above alluded to, Lord St. Vincent thinks it probable she may have
+been dismasted, and have put into one of the islands of the
+Archipelago. I own my fears for her are great." The following is Lord
+St. Vincent's letter, with Sir James's answer.
+
+   Gibraltar, 16th October 1798.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Your letter of the 10th instant, received yesterday, has
+   diffused universal joy through the garrison and little squadron
+   now here. I highly applaud and admire the measures taken by you
+   and Rear-admiral the Marquis de Niza to induce the French to
+   surrender their stronghold in Malta; and the supply of arms and
+   ammunition you furnished the islanders with was very judicious.
+   Two very respectable Moorish merchants, natives of the eastern
+   coast of Barbary, who arrived at Gibraltar from Genoa
+   yesterday, report that advices had been received at the latter
+   place before they left it, that the Maltese had succeeded, and
+   put the French garrison to the sword. I have been so long
+   accustomed to the fallacy of _pratique_ reports, that I do not
+   give entire credit to this.
+
+   Of the Leander we know nothing; and I am rather inclined to
+   believe that the story Sir Horatio Nelson learned from a Candia
+   boat, is true; and that she has either been dismasted in the
+   action, or so crippled as to be obliged to take refuge in one of
+   the islands of the Archipelago. I never despair, and I have
+   great confidence that she will yet turn up.
+
+   The account you give from Captain Retallick, of the near
+   approach to Naples of the Colossus and her precious charge,--for
+   the Alliance is full of naval stores, with all the top-masts and
+   top-sail yards we had, and the four victuallers loaded with new
+   provisions of every species except bread,--is a communication of
+   the utmost consequence.
+
+   It is my anxious wish that the six prize ships of war should be
+   safe moored in the Tagus as soon as possible; and my intention
+   that the Orion, Defence, and Theseus shall accompany them: the
+   Bellerophon and Majestic to enter Gibraltar Mole in order to be
+   remasted, for all the lower masts are there; and their men,
+   after assisting in the navigation of the prizes to Lisbon, may
+   return hither in the Santa Dorothea.
+
+   I am fitting out an expedition of great importance,--I believe,
+   _entre nous_, against Monte Video, or Lima,--which swallows up
+   all the transports and frigates I have, or I would send you some
+   salt provisions and wine. Should the Levanters fail you, by
+   working close to the Barbary shore you will soon reach Tetuan
+   Bay, and find no difficulty in working round Europa with a
+   flood-tide.
+
+   I request you will convey to your brave companions in arms,
+   that, in my judgment, they stand foremost in the page of naval
+   history; having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was ever
+   done before, and, under the critical circumstances of the times,
+   have certainly rendered the greatest benefit to the human race
+   at large, and to their King and country in particular, that ever
+   was performed.
+
+   I have the honour to be, with great esteem and regard,
+   Sir,
+   Your most obedient, humble servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   P.S. Doctor Harness has prepared the naval hospital for the
+   reception of the wounded and sick of your squadron in the best
+   manner our means will admit; the wards have been whitewashed,
+   and every exertion made to purify them. The moment the invalids
+   are landed, and the wants of the ships that go to Lisbon
+   supplied, you shall proceed thither with them.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+
+   Orion, off Gibraltar, 18th Oct. 1798.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I received late last evening the honour of your letter by
+   L'Espoir, and shall not fail to communicate to the squadron the
+   very handsome terms in which your lordship is pleased to express
+   yourself of the action of the Nile. I am particularly happy the
+   measures taken off Malta meet with your lordship's approbation;
+   but I fear the account from Genoa is premature respecting the
+   French garrison, as there has scarcely been time since we left
+   the island, the 26th Sept. for the news to reach Genoa, and
+   arrive at Gibraltar, if such an event had taken place.
+
+   Fearing that, with the ship I have in tow, it will not be
+   possible to reach Rozia Bay till a late hour, I send an officer
+   on shore with the despatches for your lordship, and the letters
+   for the garrison.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent.
+
+The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on the evening of the 18th, amidst
+the universal and unbounded acclamations of the assembled population.
+
+"Sunday, 21st Oct.--Last Thursday, my dear love, we all anchored in
+safety in this bay, and met with a reception we want words to express
+from the governor, admiral, officers, soldiers, seamen, and
+inhabitants. We can never do justice to the warmth of their applause,
+and the praises they all bestowed on our squadron.
+
+"A ball was given last night by the governor, in honour of our
+victory; and we have a round of dinner invitations from the heads of
+the garrison. I am, however, happy to tell you that to-morrow I expect
+to put to sea for Lisbon, with the Theseus and prizes, which I am to
+leave in safety in the Tagus, and then proceed to England. I am to
+give a passage to the Duc d'Havre and his suite: he is a nobleman of
+distinction, who has resided some time in Spain, but has been expelled
+from that country with other _emigres_. I had an opportunity of
+sending you, by a cutter for Lagos, a short letter, with the above
+pleasing accounts, which I am persuaded will yield no less happiness
+to you than it has to me."
+
+We have already mentioned the honours, the titles, the decorations,
+and the favours conferred on the victorious Nelson, as also the
+praises he had himself bestowed on some of the captains of the fleet;
+but we cannot refrain from reverting to the extraordinary circumstance
+that the second in command in that battle, which both Earl St. Vincent
+and Mr. Pitt declared "stands foremost in the page of naval history,"
+and which (as before stated), was most highly extolled, had not that
+mark of distinction conferred upon him, which is usually granted on
+such occasions. In common, indeed, with the other captains, he
+received a gold medal; being only the second given to him, although he
+commanded a ship of the line in four great general actions, and served
+in two others.[20] We mention this, because Sir James was not aware of
+the extent of this neglect until many years after, when, meeting with
+Clarke and Mac Arthur's Life of Nelson, he discovered that Nelson's
+letters had influenced the Admiralty to regard him as having held no
+higher station in the action than any other captain in the squadron,
+and represented Sir Thomas Troubridge, who unfortunately had no part
+in the battle, as equally entitled to reward as himself: therefore he
+felt this deviation from the common usage less severely at the time
+than he would otherwise have done.
+
+   [20] The actions of Sullivan's Island, and the Dogger Bank.
+
+We admit that it would be difficult to point out a situation of
+extraordinary hardship more peculiarly calculated, than that of
+Troubridge, to excite the feelings of sympathy expressed so strongly
+by Nelson.
+
+But what would have been the situation,--what would have been the
+feelings of Sir James Saumarez, had he been sent away to make room for
+Sir Thomas Troubridge? We leave the reader to judge. Suffice it to
+say, that as soon as the Admiral had ascertained the real force of the
+enemy, he found the Orion could not be spared, by which fortunate
+circumstance Sir James was saved a mortification which would have
+weighed on his heart the remainder of his days.
+
+Every admiral, captain, and officer, with whom we have conversed on
+the subject, has been decidedly of opinion that the name of Saumarez
+ought to have been honourably mentioned; and that, as second in
+command, some mark of distinction should have been conferred upon him.
+We dwell on this subject particularly, because we know, that when a
+brave and meritorious officer does not obtain the reward due to his
+merit, it is extremely injurious to the service, as it damps that
+ardour after fame, and weakens that emulation, which lead to valour
+and enterprise. May every succeeding Nelson regard, and be able to
+look up to, that motto which was conferred on the hero of the
+Nile,--_Palmam qui meruit, ferat!_
+
+On Sir James's arrival at Gibraltar he received the following letters
+from Sir Horatio Nelson, approving of his proceedings:--
+
+   Vanguard, Naples, 29th Sept. 1798.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received your letter of the 17th from Augusta, as well as
+   your despatch of the 27th, by Captain Gage.
+
+   I very much approve of your putting into Augusta to get water,
+   and very highly so of your officer-like behaviour and conduct
+   relative to Malta, as also of your supplying the Maltese with
+   arms and ammunition.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   September 29th, 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Captain Gage is just arrived with your letters and papers
+   relative to Malta. I can say with truth there is no action of
+   your life, as far as relates to me, but what must be entirely to
+   my approbation: your summons to Malta is highly proper; and you
+   have done as I wished in sending the arms, &c. The wind here is
+   strong at S.E. I hope you have it, and that it will carry you
+   through the Straits. This is a sad place for refitting, the
+   swell sets in so heavy; never again do we come to Naples:
+   besides the rest, we are killed with kindness. Wishing you, my
+   dear Sir James, every felicity in this world, believe me ever,
+
+   Your obliged and affectionate,
+   HORATIO NELSON.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+At Gibraltar Sir James also received a letter from his gallant friend
+and brother-in-arms, Captain Ball, which gives so vivid a description
+of some of the events of this most eventful period of the war, that we
+are persuaded the reader will thank us for inserting it.
+
+   Alexander, at sea, 11th Oct. 1798.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   I have the satisfaction of sending you, by the Colossus, a case
+   containing six fan-mounts, two boxes of perfumery, four large
+   and two small of Naples soap, amounting to eighteen Spanish
+   dollars and a half. I hope to collect from Sicily some
+   ornamental figures for a table, which I will forward to you, by
+   the first safe conveyance, with some Neapolitan shawls. I shall
+   not draw upon your agent, as I expect, when I return to Naples,
+   to receive nearly forty pounds as your share of the cotton and
+   articles taken out of the Spanish polacre we captured. Pray let
+   me know to whom I shall remit the balance. I sincerely hope that
+   you had a good passage down, and have not suffered from the
+   fatigue and anxiety you must have experienced. I make no doubt
+   but you will have the pleasure of convoying the ships to
+   England, where you will be amply recompensed by a joyful meeting
+   with Lady Saumarez and your family. When you get your second
+   medal, beware of the ladies, if they hear such a story of you as
+   of our friend Collingwood. I shall feel very much flattered
+   whenever you will favour me with a line; and you may be assured
+   that I shall never lose an occasion of testifying to you my
+   great esteem, and how very much I value your friendship. I
+   enclose herewith a translation of Admiral Blanquet's account of
+   the battle of the Nile, with his plans, which he is to present
+   to the French Minister of the Marine. One of my officers copied
+   them unknown to him, but his aide-de-camp allowed everybody to
+   read them.
+
+   It would be difficult to describe to you the very flattering
+   reception we met with at Naples. Our gallant Admiral was hailed
+   as the saviour of Italy. He daily receives from all parts
+   congratulatory addresses and verses, celebrating his fame. The
+   King visited him before he anchored, and he gave him and all the
+   captains a very elegant dinner on board one of his ships of the
+   line. We dined on the poop; the party very select, consisting of
+   the hereditary Prince and one of his brothers, the Minister of
+   Marine, three of the Lords in waiting, Sir William and Lady
+   Hamilton, and the captain of the Neapolitan ship. After dinner,
+   the King gave as a toast, "Sir Horatio Nelson and the brave
+   English nation," with a salute from his lower deck guns. Sir
+   William Hamilton gave a fete that cost more than a thousand
+   pounds. It was much admired for its taste and magnificence.
+   There was nothing to be seen or heard of but "Viva Nelson!" The
+   English nation never stood so high in the estimation of the
+   Italians as at this present moment: and I believe the French
+   were never so universally execrated and despised as they now
+   are. The Emperor and King of Naples will make an effort to drive
+   them out of Italy. General Mack was daily expected at Naples to
+   arrange the plans.
+
+   We have to regret the capture of the Leander by the Genereux.
+   She is carried into Corfu. Of course all our letters by her are
+   destroyed, and our friends will suffer much anxiety until the
+   arrival of Capel, who could not get there before the 20th of
+   last month. The grand Seignior declared war against the French
+   the 1st of last month. He did not receive the Admiral's official
+   account of the action until the 6th ult. He has ordered a
+   costly diamond to be presented to him for the important victory.
+
+   Buonaparte's career is nearly finished. He will soon be
+   surrounded by sixty thousand men. One of his colonels, whom
+   Foley took very lately, says that the whole army will soon
+   perish. He sent to Alexandria for all the troops in garrison to
+   join him without loss of time, which they refused doing. The
+   seamen marched to retrieve their character, but I do not think
+   many will return to tell of their exploits. A Turkish fleet is
+   gone for Alexandria. Our Envoy at Constantinople, Sir Sidney
+   Smith's brother, has gained great credit by his ability and
+   judicious conduct. I had great satisfaction in reading some of
+   his correspondence. We expect very soon to be in possession of
+   Malta, Corfu, Zante, and Cerigo. I shall then hope to go to
+   England, Sir H. Nelson having given me reason to expect the
+   pleasure of carrying home Sir William and Lady Hamilton.
+
+   I am now in company with the Colossus, going off Malta, which we
+   are in sight of. Captain Murray talks of staying to ascertain
+   the state of the island. He is then to proceed to join Lord St.
+   Vincent. He has this moment made the signal for Gibraltar; I
+   must therefore refer you to him for the state of Malta. The
+   French must surrender in a few days. Their ships mean to slip
+   out and trust to their sailing. Believe me,
+
+   With true esteem and regard,
+   My dear Sir James, very sincerely yours,
+   ALEX. M. BALL.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c.
+
+To return to Sir James's journal:
+
+"19th October.--Your valued letters of the 21st July and 29th August
+I received the morning of my arrival, and they gave me real comfort
+after so long a privation. I now trust that, in a few weeks, we shall
+be re-united, no more to part! It is my firm intention to remain, for
+some time at least, entirely abstracted from active service. If I can
+do so, and retain the command of the ship, well and good; if not, I
+shall apply to be superseded.
+
+"An expedition under Sir John Duckworth is now sailing from this bay;
+various are the conjectures on its destination. I need not tell you,
+after what I have noticed respecting the Earl, that we are on a very
+good footing. Indeed, the solicitous attention he shows to me almost
+overwhelms me, as I wish to keep clear of laying myself under
+obligation, except as far as concerns the promotion of my officers.
+
+"24th October, Orion, off Cadiz.--Yesterday I got clear of Gibraltar
+Bay with the Theseus and five of the prizes, it having been decided,
+the morning before we sailed, to leave the Souverain for a hulk at
+Gibraltar, which I had strongly recommended before.
+
+"I was fortunate in the arrival of the Transfer brig, in ten days from
+Naples, a few hours previous to our sailing. She brought the sad news
+of the capture of the Leander, with the despatches; but having long
+before given her over for lost, and being apprehensive for the safety
+of all on board, the account rather gave me satisfaction, especially
+as she is said to have well supported the fame of the Nile squadron,
+though the details of the action are not known.
+
+"Earl St. Vincent afforded me the perusal of several interesting
+letters that came by the Transfer from Naples, particularly from the
+envoy and our gallant Admiral: he was on the point of sailing for
+Malta, which, there is scarcely a doubt, is by this time, entirely in
+possession of the inhabitants.
+
+"We are going on with a fine breeze for Lisbon, which I hope to reach
+before Saturday. This morning I gained sight of our squadron off
+Cadiz; and, although within a few miles of one of the ships, (the
+Hector,) they had not the curiosity to join us, and I was unwilling to
+be delayed by going to them, although I should have been happy to have
+had communication with some of the ships. I hope my stay at Lisbon
+will be but short; as, after I embark the Duc d'Havre, and have seen
+the prizes taken care of, I proceed immediately for Portsmouth. Judge
+then of my feelings. My only regret is, being unable to impart them to
+you!
+
+"Thursday.--Early this morning I fell in with the Barfleur and
+Northumberland. Although not without great difficulty, I persevered in
+my endeavours to join them; but, to my great concern, I found no
+letters for me on board either ship. Captain Dacres tells me he wrote
+to Ryde, thinking you were there, but in vain. Lady Parker, however,
+assured him that she had a letter from you very lately.
+
+"I was glad to hear Captain Capel had reached England with the
+accounts of our action, the news of which were received at Portsmouth
+the day before the Barfleur sailed.
+
+"Fortune has, as usual, proved propitious this month. What think you
+of two vessels, with valuable cargoes from Genoa, which promise to
+give, at the most moderate computation, at least L10,000 between
+Captain Miller and myself![21] The Theseus joined me with one
+yesterday noon, and we brought the other to, some time after; both
+under Greek colours, but unquestionably laden with the property of
+Genoese merchants. More are on their way, which we expect to fall in
+with. But indeed, my dearest love, we require not riches to add to our
+happiness. Let us but have peace and tranquillity, and we have enough
+for every earthly enjoyment whilst it pleases Heaven to bless us with
+good health. Alas, poor Lady W.! how sensibly I feel for the
+misfortune that has deprived her excellent husband of all prospect of
+ever again enjoying comfort in this life. She was, indeed, all you
+have said of her.
+
+   [21] This was never realised.
+
+"To-morrow I depend on arriving at Lisbon, with the hope of being
+detained a few days only, and where I rely on being cheered with
+letters from you. _A propos_: Miss R. is there, and will not be sorry
+to hear the Leander is at last heard of, although in possession of the
+enemy. She is going to England with General and Mrs. Trigge.
+
+"27th October.--I had hoped before the arrival of this _blessed_ day
+to acquaint you with our being safe in the Tagus; but the light winds
+prevented our getting round Cape St. Vincent before yesterday evening,
+and it now blows so strong from the westward that there is no
+possibility of getting over the bar. To-morrow, I trust, we shall be
+more fortunate; or, what would prove still better, that it will blow
+so strong as to compel me to bear up for the Channel, which I
+certainly would do in case of a south-west gale.
+
+"Sunday, two o'clock.--I now congratulate you on our safe arrival in
+the Tagus, in the midst of very boisterous weather; but, thanks to
+Divine Providence! without an accident to any of the ships; I have but
+once more to weigh anchor, and then I trust in its mercy to bring me
+to the haven where I would be, and to find all my precious treasures
+in complete possession of health and happiness.
+
+"A packet arrived this morning with Commissioner Coffin. The only
+letter I have been so fortunate as to receive is one from Mr. Le M.
+dated the day Captain Capel arrived. What would I not give for one of
+as late date from you! Another is soon expected, this packet having
+had nearly three weeks' passage."
+
+The extract of the following letter from Sir James to the
+commander-in-chief continues this narrative:
+
+   Orion, Tagus, 1st November, 1798.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint your lordship of the safe arrival
+   in the Tagus of this ship and the Theseus, with five of the
+   prize-ships lately taken in his Majesty's service.
+
+   His grace the Duc d'Havre embarks on board this ship on Monday
+   next; and the Marquis de Mortemart having solicited a passage to
+   England, I have consented to receive him on condition of his
+   being considered in the suite of the duke. Captain Tyler also
+   takes his passage in the Orion. I should have been happy to have
+   made the like offer to General Trigge, but it was not possible
+   to accommodate him and the ladies of his family without
+   considerable inconvenience to the Duc d'Havre. His grace is a
+   nobleman of the first distinction and consideration, and he
+   expresses himself very sensible of your lordship's attention in
+   providing for him so good a conveyance.
+
+   I beg to offer my most sincere and fervent wishes for health and
+   every happiness to attend your lordship; and, with my unfeigned
+   thanks for all your lordship's favour,
+
+   I remain, &c.
+
+Sir James, having now fulfilled the anxious charge entrusted to him,
+and, with great professional skill and unremitting vigilance, brought
+the prizes in safety to Lisbon, is at length setting sail for England:
+and who will not share the feelings of the husband and the father, on
+approaching his home after so long an absence! The following extracts
+from his letters will convey some impression of what those feelings
+were.
+
+   Lisbon, Nov. 3rd, 1798.
+
+   I am now rejoicing in the hope of being in England nearly as
+   soon as this letter can reach you. I propose to sail from this
+   place the beginning of next week, and I trust my arrival will
+   shortly follow. Let me find a letter from you at Portsmouth. I
+   depend on your being ready to set off as soon as you hear the
+   Orion is there. The post will arrive sufficiently early to allow
+   of your leaving Bath the same day. I may possibly be able to
+   meet you on the road, as I shall have had time to despatch
+   Monsieur le Duc d'Havre (who is a very polite Frenchman) and to
+   make arrangements against our return. I think it right to
+   mention that unless the wind admits the ships getting over the
+   Bar of Lisbon, I may be detained. But I hope for a quick
+   passage.
+
+"Sunday, November 25th, Spithead.--I wrote to you, this morning, from
+St. Helens. The happy moment is at length arrived when I can despatch
+a letter from Spithead. Yours of yesterday is in my hand. To-morrow
+you will be setting off; but I fear the service will prevent our
+meeting till the day after.
+
+"I have despatched Dumaresq to Newport for our dear boy; and I depend
+on seeing him to-night. _Le Duc est empresse de le voir._ I hope to
+get the party on shore, _de bonne heure_, to-morrow: but we are still
+in quarantine whilst I am making these arrangements.
+
+"Tuesday morning.--Great is my disappointment at being kept thus long
+in quarantine: it is a cruel _contre temps_, and the more so from its
+being unforeseen. What adds to my disappointment is, that I am at a
+loss to know if our _pratique_ has been received by this day's post,
+the weather having prevented all communication with the shore. It will
+rejoice you to learn that our beloved boy has been with me since ten,
+yesterday morning, and that I find him all you have described. I
+expect to hear every moment of your arrival at the Fountain. Mr.
+Maxwell writes there is no doubt of our being released to-morrow.
+
+"One o'clock.--If our _pratique_ is not received by this post, request
+Sir Peter to set the telegraph at work, now that the weather has
+cleared up. 8 P.M. Your letter has this instant reached me. The
+tidings of your arrival have relieved my mind from great inquietude.
+The messenger has orders to wait your commands until after the post
+hour to-morrow; and if we are not then admitted to the privileges of
+_Christian charity_ after our _Egyptian bondage_, we must _endeavour_
+to submit to our fate. James is by my side, and glows with
+thankfulness at being so soon likely to embrace his beloved mamma. He
+has indeed been a real comfort to me under this sad contrariety of
+events. I have placed Monsieur Le Duc, and the rest of the party, at
+cards, to send these lines in time _pour ton reveil demain. Encore
+adieu, ma tres chere_! Write every hour of the day, and send your
+letters to Mr. Maxwell.
+
+"Wednesday morning.--Grieved as I am to be a prisoner still another
+day, there is consolation in the _certainty_ of our being released
+to-morrow. Ardently as I aspire for the moment of our meeting, I must
+delay going on shore until after the performance of divine service in
+this ship:[22] and I know this arrangement will have your full
+concurrence. Your note is just received: how well have you anticipated
+my thoughts, and met my wishes even before they were expressed. Please
+God, to-morrow we shall be compensated for a separation of two long
+years; and on a day in which none can have greater mercies to
+commemorate than ourselves.
+
+   [22] November 29th, the day appointed for a general thanksgiving
+   for the great naval victories.
+
+"Wednesday evening.--I have just ascertained that the Duke and the
+Marquis do not proceed to town before Friday; therefore expect to
+receive them at dinner, and desire Mrs. Fielding to prepare for
+eighteen or twenty guests."
+
+Sir James remained at Portsmouth, until the 15th December, when he
+sailed for Plymouth, at which place he arrived on the 22nd: and on
+the 6th of January 1799 the Orion was paid off, when Sir James went to
+Bath, where he was once more free and happy in the bosom of his
+family.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1800.
+
+   Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.--Is appointed to the Caesar, of
+   84 guns.--Joins the Channel fleet.--The Brest fleet having
+   escaped, proceeds to the Mediterranean.--English fleet at Bantry
+   Bay.--Return of the French fleet.--Caesar at Lisbon.--Sir James
+   returns to Spithead.--Rejoins the Channel fleet.--Earl St.
+   Vincent takes the command.--Appoints Sir James to command the
+   advanced squadron.--Black Rocks.--Earl St. Vincent's letter of
+   approbation.--Douvernenez Bay.--Various letters.--Complete
+   success of the blockade--Enemy's fleet laid up Sir James returns
+   to Spithead.--Conclusion of 1800.
+
+
+Sir James had cherished the hope that he was to be permitted to enjoy
+the blessings of domestic life, at least for a few months; but even in
+the most perfect state of happiness which can be well imagined, he
+always held his duty to his King and country, (next to the duty he
+owed to his Creator,) to be paramount to every other consideration;
+and, feeling himself bound, after a short period of relaxation, to
+offer his services, he wrote the following letter:
+
+   Bath, 15th January 1799.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   As you were pleased to intimate your intention of being at Bath
+   when I last had the honour of seeing you, I delayed writing
+   until this time. I am extremely happy to find that Lady
+   Spencer's improved state of health has rendered the journey
+   unnecessary.
+
+   Two days after my arrival I received a letter from Admiral
+   Young, proposing to me (in the absence of your lordship) a large
+   seventy-four, which I declined accepting, as you had done me the
+   honour to offer me the Caesar, on a certain expected event taking
+   place. I hope you will forgive me for entreating that as many of
+   the Orion's ship's company may be reserved for me as the service
+   will admit. Having experienced their uniform good conduct for so
+   many years, I am most solicitous to have them with me in another
+   ship.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   With the highest respect,
+   Your lordship's most obedient and humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the Right Honourable Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
+
+To the above, Sir James received the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty, 18th January 1799.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   Lady Spencer's journey to Bath is only deferred, I fear; as it
+   will probably be necessary for her to go there soon.
+
+   The proposal made to you by Admiral Young was only intended as a
+   temporary measure, in case you had no objection to be employed
+   in the interval before you could have a permanent appointment.
+   Whenever the period shall come at which I can propose such an
+   appointment to you, I shall avail myself of it with pleasure.
+   With respect to reserving your ship's company, that practice is
+   attended with so much inconvenience to the public service, that
+   it has of late been necessarily discontinued. Although there is
+   no one in whose favour I should be more disposed to relax than
+   to you, I fear it will be impossible for me to do so in this
+   particular. I am, dear sir,
+
+   Your very obedient and humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The 14th of February, being the anniversary of the glorious victory
+obtained over the Spanish fleet, was selected for a promotion of
+flag-officers; and on this occasion his Majesty was pleased to confer
+on Sir James Saumarez one of the colonelcies of Marines as a reward
+for his many and meritorious services. Earl Spencer availed himself of
+the opportunity to appoint him to the Caesar, of 84 guns, one of the
+finest, but hitherto most unfortunate, ships in the British navy. Sir
+James hoisted his pendant on the 26th of February, and had the
+satisfaction to have several of his officers and crew removed from the
+Orion to the Caesar, in Hamoaze, where her fitting out went on with
+considerable rapidity. On the 19th of March she proceeded to Cawsand
+Bay, where, on the 30th, she rode out a heavy gale of wind from the
+S.E.
+
+On the following day, in company with the Magnificent and Impetueux,
+she sailed for the Channel fleet, commanded by Admiral Berkeley, which
+she joined off Brest the 3rd April. On the 16th, Lord Bridport arrived
+from Portsmouth with five sail more, increasing the fleet to fifteen
+sail of the line. Another heavy gale was experienced on the 20th, but
+no damage was sustained.
+
+On the 25th, looking into Brest Harbour, they were surprised to see
+the French fleet, consisting of twenty-five sail, partly in Camaret
+Bay, and under way in Brest Water. The fleet stood off Ushant; the
+wind came to the S.E. with hazy weather, and on the same night they
+escaped.
+
+Sir James writes:--
+
+"April 27th.--Yesterday at noon, it blowing very strong from the
+northward, with foggy weather, the signal was made that the enemy was
+under sail. A general chase soon followed; but, I am sorry to say,
+they eluded our pursuit under cover of the thick weather, keeping
+close to their shore, by the passage du Raz. The cruise has now taken
+quite a different turn to what I expected; and it gives me great
+spirits to find we are likely to render to our country some service.
+
+"1st of May.--My fervent vows were very early offered, my best love,
+for Heaven's choicest blessings to attend you, with many, many returns
+of your natal day. The fatted calf was intended to have been killed
+for the fete; but the bustle caused by the French fleet occasioned its
+being neglected. Your health, however, will be drunk in a bumper of my
+best wine. I have a letter from the Duc d'Havre, dated Edinburgh,
+where he was on a visit to Monsieur.[23] He was going to embark for
+the continent. _Mille complimens de sa part pour miladi_, &c. &c.
+
+   [23] Afterwards Louis XVIII.
+
+"May 5th.--We have had, the last three days, a strong S.E. gale,
+which has brought us off Ireland. I hope to-morrow we shall fall in
+with ships from Plymouth, and that I shall have the satisfaction of
+receiving letters from you,--the greatest I can possibly enjoy at this
+time, except that of beating the French fleet.
+
+"May 8th.--Off Cape Clear.--Captain Durham hailed me: he says the
+French fleet were seen a week ago, steering to the southward. These
+are trying times for those who feel as we do the importance of events,
+which involve and may decide the fate of nations.
+
+"May 17th.--Sir Alan Gardner has joined us this morning with a
+reinforcement. We are still without any certain intelligence of the
+enemy; a few days must determine. I only wish we could soon, very soon
+meet them, to put a stop to our perplexity and impatience.
+
+"Friday evening, 24th May.--We are just anchored in Bantry Bay. I fear
+my conjectures of the enemy being gone to Portugal, or the
+Mediterranean, and not being destined for this country, are too surely
+founded.
+
+"I have this instant received your letter of the 4th, by which,
+though, as yet, very hastily perused, I learn you are at Teignmouth. I
+am sorry to see that you have already taken alarm at the reports which
+are circulated respecting us: follow the example of Lady Howe, who
+neither reads newspapers, nor listens to rumours. I know not who are
+most to blame, those who invent them, or you who believe them.
+
+"26th.--We continue without any certain accounts respecting the
+destination of the French armament. Admiral Collingwood arrived this
+morning, and hoists his flag in the Triumph. He will take a strong
+detachment with him for the Mediterranean. It is not yet known what
+ships are to go: but I have been on board Lord Bridport; and I do not
+hear the Caesar is to be one of them; which, I suppose, will _please_
+you: _in other respects_, there is no doubt that the Mediterranean
+station is far preferable to the Channel service. Your wish that we
+should carry away a mast was nearly gratified, the Achille and the
+Caesar having been on board each other in coming into this bay; the
+principal damage was, however, sustained by the former;
+notwithstanding which, she will not be obliged to return into port;
+therefore, form no such wishes, but show yourself a true patriot, and
+let the good of the country be the principal wish of your heart. The
+escape of the French fleet, was, I dare say, consonant to these
+feminine feelings, and see what a dilemma it has thrown us into.
+
+"31st May.--Off Cape Clear.--I see Lord Bridport very frequently, who
+always inquires most kindly after you. His lordship, it may be
+believed, is not very well satisfied with the present state of
+affairs. We must hope that future good will result from apparent evil;
+but it must ever be regretted that the French fleet escaped from
+Brest, without being brought to action. I think it probable Sir Alan
+Gardner will have the command of a strong detachment, and proceed off
+Cape Finisterre; but what ships are to be attached to him will not be
+known until the separation takes place. Should the French fleet be
+gone up the Mediterranean, they will proceed on that station; in which
+case I hope the Caesar will be one of Sir Alan's squadron. I am well
+provided for a long cruise. When I shall hear from you, Heaven alone
+knows! but I am endued with patience, after all our trials. The
+_eloge_ of Mr. Morgan, on our dear boy, is a great satisfaction to me,
+and no less so at knowing him to be where his morals will be attended
+to, equally with the other branches of his education.
+
+"June 9th.--My last will have led you to expect my being detached with
+Sir A. Gardner. We separated from Lord Bridport, Saturday, with
+sixteen sail of the line; and we are already the distance of Lisbon,
+with a fine breeze, steering for the Mediterranean. I almost fear we
+shall be too late, notwithstanding the expedition we are using. I fell
+in with a Dane, from whom I learned the French fleet had passed the
+Straits, and Lord St. Vincent after them.
+
+"Sunday 10th.--In going down with the information to the Admiral, we
+had the misfortune to carry away our fore-top-mast. I was not a little
+surprised to find Sir Alan with only the Magnificent and Russell, Sir
+Charles Cotton having been detached to the Mediterranean; thus I fear
+we shall be deprived sharing in the victory we hoped to obtain over
+the enemy's fleet. Our small squadron is returning towards Lisbon,
+instead of gaining the medals we made sure of.
+
+"14th.--Off Lisbon. We are anxiously waiting here for intelligence.
+The Admiral surprised me with the information that the object of our
+coming to Lisbon was to take away our prizes. He has ordered me in to
+accelerate their joining him."
+
+
+Sir Alexander Ball, in a letter to Sir James, dated off Malta, 27th
+April 1799, writes: "Be assured that your appointment to the Marines
+and the command of the Caesar, which are given to you as a mark of the
+high estimation in which you are regarded by the Admiralty and the
+public, has given me more joy than I should have received from the
+appointment of any other person on the list, because I have had the
+satisfaction of witnessing your bravery, zeal, and ardour in the
+service. I am much pleased with your plan of the sword."
+
+
+The Commander-in-chief, supposing the destination of the French
+expedition to be Ireland, proceeded at once to Bantry Bay, where the
+fleet remained until the end of May; while the enemy passed the
+Straits of Gibraltar unmolested, having been on that occasion favoured
+by a gale of wind, which prevented the fleet under Lord Keith (though
+certainly very inferior) from bringing them to action. The French and
+Spanish fleets returned to Brest, unobserved, on the 21st of June.
+
+In the mean time a part of Lord Bridport's fleet, in which was the
+Caesar, proceeded under command of Sir Alan Gardner to the Tagus, which
+it left on the 18th; and, cruising back, returned to Cawsand Bay on
+the 13th July. As the enemy showed no disposition to put to sea again,
+the Caesar, and the rest of the fleet, remained quietly at Cawsand Bay,
+and subsequently at Torbay till the 2nd September, when they again
+sailed. In the course of the three ensuing months it put back three
+times; and finally, on the 8th of December 1799, when the Admiralty,
+being desirous of ascertaining whether Torbay was a safe anchorage for
+the fleet during the winter months, ordered the Caesar to continue on
+that station for the trial, and at the same time placed the London, of
+98 guns, under the orders of Sir James. The tempestuous weather which
+prevailed during the rest of the month, and throughout January,
+afforded several occasions to determine the point. The London, during
+a heavy gale, parted her cables, and was with great difficulty
+preserved from going on shore, which left no doubt that it was an
+insecure and unfit post to shelter a fleet.
+
+On the 17th March 1800, Lord Bridport took command of the fleet, which
+was soon after increased to twenty-five sail of the line; but nothing
+remarkable occurred till the 18th of May, when a dreadful gale
+occasioned much damage to many of the ships. The wind was at first
+S.W. and blew with great violence, when it suddenly checked to the
+N.W., before the S.W. sea had time to subside: most of the fleet wore.
+The Lady Jane, Trompeuse, and Railleur foundered: the Montague lost
+all her masts, and several others met with damage. It appears by the
+log of the Caesar that she continued for some time on the same tack,
+which may account for her having sustained little injury, although it
+mentions that she shipped several heavy seas. So tremendous was the
+rolling of the ship, that her lower yard-arms were at one time under
+water, while the carpenters stood by with their axes, to cut the masts
+away, if she had not righted. She did not bear up for Torbay with the
+rest of the fleet, but followed two days after, and, having
+replenished her water and provisions, resumed her station, from whence
+Sir James wrote a letter to Lady Saumarez, of which the following is
+an extract:
+
+   "Caesar, 26th June, 1800.
+
+   "Of the enemy in this neighbourhood we know nothing, except of
+   their inactivity. I hope they do not mean to leave so fine a
+   fleet, as we have here, useless all the summer. Fear not my
+   complying with your injunctions. I shall more than ever strive
+   against _ennui_,--my greatest enemy, I believe, whilst in this
+   inactive state. I read when I can, but anxiety to hear from you,
+   and to have accounts of our darling children, has its share in
+   withdrawing my attention and fixing it on more interesting
+   subjects. Of one thing, however, be assured, that with respect
+   to the ship and all thereto belonging, I am as well situated as
+   possible. I enjoy the satisfaction of having a very quiet and
+   well-disposed ship's company, who are kept orderly, and, I
+   flatter myself, well regulated, without exercising severity or
+   rigour. The officers continue as I wish them. Captain Maxwell,
+   who joined some time ago, is an active, diligent officer in his
+   corps; and Mr. Packwood, as well as Mr. Holliday, our new
+   chaplain, are very good men in their respective stations.
+
+   "Although I find amusement in books, believe me your letters
+   form my sole delight, and tend more to lighten the time than all
+   the volumes in Hoxland's library."
+
+Sir James, after another cruise, returned on the 24th of July, to
+prepare for a service of more responsibility and importance.
+
+The French had now a large fleet at Brest, which appeared to be in a
+state of great forwardness; and, as they had before eluded the
+vigilance of the blockading ships, it was necessary to place a strong
+squadron near the Black Rocks to watch their motions, and to give the
+command of this advanced detachment to an officer of skill,
+experience, and intrepidity. Earl St. Vincent, who was now
+commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, knowing how highly Sir James
+Saumarez was qualified for such an important trust, gave him the
+following order to take command of the in-shore squadron:
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to proceed without a
+   moment's loss of time, in his Majesty's ship under your command,
+   off the Black Rocks, where you may expect to find his Majesty's
+   ships named in the margin,[24] which you are to take under your
+   command; their respective captains being instructed to obey your
+   orders: and having received from Captain Knight, of his
+   Majesty's ship Montague, authenticated copies of all orders and
+   papers in his possession relative to the command of the advanced
+   squadron, carry the same into execution until you receive
+   further orders.
+
+   You will also receive from Captain Knight a sealed secret
+   instruction, addressed to the officer commanding the advanced
+   squadron off the Black Rocks for the time being, which is on no
+   account to be opened, but under the circumstances thereon
+   directed.
+
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
+
+   [24] Magnificent, Defiance, Marlborough, and Edgar.
+
+   Copy of Instructions to the Senior Officer of the advanced
+   squadron off the Black Rocks.
+
+   You are hereby required and directed to take under your command
+   the advanced squadron, composed of his Majesty's ships named on
+   the other side hereof, (whose captains are instructed to obey
+   your orders,) stationed off the Black Rocks and in the Bay of
+   Brest, for the purpose of watching the combined fleets in that
+   port; adopting such measures as you shall judge necessary for
+   gaining every possible information of their force, condition,
+   and movements.
+
+   In the execution of this most important service, the
+   line-of-battle ships (composing the advanced squadron) are to be
+   anchored during an easterly wind in the Iroise Passage, as well
+   to support the look-out frigates, as to intercept a squadron of
+   the enemy which is held in constant readiness to slip out the
+   very first opportunity that shall offer; and during a westerly
+   wind, you are not to fail in making Brest every day, if
+   possible, but at all events to take such precautions as will
+   enable you to resume your former position in the Iroise, on the
+   first appearance of easterly wind.
+
+   You are to communicate to me from time to time every
+   intelligence you may obtain respecting the enemy; and in case he
+   should come out in great force, while the squadron under my
+   command is in this rendezvous, you are to give me immediate
+   notice thereof, and also the officers commanding the detachments
+   off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay; but, in
+   the event of my being compelled by tempestuous weather to take
+   shelter in Torbay, and of the enemy seizing that opportunity of
+   putting to sea, you are to give me information thereof by every
+   means in your power: taking under your command the detachments
+   off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay,
+   together with the ships named in the margin,[25] which are
+   directed to keep as near the Black Rocks as possible, under the
+   orders of Captain Sutton, for the support of your ships; and to
+   hang upon and use your utmost endeavours to harass the enemy's
+   rear until the approach of this squadron, which, you may be
+   assured, will be in pursuit.
+
+   Given on board the Royal George,
+   off Ushant, 7th August 1800.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir John Borlase Warren,
+   Bart. K.B. Rear-admiral of
+   the Blue, &c. &c. &c.
+   By command of the Admiral.
+   BEN. TUCKER.
+
+   An exact copy.  Given the 8th August 1800
+   JOHN BORLASE WARREN.
+
+   [25] Superb and Captain.
+
+Sir James now proceeded, in the Caesar, to assume the important command
+off the Black Rocks, which had deservedly obtained the name of New
+Siberia, as being the least desirable of stations for a ship-of-war.
+It is, indeed, scarcely possible to describe any situation more
+miserable; for, besides being at the very entrance of a port
+containing twenty-five sail of the line ready for sea, which might
+slip out and attack the squadron of six, the ships are two-thirds
+surrounded with rocks and dangers, which afford no shelter; while they
+are open to the S.W. winds. They have often great difficulty in
+working out, sometimes against the tide as well as against the wind;
+and, in reconnoitring, they are exposed to the fire of the enemy on
+each side of Brest Water.
+
+The following extracts of private letters written by Sir James to Lady
+Saumarez, will be found interesting, as they convey the best idea of
+his situation.
+
+   Caesar, off the Black Rocks, Sunday evening,
+   2d Sept. 1800.
+
+   _On dit_, but I do not believe it, that the French fleet is to
+   be ordered out by the First Consul, at all risks. We may
+   therefore expect to make _minced meat_ of them with our
+   seventeen three-deckers. We remain in sight of the enemy
+   unmolested by them. To-day I had the colours hoisted, to show
+   them Sunday was not expunged from _our_ calendar; and divine
+   service was performed on board.
+
+   Our boats have occasionally landed on some small islands near
+   this. Captain Buller purchased two nice little cows, one of
+   which he has spared me: it is so tame, the children could play
+   with it. It supplies me with milk, and cost me only three
+   guineas.
+
+   The Guernsey traders continue with the squadron; but, on account
+   of the spirits they sell to the ships, I wish them further off.
+   I have been obliged to be harsh with them, from this
+   circumstance; and I expect they will give a very bad report of
+   their countryman when they return to the island.
+
+
+   Caesar, off the Black Rocks, Sept. 12th 1800.
+
+   Sir Henry Harvey has joined the fleet, which makes up the
+   complement of flags; and it remains to be proved if the Earl has
+   influence to effect what he so strenuously aims at respecting
+   the promotion. I form very sanguine hopes that peace will
+   shortly extend its blessed influence over these countries; and
+   that I shall have the satisfaction to enjoy, without
+   interruption, the sweets of domestic comfort. I certainly shall
+   avail myself of the earliest respite the service will enable me
+   to pass in the island; and I think I may have that opportunity
+   this winter; for if the war should be continued, there is no
+   doubt that a promotion would give me, at least, six weeks
+   interval from duty; at any rate, I see no reason for the future
+   affording you anxiety, as whether there, or in England, I depend
+   on our passing a considerable portion of the winter together. I
+   hope Master Saumarez knows his alpha, beta, &c. by heart. When
+   convenient to the young gentleman, I shall be glad that he will
+   take the trouble to transcribe it for me to Omega, as I have no
+   Greek grammar by me. I can readily believe the difficulty that
+   attends fixing the little ladies to the French grammar, whose
+   particularly quick and lively temper is not much suited to so
+   tedious a process. I think, notwithstanding, it is the best
+   method, especially as the same grammatical rules are adapted to
+   any language, which they will find useful hereafter. Dancing, no
+   doubt, has more attractions. I trust they have quite got rid of
+   their colds: their papa has also had a very severe one, and kept
+   his cabin for two days; but he is now perfectly recovered.
+
+   September 18th. I admire N., with his comments on Colchester.
+   When you next write, recommend him to try the Black Rocks in a
+   thick fog, and no chance of letters from England: he will find
+   even Norman Cross preferable. I, however, believe I have done
+   with that anchorage for some time, as the wind is set in to the
+   westward; and I shall now cruise to prevent vessels going into
+   Brest.
+
+   I am happy to say I am perfectly well. I trust my nerves will
+   prove equal to the task; as I have before often told you, they
+   generally strengthen with difficulties.
+
+   I mean to make this cruise long enough to entitle me to a
+   relief, therefore do not expect me in port as long as I can keep
+   the sea.
+
+Sir James immediately gave such orders and regulations as would best
+guard against, or overcome, the difficulties inseparable from such a
+service; and, with the prospect of a long winter before him, he sent
+these regulations, and a list of the rendezvous appointed by him, to
+the commander-in-chief, whose letter to Sir James, in answer, is
+expressive of the high opinion he entertained of him.
+
+   Ville de Paris, off Ushant, 15th Sept. 1800.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Nothing can be more appropriate than the different rendezvous
+   you have sent me a copy of; your change of position must
+   fluctuate according to the sudden changes of the weather, which
+   are to be looked for soon. I repose such unbounded confidence in
+   your zeal and judgment that _I sleep as soundly as if I had the
+   key of Brest in my possession_.
+
+   Sir Richard Strachan and Captain Buller, in the Captain and
+   Edgar, will relieve two of the ships which last joined you as
+   soon as they return to this rendezvous, and the Canada will
+   relieve the third. As I have applied for Captain Foley's leave
+   of absence on very important private business, I wish the
+   Elephant to be the first sent to me. I am, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+It was supposed that the Brest fleet would take advantage of the
+equinoctial gales, which were now approaching, and slip out as before,
+when the in-shore squadron was blown off, or compelled to bear up for
+Torbay; but Sir James had determined on frustrating their attempt. On
+the 23rd a heavy gale came on, which, in former instances, would have
+obliged the in-shore squadron to abandon the post; but, instead of
+bearing up for Torbay when no longer able to maintain his position,
+Sir James steered for Douvarnenez Bay, where he anchored with the
+whole squadron, just out of range of the enemy's mortar batteries,
+which soon tried their shells, but without effect.
+
+Here his squadron struck top-masts and lower yards, and rode out all
+the equinoctial gales, actually in the enemy's harbour, within a few
+miles of their whole fleet of four times his force, and in perfect
+safety! The gale had been very severe; and although Earl St. Vincent,
+who was obliged to run with his fleet for Torbay, had no fears for the
+safety of the in-shore squadron, relying as he did on the experience
+and skill of Sir James, yet the Admiralty were in a considerable state
+of alarm until the following account of his proceedings was received:
+
+   TO THE RIGHT HON. EARL SPENCER.
+   Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th Sept. 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   On the supposition that the fleet may have been driven from
+   their station by the late tempestuous weather, and as some
+   anxiety may be excited for the safety of this squadron, I take
+   the opportunity by the Marlborough to inform your lordship of my
+   having anchored in this bay last Tuesday evening, with the ships
+   under my command, where we have ridden the gale out in perfect
+   safety, together with the Montague and Naiad, which ships
+   anchored here on Wednesday.
+
+   This is a most spacious bay, and may be considered safe
+   anchorage in any weather: it lies about four leagues to the
+   southward of Brest; from which port it is only separated about
+   five miles by land, over a mountainous and hilly country. As the
+   same winds that enable the enemy's fleet to put to sea, also
+   lead out of this bay, we can always be in time for them; and
+   this appears the most favourable position to prevent their
+   coasting convoys coming from the southern ports. The enemy has
+   endeavoured to annoy the squadron with shells, but at too great
+   a distance to reach any of the ships, and the whole fleet may
+   lie in perfect safety from any of the batteries.
+
+   I purpose to remain here until the weather becomes more
+   moderate, to enable me to resume the station off the Black
+   Rocks. In the mean time, ships will occasionally be detached to
+   watch the motions of the enemy in Brest Water. I have the honour
+   to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+In answer to this, Sir James received the following letter from Earl
+Spencer, then First Lord of the Admiralty.
+
+   Admiralty, 30th Sept. 1800.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 26th, dated from
+   Douvarnenez Bay, and was much pleased to find that you had got
+   hold of that anchorage, as I felt very uneasy at your absence
+   during the late gales. I should rather doubt whether that bay
+   could be capacious enough for a large fleet to anchor in without
+   danger from the batteries; but I have always hoped that some of
+   our small squadron might avail themselves of that resource on
+   such an occasion as that which has presented itself to you; and
+   I have no doubt that the doing so will much assist the
+   occupation of our fleet off Brest.
+
+   Believe me, dear sir,
+   Your very faithful humble servant,
+
+   SPENCER.
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+Sir James, at the same time, wrote to Earl St. Vincent by the
+Marlborough, giving his lordship an account of his proceedings, which
+could not but be highly satisfactory.
+
+   Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th September 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   The weather not having admitted the stores and provisions to be
+   taken out of the Marlborough whilst under sail, I bore up for
+   this anchorage with the squadron; and early Wednesday morning
+   the boats were all employed in conveying the water and
+   provisions to the squadron: but it having continued to blow
+   excessively hard from that time, it was not until this morning
+   we have been enabled to accomplish this service.
+
+   The Montague and Naiad anchored in the bay Wednesday morning,
+   and are now under sail. It has blown a very severe gale of wind
+   at north-west the last two days, and we have saved considerable
+   wear and tear to all the ships by having taken this anchorage in
+   good time.
+
+   I propose to remain here during the continuation of westerly
+   winds, or until the weather enables me to resume the station off
+   the Black Rocks; detaching ships occasionally to watch the
+   enemy's motions.
+
+   I have the honour to be Your lordship's most obedient and most
+   humble servant,
+
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
+
+The following is an extract of a letter which Sir James wrote to Lady
+Saumarez, and sent by the same opportunity. It will be found to give
+an accurate description of the important anchorage of which he was the
+first who was so daring as to take advantage in stormy weather, with
+the squadron under his command.
+
+   Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, Sept. 24th, 1800.
+
+   We anchored at eleven last night, and this morning found
+   ourselves in one of the finest bays I have ever seen. It is far
+   more spacious than Torbay, and much more enclosed; consequently
+   more secure against all winds. It is the same distance from
+   Brest by sea as Dartmouth is from Torbay; and by land the same
+   as from Brixham, not being more than five miles across, over a
+   hilly country; substituting the Bec de Chevre for the Berry
+   Head, and it exactly forms the counter part to Torbay. It
+   abounds with the finest fish, of which we shall profit.
+
+   As it is not possible for the ships to sail from Brest but with
+   an easterly wind, which blows directly out of this bay, we can
+   always be beforehand with them.
+
+   25th.--It has continued to blow hard since we entered this bay,
+   and it has now risen to a severe storm. I wish you knew how
+   well sheltered we are in this famous anchorage. Captain
+   Pierrepont has been with me since yesterday: he has been near
+   fourteen weeks at sea, and, as you may suppose, very tired. I am
+   better satisfied with my situation than since I have been in the
+   Channel fleet, and find it far preferable to being attached to
+   it.
+
+   Monday, 29th Sept.
+
+   I trust my letter by the Marlborough has reached you this
+   morning, which will have set your mind at ease as to our safety
+   after the gales we encountered last week. I wrote to you
+   yesterday, but too hastily to express, as I wished, the
+   happiness I derived from having just received your letters of
+   the 15th and 19th. They had been too long and too anxiously
+   looked for not to receive the most cordial and heartfelt
+   welcome. I am in hourly expectation of seeing the fleet, the
+   letters from the Earl acquainting me with his intention of
+   putting to sea the moment the weather moderated. The Superb,
+   with Centaur and Warrior, hove in sight this afternoon,--the
+   only ships I have seen since last Tuesday, when I went into
+   Douvarnenez Bay; and I have the satisfaction to reflect that,
+   notwithstanding the tempestuous weather, this squadron has been
+   enabled to keep its station, although all the other detachments
+   have been driven from theirs. Now that your letter gives me
+   reason to believe you entertain serious thoughts of going to
+   Guernsey, like your father I lose my courage at the prospect of
+   it. I sincerely wish I had never suggested the idea, which I was
+   induced to do from the hope of the war being over, and that you
+   would pass the winter more comfortably than in England during
+   the dreary months. I am now become a very coward on the subject,
+   and leave it to you to determine as you think best; at the same
+   time assuring you that I shall endeavour to be reconciled to
+   whatever plan is adopted which is most likely to conduce to your
+   comfort. Your account of our dear girls gives me the most
+   heartfelt satisfaction, and of the increasing strength of the
+   sweet dove in particular, whom I truly long to behold,--a
+   happiness I still hope to enjoy ere many weeks are elapsed. I
+   shall expect a letter from the dear boy by the next opportunity
+   from Plymouth.
+
+The next letter to the Earl of St. Vincent gives an account of the
+further proceedings of his squadron, and the situation of the enemy's
+fleet in Brest, which proves how successful his endeavours had been in
+preventing its meditated escape.
+
+   Caesar, off the Black Rocks, 28th September 1800.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Soon after I despatched my letter by the Marlborough, dated from
+   Douvarnenez Bay, the wind having shifted to the northward, I got
+   under sail with the squadron; but in the evening it came to the
+   south-west, with thick weather: I returned to the anchorage, as
+   did Captain Knight, with the Montague and Naiad.
+
+   It continued to blow very strong till yesterday noon, when the
+   wind suddenly shifted to N. and N. by E. I immediately got under
+   sail, and stood out of the bay; the Pompee leaving a
+   bower-anchor, her cable having parted in endeavouring to weigh
+   it. From the report of several signal-guns fired in Brest soon
+   after the sudden change of wind, I have no doubt of the
+   preparatory movements of the enemy to put to sea, had the wind
+   continued favourable for them; and I carried a press of sail
+   during the night, in order to be off St. Matthew's Point early
+   this morning to watch their motions.
+
+   I had a full view of the enemy's fleet, and counted twenty-two
+   sail with their top-gallant-masts struck, but apparently ready
+   for sea. Having made the signal to the Megaera to reconnoitre, I
+   beg to refer your lordship to Captain Hill for a more particular
+   report of their state and numbers.
+
+   I have the honour to be, my lord,
+   Your lordship's obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   His Majesty's ship Montague, with the Naiad, and Suwarrow
+   schooner, went through the bay yesterday evening.
+
+
+   Ville de Paris, Torbay, 4th October, 1800.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several letters of the
+   25th, 26th, 28th ultimo, and 1st instant, detailing your
+   proceedings with his Majesty's ships under your orders; the
+   whole of which I very much approve, particularly the taking
+   under your command Captains Sutton and King, with the ships and
+   vessels attached to them: and you will herewith receive orders
+   to their respective captains and commanders to put themselves
+   under your command, and obey your orders for their future
+   proceedings in the important duty of watching the combined
+   fleets.
+
+   I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez.
+
+By this bold and unexpected step, (which the French have since
+characterised as a piece of _impudence_,) Sir James completely
+frustrated the meditated escape of the combined fleets, which were
+now thirty-two in number, seven of which were three-deckers. He had,
+moreover, the honour of being the first to defy the enemy in his own
+anchorage, proving at the same time that it would not be so easy as
+formerly to elude the vigilance of the advanced squadron.
+
+The weather having moderated after the second return to Douvarnenez
+Bay, the squadron resumed the anchorage near the Black Rocks, daily
+reconnoitring the enemy, destroying several small vessels which
+attempted to get in, and keeping under sail when the wind was
+westerly. In continuation to Lady Saumarez he writes:
+
+   Oct. 4th 1800.
+
+   The anxiety inseparable from this cruise is very considerably
+   alleviated from knowing the fleet is in port, which must prove
+   of the greatest benefit both to officers and men, and to the
+   service in general. I find the rumours of peace are vanished,
+   and that war is determined upon. I trust events will be
+   favourable to this country. There is no doubt the French are
+   much distressed for provisions in the neighbourhood of Brest,
+   and that discontent prevails among their troops, who are
+   ill-paid, ill-fed, and badly clothed. It is horrid to see the
+   leading men of all nations so infatuated for war, at a time
+   peace is so much to be desired for the sake of humanity.
+
+   Caesar, Bay of Brest, 18th Oct.
+
+   The delightful weather we have enjoyed this last week has
+   enabled me to remain at anchor off the Black Rocks. They have
+   lost their gloom from the serene atmosphere, but more
+   particularly from having had such frequent tidings from you, as
+   scarce a day has passed (I believe not one) without being joined
+   by something from the fleet. Yesterday, the Earl sent me a
+   message that he expected my flag to be hoisted in a very few
+   days; and Troubridge writes to me the promotion was to extend to
+   Sir Edward Pellew; and,--what think you!--that Lord St. Vincent
+   has actually written for Captain Brenton to be appointed my
+   flag-captain. His lordship, in his letter, tells me that Capt.
+   Thornbrough is to remain in the Mars, and will relieve me here,
+   if the measure he has proposed is acceded to: so you may
+   perceive I have some grounds on which to form my hopes; but I do
+   not wish _you_ to dwell too much upon it.
+
+   21st.--I am now _solus_. Captain Brenton, who I mentioned had
+   been staying with me, is gone to the Ville de Paris. I know no
+   one I should prefer as captain under my flag. He is a steady,
+   sensible, good officer, and of great experience, having served
+   several years with admirals as a lieutenant. Captain Cook dined
+   with me to-day on a _Black Rock_ dinner, viz. a fine piece of
+   salmon and a nice little _cochon-de-lait_, with _entremets_,
+   removes, &c. The salmon was sent me with a basket of vegetables
+   from Plymouth, I suspect from Captain Markham; the roaster was a
+   present from Captain Hood, who, being under sail, could not dine
+   with me. I mention these trifles because I know they please you.
+   The boats occasionally go to the small islands and procure
+   bullocks, &c.; and, as fast as the stock is purchased, they
+   contrive to replenish it from the mainland,--a proof they are
+   well satisfied with the price we pay for it, which is fixed by
+   themselves.
+
+   26th Oct.--After near a fortnight passed at what the Earl now
+   calls the Elysian Lake (instead of Siberia), a westerly wind
+   compelled me to get under sail yesterday afternoon; and it was
+   fortunate that I did so, as it has blown a gale since that time.
+   By the Megaera, which has joined me this evening, I find the
+   fleet is to go to Torbay; and, from what Sir Thomas Troubridge
+   writes, I conjecture the Earl intends to go on shore part of the
+   winter.... While we remained at an anchor the boats of the
+   squadron were occasionally detached in pursuit of the enemy's
+   vessels. Last Monday they chased one close under the batteries
+   at the entrance of Brest, which has afforded me an opportunity
+   of making favourable mention of Mr. Lamborn and Mr. Wood, who
+   were employed on that service. The Earl has desired me to send
+   the latter to him to be promoted. The Canada, which was ordered
+   to cover the boats, took possession of three Spaniards belonging
+   to the Principe de Asturias, Don Gravina's flag-ship, who were
+   fishing in a small boat. They are to be returned without being
+   exchanged, agreeably to what I suggested, and I shall send in a
+   flag of truce the first favourable weather. We were so
+   comfortably anchored the last fortnight, and so agreeably
+   employed, that it has nearly spoilt me for the remainder of the
+   cruise. Of the promotion nothing further is said, and I have not
+   heard when I am to be released. If I am kept out much longer,
+   and have the duty of an admiral without my flag, I fear I shall
+   grow _sulky_ and impatient. It is not improbable Captain Sutton
+   may relieve me in the charge of this squadron, as I doubt Sir
+   Edward Pellew being yet ready. I fear the second return of the
+   fleet will have again set your heart palpitating, and caused you
+   another disappointment at the Caesar not being with it.
+
+   October 30th.--Yesterday I received a very civil reply to the
+   letter I wrote to Don Gravina, who wishes that I may live many
+   thousand years. The French received the officer from the Canada
+   who was entrusted with the flag of truce with great politeness.
+   I sent Maingy from this ship as interpreter. They remained at
+   Camaret till the following morning. You will not be displeased
+   to hear that the Caesar must go into port _from necessity_,
+   having sprung her main-yard; but, if possible, I shall delay it
+   three or four weeks longer, notwithstanding my _threat_ of
+   losing patience. I shall depend on finding you at Dartmouth.
+
+   Caesar, Nov. 1st.
+
+   I remain without any of your letters since the 20th, which I
+   feel a grievous circumstance, particularly at this time, when I
+   am left in doubt whether you are still at Dartmouth, or gone to
+   Bath. This morning I experienced a severe disappointment. The
+   Nile cutter, whose tardy approach for four hours was anxiously
+   waited for, at last joined without any letters, having left
+   Plymouth with sealed orders. We have such blessed weather at
+   present that it is almost impious to be discontented; yet I
+   cannot enjoy it while I remain so long without hearing from you.
+   I accuse the Earl of indifference to the comfort of those whom
+   it is incumbent on him to attend to. Since he has left this
+   station there has been scarcely a day that the wind has not been
+   favourable for vessels to join us. A fortnight or three weeks
+   more and I hope my turn will come, when, if things do not meet
+   my expectations, I shall be tempted to take leave of the good
+   ship, and look out for a snug cottage to pass some time in the
+   enjoyment of your society. I am serious, _je t'assure_. I
+   understand Sir Hyde Parker is to command in the absence of the
+   chief. _Cela ne me plait pas aucunement_; for, after having been
+   employed upon this important and arduous service with
+   acknowledged credit, I shall certainly very ill brook being
+   hurried out of port in the usual manner to serve with him: I
+   therefore _go on shore_ unless my views are complied with. I
+   hope to-morrow to have letters from you to acknowledge the
+   receipt of. At present I am much out of humour, and with too
+   much cause to be easily reconciled on any other terms but of
+   hearing from you.
+
+   2nd.--Another disappointment this morning, having been joined by
+   a lugger which we hoped had letters, but which proves to be from
+   another quarter. I look for the Nimrod: if she joins us
+   to-morrow I shall be satisfied. It has blown strong all day,
+   with very thick weather. I hope for better success, but I still
+   continue out of temper.
+
+   3rd.--The Superb, which has been in sight since daylight, is at
+   last joining. Imagine my impatience after a whole fortnight
+   since the date of your last letter. Captain Sutton, who is now
+   with me, has not brought a single letter. I send this by the
+   Courageux, and have only time to say that the Edgar is hourly
+   expected, and possibly we may be more fortunate. A ship is in
+   sight: I hope it is her.
+
+On the 9th of November the fleet experienced one of the severest gales
+ever known, which did immense damage to the shipping; but, except the
+loss of some storm-sails, the Caesar sustained no injury; while several
+of the others lost masts and yards, obliging them to return to port.
+But Sir James kept his station; indeed, during the whole fifteen weeks
+he had the command, not a vessel either sailed from, or entered, the
+harbour of Brest.
+
+At last, seeing their escape impossible, they began to dismantle the
+ships; and Sir James received the following letter from Earl St.
+Vincent:
+
+   MY DEAR SIR,
+
+   The Impetueux took in her guns this day, and Sir Edward Pellew
+   will receive his orders to-morrow morning; and, if the wind
+   favours his getting out of Hamoaze, he will be with you in the
+   course of the week. You will receive by him orders to proceed to
+   Spithead; but I shall be very glad to see you here _en route_,
+   and I will inform Lady Saumarez by to-morrow's post of your
+   probable approach.
+
+   Lord Spencer has been fully impressed by me of the long and
+   arduous service you have undergone, and seems well disposed to
+   give you the respite so justly due to the cheerfulness with
+   which you have conducted the most important employment of this
+   war. I am not in the secret when the promotion is to take
+   effect. Private letters from town and the newspapers are full of
+   it, and I am morally certain it will be out soon; for one of the
+   ninety-gun ships, commanded by an officer very near the head of
+   the list of captains, is nominated for Sir Erasmus Gower's flag,
+   which appears conclusive.
+
+   Sir Hyde Parker has asked leave of absence; and, as the size of
+   the fleet of observation is much reduced, I conceive it will be
+   granted.
+
+   Yours, most truly,
+   Torr Abbey, 2nd December, 1800.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+The following extract, which alludes to the preceding, was written by
+Sir James to Lady Saumarez on the
+
+   29th Dec.--The Earl informs me of his intention to write to you.
+   I perceive he is resolved to become a favourite of yours by his
+   attention. The order for the Caesar to anchor in Torbay for
+   twenty-four hours, on her way to Portsmouth, will not lessen his
+   favour with you. After this, I suppose I cannot do less than
+   invite you to take a passage in the ship with your two dear
+   little companions; but it must be on condition that the weather
+   is propitious to my views.
+
+The station off the Black Rocks had hitherto been considered tenable
+only by frigates during the winter; on which service three or four
+were annually employed; but which, like the Channel fleet,
+occasionally took refuge in Torbay. It had been, however, resolved
+upon by Earl St. Vincent to form an advanced squadron of six sail of
+the line; and Sir James, as we have before stated, was the officer
+selected to proceed on this arduous and important undertaking. None
+but professional men who have been in that anxious and perilous
+service can have any idea of its difficulties. In such a situation the
+commanding-officer must consider himself constantly in the scene of
+action, surrounded by dangers of every description, exposed to the
+violence of storms, and sailing amidst a multitude of rocks and
+variable currents, in the longest and darkest nights, and often on a
+lee-shore on the enemy's coast, while the whole of their fleet is
+near, and ready to take advantage of any disaster, or change of wind
+or circumstance that might arise in their favour.
+
+It has already been shown that Sir James performed this duty to the
+entire satisfaction of the noble Earl, and to the country. No storm
+ever obliged him to leave his station, which has justly been
+denominated _the post of honour_.
+
+We cannot conclude this chapter with more satisfaction than by
+subjoining the following interesting correspondence between Sir James
+and Earl Spencer, which no longer need be characterised as "secret."
+
+   _Secret and confidential._
+
+   Caesar off Ushant, 20th June 1800.
+
+   At this time, when a proper example should be set to the seamen
+   of his Majesty's fleet, and a due sense of religion and the
+   practice of it kept up in the royal navy, permit me to suggest
+   to your lordship the propriety of a strong recommendation from
+   the Board of Admiralty to the commanders-in-chief on the
+   different stations (more particularly the Channel fleet) that
+   they will cause the public worship of Almighty God to be duly
+   and regularly performed on board the ships under their command,
+   and that nothing but the most pressing exigency shall prevent
+   Divine service from being publicly read every Sunday on board
+   the respective ships.
+
+   It is from the too flagrant neglect of this most essential part
+   of our duty that I have been impelled to write _in confidence_
+   to your lordship on the subject, with the hope that proper means
+   will be adopted to rectify it.
+
+   We have signals to denote that the ship's companies will have
+   time for dinner or breakfast; why should there not be one to
+   signify that they will have time for the performance of Divine
+   service? Were such a signal to be made from the ship of the
+   commander-in-chief on Sunday morning, it would be generally
+   followed by all the fleet, as they would then know the Admiral's
+   intention to give time for that purpose.
+
+   I trust that your lordship will do justice to the motives that
+   have induced me to write on the present subject, which I have
+   long had in contemplation, and which I have now decided upon
+   from the apprehensions that seem to be entertained of
+   disturbances among the seamen of this fleet, as I know nothing
+   that will contribute more to keep them in the right line of
+   their duty than a proper attention to religious principles, the
+   example to which should be set them by their officers.
+
+   I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard,
+   Your lordship's most faithful
+   and obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
+
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, and am
+   much obliged to you for the hint contained in it. You must be
+   aware how delicate a matter it is for me to interfere in a
+   detail of this description. I shall not, however, fail to make
+   such use of the suggestion as may appear to me to come within
+   the bounds of propriety, and may very probably produce the
+   desired effect.
+
+   I trust that the present alarm, which has been excited by
+   several circumstances of a suspicious nature, may prove
+   groundless; and I feel very strongly that nothing can more
+   probably contribute to make it so than every precaution being
+   taken in time to prevent an evil, which experience has already
+   proved to us, if suffered once to begin, is so very difficult to
+   remedy.
+
+   I am, dear sir,
+   Your very obedient humble servant,
+   SPENCER.
+   Admiralty, June 1800.
+
+The Caesar arrived at Torbay on the 14th December, and on the 21st
+reached Spithead, where she remained during the rest of the year
+1800.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1801.
+
+   Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of
+   Rear-admiral.--Appointed to command the advanced
+   squadron.--Proceedings at the Black Rocks.--Douvarnenez
+   Bay.--Returns to England.--Appointed to command a squadron on a
+   very particular service.--His secret orders, &c. and letter of
+   approbation.--Ready for sea.--Is created a Baronet of the United
+   Kingdom.
+
+
+On the 1st of January 1801, a promotion of flag-officers took place,
+in order, it was said, to include the name of Sir James Saumarez; and
+this flattering compliment was immediately followed by a further
+honour, in his being ordered forthwith to hoist his flag on board his
+old ship, the Caesar; while Lieutenant Henryson, who was senior in that
+ship, was promoted to the rank of commander. Sir James being ordered
+to fit for the same service in which he had lately been so
+successfully employed, Captain Jahleel Brenton, who had been
+recommended by Earl St. Vincent, and who had been a volunteer during
+the last cruise, was appointed to the Caesar as his captain.
+
+On the 6th of January the ship came out of harbour, and having
+received her guns, and her stores and provisions for six months, the
+flag of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez was hoisted on the 24th; and
+on the 25th of February he sailed to resume the command of the
+in-shore squadron off Brest, but joined the Channel fleet at Torbay on
+the way thither. On the 7th March he arrived off the Black Rocks,
+where he relieved Admiral Thornbrough, and soon afterwards
+reconnoitred the harbour of Brest. On the 20th, the severe equinoctial
+gale forced the squadron into Douvarnenez Bay, where the ships
+anchored in eighteen fathoms, just out of reach of the enemy's shot.
+Here they remained, as much at their ease in the enemy's harbour as
+they would have been at Spithead, and were never molested. On the 25th
+March, after two attempts to work out of the bay, the squadron resumed
+their station at the Black Rocks.
+
+The following is extracted from a letter from one of the officers of
+the Caesar, dated 26th March:
+
+   Our advanced squadron of the Channel fleet, commanded by Sir
+   James Saumarez, never quitted the French coast during the late
+   stormy weather. We anchored during the late violent gales in
+   Douvarnenez Bay, which is, in my opinion, one of the finest in
+   the universe. It is sheltered from every wind but those from W.
+   1/2 N. to W. 1/2 S.; and even that opening is protected by a
+   reef of rocks. Although the height of the gale was in the worst
+   direction it could have been, yet, having no very considerable
+   sea, we rode it out remarkably well. We lay, much to the
+   disappointment of the enemy, just out of gun-shot of the forts.
+   They favoured us, however, with some shells. We found, upon our
+   re-appearance off Brest, that six Spaniards had equiped
+   themselves, in addition to six Frenchmen, probably with a design
+   to attack us.
+
+The Government having been relieved from their anxiety for the safety
+of the in-shore squadron by a despatch from Sir James, Earl St.
+Vincent, who was now First Lord of the Admiralty, wrote to him the
+following letter of approbation:
+
+     Admiralty, 1st April 1801.
+
+     MY DEAR ADMIRAL,
+
+     The manner in which you have conducted the advanced squadron
+     calls upon me to repeat my admiration of it. Your taking the
+     anchorage in Douvarnenez Bay during the late equinoctial gales
+     has been of the utmost importance, and prevented the crippling
+     of one or more of your squadron. I heartily hope you continue
+     in good health, for which and every other blessing you have the
+     fervent wishes of
+     Your very sincere and obedient servant,
+     ST. VINCENT.
+
+     To R.A. Sir James Saumarez.
+
+During the whole of this month, Sir James kept his squadron generally
+within three or four miles of the entrance of Brest, from which it was
+never further than as many leagues. In this situation, and by
+frequently reconnoitring in his own ship, he was enabled to watch the
+preparations of the enemy, and to frustrate their designs to attack
+his squadron with a superior force; while he so completely blockaded
+their port that, as when he formerly commanded, no square-rigged
+vessel ever entered it, thereby preventing the necessary supplies of
+stores and provisions from reaching the depot of their navy. Nor did a
+single vessel escape the unwearied vigilance and perseverance of the
+advanced squadron during the whole time it was under his command.
+
+Early in May, letters reached him from Guernsey, intimating the great
+apprehension his countrymen were under of invasion by the enemy; when
+he wrote to Sir Thomas Troubridge, then one of the Lords of the
+Admiralty, who sent the following answer:
+
+   Admiralty, 17th May 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR SIR JAMES,
+
+   Many thanks for your kind letter of the 6th instant. I am sorry
+   our _French friends_ do not come out, that you may teach them
+   _English_. The Gazette[26] will show you that our soldiers are
+   getting into the habits of fighting.
+
+   We heard of the miscreants' intentions on the islands; and I
+   have sent over several gun-brigs, gun-barges, frigates, sloops,
+   &c. and a few additional troops. There are 5,000 regulars at
+   Jersey, and some more going soon, so that I think they have
+   little chance of success if they make the attempt; but it
+   appears to me that the different powers cannot look on without
+   interfering, and stopping the progress of the villains. In
+   short, I hope to see them soon weighed down in a congress.
+
+   Lord St. Vincent's cough is better, and the warm weather will
+   re-establish him. I beg you to give my best compliments to
+   Brenton. Believe me
+
+   Yours most faithfully,
+   THOMAS TROUBRIDGE.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez.
+
+   [26] Battle of Alexandria.
+
+Thus released from the painful anxiety for the safety of the Channel
+islands, where so many of his dearest connexions resided, he wrote the
+following letter to his brother, Sir Thomas Saumarez, who was at that
+time in command of the local force in Guernsey:
+
+   Caesar, off Ushant, 30th May 1801.
+
+   I have received your kind letter of the 17th, and am happy to
+   hear that a considerable force has been sent for the protection
+   of Guernsey and the other islands. They cannot be too well taken
+   care of, when we consider the infinite mischief they would do to
+   Great Britain, should they fall into the enemy's hands.
+
+   I am in daily expectation of being relieved by Admiral
+   Thornbrough, after a fourteen weeks' cruise, which is rather a
+   longer period than the Earl intended when I sailed from
+   Spithead. Brenton is everything that can be desired. I have
+   found in him a most excellent officer and a most agreeable
+   companion.
+
+It appears by his journal, that on the following day he received the
+welcome orders which put an end to his long and harassing cruise; also
+a private letter of importance from Earl Spencer: and, being relieved
+by Admiral Thornbrough on the 1st of June, he arrived on the 2nd at
+Cawsand Bay. Having reported the return of the Caesar, he received in
+answer the following letters from Earl St. Vincent and Mr. Nepean:
+
+   MY DEAR SIR, Admiralty, 4th June 1801.
+
+   I am glad the Caesar is in Cawsand Bay, because you will be the
+   sooner informed of his Majesty's most gracious intentions
+   towards you, in which I have greater pleasure than I can
+   express, as you are to be placed at the head of a detached
+   squadron destined for a very important service, at no great
+   distance from home. I hope the Caesar will not be long in fitting
+   up.
+
+   Yours most truly,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+
+   Admiralty Office, 4th June 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty, your letter to me of the 2nd instant, acquainting
+   me, for their lordships' information, of your arrival in H.M.S.
+   Caesar, in Cawsand Bay, in pursuance of orders from Admiral
+   Cornwallis, a copy of which you have enclosed: and I have their
+   lordships' commands to signify their directions to you to use
+   every exertion in completing the stores and provisions of the
+   said ship, as also of the Spencer; and, having so done, remain
+   with the said ships in Cawsand Bay, in constant readiness to
+   proceed on service, when you shall receive their lordships'
+   orders for that purpose.
+
+   I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+The following is the reply to Earl St. Vincent's letter of the 4th
+June, dated
+
+   Caesar, Cawsand Bay, 6th June.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Previously to receiving the honour of your lordship's letter, I
+   had been informed by Earl Spencer of his Majesty's gracious
+   intentions; and I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments for
+   the part your lordship has taken in obtaining for me this mark
+   of the royal favour.
+
+   I am much flattered by the communication your lordship has the
+   goodness to make of having nominated me for the command of a
+   squadron to be employed on a very particular service; and I beg
+   your lordship will be assured of my most zealous exertions for
+   the promotion of every part of it. I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent, &c.
+
+On the 7th of June, Sir James received the following communication
+from the Lords of the Admiralty, which could not fail to afford him
+the highest gratification.
+
+   Most secret.
+
+   By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
+   Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.
+
+   Whereas we have received information that a squadron consisting
+   of five Spanish ships of the line, which lately sailed from
+   Ferrol, have arrived at Cadiz; and that great exertions are now
+   making at the last-mentioned place for the equipment of a
+   further naval force, for the purpose (it is alleged) of an
+   attack upon Portugal; we send you herewith copies of the several
+   letters containing the information mentioned: and do hereby
+   direct you, on the arrival of the Hannibal, Audacious, and
+   Thames, at Plymouth, to take them under your command, (their
+   captains being directed to follow your orders,) as also the
+   Spencer, and either the Juste, Pompee, or Courageux, now in
+   Cawsand Bay, whichever may first be ready, and proceed with them
+   and the Caesar, with as little delay as possible, off Cadiz,
+   where you may expect to be joined by the Venerable and Superb,
+   which ships you are also to take under your command; and use
+   your best endeavours to prevent the enemy's ships at that port
+   from putting to sea, or to take or destroy them should they sail
+   from thence.
+
+   In the event of the enemy's squadron getting out of Cadiz
+   undiscovered, either before or after your arrival off that
+   place, you are to follow it, according to any well-grounded
+   intelligence you may be able to obtain of it; but you are not to
+   proceed in quest of it to any distant station, unless you should
+   receive such information as shall leave no doubt of the
+   certainty of the enemy's destination. If you should not be able
+   to obtain any information of the enemy's squadron so as to
+   enable you to follow it, you are in that case to repair with the
+   ships under your command off the Straits, and send into Tangier
+   and Gibraltar, and, finding that it has proceeded up the
+   Mediterranean, to follow it; but, not gaining any intelligence
+   of it, you are to resume your station off Cadiz, and remain
+   there until you shall receive some information whereby your
+   proceedings may be regulated.
+
+   And whereas it has been represented to us that three Portuguese
+   ships of the line are now fitting out in the Tagus for the
+   purpose of joining you and serving under your orders, you are,
+   on the arrival of the said ships, to take them under your
+   command, and employ them in such manner as you may judge most
+   advisable in carrying these, or any other orders you may receive
+   from us or from Admiral Lord Keith, (under whose command you are
+   to consider yourself,) into execution. And whereas we have
+   directed Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley to order one of the hired
+   brigs, and either a cutter or lugger, to follow your orders; you
+   are to take the commanders of these vessels under your command,
+   and, on your repairing to your station, you are to send one of
+   them into the Tagus for the purpose of apprizing his Majesty's
+   minister there of your situation, and for obtaining from him
+   such intelligence as he may have to give you.
+
+   Whilst you remain on this service, you are to send occasionally
+   to Lisbon for intelligence, and to keep a good look-out for any
+   French squadron which may attempt either to join the Spanish
+   ships at Cadiz, or to pass through the Straits; and to use your
+   best endeavours to intercept, and to take or destroy it, if the
+   force you may have with you should be sufficient to enable you
+   to do so; taking care to avoid it in time, if the enemy's force
+   should be so superior to that under your command as to render it
+   improper for you to attack it; in which case it is left to your
+   discretion to act as circumstances shall require: using,
+   however, every possible exertion to join the commander-in-chief
+   of his Majesty's ships in the Mediterranean, or to fall in with
+   the same detachment of his Majesty's ships; and, so soon as you
+   shall have collected such a force as may be sufficient to enable
+   you to attack the enemy's squadron, you are to proceed in quest
+   of it, and, upon falling in with it, to bring it to action.
+
+   In case you should get sight of a French squadron, or should
+   obtain certain information that such squadron has passed the
+   Straits, you are no longer to attend to the Spanish ships in
+   Cadiz, but to consider the capture or destruction of the French
+   squadron as the principal object to which your exertions are to
+   be directed; and, in the event of your following any squadron
+   into the Mediterranean, you are to send an account thereof to
+   our secretary, as well as to Admiral Lord Keith, with as little
+   delay as possible; and you are also to transmit to him and the
+   said admiral, by every proper opportunity that may offer,
+   accounts of your proceedings, and of every information you may
+   be able to obtain of the movements and intentions of the enemy.
+
+   Given under our hands, 6th day of June 1801.
+   ST. VINCENT.
+   T. TROUBRIDGE.
+   J. MARKHAM.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Bart.
+   Rear-admiral of the Blue,
+   Plymouth.
+   By command of their Lordships,
+   EVAN NEPEAN.
+
+The following is the copy of information transmitted to Sir James with
+the above letter:
+
+   No. 1.
+
+   Dated Lisbon, 15th May 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   It appears, from the report of an American captain arrived here
+   from Bilboa, that a French corps had passed within a few miles
+   of that place, on their way to Vittoria, on the 21st and 22nd
+   ultimo. It consisted in the whole of 7,000 infantry and 2,000
+   cavalry, well armed and mounted; and had reached their place of
+   encampment, supposed to be Burgos, according to the accounts
+   which had arrived at Bilboa, on the 30th day, when the vessel
+   sailed. It appeared evident that no other troops had passed the
+   frontier at that time, though it was uniformly reported that a
+   body of no less than 22,000 men were collected at Bayonne.
+
+   The Spanish army on the south side of the Tagus, between Badajos
+   and Alcantara, amounts to 21,000 men; of which 10,000 are
+   encamped at Badajos, 8,000 at Albuquerque, and the remainder
+   between Vincenti and Alcantara. The Prince of Peace was daily
+   expected at head-quarters. His aides-de-camp were already
+   arrived, and a train of 700 mules had been collected for the
+   conveyance of his baggage. The French detachment was destined to
+   join the army of Castile, which I already mentioned to your
+   lordship has returned from its movements towards the northern
+   provinces, and taken a position to the southward of Ciudad
+   Rodrigo. Its numbers and distribution are not so accurately
+   known, but it is stated to be equal to the army of Estremadura,
+   with the addition of the French auxiliaries.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+   To Lord Hawkesbury.
+   J.M. FRERE.
+
+   No. 2.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   By intelligence which arrived from Cadiz, in date of the second
+   of this month, it appears that there were in that port five
+   Spanish ships of the line, which had pushed out from Ferrol,
+   conformably to the report which I mentioned to your lordship in
+   my last despatch. There was at the same time (in Cadiz) an
+   additional force of eight or ten sail preparing for sea; four of
+   them of the line, and the remainder frigates. This equipment was
+   however retarded by the want of naval stores, particularly
+   sailcloth and cables, which was occasioned by the late fire
+   which has taken place in the arsenal, as well as by the total
+   want of money, which was such that many of the officers were
+   actually reduced to subsist on charity.
+
+   The informant, whose authority may be depended on, adds that a
+   squadron from Brest was expected to join them. It was supposed
+   that the whole armament would be directed against Portugal; and
+   this supposition was not weakened by a report which was given
+   out industriously that the object of the intended expedition was
+   to make a landing on the coast of Barbary, in order to force the
+   Emperor of Morocco to shut his ports against the English. The
+   ships from Ferrol have the French and Spanish colours united in
+   the same flag. It was understood that the ships now arming in
+   Cadiz were to be commanded by French officers. They were
+   victualled only for a very short voyage.
+
+   Respecting the danger to which this capital would be exposed by
+   a _coup-de-main_, which might be attempted in spite of the
+   batteries at the entrance of the river, as well as the
+   possibility of effecting a landing a few miles off Cascaes, your
+   lordship has at hand the means of information so much superior
+   to any which I could presume to offer, or collect from
+   professional persons here, that I shall only presume to solicit
+   your lordship's attention to the consideration of this subject,
+   and to the necessity which may arise out of it, for employing a
+   naval force upon this station. Don Rodrigo has informed me that
+   the three Portuguese ships of the line, which I mentioned to
+   your lordship as preparing for service, will be ready within
+   three weeks to form a junction with any force which his Majesty
+   might be pleased to detach, for the defence of Portugal; and
+   that two more would be prepared to follow them within a short
+   time after.
+
+   It appears by a letter from Viana, that the master of an English
+   vessel, who had been captured on the 10th ultimo by Le Telegraph
+   privateer, and carried into Corunna on the 23rd, had found there
+   two large French frigates, which had arrived immediately before
+   him in eight days from Cherbourg, laden with some ammunition,
+   and destined (as they reported) for Cadiz. The master of Le
+   Telegraph had avoided putting into any of his own ports from the
+   apprehension of being detained, as it was reported that other
+   privateers had been stopped, and stripped of their men, on
+   account of a secret expedition which was fitting out in the
+   French ports.
+
+   I have the honour to be, &c.
+   J.H. FRERE.
+
+   The Right Honourable Lord Hawkesbury, &c. &c. &c.
+
+   No. 3.
+
+   Intelligence arrived from General O'Hara, at Gibraltar.
+
+   Arrived by land the crew of the Fortune privateer, consisting of
+   twelve men. They report that last Saturday, between three and
+   four P.M. they saw two three-deckers and three seventy-fours
+   arrive at Cadiz from Ferrol; that the Santissima Trinidad,
+   another Spanish three-decker, is completed and ready in that
+   harbour; and that they are fitting out five other line-of-battle
+   ships at Cadiz, which have their lower-masts in; that, in order
+   to man the said ships, they are detaining all the crews of the
+   French privateers; that those eleven ships are to be commanded
+   by French officers; and they say the five ships in the Caraccas
+   will soon be ready,--that they observed a number of seamen
+   rigging them.--Gibraltar, 29th April 1801.
+
+     List of the armament fitting out at Cadiz.
+
+                          Guns.
+
+     Santissima Trinidada  140
+     Atlante                80
+     Ferrivel               80
+     San Antonio            80
+     Suberano               80
+     San Justo              74
+     San Januario           80
+     Intrepido              80
+     Firme                  80
+
+   The above ships are commanded by French officers, and probably,
+   therefore, are those which are alluded to as having been ceded
+   to France.
+
+                        Guns                          Guns
+   A. Real de St. Carlos 120  Bergantina St. Andre      24
+   St. Hermenegildo      120  Balandra Aglina           14
+   St. Fernando          120  St. Nicalao               14
+   St. Agustino           80  4 gun-boats           [27] 2 }
+   St. Izidoro            80  20 built by the inhabitants  }
+   Argonauta              80     of Cadiz                1 }
+   Fragata Sabina         44  18 gun-boats               1
+   Fragata Perula         40  4 burlates
+
+   [27] 24-pounders each.
+
+   Caesar, Cawsand Bay, 9th June 1801.
+
+   I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of their lordships'
+   secret orders, dated 6th instant; and, in compliance therewith,
+   I have directed Captain Stirling, of his Majesty's ship Pompee,
+   to put himself under my command.
+
+   Be pleased to inform their lordships that Admiral Sir Thomas
+   Pasley has acquainted me that there is no hired armed brig at
+   this port except the Louisa, and has placed the Joseph, hired
+   cutter, only under my orders.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+We need scarcely add that every possible exertion was made on the part
+of the admiral, the captains, officers, and crews of the respective
+ships, to get the squadron ready for sea; and in eight days the
+equipment was completed.
+
+Before we record a circumstance which, in rewarding the merits of the
+new commander-in-chief, afforded great and universal satisfaction to
+the royal navy, we take occasion to introduce a correspondence, which,
+in order to avoid interruption of the narrative, has been omitted, and
+which will now be found more interesting.
+
+   Royal George, between Ushant and the Black Rocks,
+   26th July 1800.
+
+   MY DEAR LORD,
+
+   I need not describe to your lordship the merit of Sir James
+   Saumarez, which cannot be surpassed. In a conversation I
+   accidentally had with him last evening, I learned that his
+   ambition had been much disappointed in not being created a
+   baronet; and he thought I was wanting, in not pointing to this
+   object in the letter I had the honour to write your lordship by
+   him, after the battle of the Nile, where he was second in
+   command; and he also conceives that your lordship led him to
+   hope this mark of approbation of his services would have been
+   conferred upon him. May I therefore trespass upon your
+   indulgence, to request you will bring it about, if possible, as
+   nothing can gratify me more, than that officers, who have
+   signalised themselves under my auspices, should be amply
+   rewarded.
+
+   Yours, most faithfully,
+   ST. VINCENT.
+
+   To the Right Hon. Earl Spencer.
+
+A copy of the preceding having been sent by Earl St. Vincent to Sir
+James, produced the following answer:--
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   Permit me to express my sincere acknowledgments for the very
+   handsome letter you have done me the favour to write on a
+   certain subject to Lord Spencer. Whether it meets with the
+   expected success, or otherwise, I shall ever feel grateful for
+   your obliging intentions towards me: at the same time, I am
+   persuaded your lordship must coincide with my feelings, when I
+   observe that the boon now pointed out was no more than the
+   services I had the good fortune to be employed upon, gave me
+   reason to expect long before this.
+
+   That health, and every possible success may ever attend your
+   lordship, is the fervent wish of
+
+   My dear lord,
+   Your much obliged,
+   and faithful humble servant,
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Caesar, 29th July 1800.
+
+On the 13th of June, his Majesty, having taken into consideration the
+meritorious services of Sir James Saumarez, was pleased to create him
+a Baronet of the United Kingdom; and, as an additional mark of the
+royal favour, permission was granted under the King's sign manual to
+wear the supporters to the arms of his family (which had been
+registered in the Heralds' office since the reign of Charles the
+Second); a privilege to which no commoner is entitled without a
+dispensation from the Crown. Of these honours Sir James was informed
+by Earl St. Vincent, at that time First Lord of the Admiralty, at the
+moment the Caesar and squadron were about to proceed on one of the most
+interesting, and, as it turned out, one of the most glorious
+expeditions that ever left the shores of Great Britain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1801.
+
+   Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six
+   sail of the line on a particular service.--Arrives off
+   Cadiz.--Attacks a French squadron at Algeziras.--Captain
+   Brenton's account of the battle.--Loss of the Hannibal.--Colonel
+   Connolly's statements.--Logs of the Caesar and ships of the
+   squadron.--Sir James proceeds to Gibraltar.--Remarks.--Flag of
+   truce sent to Algeziras.--Correspondence with Linois.--Squadron
+   refit at Gibraltar.
+
+
+On the 16th June the signal was made to unmoor; and soon after, for
+the squadron to weigh. The wind being fair, the ships quickly cleared
+the English Channel, and crossed the Bay of Biscay. Cape Finisterre
+was reached on the 22nd; on the 26th the squadron hove to off the
+Tagus, and sent letters on shore at Lisbon. The detachment was now
+joined by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, and proceeded off Cadiz, where
+it arrived on the 28th June: to announce this, the following letter
+was written to Admiral Lord Keith, who had then the chief command on
+the Mediterranean station:
+
+   Caesar, off Cadiz, 26th June 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to inform your lordship of my arrival off
+   Cadiz with the ships named on the margin[28] under my orders;
+   having sailed from Cawsand Bay on the 16th instant. On the 26th
+   I was joined, off Lisbon, by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, from
+   whom I received the enclosed state of the enemy's ships at
+   Cadiz.[29] The Venerable and Superb have both joined the
+   squadron; and I have taken these ships under my orders,
+   agreeably to my instructions from my Lords Commissioners of the
+   Admiralty.
+
+   I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to your
+   lordship a copy of those instructions; but having at present no
+   other vessel than the Plymouth, hired lugger, I cannot part with
+   her further than to Gibraltar.
+
+   I have the honour to be,
+   Your lordship's most obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Right Honourable Lord Keith, K.B. &c.
+
+   [28] Caesar, Pompee, Spencer, Hannibal, Audacious, Thames,
+   Phaeton, and Plymouth, hired lugger.
+
+   [29] See list already given.
+
+The squadron continued to cruise off Cadiz, and frequently to
+reconnoitre the harbour; while the Superb was stationed off Lagos as a
+look-out ship to westward, and the Thames in the Straits of Gibraltar
+to the eastward.
+
+Nothing of importance occurred until the 5th, when intelligence was
+received as to the situation of a French squadron. Sir James
+accordingly despatched the Plymouth lugger with the following letters
+to the Secretary of the Admiralty, and to Mr. Frere, the English
+ambassador at Lisbon:
+
+   Caesar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
+   SIR
+
+   In my letter of the 29th ultimo, I acquainted you, for the
+   information of my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, of my
+   arrival before Cadiz with the squadron under my orders, and of
+   my having been joined by the Venerable and Superb.
+
+   You will please to inform their lordships, that, early this
+   morning, a despatch-boat joined me from Gibraltar, with
+   intelligence that three French line-of-battle ships and a
+   frigate were seen, on the 1st instant, endeavouring to pass the
+   Straits from the eastward; and the Plymouth lugger has since
+   joined me, whose commander informs me that they anchored
+   yesterday off Algeziras. As from the different accounts I form
+   great hopes of being able to attack them with success, I am
+   proceeding to the eastward, and I hope to reach the bay early
+   to-morrow morning. The ships in Cadiz are getting in forwardness
+   to put to sea. Eight appeared this morning with top-gallant
+   yards across and sails bent, and four others with their
+   top-masts rigged. I have directed the commander of the Plymouth,
+   hired lugger, after having landed this letter at Faro, to cruise
+   off Cape St. Mary's to apprise any of his Majesty's ships of my
+   rendezvous, giving them such further information as he may be
+   possessed of.
+
+   I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+   Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Caesar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have the honour to acquaint you with my having this instant
+   received information, by an express from Gibraltar, that three
+   sail of French line-of-battle ships and a frigate had anchored
+   yesterday in Algeziras Bay, after being three days in
+   endeavouring to pass the Straits from the eastward. They are
+   supposed to be destined for Cadiz. I am proceeding off
+   Gibraltar, in hopes it may be practicable to attack them, or
+   prevent the junction of their other ships, from whom they are
+   said to be separated. I request you will please to forward the
+   letters I take the liberty to enclose herewith. I have the
+   honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Governor O'Hara writes that he is without intelligence from
+   Egypt since the repulse of the French, the 21st March.
+
+   His Excellency J.H. Frere, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Lisbon.
+
+It now becomes our duty to give a particular account of the defensive
+means of the French Admiral. The road of Algeziras, six miles distant
+from Gibraltar, is open to the eastward. It is shallow, with sunken
+rocks in several parts. The town is nearly in the centre, at the
+bottom of the Bay; about a third of a mile from which there is a tower
+standing on a point, and off this point is Isla Verda, whereon is a
+battery of seven long 24-pounders. About a mile to the southward of
+this battery is Fort Santa Garcia. The English ships had to pass these
+fortifications before they could reach the French line. The northward
+of the town was no less protected, having at the distance of about
+two-thirds of a mile the fort of San Jago, mounting five long
+18-pounders, besides the tower Almirante. By referring to the
+diagrams, it will be manifest that the road is admirably protected by
+these fortifications, while those at a greater distance to the
+northward would be of some service in throwing shells, and in
+preventing the ships from working up to the attack. There were also
+fourteen large gun-boats, whose positions, as shown, were such as to
+form a serious opposition to an approaching enemy in light and
+variable winds.
+
+Before we proceed to a description of the attack on the enemy's
+well-protected squadron, we must intreat the reader to pause, while we
+call his attention to the circumstance of the British ships, led by
+the gallant Hood, slowly and silently approaching the batteries of an
+enemy, strongly reinforced, perfectly prepared to receive them, and
+knowing well that they could not suffer any injury from the ships,
+while every shot from their cannon must tell. Silence, undoubtedly
+derives importance from the circumstances under which it is observed,
+and we cannot well refer to an instance where silence could have had a
+more solemn and impressive character than that which must have been
+observed on this occasion, until broken by the roar of the enemy's
+destructive engines.
+
+Captain (now Admiral Sir Jahleel) Brenton, who was flag-captain of the
+Caesar, has kindly transmitted the following particular and authentic
+account of all that took place on that eventful day, which afforded
+the enemy a short-lived triumph. We shall make no apology for giving
+it in his own words:
+
+   On Sunday, the 5th July 1801, a despatch-boat was seen in the
+   S.E., and at two P.M. came alongside the Caesar, with
+   intelligence of a French squadron having anchored in Algeziras
+   Bay, consisting of three sail of the line and a frigate.[30] The
+   Admiral immediately decided on attacking them; and ordered the
+   Thames frigate to proceed off St. Lucar to recall the Superb,
+   and make sail with the Pompee, Hannibal, Spencer, Audacious, and
+   Venerable, for the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar; making
+   the signal to prepare for action, and for anchoring by the
+   stern.
+
+     [30] Le Formidable, 84. Dessaix, 84. Indomptable, 74: and
+     Meuron, 38.
+
+   The day was beautiful, with a light air from the westward. At
+   eleven o'clock the ship's company was, as usual, assembled for
+   the purpose of Divine service. The appearance of this
+   congregation, under the peculiar circumstances in which they
+   were placed,--proceeding, as they all knew they were, to engage
+   in battle with the enemy, with the probability that many had but
+   a few remaining hours to live,--was solemn and deeply
+   impressive. The crew were all dressed in white, as is customary
+   in warm climates; and being arranged according to their
+   respective divisions on the quarter-deck, with the band and the
+   marines on the poop, and the Admiral and the officers under the
+   poop awning, an effect was produced highly animating, solemn,
+   and appropriate; while the meek, devotional countenance of the
+   well-tried Admiral indicated that he derived his confidence and
+   support from its only true source.
+
+
+   Our chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Holliday, gave an excellent
+   discourse, appropriate to the occasion; and it cannot be doubted
+   but the impressions it made on that eventful day were deep and
+   affecting, however temporary.
+
+   I had of course much communication with the Admiral during the
+   course of this day and the ensuing night. He was, as usual,
+   calm, cheerful, and collected; foreseeing, and endeavouring to
+   provide for, whatever might be required during the struggle
+   which we were anticipating. He was quite aware of the
+   difficulties we had to encounter, and fully determined to
+   overcome them if possible.[31]
+
+     [31] The following memorandum was communicated to the squadron
+     before bearing up for Gibraltar Bay:
+
+     Memorandum
+
+     Caesar, 5th July 1801.
+
+     If the Rear-admiral finds the enemy's ships in a situation to be
+     attacked, the following is the order in which it is to be
+     executed:
+
+     The Venerable to lead into the bay, and pass the enemy's ships
+     without anchoring;
+
+     The Pompee to anchor abreast of the inner ship of the enemy's
+     line;
+
+       The Audacious, }
+        "  Caesar,     }  to anchor abreast of the enemy's ships
+        "  Spencer,   }     and batteries;
+        "  Hannibal,  }
+
+                      {  to keep under sail, and annoy the enemy's
+        "  Superb,    {     batteries and gun-boats during the attack
+        "  Thames,    {     assisted by the Plymouth lugger.
+
+     The boats of the different ships to be lowered down and armed,
+     in readiness to act where required.
+
+     Given on board the Caesar, off Tariffa,
+     5th July 1801.
+     JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains.
+
+   At daylight we were off Tariffa, with light airs from the
+   westward, which at seven freshened to a strong breeze, and
+   enabled the Venerable to open the Bay of Algeziras, in which the
+   French squadron were discovered at anchor. On the Venerable
+   making the signal that she could weather the enemy, the Admiral
+   made another to take stations for mutual support. The Pompee,
+   Venerable, and Audacious were soon at an anchor, and at
+   thirty-five minutes after eight began the action with the enemy.
+   The Caesar at nine o'clock opened her fire, and at fifteen
+   minutes past nine came to an anchor ahead of the Venerable. The
+   Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee, nearly becalmed, and
+   anchored without the Caesar, firing, as the smoke subsided,
+   through the openings between our ships at the enemy.
+
+   About ten o'clock the fire of the French ships appeared to
+   slacken so much that I ventured to suggest to the Admiral that a
+   flag of truce might be sent in, with a notice to the Spaniards
+   that if the British squadron were permitted to take away the
+   French ships without any further molestation from the batteries,
+   the town would be respected, and no further injury done to it.
+
+   The Admiral expressed his readiness to do this; but considered
+   the advantage we had gained, as yet, not sufficiently decisive
+   to justify such a measure. And his judgment was but too correct.
+   The decrease of the fire from the French ships arose from their
+   being occupied in warping close in-shore; and, shortly after
+   this period, the Pompee having broken her sheer, lost her
+   commanding position relative to the French Admiral, whom she had
+   been raking with great effect, and now became raked in her turn.
+   At twenty minutes after ten, the boats of the squadron were sent
+   to her assistance, and, having cut her cables, she was towed out
+   of her exposed situation.
+
+   At thirty-five minutes after ten, the Admiral, observing how
+   much the enemy had increased their distance from us by warping
+   in-shore, ordered our cables to be cut, and sail to be made upon
+   the ships, in the hope of being able to close with them. He also
+   sent me on board the Spencer, with orders to Captain Darby to
+   weigh, and work up to the enemy. The Hannibal, having already
+   received these orders, was in the act of obeying them, and soon
+   after opened her fire upon the French Admiral; but in the
+   gallant endeavour to get between the Formidable and the shore,
+   and not being aware of the French Admiral's change of position
+   by warping in, Captain Ferris unfortunately ran his ship
+   aground, abreast of the battery of St. Jago, and under the
+   raking fire of the Formidable. In this helpless state he
+   continued to engage the enemy until, to use the French Admiral's
+   words, his decks were _jonche de morts_. He had seventy-three
+   killed and sixty-four wounded,--a very unusual proportion, as,
+   in general, the wounded trebles the number of the killed; but
+   this may be accounted for by the Hannibal being so near that the
+   enemy's shot passed through her sides without making any
+   splinters, to which the greater number of wounds are
+   attributable.
+
+   From the time the Caesar cut her cable, she and the Audacious
+   were constantly engaged with the Indomptable, Meuron, and island
+   batteries, and occasionally with the Dessaix, as they could
+   bring their guns-to bear; but the perpetual flaws of wind
+   rendered this very difficult, and exposed them frequently to a
+   severe and raking fire from the enemy. The Admiral made the
+   signal for the marines to be prepared to land on the island;
+   but, as the boats were all employed in assisting the Pompee and
+   Hannibal, this was rendered impracticable. At length, finding
+   every effort fruitless to close with the enemy, the Admiral was
+   under the necessity of withdrawing his ships from this unequal
+   contest with winds and batteries; but it was not until all hope
+   had vanished of saving the Hannibal that he left her in
+   possession of the enemy.
+
+The accompanying diagram shows first, the position of the hostile
+squadrons at the moment the Spencer, and Venerable, and Caesar, had
+anchored; secondly, their position when the action ceased, and when
+the Hannibal was in possession of the enemy.
+
+   The action of Algeziras was certainly obstinately fought, and
+   gallantly contested on both sides. It is true that the French
+   had little to do but to attend to their guns, being either at an
+   anchor in their strong position, or warping towards the shore.
+   In this operation the Spaniards had the hardest duty, being
+   employed in their boats in carrying out hawsers, and even in
+   heaving them in. Success seemed certain to the British squadron
+   till the Pompee broke her sheer; after that, it was one
+   continued but unavailing struggle to recover the ground we had
+   lost by this misfortune: and we retreated to Gibraltar when all
+   hope was at an end, the Admiral justly considering the
+   importance of repairing the damages already sustained, and of
+   preserving the lives of his gallant crew, which would be
+   uselessly sacrificed by a continuance of a hopeless contest.
+
+   Never did I contemplate more real greatness of mind than was
+   displayed on this occasion by our heroic chief. The calmness and
+   cheerfulness with which he met and sustained the sad reverses of
+   this most trying day, were objects worthy of remark and
+   admiration. Whilst going into the Bay of Algeziras, he desired
+   me to look over my signal-book, and to mark such signals as
+   might be likely to be called for. He had already done the same,
+   and when, during the heat of the action, any of the flags were
+   destroyed, or the halliards shot away, I was astonished at the
+   readiness with which he ordered one signal to be substituted for
+   another, according as the signification might answer the
+   purpose, without any reference to the book.
+
+   On reaching our anchorage off the Mole of Gibraltar, after
+   giving the necessary orders for the disposal and refitting of
+   his squadron, he returned to his cabin with a deep sense of the
+   responsibility he had incurred; but supported by the unqualified
+   conviction that every exertion had been made to obtain success,
+   and that the disappointment resulted from circumstances over
+   which he had no control.
+
+   The action terminated, as appears by the log, at thirty-five
+   minutes after one; and the squadron proceeded to Gibraltar. As
+   soon as the ship was secured, the Admiral sent me on shore to
+   the governor, to relate to him the events of the two preceding
+   days. I found him sitting in his balcony, which commanded a view
+   of the Bay and Algeziras, evidently deeply affected by the
+   unlooked-for termination of an attack upon the French squadron,
+   and anxiously reflecting on the probable results.
+
+   On my return on board, the Admiral had retired to his cot; and I
+   had no means of communicating with him until next morning. I
+   could then, however, perceive that under all the severity of
+   disappointment he experienced from our failure, and the loss of
+   the Hannibal, he felt that no honour had been lost; that every
+   effort had been made to obtain success; and that he derived
+   comfort from the sanguine hopes he entertained that an
+   opportunity might present itself in which he should be able to
+   retrieve the loss.
+
+   He ordered me to take a flag of truce and wait upon the French
+   Admiral, and propose an exchange of prisoners; which M. Linois
+   refused, alleging that it was not in his power to establish a
+   cartel for the purpose until he obtained the sanction of the
+   Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent off an
+   express as soon as the firing had ceased on the preceding day;
+   but he consented to send over the officers on parole. The object
+   of the French Admiral was very obvious. He concluded we wanted
+   the men to replace those that had been killed and wounded; but
+   he thought, justly, that sending over officers on parole would
+   be a harmless act of courtesy, from which we could reap no
+   immediate benefit. It will be seen that, subsequently to the
+   second action, (only six days after the first,) when his
+   despatches from Algeziras had scarcely reached Paris, he did not
+   wait for an answer from the Minister of the Marine: but
+   circumstances had altered. We had taken a line-of-battle ship,
+   and burned two first-rates; and he now wished to get as many of
+   the crew back as possible.
+
+We shall now transcribe the Rear-admiral's official account of the
+battle: this affords additional particulars, and proves that every
+step had been taken to insure success; which, but from circumstances
+that often blight the fairest prospects, would have had a very
+different result. We shall venture to add, that, had the gallant
+Admiral hesitated to make the attempt, he would have rendered himself
+obnoxious to animadversions, not only from all the squadron under his
+command, but from every one on the Rock of Gibraltar who witnessed the
+enemy's squadron of inferior force setting, as it were, that of Sir
+James at defiance; while it would have afforded the French and
+Spaniards a just, or, at least a plausible subject of exultation. But
+Sir James, with that decision of character and coolness, when in the
+presence of an enemy, for which he was always remarkable, did not
+hesitate one moment on the attack, which was made with consummate
+skill, and maintained with a perseverance never surpassed.
+
+   Caesar, Gibraltar, 6th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have to request you will be pleased to inform my Lords
+   Commissioners of the Admiralty that, conformable to my letter of
+   yesterday's date, I stood through the Straits, with his
+   Majesty's squadron under my orders, with the intention of
+   attacking three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate that I
+   was informed were at anchor off Algeziras. On opening Cabrita
+   Point, I found the ships lay at a considerable distance from the
+   enemy's batteries; and having a leading wind up to them, every
+   reasonable hope of success in the attack was afforded.
+
+   I had previously directed Captain Hood in the Venerable, from
+   his experience and knowledge of the anchorage, to lead the
+   squadron, which he executed with his accustomed gallantry; and,
+   although it was not intended he should anchor, he found himself
+   under the necessity of so doing, from the wind failing,--a
+   circumstance so much to be apprehended in this country, and to
+   which I have to attribute the want of success in this
+   well-intended enterprise. Captain Stirling anchored, conformably
+   to the enclosed order of attack, opposite to the inner ship of
+   the enemy, and brought the Pompee to action in the most
+   spirited and gallant manner; an example which was followed by
+   the commanders of every ship in the squadron.
+
+   Captains Darby and Ferris, owing to light winds, were prevented
+   for a considerable time from coming into action. At length, the
+   Hannibal getting a breeze, Captain Ferris had the most
+   favourable prospect of being alongside one of the enemy's ships,
+   when the Hannibal unfortunately took the ground; and I am
+   extremely concerned to acquaint their lordships that, after
+   having made every possible effort with this ship and the
+   Audacious to rescue her from the enemy, I was under the
+   necessity to make sail, being at the time only three cables'
+   length from one of the enemy's batteries.
+
+   My thanks are particularly due to all the captains and men under
+   my orders; and, although their endeavours have not been crowned
+   with success, I trust the thousands of spectators from his
+   Majesty's garrison, and also the surrounding coast, will do
+   justice to their valour and intrepidity, which were not to be
+   checked by the fire from the numerous batteries (however
+   formidable) that surrounded Algeziras.
+
+   I feel it incumbent upon me to state to their lordships the
+   great merits of Captain Brenton of the Caesar, whose cool
+   judgment and intrepid conduct, I will venture to pronounce, were
+   never surpassed. I also beg leave to recommend to their
+   lordships' notice my flag-lieutenant, Mr. Philip Dumaresq, who
+   has served with me from the commencement of this war, and is a
+   most deserving officer. Mr. Lamborn and the other lieutenants
+   are also entitled to great praise; as well as Captain Maxwell of
+   the Marines, and the other officers of his corps serving on
+   board the Caesar.
+
+   The enemy's ships consisted of two of eighty-four guns and one
+   of seventy-four, with a large frigate: two of the former are
+   aground, and the whole are rendered totally unserviceable.
+
+   His Majesty's ships have suffered considerably in their masts
+   and rigging; but I hope will soon be refitted, and in readiness
+   to proceed on service.
+
+   Inclosed is the return of the killed and wounded from the
+   different ships of the squadron. Amongst other valuable men I
+   have most sincerely to lament the loss of Mr. William Grave,
+   master of the Caesar. I cannot close this letter without
+   rendering the most ample justice to the great bravery of Captain
+   Ferris: the loss in his ship must have been very considerable
+   both in officers and men; but I have the satisfaction to be
+   informed that his Majesty has not lost so valuable an officer.
+
+   The Honourable Captain Dundas, of his Majesty's sloop the Calpe,
+   made his vessel as useful as possible, and kept up a spirited
+   fire on one of the enemy's batteries. I have also to express my
+   approbation of Lieutenant Janvrin, commander of the gun-boats;
+   who, having joined me with intelligence, served as volunteer on
+   board the Caesar.
+
+   I am,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
+
+On the return of the squadron to the Mole of Gibraltar, the following
+public order was issued by the Admiral.
+
+   Caesar, in Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.
+
+   Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez desires to express in the
+   strongest terms the high sense he entertains of the gallantry
+   and valiant conduct of all the captains, officers, and men
+   belonging to the squadron under his orders, in the attack made
+   this day on the enemy's ships and batteries; and, although the
+   result has not proved so successful as his expectations had
+   framed, he trusts that the glory they have acquired on this
+   occasion will ever be acknowledged by their country.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains.
+
+The following addition to Sir James's despatch gives the account of
+the capture of the Hannibal, from Captain Ferris, then a prisoner at
+Algeziras.
+
+   Caesar, Gibraltar, 9th july 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I herewith enclose a letter from Captain Ferris of his Majesty's
+   late ship Hannibal, which I request you will please to lay
+   before their lordships; and I have only to express my deep
+   regret that his well-meant endeavours to bring his ship to close
+   action should have occasioned so severe a loss. I have the
+   honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+   Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+   Algeziras Bay, 7th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I have little more to tell you of the fate of his Majesty's ship
+   Hannibal than yourself must have observed; only, that from the
+   number of batteries, and ships' gun-boats, &c. we had to
+   encounter, our guns soon got knocked up; and I found it was
+   impossible to do anything, either for the preservation of the
+   ship, or for the good of the service. Our boats, sails, rigging,
+   and springs being all shot away, and having so many killed and
+   wounded, as will appear by the annexed list, I thought it
+   prudent to strike, and thereby preserve the lives of the brave
+   men that remained.
+
+   Had I been successful in the view before me previously to the
+   ship taking the ground, my praises of the conduct of my officers
+   and ship's company could not have exceeded their merits; but I
+   have, notwithstanding, the satisfaction to say, that every order
+   was obeyed and carried into execution with that promptitude and
+   alacrity becoming British officers and seamen.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   S. FERRIS.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.
+
+It has now become necessary that we should notice a controversy which
+has taken place between the authors of the different naval histories
+on the subject of the Battle of Algeziras; and we have been led to
+make minute inquiries, first, into the cause of the discrepancies of
+the different accounts; and, secondly, into the truth, which we have
+been the better able to do from our personal knowledge and recent
+communication with some of the officers of the Hannibal and Caesar, on
+whose veracity we can depend. We are happy to add that the result of
+our inquiries has been satisfactory, and, we trust, will completely
+clear up and reconcile the facts, while it will leave no reflection of
+a dubious character on the conduct of the heroic commander of the
+squadron.
+
+It appears that no difference of opinion arose on this subject until
+the court-martial of Captain Ferris, which took place on the 1st
+September 1801, at Portsmouth, Rear-admiral Holloway president; when,
+as usual on trials for the loss of a ship, Captain Ferris read his
+narrative, which he begins thus:
+
+"In giving a detail of the circumstances which led to the loss of his
+Majesty's late ship Hannibal, I am sorry that, owing to my clerk being
+killed, whose remarks were lost,[32] I cannot be so particular as to
+the exact times of signals being made as I otherwise should have been;
+but I shall state them to you to the best of my recollection."
+
+   [32] The captain's clerk is stationed in action to take minutes
+   of the events as they occur.
+
+After this admission, is it not surprising that the controversy should
+be mainly founded on the time at which the Hannibal struck her
+colours? Captain Ferris says, "about two o'clock;" while by the log of
+the Caesar the action had entirely ceased at thirty-five minutes past
+one. It may be asked, why did not the court, which must have seen the
+discrepancy between his narrative and the public and other documents
+before it, inquire into the truth by requiring the evidence of the
+officers and crew, none of whom were examined as to the time the ship
+struck: but the duty of the court being confined to the trial of
+Captain Ferris, his officers and crew, and it being (whether
+supported or not) evident and notorious that they had defended their
+ship to the last extremity, they had (unluckily for Sir James) nothing
+to do but to pronounce an honourable acquittal.
+
+The next contradiction which appears, relates to the boats which were
+sent to the assistance of the Hannibal. Captain Ferris says, "The
+Admiral, having previously made my signal of recall, sent a boat from
+the Caesar, and another from the Venerable, to my assistance; but,
+finding they could afford me none, I sent the Venerable's boat back,
+and the crew of the Caesar in one of my own cutters, their pinnace
+having been sunk by a shot alongside."
+
+I am bound to say that this assertion is not borne out either by the
+testimony of those who were in the boats of the Caesar and the
+Venerable, or by the officers of the Hannibal; because, as will be
+seen hereafter, these boats never reached the Hannibal, when aground,
+until after she had struck her colours.
+
+Captain Ferris next relates that "About twelve o'clock our ships were
+all out of gun-shot of the enemy, and we had the fire of the whole
+French squadron, batteries, and gun-boats, to contend with alone;
+against which we continued to keep up as brisk a fire as could be
+expected, even by men in the most sanguine anticipation of victory,
+until near two o'clock."
+
+Now this is quite impossible, as, by the log of every ship, the
+squadron was engaging much later: by the Caesar, until 1h. 35m.; by the
+Audacious, until 1h. 20m.; by the Venerable, until 1h. 30m. &c.;
+before which, the ensign of the Hannibal was seen, from every ship,
+_Union down_.
+
+It has been unwarrantably alleged by some that the Hannibal hauled the
+ensign down, and then hoisted it reversed, as a signal of distress,
+and afterwards, when she struck, hauled it down; and that the French
+hoisted it union down to decoy the Calpe. But, for the refutation of
+these absurdities, we must refer the reader to the testimony of
+Colonel Connolly, who was then acting captain of the marines, an
+officer of the highest character, whose veracity cannot be questioned;
+and who, moreover, from being the only officer on the poop when the
+colours were struck, had a better opportunity of knowing the facts
+than any other. The following are the questions which we put to
+Colonel Connolly, with his answers, given verbatim:
+
+   Did the enemy take possession of the Hannibal before the colours
+   were hoisted union down?
+
+   The colours were hauled down by Captain Ferris's orders, and
+   remained so; but, being so near the Formidable, the captain of
+   her was on board of us in two minutes after we had struck, and
+   the colours were hoisted _union downwards_ by the Frenchmen.[33]
+
+     [33] When the French happen to take one of our men-of-war,
+     they do not, as we would do, hoist their own colours over
+     their opponents', but hoist the English ensign union
+     downwards. It so seldom happened that an English man-of-war
+     was taken by the French, that this circumstance was known to
+     very few in the navy, and consequently, the ensign reversed
+     was known only as the signal of distress used by
+     merchant-ships.
+
+   Were the colours hoisted union down by the enemy; or, at any
+   time, by Captain Ferris's orders?
+
+   By the enemy.
+
+   Did the boats come _before_ or _after_ the colours were hoisted
+   union downwards, to render her assistance?
+
+   The boats from our ships did not get near us till after we were
+   in possession of the enemy; and I called to an old shipmate of
+   mine in the Venerable's barge, and told him so, as he came under
+   the starboard quarter; but he persisted in coming on board, and
+   was taken.
+
+   What boats were taken; and what boats escaped?
+
+   A good many were taken. The Venerable's barge and her first
+   lieutenant; and another lieutenant, in the Caesar's boat, of some
+   ship lying at Gibraltar; beside the mids. I am not aware indeed
+   that any escaped.
+
+   What French officer took possession of the Hannibal?
+
+   I am not quite certain whether it was the captain of the
+   Formidable or the Dessaix; they were both very close to us:
+   however, he was a very little fellow.
+
+   To what prison were you taken?
+
+   The ship's company were divided into two prisons, which appeared
+   to have been stables. There was no water in one of them, and the
+   distress of our poor fellows, on that account, was truly
+   shocking: often, when they would give money to the people
+   outside to bring them some to drink, they would walk off with
+   it, and never bring the water.
+
+On this occasion Colonel Connolly recognised a French officer who had
+been a short time previously a prisoner on board the Warrior, to whom
+he had been particularly civil, supplying him with linen, &c.; and who
+left the ship with protestations of his desire to make every return in
+his power, if the "fortune of war" should give him an opportunity: but
+when he claimed the performance of his promise, his reply was,
+"Monsieur de Connolly, I very sorry for your misfortune; but I wish
+you good morning!" and left him with a sarcastic sneer.
+
+It is evident, from this testimony, that the colours were only struck
+once, and hoisted once union down, and only hoisted union down by the
+Frenchmen; and that the boats of the Caesar and Venerable were only
+once on board the Hannibal after she was aground; namely, when their
+crews were taken prisoners. But both these boats were actually sent to
+her assistance at a previous period, when the Hannibal was directed by
+the Admiral to endeavour to obtain a position to rake the Formidable;
+and it was then that they were sent back. Captain Brenton first
+received the report of the Hannibal having her colours union downwards
+between twelve and one, while the Caesar was engaging the island
+battery, and the Dessaix and the Muiron.
+
+The Caesar's boat was sent with others to the assistance of the
+Hannibal, according to the log, at seventeen minutes past one, and
+must have reached her certainly before the action ceased, and found
+her in the hands of the enemy, as described by Colonel Connolly.
+
+It is absurd to suppose that, while actually engaging the enemy,
+Captain Ferris would haul down his colours, to hoist them as a signal
+of distress, when he had other ensigns to hoist, and when there was a
+signal in the book, "In distress, and in want of immediate
+assistance:" this is a circumstance which, I will venture to assert,
+never occurred in any naval action.
+
+Captain Brenton, being decidedly of the same opinion, adds, "I can
+only say, when it was reported to me, _while in action_, that the
+Hannibal's colours were reversed, I considered her to be in possession
+of the enemy: that the Admiral took the same view of the subject, I
+have not the least doubt; and I think nothing would have induced him
+to abandon the Hannibal while she was engaged. I will further add,
+that I never remember the slightest doubt being expressed of the
+Hannibal having struck before the action terminated, until I read the
+narrative of Captain Ferris, at his court-martial, some time
+afterwards."
+
+The moment these champions of "liberte, egalite, et la mort," entered
+the Hannibal, plunder was the order of the day; and, in their furious
+haste to get at the officers' trunks, they cruelly trod over the
+wounded in the cockpit and cable-tiers. Colonel Connolly relates that
+in a few minutes one of them had taken his new cocked-hat, and
+appeared on deck with it. He himself had given up seeking his desk,
+which contained a considerable sum of money besides valuable papers,
+because he could not get at it without creeping over the wounded; but
+the French, not so particular, soon found it.
+
+We shall now give the extracts of the various logs to which we have
+had access. These have never yet been published, and we trust they
+will set the matter at rest. It is some satisfaction indeed, that all
+authors agree in declaring that nothing more could have been done, and
+that the honour of the British flag was to the last gloriously
+maintained on the 6th of July 1801.
+
+Extract of the Caesar's log in the Battle of Algeziras, 5th July:
+
+   Winds S.W. and variable. At 12h. 30m. P.M. up mainsail and in
+   royals; at 2h. made the signal for the squadron to prepare for
+   battle, and, anchoring, bent the sheet cable through the
+   larboard gun-room port to the sheet anchor; at 4h. set
+   steering-sails,--fresh breezes and fair; at 8h. moderate
+   breezes,--Cape Moulinau E.N.E. seven or eight miles; at 12h.
+   (midnight), light airs inclinable to calm,--squadron in company,
+   Venerable S.S.E. one mile. At 12h. 30m. (6th), in
+   steering-sails, and at 12h. 40m. lowered down the yawl; at 3h.
+   45m. a breeze sprung up,--made the signal for attention; at 4h.
+   5m. beat to quarters,--Cabrita Point, S.E. by E. three or four
+   leagues,--made the Pompee's signal to close; at 5h. set
+   top-gallant steering-sails, and at 6h. the fore-top-mast
+   steering-sail; at 7h. 45m. made the Venerable's signal to haul
+   the wind,--took in the starboard steering-sails; at 8h. in
+   steering-sails; at 8h. 5m. in top-gallant sails,--made the
+   signal for being at liberty to engage the enemy in passing; at
+   8h. do. to take stations for mutual support; at 8h. 25m. set
+   top-gallant sails,--the enemy's ships opened their fire,--saw
+   the Venerable break round off,--Caesar fired at a Spanish battery
+   in passing; at 8h. 35m. the action commenced with the Pompee,
+   Venerable, and Audacious; at 8h. 45m. made the signal for the
+   ships astern to make more sail; at 9h. light breezes, and
+   variable,--opened our fire, and the engagement became general;
+   at 9h. 15m. passed the Venerable, and came to with the
+   sheet-anchor in nine fathoms,--the sheet-cable became
+   _taut_,--let go the best bower to steady the ship,--Spencer and
+   Hannibal passed under our lee,--hailed them to get the boats
+   ahead, and tow into action,--light airs; at 9h. 35m. the Spencer
+   opened her fire; at 9h. 40m. the Hannibal, do.--our spanker-boom
+   shot away; at 10h. 20m. sent boats to the Pompee and Hannibal;
+   at 10h. 26m. made the Hannibal's signal to tack,--saw the Pompee
+   had broke her sheer, apparently by a flaw of wind, and was raked
+   by the French Admiral; at 10h. 30m. made the Pompee's signal to
+   cut or slip; at 10h. 35m., a breeze springing up from the N.W.,
+   cut our cable, wore, and made sail, engaging the enemy's ships
+   while passing them; at 10h. 50m. the Hannibal opened her fire on
+   the French Admiral; at 10h. 52m. made the signal for the
+   squadron to come to,--the wind on the starboard tack; at 11h.
+   5m. made the signal for the boats to tow the Pompee,--Caesar
+   engaging the southernmost ships,--Audacious, ditto,--Caesar
+   opened her fire on the island battery,--Audacious and Caesar
+   becalmed near the island reef,--boats employed towing the ship's
+   head round; afternoon,--light winds and variable
+   weather,--engaging the enemy; at 12h. 33m. made the signal for
+   the Hannibal being aground,--employed engaging the southernmost
+   ship; at 1h. 17m. Audacious wore,--made the signal for
+   armed-boats to proceed as denoted; at 1h. 35m. the action
+   ceased,--found the main-mast shot through in five places, (and
+   other damage which need not be mentioned,) nine men killed,
+   twenty-five wounded, and seven missing; at 5h. came-to at
+   Gibraltar, with the small bower employed warping alongside of
+   the sheer hulk.
+
+The Venerable's log, which we have examined at the depot at Deptford,
+and which is signed by Captain Hood, fully corroborates the above,
+with the addition,--"At 12h. 40m. sent the first lieutenant in the
+pinnace to assist the Hannibal;" and this officer (Lieutenant Collis)
+in his own journal mentions the same fact. When he arrived at the
+Hannibal, she was in possession of the enemy; and he was taken
+prisoner, with his boat's crew, by persisting to go on board after he
+was warned by Lieutenant (now Colonel) Connolly, of the Marines. He
+says it was in consequence of the ensign being reversed that the boats
+were sent; and, before any of the boats reached her, she was in
+possession of the French, who hoisted the colours union downwards
+themselves, and that they never were hoisted in that manner at any
+other time.
+
+These facts are also corroborated by the logs and journals of the
+Audacious and Spencer, which will be given in the next chapter. Every
+ship, indeed, mentions the impossibility of affording any assistance
+to the Hannibal, and that the signal was not made to leave off action
+until her situation was utterly hopeless.
+
+The nature of the well-protected road of Algeziras being fully
+manifest in the diagram facing the 346th page, it is unnecessary to
+point out the difficulties the squadron had to contend with from the
+five strong batteries, which were served with much effect by the
+French artillerymen. The numerous gun-boats stationed at Algeziras for
+the annoyance of our commerce, were from their constant practice in
+that kind of warfare, of themselves a most formidable enemy; besides,
+the assistance they afforded in warping their ships in-shore, and
+placing them in such a position as to enable the different batteries
+to support them. But the failure of the attack must be mainly
+attributed to the unsteadiness and faintness of the wind, which
+enabled none of the squadron to obtain the position it wished; that
+is, in-shore of the enemy: while, by falling calm at a moment the most
+disadvantageous, it left the ships exposed to the enemy's fire without
+the possibility of returning it.
+
+The loss sustained by each ship was severe. The Caesar had her master,
+Mr. William Grave, six seamen, and two marines, killed; her boatswain,
+G.W. Forster, seventeen seamen, one boy, and six marines, wounded;
+besides the capture of Lieutenant Janvarin, a volunteer, Mr. Richard
+Best, and seven seamen, who were taken by boarding the Hannibal when
+in possession of the enemy. Her masts, particularly the main-mast, and
+yards, were very much injured; her boats were all cut to pieces,
+besides that taken at the Hannibal; and there were many shots in her
+hull. The Pompee had Mr. P. Roxborough, master, Mr. Stewart,
+midshipman, ten seamen, and three marines killed; Lieutenants
+Cheesman, Stapleton, and Innes, Messrs. Currie, Hillier, and Hibbert,
+fifty-three seamen, and ten marines, wounded. She was so completely
+damaged in masts, rigging, and sails, that all hope of refitting her
+as promptly as the rest was at an end. The Spencer had Mr. Spencer, a
+midshipman, and five seamen, killed; Mr. Chatterton, midshipman,
+twenty-three seamen, and three marines wounded. She was damaged
+chiefly in her rigging and sails, which were soon repaired. The
+Venerable had Mr. W. Gibbons, midshipman, and eight seamen, killed;
+Messrs. Austin and Collins, midshipmen, twenty seamen, and four
+marines, wounded; and eight missing. The Hannibal had seventy-five
+killed, among whom were Mr. D. Lindsay, clerk, and Lieut. James
+Williams, R.M.; and seventy wounded and missing. The Audacious had
+eight killed; Lieut. Day, of the Marines, thirty-one seamen and
+marines, wounded. The total loss of the squadron being one hundred
+and twenty-three killed, two hundred and forty-two wounded, and
+twenty-two missing.
+
+The loss of the French and Spaniards, by their own accounts, was
+considerable; the former having three hundred and six killed,--among
+whom were Captains Moncousu, of the Dessaix, seventy-four, and
+Lalonde, of the Indomptable, eighty-four,--and near five hundred
+wounded; five gun-boats were sunk, and others damaged; and the forts,
+in which eleven men were killed, received considerable injury. The
+ships suffered a good deal in hull, masts, and rigging; but not so
+much as was anticipated.
+
+The French, as might be expected, from their usual disregard to truth,
+made this out one of the most brilliant exploits ever performed. Their
+account stated that three French ships had completely beaten six
+English, which took refuge in Gibraltar after leaving the Hannibal in
+their possession, &c.; saying nothing of the heavy batteries and
+gun-boats they had to contend with. But the Spaniards, in the Madrid
+Gazette extraordinary, represented the "action as very obstinate and
+bloody on both sides; and likewise on the part of the batteries, which
+decided the fate of the day:" and in another place, "the fire of our
+batteries was so hot and well supported that the enemy suffered most
+from them; and particularly it is to the St. Jago we owe the capture
+of the English ship, for her bold manoeuvre of attempting to pass
+between the French Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore,
+made her take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertions to
+get her afloat, it was found impossible to move her. Then the fire
+from the battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to
+strike."[34]
+
+   [34] James, vol. iii. p. 120.
+
+The diagram, besides pointing out the situations of the five strong
+batteries, which so completely protect the harbour, and which did the
+greatest execution, shows the first position of the ships about the
+time they all anchored, and before the enemy's ships had warped near
+the shore. The second, represented by the outlines, shows the
+situation of the hostile squadrons at the time the Hannibal struck,
+when the Pompee had nearly reached the Mole, the distance of which
+from Algeziras is little more than four miles, and the Spencer was
+considerably advanced in that direction.
+
+We cannot conclude our account of this action without a few remarks on
+the circumstances we have related. There cannot be a doubt that, had
+the enemy remained in the position he held at the commencement of the
+action, every ship would have been taken. Praise is certainly due to
+Admiral Linois for his able manoeuvre of warping his ships aground,
+being the only chance he had of escaping; while it was acknowledging
+that, as long as his ships were continued afloat, he had no confidence
+in protection from the batteries, strong as they were, against the
+valour and perseverance of British seamen.
+
+Although the attack was not crowned with the success it merited, in a
+national point of view the result was as complete as if the whole
+squadron had been destroyed, as the enemy were thereby prevented from
+proceeding further in the execution of the ulterior object of their
+expedition; and the chance of this alone was sufficient to justify Sir
+James in this bold and daring attempt, which, it will be seen,
+ultimately led to one of the most glorious achievements which adorn
+the annals of the empire.[35]
+
+   [35] The discrepancies between the diagram and _some_ of the
+   statements given in the logs, are easily accounted for by the
+   changes which took place in the positions of the ships during
+   the action.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1801.
+
+   Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.--Copies of the Journals
+   of the Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable.--Remarks on
+   them.--Further particulars.--The Spanish account.--The French
+   account.--Bulletin from the Moniteur.--Anecdote of an occurrence
+   at St. Malo.--Sword presented to Linois.--Lines on the
+   occasion.--His improvement of Naval tactics.--Epigram.--Anecdote
+   of the intrepidity of one of the Caesar's men.
+
+
+It has been mentioned in the preceding chapter that, owing chiefly to
+the minutes of Captain Ferris's court-martial, and to the
+discrepancies in different statements, a controversy has arisen on the
+subject. In order to avoid the possibility of our becoming a party
+thereto, correct copies of the logs, which are now at the Record
+Office in the Admiralty, are subjoined, after having been compared
+with those at Somerset House.
+
+   Copy of the Log of his Majesty's ship Spencer, 6th July 1801.
+
+   Moderate and cloudy,--spoke his Majesty's ship Caesar, which
+   informed us of having intelligence of three sail of French
+   line-of-battle ships and a frigate being in Algeziras
+   Bay,--answered the signal to prepare for battle at
+   anchor,--employed clearing ship for battle at anchor; at 6h.
+   Apes hill S.E.; at half-past 6 beat the general to
+   quarters,--ship clear for action; A.M. light airs and variable;
+   at 4h. sprung up a breeze from the westward; at 7h. 58m. saw
+   three French sail-of-the-line and one frigate, lying under the
+   protection of the Spanish batteries of Algeziras, and a strong
+   fortified island to the southward, and a number of forts and
+   redoubts to the westward of them.
+
+   At 8h. 17m. the batteries commenced firing on the Venerable,
+   Pompee, and Audacious,--Venerable commenced firing; at 9h. 11m.
+   we commenced firing; at 9h. 35m. found the sheet-cable cut
+   through by the enemy's shot; at 9h. 48m. anchored between the
+   Caesar and the Hannibal, Audacious astern, the Pompee on our
+   larboard bow, having a battery and the French Admiral's ship to
+   oppose us on our larboard beam, a battery and gun-boats ahead;
+   at 10h. 33m. dismasted and disabled a gun-boat that was rowing
+   to the assistance of the others; at 10h. 39m. cut the cable per
+   Admiral's order whilst wearing,--the gun-boats attempted to
+   approach us from under the land, but the brisk fire that was
+   kept up made them retreat in great disorder; at 11h. 3m.
+   answered the signal to come to the wind on the larboard tack
+   (No. 98); at 11h. 7m. commenced firing at the outer ships of the
+   enemy, which was kept up at intervals.
+
+   At 11h. 37m. observed the Hannibal under the batteries at the
+   north end of the town, with her main-top-mast shot away and
+   aground, but keeping up a brisk fire on the enemy's ships and
+   batteries; P.M. Hannibal still on shore, but keeping up a brisk
+   fire at the enemy's ships and batteries; at 1h. 16m. observed
+   the Hannibal to slacken her fire, shortly after the ensign
+   hauled down and hoisted union downwards; at 1h. 35m. observed
+   the enemy's boats boarding the Hannibal; at 1h. 44m. ceased
+   firing,--found the ship had suffered considerably in her hull,
+   having several shots on both sides between wind and water. Our
+   loss in the action was six killed, twenty-seven badly wounded,
+   two of whom died of their wounds. The fore-mast, bowsprit,
+   main-top-mast, main-top-gallant yard, and main-top-sail yard
+   badly wounded; the boats and booms shot through in several
+   places; the cutter and yawl that were towing astern were sunk by
+   the enemy. At 6h. 30m. anchored per signal, and moored ship in
+   Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.
+
+The following is a correct copy of the Audacious's log, at Somerset
+House.
+
+This log, like the former, begins in the evening of the 5th July 1801.
+
+   Wind S.W. P.M. moderate and hazy; half-past 2 tacked,--Cape
+   Trafalgar S.E. three or four leagues,--got springs on the
+   anchors; at 8h. standing up the Gut of Gibraltar,--Admiral S. by
+   W. three-quarters of a mile; at 12h. taken aback, came to the
+   wind on the land-tack; at 6h. Gibraltar Rock N. by E. four or
+   five leagues,--shortened sail to let the Pompee go ahead to her
+   station; at half-past 7, saw the enemy's ships at anchor in
+   Algeziras Roads, consisting of three line-of-battle ships, a
+   frigate, gun-boats, &c.; three-quarters past 7, the batteries
+   commenced firing on our ships as they passed; twenty minutes
+   past 8, the enemy's ships began to fire on our ships; at
+   half-past 8, the action became hot on both sides,--the
+   Venerable, Pompee, and Audacious as yet only in action; at
+   half-past 9, the Caesar, Spencer, and Hannibal joined the action
+   against the ships and batteries; at 11h. cut the cables, and
+   tried to tow the ship's head round to the eastward, to bring
+   the ship's broadside to bear on her opponent, but without
+   effect; by this time the sails and rigging being much cut up,
+   and the ship unmanageable, got the kedge anchor with a five-inch
+   hawser out on the starboard bow, and succeeded in bringing the
+   broadside to bear; at noon, light airs inclining to
+   calm,--Caesar, Spencer, under way, still in action.
+
+   P.M. dark weather; at forty-five minutes past 12, the Venerable
+   and Pompee hauled to the wind on the starboard tack; at 1h. cut
+   the sheet-cable, and slipped the end of the kedge hawser, and
+   spring on the sheet-anchor,--got the boats ahead to tow,--found
+   the ship drifting under the island fort, which did us
+   considerable injury,--the rocks close under the lee-bow,--cut
+   away the best bower-anchor to check her head, and bring her
+   broadside to bear, it being calm; at twenty minutes past 1, a
+   light breeze sprung up off-shore,--cut away the best
+   bower-cable, and made sail on the starboard tack,--observed the
+   Hannibal on shore, and the enemy take possession of her; at 4h.
+   anchored in Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.
+
+The next is the journal of Captain Hood of the Venerable.
+
+   6th July 1801.
+
+   Monday, 6th July, wind variable off Algeziras,--Gibraltar Bay,
+   light breezes, and variable,--the captain went on board the
+   Caesar,--all sail set,--squadron in company,--the captain
+   returned,--got the sheet-cable through the stern-port, and bent
+   it to the anchor,--got springs on the sheet and bower-anchors;
+   at 2h. Captain Hood went on board the Admiral; at 3h.
+   returned,--received a midshipman and seven men per the Plymouth
+   lugger, and from the Boladore, Spanish lugger; at 4h. Cape
+   Trafalgar, N.E. seven or eight miles,--all sail set,--made and
+   shortened sail occasionally for the squadron, and tacked
+   occasionally,--A.M. do. weather; at 4h. made more sail; at 7h.
+   discovered the enemy, consisting of three two-decked ships and a
+   frigate, with an Admiral's flag flying, at anchor under the town
+   and batteries of Algeziras, protected by many gun-boats,
+   &c.--all sail set, standing in for the enemy, followed by the
+   Pompee, Audacious, Caesar, Spencer, and Hannibal; at 7h. 50m. the
+   batteries opened their fire on us,--Pompee and Audacious one
+   mile and a half distant from us astern.
+
+   At 8h. it fell calm; at 8h. 20m. the Pompee and Audacious,
+   bringing up the breeze, passed us to windward, when the enemy's
+   ships opened their fire on us; at 8h. 14m. a light air sprung
+   up,--passed the Audacious to leeward, at which time the Pompee
+   and Audacious opened their fire; at 8h. 20m. the breeze dying
+   away, came to with the sheet-anchor, as did the Pompee and
+   Audacious,--hove in the spring; and at 8h. 30m. opened our fire
+   on the French Admiral's ship: at 10h. the Caesar anchored on our
+   bow, and sent a spring on board of us; at the same time the
+   action became general, and the Hannibal got on shore, after
+   attempting to cut off the French Admiral's ship.
+
+   At 10h. 20m. the Pompee drifted between us and the French
+   Admiral's,--hove in our spring, and brought our guns to bear on
+   the other enemy's ship on our bow, and the other's stern: at
+   12h. the Pompee drifted between our fire and the enemy's,--slipt
+   the sheet-cable, and eight-inch hawser, the spring, with the
+   intention of getting alongside the enemy's southernmost
+   ship,--light air springing up at the time from the N.E.; in
+   awaiting this opportunity, the mizen-top-mast, fore-braces, and
+   jibb halyards, with various other standing and running rigging,
+   shot away, and main-mast badly wounded: at 11h. 15m. breeze
+   dying away prevented our intention,--opened our fire on the
+   southernmost ship; at 12h. calm and hazy,--Caesar, Hannibal,
+   Audacious, Spencer, and us still firing on the enemy's ships,
+   batteries, and gun-boats,--boats of the squadron towing off the
+   Pompee to Gibraltar; P.M. calm,--still firing on the enemy's
+   ships, which were warping farther in-shore.
+
+   At 12h. 40m. sent Lieutenant Collis in the pinnace to assist the
+   Hannibal; at 1h. 40m. finding it impossible to near the enemy's
+   ships with safety, it being calm, and a strong current setting
+   in-shore, their batteries firing red-hot shot and throwing
+   shells, ceased the action as per signal, as did the other ships,
+   and steered for Gibraltar,--observed the Hannibal ceased firing,
+   and hoist the colours reversed, having her fore and mainmasts
+   shot away, and being in ten foot water, rendered all assistance
+   useless.
+
+   24 Nov. 1801.[36]
+   S. HOOD.
+
+     [36] The journal of Lieutenant Collis of the Venerable, the
+     officer who was sent to assist the Hannibal, and was taken
+     prisoner when on board, but who was sent to Gibraltar on parole,
+     need not be given, as it is an exact copy of the captain's log.
+
+Thus the logs and journals of the captains and officers of the
+Spencer, Audacious, Venerable, and Caesar, all agree that the Hannibal
+struck her colours between 1h. 20m. and 1h. 40m. The Pompee, being by
+this time near the Mole at Gibraltar, could not see nor take minutes
+of that circumstance. The Spencer, according to her position at that
+time, was in the best situation for seeing the Hannibal, and
+accordingly her log is the most particular. The Caesar's log need not
+be given, as it would be merely a repetition of Captain Brenton's
+narrative. All these agree with Colonel Connolly's testimony, and
+their evidence is quite conclusive as to the following facts; namely,
+that the Hannibal struck her colours before the main-mast fell; that
+these colours were hoisted union down by the enemy, who had possession
+of the ship before the boats came alongside from the Venerable and
+Caesar, and that to save her was quite impossible.
+
+The following further particulars relative to the action are given in
+the extract of a letter from an officer of the Caesar, dated at
+Gibraltar:
+
+   There is one point that needs explanation; namely, when the
+   Caesar cut her cable at half-past ten o'clock, it was from a fine
+   breeze springing up, and the hope of closing with the enemy.
+   Orders were given for that purpose to the Audacious and
+   Venerable; the Caesar wore round them, and brought her broadside
+   to bear on the Indomptable's bow, lying there (about three
+   cables distant from her) a considerable time, with the
+   fore-top-sail to the mast (aback). The Audacious, bringing up a
+   breeze from the north-west, passed between us and the enemy,
+   who, in this part of the day, suffered materially, his
+   fore-top-mast going about five minutes before twelve o'clock.
+   Shortly afterwards, the Audacious and Caesar were becalmed upon
+   the broadside of the Indomptable, without being able to bring
+   one of their guns to bear,--the Caesar not more than three
+   cables' length from the island battery, and the Audacious still
+   nearer,--both ships drifting on the reef.
+
+   It was at this time that Sir James Saumarez formed the
+   resolution of attacking the island with marines. Boats were
+   signalised for the purpose; but, being all employed with the
+   Pompee, or sunk by the enemy's fire, it was found
+   impracticable. A breeze again sprung up, and Sir James directed
+   his ship to be laid alongside of the Indomptable, in the firm
+   resolution of carrying her. The sails were trimmed for that
+   purpose as well as the crippled state of the masts would allow,
+   but a calm ensued. The Venerable had never received the breeze
+   from the time of her cutting, and still lay unmanageable. The
+   Spencer had drifted considerably in repairing her rigging.
+
+The following is a translation of the Spanish official account of the
+battle of Algeziras, 6th July 1801:
+
+   The division of three French line-of-battle ships and one
+   frigate, under the command of Rear-admiral Citizen Linois, that
+   sailed from the road of Toulon on the 25th last June, destined
+   for Cadiz, came in sight of this station and bay on the 1st of
+   July; and, the Levant wind having failed on entering the
+   Straits, they cruised between the coast of Africa and that of
+   Europe, in which they captured the English brig of war the
+   Speedy, of sixteen guns, that was a Mahon packet, and was
+   conducting to Gibraltar a prize, the merchant brig the Union,
+   loaded with oil and provisions.
+
+   The continuation of the westerly winds obliged the said division
+   to come into this port on the 5th instant, at seven in the
+   evening. From that moment, recollecting the desperate attacks of
+   the English at Alexandria and Copenhagen, we could not but
+   expect that their squadron, which had been seen off Cadiz on the
+   3rd instant, under the command of Rear-admiral Saumarez, would
+   come and attack this division. So it happened.
+
+   As soon as the English received intelligence where the French
+   had anchored, they steered directly for the Straits; and, on the
+   6th instant, at half-past six in the morning, six English ships
+   doubled the Point of Carnero, and, coming round the island of
+   Algeziras, advanced in a line within half cannon-shot of the
+   French ships. The batteries of St. Garcia and the island opened
+   their fire upon the English; and afterwards the frigate and
+   republican ships.
+
+   As soon as the English line came opposite the French ships at
+   anchor, they opened upon them an animated, bold, and unremitting
+   fire. The English Admiral having placed himself against the
+   French, and the British ship Hannibal being under sail,
+   cannonaded furiously the French Admiral, who, with superior
+   spirit and success, resisted them; insomuch that, having carried
+   away the Admiral's mizen-mast, and sails of the main and
+   fore-mast, with no small damage of his hull, the commander of
+   the English ship Hannibal, despising the fire from the battery
+   of St. Jago, pushed on to his succour; and, intending to place
+   the French Admiral between two fires, by running between him and
+   the shore, had the imprudence, being unacquainted with his
+   position, to place himself within a quarter of a gun-shot of the
+   battery, and ran aground. He relieved his Admiral, who, after
+   this, went out of the action; but he lost his own ship and crew,
+   as the fire from the battery and French Admiral dismantled him,
+   and killed three parts of his ship's company.
+
+   Until this ship's surrender, which was about the time of the
+   retreat of the English Admiral, the fire was constant upon the
+   two French ships and frigate, as well as upon the seven Spanish
+   gun-boats, the batteries of the island, St. Garcia, St. Jago, La
+   Almiranta, and Almirante, which, as opportunity offered,
+   returned their fire.
+
+   The battle lasted from half-past eight o'clock in the morning,
+   when the fort of St. Garcia opened its fire, till two in the
+   afternoon, when the last shot was fired from the French ship
+   Indomptable. The persevering, active, and tremendous fire of the
+   enemy, and that of the two nations (French and Spanish), were
+   only distinguishable by the prudence, skill, and greatness of
+   soul with which the allied chiefs directed theirs, and the
+   audacity, temerity, and confusion which were shown in that of
+   the English. The idea of this kind of fighting, which we form
+   from the account of the battles of Alexandria and Copenhagen,
+   does not, in proportion to the numbers engaged, bear any
+   comparison with that of Algeziras, either in point of bloodiness
+   or obstinacy.
+
+   The English, after having left the glory and the field of battle
+   to the two nations, covered with shame, and taught by
+   dear-bought experience, have only given an unequivocal proof of
+   their inveterate hatred to France and Spain; since, not being
+   able to obtain any advantage over the French and Spanish forces,
+   they directed their fire against an inoffensive town, which
+   received no small injury in the buildings. This is the only
+   glory which the arms of Great Britain have to boast of.
+
+   The Pompee was towed out of the action by eight boats, who came
+   to her succour from the garrison of Gibraltar. She was kept
+   afloat by casks, or otherwise could not have been brought in.
+
+   The ships of the French Republic which sustained this attack
+   were the Formidable, 84, Citizen Linois; Dessaix, 74, Moncousu,
+   killed; L'Indomptable, 84, La Londe, killed; the frigate Muiron,
+   36, Martinencq; five Spanish gun-boats damaged, and two sunk. In
+   the French ships, three hundred and six killed; one hundred and
+   eighty-four wounded. We suppose in the English squadron above
+   five hundred are killed, and from two hundred and seventy to two
+   hundred and eighty wounded.
+
+   MADRID GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY.
+
+   Merida, 10 July 1801.
+
+   The general commandant of the camp at St. Roque, in a despatch
+   of the 6th instant, transmitted by a courier extraordinary,
+   communicates an account of an action which has been fought
+   between six sail of the line, and other vessels of war,
+   belonging to the English, and the French squadron of three ships
+   of the line, and one frigate, lying at anchor in the harbour of
+   Algeziras; and of the glorious result which has taken place for
+   his Majesty's arms, and those of the Republic, his ally.
+
+   About eight in the morning of that day, (viz. the 6th,) there
+   were seen, coming out of Gibraltar, one ship of eighty-four
+   guns, five of seventy-four, a lugger of sixteen, another of ten,
+   and a polacre of ten, two armed launches, and fourteen boats.
+   This force, under the command of a Rear-admiral, stood into
+   Algeziras, for the purpose of attacking the French squadron then
+   anchored in that port, which, as has been already stated,
+   consisted of three sail of the line, and one frigate. The
+   commanders of this squadron, being aware of the enemy's
+   intention, made their dispositions for defence, placing
+   themselves, as well as they were able, under the cover of our
+   batteries, and waiting in this position for his approach.
+
+   The action commenced at nine; it was very obstinate and bloody
+   on both sides, and likewise on the part of our batteries, which
+   decided the fate of the day. The action was continued till two
+   in the afternoon, at which hour the English drew off with the
+   loss of one ship of the line; taking in tow another, which was
+   dismasted and damaged in the hull; and having sustained very
+   great loss and damage in the rest of their vessels. Their loss
+   in men must have been considerable, as it is certain that a
+   great number were killed and wounded on board all the ships. The
+   French also have been equal sufferers, the killed and wounded
+   in their squadron being estimated at eight hundred: that of our
+   troops has been less; out of the whole, only the royal regiment
+   of Ronda has lost eleven men.
+
+   The fire of our batteries was so hot and well supported, that
+   the enemy suffered most from them; and particularly it is to
+   that of St. Jago we owe the capture of the English ship, for her
+   bold manoeuvre of attempting to pass between the French
+   Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore, made her
+   take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertion to put
+   her afloat, it being found impossible to move her, the fire from
+   the battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to
+   strike. The French vessels, and our batteries, have likewise
+   received a good deal of damage; but they are already in a course
+   of repair; and the most active dispositions are making in order
+   to cause the enemy to repent, should he have any intention of
+   renewing the action with troops so animated and well-conducted
+   as ours and the French have proved themselves in the engagement
+   of the 6th.
+
+The French account of this action, as we have already noticed, was
+still more exaggerated than the Spanish; and, unfortunately for the
+friends and relatives of the Admiral, officers, and men of the
+squadron, it made its way to England some time previously to the
+_true_ accounts,--causing much uneasiness. The _Moniteur_ announced
+that
+
+   On the 5th July, at eight o'clock in the morning, the cannonade
+   commenced against six English ships, which lost no time in
+   coming within musket-shot of the French vessels. The action then
+   became very warm. These two squadrons seemed equally animated
+   with a determination to conquer. If the French squadron had any
+   advantage in point of situation, the English had double their
+   force, and several of their vessels had ninety guns each:
+   already had the English ship, Hannibal, of seventy-four guns,
+   contrived to place herself between the French squadron and the
+   shore. It was now eleven o'clock A.M., and this proved the
+   decisive moment. For two hours the Formidable, the French
+   Admiral's ship, successfully opposed three English ships.
+
+   One of the British squadron, which was singly engaged with a
+   French vessel, struck her colours at three-quarters past eleven.
+   Immediately after, the Hannibal, exposed to the fire of three
+   French ships, which fired from two decks, also struck her
+   colours: about half-past twelve, the English squadron cut their
+   cables, and sailed away. The Hannibal was boarded by the
+   Formidable. Of six hundred men, who composed her crew, three
+   hundred were killed. The first ship that struck her colours was
+   retaken by a great number of gun-boats, and other vessels, sent
+   out from Gibraltar. This action covers the French arms with
+   glory, and shows what they are capable of accomplishing.
+   Rear-admiral Linois _proceeded to Cadiz with the Hannibal, in
+   order to repair her damage_.[37] We wait with impatience the
+   returns of the loss sustained by each ship.
+
+     [37] This was a gratuitous falsehood.
+
+These accounts appear to have reached Paris on the 11th July. On the
+19th, the following bulletin reached St. Malo.
+
+   Three French ships of the line and a frigate, under the command
+   of Rear-admiral Linois, were attacked on the 6th instant by six
+   English sail of the line and a frigate. The English were
+   completely beaten, and took refuge in Gibraltar, leaving in
+   possession of the French the Hannibal, of seventy-four guns:
+   another ship of the line had struck, but was towed off by a
+   great number of gun-vessels, which sailed from Gibraltar to her
+   relief.
+
+About this time, the Jason frigate, having been wrecked near St. Malo,
+the captain and crew were made prisoners. The author was sent in with
+a flag of truce by Commodore Cunningham, of the Clyde, to negotiate
+for the exchange of prisoners; when the French officer, with an air of
+triumph and exultation, handed him a copy of that bulletin: but, as
+soon as the negotiation was ended, the author had the pleasure of
+handing to him, in return, the Gazette account of the victory of the
+13th, which Sir James Saumarez had gained over Linois, and which the
+Commodore had received, fortunately, on that day. The Frenchman's
+chagrin may be easily imagined, when he threw down the Gazette, with
+the exclamation '_Ce n'est pas vrai_!'
+
+On the statement of Linois' victory, as it was called, reaching Paris,
+a handsome sword was sent to him; which, however, did not reach him
+until after his subsequent defeat. On this occasion the following
+Epigram was written.
+
+     In the days of the Bourbons, a man was _rewarded_
+       For _standing_ the brunt of the day:
+     But, now, this old maxim in France is _discarded_,--
+       Men are honoured for _running away_!
+
+In the French accounts nothing was mentioned of their running their
+ships aground to escape from the English, which is, indeed, the only
+thing Citizen Linois deserved any credit for doing. At the same time,
+it could not fail to convince both the French and Spanish troops, of
+the want of confidence he must have had in his crews, and of their
+evident inferiority: it was certainly a new mode of fighting, which
+called forth the following lines on this improvement in naval tactics.
+
+     To mar our skill, fam'd Linois, thou hast found
+     A certain way,--by fighting ships on _ground_;
+     Fix deep in sand thy centre, van, and rear,
+     Nor e'er St. Vincent, Duncan, Nelson, fear.
+     While, o'er the main, Britannia's thunder rolls,
+     She leaves to thee the trident of the _shoals_!
+
+In concluding this chapter, we shall relate the following anecdote of
+British heroism, derived from Captain Brenton's Naval History.
+
+   When, in the hottest part of the action at Algeziras, the Caesar
+   _broke her sheer_,--that is, her situation was altered by a puff
+   or flaw of wind so as to change the direction of her head, and
+   turn her round, that her guns could not be brought to bear on
+   her opponent,--the captain ordered the boat to be lowered down
+   from the stern, to convey a warp to the Audacious; but the boat
+   was found to be knocked to pieces by the enemy's shot. Before
+   other means could be resorted to, Michael Collins, a young
+   sailor belonging to the Caesar's mizen-top, seized the end of a
+   lead-line, and exclaiming, "You shall soon have a warp," darted
+   into the sea from the tafrail, and swam with the line to the
+   Audacious, where it was received, and by that means a hawser was
+   run out which answered the intended purpose.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1801.
+
+   Mole of Gibraltar.--Negociation for the exchange of prisoners
+   unsuccessful.--Captain Ferris and the officers of the Hannibal
+   return on parole.--They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger,
+   which carries home despatches and private letters.--Despatch
+   sent to Lord Keith.--Admiral Saumarez shifts his flag to the
+   Audacious.--Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the
+   Caesar.--Their admirable conduct.--Captain Brenton and the
+   garrison.--Arrival of the Spanish squadron at
+   Algeziras.--Increased exertions of the crews of the
+   squadron.--Private letters.--Preparations to attack the enemy.
+
+
+The squadron being now in the Mole at Gibraltar, the wounded having
+been removed to the hospital, and the necessary orders given for
+refitting with all possible speed, the Admiral lost no time in turning
+his attention to the situation of the captain, officers, and crew of
+the unfortunate Hannibal, which had so nobly maintained the honour of
+the British flag.
+
+Sir Jahleel Brenton says, "He ordered me to take a flag of truce, and
+wait upon the French admiral (Linois), proposing an exchange of
+prisoners, which the latter refused, alleging that it was not in his
+power to establish a cartel for the purpose, until he obtained the
+sanction of the Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent
+off an express, as soon as the firing had ceased, on the preceding
+day; but he consented to send over on parole Captain Ferris and the
+officers of the Hannibal. The object of the French Admiral was very
+obvious; he concluded we wanted to replace the men who were killed,
+and wounded; but he justly thought, that sending officers on parole
+would be an act of harmless courtesy, from which we could reap no
+immediate benefit. It will be seen that, after the second action, when
+his dispatches from Algeziras could scarcely have reached Paris, (only
+six days having elapsed,) he did not wait for an answer from the
+Minister of Marine. But circumstances had altered; we had taken a
+line-of-battle ship, and burned two first-rates; and he then wished to
+get back as many of the crews as possible."
+
+The following correspondence, which took place between Sir James
+Saumarez and the French Admiral Linois, shows the deep interest Sir
+James took in the distressing situation of the crew of the Hannibal,
+of which an account was brought to him by Captain Brenton, together
+with the assurance that Captain Ferris and his officers would be
+liberated on parole.
+
+   Caesar, off Rosia Bay, 8th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Solicitous as I am for the welfare of the men unfortunately
+   wounded on board his Majesty's ship Hannibal, and desirous to
+   have them conveyed as speedily as possible to this garrison, I
+   propose to send a boat early to-morrow morning with a flag of
+   truce, and I trust no objection can be made to their coming by
+   her.
+
+   Being informed that Captain Ferris and his officers have
+   permission to come on their parole, a boat will also be sent for
+   them. I have the honour to be, sir,
+
+   Your most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Linois,
+   commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.
+
+The boat having returned from Algeziras with Captain Ferris and his
+officers, but not with the crew of the Hannibal, Sir James despatched
+another boat, with the following letter to Admiral Linois:
+
+   Caesar, off Rosia Bay, 9th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Having received different reports, particularly from Captain
+   Ferris, that the men who had the misfortune of being wounded on
+   board his Majesty's ship Hannibal are left in the most
+   afflicting condition, and are unprovided with every kind of
+   refreshment, I am impelled, from motives of humanity, to renew
+   my application to you that they may be permitted to come to this
+   place by the boat now sent for them; and that you will also
+   permit those wounded men who are confined in the prison, and
+   who, I understand, are without any surgical attendance whatever,
+   to accompany them. I have the honour to be, sir,
+
+   With all possible regard, your obedient servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Rear-admiral Linois,
+   commanding the French squadron at Algeziras.
+
+This application was, however, not attended with success; and the
+sufferings of the unfortunate wounded at Algeziras were extreme, until
+circumstances changed, in consequence of the second action.
+
+We shall now continue the authentic and interesting communication
+which Sir Jahleel Brenton has so kindly made to us:
+
+   "The morning of the 7th July was passed in getting the Caesar
+   secured in the Mole, and in landing the wounded men that still
+   remained on board; also in stripping the ship, and in
+   ascertaining the amount of injury she had sustained. The
+   main-mast was so much injured that it became necessary to take
+   it out and get in a new one; the fore-mast was also very badly
+   wounded, but capable of being fished and rendered serviceable.
+   Every effort was made to complete our repairs, and get again
+   ready for sea. On the following day, Captain Ferris and his
+   officers, who were sent on parole, arrived. They were
+   accompanied by Lord Cochrane and the officers of the Speedy,
+   sloop of war, which had been taken on the 3rd by Linois'
+   squadron, off Malaga."
+
+The Admiral now prepared duplicates of his despatches for the
+Admiralty, which Lieutenant Janvarin, of the Calpe, who was taken in
+the Caesar's boat, assisting the Hannibal, had been previously charged
+to carry to Faro. These were confided to Lieutenant Hills, of the
+Hannibal, who, with Captain Ferris, were embarked on board the
+Plymouth lugger for England. Sir Jableel Brenton says: "On taking
+leave of the Admiral, the scene was deeply interesting, and even
+affecting. Sir James, after giving Captain Ferris the highest credit
+for his gallant daring, to which the loss of the Hannibal was
+attributed, and lamenting that their united endeavours had not been
+crowned with the success they merited, added, adverting to his
+despatches, 'Tell them, sir, that I feel convinced I shall soon have
+an opportunity of attacking the enemy again, and that they may depend
+on my availing myself of it.'"
+
+On the 9th, in the afternoon, the Superb and Thames, which had
+continued to watch the enemy off Cadiz, were seen coming through the
+Straits under a crowd of canvass, with the signal for an enemy flying;
+and they had scarcely rounded Cabrita Point before the Spanish
+squadron, consisting of six sail of the line, were seen in pursuit of
+them, and soon after anchored in Algeziras with the French squadron.
+
+Sir James now added the following to his despatches to Lord Keith:
+
+   Caesar, Gibraltar, 9th July 1801.
+
+   MY LORD,
+
+   I have the honour to inform your lordship that the Superb and
+   Thames are now standing into the bay, with the signal for the
+   enemy's being in sight; and I understand from Governor O'Hara
+   that he has information from Cadiz that all the Spanish and
+   French ships in that port were ordered to Algeziras Bay to take
+   the French ships to Carthagena.
+
+   I hope to have all the squadron ready before this day week; and,
+   as they cannot possibly put to sea under a fortnight at the
+   earliest, I hope something may join me from your lordship before
+   they can put to sea: but, on the event of their sailing before
+   such junction, I shall follow them up with all the ships with
+   me, and proceed off Minorca, which will be my rendezvous till I
+   have the honour of hearing from your lordship.
+
+   I am sorry to mention that the Hannibal is got off; but Captain
+   Ferris, who has just come over on his parole, describes her in
+   the worst condition, as well as the three French ships, and does
+   not think they can be repaired under a fortnight or three weeks
+   at the earliest; as does Lord Cochrane, who is likewise come
+   over on his parole.
+
+   I have the honour to be
+   Your lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Right Hon. Lord Keith, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
+
+The public despatches being closed, Sir James wrote the following
+letters, which were sent by the same conveyance; and, as they contain
+his own private feelings on the occasion, they will be read with
+interest:
+
+   Caesar, Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR RICHARD,
+
+   After the warm expectations my friends have always formed for my
+   success in the public service, they will be distressed on being
+   informed of my having failed in an enterprise with the squadron
+   on three French line-of-battle ships at anchor off Algeziras. I
+   was informed by different expresses from this garrison of their
+   having attempted to pass the Straits for Cadiz, and having
+   anchored at some distance from the batteries. I made sail
+   yesterday with the intention to attack them, if found
+   practicable. We got round the point of the bay at about seven
+   this morning, and at half-past eight the action began, and
+   during the first hour, promised the most favourable hopes of
+   success; when, by a most unfortunate circumstance, the Hannibal
+   got aground, and at once destroyed all my expectations, though
+   the action was continued for nearly four hours after.
+
+   Every possible effort was made to rescue her from the enemy's
+   fire; and after repeated attempts, and a very great risk of this
+   ship and the Audacious getting on shore under the enemy's
+   batteries, I was under the necessity of abandoning the Hannibal
+   to her fate. Although we have not succeeded in bringing off the
+   enemy's ships, they are, we believe, very seriously damaged. Two
+   of them are aground, and it is not expected they will be got
+   off.
+
+   Wednesday, 9th July 1801.
+
+   Having found a conveyance by way of Tangier, I sent you a
+   duplicate of this. The Superb and Thames have just made their
+   appearance, with the signal for the enemy being out of port. I
+   think it is a good thing to have drawn them this way, as I trust
+   the first Levanter will bring us ships from the Mediterranean.
+   Captain Ferris goes by this opportunity, and has promised to
+   forward this immediately to you. He will be heard of at the
+   Admiralty, or at the Adelphi Hotel. Great praise is due for the
+   brave defence of his ship.
+
+   10th July 1801.
+
+   It is incalculable how much I have on my hands, night and day;
+   but, thank God! my health is good, though my anxiety is great. A
+   fresh Levanter having sprung up, the lugger sails immediately.
+   Phil. Dumaresq is very well, as are all the others. Poor Graves
+   is the only person we have lost of the class of officers. I also
+   wrote to you, by way of Lisbon, only an hour since, and just
+   before the easterly wind set in. I trust none of my friends will
+   suffer anxiety on my account. This will be addressed to you, my
+   dear Richard, and you will forward it to my brother. He will be
+   happy in being able to satisfy those who have friends on board
+   that they have all escaped unhurt. H. Brock, with the young men
+   from the island, are all well. I am, &c.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Richard Saumarez, Esq.
+
+Extracts of letters written on the 7th July 1801, to Lady Saumarez:
+
+   I have formed a thousand apprehensions lest an account of the
+   events of yesterday should reach England through France before
+   the arrival of my despatches (which were sent off by way of
+   Faro), and fill your mind with cruel anxiety on my account; and
+   this fear is much increased lest those despatches should not
+   even arrive, as I was obliged to send them by a doubtful
+   opportunity, through Tetuan and Tangier, the wind not admitting
+   any vessel to pass the Straits.
+
+   Trusting, however, to their safety, I will not repeat their
+   contents; but will only observe that, when I sat down to write
+   to you, it was the first interval of rest from one of the most
+   bustling scenes I ever witnessed, and from experiencing one of
+   the severest disappointments I have ever known; having, for a
+   considerable period during the action, flattered myself with the
+   strongest confidence that the most complete success would have
+   attended the enterprise.
+
+   I resign myself to the decree of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, whose will
+   the winds obey; and I have great cause to be thankful for not
+   having been forsaken in the hour of danger, but for having my
+   courage strengthened as the peril increased. Feeling, as I do,
+   all the responsibility on an event of this importance to the
+   country, I should be miserable had I to reproach myself for
+   having undertaken the enterprise on light grounds, or with
+   having failed in the planning or in the execution; but, on the
+   contrary, it is admitted by every one to have been most
+   judicious. It is therefore only in the result that I have been
+   unfortunate, and that arising from unforeseen and inevitable
+   causes. I have been too much employed to reflect on the light in
+   which the business may be viewed in England; but, conscious of
+   having done my duty, and to the utmost of my exertions, I shall
+   be indifferent as to the rest. I only trust that all my friends,
+   but you more particularly, will be superior to any reflexions
+   that may be made, should there be any unfavourable to me; though
+   I hope for better things, and that with the liberal, at least,
+   that which has been well intended, and carried on with conduct
+   and bravery, will be held in some estimation.
+
+Admiral Linois, from the specimen he had had of the determined
+perseverance of the British commander-in-chief, had no wish to try
+another contest; nor was it possible for him to escape the risk of
+one, either by lying under the protection of the Spanish batteries, or
+by proceeding to Cadiz. He lost no time, therefore, in sending an
+express to the Spanish Admiral Mazzaredo, and the French Rear-admiral
+Dumanoir, who, with Commodore Le Ray and other officers and men, had
+previously arrived in two frigates at Cadiz for the purpose of
+equipping the Spanish fleet, imploring the assistance of a squadron to
+convoy them to Cadiz, before the English ships under Sir James
+Saumarez could be refitted; adding in his despatch, "I have just
+received advice that the enemy intends burning us at our anchorage. It
+is in your power to save for the Republic three fine ships of the line
+and a frigate by merely ordering the Spanish squadron to come and seek
+us."
+
+This demand, through the influence of Admiral Dumanoir, was
+immediately acceded to by Mazzaredo, who ordered Vice-admiral Moreno
+to proceed with five sail of the line, three frigates, and a lugger,
+accompanied by the San Antonio, manned partly with French and
+Spaniards, in which Admiral Dumanoir hoisted his flag. The movements
+of these ships were observed by Captain Keats in the Superb, who, in
+consequence of information he had received from an American, returned
+with the Thames and Pasley off Cadiz.
+
+At daylight, on the 9th, this squadron put to sea, except the San
+Antonio, which, being unable to fetch out, came to an anchor in the
+road. The rest made sail up the Straits, preceded by the Superb,
+Thames, and Pasley; and, the wind being fair, the former reached
+Algeziras about four P.M., while the latter, as already stated,
+anchored in Gibraltar Bay, to unite their efforts in refitting the
+shattered ships. On the next morning, the San Antonio, with Admiral
+Dumanoir's flag, arrived at Algeziras.
+
+As the object of this overwhelming force could be no other than to
+conduct in safety the three French ships, and their prize the
+Hannibal, to Cadiz or Carthagena, the exertions of the British
+officers and men were redoubled in getting the damaged ships ready to
+meet the enemy. They accomplished what has been justly acknowledged,
+one of the most extraordinary undertakings ever known.
+
+The Pompee was in too bad a state to leave any hopes that she could be
+got ready in time; her men, therefore, were distributed to assist in
+repairing the other ships: and all idea of refitting the Caesar was on
+the point of being abandoned!
+
+The following account given by Captain Brenton will be read with much
+interest: "Sir James now expressed the greatest anxiety to have as
+many of his little squadron as possible ready for action, that he
+might avail himself at any moment of the motions of the enemy to make
+an attack upon some part of them; and despairing, from the state of
+the Caesar, that she could possibly be got in readiness before the
+departure of the ships from Algeziras, he expressed a wish that the
+deficiencies in the other ships might be made up from the crew of the
+Caesar; but on my entreaty for permission to keep them while a
+possibility remained of getting her in a state to receive his flag
+again, he consented, hoisting it for the time on board the Audacious.
+
+"On communicating to the people what had passed, there was a universal
+cry, 'All hands all night and all day until the ship is ready!' so
+earnest were they to carry the flag of their beloved Admiral again
+into battle, and so sanguine in the expectation of victory,
+notwithstanding the disparity of force,--nearly _two to one_! This I
+could not consent to, as they would have been worn out and incapable
+of further exertion; but I directed that all hands should be employed
+during the day, and that they should work _watch and watch_ during the
+night. They immediately commenced their various duties, with all the
+energy and zeal that could be expected from men under such powerful
+causes of excitement. The new main-mast was got in forthwith, and
+extraordinary efforts made to refit the rigging.
+
+"On Saturday, the 11th, the enemy showed symptoms of moving; and the
+Admiral, fearing they might get out in the night, again suggested that
+the people from the Caesar should be distributed, and every idea of
+getting her ready abandoned; but I entreated, and obtained permission
+to keep them during that night, under the promise that they should be
+held in readiness at a minute's warning to proceed to the ship pointed
+out to receive them.
+
+"The enemy having anchored again, the Admiral went to dine with the
+governor; and, on his return on board, was greatly delighted at
+beholding the ship apparently ready for sea, although much yet
+remained to be done."
+
+We must here pay a just tribute to the professional abilities and
+conduct of Captain (now Sir Jahleel) Brenton. He was, in the first
+place, well aware of the magnitude of the labour which the men had to
+perform, and saw the danger of allowing his brave crew to be worn out
+with fatigue in attempting that to which the human frame is unequal.
+He therefore decided that, instead of working on until the labour was
+finished, according to the seamen's laudable wishes, they should have
+such a portion of rest as would enable them to resume their labour
+with renewed energy. In the second place, he knew that without system,
+the exertions of the men would be in vain; but the admirable
+directions he gave employed every man in what he was best able to
+perform without impeding his neighbour, whilst every part of the
+labour advanced simultaneously. There has, indeed, never yet been on
+record an instance of a ship performing such a task so well and in so
+short a time.
+
+Although the services going on required many men to be on shore for
+gunpowder and other stores, to replace what had been expended, there
+was not a single complaint of any one absenting himself from his duty,
+or of being intoxicated; though the inducement must have been great,
+from the number of wine-houses on the Rock: but such was the desire of
+these brave fellows to be avenged for the loss of the Hannibal, that
+they would not allow any temptation to induce them to swerve from the
+duty they had to perform.
+
+The extraordinary anxiety of mind, and the multiplicity of duty he had
+to perform, did not divert the attention of Sir James from the
+situation of the unfortunate crew of the Hannibal, especially the
+wounded, who were suffering as well from want of proper surgical care
+as from the treatment they had received. He once more made a strong,
+but fruitless attempt for their exchange, by addressing the following
+letter to Admiral Linois:
+
+   Caesar, off Rosia Bay, 10th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I am impelled by motives of humanity again to renew my
+   application in behalf of the men unfortunately wounded on board
+   his Britannic Majesty's ship Hannibal, and to request they may
+   be permitted to come to this garrison without delay. A
+   proposition so conformable to the laws of civilised nations I
+   trust cannot be rejected; but, should you further refuse to
+   comply with it, you must take upon yourself the impression all
+   the world must have of so cruel a proceeding as to deny those
+   unhappy people the benefit of their own hospital, where they
+   would receive surgical assistance, and not be subjected to the
+   severe treatment they have so long experienced in their present
+   situation.
+
+   I am, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAMES SAUMAREZ.
+
+   Rear-admiral Linois, &c. &c. &c.
+
+No answer having been given to this application, the correspondence
+ended, to be resumed under more favourable circumstances.
+
+Sir James now added to the duplicates of his despatches (which had
+been sent in charge of Lieutenant Janvarin, by way of Tangier,) the
+following letter to his brother:
+
+   Caesar, Gibraltar, 10th July 1801.
+
+   You will, I hope, receive the letters I have written to you on
+   the subject of the enterprise of our squadron against three
+   ships of the line and a frigate, at anchor in Algeziras Bay,
+   last Monday; for a more particular account of which I must refer
+   you to my public letter. But as my friends, with their usual
+   anxiety on my account, will naturally wish further information
+   from me, I must assure them in justice to myself and for their
+   satisfaction, that everything was done that depended on myself,
+   both in the planning and executing the business; but I cannot be
+   accountable for the accidents that prevented its success. Even
+   within an hour from our first engaging, and before any of our
+   ships had sustained much injury, the Pompee, which was
+   remarkably well placed against the inner ship, which proved to
+   be the French Admiral, had at one time nearly silenced her, and
+   must have done so in less than ten minutes, had not an
+   unfortunate flaw of wind _broke her sheer_; and from that moment
+   she was unable to bring one of her guns to bear on the enemy's
+   ship.
+
+   A short time after, the Hannibal got a fine breeze of wind, and
+   was lying up in the handsomest manner for the French ship; but
+   unfortunately, wishing to go between her and the shore, got
+   aground. Surely in either of these instances I was not
+   concerned.
+
+   I had, before this, cut our cables, to profit by a favourable
+   breeze to close the other two ships; but before we got near them
+   it failed us, as well as the Audacious, and with the current we
+   drove close to the island battery, where we remained a
+   considerable time before either of the ships could clear a shoal
+   close to it. At length a fine breeze sprung up, which gave the
+   most favourable hope of carrying us close to the enemy's ships,
+   and, by silencing them, to extricate the unfortunate Hannibal.
+
+   But here, again, it most unhappily failed us; and although we
+   had, at different times, opened a heavy fire upon them, we were
+   still not sufficiently near to silence them effectually; and,
+   the wind all the time leading us farther off, I was constrained
+   to abandon all hopes of success, and proceeded with the squadron
+   to this anchorage.
+
+   The Superb yesterday joined us, with the Thames. Captain Keats,
+   having seen the enemy coming out of Cadiz, appeared with the
+   signal of their being in sight, and they soon after came round
+   Cabrita Point. Two are three-deckers, and three are
+   seventy-fours, with three frigates. If it draws this force to
+   the Mediterranean, some good may come from it. A squadron is
+   hourly expected from Lord Keith, and probably some ships may
+   soon join us from England. We shall have all the ships in
+   readiness; and the junction of a few ships, would make us again
+   superior to the enemy's force. I must not forget to mention
+   that Captain Brenton has shown himself a brave and most able
+   officer.
+
+   It is with difficulty I have found a leisure moment to write
+   this. All I request of my friends is, to feel assured that the
+   failure of this enterprise has in no instance proceeded from
+   myself; and every one is ready to acknowledge that I did, in
+   every respect, all that depended on me. This, you will perceive,
+   is written in the midst of much bustle and a most active scene.
+
+The despatches contained accounts of the arrival of the Spanish
+squadron, and of Sir James's determination to attack them if they
+attempted to put to sea, even with the force under his command. He
+also sent despatches to Lisbon to delay any convoys which might be
+sailing; and to Lord Keith, in the Mediterranean, to inform his
+lordship of all the circumstances we have related. The Plymouth lugger
+had already sailed, the wind being fair, with Captain Ferris, who, as
+well as Lieutenant Hills, were bearers of the interesting details.
+
+The intense interest which these circumstances created on the Rock of
+Gibraltar is far beyond description; nor do we know whether the kind
+and sympathising reception which the suffering heroes met with on
+their return from Algeziras was more worthy of praise than the
+unparalleled exertions made to renew the conflict. On the one hand,
+had the squadron arrived after the most complete and glorious victory,
+they could not have been received in a manner more gratifying to
+their feelings; while, on the other hand, it was evident that every
+man was worthy of such generous and such noble conduct.
+
+The attention of the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants,
+although themselves in a state of privation, was unremitting. We shall
+leave them for the present preparing to take farewell of each other on
+the evening before the Admiral's departure, to meet what must have
+appeared to every spectator an overwhelming foe!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1801.
+
+     Occurrences at Gibraltar.--Determination of Sir James to attack
+     the combined squadron.--Caesar rehoists the Admiral's flag.--Sir
+     J. Brenton's description of that interesting scene.--His
+     account of the battle.--Destruction of two Spanish
+     three-deckers.--Capture of the St. Antonio.--Action between the
+     Venerable and Formidable.--Public letters.--Private
+     letters.--French details of the battle.--Spanish ditto.--Orders
+     of sailing.--Remarks.
+
+
+General O'Hara the gallant governor, and the brave garrison of
+Gibraltar, had beheld from the Rock, which is only four miles from
+Algeziras, the long-contested, severe, but unfortunate conflict of the
+6th of July. They had witnessed the bravery of their countrymen. Their
+intense anxiety for the success of the Admiral's daring attack had
+been changed into sympathy for the loss his squadron had sustained;
+and, fully convinced that not only no honour had been sacrificed, but
+that the character of the nation had been gloriously maintained, the
+unsuccessful were received at the Rock, as if they had returned from a
+victory. The garrison beheld with admiration the wonderful efforts
+which were made to meet a still more formidable foe. Every day marked
+the progress of the Herculean labours in preparation for that event;
+the exertions, zeal, and intrepidity of Sir James's officers and crews
+increased in proportion to the multiplied force of the enemy, which,
+to men of any other cast, would have appeared overwhelming!
+
+After one of the severest engagements on record, the British squadron,
+in the short space of five days, had repaired its damages, and sought
+the enemy, whose force had been nearly tripled by the junction of six
+ships and three frigates from Cadiz. With such men, and in such a
+cause, victory seemed certain, notwithstanding the great disparity of
+force between the belligerents, and the exertions of the enemy proved,
+that he expected a tremendous struggle. Every circumstance contributed
+to render the approaching contest more eventful. Their late
+unsuccessful attack only served to animate the officers and crews with
+a noble enthusiasm, and a desire to put their valour to another but a
+fairer trial; and they well knew that their Admiral would lead them to
+the combat with that consummate skill, and deliberate courage which
+had so justly rendered his name illustrious.
+
+At length the moment arrived. The enemy, whose force almost tripled
+that of the English, were seen under sail; the wind was fair, and the
+weather fine. The Caesar, having rehoisted the Admiral's flag, made the
+signal to prepare for battle!
+
+For a description of the intensely interesting and animating scene
+which followed, we gladly avail ourselves of a communication kindly
+made to us by Sir Jahleel Brenton, the gallant captain of the Caesar on
+that memorable occasion.
+
+"12th July 1801.--At daylight the enemy were seen making every
+preparation for sailing; and in the course of the forenoon were
+getting under way, and working out of the bay with a fresh wind from
+the eastward. As they required to make several tacks for this purpose,
+it was past one o'clock before the headmost ships could clear Cabrita
+Point, when they brought to, to wait for the others to join them.
+
+"At half-past two the Caesar hauled out of the Mole, her band playing
+"Cheer up my lads, 'tis to glory we steer!" which was answered by the
+military band on the Mole-head with "Britons, strike home!" At the
+same moment the Admiral's flag was rehoisted on board the Caesar; and
+sail being made upon her, she weighed amidst the deafening cheers and
+acclamations of the garrison, and the whole assembled population,
+carrying with her the sincerest and most ardent wishes for victory.
+
+"She took her station off Europa Point, with the signals for her
+little squadron to close round her, and to prepare for battle.[38] We
+then returned the salute which had been fired by the garrison on
+entering the bay on the 6th; and which, in consequence of being
+immediately engaged with the enemy, we could not do at the time. It
+was delightful during this and the preceding days to witness the calm,
+but decided manner of the admiral. He had evidently calculated the
+awful responsibility under which he was placed; and this, at the same
+time, was self-imposed; for it was by no means incumbent on him as a
+duty, with only five sail of the line, viz. the Caesar, Superb,
+Spencer, Venerable, and Audacious, to attack an enemy with six fresh
+ships, of which number two mounted one hundred and twelve guns each,
+one of ninety, and three of seventy-four, in addition to the three
+French ships we had already engaged, and their prize, the Hannibal.
+But our chief had counted the cost, and made up his mind to the
+enterprise. His intention was to throw his whole force upon whatever
+part of the enemy's line he might be able to reach; depending upon the
+talents of his captains, and the discipline of his ships, to make up
+for the disparity of force, especially in a night action.
+
+   [38] While off Europa point, and probably at the distance of
+   more than half a mile, a boat with two men was observed
+   pulling towards us, and, on coming alongside, the men proved
+   to be two of our own people, who had been wounded in the
+   action of Algeziras, and sent to the hospital at Gibraltar. On
+   seeing the ship under sail, with the evident intention of
+   attacking the enemy, these gallant fellows asked permission of
+   the surgeon to rejoin their ship, and being refused, on
+   account of their apparent unfitness, they made their escape
+   from the hospital, and taking possession of the first boat
+   they could find, pulled off to the ship.
+
+   Two other seamen belonging to the Pompee, who had not been
+   selected as part of the reinforcement to the crews of the other
+   ships, secreted themselves on board the Caesar, and the day after
+   the action presented themselves on the quarter-deck, with a
+   request that intercession might be made for them with their
+   captain, telling their story in the following quaint
+   manner:--"Sir, we belongs to the Le Pompee, and finding our ship
+   could not get out, we stowed ourselves away in this ship, and,
+   in the action, quartered ourselves to the "10th gun, and
+   opposite ---- on the lower deck," referring, at the same time, to
+   the officer in command of this division of guns, for the truth
+   of their statement.
+
+"The squadron was soon assembled off Europa, and we beheld that of the
+enemy forming their line off Cabrita, about five miles to leeward,
+waiting for the Hannibal, which was the last ship to leave Algeziras.
+Sir James now made the interrogatory signal to know if all the ships
+were ready for battle, which was most properly answered in the
+negative, as all had much to do. The time which the combined squadron
+took to get into the order of battle and sailing was invaluable to all
+of us, by enabling us to complete the arrangements so necessary upon
+so momentous an occasion. At length, every ship having announced her
+readiness for action, the Admiral made the signal for them to be
+prepared to follow his motions. He had already communicated with his
+captains his plan of attack, and no other signal was made, or was
+necessary.
+
+"_At eight o'clock_ the Hannibal, unable to work out of the Bay, was
+observed to anchor again at Algeziras, and the enemy bore up through
+the Straits; the Caesar's helm was instantly put up, a blue light being
+burned at the same time for the squadron to follow. At 8h. 40m. the
+Superb was gaining fast upon us, and the Admiral ordered me to hail
+Captain Keats, directing him to engage the ship nearest to the Spanish
+shore. The enemy was retreating in two lines abreast, thus:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(Representation of illustration follows)
+
+             S
+
+
+
+               H
+
+           2   3   4
+
+     5   6   7   8   9   10
+
+the three French ships in the van, the Spanish squadron in the rear.
+Had the Hannibal succeeded in getting out of the bay, she was to have
+taken the station ahead of the French ships, at the place marked with
+a cross H, in order to put her in the greatest security, and to
+preserve their trophy.
+
+"At five minutes past eleven the Superb opened her fire; and, very
+shortly after, the two sternmost ships of the enemy were seen to be in
+flames. We were rapidly approaching them, and orders had been sent
+down to the officers at their quarters to fire as soon as the guns
+would bear.
+
+"I was at this time standing on the poop ladder, near the Admiral,
+when he seized me by the shoulder, and, pointing to the flames
+bursting out, exclaimed, 'My God, sir, look there! the day is ours!' A
+more magnificent scene never presented itself, as may be easily
+imagined, than two ships of such immense magnitude as the Spanish
+first-rates, on board of each other in flames, with a fresh gale, the
+sea running high, and their sails in the utmost confusion. The flames,
+ascending the rigging with the rapidity of lightning, soon
+communicated to the canvass, which instantly became one sheet of fire.
+A very general feeling of regret and sympathy seemed to be quickly
+experienced around us when we beheld the Spanish colours brilliantly
+illuminated by the dreadful conflagration, instead of the French. The
+unfortunate Spaniards, having become at once the tools and the victims
+of France, were objects of our sincere commiseration.
+
+"The Superb was now seen a little way on the starboard bow, engaged
+with one of the enemy's ships, while several others were in sight at a
+distance ahead. We kept on our course, and after having fired a
+broadside into the Superb's opponent, (which, however, was already
+nearly silenced), continued the chase, followed by the Venerable; but,
+when nearly the length of Trafalgar, our wounded masts complained so
+much, that we were under the necessity of close-reefing the
+main-top-sail, and taking in the fore-top-sail. The Admiral was also
+anxious to get his squadron round him, that he might, with his
+collected force, reach Cadiz before the morning, and cut the enemy off
+from the only port in which they could find security.
+
+"The easterly wind, which, although blowing with great violence in the
+Straits, is seldom felt close in shore on either the Spanish or
+African coasts, entirely failed us as we hauled round Cape Trafalgar,
+and left our ship rolling heavily in the swell, to the great danger of
+our masts. At half-past twelve o'clock one of the Spanish
+three-deckers blew up, with a tremendous explosion, and soon after the
+other. They had previously separated, after their masts had fallen,
+and the rigging was consumed; and they were seen for some time
+burning at a distance from each other, before their fatal termination.
+
+"As the Admiral and myself were looking over the chart together, in
+order to shape our course for Cadiz, we heard an alarming cry of
+'Fire!' and, running out upon deck, were enveloped in a thick
+sulphrueous smoke, which seemed to pervade every part of the ship.
+Soon, however, we found it clear away, and ascertained the cause to
+be, that we had run into the column of smoke and vapour arising from
+the explosion of the Spanish ship, which, being too dense to rise, lay
+along the surface of the water. We gradually emerged from this, and
+were relieved from our apprehensions of sharing the fate of our
+unhappy enemies.
+
+"At the dawn of day we saw the Venerable close to a French
+line-of-battle ship, and drawing up with her by the aid of a light air
+off the Spanish shore. At five o'clock the Venerable opened her fire
+upon the enemy. The breeze dying away, the two ships were enveloped in
+a cloud of smoke. The Caesar, at the distance of about a mile and a
+half, was perfectly becalmed. The boats were sent ahead, in hopes of
+being able to tow her within gun-shot of the enemy. In the course of a
+short time, a light breeze having dispersed the dense cloud of smoke
+which the fire of the two ships had occasioned, we discovered the
+Venerable with her main-mast gone, and her opponent availing herself
+of the air from the eastward to draw away, and pursue her course for
+Cadiz, firing her stern-chasers at the Venerable. The remainder of the
+enemy's squadron, consisting of five sail of the line and one frigate,
+in which both the French and Spanish admirals were embarked, were
+discerned in the N.W., at a considerable distance, coming down with a
+westerly wind.
+
+"The Superb having secured the prize, was approaching us from the
+S.E., and the Spencer and Audacious were also to the southward. Such
+was the relative situation of the squadrons, when, at eight minutes
+past eight, the Venerable made the signal of having struck on a shoal.
+The Admiral, very apprehensive of her falling into the hands of the
+enemy, sent me with discretional orders to Captain Hood, that, should
+he not be able to get her off the shoal, he might put his men into the
+Thames, and burn the Venerable, making the signal at the same time for
+the Thames to close with the Venerable as soon as possible. I had
+scarcely left the Caesar when I saw the Venerable's fore-mast go over
+the side; and before I reached her the mizen-mast followed. I found
+her, on going on board, a perfect wreck, striking on the shoal, and
+the shot from the stern-chase guns of the Formidable, her opponent,
+going over her. The gallant Hood was seated on a gun on the
+quarter-deck, cheerfully waiting for the assistance which he knew the
+Admiral would send to him as soon as the wind would enable him, and
+ready to take advantage of any circumstance that might occur.
+
+"Having delivered my message from the Admiral, he said, 'Tell Sir
+James I hope it is not yet so bad with the old Venerable; I hope to
+get her off soon. Let the Thames stay by me, in readiness to receive
+our people. These rascals shall not have her.' I returned to my ship;
+the breeze sprung up; and the Thames closing with the Venerable,
+enabled her to heave off the shoal, and the enemy availed himself of
+the wind to get into Cadiz. The Venerable was soon under jury-masts
+and in tow of the Spencer, steering for Gibraltar, followed by the
+rest of the squadron; where we all anchored, with our prize, the San
+Antonio, of seventy-four guns, at 6 P.M. on the 14th.
+
+"The scene before us, on anchoring, was of the most animating
+description. Every point of the Rock overhanging the shore was crowded
+with people, and the acclamations of the troops and inhabitants which
+rent the air resounded throughout the bay! Here, indeed, was a triumph
+for our hero, who, only a week before, had been towed in from
+Algeziras with his crippled and defeated squadron, with the loss of a
+ship of the line; but now entering victorious with the same squadron,
+reinforced, it is true, by the Superb, but diminished by the loss of
+the Hannibal, while the disabled state of the Pompee had prevented
+her leaving Gibraltar; after having engaged and defeated an enemy of
+more than double his force, and having burnt two of their first-rates,
+and taken from them a ship of the line.
+
+"From the nature of the attack and retreat, there was not much hard
+fighting on this occasion, and consequently little opportunity for any
+display of that valour and skill which is so constantly manifested in
+severe actions. The Superb and Venerable had the greatest, and almost
+the only share. But the conduct of the Admiral, I will venture to say,
+when all the circumstances are taken into consideration, must be
+deemed fully equal to anything that has adorned the pages of England's
+naval history. Instead of the recklessness of despair, to which some
+might have attributed an attack with crippled ships against a force
+every way so greatly superior, he manifested a calm and resolute
+determination. His intentions were expressed with so much clearness
+that, as I have already observed, signals were rendered unnecessary.
+He waited with much patience and firmness for the enemy to bear up,
+which would place them in a situation the least favourable for
+resisting a simultaneous attack upon any portion of their squadron.
+
+"When the governor, the garrison, and the inhabitants of Gibraltar,
+who had passed the night with painful anxiety beheld the approach of
+the victorious squadron, their joy and exultation knew no bounds.
+Even the wounded at the hospitals, when they heard of the glorious
+success which had attended their brethren in arms, raising their
+stumps, joined in the general burst of acclamation. On the arrival of
+the Caesar, the royal standard was hoisted, twenty-one guns were fired
+at the King's Bastion, and the whole of this noble fortress was
+brilliantly illuminated in honour of the victory."
+
+After the termination of this contest,--a contest which may be said to
+have lasted seven days, in which two battles had been fought under
+peculiar disadvantages, and which ended in adding another brilliant
+ray to the naval glory of Britain,--Sir James, with that humility
+which had ever formed a distinguished feature in his character,
+returned thanks to the great Giver of all victory for crowning his
+exertions with success.
+
+The following general memorandum was given out to the squadron, on
+their return to Gibraltar:
+
+   Caesar, Rosia Bay, 15th July 1801.
+
+   Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez has the happiness to offer his
+   most heartfelt congratulations to the captains, officers, and
+   men of the ships he had the honour to command, on the signal
+   success with which it has pleased Almighty God to crown their
+   zealous exertions in the service of their country. To the
+   discipline and valour of British seamen is to be ascribed their
+   great superiority over the enemy, who, although more than
+   triple the force of the English squadron in number of guns and
+   weight of metal, have been so signally defeated.
+
+   The Rear-admiral has not failed to transmit in his late
+   despatches a report of the unparalleled exertions of all the
+   officers and men in refitting his Majesty's ships after the
+   battle of Algeziras, where their conduct and bravery were
+   equally conspicuous, and which has led to the late glorious
+   success.
+
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To the respective Captains, &c.
+
+Lieutenant Dumaresq, of the Caesar, was now despatched in the Louisa
+brig to England, with the following official accounts of the action
+from the Rear-admiral, and from Captains Keats and Hood:
+
+   Caesar, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I request you will please to inform my Lords Commissioners of
+   the Admiralty that it has pleased the Almighty to crown the
+   exertions of this squadron with the most signal success over the
+   enemies of their country.
+
+   The three French line-of-battle ships disabled in the action of
+   the 6th instant off Algeziras, were, on the 8th, reinforced by a
+   squadron of five Spanish line-of-battle ships, under the command
+   of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno, and a French ship of seventy-four
+   guns, wearing a broad pendant; besides three frigates, and an
+   incredible number of gun-boats and other vessels; and got under
+   sail yesterday morning, together with his Majesty's late ship
+   Hannibal, which they had succeeded in getting off the shoal on
+   which she struck.
+
+   I almost despaired of having a sufficient force in readiness to
+   oppose to such numbers; but, through the great exertions of
+   Captain Brenton, and the officers and men belonging to the
+   Caesar, the ship was in readiness to warp out of the Mole
+   yesterday morning, and got under way immediately after, with all
+   the squadron except the Pompee, which ship had not had time to
+   get her masts in.
+
+   Confiding in the zeal and intrepidity of the officers and men I
+   had the happiness to serve with, I determined, if possible, to
+   obstruct the passage of this powerful force to Cadiz. Late in
+   the evening I observed the enemy's ships to have cleared Cabrita
+   Point; and, at eight, I bore up with the squadron to stand after
+   them. His Majesty's ship Superb being stationed ahead of the
+   Caesar, I directed Captain Keats to make sail and attack the
+   sternmost ships of the enemy's rear, using his endeavours to
+   keep in-shore of them.
+
+   At eleven, the Superb opened her fire close to the enemy's
+   ships; and, on the Caesar's coming up and preparing to engage a
+   three-decker that had hauled her wind, she was perceived to have
+   taken fire; and the flames having communicated to a ship to
+   leeward of her, both were soon in a blaze, and presented a most
+   awful sight. As no possibility existed of affording the least
+   assistance in so distressing a situation, the Caesar passed, to
+   close with the ship engaged by the Superb; but, by the cool and
+   determined fire kept up on her, which must ever reflect the
+   highest credit on the discipline of that ship, she was
+   completely silenced, and soon after hauled down her colours.
+
+   The Venerable and Spencer having at this time come up, I bore up
+   after the enemy, who were carrying a press of sail, standing out
+   of the Straits; and lost sight of them. During the night it blew
+   excessively hard till daylight, and, in the morning, the only
+   ships in company were the Venerable and Thames, ahead of the
+   Caesar, and one of the French ships at some distance from them,
+   standing towards the shoals of Conil, besides the Spencer
+   astern, coming up.
+
+   All the ships immediately made sail with a fresh breeze, but, as
+   we approached, the wind suddenly failing, the Venerable was
+   alone able to bring her to action; which Captain Hood did in the
+   most gallant manner, and had nearly silenced the French ship,
+   when his main-mast (which had been before wounded) was
+   unfortunately shot away, and, it coming nearly calm, the enemy's
+   ship was enabled to get off without any possibility of following
+   her. The highest praise is due to Captain Hood, the officers,
+   and men of the Venerable, for their spirit and gallantry in this
+   action, which entitled them to better success. The French ship
+   was an eighty-four, with additional guns on the gunwale. This
+   action was so near the shore that the Venerable struck on one of
+   the shoals; but was soon after got off, and taken in tow by the
+   Thames, though with the loss of all her masts.
+
+   The enemy's ships are now in sight to the westward, standing in
+   for Cadiz; the Superb and Audacious, with the captured ship, are
+   in sight, with the Carlotta, Portuguese frigate, commanded by
+   Captain Crawford Duncan, who very handsomely came out with the
+   squadron, and has been of the greatest assistance to Captain
+   Keats in staying by the enemy's ship captured by the Superb.
+
+   I am proceeding with the squadron for Rosia Bay, and shall
+   proceed, the moment all the ships are refitted, to resume my
+   station before Cadiz; and shall immediately detach the Thames to
+   cruise off Cape St. Mary's.
+
+   No praises that I can bestow are adequate to the merits of the
+   officers and ships' companies of all the squadron, particularly
+   for their unremitted exertions in refitting the ships at
+   Gibraltar; to which, in a great degree, is to be ascribed the
+   success of the squadron against the enemy.
+
+   Although the Spencer and Audacious had not the good fortune to
+   partake of this action, I have no doubt of their exertion, had
+   they come up in time to close with the enemy's ships.
+
+   My thanks are also due to Captain Holles of the Thames, and to
+   the Honourable Captain Dundas of the Calpe, whose assistance was
+   particularly useful to Captain Keats in securing the enemy's
+   ship, and enabling the Superb to stand after the squadron in
+   case of being enabled to renew the action with the enemy.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Caesar, off Cape Trafalgar, 14th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   I herewith enclose, for their lordships' further information,
+   the statement I have received from Captain Keats, to whom the
+   greatest praise is due for his gallant conduct in the service
+   alluded to. Captain Hood's merits are held in too high
+   estimation to receive additional lustre from any praise I can
+   bestow; but I only do justice to my feelings, when I observe
+   that in no instance have I known superior bravery to that
+   displayed by him on this occasion.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   To Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.
+
+
+   Superb, off Cape Trafalgar, 13th July 1801.
+
+   SIR,
+
+   Pursuant to your directions to state the particulars of the
+   Superb's services last night, I have the honour to inform you
+   that, in consequence of your directions to make sail up to, and
+   engage, the sternmost of the enemy's ships, at half-past eleven
+   I found myself abreast of a Spanish three-deck ship, (the Real
+   Carlos, as appears by the report of some survivors,) which,
+   having been brought with two other ships, in nearly line
+   abreast, I opened my fire upon them at not more than three
+   cables' lengths. This evidently produced a good effect, as well
+   in this ship as the others abreast of her, which soon began
+   firing at each other, and, at times, on the Superb. In about a
+   quarter of an hour, I perceived the ship I was engaging, and
+   which had lost her fore-top-mast, to be on fire; upon which we
+   ceased to molest her; and I proceeded on to the ship next at
+   hand, which proved to be the San Antonio, of seventy-four guns
+   and seven hundred and thirty men, commanded by Chef-de-division
+   Le Ray, under French colours, wearing a broad pendant, and
+   manned, nearly equally, with seven hundred and thirty French and
+   Spanish seamen, and which, after some action, (the chef being
+   wounded,) struck her colours.
+
+   I learn, from the very few survivors of the ships that caught
+   fire and blew up, who, in an open boat, reached the Superb at
+   the time she was taking possession of the San Antonio, that, in
+   the confusion of the action, the Hermenegildo, (a first-rate
+   ship,) mistaking the Real Carlos for an enemy, ran on board of
+   her, and shared her melancholy fate. Services of this nature
+   cannot well be expected to be performed without some loss; but
+   though we have to lament that Lieutenant Edward Waller, and
+   fourteen seamen and marines, have been mostly severely wounded,
+   still there is reason to rejoice that that is the extent of our
+   loss. I received able and active assistance from Mr. Samuel
+   Jackson, the first lieutenant; and it is my duty to represent to
+   you that the officers of all descriptions, seamen and marines,
+   conducted themselves with the greatest steadiness and gallantry.
+
+   I have the honour to be, sir,
+   Your most obedient humble servant,
+   R.G. KEATS.
+
+   To Sir James Saumarez, Bart. &c. &c. &c.
+
+List of the Spanish and French squadrons which sailed from Algeziras
+on the 12th July 1801, under command of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno,
+Lieutenant-general (or Vice-admiral), and the French Vice-admiral
+Linois:
+
+                    SPANISH.
+     Ships' names.   Guns.    Captains.     Where built.   Year.
+
+     Real Carlos*     112   Don J. Esquerra   Havanna      1793
+     Hermenegildo*    112   Don J. Emparran     Do.        1789
+     San Fernando      96   Don J. Malina       Do.        1765
+     Argonauta         80   Don J. Harrera    Ferrol       1798
+     San Augustin      74   Don R. Jopete    Guarnizo      1768
+     Sabrina           40
+                      ___
+                      514              * Burnt.
+
+                    FRENCH.
+
+     Ships' names.         Guns.    Captains.
+
+     Brought over           514
+     Formidable              84    Amable-Gilles-Troude.
+     Indomptable             84      "    Callende.
+     Dessaix                 74    Jean A. Chirly-Palliere.
+     San Antonio             74    Julien Le Ray (Commodore), taken.
+     Libre                   40
+     Indienne                40
+     Muron                   40
+     Vautour                 12
+
+        Total               962    & Hannibal, 74 not in the action, 1036.
+
+The Spanish and French admirals were on board the Sabrina frigate.
+
+List of the British squadron, commanded by Rear-admiral Sir James
+Saumarez, which defeated the above combined squadron, 12th July 1801,
+in the Straits of Gibraltar:
+
+     Ships names.       Guns.         Captains.
+
+     Caesar.              84    Captain Jahleel Brenton.
+     Spencer             74       "    Henry D'Esterre Darby.
+     Venerable           74       "    Samuel Hood.
+     Superb              74       "    Rich. Goodwin Keats.
+     Audacious           74       "    Shuldham Peard.
+     Thames              36       "    A.P. Holles.
+
+     Total              416
+     In favour of the}
+         enemy.      }  546
+
+The Rear-admiral had his flag on board the Caesar, 84.
+
+The guns of the enemy's ships being much heavier, increased their
+weight of metal to triple that of the squadron.
+
+The Superb had Lieutenant Waller, and fourteen seamen and marines,
+wounded. The Venerable had Mr. J. Williams (her master), fifteen
+seamen, and two marines, killed; Lieutenant Thomas Church, Mr. Snell
+(boatswain), Messrs. Massey and Pardoe (midshipmen), seventy-three
+seamen, and ten marines, wounded.
+
+In the French and Spanish accounts of this action, which will be given
+hereafter, it will be seen that the loss of the enemy has _not_ been
+accurately enumerated; but, out of two thousand men that were in the
+Real Carlos and Hermenegildo, only three hundred were saved. Commodore
+Le Ray, of the San Antonio, was wounded; but his loss in men, which
+must have been severe, has not been ascertained.
+
+We shall here give some interesting extracts from private letters from
+Sir James, written at the close of the battle:
+
+   Caesar, 13th July 1801, 8 A.M.
+
+   I shall leave you to judge of the difference of my feelings to
+   those when I sat down to write the letter of this day week.[39]
+   To an all-merciful PROVIDENCE is to be ascribed the wonderful
+   and most awful event of last night, which will ever be
+   remembered with terror by the nations it concerned, and by me
+   with infinite gratitude for so peculiar a token of Divine mercy
+   vouchsafed towards me.
+
+   [39] See page 388.
+
+   Two days after the action of last Monday, a strong squadron was
+   sent to Algeziras from Cadiz, to protect the disabled French
+   ships, and to convoy them to the latter port, with the Hannibal,
+   which ship they had succeeded in getting off the shoal whereon
+   she had unfortunately grounded. It may be supposed that no
+   exertion was wanting on my part to get the squadron in a state
+   for service; and, beyond all expectation, owing to the great
+   activity and zeal of every officer and man in the squadron, we
+   were in a state to put to sea yesterday, on the enemy's getting
+   under sail from the Bay of Algeziras; the Pompee excepted, which
+   had not sufficient time to get in new masts.
+
+   Late in the evening I observed that the enemy's ships,
+   consisting of ten sail of the line and four frigates, had
+   succeeded in clearing the bay; and at eight o'clock I made sail
+   after them. Captain Keats, who, in the Superb, had been much
+   mortified at not having shared in the former affair, being near
+   the Caesar, I directed him to endeavour to bring the rear ships
+   of the enemy to action; myself following with the Venerable, and
+   the other two ships, some distance astern.
+
+   It was near midnight when the Superb succeeded in engaging the
+   enemy; and, as we came up, a three-deck ship hauling up for us
+   after having fired at the Superb, by some accident, in the
+   moment we were going to give her our broadside, took fire, which
+   communicating to a ship which we perceived close to her, both
+   were almost instantly in a blaze. So awful a scene I never yet
+   have witnessed. We then closed with the Superb, which had nearly
+   silenced her opponent, when she struck.
+
+   Think what a change then took place in the inequality of force
+   with which we began the action! I left the Superb to take care
+   of the prize, and proceeded after the other ships; the Audacious
+   and Spencer having now joined. It came on to blow excessively
+   hard till daylight, when I found the Venerable and Thames a
+   small distance ahead, and one of the French ships standing for
+   the shore. We immediately crowded all sail, and made sure of
+   taking her, when the wind failed us, and the Venerable only was
+   able to engage her; but, being at the time close to the shore,
+   she very unfortunately got aground, and we were obliged to leave
+   her, after sustaining very great damage.
+
+   We are now about seven leagues from Cadiz, and I see the
+   remainder of the enemy's squadron going into port. I am as yet
+   ignorant of the ship's name that struck her colours last night.
+   She is, however, one of those that came from Cadiz with the
+   Spanish squadron, but under French colours, and had a broad
+   pendant. We are proceeding to Gibraltar.
+
+The following extract is from a letter to Richard Saumarez, Esq.:
+
+   Caesar, off Cadiz, 13th July 1801.
+
+   I intend to send Phil. D. with my despatches. You must refer to
+   him for the particulars of the wonderful events since yesterday.
+
+After detailing these events exactly as in the above, he adds,
+respecting the Venerable:
+
+   It was as severe an action as I have known, and must reflect the
+   highest credit on Captain Hood; but having his main-mast shot
+   away, and it falling nearly calm, he was obliged to leave the
+   enemy. We were at this time close to the shoals off the coast,
+   on which the Venerable got aground; but she was afterwards got
+   off, and was taken in tow by the Thames. I fear she has
+   sustained great loss in men. What a surprising change, my dear
+   Richard, to the events of last Monday! To the Divine mercy I
+   entirely ascribe this signal success, who never forsakes those
+   who place their confidence in him! I mean to send the Louisa,
+   which joined me yesterday from Minorca, with Phil. Dumaresq, and
+   doubt not but he will be a welcome messenger. We see the
+   remainder of the enemy's squadron. They are standing for Cadiz,
+   &c.
+
+Sir James subsequently wrote to his eldest brother, residing in
+Guernsey; and, as his letter will be found to contain additional
+matter of much interest, we herewith insert it.
+
+   Caesar, Gibraltar, 16th July 1801.
+
+   MY DEAR BROTHER,
+
+   I hope that the several letters I have had the pleasure of
+   writing to you at different opportunities, will arrive safely;
+   and that you and all my friends will not be kept in suspense on
+   events which, thanks to the Divine Providence! have terminated
+   so successfully to the squadron. Although I always trusted some
+   favourable turn would take place, I never could have formed any
+   hopes equal to what has actually occurred. The possession of one
+   or two of the disabled ships, besides the recovery of the
+   Hannibal, was the utmost that could have been expected; but our
+   present success far exceeds that. The destruction of two
+   first-rates, and the capture of a seventy-four, completely
+   cripples the force in Cadiz, and places the squadron with me
+   superior to all the force the enemy can collect; and this,
+   without any loss whatever to this ship, and trifling to the
+   Superb. The men, wounded on board the latter, suffered from the
+   explosion of cartridges in their own ship.
+
+   The misfortune to the Venerable was more serious; but this was
+   subsequently to the attack on the enemy's force, and was mainly
+   attributable to the untoward circumstance of the wind failing
+   this ship when we were very close to her.
+
+   It is inconceivable the _eclat_ with which we have been received
+   by this garrison, and the distinguished honours paid to the
+   squadron; indeed their marked attention, after the attack of
+   Algeziras, does them great credit; as, after the failure of that
+   business, we exposed Gibraltar to all the inconvenience of a
+   blockaded port; and yet the whole garrison received us as if we
+   had obtained a victory. You must suppose my distress must have
+   been great during the interval: convoys long expected were
+   liable to fall into the enemy's hands, whilst the increasing
+   force at Cadiz would soon have put it out of my power to cope
+   with them.
+
+   The St. Antoine has scarcely suffered: my intention is to take
+   her into the service; and in two weeks, I expect, she will be
+   partly manned, and fit for sea. Yesterday, almost all the
+   Hannibal's men were sent in, which will make up our
+   deficiencies, and partly man that ship, when in a fortnight she
+   shall proceed on a particular service.
+
+   These are trifling advantages compared to those that result from
+   both actions. The three ships were to have proceeded direct to
+   the Bay of Casquays, at the entrance of the Tagus, where the
+   troops with them were to have taken possession of the batteries,
+   which would have given them complete possession of the trade to
+   and from Lisbon. I have despatched the Spencer and Audacious,
+   and shall join them with this ship, the Pompee, and Superb, the
+   first easterly wind, and cruise before Cadiz with this force,
+   far superior to any the enemy can put to sea. I shall soon be
+   joined by ships from England.
+
+   We have, as yet, no accounts since we sailed. You will have the
+   pleasure of mentioning to the relations of the young men I have,
+   that they have all behaved most nobly, and are perfectly well:
+   it is a particular circumstance that, out of six ships, three
+   masters should have been killed, and not one lieutenant hurt out
+   of the whole number.
+
+   I hope the benevolence of the public will be extended to the
+   sufferers in these actions: some are piteous objects; indeed, no
+   less than three brave men with the loss of both arms.
+
+   I send this by a vessel belonging to Jersey.
+   My dear brother, most sincerely yours,
+   JAS. SAUMAREZ.
+
+   John Saumarez, Esq. Guernsey.
+
+   P.S.--I am under great concern at the uneasiness you must all
+   suffer at our unsuccessful attack off Algeziras; but this will,
+   I hope, soon remove it. Messrs. Le Mesurier, jointly with Mr.
+   Tucker, Lord St. Vincent's secretary, are appointed agents.
+
+The following letter to Lady Saumarez is dated 17th July, on board the
+Caesar, at Gibraltar; and gives a detailed account of his proceedings
+after his arrival there.
+
+   Since our arrival here on Tuesday afternoon, every distinguished
+   attention which can be thought of has been paid to the squadron.
+   The day following, the royal standard was hoisted; at noon the
+   garrison saluted; and, in the evening, the most splendid
+   illuminations took place in every habitable part of this famous
+   Rock. Yesterday the governor gave a dinner, and he intends to
+   invite the ladies to a ball on this occasion. We have, also,
+   invitations from the different corps for every day we are likely
+   to remain here: but what has afforded me more satisfaction, is
+   the manner we were received after the attack of Algeziras,
+   which, from the arrival of the Spanish squadron, subjected the
+   garrison to every inconvenience of a port blockaded. The St.
+   Antoine I have ordered to be purchased into the service; and I
+   propose to appoint officers to her. She is a very good ship, and
+   has suffered so little that I expect to have her fit for service
+   in less than a fortnight. The Spencer and Audacious I detached
+   off Cape St. Mary's, and I shall join them with the Pompee and
+   Superb the first easterly wind, and resume my station before
+   Cadiz, where they cannot have more than four ships ready for
+   sea; and, I may venture to pronounce, the Spanish ships will not
+   come out, except the French take possession of the batteries and
+   compel them. We have almost daily accounts from thence,
+   describing the disagreements between the French and Spaniards as
+   most serious. They also describe the two French ships as being
+   in a very shattered condition, and there being no materials in
+   store to repair them.
+
+   I think my first accounts will reach you by way of Lisbon; but I
+   hope Dumaresq, with the subsequent ones, will make his
+   appearance very soon after. I am very impatient to hear from
+   England. I require small vessels very much, as I have not been
+   able to convey the accounts of our success to Lord Keith.
+
+   When am I to hear from you? and when shall I be assured you have
+   not suffered from the relation of these events? The governor and
+   others talk to me of honours being conferred; but, unless
+   Parliament furnish the means to support them with dignity, I
+   might as well be without them. The only ladies I have yet seen
+   are, Lady Ann Niel and Mrs. Edwards, whose husbands have
+   regiments here; they are very amiable people: besides, Mr.
+   Fyers, whose daughter was married the evening of the
+   illumination,--an ominous day you will think. Captain Brenton
+   will draw you some excellent views of both actions, without
+   partiality. I am most highly indebted to him, in getting this
+   ship so soon refitted, and, indeed, throughout the whole of our
+   important service. A large shot passed through the cabin, which
+   filled it with splinters, and demolished the tables and chairs,
+   besides the glass. Fortunately, my papers and wardrobe escaped.
+   We are now quite refitted; as well, I may say, as we were a
+   fortnight ago.
+
+   I am in want of nothing whatever, but letters from you. Let me
+   have favourable accounts of yourself and of our precious
+   children, and I shall be satisfied. I hope to send a box of
+   Malaga raisins for the young tribe. James will be overjoyed to
+   hear of his father's victory.
+
+The following is the account of the above action, from the French
+commander-in-chief, dated at Cadiz, 16th July 1801.
+
+   CITIZEN MINISTER.--General Moreno has returned into harbour.
+   General Linois will give you an account of the sailing and
+   passage of the squadron. I shall only mention to you the chagrin
+   which I have experienced at not seeing the French ship, St.
+   Antonio, and the two three-deckers, the Real Carlos and the
+   Hermenegildo: a marine, saved with forty-five men from the Real
+   Carlos, has informed us that about midnight the squadron having
+   been attacked by the English, the Real Carlos and the
+   Hermenegildo took each other for enemies. A very smart
+   engagement ensued, the two vessels being nearly foul of each
+   other. A fire broke out on board the Real Carlos, which soon
+   blew up, and set fire to the Hermenegildo, which shared the same
+   fate. The St. Antonio, in consequence of her station, was near
+   the latter vessel, and this station gave me the greatest
+   uneasiness; yet I have been assured that there were only two
+   explosions. I have reason to conclude that, to get at a distance
+   from the conflagration, Captain Lenny proceeded towards the
+   coast of Africa, where the calms and currents carried him away
+   from the squadron, which, at the break of day, was six leagues
+   west of Cadiz. The day before yesterday the British ships were
+   descried from the coast, and a French ship in the Strait; but
+   the latter did not appear to be captured. This may give us some
+   hope, if the signals are correct. Nothing remains to me but
+   uncertainty, with a great deal of fear; I do not know what
+   opinion to entertain.
+
+   After having spoken of our losses, it gives me great pleasure to
+   state to you the new glory with which Le Formidable, commanded
+   by Captain Troude, has been covered. During the night cannonade,
+   in the middle of the Strait, this ship received the fire of her
+   friends and enemies; but with intrepid coolness the captain
+   would not return the fire, lest he should increase the disorder,
+   and, keeping close to the Spanish coast, he retired from the
+   combatants. He was followed by a division of the British fleet
+   of three ships, and a frigate: and, at break of day, being in
+   sight of Cadiz, and five leagues distant from the squadron, he
+   was attacked by three ships, with which he was engaged
+   half-an-hour, and obliged two of them to retire: the third
+   endeavoured to attack Le Formidable on the quarter, while the
+   frigate cannonaded her in stern. But, notwithstanding the bad
+   state of his masts, Captain Troude approached within musket-shot
+   of the British ship, the Pompee, which, having lost her mast,
+   after an engagement of an hour and a half, made haste to get
+   away, being taken in tow by a frigate. Some time after, both of
+   her masts came down, and the vessel had the appearance of having
+   yielded; but, as the two other ships and the frigate were at a
+   short distance, Captain Troude would not take possession of her:
+   he expected to be attacked again. The enemy, disconcerted both
+   in their fire and their bravery, suffered him quietly to pursue
+   his course.
+
+   This engagement took place in sight of Cadiz; and the glorious
+   result of a combat so unequal, by covering our arms with glory,
+   has filled the hearts of the Spaniards with the utmost degree of
+   enthusiasm. Le Formidable was scarcely repaired after the battle
+   of Algeziras, on the 6th,--top-gallant-mast served as top-masts;
+   but, in this damaged state, the brave Troude, instead of flying
+   from the enemy, who might have captured him without firing a
+   shot, offered them battle, as by this manoeuvre, as prudent as
+   bold, he first extricated himself from two ships, which he
+   greatly damaged, and at last totally dismasted the Pompee,[40]
+   which fought him bravely for an hour and a half.
+
+     [40] M. Dumanoir le Pelley is in error here. The Pompee was not
+     in this action. It has been seen that she was lying disabled at
+     Gibraltar.
+
+   The combined squadron was at that time becalmed, at the distance
+   of five or six leagues. I expected to see it, on the breeze
+   springing up, come to take possession of this vessel, and give
+   chase to capture the four British ships which were in sight; but
+   I was far from having any idea of the misfortune which befel the
+   two three-deckers, which no doubt occasioned the separation of
+   the St. Antonio: and in the evening the squadron came to anchor.
+
+   Rear-admiral Linois was exceedingly sorry that he was not on
+   board the Formidable; but he did not think proper to resist the
+   earnest solicitations of General Moreno, who induced him to go
+   on board his frigate that they might better concert their
+   operations. My respectful salutations,
+
+   DUMANOIR LE PELLEY.
+
+Report of Captain Troude, provisional commander of Le Formidable, to
+Rear-admiral Linois:
+
+   Cadiz, 15th July 1801.
+
+   CITIZEN GENERAL,
+
+   I have the honour of communicating to you an account of the
+   operations of Le Formidable, with the provisional command of
+   which you entrusted me. Proud of the honourable charge of
+   defending your flag, I endeavoured to execute your orders with
+   the most scrupulous exactness. I immediately repaired on board
+   to assume the chief command, and I put to sea as soon as you
+   made the signal.
+
+   You observed, as well as myself, the movements of the enemy's
+   squadron, which had retired to Gibraltar after the memorable
+   battle of the 6th at Algeziras. Seeing the enemy set sail at the
+   same time as the combined squadrons, and keeping to windward of
+   us at the distance of about a league, I endeavoured to follow
+   exactly your manoeuvres, and made all the sail possible to
+   follow you; but the ship I had the honour to command, being
+   absolutely disabled, having only jury-masts and the lower sails,
+   I could not make that way which I wished. During the darkness
+   of the night a strong breeze broke the small top-gallant-mast
+   that served me as a fore-top-mast, and everything contributed to
+   prevent me from following the combined squadron.
+
+   About midnight I sustained the fire of five English ships that
+   had come up with me: they fired red-hot bullets. I escaped as
+   fast as possible from the brisk cannonade which they maintained,
+   hanging up the same lights as I observed them to have. I had
+   only three men killed, and two wounded. As I was very near the
+   combined squadron, I resolved not to engage, that I might avoid
+   those fatal mistakes which too often take place in a night
+   engagement. I was afraid lest I might fire into some of our own
+   vessels, or that they might fire into mine; from which, fatal
+   accidents must have resulted to the combined squadron. At one in
+   the morning, not being able to observe or distinguish any more
+   signals, I made for Cadiz, keeping close in with the Spanish
+   coast, on a course N. or N.E., and by that means got at a
+   distance from the squadron, which were steering large in a
+   westerly direction.
+
+   At break of day I found myself attacked by four of the enemy's
+   squadron,--three ships and a frigate,--which had pursued the
+   same course. Though totally disabled, and the crew fatigued,
+   having had no rest for three days, we returned their fire with
+   courage: the frigate attacked us first, but a few shots well
+   directed from our stern-guns made her abandon her object. The
+   ship which followed, approached us, and kept up a brisk fire. We
+   manoeuvred to get into a better position; I ran close to her
+   until we were yard-arm and yard-arm, and maintained a terrible
+   and well-supported fire: after being engaged an hour and a half,
+   she was completely dismasted, making water in every part. The
+   frigate which had attacked me astern, came immediately to her
+   assistance; the other two vessels finding it necessary to sheer
+   off after receiving some broadsides, not without damage, joined
+   the frigate, and hoisted out all their boats to save the crew of
+   the other vessel, and to take her in tow. They resigned to me
+   the field of battle, and retired.
+
+   I expected, however, another combat. We were determined to make
+   the most vigorous defence; but, as the enemy retired, and as I
+   found myself in such a situation as to be unable to pursue them,
+   I resolved to proceed to Cadiz, where I arrived at two in the
+   afternoon.
+
+   I shall not attempt to give you any account of particular
+   instances of bravery. The two staffs, the crew, and the troops
+   who were passengers, vied with each other,--covering themselves
+   with glory; for, besides the noble combat of the 6th, this
+   proves that the valour which animated the brave men I have the
+   honour to command, was carried to a degree which it is difficult
+   to describe. Government will, no doubt, take the earliest
+   opportunity of rewarding so much courage, and so great a
+   devotion to restore the glory of the French navy. It would be
+   just, also, to indemnify them for the losses they have
+   sustained; their effects having been cut to pieces and
+   absolutely destroyed.
+
+   I have now, Citizen General, to communicate to you a very fatal
+   relation.--In the battle of this night, two of the ships which
+   fired upon me, took fire and blew up. I supposed them to be
+   English, presuming that the fire had been occasioned by the
+   furnaces they had on board for heating their shot; but, on
+   entering the harbour of Cadiz, I was assured they were Spanish.
+   The darkness had led them into a mistake, which I had justly
+   dreaded. They fired on each other, and on my vessel, at the
+   moment when I formed the prudent resolution of avoiding a combat
+   in which I could not distinguish the enemy. The names of these
+   two vessels are the San Carlos and the Hermenegildo.
+
+   In the combat so severe as that of this morning, and against so
+   unequal a force, I am happy in having to regret only twenty men
+   killed, or severely wounded.
+
+   Accept, Citizen General, assurances of my zeal and most
+   respectful devotion.
+   TROUDE.
+
+Letter from Rear-admiral Linois to the Minister of the Marine, giving
+an account of the action:
+
+   CITIZEN MINISTER,
+
+   On the 9th of July a Spanish division, consisting of six sail of
+   the line and three frigates, arrived at Algeziras from Cadiz,
+   under command of his Excellency Lieutenant-general Moreno, in
+   order to raise the blockade of four sail of the line and one
+   frigate, which were under my orders, and to favour their escape
+   to Cadiz. That officer accordingly gave me every assistance in
+   his power in order to put my ships in a condition to put to sea,
+   and to tow them out, in order to enable them to set sail. Our
+   labour was continued day and night. General Moreno made his
+   squadron anchor in a line N.E. and S.W. On the 12th, there was a
+   tolerable fresh east wind, and it was determined to set sail at
+   one o'clock in the afternoon, on account of the tide. The signal
+   being given at that hour, the fleet set sail, the Spanish
+   squadron being to windward of ours. The frigate L'Indienne towed
+   the Hannibal, which we were sorry to perceive made very little
+   way.
+
+   The calm which we experienced under Gibraltar necessarily
+   deranged the regularity of our order; while the enemy, having a
+   brisk gale at east, sailed from Gibraltar with five sail of the
+   line, a frigate, a brig, and a Portuguese frigate, and formed
+   the order of battle. As soon as the English Admiral had passed
+   Europa Point, he made a signal, and immediately we saw to
+   windward six sail, of which two had three masts. I was then with
+   M. de Moreno on board the Sabina frigate. At sunset, the two
+   last ships of our line doubled the Cape Carnero. Three only
+   remained, with the Hannibal, which was under jury-masts, and
+   which consequently could not carry much sail.
+
+   Night was coming on, and it was necessary to return to our
+   anchorage, which afforded the enemy an opportunity of attacking
+   us before we took a position. At all events every delay was
+   dangerous, for the reinforcements which the enemy expected might
+   arrive every moment. The breeze from the east becoming stronger,
+   we were assured of the wind during the night. We determined to
+   send the Hannibal back to Algeziras, and to pass the Strait with
+   the combined squadron. We then manoeuvred so as to facilitate
+   the rallying of two of our vessels, which had fallen into the
+   rear in consequence of the calm. The three French vessels, which
+   sailed better than could have been expected, were in the van;
+   and in that order it was proposed to pass the Strait.
+
+   At eight, the enemy showed a disposition to attack us. At nine
+   we heard the reports of three cannon, and at the same time we
+   saw fires at a considerable distance behind us. We presumed it
+   might be some of the enemy's vessels making signals of their
+   arrival. We congratulated ourselves upon seeing our squadrons so
+   well collected together, and sailing so well, which made us
+   confident that the plan of the enemy would not succeed.
+
+   At half-past eleven the wind was considerably increased. The
+   night was very dark, and we heard a smart cannonade in the
+   E.N.E.; and, soon after, we saw a conflagration, which made us
+   apprehend that some of our vessels, in firing their stern guns,
+   had taken fire, in consequence of the force of the wind. We
+   thought also that they might be fire-ships of the enemy. We put
+   about for a moment; but the vessel on fire approaching us, we
+   continued our way, having constantly a light at our
+   main-top-mast head, as a signal for rallying.
+
+   It could no longer be doubted that the enemy had passed the
+   Strait, and had got into our wake. The cannonade became pretty
+   general, but the wind was too strong to continue the action. We
+   received several shots on board the frigate, which killed one
+   man and wounded five. Several balls passed through our sails. We
+   took down the signal we had at our mast-head, for fear the enemy
+   would fall upon us. It was afterwards hoisted, in order to
+   collect our ships. We made sail, directing our course to the
+   W.N.W., not choosing to go more before the wind, lest the wind,
+   which was very strong, would carry away our masts. We passed the
+   night in the greatest disquietude, not knowing whether the
+   vessels which were in sight were not enemies. At length the day
+   dissipated part of our fears, and we found ourselves in the
+   midst of our fleet, with the exception of the two ships of three
+   decks, viz. the Hermenegildo and Real Carlos, and the Formidable
+   and the St. Antoine. The wind having fallen calm, it became
+   impossible to go in search of the vessels which had separated.
+   We were then six leagues west of Cadiz.
+
+   At half-past four the Dessaix made a signal that she had sprung
+   a leak, and that the water gained upon her thirty inches an
+   hour. She demanded assistance, which was granted. At five
+   o'clock we heard an action in the east, and perceived a smoke.
+   The wind being then from the S.E., we made the signal for the
+   line of battle to be formed as quickly as possible, without
+   regard to places, in order to assist the vessel that was
+   engaged. At half-past six the action ceased, and a most perfect
+   calm succeeded. At eleven, the wind rising again, we perceived
+   four vessels at a considerable distance from one another. We
+   flattered ourselves at first that they were our ships, but we
+   soon found by their manoeuvres that they were enemies. We also
+   distinguished the Formidable close under the land, making the
+   best of her way to Cadiz. We stood for the port, from which a
+   felucca brought me a letter from the captain of the Formidable,
+   which had been anchored in the Road of Cadiz, stating that in
+   the morning he had engaged two ships of the line and a frigate,
+   and that one of the ships of the line had been completely
+   dismasted, and had been towed away by a frigate. We then
+   anchored in Cadiz.
+
+   I must acknowledge the consummate experience and talents of
+   General Moreno, as well as the zeal and care which he displayed
+   for the success of his mission. If separations have taken place,
+   they must be attributed to the darkness of the night, and the
+   necessity which there was of getting away from the vessels that
+   were on fire. That officer, on hearing at Cadiz of the
+   destruction of two ships of his squadron, Hermenegildo and
+   Real-Carlos, was justly struck with grief on the occasion. He
+   had, by his wise instructions, provided against almost every
+   possible case. I have since been informed that the two Spanish
+   vessels which were destroyed, cannonaded and run foul of one
+   another, each supposing the other to be an enemy. We are
+   uncertain about the fate of the St. Antoine. The violence of the
+   wind made it extremely dangerous to fire to windward.
+
+   Rear-admiral LINOIS.
+
+   Dated in Cadiz Harbour, 15th July 1801,
+   on board the Formidable.
+
+Admiral Moreno's orders to his fleet on the 11th July 1801:
+
+   Orders of sailing to be observed by the ships in my charge on
+   their passage through the Straits of Gibraltar.
+
+   The three ships under the command of Rear-admiral Linois will
+   form the vanguard, with the line abreast; the six ships under my
+   charge will form astern of these, likewise formed in a line
+   abreast, endeavouring, as much as possible, to keep opposite to
+   the intervals of the French ships, so as not to impede their
+   fire, according to the following disposition:
+
+                          Hannibal.
+
+        Indomptable.     Formidable.        Dessaix.
+
+     Augus-    Ar-       R.    Herme-      St.    St. Fer-
+      tin.  ganauta.   Carlos. negildo.   Antonio. nando.
+
+   In case the enemy should attempt to follow and attack the
+   combined squadron in the rear, besides the continual fire which
+   we ought to make from the stern chasers, chiefly with a view to
+   destroy the enemy's rigging, the squadron will form the line
+   ahead, either with their heads to the Spanish coast, or to that
+   of Africa, as will be determined by signal from the Admiral;
+   and, in order that this might be more simple, in that case, he
+   will only show the signal for the course, at the entire lowering
+   of which the movements must be made. As their situation, from
+   their local position, cannot be of long duration, consequently
+   either by hailing (if near enough) or by signal to preserve the
+   course, the squadron will proceed again to form the line abreast
+   as formerly. It is of the utmost importance that the fire from
+   none of the ships should interfere, or be embarrassed with that
+   of others in this squadron, nor leave the three French ships in
+   the rear.
+
+   As soon as the French ships get under sail, all those in my
+   charge will do the same, following the track of each other,
+   always observing to keep at a short distance from the French,
+   till we weather the Point of Carnero, in order that if the enemy
+   should get under sail, and find themselves in a situation to
+   offer battle to our squadron before it is formed in the Straits
+   with the line abreast as above directed, we may engage them with
+   advantage; consequently, the least inattention or delay may
+   produce the most unfortunate consequences.
+
+   I think the captains of the ships I have the honour to command
+   are fully persuaded of this truth, and therefore I depend upon
+   its efficacy; and I flatter myself that they are convinced
+   everything will be performed on my part which can be inspired by
+   my wish to add to the glory of his Majesty's arms, that of our
+   corps in particular, and the nation in general.
+
+     Line of battle in natural order.
+
+     _2nd Squadron._  _1st Squadron._  _3rd Squadron._
+      St. Ferdinand,   Formidable,      Argonauta,
+      St. Antonio,     R. Carlos,       Dessaix,
+      Hermenegildo.    Indomptable.     St. Augustin.
+
+           Fr. frigate Sabina,     Vautour.
+
+   A red pendant, under any other signal, signifies it is directed
+   to the French ships only.
+
+   To those conversant in naval affairs, it must appear manifest
+   that the disposition made by Admirals Moreno and Linois was one
+   of the worst that could be devised. It was scarcely possible
+   that nine ships, which had never sailed in company with each
+   other, could maintain, for any length of time, a line abreast
+   before the wind so exactly as to be able to form in a line ahead
+   when required, especially in a dark night with a strong breeze;
+   and it must be evident that any ship which advanced at all ahead
+   of the others could never get into the line of battle when the
+   signal was made to form it on either tack. Moreno seems to have
+   been fully aware of the probability of the ships firing into
+   each other, yet he made arrangements of all others the least
+   likely to prevent it. Had he formed into two lines ahead, with
+   the disabled ships in advance, he would have obviated the risk
+   of firing into each other, while the one division, by shortening
+   sail, might have given timely assistance to the other which had
+   been attacked.
+
+   Nothing can equal the scene of horror which the sudden
+   conflagration produced in these two ships. The collision in
+   which the fore-top-mast of the Hermenegildo fell on board of the
+   Real Carlos, added to the general dismay; and the agonising
+   screams of the unhappy crews, deserted by their countrymen and
+   allies in that dreadful hour, could not fail to pierce the
+   hearts of the brave conquerors; but to render them any
+   assistance while the hostile flag was flying was impossible. The
+   duty of the Admiral was to "sink, burn, and destroy." Seven sail
+   of the enemy's line were still flying from half their force, and
+   he was obliged to leave the burning ships to their fate, and
+   pursue his enemy until his destruction was complete.
+
+   The capture of the Hannibal, in which the Spaniards had so
+   distinguished a share, induced a number of the young men of
+   family to embark in the two Spanish three-deckers, in order to
+   convey their trophy to Cadiz, never supposing that the
+   half-demolished British squadron would dare to approach so
+   formidable and so superior a force. This fatal event, while it
+   plunged into distress the whole city of Cadiz, could not fail to
+   create a sensation strongly unfavourable to their new republican
+   allies as the originators of their misery.
+
+
+
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEY,
+Dorset Street, Fleet Street.
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+   J.M. Frere has been corrected to "J.H." Frere. John Hookman
+   Frere, (1769-1846), diplomatist, translator, and author was
+   appointed in 1800 Envoy to Portugal, and was Ambassador to
+   Spain 1802-4, and again 1808-9.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral
+Lord de Saumarez, Vol. I, by Sir John Ross
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #26031 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26031)