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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting
+       Rockport, Indiana, August 25, 26 and 27, 1952
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: June 30, 2008 [EBook #25935]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+43rd Annual Report
+
+OF THE
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Incorporated
+
+AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+_Annual Meeting at_
+
+ROCKPORT, INDIANA
+
+August 25, 26 and 27, 1952
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Officers and Committees 1952-53                                     4
+
+   State and Foreign Vice Presidents                                   5
+
+   Constitution and By-laws                                            7
+
+   Call to Order, Forty-Third Annual Meeting                          11
+
+   Address of Welcome--Hilbert Bennett                                11
+
+   Business Session                                                   15
+     Treasurer's Report--Carl Prell                                   18
+     Committee Reports                                                21
+
+   President's Address--L. H. MacDaniels                              27
+
+   The Future of Your Nut Planting--W. F. Sonnemann                   32
+
+   The Value of a Tree--Ferd Bolten                                   35
+
+   Methods of Getting Better Annual Crops on Black Walnut. Panel
+     discussion led by W. W. Magill                                   38
+
+   The 1952 Hickory Survey--H. F. Stoke                               46
+
+   A Discussion of Hickory Stocks--Gilbert L. Smith                   49
+
+   Filbert Varieties. Panel discussion led by G. L. Slate             53
+
+   My Experiences with Chinese Chestnuts--W. J. Wilson                62
+
+   Persian Walnuts in the Upper South--H. F. Stoke                    66
+
+   Varieties of Persian Walnuts in Eastern Iowa--Ira B. Kyhl          69
+
+   Commercial Production and Processing of Black and Persian
+     Walnuts--Edwin L. Lemke                     71
+
+   Black Walnut Processing at Henderson, Kentucky--R. C. Mangelsdorf  73
+
+   Nut Shells: Assets or Liabilities--T. F. Clark                     77
+
+   The Propagation of Hickories--Panel discussion led by
+     F. L. O'Rourke                                                   81
+
+   A Promising New Pecan for the Northern Zone--J. W. McKay and
+     H. L. Crane                                                      89
+
+   The Hickory in Indiana--W. B. Ward                                 91
+
+   The Merrick Hybrid Walnut--P. E. Machovina                         93
+
+   Producing Quality Nuts and Quality Logs--L. E. Sawyer              94
+
+   Colchicine for Nut Improvement Programs--O. J. Eigsti and
+     R. B. Best                                                       99
+
+   An Early Pecan and Some Other West Tennessee Nuts--Aubrey
+     Richards                                                        101
+
+   Scab Disease in Eastern Kentucky on Busseron Pecan--W. D.
+     Armstrong                                                       102
+
+   Further News about Oak Wilt--E. A. Curl                           102
+
+   Life History and Control of the Pecan Spittle Bug--Stewart
+     Chandler                                                        106
+
+   Insect Enemies of Northern Nut Trees--Howard Baker                112
+
+   Tuesday Evening Banquet Session Resolutions and Election of
+     Officers                                                        118
+
+   Chestnut Breeding--Arthur H. Graves and Hans Nienstaedt           120
+
+   Effect of Vermiculite in Inducing Fibrous Roots on Tap Rooting
+     Tree Seedlings--Herbert C. Barrett and Toro Arisumi             131
+
+   Eastern Black Walnut Survey 1951--H. F. Stoke                     133
+
+   Crath's Carpathian English Walnuts in Ontario--P. C. Crath        136
+
+   Nut Tree Plantings in Southeastern Iowa--Albert B. Ferguson       146
+
+   Rockville as a Hickory Interstock--Herman Last                    147
+
+   A Fruitful Pair of Carpathian Walnut Varieties in
+     Michigan--Gilbert Becker                                        147
+
+   Suggested Blooming Data to be Recorded for Nut Tree
+     Varieties--J. C. McDaniel                                       148
+
+   Note on Chinese Chestnuts--Harwood Steiger                        149
+
+   Scott Healey--An Obituary                                         149
+
+   A Letter from Dr. W. C. Deming                                    150
+
+   Sweepstakes Award in Ohio Black Walnut Contest--L. Walter
+     Sherman                                                         152
+
+   Attendance Record, Rockport, Ind. 1952                            156
+
+   Membership List--Northern Nut Growers Association                 158
+
+
+
+
+   Officers for 1952-53
+
+   President                          Richard B. Best, Eldred, Illinois
+
+   Vice-President                    George Salzer, Rochester, New York
+
+   Secretary                        Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tennessee
+
+   Treasurer                         Carl F. Prell, South Bend, Indiana
+
+   Directors                     Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+                                Dr. William Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS 1952-53
+
+
+Program Committee:
+
+Dr. J. W. McKay, Royal Oakes, Gordon Porter, Gilbert Becker, A. A.
+Bungart, W. D. Armstrong.
+
+Local Arrangements:
+
+George Salzer, Victor Brook.
+
+Place of Meeting Committee:
+
+R. P. Allaman, Dr. Lloyd L. Dowell, Edwin W. Lemke, Alfred L. Barlow.
+
+Publication Committee:
+
+Professor George L. Slate, Professor Lewis E. Theiss, Dr. L. H.
+MacDaniels.
+
+Varieties and Contests Committee:
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, J. C. McDaniel, Sylvester M. Shessler, H. F.
+Stoke, Royal Oakes.
+
+Standards and Judging Committee:
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. H. L. Crane, Louis Gerardi, Spencer Chase,
+Professor Paul E. Machovina.
+
+Survey and Research Committee:
+
+H. F. Stoke (With all the state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+Exhibits Committee:
+
+Sylvester M. Shessler, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, H. F. Stoke, Royal Oakes,
+A. A. Bungart, J. F. Wilkinson.
+
+Root Stocks Committee:
+
+Professor F. L. O'Rourke, J. C. McDaniel, Albert F. Ferguson, Dr. Aubrey
+Richards, Louis Gerardi, Dr. Arthur S. Colby, Max Hardy, Gilbert Smith.
+
+Auditing Committee:
+
+Raymond E. Silvis, Sterling A. Smith, Edward W. Pape.
+
+Legal Advisor:
+
+Sargent H. Wellman.
+
+Finance Committee:
+
+Sterling A. Smith, Ford Wallick, Edward W. Pape.
+
+Necrology:
+
+Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. C. A. Reed, Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman.
+
+Nominating Committee:
+
+(Elected at Rockport, Indiana), Max Hardy, Gilbert Becker, Dr. William
+Rohrbacher, Professor George L. Slate, J. Ford Wilkinson.
+
+Membership Committee:
+
+George Salzer (With all the state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+   Alabama                                      Edward L. Hiles, Loxley
+
+   Alberta                                          A. L. Young, Brooks
+
+   Arkansas                    W. D. Wylie, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville
+
+   Belgium             R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo
+
+   British Columbia, Canada            J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank
+
+   California        Thos. R. Haig, M.D., 3021 Highland Ave., Carlesbad
+
+   Colorado                                     J. E. Forbes, Julesburg
+
+   Connecticut                A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+
+   Delaware                              Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark
+
+   Denmark                     Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+
+   District of Columbia                   Ed. L. Ford, 3634 Austin St.,
+                                                    S. E. Washington 20
+
+   Florida                      C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+
+   Georgia          William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+
+   Hawaii                           John F. Cross, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo
+
+   Hong Kong                       P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+
+   Idaho                                              Lynn Dryden, Peck
+
+   Illinois                          Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County)
+
+   Indiana                                  Edw. W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion
+
+   Iowa                                    Ira M. Kyle, Box 236, Sabula
+
+   Kansas                     Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Ave., Horton
+
+   Kentucky                                Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg
+
+   Louisiana          Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport
+
+   Maryland                                 Blaine McCollum, White Hall
+
+   Massachusetts             S. Lathrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd.,
+                                                     North Grafton
+
+   Michigan                                      Gilbert Becker, Climax
+
+   Minnesota          R. E. Hodgeson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca
+
+   Mississippi    James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exp. Station, Stoneville
+
+   Missouri                Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles
+
+   Montana                                        Russel H. Ford, Dixon
+
+   Nebraska                             Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron
+
+   New Hampshire             Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+
+   New Jersey              Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington
+
+   New Mexico              Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton
+
+   New York                  Stephen Bernath, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+
+   North Carolina     Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro
+
+   North Dakota              Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+
+   Ohio         Christ Pataky Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, Route 4, Mansfield
+
+   Oklahoma            A. G. Hirschi, 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City
+
+   Ontario, Canada                          Elton E. Papple, Cainsville
+
+   Oregon                      Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem
+
+   Pennsylvania                     R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg
+
+   Prince Edward Is. Canada   Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Route 5,
+                                                 Charlottetown
+
+   Rhode Island               Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+
+   South Carolina               John T. Bregger, P.O. Box 1018, Clemson
+
+   South Dakota                                 Herman Richter, Madison
+
+   Tennessee                         W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson
+
+   Texas                                Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan
+
+   Utah                 Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+
+   Vermont              A. W. Aldrich, R. F. D. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+
+   Virginia                                         H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+
+   Washington                                 H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston
+
+   West Virginia                         Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale
+
+   Wisconsin                    C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+
+(As adopted September 13, 1948)
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, a Vice-President, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE II. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any
+one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.-DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committees
+as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers
+on the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place
+at the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949
+and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at
+the preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Forty-Third Annual Meeting
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+August 25, 26, 27, 1952
+
+Spencer County Court House, Rockport, Ind.
+
+
+The opening session of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association convened at 9:20 o'clock, a.m., at the Spencer
+County Court House, President L. H. MacDaniels presiding.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The gavel with which we open this forty-third
+annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association has some
+historical significance. It was made from a pecan tree which grew in the
+orchard of Mr. Thomas Littlepage in Maryland, near the city of
+Washington, and it has been the custom of the Association to open its
+meetings with that gavel.
+
+The forty-third meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association will be
+in order. To open the session we will have the presentation of the
+colors. You will all stand, please, and remain standing through the
+invocation. (Colors presented by Boy Scouts and the invocation given by
+the Reverend William Ellis of Rockport.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: At this time we will call on Mr. Hilbert Bennett
+to bring us greetings from the people of Rockport. Mr. Bennett of
+Rockport.
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+HILBERT BENNETT, _Rockport, Ind._
+
+Some are here that were here in 1935 and 1939. I was on the Citizen's
+Committee in each of those years. It was the purpose of the Citizen's
+Committee to take notice of your coming and to try to make you
+appreciate our interest in you and in your coming.
+
+Why was I on that Committee in 1935?
+
+Why was I on that Committee in 1939?
+
+Why am I on that Committee in 1952?
+
+I will tell you.
+
+When I was a boy two other young men, somewhat older than I, were young
+men in the same township and somewhat closely located. I knew those boys
+and I knew them well. You came to know them and know them well. One of
+those boys was the late Thomas P. Littlepage, a charter member of this
+Association. It was my good pleasure to teach school with him. We
+attended College together. At college we roomed together. We attended
+conventions together and were close personal friends. I think I was in
+position to know him and know him well. The other boy was R. L. McCoy.
+We too, were close personal friends. We too, taught school in the same
+territory and contemporary with T. P. Littlepage. Prior to any
+organization of the N.N.G.A. I went with these two boys (men by that
+time) on trips of investigation and inspection of certain nut trees
+about which they had heard and which they wanted to examine.
+
+If the trees examined met the proper standards, they wanted to use them
+in propagation. If not they would pass them up.
+
+Another boy somewhat younger than myself and the two above mentioned
+boys, joined most heartily into the nut discussions and investigations
+and explorations of promising clues. With them he helped to run down
+clues when they would hear of a promising prospect. The jungles were
+never too dense, the distance too far, the road too muddy or rough, for
+those three characters to run down in those horse and buggy days, any
+prospect in which they were interested. This boy also became a member of
+your most valued organization. I have a special interest in this boy. I
+was, especially closely associated with him and his family. He went to
+school to me. My signature appears on his Common School Diploma. Their
+home was my home whenever I sought to make it so. I was free to come and
+go. I came a lot. Ford Wilkinson, the third character, and I have been
+close friends ever since.
+
+Another one of your fine members became a good friend of mine. He came
+into our county and planted a farm to nut trees and nut production. It
+is now the largest nut orchard in the county. I am informed that at that
+time it was the largest nut farm of hardy northern varieties in the
+world. I got acquainted with him early and became endeared to him. It
+was none other than the late Harry Weber.
+
+When it became known that you were to meet here in 1935, it was a
+natural sequence that Ford Wilkinson, knowing that I would gladly help
+in any way I could and knowing I was his genuine friend saw fit to place
+me on the Citizen's Committee. If he had not, I positively would have
+climbed aboard anyway. You couldn't have driven me out with a peeled
+hickory club. I was just going to be in on it whether or no.
+
+Whether I performed well in 1935 or whether he couldn't find any one
+else to serve in my place, I never knew; but he again placed me on the
+Committee in 1939.
+
+Now here I am in 1952 an old broken down fossil, broken in health, but
+not in spirit, of little consequence to anybody or anything, I am still
+on the Committee.
+
+That answers the question of some of you of why that old man Bennett is
+always on the local committee and that you have wondered if there is no
+other person in this whole community that will serve but him. No,
+friends, we have many who would gladly serve and I doubt not that would
+serve much more efficiently.
+
+I have prepared a short "skit" that I wish to present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1st. _Introducing Joan Flick, of Washington, D. C._
+
+I am a pecan plucked from a small orchard planted by a retired business
+man. He had some surplus ground near his premises that was too rough for
+easy cultivation. He thought that he would plant it to pecans so that
+his family and his children's families would have nuts for their own use
+and pleasure. He took good care of the trees. He fertilized them every
+year and sometimes oftener. In the course of a few years he not only had
+more pecans than all of the families could use, but he sold hundreds of
+pounds of nuts from these trees. He developed a commercial orchard
+unconsciously.
+
+
+2nd. _Palma Smith of Cincinnati, Ohio._
+
+I am the hican, I have no commercial value of consequence. I demonstrate
+the ability, the interest, the development and the possibilities of
+improvement by the determined efforts of the members of your
+association. Knowing your ability and determination to make improvements
+in nut culture, I have every feeling that in the not too distant future
+you will develop me into a profitable commercial product.
+
+
+3rd. _Sandra Wright of Rockport, Indiana._
+
+I am the walnut, a most valuable tree for fine fruit and fine timber for
+many uses. I have been noted for my fine grain and my ability to take a
+fine polish. Our forefathers immediately found the walnut to be the
+choice timber out of which to build fine furniture, gun stocks, home
+furnishings and many other things that required high grade material. We
+have never lost sight of its significance.
+
+Thin shelled nuts, easily cracked, and hulled out in halves have been
+developed. Walnuts will grow almost any where. Originally it was a
+common forest tree and would continue to be if it had the opportunity.
+There is little danger of the walnut becoming extinct. It is too
+valuable. I suggest that you plant liberally to high grade walnut trees.
+
+
+4th. _Jo Ann Hall of Rockport, Indiana._
+
+I am the once popular beech under whose folds thousands of picnickers
+have gathered and enjoyed life's most savory and pleasant moments. I
+have built thousands of American homes and farm barns. I have built
+thousands of miles of old farm plank fences. I have built car load after
+car load of beautiful, useful and valuable furniture. In the early
+period of this country I furnished mast for thousands of swine that fed
+many families. I have filled many minor places of usefulness. As sad as
+it is to do and as much as I hate to do so, I am now bidding you a last
+farewell.
+
+Self interest, the slowness of my growth and the impracticability of
+propagation of this once valuable tree leaves but one course, that I
+pass to my reward with the firm hope that the other trees now being
+developed, and grown will fill all of the purposes for which I have been
+so useful, and fill them with increased usefulness. With this sad but
+necessary adieu, I bid you one and all goodbye.
+
+
+5th. _Pattie Jones of Rockport, Ind._
+
+I am the oak, the sturdy oak, the king of the forests. I am stout. They
+make beams, spars, sills, fulcrums and what not from me that require
+strength. I grow fairly fast. I came into usefulness as the world came
+into need of heavy timbers.
+
+I am dainty and refined as well as strong. I am used in making fine
+flooring, fine furniture and many other useful things. Please do not
+discard me from production. Please do not let me pass into oblivion. I
+am very very valuable. I deserve to be perpetuated.
+
+
+6th. _Marcia Smith of Cincinnati, Ohio._
+
+I am a pecan plucked from the tree of a man who in the early years of
+his married life planted pecan trees in unused spots on his farm that
+were unsuitable for cultivation. As the trees grew into nut bearing
+trees his family of children grew. In the October days, with great
+gaiety, glee and happiness, the children would gather the fruit of those
+trees. The children grew to maturity and went to the city to work; but
+when those October days came they returned home and with similar
+happiness as of their youth they gathered the nuts from those trees.
+With pleasure I say I am one of those trees.
+
+
+7th. _Jean Morris, Joyce Morris and Sandra Wright, all of Rockport,
+Indiana._
+
+We are a group of clusters, the filbert, the pecan and the walnut. We
+came from a nut farm within the bounds of Spencer County. This farm was
+planted and developed by a former enthusiastic member of your wonderful
+organization. He spent much time and energy in behalf of your
+organization. He developed the largest nut orchard in the county. I
+refer to Harry Weber, who came from a neighboring state and endeared
+himself to this community by his superb manhood, his genial disposition
+and his intense interest in his subject matter. We commend his efforts
+to others.
+
+
+8th. _Virginia Mae Daming of Rockport, Ind._ She was carrying the former
+Reports of the N.N.G.A.
+
+This cluster is plucked from a "Tree" of great magnitude and
+significance. Today it has its roots firmly set in Rockport, Indiana.
+Its branches reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Canada to
+Mexico. Its influence is felt throughout the world.
+
+Its inception was in Spencer County, Indiana, not specifically detailed,
+but in the main, by boys that were reared among the native nut trees of
+this community of which there were many. It was born in the great City
+of New York under the care of the late Thomas P. Littlepage, Dr. Wm. C.
+Deming, Dr. Robert T. Morris and Prof. John Craig. It was nurtured
+throughout the land of the detailed history you know much more than I.
+
+It has had an enormous growth. It is a most meritorious organization.
+Language will not express the extent of its benefits to humanity and to
+civilization. It adds to the comfort of untold thousands of happy homes.
+It furnishes employment for thousands of people. It furnishes food of
+vital importance to many families. It is the main stay in the
+manufacture of all kinds and grades of furniture. It furnishes food for
+thought. It keeps the scientific and investigating minds busy in the
+constant development and improvement of its processes and benefits. Its
+possibilities are boundless.
+
+That this "Tree" may continue to grow and develop in the future as it
+has in the past in the interest of humanity and help us to realize its
+importance and help us to continue its forces in accord with nature and
+nature's God is my earnest prayer. May God bless you one and all.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Mr. Bennett. You have made
+us feel most welcome in Rockport, as you have before on two other
+occasions. I don't believe that there is any other man who has welcomed
+this organization three times in the same locality.
+
+We also thank you for bringing in the trees and the children to greet us
+on this occasion. It isn't very often that the trees themselves come
+into the assembly room to greet us, and we appreciate your effort in
+doing this for us.
+
+We will now proceed with the business of the Association.
+
+There appears to be no record of the members elected to serve on the
+nominating committee for this session. As near as we can determine this
+committee is as follows: Mr. Silvis, Mr. Allen, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. McKay
+and Mr. Gerardi.
+
+Is there a motion to approve these names?
+
+The committee was approved by vote.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This Committee will bring in a slate of officers
+of the Association for the next year at our final business session.
+
+I will now call for the reports of standing committees. There are eight
+of these. The Program Committee. Royal Oakes is the chairman. The fact
+that we are having a meeting indicates the functioning of the Program
+Committee.
+
+MR. OAKES: I believe I have nothing to report at this moment. I would
+like to say the other members did a good part of the committee work.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: We appreciate the part that all of you have played
+in arranging these meetings.
+
+The Publications Committee, Editorial Section. Dr. Theiss, I believe, is
+not here. Dr. Theiss received the manuscripts and either had them read
+or read them himself.
+
+The Printing Section of the Publications Committee, Mr. Slate.
+
+MR. SLATE: Our proceedings are on the press and probably will be
+finished and in the mail this week.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Place of Meeting Committee. Mr. Allaman is the
+chairman. In the absence of Mr. Allaman, I present the invitation
+secured by Mr. Salzer, to meet in Rochester, New York in 1953. Their
+convention bureau offers very attractive facilities and the invitation
+is seconded by the Mayor, Joseph J. Naylor, the president of the
+Rochester Convention and Publicity Bureau, the President of the
+Rochester Hotel Association, the President of the Junior Chamber of
+Commerce of Rochester, and the Deputy Commissioner of the Rochester
+Parks, which just about covers the board.
+
+It doesn't seem to me worthwhile to read all of this material. What it
+boils down to is that Rochester would be a very good place to meet. The
+Rochester parks are very interesing places to go, and as I understand
+it, there are facilities which would not be expensive to the
+Association. Is that true, Mr. Salzer?
+
+MR. SALZER: Yes, there would be no charge for exhibit rooms if they are
+held in the hotel, because we are classed as a scientific organization.
+And we would have the facilities of the Bausch Memorial Museum. There
+would be facilities for showing moving pictures or slides, and for an
+exhibit.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: It would be in order at the present time to take
+definite action on this Rochester invitation, if you care to do so. A
+motion would be in order to accept.
+
+It has been moved, seconded, and carried that we have our 1953
+convention in the City of Rochester, the dates will be determined by the
+Board of Directors.
+
+The general thinking of the Board of Directors is that we will go to
+Lancaster, Pa. again in 1954, and in 1955 come back into the Middle
+West. Mr. Allaman has been working on the Lancaster proposal and I think
+there has been some spade work done in Michigan already. Have you
+anything to say about that, Mr. O'Rourke?
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: We will be very glad to have you at Michigan State College
+at any time. Unfortunately, however, we do not have any nut plantings
+there. The nut plantings are either in the eastern part of the state or
+the western part. It's quite a drive either way.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I don't think we have to make a commitment at this
+time, but it is something to be brought to the attention of the Place of
+Meeting Committee.
+
+I think we might have a little further explanation from Mr. Best about
+his bacon breakfast.
+
+MR. BEST: We said in our membership drive that anyone who would go out
+and work would bring home the bacon, and we further fortified the deal
+that we were going to furnish the bacon here at Rockport at this
+session. So in the morning over at Cotton's restaurant we will have
+bacon, all you want to eat, and the only requirement is that you either
+got a member last year in the membership drive we have been working on,
+or that you tried to get a member. That's all that's necessary.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: You have spoken about the meeting in 1954. As you know, I
+have represented this country at the International Chestnut Meeting for
+two years. There has been some talk about the possibility of the N. N.
+G. A. inviting the International Chestnut Meeting to meet in this
+country in 1954 or '55. At the last meeting the delegates from Japan
+recommended that they meet in the United States in 1954. The matter is
+not decided, and I think if you will put off decision about Lancaster
+until later, it would be a little better.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The committee on Standards and Judging, Mr.
+Spencer Chase.
+
+MR. SPENCER CHASE: Mr. President, we contemplated having a report on
+hickory standards for this meeting, but because of circumstances beyond
+our control, we didn't get the project under way.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I will call on our secretary at this time for the
+report of the meeting of the directors.
+
+MR. McDANIEL: There were several things brought up last night at the
+meeting of the Board of Directors of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. One matter was the subscription to the American Fruit
+Grower magazine which we give our membership.
+
+The American Fruit Grower had been selling subscriptions to the
+Association for its members at 30 cents a year. Since the first of July
+this year their rate is 50 cents. The opinion of the directors and
+committee members present last night was that we should drop that
+subscription to the American Fruit Grower for our members. It will be
+sent to all members who join for this year and up to the beginning of
+the next fiscal year. After October 1st, no subscriptions to the
+American Fruit Grower through the Association. Do we have any discussion
+on this proposal? (Considerable discussion followed.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I suggest that we hear the report of the Board of
+Directors and then act on the various items one by one in executive
+session.
+
+MR. McDANIEL: You have heard something about the membership drive, and
+we will have more on that later. The directors suggested that we
+encourage more memberships, contributing memberships and sustaining
+memberships in the Association at $5.00 and $10.00 per year. Some of us
+feel we can't pay any more than $3.00 for our membership; others will be
+able to support the organization financially by taking memberships at
+the $5.00 or $10.00 rate, and we are still offering our life membership
+at $75.00.
+
+Another matter discussed was offering the set of 34 volumes of back
+reports in The Nutshell at the price of $20.00 for the 34 volumes now
+available.
+
+We suggest also that the Association authorize the appointment of a
+Publicity Committee to work with the Membership Committee in attracting
+new members.
+
+That is about all I have as the report of the directors' meeting last
+night, Mr. President.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This matter of the Board of Directors reporting to
+the business session is a pattern which I think is a good one. The
+proposition has been placed before you as to whether or not you wish to
+continue our affiliation with the American Fruit Grower magazine. As you
+will recall, the reason the question comes up at the present time is
+that they have raised their rate from 30 cents a member to 50 cents a
+member, which is 50 cents of our $3.00, which with the 50 cents
+secretarial expenses leaves but $2.00 to run the society. As the
+Treasurer will explain to you later, we are in somewhat of a financial
+difficulty.
+
+It has been moved and seconded that the Association subscription to the
+American Fruit Grower be discontinued.
+
+This matter is up for discussion.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We have much more space available in The Nutshell than in
+the American Fruit Grower, and there is the possibility of more frequent
+publication.
+
+MR. DOWELL: If we could actually get it bi-monthly or quarterly, in
+place of the Fruit Grower, I think most all of us would be better
+informed and actually have more information. And The Nutshell is a very
+excellent means of showing somebody what the organization is about. You
+give them a copy of the American Fruit Grower, and if he is interested
+in nuts, most copies aren't going to convince him of much.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think this question is related to the
+appointment of a Publicity Committee which will explore what can be
+done to secure more publicity and give more information about nuts to
+our members than has been possible in the Fruit Grower.
+
+The members of the Board of Directors felt that $300-plus is a high
+price to pay for what we got out of The American Fruit Grower.
+
+(The question was called for.)
+
+The motion is passed without dissent.
+
+The question of authorizing the appointment of a Publicity Committee is
+introduced mainly as a matter for your information, also because it's
+much better if the society as such were to authorize such a committee.
+Do I hear such a motion?
+
+Moved by Mr. Salzer, seconded by Colby and passed that the appointment
+of a Publicity Committee be approved.
+
+I will ask for the report of the Treasurer, Mr. Prell.
+
+
+Treasurer's Report
+
+MR. PRELL: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Best has asked that I
+help in connection with his report. That certainly is not because I can
+make his report better than he can, but probably because a new member is
+not a new member until his check has arrived and has been recorded, and
+I happen to have those figures. I will be happy to do that, but perhaps
+we should start first with the report that the President has asked for,
+the Treasurer's report.
+
+I imagine that you are uninterested in an itemized, detailed report of
+receipts and expenditures; I imagine you are interested in the question:
+How are we doing? We are not doing too well. The annual report for this
+year indicates that our financial condition is not satisfactory. For the
+second successive year we have spent more money than we have taken in,
+and that would be the third successive year, if it hadn't been for the
+fact that due to the lateness of the publication in 1950--that it, the
+annual report--we did not pay for an annual report that year. That means
+there are three years in a row that we have gone downhill.
+
+The picture is not entirely black, however. There are some bright spots.
+For instance, all our bills are paid. Second, we have money in the bank.
+Third, our $3,000 investment in Government bonds is still intact, and
+fourth, our deficit this year was less than it was last year, which may
+indicate that we have already touched bottom and are starting up.
+
+The cause of our deficit is easy to put your finger on. We are operating
+on budgets that are ten years old, and costs have gone way, way beyond.
+Dues were increased several years ago, but even at that time they were
+not increased adequately, and since then costs have skyrocketed.
+
+The membership situation is not too bad, though the cost situation is
+bad. The two don't jibe at all. The reason we have a lesser deficit this
+year than last is Mr. Best's work and the work of his vice-presidents in
+increasing the membership, and the results of that work; I think, have
+only begun to show.
+
+Specifically, we came within $417 of collecting enough money this year
+to pay our expenses. It was over $500 last year, making a total of a
+thousand dollars that we have spent above our receipts. While we have
+some money in the bank, there will be a bill due in about 30 days on the
+publication of the annual report, that will be mailed within the next
+few days. And that will take all the money that is in the bank, plus
+what we are able to collect in dues immediately, and I hope that many of
+them are paid at once. But that still leaves us without money to operate
+through the year, and by January, unless conditions change, we will be
+borrowing money.
+
+The Board of Directors has discussed this. They have some thoughts on
+the subject which will be presented to you by Dr. MacDaniels. I think
+that one of the obvious things that you all think of and I may mention
+is the matter of increased membership. That's an obvious solution, and
+as I said a minute ago, it's a very possible solution.
+
+The work that was started by Mr. Best last February is only now
+beginning to bear fruit. New memberships, even as late as this for this
+year, in August, are coming in very, very well. I personally see no
+reason why the membership cannot be increased to a thousand members next
+year, providing all of us bring in a member or two.
+
+I asked a friend of mine on The Country Gentleman for some data on state
+population compared to farm population. I forget just exactly now how it
+runs on various states, but I do recall Indiana. We have a population
+here of four million people. There are about 700,000 of these people on
+166,000 farms. The farms in this state produce a wealth of $75,000,000 a
+year. With 700,000 farmers in this state and population of 4,000,000
+with a wealth of $75,000,000 a year, it would seem to me that the State
+of Indiana should have more than only 39 members. Out of that group we
+should certainly increase that ten times. We should have 400 members,
+and if the same proportion is carried throughout the nation, why, this
+organization can easily obtain a roll of 7500 to 10,000 members. A
+thousand members next year should be a pushover. So much for the
+financial report.
+
+Mr. Best's campaign started last February. His vice-presidents were
+given material and the inspiration to work for new members, and they
+responded. For Mr. Best I compiled the list of the new members who have
+been brought in, with the people who have brought in the greatest
+number, but that thing went galley-west in the last few days by the
+strong finishers. Mr. Best himself came in yesterday with a pocket full
+of 11 new members, and he already had a couple on the list. Up to that
+time--and I am not giving credit to the Secretary, because several of
+the members that show his sponsorship have come naturally through his
+office. So disregarding the sponsored members of the Secretary, Spencer
+Chase was top man, up until Mr. Best upset him yesterday, followed by
+Dr. Rohrbacher, who was a late finisher with members who were not
+recorded in this report. All through the year it was a battle between
+Pennsylvania and Illinois as to who would have the greater number of
+members.
+
+Illinois, with 36 members, hopped up to 60, and Mr. Best's 11 make 71.
+And just this morning they got two others from Illinois, making 73. So I
+think Illinois has the second place position firmly nailed down.
+
+Last year we had 563 members all together. This year now we have 170
+new members. We can't add that to 563, because in every organization
+there is a loss of membership every year, and it's to be expected that
+our membership should have a 10 per cent turnover through circumstances
+of people leaving their places where they have their nut tree plantings,
+deaths and other circumstances. So there was a net gain of 86 members to
+date.
+
+                             TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+                     August 25, 1951 to August 18, 1952
+
+   RECEIPTS
+
+     Membership Dues                                           $1,907.00
+     Sales of Annual Reports                                      190.00
+     Interest on U. S. Bonds                                       37.50
+     Donations                                                     48.95
+     U.S.P.O. Unused Balance, Permit                                3.05
+     Petty Cash                                                     1.97
+
+       TOTAL                                                   $2,188.47
+
+   DISBURSEMENTS
+
+     41st Annual Report (Pleasant Valley)                      $1,375.86
+       Plates and printing, 900 copies            $1,271.16
+       Envelopes, 2500                                31.65
+       Mailing                                        73.05
+     The Nutshell                                                  86.55
+       Printing & mailing Vol. 4, No. 3               28.64
+       Printing & mailing Vol. 5, No. 1               57.91
+     American Fruit Grower                                        191.60
+       582 Subscriptions at 30�                      174.60
+       34 Subscriptions at 50�                        17.00
+     Urbana Meeting                                               163.68
+       General Expenses                               20.28
+       Reporting & Transcribing                      143.40
+     Secretarial Help, 50� per member                             317.00
+     Stationery and Supplies                                      179.81
+     Association Promotion                                        114.91
+       Application Folder, 5000                       90.02
+       Supplemental Folder, 650                       17.69
+       Things-of-Science                               7.20
+     Secretary's Expense                                           77.23
+     Treasurer's Expense                                           94.04
+     Dues, American Horticultural Society                           5.00
+
+       TOTAL                                                   $2,605.68
+
+   Cash on deposit, First Bank, South Bend                     $1,313.78
+   Disbursements                                                2,605.68
+
+                                                               $3,919.46
+                              -- -- -- --
+   On hand August 26, 1951                                     $1,730.99
+   Receipts                                                     2,188.47
+
+                                                               $3,919.46
+                              -- -- -- --
+     U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box                         $3,000.00
+
+I know that Mr. Best has still some more material that he will supply to
+any of you who are anxious to go out and help in getting the new
+members. It's only a matter of every person getting a couple, or like
+Spencer Chase getting 10. That would put us well toward our goal of a
+thousand members, on which the Association probably can operate without
+deficit. I thank you. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Mr. Prell. We are very much
+indebted to you for your business-like handling of the affairs of the
+society. It is sometimes bitter to know the facts, but the only way that
+we are ever going to get anywhere is by knowing the facts and facing
+them. Either fortunately or unfortunately we are not like the federal
+government, which can go on piling up deficits. We have to do as each
+one of us as individuals has to do: If our operating-expense exceeds
+income, we either have to get more income or cease out-go. That is the
+situation under which we are confronted at the present time.
+
+A little later we can take up some of the things we have in mind. Did
+you have a further report, Mr. Secretary?
+
+I think probably the Treasurer stole some of the thunder that you might
+otherwise have.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: He did that, and the Membership Committee also. You know
+something of the activities of the secretary's office during the current
+year, a matter of getting out three issues of The Nutshell and assisting
+with the editing of the annual report, which I hope you will receive
+about the time you get home.
+
+One other activity in which the Secretary participated, in addition to
+the usual task of answering letters to beginning nut growers, was this
+project "Things of Science". Perhaps Dr. McKay could tell us more about
+that. Is Dr. McKay in the room? Will you come up now?
+
+DR. MCKAY: We being near Washington, were, of course, the logical people
+to come in contact with this suggestion early when it was made. As a
+matter of fact, the very beginning of this movement goes back to Harry
+Dengler. Some of you may know of him. He is Extension Forester at the
+University of Maryland and is also Secretary of the American Holly
+Association.
+
+Harry Dengler was very much interested in this "Things of Science"
+program and happened to mention to the Science Service paper, of which
+Watson Davis is editor, that it would be a desirable thing to work up a
+test on nuts.
+
+For the benefit of those of you who do not know what "Things of Science"
+is, it is a movement sponsored by Science Service, located in
+Washington, D. C, whereby 12,000 subscribers to "Things of Science"
+receive every month a little kit through the mails dealing with all
+kinds of subjects in science. It is usually a little box, as in the case
+of the one on nuts, or it may be simply an envelope with some things in
+it to taste. The idea is to give people all over the country who are
+interested enough to pay $5.00 a year one kit a month, each one dealing
+with a different phase of science.
+
+Many groups subscribe to this service; for instance a boy scout troop,
+libraries and industrial plants. So it goes to literally many thousands
+more people than the 12,000 actual subscribers that it has.
+
+So when Science Service came to us and said, "Would you be interested in
+helping us work up a kit on nuts", naturally, we wanted to do what we
+could towards helping these people, and our first thought was this
+organization as an official sponsor for it. So we contacted the
+directors, the officers, Dr. MacDaniels and J. C. McDaniel, and as a
+result, the Northern Nut Growers, through its board of directors,
+because we had no other means to authorize it, went ahead and sponsored
+this move.
+
+To do it, we approached the California Walnut Growers Association, the
+California Almond Growers Association, the Northwest Nut Growers
+Association, and the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, with the
+idea of having their names mentioned in the kit, and in return they
+would furnish samples to distribute. The Northern Nut Growers
+Association furnished the hickory nut samples. The kit was composed of,
+as I recall, six different kinds of nuts--Persian walnuts and almonds
+from California, filberts from the Northwest, Pecans from the Southeast,
+hickory nuts from the Northern Nut Growers Association, and pistachio
+nuts furnished through the Department of Agriculture by Captain
+Whitehouse at Beltsville. He secured the pistachio nuts from the trees
+in California. The kit was composed of a little box about four inches
+long, an inch and a half deep and three inches wide, containing two or
+more nuts of the various kinds, together with a brochure that we helped
+the science people work up. Dr. MacDaniels and the various cooperating
+groups worked up this brochure of information. The kits include a set of
+directions for the subscriber to follow in using the material. There are
+several different possibilities, all along the lines of scientific
+experimentation.
+
+The idea is to get these youngsters and young people to become familiar
+with different kinds of nuts.
+
+I think that's all I should say, Mr. President. That covers pretty well
+the effort that was made and those who made the effort. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Dr. McKay. This project is
+one in which there were deadlines as to time, and we had to work rather
+fast. Air mail, special delivery, the long distance telephone and
+telegraph played quite a part in it. The Science Service was paying the
+cost of assembling and mailing. The only cost to the Association was for
+the hickory nuts.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We were late on that and unable to get the quality nuts we
+would like, but we did get enough to fill the kits, not all of which
+were worthy.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We would like to have secured Carpathian walnuts,
+but the nuts from known sources of supply were so discolored with husk
+maggot that we were ashamed to send them out. We were not able to locate
+and to furnish any considerable amount of any kind of northern nuts.
+Twelve thousand of these kits went out, and each one of them is in a
+position where it probably contacted a dozen or more on the average, so
+that I am sure as a result of the effort a great many people not only
+became more familiar with nuts and their various sources and uses, but
+also learned that the contest was sponsored by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. Mr. Prell, who knows something about advertising, thought
+it was a very worthwhile project.
+
+That completes the reports of the officers and of the committees. We
+will now take ten minutes recess.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The session will be in order.
+
+As your treasurer said, there are several other things which we
+discussed in the directors' meeting. We discussed this matter of how,
+the situation being such as it is, the Association could improve its
+position through gaining more members and through either making more
+money or cutting down expenditures.
+
+The Publicity Committee was one of those suggestions, who were to
+explore this matter of getting better publicity for less money. That is,
+whatever publicity we got from the American Fruit Grower cost us about
+$300, and we think we can do a lot better in some other way.
+
+Another matter was to place the financial situation of the society
+squarely before the membership and ask that as many as could and felt so
+inclined take out a contributing or a sustaining membership. We felt
+quite strongly that raising the dues was not the answer, because there
+are a lot of people sort of on the fringe who don't work too actively
+for the society but who do take out regular memberships but who, if we
+raised the dues even another 50 cents, would probably fail to renew
+their memberships. So that at least for the present we are not going to
+go ahead on that basis, unless you want that to come up for further
+discussion.
+
+Another point which we, I think, should explore was the matter of
+advertising in the proceedings. Some other associations, the pecan
+association, particularly, as Dr. McKay pointed out, make a substantial
+part of their revenue from advertising in the proceedings. We have tried
+that before, but times have changed, and I think it should be considered
+again.
+
+Then the matter of speeding up sales of sets of the proceedings to
+libraries, that is, further publicity in The Nutshell about sets that
+are for sale and, perhaps, circularizing the library lists to sell
+complete sets, or as complete as we have.
+
+Another matter that might be explored is having some kind of a
+"give-away program", some inducement for those who take out memberships
+for the first time. Other societies do it in one way or another.
+Unfortunately, our material does not lend itself to that sort of thing
+as well as some others, but we might be able to give nuts of Carpathian
+strains that could be used as seed nuts, or perhaps the hybrid hazels.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: One suggestion made in a letter from Dr. Crane was to
+distribute hybrid walnuts to grow to fruiting size. That might be
+explored if there is a source of enough seedlings or seed nuts of
+Juglans Regia crossed with Juglans Nigra.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We would welcome any further suggestions which you
+may have, either as to saving money or making money, or increasing our
+membership, which amounts to making money, of course.
+
+Another thing that might be done to present the possibilities of nut
+growing to your communities is to sponsor exhibits at your own county or
+state fairs.
+
+Mr. Slate wanted to make a comment along these lines.
+
+MR. SLATE: That matter of urging sustaining and contributing memberships
+has been mentioned by you. I think it would be one of the best things
+we could do to send a statement of our financial condition to the
+members of the Association pointing out the need for additional funds
+and suggesting that all who can possibly afford it take out sustaining
+and contributing memberships. It seems to me that this is just about the
+only alternative to increasing the dues. I am not sure whether an
+increase in the dues would result in the loss of many members or not.
+Perhaps they are getting rather used to the higher price level, and it
+might be well to have an expression of opinion from some of those here
+as to whether they thought there would be serious objections to an
+increase in the dues. Surely, there are many who can afford to carry
+sustaining or contributing memberships.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is the opinion of the Board of Directors. Mr.
+Slate has raised a question as to the validity of the conclusion of the
+Directors regarding the advisability of raising the dues. Our thinking
+was that to raise the dues beyond the present level would result in
+sufficient loss of membership to offset any gain in revenue. The last
+time we raised the dues what was the effect?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: When we raised the dues to $3.00 we had a membership of
+650. It dropped to about 580; a loss of 60 or 70.
+
+MR. PRELL: We in effect raised dues 50 cents this morning. It won't
+affect new members, but it may cause some of the older ones who are
+members to drop. They know that at present 50 cents of their dues are
+going to the Fruit Grower; now they aren't getting the Fruit Grower.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: They were getting for $2.50 what they will now get for
+$3.00.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: Any other discussion?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I have given this problem of increasing the membership
+quite a bit of thought, and have an idea which might be used. Let's see
+by a show of hands how many live in the city but own farms outside of
+the city.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The question is how many live in the city but have
+farms outside. Sixteen or 17, probably about 20.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: You might call me a city farmer. Like many other city
+people, I own a small farm near the city in which I live, which is
+Cincinnati, Ohio. I am intensely interested in the work of the N.N.G.A.
+There must be many others who, too, are owners of land but who use the
+land for experimental farming and to get a little diversion from the
+daily grind in the busy, noisy city. These people would consider it a
+favor to have their attention called to the interesting work of our
+organization.
+
+A practical plan for getting in touch with this reservoir of future
+members is to secure the names and addresses of such land owners from
+the records at the various county court houses fringing the cities. A
+personal letter should be written to these future members. A friendly
+invitation to join the N.N.G.A. should be extended, and a printed
+brochure describing and explaining its work and objects should be
+included.
+
+I believe that by working systematically on the city dweller, who also
+owns acreage outside the city limits, we could give our membership list
+a big boost.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is a good suggestion for the Membership
+Committee.
+
+Is there anything further?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: This is not a suggestion, but a comment following up the
+idea of the previous speaker. In Syracuse there was a woman with an
+estimated 160 acres of land, who about 15 or 16 years ago became
+interested in planting hybrid chestnuts. Unfortunately, the land was not
+suitable for raising chestnuts and the two or three hundred trees she
+planted failed to grow. I don't think there are two alive there now. So
+you will have to be a little bit careful in encouraging city people to
+plant nut trees. She spent a lot of money and right now if you mention
+that, she will just practically tear you apart. She wasted money and
+time, so be careful in getting people going too strong unless you are
+sure the trees are going to grow for them.
+
+MR. SNYDER: According to the chart outside, cutting off the Fruit Grower
+will leave us just a few cents per member in the red.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Right.
+
+MR. SNYDER: Well, don't we have $3,000 in bonds? What are they for, if
+it isn't to tide us over a hard period like this?
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is a suggestion for the Board of Directors.
+
+MR. SNYDER: If inflation keeps up, the bonds will be worth nothing. We
+might as well use them up. I would suggest we use every method to
+balance the budget without them, but if necessary, use some of them up.
+If it is necessary, use the bonds to balance the budget.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The question of whether or not we use the bonds, I
+think, would have to be considered very carefully. I think one of the
+Ohio men has a suggestion.
+
+MR. DOWELL: This discussion would follow along with that on membership.
+The active members of the Ohio section were organized back in 1946, and
+in 1948 the national body put in its by-laws a provision that there
+could be state sections formed. That is Article 1 and also Article 2,
+that you could have affiliated bodies. Now, as far as I know, there is
+no other state section.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Michigan has one, now.
+
+MR. DOWELL: Michigan has not actually affiliated yet, and when it does
+come in it will be an affiliated society. According to the by-laws it
+will not be necessary for all its members to be members of the N. N. G.
+A.
+
+Now, we feel that some strong state section is the main support in
+membership interest and a lot of other lines, and I think that if you
+check the rolls you will find where you have had a state organization,
+whether it's affiliated or otherwise, particularly Ohio and Michigan,
+that our membership has not really dropped down in total numbers. Of
+course, there is a turnover every year. If it has dropped down, it's
+been slight in comparison with the overall drop down.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Ohio is only holding its own now. You have one more member
+than you had a year ago.
+
+MR. DOWELL: That's right, we are holding our own, and previous to this
+last run, the total number in the Association was down a hundred. That
+has not dropped in Ohio, which has the state section. Neither has it
+recently in Michigan, which has recently organized the Michigan Nut
+Growers.
+
+The Executive Committee of the Ohio section wishes to present the
+following resolution for the consideration of this body:
+
+RESOLUTION
+
+     "WHEREAS we feel that membership in a state section has been a
+     definite advantage in maintaining and increasing membership in the
+     National Organization, as has been demonstrated in the Ohio Section
+     of the N. N. G. A.;
+
+     WHEREAS a National Organization becomes strong because of its
+     strong local sections which help maintain interest;
+
+     THEREFORE the National Organization should encourage and foster the
+     formation of local sections.
+
+     We therefore submit the following motion: That the N. N. G. A.
+     amend its constitution to provide for the organization of local
+     sections. These amendments should include the following provisions:
+
+     1. Membership in the N. N. G. A. shall be a requirement for full
+     membership in the local section; however this shall not exclude
+     local sections from accepting associate members.
+
+     2. That each member of the N. N. G. A. shall automatically become a
+     member of a local section when he resides in a location where a
+     recognized local section exists.
+
+     3. Wherever a local section has become established, the local
+     chairman shall serve as vice president of the N. N. G. A. for that
+     area.
+
+     4. The N. N. G. A. shall refund to the treasurer of each local
+     section ten percent (10%) of the N. N. G. A. dues paid annually by
+     members of that section."
+
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I conclude that you are presenting this for the
+consideration of the Association. It would be an amendment to the
+by-laws, I take it, rather than the constitution. Such an amendment
+would have to come up for consideration at the next meeting after
+consideration by the Board of Directors; either that, or else vote on it
+by mail.
+
+MR. DOWELL: It is purely a motion now, if passed or rejected. But if it
+is passed, then previous to the Rochester meeting, the proposal would
+have to be in a suitable form to be either passed or rejected for the
+by-laws.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We have this resolution in printed form. That will
+be transmitted to the Board of Directors for consideration at the next
+meeting.
+
+MR. DOWELL: We make it as a motion that the mass accept or reject it
+here.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The motion is, then, to accept the resolution and
+present it to the Board of Directors. Is that right? Is there a second?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I second it.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Are there further remarks? If not, all in favor,
+signify by saying "Aye." (Chorus of "ayes"). Opposed? (None.) It is
+carried.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am very sorry I was not recognized before the vote was
+taken.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I am sorry.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am speaking, I think, for the Michigan Nut Growers, of
+which we have quite a group here today, and we are quite anxious to
+maintain an independent state organization. We feel that it is perfectly
+all right for this motion to have been adopted as it has been, if there
+will be no attempt made to delete that section which now refers to
+affiliation.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think there would be no attempt to do that.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Is that clearly understood that there will be no attempt
+made to delete the section on affiliation?
+
+MR. DOWELL: That is the understanding. Now, there are two ways in the
+present by-laws. Now, this would either be a third or replace the first.
+It would have nothing to do with affiliating groups.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think that is right, and I think the thing to
+do, Mr. Dowell, would be to be sure that the new president is apprized
+of the Michigan point of view in that regard. He will be the chairman of
+the new Board of Directors, and this is simply a motion to consider it.
+It doesn't go any further than that.
+
+Is there any further business to come before this group at this time? If
+not, the other item on the agenda, as it is stated, I believe, is a
+presidential address.
+
+
+
+
+The Forward Look
+
+Presidential Address, by L. H. MacDaniels
+
+
+As the retiring president of our Association, it is a time honored
+custom and a privilege to give what is often referred to as the
+presidential address. I do not have in mind giving an address but rather
+to consider with you informally the present situation of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association and to give my ideas as to what we might do to
+improve our position and forward the purposes for which the Association
+was organized in 1910.
+
+Time does not permit recounting the history of the development of the
+Association. This has been done on several previous occasions. I will,
+however, go back to the 1945 report in which under the title "Where Do
+We Go from Here" I tried to pick up various aspects of the condition of
+the Association immediately following the war and point out areas to
+which special attention should be given at that time.
+
+Considering our situation in 1952, it appears that many of our problems
+are about the same as they were in 1945 although in some areas definite
+progress has been made. A quick look at our problems then and now is
+perhaps pertinent to the present discussion. One of these is variety
+evaluation. This still remains one of the important areas where we need
+much more information particularly as to the success or failure of
+different named clones of nut trees in various regions. Perhaps it is
+time for us to carefully summarize whatever data we have accumulated as
+to the adaptation of varieties or at least make plans for extending a
+program of evaluation. Since 1945 our survey committees have been active
+and have secured information that will certainly be helpful.
+
+The problem of judging standards has been clarified somewhat. It is my
+personal opinion that the judging schedule for varieties of black
+walnuts worked out with the assistance of Dr. S. S. Atwood is on a sound
+basis and might well receive much wider use. Following along somewhat
+the same pattern, suggested schedules have been proposed for the
+hickories and butternuts. These should receive further consideration and
+adoption, if approved at least on a tentative basis. A schedule for
+Persian walnuts is very much needed as indicated by the recent contest
+in which confusion occurred related to there being no recognized
+standards of evaluation. With the Persian walnut such matters as the
+method of cracking and the importance of such characters as sealing of
+nuts, recovery of whole halves and others should be agreed upon.
+
+Our procedure in naming varieties is still somewhat chaotic. Possibly we
+should adopt the general pattern of the American Pomological Society.
+Their example of setting up an approved list of varieties for planting
+on a regional basis is worthy of consideration. Even though such a list
+were tentative and incomplete, a start which would embody the best
+information we have would be valuable.
+
+Securing new varieties of, hardy nut trees through breeding has made
+some progress. Most encouraging is the work of the Federal Experiment
+Station at Beltsville where Doctor Crane and Doctor McKay and their
+associates are using modern techniques in securing new varieties of
+hardy nut trees. Some progress in hybridization, of course, has been
+made, particularly with the filberts, the hybrids developed by J. F.
+Jones, G. L. Slate, S. H. Graham, Heben Corsan and some others, showing
+great improvement over previous European varieties in their adaptability
+to the northern United States. At the present time there are filbert
+varieties of hybrid origin better than those in the nursery trade which
+should be propagated and made available. Work with the Chinese chestnuts
+has also been valuable.
+
+It is my opinion, which I believe is shared by most of those who are
+familiar with progress in securing new varieties, that we are not likely
+to find in the wild, varieties or clones which show any marked
+improvement over those already found and named. There is, of course,
+always the possibility of the "perfect nut" arising as a chance
+variation. The recent walnut and hickory contests, however, have been
+somewhat disappointing for they have not discovered any variety of black
+walnut better than the Thomas for instance, or a hickory much better
+than some of those located years ago. This does not mean that members of
+the Association should not keep a sharp lookout for new varieties
+occurring spontaneously which will be better than existing sorts. It
+does mean, however, that if real "breaks" are to be secured, it will be
+necessary to apply some of the more effective techniques which are known
+in the plant breeding field. Any such program is a long time project and
+can only be effectively attempted by experiment stations, or by some of
+the young men, who begin now to make crosses under the direction or at
+least with the advice of those who are familiar with plant breeding
+techniques.
+
+Progress has been made in the Association organization. The constitution
+has been thoroughly overhauled and amended, particularly to provide for
+regional groups. Certainly such groups are to be encouraged and have
+done and will do much to strengthen the national organization in the
+various states. It is my personal opinion that these regional groups can
+be of particular value in working with the experiment stations and
+legislatures to promote the interests of the Association. The state
+associations should be on the alert to build on the interests of
+conservation departments as related to wildlife preserves and
+sportsmen's clubs and other agencies which put the growing of nut trees
+in proper perspective. I am not at all in favor of securing either
+federal or state support for every minor project which comes along.
+However, the Northern Nut Growers Association need make no apologies for
+its program, particularly as it is related to the conservation of our
+natural resources; to the promotion of better living on the farm and
+those values which are real and great, even though they do not show up
+large in dollar value of crops produced.
+
+Unfortunately, projects in nut growing have been started in various
+states, particularly Ohio and Michigan only to be eliminated before they
+really got under way because of lack of support. Experiment station
+directors, if they are confronted with a shortage of funds, are likely
+to run the blue pencil through items which cannot be backed up with
+economic considerations. The approach of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association it seems to me should not be to seek support on an economic
+basis but rather on the basis of better living on the farm, improvement
+of gardens and farmsteads and the advantages of growing nut trees as
+compared with any other horticultural activity. There has been a real
+increase in the importance which is given to this approach in recent
+times and an active state association, which can keep in touch with
+local conditions and call on the national association for additional
+support, will certainly be of great assistance in the future.
+
+I personally am not in favor of any sort of a set up by which the
+national association gives a kick back of national dues to a regional
+association. The dues are inadequate for the national association at the
+present time. Looking at the whole situation with some perspective, it
+would seem that the regional associations might contribute to the
+national association rather than the reverse. If the constitution and
+by-laws of the Association are not such as to make affiliation with the
+national association and the formation of regional associations easy,
+they can readily be changed to secure the very best pattern that can be
+devised.
+
+Perhaps one of the most acute problems with which the Association is
+faced is the struggle to keep financially solvent. We are all aware of
+our changing economy, particularly the increased costs of printing and
+in fact of everything that our organization uses or needs, even postage.
+In my thinking, the finances of the Association are much the same as
+those of an individual, who is confronted with expenditures that exceed
+his income. The things that have to be done are obvious and the same in
+both cases. One is to spend less and the other is to secure more funds.
+In the judgment of your directors and executive committee, expenditures
+have been reduced as low as is safe in order to keep a going
+organization. Members join the Association for the value which they get
+out of it and a large part of this value is in the form of reports,
+newsletters, information made available and the organization of annual
+meetings. If these services were discontinued or curtailed, membership
+falls off. This has been the experience of other plant societies, of
+which there are many.
+
+In my judgment retrenchment is not the answer in the present situation.
+Securing additional funds is the best forward-looking policy. The
+question comes up as to how this may be done. Experience in our
+Association and I believe other associations as well, has shown that
+$3.00 is about as far as dues can be raised. There comes a point with
+every society when, if the dues are increased, there is a falling off of
+membership, which more than offsets the gain. Other obvious procedures
+are: (1) increasing the number of members; (2) providing different types
+of memberships to encourage larger contributions; (3) gifts; and (4)
+special fund raising projects. Of these various ways and means,
+certainly increasing the number of members is by far the more promising.
+The overhead of the association is not increased with additional
+memberships anywhere near in proportion to the contributions of those
+members. This is particularly true for additional copies of the report
+and general office expense. The drive for new members under President
+Best's leadership has produced gratifying results and I believe if this
+is continued effectively through the next few years, a membership
+increase can be secured that will assure the Association's balancing its
+budget. Somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand paid memberships
+would solve most of our financial difficulties. Provision is already
+made for different types of memberships and it is to be hoped that many
+who can do so will join the contributing member class at least until we
+are out of our present financial woods.
+
+Other societies raise considerable revenue through special projects such
+as the sale of publications of one kind or another, seed distribution or
+slide rental. The type of material with which the Northern Nut Growers
+Association deals is not comparable to some of these other organizations
+but certainly the possibilities of revenue through special projects need
+to be explored.
+
+Research with northern nut trees is exceedingly important from the
+standpoint of accomplishing the objectives of the Association. The
+matter of breeding new varieties has already been touched on. Other
+types of research are such that a large part must be carried on by
+experiment stations which have a continuing program. Much has been done
+in securing observational information by Association members themselves
+but some problems are such that they must be continued over a long
+period of time and set up with adequate checks and provision for
+securing significant data. Otherwise the results are of no real value.
+Granted we need all the sound observational experience that all the
+members can bring to our problems, there are still aspects of culture of
+northern nut trees that need continuing program of scientific research.
+
+Fortunately, much of the cultural information secured with nut crops of
+economic value is directly applicable to northern nut trees. This is
+true of the work with northwestern filberts, western walnuts, southern
+pecans and even the tung industry. There comes a point, however, when
+information thus gained needs to be checked under the specific
+conditions where the crops are grown and very little research has been
+done in the northern states where the hardy nuts are important.
+
+Of special importance to the northern nut growers is the control of
+diseases and insects. At the present time the bunch disease of walnuts
+is becoming increasingly more troublesome and very little is known as to
+how this is spread or how it may be controlled. In my own filbert
+planting, the hazel bud mite during past years has made the crop
+practically a failure. Little apparently is known as to the life history
+of this insect or when miticides might be applied. Examples such as the
+bunch disease and mite damage are multiplied many times with other
+diseases of local or regional importance. In my thinking our best hope
+for getting something done is to encourage the Departments of Entomology
+and Plant Pathology in the experiment stations to take up these disease
+and insect problems, which might be attacked by graduate students as
+thesis subjects, even though the economic importance is not great.
+
+As I see the situation of the Association, there is need for its members
+to produce more nuts of better quality. Nothing intrigues the interest
+of potential members as much as actually seeing and tasting locally
+grown samples of nuts of superior varieties. On several occasions I have
+tried to assemble collections of nuts for exhibit or to buy them for one
+purpose or another and found great difficulty in finding sources of
+supply. This was particularly true in the fall of 1951 when we were
+trying to assemble nuts for "The Things of Science" project. We wanted
+very much to secure Carpathian walnuts that could be sent out and used
+for seed purposes. There was no source to which we could turn. In
+several possible sources of supply, husk maggots had so infested the
+crop that the nuts were discolored and unattractive. It might have been
+possible to secure enough black walnuts to include in the kit but the
+problem of state quarantines against the bunch disease could not be
+easily adjusted.
+
+Finally I believe the Northern Nut Growers Association is doing a very
+significant work. Our emphasis at the present time at least might very
+well be on nut growing as a hobby and for conservation, for better shade
+trees and for better living on the farms and homesteads rather than to
+emphasize the commercial angles. This will come in time if it can really
+be demonstrated that growing northern nut trees is a profitable venture.
+In these days of job specialization everyone needs a hobby and an outlet
+for special interests. I know of few other fields of endeavor for those
+who like growing things than the rewards that are to be found in the
+growing of hardy nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+The Monday afternoon session was convened at one o'clock p.m.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The afternoon session will please be in order.
+
+The first paper this afternoon will be, "The Future of Your Nut
+Planting," Mr. W. F. Sonnemann, Vandalia, Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+The Future of Your Nut Planting
+
+W. F. SONNEMANN, _Vandalia, Ill._
+
+
+Ladies and gentlemen, it is a great pleasure to appear before the
+Northern Nut Growers Association. I am just a sprout as far as nut
+growing is concerned, when we consider the age of some of our old
+hickory nut trees.
+
+About 25 years ago, I became interested in nut growing and, in
+particular, the river-bottom hickory nut tree. Then we had so many nut
+trees growing in the bottom that we never thought of trying to plant a
+tree or look after one. People could gather all the nuts they wanted and
+often the trees were cut just to get the nuts. They'd lay a stick of
+dynamite at the base of the tree to shake the nuts off.
+
+After a few years of that, I thought we might do something to save the
+nut trees for the future generations. That's when I first started to
+plant some nuts. Incidentally, I made a big mistake, by not joining the
+Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Naturally, I wanted the largest pecan I could find. I went to the St.
+Louis market and bought and planted nice Papershell pecans--very nice
+pecans, but the trees do not mature their crop. Mr. McDaniel and I tried
+to top-work them, but that's a big job. Had I joined the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, I could have avoided a lot of those mistakes.
+
+There are some things that I found out in practicing law that can very
+well apply to nut growing. If you will pardon the reference to personal
+experience, I can bring forth to you about four situations. One, a good,
+close friend of mine had a vacant lot close to his home. He had been
+planting nut trees and papaw trees and persimmon trees for years. On
+this vacant lot he had a 25-year-old Busch walnut growing back on the
+alley, on the lawn was a beautiful Japanese flowering cherry, and there
+were two pecan trees in the yard proper. He sold the lot to a neighbor
+whose wife was just crazy about flowers, little dreaming that those
+trees would ever be cut down. I don't believe the ink of the recorder
+had been cooled or dried before that English walnut was cut down, the
+Japanese cherry grubbed out of the front lawn, and one of the pecan
+trees was cut. It just about broke the old owner's heart, and all he
+could say was, "I am just disappointed in my neighbors." And now there
+is a house being erected there, and the pecan tree that was 12 inches in
+diameter was cut. That could have been prevented, had this man given
+thought to the future.
+
+Another man, named Hagen, who was instrumental in getting me interested
+in nut growing, had a nice group of river-bottom shellbark trees growing
+in his field. One of these has been propagated and named the Hagen, and
+although it isn't a good cracking quality, it's a very large nut.
+
+A pipe line was laid close to that field, and this man had the
+fore-*sight to put a clause in this pipe-line right of way which gave
+him the protection of collecting adequate damages for the destruction
+of the trees. Didn't even need a lawyer, which is something bad for the
+law business. It is a suggestion, that when a pipe line, or telephone
+company is buying a right of way, it is possible to protect your
+interests in valuable trees.
+
+Another instance of protecting nut trees was when the new U. S. Highway
+40 was built across Illinois. I had the job of condemning the right of
+way and when the engineer and I were out walking over it we noticed a
+fine group of hickory nut trees on the hillside. I remarked what a nice
+group of trees it was. He said, "Yes, that's going to be a borrow pit up
+there." I said, "You mean they are going to destroy those trees?" He
+said, "Yes, dirt from this borrow pit will make the fill across this
+bottom."
+
+I said, "Why can't we get the dirt somewhere else? Dirt is dirt."
+
+And the engineer said, "Well, that's the plans." We had a little
+contrariness there, and I had to threaten to drop the case as far as
+that tract of land was concerned. If you fight long enough and hard
+enough in such cases you may find some other person who is interested in
+nut trees. We did; we found an engineer higher up, and that group of
+hickory trees is now a picnic area. They used a borrow pit somewhere
+else, and it gives me a great pleasure to drive past that group of
+hickory trees and see them still standing there. In the fall of the year
+you'd be surprised at the number of people at that picnic area, and they
+keep those hickory nuts picked up clean as fast as they fall.
+
+In our county hospital just started they happened to select a piece of
+ground I own an interest in for a county hospital. On that are some good
+hickory nut trees. I told them they'd never get the land until they made
+some arrangements in regard to those nut trees. The engineer that
+designed that hospital must have had some sense, because they are
+building a canopy around one of the trees adjacent to that hospital, and
+have arranged to cut only one scrub oak. The other trees will be
+mentioned in the deed with restrictive covenants to protect them.
+
+If you sign anything a company gives you, you are liable to have
+anything cut on your land. Remember the saying that "the big print gives
+it to you and the fine print takes it away." And it's the fine print you
+want to watch in all your right of ways or in your condemnation
+proceedings.
+
+I know a man who had almost 160 acres of river-bottom hickories. During
+his lifetime he was very careful about those trees. He would cut the
+brush around the trees and harvest those hickory nuts as if it was a
+crop of corn or beans. Upon his death his children were scattered over
+the various states. They didn't care anything for this hickory grove.
+It's been cut. Now there is a bulldozer in there trying to clean out
+those hickory stumps. They are not making much progress. All you now
+have in that farm is 160 acres of old tree stumps, wild honey-suckle
+vines, poison ivy and poison oak, and even a coon hunter gripes when he
+has to take his dogs through there on a coon hunt. Those heirs care
+nothing about it.
+
+In selling land it doesn't make any difference whether it's a sale to a
+neighbor, or to a friend or a stranger, you should protect any trees
+that you have growing upon that land by what we term a covenant running
+with the land, and that means if a deed is made it will provide that
+certain trees shall not be cut within a certain period of time. In one
+case where I am forced to sell some land I am protecting the trees for
+10 years.
+
+Each of these situations requires research under your own state laws. I
+had hoped to be able to tell you something definite and precise as to
+each situation, but when I considered the membership in the Northern Nut
+Growers, the many states it covers and the great difference in the state
+laws, it's just impossible to lay your hand upon one set of facts that
+governs. You should consult your attorney who is dealing with your
+transactions and tell him specifically what you have in mind and what
+you want to protect. He will know whether your state recognizes
+covenants running with your land and what provision can be made to
+protect trees that you want to save or secure damages.
+
+Remember, in any transaction, if it is not in the written instrument
+that you sign, it's just an oral agreement that you make on the side,
+and it doesn't mean a thing. It has to be in the paper that you sign.
+
+As I mentioned briefly, in what they call "eminent domain", the state
+has a right to take property for public use. The only thing you can do
+there is just get your head square and fight, and if you are stubborn
+enough, you may find someone in the organization that you are dealing
+with who has some interest in trees. They may not be members of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association or any tree association, but there are
+some people who appreciate trees and who do realize how long it takes to
+have a nice pecan tree or nice hickory nut tree growing.
+
+If they call you contrary, that you won't give in to anything, let them
+call you contrary, let them call you nuts, but you can protect your
+trees and make sure that their future is secure.
+
+What will happen to your trees after you are dead? Each individual's
+situation has to be considered separately. In many states you can
+provide by will to whom you want your nut planting to go, or you can, by
+making a trust, give the trees to trustees with certain powers and
+duties to care for and manage them for a period of time or perpetually,
+depending on the laws of your state. Usually it is limited to the life
+of some person or 21 years. In that length of time if your heirs or the
+person you desire these trees to go to have not educated themselves to
+the value of the tree, then the planting will be lost anyway.
+
+In all of these cases and all the transactions that you make, if you
+value your trees--and you surely do when you will carry water for them
+and plant them and dig that large hole for those roots--it is worth
+while to look after them during the trees' lifetime, not your own
+lifetime. And if you will consult with your attorney, particularly
+mention those trees to him and just exactly what your ideas are, I think
+you will be assured that you will have a future for nut trees.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Sonnemann.
+
+Are there any questions you wish to ask on this subject. Here is a
+chance to get free legal advice on the spot. That's unusual.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: There is one point I'd like to bring out, backing up what
+the gentleman just said. You know we introduced back in 1928 to 1936
+very large numbers of Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. Most of them went
+out to state forestry departments and such; somewhere around a half
+million trees. We have had some very valuable cooperative orchard
+plantings, which have been lost because something happened to the man,
+he moved away, sold his property, or died. With these gentlemen who have
+passed away, experimental orchard plantings and other trees were part of
+their lives, but their children, or whoever inherited the property, had
+no interest in continuing the work.
+
+We have had the same experience with some agricultural experiment
+stations where one of the horticulturists is interested in the
+plantings, but has moved away, and we have lost our plantings.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Dr. Gravatt. Mr. Becker, do you wish to
+say something about the Reed Memorial?
+
+MR. BECKER: This is just a word of appreciation to a number of the
+Northern Nut Growers members who have helped out with the C. A. Reed
+Memorial.
+
+When we organized the Michigan Nut Growers Association last January it
+was Professor O'Rourke's idea to have a memorial at Mr. Reed's home
+town, which is Howell, Michigan. With Mrs. Reed's approval we planned as
+our first project, planting a nut tree with a suitable plaque in memory
+of the late Dr. Reed.
+
+As a followup, we issued a little bulletin asking for contributions
+toward the memorial. We sent these out to people who knew Mr. Reed, many
+of whom are among this group.
+
+Response has been gratifying and we now have approximately $95 toward
+the tablet. On Arbor Day a Michigan variety of shagbark hickory called
+the Abscoda was planted at Howell on the library grounds. The services
+were conducted with the cooperation of the Michigan State College and
+the Livingston County garden group. This is a word of appreciation and
+also to explain what we have done. Thank you. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We will go on to the next paper, "The Value of a
+Tree," Ferdinand Bolten, Linton, Indiana. Mr. Bolton. (Applause.)
+
+MR. BOLTEN: Members of the Northern Nut Growers Association and ladies
+and gentlemen: I am just a farmer. I am not a speech-maker, like the
+lawyer here who makes his living talking. I make my living farming, and
+I have some ideas, views that I'd like to bring before you.
+
+
+
+
+The Value of a Tree
+
+FERD BOLTEN, _Linton, Ind._
+
+
+Members of the Northern Nut Growers Association, ladies, and gentlemen.
+It may be a little unusual for a fruit grower and farmer to be on this
+program; however, I have lived a lifetime working with trees on the same
+farm I was born on sixty-six years ago last May. We have one hundred
+acres of orchard, several varieties of nut trees, including English
+walnut, pecans, hybrid pecans or hicans, hickories, filberts, hazelnuts,
+heart nuts, butternuts, black walnuts; also, persimmons, pawpaws,
+hybrid oaks and many of the native forest trees. In operating a farm
+this size, you naturally get a lot of experience and headaches. A very
+good friend of mine told me a joke that I think fits in with my farm
+very well. He said a fruit grower delivered a load of apples to the
+insane asylum. One of the inmates was helping unload the apples. The
+inmate kept talking about apples, so the grower asked him if he was ever
+on a fruit farm. The inmate replied that he was before he came to the
+asylum and, in return, asked the grower if he had ever been in the
+asylum. The grower replied that he had not. Then the inmate said, "Mr.,
+I have been both places, and I can tell you something. It is a lot nicer
+here than it is on a fruit farm".
+
+My subject is,
+
+THE VALUE OF A TREE
+
+A tree out of its natural habitat sometimes becomes worthless. As an
+extreme example, the orange tree in Indiana has no commercial value and
+the apple tree in Florida has no commercial value. Therefore, it seems
+that we should, in Indiana, endeavor to develop better trees in the
+trees which are at home here. This includes the native hickory and the
+black walnut, hazels, filberts and the pecans in Southern Indiana.
+Personally, I am spending quite a bit of time with the Crath Carpathian
+English or Persian Walnut. Last winter, I lost seven out of fifty trees
+from some cause, after they had gone through the winter of 1950 and
+1951, at a temperature of nineteen below zero without injury. It may
+have been they were caught last fall by a hard freeze in full foliage,
+early before the apples were all picked; and, again, it may be blight. I
+hope not. But this I do know, the hickory and black walnut in their
+natural habitat were not injured.
+
+I wonder why hickories are so erratic in their bearing habits. Could it
+be the winter rest period? For example, the peach has to have from seven
+hundred hours, in some varieties, to twelve hundred hours, in others, of
+below forty-five degrees temperature, or they will not set a good crop
+of fruit. The value of a variety of peach in Georgia sometimes is
+determined by the number of hours of rest period below forty-five
+degrees that the variety has to have. It has happened that the same
+variety of peach has produced a good crop in Northern Georgia and a poor
+crop in Southern Georgia. Where the winter was not as cold in Indiana we
+never lose crops from the lack of enough cold weather; we lose them from
+sub-zero temperatures. So you see, the value of a variety in Georgia is
+different to Indiana.
+
+The value of a tree may be in the wood or in the food its produces, or
+its beauty in winter. Many a picture is taken of evergreens covered with
+snow. Its value may be its beauty in summer, or the coloring of its
+leaves in the fall. There is also a sentimental value; a limb that is
+just right for a child's swing, the Constitutional Elm at Corydon, or
+the Harrison Oak at North Bend, Ohio. They have a historical value and
+are visited by many people.
+
+A man said to me some time ago, "I wonder why God made the hicans the
+cross between the pecans and the hickory?" There may be a valuable nut
+tree show up in the second or third generation of the hybrid trees when
+certain characteristics begin to revert to the parent trees. I have on
+my farm some hybrid oaks grafted, and am very anxious to see them
+produce acorns so I can plant them and watch the results. This hybrid
+originated in the Greene and Sullivan County Forest in Indiana, and is
+called the Carpenter Oak after Mr. Carpenter, the district forester. It
+is, apparently, a cross between the shingle oak and the pin oak because
+it is comparable with both of them.
+
+The value of a tree is not always the one that wins first prize in the
+show. The best plate of nuts in the show may not be from the most
+valuable tree, because it may be biennial in bearing habits, it may be a
+shy bearer, it may be an early bloomer and subject to frost. My most
+productive Crath Carpathian tree is not the best walnut and would not
+get anywhere in the show, but it is hardy, blooms late, and is
+productive; so its value is in these traits. The number of chromosomes
+in the Crath Carpathian walnut may be different. There is quite a
+difference in the size of nuts produced on individual trees. This
+indicates that there may be a difference in chromosome count. If this is
+true, it will be a great help in improving the size of the nuts
+produced. It may be of value in pollination. The triploid apple needs to
+be pollinated by the diploid variety. By setting them close together,
+you get a much better set of fruit.
+
+Sometimes I think trees are as temperamental as people. Some trees,
+especially the apple, lose their value because they are subject to
+certain diseases. Some are susceptible to scab, blight, codling moth,
+rots, blotch, and other diseases, to a point where they become worthless
+as commercial varieties. The honey locust has been considered one of the
+trees on farms to be destroyed, because it was thought to be worthless.
+Now, its value is being found in the correcting of sugar deficiency in
+dairy cattle. The pods of the honey locust are one of the best foods to
+correct sugar deficiency and cattle like them and eat them freely. I
+have on my farm a thornless honey locust that produced ten bushels of
+pods one year. The honey locust is also a legume and produces nitrogen
+which, in turn, is used by the pasture grasses and makes more pasture
+for the cattle.
+
+The mulberry tree that ripens when cherries are ripe has a value in the
+fact that every mulberry eaten by a bird saves a cherry and the birds
+are valuable because they destroy insects that cause the worms in
+cherries.
+
+After observing trees for years, I am convinced that there are certain
+strains or families of trees in the forest that have outstanding traits.
+Those traits in growth might be dwarfs or they may be giants; they may
+have short lives or long lives, like different varieties of apples. The
+fruit or seeds may be large or small. I believe as reforestation
+progresses there will be certain trees located which have value as seed
+trees and which will improve the forest equal to the improvement in
+livestock on the farms today. The razor back hog that roamed the forest
+is gone and has been replaced by animals much improved; yet, the forest
+in which it roamed is the same. Now we are turning to man made forests
+and a chance to improve them by selecting the more valuable trees for
+our source of seed. In the native hickory and black walnut, there is a
+great need for more interest in searching for and preserving the most
+valuable trees for their cracking quality, flavor, and productivity.
+There have been and are now, nut trees on farms that were valuable
+trees, but were known only to the owner and the small boys of the
+community. These trees should have been preserved for posterity, but
+many of them are lost forever.
+
+In forestry, a tree's value may be in its ability to re-seed itself. In
+the kinds of pine, the Virginia pine is one of the best, and also, one
+of the youngest to produce seed cones. I have counted twenty-five cones
+on a five year old Virginia Pine tree. In forestry, the red cedar is
+good to re-seed itself in the area in which it grows. The maple ash,
+cotton wood, and poplar also grow freely from nature's seeding.
+
+Every tree that grows has a value. The leaves help purify the air; the
+persimmon and the tree with a wild grapevine are food for wild life. The
+old hollow tree is a refuge for the coon and o'possum and other wild
+life. I have a hollow white oak on my farm I let stand because a family
+of squirrels is raised in it every year. I also have a bee tree and the
+bees help pollinate my fruit trees so they produce better. A world
+without trees would be a desolate place. The value of a park is in its
+trees.
+
+I have spoken of the value of trees for the preservation of wild life,
+but how do trees affect the life of man and how does man affect tree
+life? Man is the builder or destroyer of tree life; although the tree is
+the oldest living thing in plant or animal life, man is master over
+trees. A man came into my farm office one day and said, "Everything in
+this room either grew from the earth or was mined from the earth." How
+about everything in this room? The furniture, the clothing you wear, the
+ring on your finger, the glass in the windows, etc.? Let us think for a
+minute, what are the things of the greatest value in this room? We have
+an organization, The Northern Nut Growers Association. It did not grow
+from the earth, there is knowledge of science here, there are doctors'
+degrees (I wish I had one), there is ambition, honesty, love, pride, and
+patriotism. Man's knowledge is the key. What he leaves alone or what he
+destroys. So the greatest value is man's knowledge. After all, the
+greatest values are the things that come from the minds and the hearts
+of men. By man's efforts, we find or develop these valuable trees.
+
+The value of a home is increased by trees. The love of trees and the
+pride in owning a home is hard to separate. The privilege in America to
+own a home and plant a tree on your own ground is of great value. It has
+been said that he, who plants a tree, is truly a servant of God. I
+sometimes wonder if this great value of the privilege of owning a piece
+of ground and building a home and planting a tree is in danger of being
+lost under the present creeping grip of socialism and communism. This
+privilege of planting and owning a tree is of greater value than any
+tree, and we must not lose this valuable inheritance in America.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Mr. Magill, are you all set with your program?
+
+MR. MAGILL: Yes, sir. This is to be a discussion of "Methods of Getting
+Better Annual Crops on Black Walnut--A symposium led by W. W. Magill
+(Kentucky)--Discussion by a panel made up of W. G. Tatum, Spencer Chase,
+W. B. Ward and Mr. Schlagenbusch." Will those men come here? We will get
+started.
+
+My business in life is Extension peddler down in Kentucky, working on
+fruits and nuts and berries, and naturally that takes me into a good
+many counties. We have 120, and I have been in all of them. Some places
+didn't have anything, so no reason to go back. But I pick up a lot of
+conversation, people give you ideas and things to think about.
+
+We were talking about the conditions of the world--everybody's got a
+good job and plenty of money and biggest incomes that the country has
+ever known. That's true, but if you take down in the hills and hollows
+into some places that I go and you take the financial status of certain
+of those families, it's not measured in thousands of dollars, some cases
+not hardly measured in hundreds of dollars. It's measured in terms of
+gratuities and things to eat and not measured by greenbacks, and the
+families don't pay income tax.
+
+Last fall I was out on a farm in the foothills some 70 miles from
+Lexington, in a place that most of you folks wouldn't want to live in
+and call home, a little farm, probably 16 acres, with a widow lady
+probably 65 years old, living there with her daughter. And among other
+things, she said, "Mr. Magill, I understand that you are supposed to
+know something about nuts. See that tree standing right out there?" She
+says, "I will give you a $20 bill if you will tell me how to make that
+nut tree bear annual crops."
+
+Well, I was a little bit surprised. I listened, and I got to asking her
+questions. Some member of the family had gone to Chicago years ago, and
+she knew about all the black walnut packing firms in Kentucky. This
+relative had worked in the market, and had indicated she could get a
+dollar a pound for all the nut meats she would pick out and send to this
+relative in Chicago. And that nut tree meant about 30 to 35 dollars a
+year when it had a crop but only bore every other year.
+
+Well, that drove home just a little more to me than ever before the
+question of why certain nut trees bore and others didn't bear. To that
+lady there it meant $30 the year it bore and no income from that tree on
+the year it didn't bear. And she stood there beside the home and pointed
+out other trees that bore regularly. And she said, "Why do they bear
+regular crops and this good tree that makes so many fine, big kernels
+bears every other year?" That's a challenge I am throwing out to this
+audience today to all the members on this panel.
+
+I am hoping that Pappy Ward or Friend Chase will answer that question
+completely. The thing I have in mind, is that in a group like we have
+here today, as many nuts as we have got here, if we think about this
+question and talk to the folks back home, I believe in a year or two we
+can have worked out and have printed in the records of the report some
+pretty reasonable answers as to why nut trees don't bear, or why they
+bear heavy crops on certain years and are off certain years.
+
+Mr. Ward, I know you have observed this over a period of years. What, in
+your opinion, is the one factor that is more responsible for this
+alternate bearing of black walnuts?
+
+
+
+
+Why Black Walnuts Fail to Bear Satisfactory Crops
+
+W. B. WARD, _Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+When man or nature, and sometimes both, change the natural habits of a
+tree, most anything can happen. There are years when the black walnut
+sets very few fruits either on the seedling trees or trees of named
+varieties. Some few trees have alternate years of production, while
+other trees bear annually and some not at all. Good results and good
+crops may be expected only when several factors are normal and
+conditions favorable. After twenty years of keeping records and
+observations on nut trees and through correspondence with other growers,
+I consider the main reason for crop failure or light production to be
+climatic conditions and the weather for an entire year.
+
+The black walnut produces a pistillate flower at the end of the present
+season's growth. The staminate flowers, or catkins, come from last
+year's wood. Good growing conditions are desirable for wood growth and
+fruit bud formation and any retarding of growth the previous season
+means little or no production. Winter injury to wood and bud, diseases
+or insects attacking the foliage, soil moisture, and summer temperatures
+will lower tree vitality. There are times when strong vigorous trees
+fail to fruit which could be due to a high or low carbohydrate-nitrogen
+balance. Soil type, plant food, age of tree, and location will have some
+influence on annual or even biennial production but yet are not the all
+important reasons for light crops.
+
+The pollen of the black walnut is mostly wind borne as few insects ever
+visit the flowers and pollination is dependent on wind borne pollen.
+Trees planted in groups and close together are generally more productive
+than trees planted in orchard rows even as close as 40' by 40'. When the
+weather is cold and rainy during bloom, one should not expect much of a
+crop.
+
+The staminate flowers opened early in Indiana the years of 1950, 1951,
+and 1952. The weather was more or less ideal during the time the catkins
+had elongated and about ready to shed pollen. This warm spell was
+followed by a fairly cool weather and considerable rain, which delayed
+the opening of the pistillate flowers, consequently the pollen dried and
+was lost before the pistil was receptive.
+
+The few walnut trees in the University plantation have always had the
+best of care. The trees have been mulched, fertilized (both through root
+and leaf feedings), sprayed, cultivated and seeded to grass with the
+grass clipped. The trees are some distance away from other seedling
+walnuts and a bit off the beaten path of the right direction of the
+spring winds. The varieties are Ohio, Stambaugh, Stabler, Rohwer, and
+Thomas. When the spring weather is balmy at flowering time, the trees
+bear a respectable crop but let the weather change to cool and moist and
+then that is the time one begins to think about calling up the sawmill
+to see if there is any need for some good walnut logs.
+
+MR. MAGILL: That's a mighty good discussion. I see Mr. Ward has been
+observing walnut trees closer than I assumed he had.
+
+Mr. Chase, I know you have seen a lot of things in Tennessee that you
+are not going to tell us about, but I suggest that you discuss some of
+the things you have observed about walnut trees bearing anywhere.
+
+MR. CHASE: Alternate bearing has been a problem with fruits and nuts
+since time immemorial. I know a tremendous amount of work has been done
+with the apple, which has a definite biennial bearing habit. There have
+been all sorts of things tried to make it bear annual crops, and as far
+as I know, there has not been anything effective developed along that
+line. Of course, there are varieties of apples that tend to bear annual
+crops.
+
+As Mr. Ward brought out--he took all my thunder, so I don't have much to
+say--a tree may set a heavy crop of nuts one year because frost or poor
+pollination the year before destroyed the crop so that a large amount of
+carbohydrates were built up in the tree. Now, the tree in producing a
+heavy crop of well filled nuts utilizes every bit of carbohydrates it
+has stored and can manufacture. While it is doing this the terminal bud
+is being formed for next year's crop, and if there isn't a sufficient
+amount of carbohydrates in the tree at that critical period, there is
+not likely to be a flower bud formed.
+
+This is not limited just to walnuts, but occurs with nearly all fruits
+and nuts, with the possible exception of the chestnut.
+
+We made a study which was reported in the 1946 report by Mr. Zarger in
+which he reported the bearing habits of some 135 trees over a 10-year
+period, and there were definite bearing cycles, or bearing habits. It
+was not always an on year followed by an off year, but possibly two
+years in a row, then nothing. There were some trees that went three
+years without a crop, then a crop. Very few, however, had annual crops,
+and the annual crops were heavy or moderately heavy, followed by what we
+consider a light crop.
+
+These trees were scattered through seven states and, of course,
+conditions were not the same. They were all seedling trees, but careful
+records were kept on the bearing habits. There was a group of trees that
+could not be classified into any definite bearing habit. In those
+instances we suspected unfavorable weather at pollination time, but as a
+general rule, in our section I don't believe we are concerned with that
+factor.
+
+The Thomas, which we can watch carefully in a nearby orchard, is
+definitely on one year and off the next. Quite a few are on one year and
+off two years. We haven't found any way to make that an annual crop,
+because when it sets a crop, it sets a bumper crop, and there is simply
+not enough food in the tree to set a sufficient number of fruit buds for
+the following year's crop. I am sure that a lot of you folks have
+observed this, and I think, Mr. Magill, that you might sound out some of
+them.
+
+MR. MAGILL: Going back to an observation I made as a kid, money didn't
+grow in bushes around our place, and back in those days you could go out
+and kill ten rabbits and sell them for 8 cents apiece, and if you only
+used 4 cents apiece for ammunition, you have made 40 cents off of the
+deal and had $20 worth of fun, and that was a good day's work. You
+remember those days, Pappy? Back in those same times, I used to get
+money out of hauling black walnuts to an old corn sheller and having
+people who didn't have an interest in the corn sheller sell them for 50
+cents a bushel. That was also pin money. Come in mighty useful.
+
+We had a certain group of trees on the farm I was raised on that bore
+every other year, and I can think of two fields where we rearranged the
+fences in such a way as to make pasture fields out of them, and two of
+those trees were where 15 or 20 cattle pastured. These were the only
+shade trees, and naturally they manured those trees. And I recall for a
+few years I was getting annual crops from them. Apparently they got
+something supplied by cattle that they didn't have otherwise. Others in
+the foothills of Kentucky, have come to the same conclusion.
+
+I know a man who has pecan holdings in Alabama. He told me up to the
+time he got the farm the trees had a few blooms but wouldn't set pecans.
+He applied 15 mineral elements and claims to have got results from it. I
+have talked to at least three people in my travelling around who tried
+the same treatment on pecans, one in Georgia, one in Alabama and one in
+Mississippi. They reported that they had improved yield on pecans by
+using complete mineral fertilizer. That's in addition to nitrogen,
+phosphorus and potassium.
+
+I am foolish enough to think that that nice, young orchard of Mrs.
+Weber's would make an excellent place to try it. I understand that the
+trees are not behaving as well as they should. I'd like for Ford
+Wilkinson to be made chairman of a committee to see that they are
+fertilized according to some kind of a schedule that could be worked out
+and do some observing. That is one of the few places I know of in the
+several states that would be as adequately laid out. I'd like to see a
+complete fertilizer including nine or ten mineral elements used.
+
+I don't mean spend a lot of money, but you can do a lot of observing for
+relatively few dollars. I just throw that out as a hint.
+
+I would like to open up this discussion. Mr. Bolten talked a while ago
+about things he was growing out of the ground, or out of minerals.
+Everything comes from the ground, and I reckon you'd say this Northern
+Nut Growers Association is a little like Topsy, it just developed, as
+the fellow about the weeds. He said they weren't created, they just come
+all at once. Now I believe that out of this Northern Nut Growers
+assembly here that we have got some keen observers that might have
+something on their minds they want to tell us about. Who wants to speak
+first?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: This is just an observation I am throwing out for the
+benefit of those who are here. I spent some time in China, and I was
+interested in the fact that their walnuts there produced yearly crops.
+In trying to find out why they produced yearly crops, I also discovered
+that their persimmons, their plums and their peaches did the same thing.
+The reason for that apparently goes back to their mythology. They
+believe in signs and doing certain things according to certain seasons
+of the year, and one of the things that they did was to gather together
+in the dark of the moon on one particular night at a certain time and
+beat the living daylights out of these trees with big bamboo clubs. I
+wouldn't suggest that people here do that, but it's been known to
+foresters quite a while that by transplanting or severely pruning or
+girdling trees that you could produce fruits on these trees the
+following year. Apparently the Chinese so injured the cambium during the
+severe beating that they have caused that wound stimulus to induce the
+formation of flower buds for the following year. By so doing in their
+English or Persian walnuts they did have yearly crops. I have seen this
+myself, and I checked back to see why. Perhaps they could explain it.
+The only explanation we made was not fertilizing, but in the wounding of
+the cambium. Now, perhaps there could be something done of that nature
+for walnuts, but I wouldn't suggest getting around and beating the trees
+up.
+
+MR. MAGILL: In that connection, one man in Kentucky got the same answer.
+He said about five years ago a cyclone came through there and blew the
+chimney off the house and uprooted a number of apple trees and leaned
+over three walnut trees, and he said they have borne five crops in
+succession. Now, this is the same story that you have got there.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd just like to remark that I think that's a sort of
+negative approach. I noticed a boy who had an apple tree that was about
+to die. He girdled it and got a tremendous crop of blossom. You probably
+have secured the same results. That is one of Nature's ways to
+perpetuate itself. But I think there a constructive angle in those trees
+that respond to nitrogenous fertilizer or manure. I believe the secret,
+if there is a secret, is that a tree in bearing a crop exhausts itself
+more or less. It recuperates the following year and then is ready to
+bear another crop. And the way to meet that situation is to fertilize
+heavily, especially with nitrogen, the season of the heavy crop so that
+you will have not only enough leaf growth to produce that crop, but to
+build up nutrients the following year. I believe that will help break
+the cycle and establish more regularity.
+
+Some trees do that themselves; that is, they will bear a moderate crop
+every year. I have the Land walnut at home. It bears every year. Certain
+chestnuts will bear every year, not excessive crops, but Hobson bears a
+pretty good crop every year. I believe the secret of breaking that
+on-and-off cycle is to fertilize heavily the year of production not the
+year of non-production. If you apply nitrogen on the off year you
+produce perhaps an excess of wood growth that year and overbearing the
+following year.
+
+MR. MAGILL: Referring to apples, any of you apple growers well know that
+the Golden Delicious and York Imperial grow crops in alternate years.
+Now, you come along with hormone sprays and take half or two-thirds of
+the young fruits off soon after the trees blossom and throw them into
+regular production. That's the same thing that you are talking about,
+Mr. Stoke. I never heard of anybody thinning walnuts. I don't know
+whether they do or not. A lot of things I don't know, but I don't know
+of anybody ever thinning walnuts, except squirrels.
+
+MR. WARD: Last year a lady from Kokomo, Indiana, wrote me that she had a
+very fine walnut tree growing near Mr. Bolten's place in Greene County,
+and as far as she could remember that tree had borne an annual crop for
+the past 70 years. I wrote to Mr. Bolten asking him to investigate. If
+I remember correctly, these trees were grown in the poorest possible
+place. Is that right, Mr. Bolten?
+
+MR. BOLTEN: Yes.
+
+MR. WARD: There were two or three trees right close together that had a
+nice crop and the ground was covered with a lot of nice nuts which Mr.
+Bolten thought worth propagating, and he has a tree already started.
+
+We have other varieties that we call the Saul, the Goose Creek and the
+Alley, which are all seedlings and which have produced almost every year
+with about the same size of crop.
+
+In our own planting, at the University, we have tried a lot of things
+without telling anybody about it. Every once in a while the boys mow the
+orchard, and have bruised and barked a lot of these trees with no effect
+whatever on bearing. We have time and time again taken the Stambaugh,
+Ohio, Thomas, Stabler, and Aurora and have given them a good shot of
+fertilizer in the spring after a rain, and have produced wonderful
+growth in all of those years but still had only a light crop.
+
+A few years ago some of the boys were spraying the apple orchard with
+Nu-Green and Urea at the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water, and
+had a little extra. They said, "Well, we don't like Ward's nut trees
+over there, we will put this stuff on them, and if it kills them, that's
+all right, and if they live, that's all right, too." They gave them some
+feeding throughout the summer and we haven't found any different
+results.
+
+MR. STOKE: May I say just one more thing to clarify my suggestion? I was
+assuming that potash and phosphate were present in sufficient quantity.
+What I wanted was leaf growth to store up energy and nutrients for the
+following year and to apply that on the year of heavy crop, so besides
+maturing the crop, it will provide that leaf growth, and not in the year
+of no crop.
+
+MR. WARD: We have tried that both ways, and going back, Mr. Stoke, again
+to the lack of pollination, it seems like both the pistillate and
+staminate flowers are there, but they just don't set a crop of fruit.
+
+MR. STOKE: One thing more I wanted to say, and it slipped my mind. We
+know any tree that grows too rapidly will not produce seed nor fruit,
+and excess nitrogen on apple or walnut or anything else will not cause
+the formation of fruit buds, but the normal amount is necessary for the
+formation of buds.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We have even got alternate bearing on persimmons in Urbana
+now. Trees that bore extremely heavily didn't bloom this year.
+
+MR. MAGILL: We hill-billies have been taking a pass at that. I wonder if
+Dr. Slate couldn't give us some scientific facts about this. How about
+it, Slate?
+
+DR. SLATE: Mr. Caldwell's remarks about the beating of the walnut trees
+in China reminds me of an ancient saying that, "A dog, a woman, a walnut
+tree, the more you beat them the better they be."
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: One of my seedlings began to bear seven years ago, and has
+borne steadily every year exceptionally large crops. It never failed
+until this year, and the only explanation that I can give is that just
+as the bloom was incepted we had continuous rains. There was no
+pollination of that tree, whereas other trees that were receptive at
+other times are pretty well filled.
+
+Out of two or three thousand trees you will find some exceptional ones.
+I have some that bear fairly good crops but do not fill. Walnut trees
+are just as different from each other as are apple trees. There are some
+things you can't do anything about at all, and weather is one of the
+things. One shouldn't be too much mystified by an occasional failure,
+because it may be due to continuous rains during the period of
+pollination and when they are receptive.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This matter of alternate bearing is one that has
+plagued the pomologist for a great many years, and one in which we made
+little progress, with apples for example, until with hormone sprays the
+trees could be thinned very early in the year. Any thinning done after
+the fruit was the size of your thumb was too late. However, now that the
+fruit can be thinned when it is very young, real progress is being made
+in securing annual bearing on varieties that previously were a serious
+problem in alternate bearing.
+
+The failure to fruit is due to many different factors. Some of these are
+external such as frost and rain at pollen shedding. There is nothing you
+can do about these. Other factors are internal and determine the
+formation of fruit buds. If the tree is carrying an exceptionally heavy
+crop, the chances are it will not have enough of the material which
+determines the setting of buds to form buds for the following year. With
+the apples we can do something about this by thinning the crop at the
+time it blooms. With walnuts, I don't see how we are going to do it.
+Fertilization is another approach.
+
+Certainly we should make conditions just as favorable as possible for
+growth and for the development of the buds and by all means control
+insects and diseases. If you do not have a good leaf surface good crops
+will not be set the next year. It's a complex problem, but I don't think
+it is insoluble.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Chairman, in connection with this matter of annual
+bearing of black walnut trees we believe that in doing all sorts of
+things you will not influence the yielding of most of our black walnut
+varieties. The black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ is probably--some of us
+think, at least--constituted genetically in such a way that the
+varieties we have do not yield annual crops simply because they are not
+constituted that way. I know some of you may disagree with me, but one
+of the greatest arguments for this idea is the fact that in some of our
+other nut species we do have varieties that are genetically heavy
+producers. For instance, we have a selection of Chinese chestnuts right
+now that will bear annual crops on the poorest soil under any conditions
+imaginable. You can graft scions of that tree on other stocks and plant
+them anywhere you choose under differing conditions and it will have a
+heavy set of burs. It may not fill the nuts, it may not attain the size,
+but genetically speaking, inherently it is a heavy bearer. Perhaps our
+black walnut species are inherently not annual producers. This is hard
+to prove, I admit, because the breeding of the species takes so long
+that we cannot actually demonstrate it.
+
+We have felt also that the black walnut species as a whole does not have
+the characteristics of thin shells and good cracking qualities that we
+want. For this reason we have begun a program of crossing the black
+walnut with the English or Persian walnut, in order to get the thin
+shell that we want from the other species. Perhaps the same thing is
+true in the question of yield and the species as a whole does not have
+the characteristic of yielding heavy annual crops.
+
+MR. MAGILL: I think we can readily see that we haven't settled this
+problem but it is time to close the discussion.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The next paper that we have is by H. F. Stoke of
+Roanoke, Virginia, "Survey on Hickory Varieties." Mr. Stoke is the
+chairman of our Survey Committee. Last year he brought us very valuable
+information about walnuts, and this year he is going to talk about the
+hickories. Mr. Stoke.
+
+MR. STOKE: They delegated the job to the Survey Committee to make a
+hickory survey for this year, using the different state and provincial
+and national vice-presidents to collect the data. I am going to read
+this.
+
+
+
+
+The 1952 Hickory Survey
+
+By the Survey Committee
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Chairman_
+
+
+In compiling this report the pecan has been omitted from the list. As it
+is the most important member of the hickory group it was felt that the
+national and state pecan associations are far more competent to compile
+complete and reliable data on the species than is this organization.
+
+The response by our vice-presidents to the questionnaire sent out has
+been rather disappointing, replies having been received from slightly
+less than half their number. It is apparent that interest in the hickory
+is considerably less than in the black walnut, which was surveyed in
+1951.
+
+Perhaps the most beloved and widely distributed of the hickories is the
+shagbark, _Carya ovata_. It is reported from Massachusetts on the east
+to southeastern Minnesota, southward to Texas and eastward to the
+Carolinas where it mingles with and is sometimes confused with the
+scalybark. In the opinion of many the superb distinctive flavor of its
+nuts is not equaled by those of any species.
+
+The domain of the Shellbark or Kingnut _C. laciniosa_ lies within the
+same area but is slightly less extensive. Like the pecan, it is partial
+to the rich alluvial bottom lands along streams and is seldom found
+elsewhere. It occurs rarely in Virginia and North Carolina, and there
+only in the Appalachian area.
+
+The Scalybark or southern Shagbark, _C. Carolina septentrionalis_, is
+reported only by Virginia, West Virginia and the Carolinas.
+
+The White Hickory or Mockernut, _C. alba_, covers the South and is
+reported as far north as Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana and, rarely, in
+Michigan. It is found from the Atlantic coast to east Texas.
+
+The widely distributed Bitternut, _C. cordiformis_, covers virtually the
+same territory as the shagbark.
+
+The Sweet Pignut, _C. glabra_, is reported from New Hampshire to
+Wisconsin and southward to North Carolina. Its south-westward occurrence
+has not been defined in reports received.
+
+In addition to these better-known species, the Water Hickory, _C.
+aquatica_, is reported from Louisiana, and the Black Hickory, _C.
+buckleyi_, from Indiana and Texas.
+
+In an unusually full report Indiana lists all of sixteen hickory species
+and sub-species as appearing in The Flora of Indiana, a book by Mr.
+Charles Deam, former State Forester. The list follows.
+
+   1.        _C. pecan_
+
+   2.        _C. cordiformis_
+
+   3.        _C. ovata_
+
+   3a.       _C. ovata_, var, _fraxinifolia_
+
+   3b.       _C. ovata_, var. _nuttali_
+
+   4.        _C. laciniosa_
+
+   5.        _C. tomentosa (alba)_
+
+   5a.       _C. tomentosa_ var. _subcoriacea_
+
+   6.        _C. glabra_
+
+   6a.       _C. glabra_ var. _megacarpa_
+
+   7.        _C. ovalis_
+
+   7a, b, c. _C. ovalis_ var. _odorata_
+
+   7d.       _C. ovalis_ var. _obovalis_
+
+   7e.       _C. ovalis_ var. _obcordata_
+
+   8.        _C. ovalis_ var. _pallida_
+
+   9.        _C. ovalis_ var. _buckleyi_
+
+Doubtless many sub-species and variants are actually hybrids of obscure
+ancestry. Virginia has many such.
+
+There is no reason to doubt that the hickories will grow anywhere
+ecological conditions approximate those of their native habitat. This is
+true in the Pacific coast states. Mr. Julio Grandjean, of Hillerod,
+Denmark, reports that there are several white hickories, _C. alba_ or
+_C. tomentosa_, growing in the Horsholm Royal Park that were planted
+about 1790. There is no reason to believe that such northern species as
+the shellbark and shagbark would not also succeed. He reports
+winter-killing of pecans from southern sources. Inasmuch as extreme
+winter temperatures in Denmark are less than in some places where the
+pecan is grown here, it would appear that the more northern strains
+should succeed there, though lack of summer heat would prevent the
+maturing of nuts.
+
+There appears to be much less interest in planting hickories on home
+grounds than the value of the species justifies. Only five states,
+Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, indicated any
+local interest. In each case the shagbark was the preferred species.
+Apparently we must still depend on the much-abused squirrel for the
+future of the hickory.
+
+R. E. Hodgson of the Southeast Experiment Station, Waseca, Minn.,
+reports 15 named varieties of hickory under test, but no evaluation of
+their worth can be made as yet.
+
+Dr. R. T. Dunstan of Greensboro, North Carolina, has also a considerable
+number of hickory varieties under more advanced test. Results have been
+highly variable. He finds that Schinnerling has filled poorly; Whitney
+and Shaul are "Excellent growers and highly satisfactory bearers."
+Whitney, however, with a kernel of superb quality, cracks poorly and the
+husk is thick and heavy. Shaul is reported as having a rather thin
+kernel and cracking poorly, also.
+
+Romig, that has been late in coming into bearing, is described as
+producing a large, handsome nut of good quality that cracks unusually
+well. Grainger, good in other respects, has borne light crops as also
+have Glover and Weschcke. Fox is described as superb in every respect
+except cracking quality.
+
+Among the hicans, Burton is declared to be outstanding in vigor and
+health of tree, and production of good regular crops of delicious nuts
+that crack well.
+
+It is interesting to note that in his extensive hickory experiments Dr.
+Dunstan is using pecan stocks. He uses the bark-slot method of grafting
+and hot wax compounded of 10 parts resin, 2 parts beeswax and one part
+Kieselguhr. Both method and wax he finds highly successful.
+
+Dr. Dunstan also reports a Mahan pecan grafted on a white or mockernut
+hickory stock that produces heavy crops of well-filled nuts. This is an
+exceptional performance for this variety.
+
+Mr. Fayette Etter, of Pennsylvania, supports Dr. Dunstan in the use of
+pecan stocks for hickories. He states that the young trees grow more
+rapidly in the nursery, transplant better, and grow faster thereafter
+than when on hickory stocks.
+
+Mr. A. G. Hirschi, of Oklahoma reports that in the hilly "blackjack"
+country of southeastern Oklahoma the scrub has been cleared away and a
+40-acre project of grafting the native hickory (probably white or
+mockernut) with pecan has been established. The land has been terraced
+and is cropped with cotton. The results have been so satisfactory that
+this plot in one year carried off more prizes on pecans than any other
+entry within the state.
+
+Mr. Harald E. Hammar reports from Louisiana that there has been some
+grafting of pecan on hickory, species not specified. The older trees
+show a decided overgrowth of the hickory stock by the more vigorous
+pecan, in some cases the diameter being almost double above the graft of
+that below.
+
+In virtually all cases of topworking hickory on pecan, or vice versa,
+the bark slot graft has been used.
+
+In point of preference of named varieties, Michigan suggests Abscoda,
+Ohio suggests Stafford, while Pennsylvania recommends Glover, Goheen,
+Whitney and Weschcke, in that order.
+
+In naming the insects and diseases that attack the hickories,
+Pennsylvania offers the following rather appalling list:
+
+   Nut curculio
+   Hickory shuckworm
+   Galls
+   Spider mites
+   Twig girdlers
+   Fall web worm
+   Pecan phylloxera
+   Black pecan aphids
+   Flathead apple borer
+   Other unnamed borers
+
+Those that know Mr. Etter will understand that this formidable list is
+due to his excellent powers of observation and his integrity rather than
+to the likelihood that the state of Pennsylvania is worse plagued with
+insects than others. Dr. Dunstan lists leaf-spot along with some of
+those listed above, but adds that none are generally serious. This is
+corroborated by other reporters.
+
+Wild nuts are generally harvested for home use. Commercial marketing,
+reported by Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Virginia and North
+Carolina, is in all cases local. Usually the nuts are marketed whole,
+but occasionally home-picked kernels are sold.
+
+Good stands of second-growth shagbark hickory are reported in
+Pennsylvania. Kansas reports limited shellbark and bitternut stands.
+West Virginia reports considerable stands of young shagbark and pignut,
+while North Carolina reports small stands of mockernut.
+
+The industrial use of hickory reached its height in the horse and buggy
+days. Nothing equalled its strong, tough wood for the wheels and running
+gears of horse-drawn vehicles. Old-timers will recall "hoop poles", tall
+slender young saplings of shagbark hickory that were split and fashioned
+with the "drawshave" into barrel hoops.
+
+The market for hickory still remains, however. It is universally used
+for hand tool handles, if obtainable. In the mountains of the South
+hickory "splints" are still woven into imperishable baskets and chair
+seats. Louisiana insists it is still the only fuel for roasting barbecue
+and there is, indeed, no finer wood fuel of any species.
+
+Those propagating hickory trees for sale and distribution should be
+given every encouragement. They are contributing a real patriotic
+service. No tree is more characteristically American. Except for a
+related species in China, it is found nowhere else in the world. In
+beauty, utility and durability no tree has greater appeal. Who plants a
+hickory plants for generations unborn.
+
+MR. STOKE: If there are any misstatements, I'd be glad to have them
+publicly corrected.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Stoke. The comment that you made
+that there wasn't as much enthusiasm about the hickory as about the
+black walnut, although true, is not the way I personally feel about it.
+I have at Ithaca a number of trees of various kinds of nuts, and I think
+that the enjoyment I get out of the hickories, which we grow, is as
+great or greater than that from the black walnuts. The Davis hickory is
+one of the best that matures, the Wilcox--that's an Ohio nut--probably
+has a bushel and a half of nuts in the shuck this year, and the Kentucky
+will give a pretty good record. Of about 20 varieties, those are the
+only ones which amount to anything, and we have a fairly good selection.
+
+There was a good deal said about stocks in Mr. Stoke's discussion. We
+have a short paper here by Gilbert Smith on his experience with stocks,
+and I have asked Mr. Chase to read it. Mr. Smith began topworking
+seedling trees on a side hill many years ago and has trees of good size
+at the present time.
+
+MR. CHASE: This is a short discussion of several species of hickory
+which Mr. Smith has used as stocks to graft named varieties.
+
+
+
+
+A Discussion of Hickory Stocks
+
+Gilbert L. Smith, _Rt. 2, Millerton, N. Y._
+
+
+This is a discussion of several species of hickory as stocks on which to
+graft the named varieties of shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories.
+We have never had any experience grafting pecan as we are too far north
+for it. This paper is limited to the species with which we have had
+experience.
+
+
+SWEET PIGNUT, _Carya ovalis_
+
+This species will be discussed first because it is the poorest stock of
+any of the hickory species which we have used. This is probably because
+it is a tetraploid while the shagbark, shellbark and hybrids are
+diploids.
+
+We have grafted many of the named varieties of hickory onto pignut
+stocks, using several thousand scions. We have found only one variety
+(the Davis shagbark) that will grow on pignut stock. We have heard of
+one or two others but have never tried them.
+
+Nearly all varieties grow well the first season but fail to leaf out the
+following spring. They appear to winterkill. Davis has continued to grow
+on it for over fifteen years but growth is slower than on shagbark or
+bitternut stocks.
+
+
+PIGNUT, _Carya glabra_
+
+I have never been able to positively identify this species of pignut.
+Pignuts growing here vary considerably in roughness of the bark, some
+being smooth while others are as rough as the shagbark. In other
+respects they are essentially the same, all having seven leaflets per
+leaf. However, I have observed a very few pignut trees having smooth
+bark and five leaflets per leaf. The leaves are finer and smaller than
+on the seven leaflet trees.
+
+These may be the _glabra_ species, but if so, grafting results have been
+no better on these than on the seven leaflet trees.
+
+As nursery stock the pignuts are worthless. However if one has some nice
+young pignut trees growing where he wants them, it is feasible to graft
+them to Davis or some other variety which has proven its ability to grow
+on pignut stocks. It is not advisable to graft hickory trees growing in
+dense woods.
+
+
+MOCKERNUT, _Carya alba_
+
+While the mockernut is also a tetraploid, it is a somewhat better stock
+than the pignuts, in that more of the named varieties will grow on it
+and as the mockernut is faster growing than the pignut, such grafts will
+usually grow faster.
+
+It is of little value as a nursery stock, but if one has young mockernut
+trees growing where hickory trees are wanted, they would be somewhat
+better to graft than would pignut trees. One would at least have a
+larger selection of varieties and the grafts would grow faster.
+
+
+PECAN, _Carya illinoiensis_
+
+While we have read many favorable reports on the use of the pecan as a
+stock on which to graft shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories, our
+own experiences with it have not been very favorable. This may be due to
+the fact that we have used only two varieties of shagbark on
+pecan-stocks and may have happened to use two varieties that are not
+well adapted to pecan.
+
+Pecan seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings and
+for this reason would be valuable as a nursery stock if satisfactory in
+other respects.
+
+
+BITTERNUT, _Carya cordiformis_
+
+All of our experiences with bitternut as a stock, both in the nursery
+and as young trees growing in permanent locations, have been very
+favorable.
+
+We have heard reports of grafts failing on bitternut stocks after a few
+years growth. All such reports have come from regions considerably
+farther south than our location. It may be that the bitternut does not
+thrive as well in the South as it does here.
+
+Bitternut seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings.
+This is of considerable value in the nursery.
+
+
+SHAGBARK, _Carya ovata_
+
+The shagbark makes the best stock on which to graft the named varieties
+of shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories. However it has one very
+serious drawback in that young shagbark seedlings are so very slow
+growing. It usually takes five or more years to grow a shagbark stock
+from seed to a size large enough to graft in the nursery row.
+
+However, when shagbark stocks are large enough to be grafted, all of the
+named varieties we have grafted onto it have grown well.
+
+
+SHELLBARK, _Carya laciniosa_
+
+We have never had any experience with shellbark seedlings as stocks, but
+as it is so similar to the shagbark, I expect that it would make a good
+stock.
+
+The production of grafted hickory trees is a serious problem in the
+nursery, taking many years to grow the stocks and the grafted trees are
+difficult to transplant, resulting in a high rate of mortality.
+
+However, the grafting of young hickory trees growing in a permanent
+location is not difficult, and such grafts will grow much faster and
+bear younger than will grafted hickory trees from a nursery.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: My experience with bitternut stock with only two
+varieties, the Strever #1 and the Champigne, has not been good. The
+grafts have been stunted, the stocks have tended to sprout and make
+vigorous growth, and the fruiting has been sparse. Neither have I had
+success with the pecan stock with only three varieties. The trees have
+been very slow coming into bearing and have made rather stubby growth.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: I was about to remark that we have had similar experience
+at Urbana with bitternut stock with pecan and shagbark varieties. It
+warps the shagbark and very likely those trees won't live long. We have
+already lost the Weschke hickory grafted on bitternut.
+
+MR. CRAIG: Have you tried hickory on pecan? The pecan is O. K. there.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Tomorrow we are to have a round table on hickory
+propagation and suggest that further discussion of stocks might be left
+until then. Has anyone any comments on hickory varieties?
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: (North Central Michigan) I was born and raised in Saginaw
+County where the Saginaw River is fed by five or six different runs and
+you have prairie farms. More hickories grow there than any place in the
+United States--enormous size. We think we have better hickories than
+anyone.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Why couldn't you send some in for testing? Mr.
+Becker would be glad to take them. Any other discussion on hickory
+varieties? How many are growing the Wilcox? (5 hands). How many find it
+a good variety? (Two). How many have Davis? (Three). The shucks are
+fairly thin, compared with the Wilcox.
+
+Who else has a variety that is doing very well? We ought to have a
+hickory show here sometime and see who has the best hickory.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to ask if anyone has the variety Lingenfelter.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We have it at Ithaca; doesn't mature.
+
+DR. McKAY: We have two varieties at Beltsville that are outstanding as
+far as bearing is concerned. One is Lingenfelter, which has been a
+consistent bearer for us for a number of years, and the variety Shaul,
+that was mentioned in Mr. Stokes' report and has been mentioned here
+before, is a very good producer.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: What species is the Shaul, is it _ovata_ or _laciniosa_?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It's _ovata_. It's a shagbark, as also is Lingenfelter. The
+one characteristic that is outstanding with these two varieties with us
+is the fact that they bear while they are young trees; from the time our
+trees were as tall as one's head, they have been full of nuts.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Have you fruited the Weschke at Beltsville?
+
+DR. MCKAY: No.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: How about the Barnes?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have been growing it on mockernut or white hickory. It
+produces moderate crops and is the one that came into bearing about
+first on mockernut. In fact, I have several varieties on mockernut that
+haven't borne yet. It's been on there about 12 years.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Barnes, with us, has yielded more at a younger
+age than any other variety, but it never filled. It began early and bore
+heavy crops, but the season is not long enough or hot enough.
+
+MR. STOKE: In Virginia they fill well, but they are not easily
+extracted. The shell is rather thin and fills well.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I don't want to prolong this discussion longer
+than seems profitable.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Did I understand you to mention the variety Schinnerling?
+
+MR. GERARDI: I have got that at home. That's one that's bearing, but if
+it's that variety I have there, I wouldn't give it yard room.
+
+DR. MCKAY: It is also one of our best. We have three, the Shaul, the
+Lingenfelter that I mentioned, and the third one is Schinnerling, all
+three of which are extremely heavy bearers and the three hickory
+varieties that we are interested in.
+
+MR. GERARDI: How big is that Schinnerling?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It's an average-sized nut.
+
+MR, GERARDI: Big as your thumb?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Oh, yes, about an inch long, I'd say.
+
+MR. BECKER: I was wondering about the Stratford. That's not supposed to
+be a pure shagbark, but it's the only one we've got, I think, that
+bears.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I have the Stratford. It grows very well, but it
+doesn't quite fill. What does it do with you?
+
+MR. SNYDER: It's not been doing well the last year or two. Of course,
+none of them have for that matter. Used to bear tremendous crops and
+filled well. I wouldn't say it's the best quality of any tree, but it's
+easy to graft and bears young.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That's been my experience, that it was a young
+bearer and bears fairly consistently.
+
+If there is no other discussion, on the hickories, we will close that
+discussion. We stand adjourned until this evening at 7:20.
+
+Adjournment at 4:30 o'clock, p.m.
+
+
+MONDAY EVENING SESSION
+
+Called to order at 7:20 p.m.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We will call on Dr. McKay as chairman of the
+Nominating Committee to present the slate of officers for the next year.
+Dr. McKay.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Chairman, the Nominating Committee, as you know, is
+charged with the responsibility of selecting a slate of officers that
+will be presented to the meeting.
+
+The committee, composed of myself as chairman, Mr. Allaman, Mr. Silvis,
+Mr. Ford Wilkinson and Mr. Gerardi, have the following slate of officers
+for next year: For president, Mr. R. B. Best; for vice-president, Mr.
+George Salzer of Rochester; for secretary, Mr. Spencer Chase; for
+treasurer, Mr. Carl Prell.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: You have heard the report of the Nominating
+Committee. At this time we will entertain further nominations from the
+floor, if any.
+
+The only action to be taken now is to accept the report of the
+Nominating Committee. Do I hear such a motion?
+
+The motion to accept the report was moved, seconded and carried.
+
+Going on with the program of the evening, are you ready to show the
+film?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: The film comes to us from the Northwest Nut Growers now
+located in Portland, Oregon. They are an organization for marketing
+filberts, and you will see, "The Filbert Valleys", the title. I haven't
+seen it myself and don't know exactly what the contents are. We will
+look at it now and judge for ourselves.
+
+The film, "The Filbert Valleys", was shown.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We appreciate very much your running it.
+
+The next item will be our discussion of filbert varieties and their
+culture. Mildred Jones, who was to be here, could not come. She
+telephoned the last minute that she was ill and could not be with us. I
+have asked George Slate to be the moderator in the discussion, with his
+panel, D. C. Snyder, Raymond Silvis, A. M. Whitford, Louis Gerardi and
+H. F. Stoke.
+
+MR. SLATE: I just learned when I arrived here that I was to be on this
+discussion group, and I learned a few minutes ago that I was to lead it,
+so I can assure you that this is wholly unrehearsed, and I may have to
+flounder around a bit before we get things running smoothly.
+
+I thought I might review the variety situation rather briefly. We have
+done quite a lot of variety testing of filberts at Geneva; in fact,
+about the only nut cultural work we have done at Geneva has been the
+filbert project. We started out with about 25 or 30 varieties that we
+secured from American nurseries, many of them from a firm in Rochester
+which imported them from Germany. Later we added varieties from England,
+France and Germany. I picked up nearly all the varieties that I could
+locate until we had about 120 varieties growing there at Geneva. These
+were there for some years, and it became evident that many of them were
+not of great value. Then we had a hard winter in 1933 and 1934, and
+although it did not kill the trees, most of them were blackhearted and
+began going back soon after that. However, I felt at that time that I
+knew enough about the varieties to discard most of them. Many of them
+were discarded because they had poor nuts, many of them were
+unproductive, and many of them lacked hardiness of catkins. I laid a
+great deal of emphasis on the hardiness of catkins in testing the
+varieties.
+
+Out of that variety test were three varieties which we considered to be
+most satisfactory of the lot. These were Cosford, an English variety,
+rather a small nut but very thin-shelled. The catkins were hardy and one
+of the heavier croppers of the lot. Medium Long, a nut which I believe
+originated as a seedling in Rochester, was another one, and Italian Red,
+which later proved to be Gustav's Zellernuss, a German variety, was
+another.
+
+As a result of that variety test it became evident that varieties from
+Germany, many of which originated in the colder portions of Germany and
+Northern Germany, were distinctly more hardy than the varieties that we
+got from French sources and English sources. In some of the proceedings
+of the Association published during the '30's I have reported on the
+different varieties and their hardiness and those varieties that I
+thought were most valuable. I don't recall the names of many of those
+German varieties. These three varieties which we consider the best of
+the lot were turned over to the New York Fruit Testing Association to
+propagate and distribute, because they were not available from American
+nurseries. I am not sure how many of them were available from other
+sources, but they are still available from the Fruit Testing
+Association.
+
+Then out of that variety test a grading project developed. We got our
+start from about 500 seedlings that Clarence Reed sent us in the early
+'30's. We made crosses there at Geneva, using the Rush variety of
+_Corylus americana_ as the seed parent in many cases. We also made some
+crosses between _Corylus avellana_ varieties, and with these seedlings
+from Mr. Reed and seedlings of our own crossing, we have grown about
+2,000 filbert seedlings there at Geneva. These have all been evaluated
+and discarded, except possibly 30 or 35 selections still on hand, some
+of them being propagated for a second test planting. Stock of one or two
+has been turned over to the Fruit Testing Association for increase and
+eventual naming and introduction.
+
+The work of the United States Department of Agriculture was along
+similar lines. Mr. Reed did not send us all of his seedlings. A number
+of them were fruited at Beltsville, and from that work at Beltsville I
+believe two varieties have been named, Reed and Potomac. I am not sure
+whether they are available yet from commercial sources.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Two of them are.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Graham of Ithaca, a long-time member of this Association
+and very much interested in filberts, had also made some crosses and
+raised several hundred seedlings. He used the Winkler variety as a seed
+parent. I believe he raised some seedlings of the Jones hybrids, which
+would make that material second generation stock from the original cross
+between Rush and the _avellana_ varieties.
+
+Mr. Graham's planting was in rather a cold area; he had considerable
+winter killing. Eventually filbert blight got into his planting, and it
+really cleaned house. There were a very few seedlings in his planting
+which remained free of filbert blight. I think it is a fairly safe guess
+to say that they were probably very resistant to blight. So far these
+have not been propagated to any extent.
+
+There are a few cultural problems. The ones that we have encountered at
+Geneva have been winter injury, particularly of the catkins, and also
+some of them have not been as hardy in wood as we would like. We have
+had no trouble with filbert blight, presumably because we are isolated
+from the wild hazel, which harbors this blight. Dr. MacDaniels has had
+trouble with his planting at Ithaca with filbert mite.
+
+With this introduction, which is mostly varieties and breeding, because
+that seems to be my interest, I'd like to call on some members of the
+panel to get their experiences. Mr. Snyder raises nut trees in Iowa
+where winter injury is probably much more serious than we have at
+Geneva. At Geneva we have a fairly respectable climate and can get a
+crop of peaches about nine years out of ten. In Iowa they have a lot
+more sunshine, and I think probably sharper drops of temperature than we
+have at Geneva. I'd like to have Mr. Snyder tell us what his experiences
+have been with filbert varieties.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I really didn't know that I was to be on this panel until I
+got here. I thought I was on the hickory panel. As Mr. Slate says, our
+climate is more severe that that at Geneva. We can get the very hardiest
+peaches to bear about two years out of three, and the trees are severely
+injured in between. So that will give you a little idea as to the
+climate in that respect.
+
+We made quite a planting at one time, maybe 30 of the Jones hybrids, and
+they did quite well for several years, and then between the
+winter-killing and the blight most of them are dead now. The Winkler, of
+course, is an Iowa nut and was introduced by our people and did very
+well for a number of years but has backed out on us the last several
+years, too, I believe due to this same mite trouble that Dr. MacDaniels
+reports in New York. They just don't bear. The bushes are quite healthy,
+and we get plenty of catkins, but we don't get any nuts to amount to
+anything.
+
+We have a little bush of the Mandchurian hazel. It isn't worth
+mentioning as a nut producer, but it does have very attractive foliage
+and seems to be entirely healthy, produces perhaps three to five nuts a
+year on a bush as high as your head. You may be familiar with it. The
+foliage is very distinct from anything I know. The leaves are truncate
+at the end, cut off quite square, with just a little point in the
+middle.
+
+MR. SLATE: I don't have that.
+
+MR. SNYDER: That is standing our conditions all right, and several years
+ago Mr. Reed sent us what he said at the time were Chinese tree hazels,
+but later he retracted and said that they were not Chinese tree hazels
+but they were hybrids of the Chinese tree hazel. There were four of
+those plants; one of them was a tremendous grower. It would grow six
+feet or more a year and commence bearing in a year or two. But the
+blight hit it and cleaned it out. There is only one left now, one of the
+slower-growing ones, and while it promises to become a tree, it is a
+very irregular-growing one. I think it had half a dozen nuts on this
+year.
+
+The Turkish tree hazel, of which I have two trees, were very badly
+damaged by a very severe hailstorm 12 or 15 years ago, which completely
+peeled off the bark on one side. That was in early July, and we were
+afraid to cut them off and let them grow up new for fear it would kill
+them. They have finally developed into quite beautiful upright trees.
+Also they have more than one stem from the bottom. One of them produces
+a great abundance of catkins, but neither of them has produced any nuts
+yet, and they are 14 feet high or more, good-sized trees and very
+attractive. The foliage is very beautiful, and it remains healthy. I
+don't know that there are any other varieties that I can name.
+
+MR. SLATE: We have had several of the Turkish tree hazels, _Corylus
+colurna_, growing at Geneva for two or three years. They came from the
+Rochester State Park. We have one tree which Mr. Bixby imported from
+China, as _Corylus chinensis_, but recently I had it checked by Dr.
+Lawrence of the Bailey Hortorium and he assured me that it was _Corylus
+colurna_. I think these make a very handsome tree. I like that rough,
+corky bark they have as they get older. The trees in Highland Park at
+Rochester are the largest, perhaps, in the country, certainly the
+largest that I know anything about. They are at least as large as a very
+large apple tree. They have been fruiting for some years. The trees at
+Geneva have not fruited very much. I don't think you can expect much in
+the way of nuts until the tree is about 15 years old. This year one of
+our trees has a number of nuts on it. The nuts are too small and too
+thick-shelled to be of any great value for nuts.
+
+Now, Mr. Whitford, you have had some experience with the filbert
+varieties. Which one would you recommend?
+
+MR. WHITFORD: I haven't had a whole lot of experience with the filberts,
+but we had some of the old varieties, like Barcelona and DuChilly, and
+they didn't bear many nuts, and eventually they went out with blight.
+And we have some of the Potomac and Reed, about five years old, and they
+don't bear well as yet. I don't know what the outcome is going to be on
+the Potomac and Reed. They make a nice ornamental bush, anyway, and
+that's about the sum and substance of my experience with filberts.
+
+MR. SLATE: The Barcelona and DuChilly at Geneva have not been very
+satisfactory. During the first two years Barcelona outyielded the other
+varieties, but as the trees became older they experienced winter injury.
+DuChilly or Kentish Cob makes a small tree, but the nut is about the
+best of the nuts. There is a German variety not in circulation in this
+country, Langsdorfer, which is much like DuChilly, but it seems to make
+a much better tree. I think if they were put into circulation it might
+be a good substitute here in the East for DuChilly variety.
+
+Let's hear from you, Mr. Gerardi. I know you are testing filbert
+varieties now.
+
+MR. GERARDI: Yes, I have DuChilly and Kentish Cob. So far, at our place
+we have no blight or mite damage to speak of. The original plantings
+were the Bixby and Buchanan. We have them yet, and they are still as
+healthy as the day we put them out. They show no damage; even the
+Winkler hazel has had no damage or disease. It may be the soil, although
+we have them on high ground and low ground both. Among the newer ones
+this year the Reed has the most on. The Potomac, though it is the
+strongest grower of the two, has less nuts. Although it appeared to me
+that the catkins were all killed in February of this year, still we have
+some nuts. The Jones hybrids, when the catkins are killed, have very
+few, if any nuts. Some years we have a crop, if some of the catkins are
+held back and bloom late. Winter killing in February before they have
+had a chance to pollinate, has been our main trouble. If we could get a
+variety that this wouldn't bother, we'd have what we are looking for.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: The Winkler will bloom for you almost every year. Doesn't
+the Winkler hold its catkins most years?
+
+MR. GERARDI: Yes, sir, I'd say at our place the Winkler has never failed
+entirely. Even though the catkins are killed, they still bear quite
+regularly.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: I can say that for it at Urbana.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: The catkins might have been killed, but you might have had
+some cross-pollination from other sources.
+
+MR. GERARDI: There is a chance of that, of course. There is a wild hazel
+within a quarter of a mile, but apparently the wild hazel bloomed first.
+They were on a south slope and naturally came out first. I tried to keep
+them on the north slope, or on the cool side of any particular planting,
+because if you can hold them back more, you have got a better chance. If
+you plant them on the south side, you rarely get anything.
+
+MR. SLATE: The hybrids bloom later than the _avellana_ varieties, and
+they mature nuts later. Is that your experience?
+
+MR. GERARDI: That's true, I will admit your hybrids are a little later
+blooming, because your American hazel nuts around our place bloom very
+early, sometimes in January in full bloom.
+
+MR. SLATE: _C. avellana_ starts blooming in March and blooms for about a
+month. Some years when you have had considerable open weather, they have
+bloomed as early as the middle of February. They will, of course, stand
+considerable freezing when they are in bloom.
+
+As regards the pollination, I believe about all the information we have
+is the work that was done at the Oregon Experiment Station a number of
+years ago. All of the varieties tried were self-unfruitful or
+self-incompatible. The term, "self-sterile" is often used, but I think
+it is a little more exact to say self-unfruitful or self-incompatible.
+They are not sterile, because the pistillate flowers are normal and so
+is the pollen produced by the staminate flowers. It's just a question of
+inability of the pollen to fertilize the pistillate flowers on the same
+variety.
+
+We know nothing about the pollination requirements of any of these
+_Corylus avellana_ or _Corylus americana_ hybrids. We do know that when
+the cross is made that the _Corylus americana_ variety must be the
+seed-parent. The cross doesn't work the other way around. That's about
+all we know about the cross-pollination of these filberts.
+
+MR. SAWYER: We have had them to bloom in April or the first week in May.
+
+MR. SLATE: The seedlings?
+
+MR. SAWYER: The seedlings.
+
+MR. SLATE: What is the origin of the seedlings?
+
+MR. SAWYER: They are the natives.
+
+MR. SLATE: The native _C. rostrata_, or _C. cornuta_ to some botanists,
+it seems to me has nothing that we want in the way of a nut, if we can
+possibly grow these other varieties, the _americana_ selections or the
+hybrids. It's a miserable little nut with that long, prickly husk. It's
+very difficult to get the nut out of it. For that reason, I have never
+been very much interested in it.
+
+MR. SAWYER: How is the Ryan?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Mr. Gellatly out in British Columbia has named several
+hybrids between _avellana_ and the _Corylus cornuta_. Have you seen it?
+
+MR. SLATE: No, I haven't seen it.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: They described them in their catalog.
+
+MR. COLBY: I have preference for the Winkler hazel, as you know. I
+bought and put them in the greenhouse several years ago and shook the
+pollen on the pistils and got a full set. So I felt that was
+self-fruitful.
+
+MR. SLATE: That was pretty good evidence, then, that it was
+self-fruitful.
+
+Now, Mr. Silvis, you raise nut trees, and the climate is somewhat like
+that in Western New York, perhaps a little milder in the winter. What
+have you to say about the filbert varieties?
+
+MR. SILVIS: It's Warmer, and in spite of all the statistics of previous
+gentlemen, I find that _avellana_ types which I had growing in my back
+yard three years ago produced pollen on January the 25th. It was
+unseasonably warm. It was 70 degrees, and most of the pollen was
+dispersed. And this year I found the wild hazel pollen much later than
+the early types, due to the different situation. The wild ones which I
+had seen were growing in semi shade under tall trees, and my bushes and
+plants are growing in the back yard south of our house. And I think I
+have the largest planting in the State of Ohio, about two dozen plants,
+and I am in production.
+
+Besides numerous seedlings, I have the following varieties: Italian Red,
+Cosford, Medium Long, DuChilly. They are in bearing. Italian Red and
+DuChilly planted together, I believe, are good for one another for the
+production of nice filbert nuts. I have, from scion wood you sent me
+several years ago, Cosford, and now on their own roots Neue Riesenuss,
+and what I thought the tag said, not "Langsdorfer," but Langsberger.
+
+MR. SLATE: There is a Langsdorfer, and I think there is another variety
+which Langsberg is part of the name. I am not sure, I will have to look
+that up.
+
+MR. SILVIS: Well, I have it as Langsberger. I have shown last evening
+the picture of Harry L. Pierce's orchard at Willamette in Oregon, or in
+Salem, Oregon. I have one of his trees with staminate blooms only, no
+pistillate blooms. But I also have what Fayette Etter in Pennsylvania
+calls his Royal, and I just cannot get two fellows together with paper
+and pencil to determine whether those two Royals are the same, but I am
+hoping to find out whether the two Royals are identical. I had Fayette
+Etter find me scion wood, and now I have it growing as a graft and
+layered on its own roots.
+
+I think you people do yourselves an injustice by not learning to graft
+and learning to work with the filbert. You only have to have three
+compatible plants. If you have more, you will have more nuts. I see no
+reason why anyone who owns a city lot cannot grow filberts. They are
+much easier to take care of, and you are not going to prejudice the
+plant by having it associate with its wild cousin, and I think you will
+find a lot of enjoyment in the filbert bush.
+
+MR. SLATE: What variety do you think is best? What two or three would
+you plant?
+
+MR. SILVIS: For eating I like DuChilly, and the catkin is hardy with me,
+and I am between the 40th and 41st parallel. I'd say anyone who lives
+from Iowa to the East Coast within one hundred miles north or south of
+the 40th parallel should have the same luck that I have. And as to a
+group planting, I would suggest, as you recommended to me when we first
+started out the Medium Long, Cosford and Italian Red. If you want only
+two bushes, Italian Red and DuChilly will work well together.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Do you have Medium Long?
+
+MR. SILVIS: Yes, I do.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Is that doing well?
+
+MR. SILVIS: I don't think it fruits as well as Cosford or DuChilly.
+That's been my experience. My DuChilly was plastered with nuts last year
+and this year, and I believe it's due to the Italian Red which New York
+Fruit Testing Laboratory sold me.
+
+MR. SLATE: Thank you.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Do you fertilize those bushes?
+
+MR. SILVIS: Due to the fact I have started to mulch with sawdust I have
+been using nitrate and rock phosphate, so my teeth don't fall out when I
+chew them.
+
+MR. SLATE: I crack mine with a hand cracker, I don't crack them with my
+teeth.
+
+DR. COLBY: Mr. Chairman, we can grow filberts. How does the chairman
+keep the squirrels from eating them?
+
+MR. STOKE: I will tell you that.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Stoke raises his nut trees in the Sunny South, and he has
+problems down there that we don't have up north. I think he has to worry
+a lot more about winter killing than we do way up north where we are in
+Central New York. What's been your experience with some of the varieties
+and what are your principal cultural problems with the filberts?
+
+MR. STOKE: I wish to answer Dr. Colby's query about squirrels. I find
+that squirrels are very highly allergic to these BB caps or the CP caps
+used in a 22 rifle. It works. In my back yard there is a Brixnut
+filbert, which originated in Oregon. I guess it's been there 15 years.
+There are four trunks to it, the largest about 16 inches in diameter.
+One of those I grafted to Giant, as a pollinizer for Brixnut. It's
+similar in shape, somewhat smaller in spite of its name, but it's pretty
+effective. Then about ten years ago there was an old gentleman from
+Halsey, Oregon. I don't know whether any of you have corresponded with
+him or not. He bought the Breslau Persian walnut--I pretty nearly said
+the English walnut, and I'd have been disgraced--and furnished me scions
+and I got a start of it from him. Russ sent me some scions from a
+filbert he called Jumbo. You will see it out on the table there. It's
+rather a long nut, little larger than DuChilly and not quite so flat,
+that I grafted in there. It absolutely is hopeless as a pollinizer for
+anything, because it loses its staminate blossoms by Christmas. But the
+Hall's Giant pollinizes them, and it's the best filbert I have, all
+things considered. This year off that one scion--of course, it's four
+inches in diameter--I got about 7 quarts of nuts, and they began
+ripening at least three weeks ago, and the crop is all off now. And the
+foliage is unusually heavy, almost in clusters, and it drops cleanly and
+freely from the husks, and I think it is a very nice filbert. Whether
+it's a recognized variety in the West I have no idea, and I haven't
+corresponded with the old gentleman for some years, and he probably has
+passed on by this time, because he was an elderly man and not in good
+health at the time I had my correspondence with him. I consider that an
+excellent filbert, and I think anyone wishing to plant filberts should
+investigate with the Oregon nurseries or Washington nurseries and see if
+that is a recognized variety. I tried to find out once and failed so
+far. I do not have it on its own roots. I hope that I will have it
+rooted in another year.
+
+In my back yard also I have one that I bought in Oregon. That's as tall
+as up to that beam, maybe almost to the ceiling, very vigorous growth,
+larger nut than Longfellow, thicker nuts and also longer. But I think
+the thing he sold me was a graft and the graft died and this came from
+the root. It bears very sparingly, but it's a very large nut, and I
+wondered why it was always so spare, and I caught it blooming in
+December, staminate blossoms in December this year. So that's that.
+
+Ten miles east of my home, east of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the
+granitic, very heavy clay soil of what we call the Piedmont down there,
+I have a planting that was made 15 years ago of filberts, some on their
+own roots and some that I grew on the Turkish tree hazel stocks. Those
+grew well, and the main advantage was they put up no suckers. You had a
+nice clean trunk, and you didn't have that problem of getting rid of the
+sprouts all the time. And it looked very good for a while.
+
+I find where you graft that way, the stocks get old and do not renew
+themselves, and eventually the life will be shorter than if you had a
+shrub that might last for a century, when you are renewing your stalks
+when they reach maturity and cease to grow enough to be productive.
+
+Two years ago I had most of the standard varieties you mentioned here in
+that planting, about three-quarters or perhaps an acre planted in
+between chestnut trees. Planted the chestnut trees 40 feet apart and
+then interplanted with the filberts at 20 feet. Two years ago we had an
+unusually wet season, and the blight, of which I had had some before,
+hit hard and virtually ruined the whole planting. And in addition to
+that, we have leaf miner. It's an insect that lays a tiny egg in the
+leaf and develops a little larva or worm that eats out the chlorophyll
+between the two membranes of the leaf, just hollows it out and makes
+unsightly spots in there and, of course, kills that portion of the leaf.
+But the blight, known as the eastern filbert blight, according to Mr.
+Gravatt, has just ruined that planting. Some of the trees have been
+killed outright, and most of the tops are either dead or dying. This
+year the blight wasn't apparently active on the living part, because it
+was very dry up until the first of August, and since then it's been very
+wet. That's what happened to my filberts there.
+
+Now, in that same location I have some younger, second-generation or
+third-generation plantings that I grew from scions from the Jones
+hybrids and so far those have not been attacked by the blight and not
+much by the leaf miner. I used them to replace some of the others that
+had died several years ago, so they are right in there together. About
+the best I have of those are also on exhibit out there and marked as the
+Jones Hybrid.
+
+At the same time I put out some seedling Colurna or the Turkish tree
+hazel in that same plot. They were attacked somewhat but not badly by
+the blight. Today you'd never know they had any blight. They look
+healthy, and as has already been said, they make a beautiful tree. And
+if you want an avenue of trees on a drive that don't spread too wide and
+run up like Lombardi poplar, they'll beat Lombardi poplar all to pieces.
+And if you crowd them a little, they will grow up like a spire and
+retain their branches, so you really have a tree.
+
+There was one in the J. F. Jones yard at Lancaster that I think was at
+least 14 inches in trunk diameter 20 years ago when I saw it. Do you
+know whether that is still there at the Jones place, that Turkish tree
+hazel, Mrs. Weber?
+
+MRS. WEBER: Where is it located?
+
+MR. STOKE: It's right near the house, it seems to me between the house
+and the side near the barn.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Stoke, that tree is gone. We were there last fall.
+
+MR. STOKE: But it was a very nice tree, and for shade it's very nice.
+The Manchurian hazel has been spoken of, and I might mention that,
+because I have dabbled in everything, I guess. I got seed from the
+University of Nanking along with some other things, and those seedlings
+were quite variable. The nuts compared rather favorably with the
+American hazel. Some were thick-shelled, but they will average almost as
+good as the American hazel, and they bore quite freely for me until I
+let the bushes get right thick. They will send out suckers and make a
+very spreading growth. If you dig them out and leave a piece of root in
+the ground, it will come up just like sassafras or persimmon will on
+that piece of root. But it is an attractive bush, and mine has a
+reddish-brown little spot in the middle of the leaf in most cases. It
+seems to be characteristic of that strain that I have. The nuts were
+quite variable and, as I say, they bore right well until I let them get
+too thick. I believe that's all.
+
+MR. SLATE: I neglected to answer your question, Dr. Colby, but the
+squirrels have not been much of a problem with our filberts at Geneva,
+strange as it may seem. They have never taken a very high percentage of
+the crop. We have a Lancaster heartnut, and they clean up every nut on
+that tree every year before the end of August.
+
+I'd like to comment on this matter of the name of Halle's Giant, I think
+you called it. I think the name is Halle, the German town where the
+variety originated. I prefer the name Halle, because calling it Hall's
+Giant is more or less a sign its origin is a man named Hall.
+
+MR. STOKE: In some catalogs it is one way and some the other.
+
+MR. SLATE: We have other items on the program tonight, and as the Latin
+student said, "Tempus is fugiting very fast," so I think we had better
+turn the meeting back to Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: The next two talks have slides to be shown, and it
+is suggested that you take about ten minutes, take a stretch and then
+come back when the slide projector is set up.
+
+
+
+
+My Experiences With Chinese Chestnuts
+
+W. J. WILSON, _Fort Valley, Ga._
+
+
+When I was asked to appear on this program to tell my experiences as a
+grower of chestnuts, I felt like a child, appearing before a group of
+grown-ups to tell them how to make marriage succeed. When I see the
+sages of chestnut knowledge seated before me I realize that I can only
+relate my experiences and ask your advice.
+
+My father was a pioneer peach and pecan grower; he loved trees and has
+told me time after time that if I ever made more than just a living,
+farming, it would have to come from trees, not row crops. He was what I
+would call a self-educated man. He had small chance of formal education,
+being the sickly son, one of eight sons and three daughters, of a couple
+who eked out an existence on the poor, unproductive, sandy, soils of
+Crawford County, Georgia, growing the one and only cash crop of those
+days, cotton. The combined wages of these boys often amounted to more
+cash money than their own cotton crop returned because the supplier got
+most of the money from their own crop. They helped neighbors pick out
+their cotton crops after finishing their own. Grandfather must have
+liked to experiment in his limited way. Each spring as Grandfather would
+plant his small patch of Spanish peanuts and yellow corn, Grandmother
+would tongue-lash him, saying, 'so long as you fool away your time with
+Spanish peanuts and yellow corn you will remain a poor man. Time has
+proven Grandfather right and Grandmother wrong. Spanish peanuts is a
+huge industry; most of our hybrid corns, which have added millions of
+bushels to our yields are yellow.
+
+My father wasted his time back at the turn of the century planting a
+peach orchard on his best cotton land. He planted pecans each winter,
+beginning about 1912, often to the ribbing of friends who still
+worshipped at the feet of King Cotton. One told him that he had a pecan
+tree or two about his home and the damn flying squirrels ate all of the
+nuts. Another told him that if he wanted a load of stove wood he would
+just as soon cut down a pecan tree as any other kind. At his death in
+1942, my father had planted six hundred acres of pecan orchards, each
+acre having been interplanted with peaches, to produce income while the
+pecans were reaching bearing age.
+
+I give you this background so that you may better understand my attitude
+toward chestnut growing. The scale on which I have set out on chestnut
+growing I know to some of you will seem rather bold or foolhardy.
+
+About ten years ago I found that the U. S. D. A. Pecan Experiment
+Station at Albany, Georgia had a small chestnut orchard. Max Hardy, was
+doing the chestnut work and was so much interested in them that I caught
+fire and have been burning ever since. When I found that the harvest
+came between the peach harvest and the pecan harvest it fitted right
+into my kind of farming. The fact, that it was a possible tree crop made
+chestnut growing still more attractive to me. Max suggested that I join
+the N. N. G. A. when I complained that I couldn't find much information
+on chestnuts. I attended my first convention at Norris. I have tried to
+make most of them since that time. Of all the discussions at the Norris
+meeting, the one that stuck in my mind was whether nurseries should
+recommend seedlings or grafted trees. I thought then, and still think,
+that for commercial production one must have varieties, because
+seedlings are so variable. I believe, that when, chestnut growing comes
+of age, the major part of the production will go through processing
+plants. It will be a great advantage to have nuts of uniform quality and
+size, which is and will be impossible with seedlings.
+
+Of the fifteen trees that I planted in 1946, only one fruited in 1951.
+It bore only 3-1/4 pounds of nuts. The other fourteen did not fruit.
+This year there are a few scattering burs at seven years of age, on
+those that I did not graft this spring. I am now too old to wait seven
+or eight years for a chestnut tree to begin bearing. These trees came
+from a Virginia nursery. The trees I planted in 1947, I started grafting
+in 1950, to Nanking, Meiling, and Kuling, and finished this spring,
+except for a few replants. I also grafted ten trees in 1950 to
+Abundance. These tops bore the second year, several bearing good burs
+the same year the scions were set. These grafted trees are anxious to go
+to work, because they bloom in the spring and again in late July and
+early August. I have used the in-lay bark, modified cleft, the cleft,
+and what I call a saddle graft, bevelling two sides of the stock and
+splitting the scion, thus slipping the split scion down over the
+prepared stock. I have had equally good take on all types of grafts
+used. In 1948 I planted two hundred seedlings bought from Max Hardy,
+grown from seed from the Experiment Station orchard. I believe the
+production record of this orchard has been given to this convention at
+previous meetings. You will recall that the off-type trees were rogued,
+leaving the parent trees of Nanking, Kuling and Meiling and others of
+good bearing habits. In 1951 four trees out of this lot, were
+outstanding in precocity. The earliest started dropping nuts the
+fifteenth of August and bore 7-1/4 pounds. The next matured September
+5th and produced 8-1/2 pounds. The third tree is unusual. I noticed it
+the 4th of October. The ground was covered with nuts, but only an
+occasional bur. All of the burs were wide open and still on the tree.
+The crop weighed 6-1/2 pounds. The fourth tree I found on the 5th of
+October with all of its nuts on the ground, the tree retaining the burs.
+The yield of this tree was 4-1/2 pounds. Mind you, this was the fourth
+summer after planting. These trees have repeated this year with another
+good heavy crop. The other trees in this block bore from none to one or
+two pounds of nuts in 1951. This year less than ten trees in the block
+are not bearing. Next spring these ten will be growing new tops, because
+their present tops are not satisfactory. I noticed that one tree in this
+block bloomed long after the rest this spring, several weeks in fact. It
+might have possibilities in northern areas because of its late blooming.
+
+Of the eleven hundred trees planted in 1950, one bore nuts in 1951. I
+didn't know it until this spring, when I was pruning the trees in this
+block, and found nuts on the ground under this tree. It is bearing a
+good crop this year for its size and age. There are a number of these
+trees bearing this year. Dr. Crane in a hurried inspection of these
+trees this summer thought those trees bearing were offspring of a
+certain tree in the Philema orchard.
+
+I do not give my chestnut trees special care. They are fertilized and
+cultivated the same as young peach orchards. We try to bring in a peach
+orchard the third summer, with enough fruit to make it worth spraying. I
+see no reason to wait seven or eight years to get a chestnut orchard
+into bearing. If you will keep down competition from weeds, cultivate
+frequently, and give the tree plenty of nitrogen you will be surprised
+at the growth it will make. I set the trees twenty-four feet each way,
+with the idea of thinning later when they begin to crowd. In this way I
+will get higher acre yields in the early years. When they reach maturity
+I will have them thinned down to forty-eight feet each way. As they
+reach heavy bearing the rate of growth will slow down and I will adjust
+the nitrogen to keep them from becoming too vegetative.
+
+So far the only insects that have bothered me are caterpillars that
+ordinarily feed on wild maypops, or passion flowers. These caterpillars
+will defoliate a tree. The only tree that I have lost from
+winter-killing was one defoliated by the caterpillars early last fall.
+It may become necessary for me to spray for these worms if they become
+too plentiful.
+
+I do not come before you as an authority on chestnut growing. I feel
+that to force myself to do my best I should plant enough trees to make
+me find out how to handle them. In the rush and bustle of peach and
+pecan growing if I had only a few chestnut trees I might decide that not
+much was involved, and neglect the chestnuts. I know that with two
+thousand trees already planted and some of them bearing I am going to
+make a great effort to make the project profitable. I have decided that
+chestnut growing has possibilities as a tree crop in my section, and is
+worth my time and effort. I know there are many problems ahead, but so
+did my father when he planted peaches and pecans many years ago. I am
+still meeting new problems with them each year. Problems go hand in hand
+with the fruit and nut business. It is the fellow who is willing to try
+to work them out who has a chance to profit. If I wait until all the
+problems are solved I will never grow chestnuts. The day that I decide
+that I know all the answers about growing peaches, pecans or chestnuts,
+is the day I start going broke. I have been badly bent several times
+while I was struggling to find an answer. Each year starts full of hope,
+with visions of a nice fat bank balance when the jobs are all done. Then
+the problems start and if I can lick enough of them, I come through with
+the right to see if I can't do a still better job next year, despite the
+risks of too much rain, not enough rain, hail, insects and diseases.
+
+I have found that each year from 15 to 50 million pounds of chestnuts
+are imported from Europe. The same blight that destroyed our native
+chestnuts, is going full tilt in Italy and other European countries. If
+the blight runs its course as it did in this country, it will not be
+many years until we will not have chestnuts from Europe. I am going to
+grow some to fill this gap. In 1950 Dr. McKay sent me eight trees, four
+Meiling, two Nanking, two Kuling. Two Meiling and two Nanking to be
+planted together, two Meiling and two Kuling together. Each combination
+to be isolated so that the nuts produced would be of known crosses.
+These trees bloomed this spring and two of them set a few burs. Next
+year I hope to turn over to Dr. McKay nuts from these trees to be
+planted, and grown to fruiting age. I now have about one hundred and
+sixty grafted trees. I intend to fruit my seedlings with the hope that
+among them I will find trees superior enough to be given variety status.
+I will then top-work the rest to varieties. At present I intend to plant
+more trees each winter until I have at least one hundred acres of
+orchards. If and when the weevil moves in I will have the equipment on
+hand to spray, using the same equipment on peaches or pecans.
+
+I would like to see this Association ask that more research on chestnut
+production be done by the U. S. D. A. It will not be done until we ask
+for it. The men in the department are not in position to do much asking
+for additional funds. It is the responsibility of groups like the N. N.
+G. A. and the Southeastern Chestnut Grower's Association. We are in need
+of more breeding and selection of new, and better adapted varieties. We
+need processing research, marketing research, and research in the field
+of production. We are not going to get it done until we insist on it
+good and strong.
+
+This spring, at Fort Valley, Georgia, the Southeastern Chestnut Grower's
+Association was formed. We hold our convention in March and will be glad
+to have everyone interested in chestnut growing, marketing, processing
+or research, attend our convention. I think in time this organization
+will want to become affiliated with the N. N. G. A., to the mutual
+benefit of both. I will be glad to have any of you visit my orchards and
+show me how to grow chestnuts, I am constantly searching for
+information.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: We thank Mr. Wilson very much for his talk, and
+we think it does take a lot of courage to embark on an experiment of
+that kind.
+
+In view of the lateness of the hour, unless somebody objects, we will
+adjourn until tomorrow morning at 8:30.
+
+At 9:40 o'clock, p.m., the meeting adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+
+(Called to order at 8:30 o'clock, a.m., President L. H. MacDaniels
+presiding.)
+
+
+
+Persian Walnuts in the Upper South
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+My experience with the Persian walnut has been acquired in the Roanoke
+district of south-west Virginia. It is located 300 miles from the
+Atlantic seaboard and my trees are at an approximate elevation of eleven
+hundred feet. Roanoke is on the same parallel as Springfield, Missouri,
+and about thirty miles south of Rockport, Indiana.
+
+This experience covers a period of more than twenty years with named
+varieties and seedlings of the species. I shall here attempt to present
+some findings that may be of some value to others similarly located.
+
+For the sake of brevity I shall put the cart before the horse, the
+findings before the facts from which they are derived.
+
+For the upper south and, in my opinion, for the middle west, late
+vegetating and blossoming is of prime importance for success with the
+Persian walnut. No matter how vigorous, prolific and precocious the tree
+may be, nor how fine the nuts, the variety is worthless for anything
+except shade if the crop is destroyed by normal spring frosts.
+
+In the second place is winter hardiness. This is of two kinds;
+resistance to extreme cold, and resistance to the wooing of warm winter
+days that starts premature activity, followed by a destructive freeze.
+
+My experience with the Payne variety is a case in point. Having read
+some place of the vigor, precocity and heavy bearing of the new variety,
+then called the Payne Seedling, I secured some scions of it from its
+originator and worked it on a young black walnut. The variety was
+already making a name for itself in Northern California and Oregon, not
+only because of its bearing habits but for the superb quality of its
+nuts.
+
+During the first few years it did well despite its early starting in the
+spring, and bore heavy crops; then disaster fell. One spring the tree
+failed to leaf out at the usual time. On examination I found that it had
+winter-killed back to five-year wood. The winter had been unusually
+cold, and the tree could not take it. Pruned back, the belated new
+growth did not fully mature before winter so in turn was damaged, a
+phenomenon that recurred from year to year. Exit Payne as a Virginia
+prospect.
+
+An example of the other type of winter injury was that of my first Crath
+Carpathian. I secured scions of this variety from Rev. P. C. Crath in
+1929. The parent tree had been growing and bearing in the vicinity of
+Toronto and was apparently fully hardy. The scions grew vigorously on
+the young black walnut stock on which it was worked, and completed their
+longitudinal growth early in July, giving ample time for the ripening of
+the wood before winter.
+
+After several years I noticed the bark on the south side of the trunks
+dead from so-called sun-scald. Activity had been induced by the warmth
+of the winter sun, followed by freezing. After some years the wood was
+killed back to limbs the thickness of one's wrist, and this has been
+again repeated. The tree was hardy in Ontario, but not in Virginia.
+
+The nut of this variety, which to me is the Crath, is much superior to
+the average Carpathian, and I think might be well worth while in the
+north-east and along the Great Lakes, but not in the upper South nor the
+Mid-West.
+
+Besides their winter weaknesses, both the Payne and Crath start too
+early in the spring for my conditions.
+
+Broadview and Lancaster both blossom here in mid-season and, since both
+have a rather long period of producing pistillate blossoms, they seldom
+fail to produce a crop when properly pollenized.
+
+Franquette and Mayette, both highly recommended as being late vegetating
+and producing excellent nuts, have offered me some difficulties of
+another order. With Franquette the chief trouble has been to get a
+suitable pollenizer. Like the Mayette, its pistillate blossoms appear
+ten days or more after the staminate blossoms and self-pollination is
+not effected. I tried King, recommended as a pollenizer, but it was too
+early to be reliably effective. When Franquette is properly pollenized
+it, with Payne, is one of the heaviest bearers.
+
+Mayette in Virginia produces a fine, healthy, vigorous tree, but it
+refuses to produce pistillate blossoms. A dozen nuts is an average crop
+for a tree that should produce a bushel. It, like Franquette, demands a
+late pollenizer, but the pistillate blossoms are simply not there.
+Neither of these two late varieties have ever suffered winter injury
+with me, nor have been damaged by spring frosts.
+
+I will not attempt to go into detail regarding all the varieties and
+seedlings that I have tried through the years; Eureka, that ranks with
+Mayette and Franquette for lateness, but refuses to bear, apparently for
+want of pollination; Chambers that was recommended along with King for
+pollenizing the late bloomers but not fully successful; Breslau, with
+its huge nuts but slow growth, in addition to an assortment of
+Carpathian seedlings. Of the latter my Caesar is one of the more
+promising with its vigorous growth, large thin-shelled nuts and ability
+to pollenize itself in some seasons. Gilbert Becker has reported it
+passing through Michigan winters unhurt.
+
+As matters now stand, I believe Bedford, Caesar and Lancaster have
+proven the most satisfactory varieties to date under my conditions,
+although some seedlings I have grown appear even more promising. Chief
+of these are several that I grew from open-pollenized nuts of the
+Lancaster, which I am here exhibiting.
+
+You will note that the one I designate as L-2 is an extremely large nut,
+considerably larger than its seed parent which it somewhat resembles.
+L-8 is of somewhat similar type, but smaller. L-3 and L-6, on the other
+hand, are of entirely different type. Much smaller, they are smooth,
+thin-shelled and well filled, with kernels running 50% by weight and of
+high quality. They resemble their seed parent, Lancaster, not at all but
+in type are much nearer Bedford, their probable pollen parent.
+
+Another one of these seedlings, L-7, resembles Caesar, its probable
+pollen parent, far more than it does its seed parent.
+
+Some years ago I hand-pollenized several blossoms of Broadview, using
+pollen from my original Crath.
+
+One of the seedlings from these hand-pollenized nuts resembles Crath
+much more than Broadview, the seed parent. I have it here as C x B 2.
+
+Aside from the apparent profound influence of the pollen parent on the
+offspring, there is the unexplained fact at that with the exception of
+L-8, all these seedlings are later vegetating than the seed parents and
+any of the suspect pollen parents. Of the Lancaster seedlings L-2, L-3
+and L-6 are fully as late as Franquette and Mayette, blooming well after
+the first of May. Inasmuch as there were no Persians producing pollen
+anywhere near that time I can only believe that these nuts were
+pollenized by the black walnut on which they were top-worked. I intend
+to plant some of these nuts, and expect to produce hybrids.
+
+This brings up the enticing subject of breeding Persian walnuts adapted
+to one's own conditions. I have no suggestions to offer scientists, but
+offer the following for the benefit of amateurs like myself.
+
+If your grounds are cluttered up with varieties, as are mine, ingratiate
+yourself to some friend who has an isolated young black walnut tree by
+volunteering to convert it to the production of Persian walnuts. Select
+two varieties whose characteristics you desire to blend and that will
+pollenize each other, and grow seedlings from the resulting nuts. You
+can check results in as little as four years by taking buds from the
+seedlings at two years and placing then on black walnut.
+
+Creative work, this. You will get the thrill of your life--if you are
+that kind of a person--and may produce something well worth while.
+
+Persian walnuts are self-pollenizing if pistillate and staminate
+blossoms occur at the same time, but such usually is not the case.
+Crath, Breslau, Caesar and King produce their pistillate blossoms some
+days before their staminate blossoms shed their pollen, while Payne,
+Lancaster, Broadview, Franquette and Mayette produce their blossoms in
+reverse order. Of all those I have tested only Bedford can be depended
+to produce both types of bloom simultaneously and certainly and fully
+pollenize itself.
+
+It is enlightening to keep a record of the blossoming time of each
+variety relative to others, but dates should all be recorded for the
+same year. Warm, early spring induces early blooming; late, cool weather
+delays blossoming. By my records, Payne pistillates were receptive May 3
+in 1935, April 28 in 1937 and March 31, in 1945, a variation of over a
+month. All varieties vary with the season, but the variation is greatest
+with the early varieties.
+
+There has been little disease among my Persian walnuts except that in
+wet seasons leaves and nut shucks are sometimes attacked by a fungous
+blight. In the city there has been no insect injury worthy of note. In
+the country, adjacent to wooded areas, insect injury is sometimes
+serious. Pests include spittle bugs, stink bugs and other insects that
+attack young leaves and tender growth. These check the leaders and
+cause late multiple growths that may fail to mature and hence
+winterkill.
+
+In such locations the butternut curculio also attacks and destroys the
+young nuts. Avoid wooded areas if choosing a site for a Persian walnut
+orchard.
+
+The most destructive pest with which I have had to contend has been the
+large black-bird or purple grackle. Oddly enough they are much worse in
+the city than in the country. As soon as the young are grown, about the
+middle of June, they appear in flocks and attack the nuts of the Persian
+walnut. At first, before the shell has hardened, they penetrate the nut
+apparently for the nectar which is the substance of the immature kernel.
+When the shell can no longer be penetrated they continue to eat away the
+husk, which is equally fatal to the nut. This continues until late in
+July, when the squirrels take over. Fortunately squirrels are highly
+allergic to a bullet from a 22 rifle.
+
+In pointing out some of the hazards encountered in growing Persian
+walnuts in the East the writer has not intended to be discouraging but
+helpful. Persian walnuts of good quality can be grown in this section;
+full understanding of the factors involved make it possible, I believe,
+to grow them successfully on a commercial scale.
+
+
+
+
+Varieties of Persian Walnuts in Eastern Iowa
+
+Ira B. Kyhl, _Sabula, Iowa_
+
+
+There are a great many varieties of Persian walnuts, many of which
+originated in the region of the Carpathian mountains and other parts of
+Europe and a few varieties in the United States and Canada.
+
+I believe that some varieties now grown in the United States and Canada
+which originated in Europe may have come from the same tree as they
+appear to have the same shape, thickness of shell and flavor. I have as
+many as four varieties that are identical.
+
+The Persian walnut has always been my favorite nut. I started with 2 or
+3 varieties and now have 35 or 40 varieties and 200 trees most of which
+are doing well. Some are superior in hardiness and vigor.
+
+In eastern Iowa at 42 degrees N. latitude minimum winter temperatures
+vary from 25 to 32 degrees below zero. Usually the minimum is 12 to 15
+degrees below zero, but last winter it was 25 degrees below zero for
+several days. Only the hardier varieties will endure -25 degrees without
+injury, but -12 to -15 does not injure any variety very much.
+
+Schafer is my favorite variety and it was not injured at -25 degrees. I
+have several of these trees, some from seeds, some top-worked on black
+walnut and the others grafted trees from a nursery. It grafts easily,
+grows rapidly and bears a fine nut.
+
+A top-worked tree of Colby withstood -25 degrees without injury and is
+one of the most vigorous trees I have.
+
+Fifteen seedlings from Crath Mayette and Crath Franquette seeds from the
+late G. H. Corsan, of Toronto, Canada, are developing into very fine
+trees, but are not yet bearing.
+
+One of the first varieties planted, Broadview, grew rapidly and
+produced nuts after two mild winters, but the several trees of this
+variety killed to the ground after the -25 degrees of last winter.
+
+Crath No. 1, Crath No. 39, and Breslau grew well until last winter when
+they were killed. Three Breslau seedlings did not winterkill.
+
+Rumanian Giant, the first tree I grafted, killed back somewhat, but is
+recovering. This variety produces the largest nut I have seen and it
+fills well.
+
+Top-worked trees of other varieties that were not injured last winter
+are Crath No. 5, Crath No. 12, SG No. 5, Crath No. 29, Graham and Crath
+Special.
+
+Seedlings in the nursery row that stood severe temperature are
+Carpathian D, NWF Nos. 1 and 3, FB O and FB OO, Fort Custer, Hansen,
+Jacobs and others.
+
+MR. STOKE: Does the black walnut bloom at the same time that the Persian
+walnut blooms?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It bloomed near the end of the receptive period.
+
+MR. STOKE: That first experiment of yours was trying to pollinize the
+black walnut with the Persian, but the reciprocal cross may be quite
+different, as Jones proved with the filberts.
+
+DR. McKAY: That could be. We have no large amount of data on the
+reciprocal cross. These cases where it is said that the black walnut
+pollinates the Persian regularly and is producing good crops of nuts, I
+would consider doubtful until I see the seedlings, their growth and
+characteristics. Yesterday Mr. Bolten asked the question whether or not
+some walnuts that have large nuts could possibly be tetraploid or
+polyploid. A number of years ago I examined the chromosomes of one of
+these large fruited varieties, and it had the same chromosome number as
+the others, namely sixteen pairs or thirty two.
+
+The whole question of chromosome number in nut varieties and species is
+as follows. So far as we know, all of the species have a constant number
+within the genus except the hickories where we have tetraploid species
+and diploid species. All of the species of _Castanea_, as far as we
+know, have the same chromosome number, and all of the varieties within
+each species have the same number. In the Oaks, which are related to
+chestnuts, we have an extremely large genus in which there is a great
+constancy of number. The pines, and all other cone-bearing trees make up
+another very large group in which chromosome numbers are constant.
+Exactly the opposite situation is found in the related family of alders
+and willows where the chromosome number is very variable.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Unless there is some special question or comment
+on this subject, we will go on to the next item.
+
+MR. LEMKE: There was a panel discussion about four years ago, and they
+were talking about what nuts to grow, and one of the men said, "Before
+you offer a man a good nut, give him a good nut cracker." That's been on
+my mind for some time.
+
+
+
+
+Commercial Production and Processing of Black and Persian Walnuts
+
+EDWIN W. LEMKE, _Washington, Mich._
+
+
+Sometime ago a group of nut minded men associated with Spencer B. Chase
+announced their findings on the quality of the wild black walnut growing
+in the area of Norris, Tenn. Nuts were gathered from 151 wild walnut
+trees. After judging, the group came to the conclusion that only one
+tree had a flavor that was considered by their standards as good. It is
+these good nuts that caused the formation of the N.N.G.A. When we speak
+of the good nut it gives the word commercial an entirely different
+meaning. It by necessity excludes most of wild black walnut kernels
+processed by the large cracking plants of Kentucky and Tennessee. The
+large crackers are willing to pay better prices for the improved black
+walnut but were they to rely on this source of supply they could not
+stay in business very long.
+
+To produce and process, I chose the Thomas and Ohio variety and I have
+met with some success. The black walnut can be made to bear in the first
+and second year after grafting but this is but a novelty feature. Jones
+from whom I purchased my trees, told me that the black walnut could be
+classed with the Northern Spy Apple for coming into bearing. This has
+proven true. Commercial production of the improved black walnut is by
+its very nature small scale production. Because of this fact only small
+scale machines to process these nuts are feasible.
+
+Since 1916 I have had time to reflect on the problem of the three basic
+machines needed. These are the huller, cracker and kernel picker.
+Fortunately for me I learned the machinist trade and had a machine shop
+at my disposal. I tried every way to hull the black walnut and finally
+accepted the commercial potato peeler as the best principle. I built
+several crackers and at last accepted the Wiley cracker as the best
+commercial cracker. The third machine is the picker which has yet to be
+assembled. This picker is copied after The Kenneth Dick machine with
+some variations in the separation process.
+
+Let me briefly explain these three basic machines. As the nuts are
+gathered in the orchard they are brought to the huller in bushel crates.
+The huller is located in a separate room. This room has the floor
+depressed to catch the removed hulls that are flushed outdoors with the
+aid of running water. The cylinder of this huller is 30 inches in
+diameter and 14 inches high. It is made of 3/16ths boiler plate. Three
+inches from the bottom of the cylinder is a revolving disc smaller than
+the inside of the cylinder. The disc being small enough it allows a
+5/8th opening around the inside of the cylinder. It is this opening that
+permits the hulls to drop to the floor. The nuts are held captive
+because there is no opening in the cylinder for them to leave until the
+discharge door is opened on the side of the cylinder. The cover of the
+cylinder has a 10 inch feed hole into which the nuts are fed. A 10 inch
+furnace pipe elbow runs from the hole to the serving trough into which
+the nuts are poured. A 10 inch pusher is used to shove the nuts into the
+huller and serves to keep the feed hole closed while the nuts tumble
+around. The disc runs at 250 RPM which is the proper speed to do a good
+job. While the nuts tumble around a stream of water is used to wash the
+hulls free from the nuts and force the removed hulls to the floor below.
+The disc is supported by a 1-3/8 inch diameter shaft that runs through
+the disc and is held central as it revolves in a flange containing a 3/4
+ball bearing that fits into the end of the concave in the shaft. Up four
+feet from the disc is a link self aligning bearing that allows the shaft
+and disc to turn like a gyroscopic top. The shaft's pulley has 'V' belts
+connected to a 3/4 h.p. motor. I have hulled up to 40 bushels of clean
+nuts in 8 hours. The nuts after hulling are placed on drying trays
+indoors where temperatures are better controlled. The principal of this
+huller is that it separates the hull by centrifugal force. The hull
+drops down through the opening between cylinder and disc while the nuts
+riding on disc are discharged at right angles to the fall of hull. The
+machine is a separator.
+
+The next basic machine is the cracker. This cracker is the Wylie cracker
+in principle and is made in Eugene, Oregon. Simply explained it could be
+likened to two pages in a book. One page is perpendicular while the
+other page is off the perpendicular about 7 degrees. The first page
+which is the anvil is fixed save for adjustments for nuts of varying
+size. The other page or hammer riding up and down through an inch and
+one quarter of travel is fixed to a crank below. Both of these pages or
+plates are heavy cast iron plates that are fluted and cause the nut to
+be cracked against these saw toothed flutes and while being cracked are
+revolved down through the plates. The plate moving at an angle forces
+the nut finally through a 3/8 inch opening where they fall into a rotary
+sieve. The sieve has three sizes of mesh. 5 mesh, 2 mesh and 3/4 mesh.
+The larger pieces go on through and are returned to the cracker. This
+cracker will crack up to 500 pounds per hour, and uses a 3/4 h.p. motor.
+
+The last of the three basic machines is the picker. I have not yet built
+the picker but a number of the parts have already been machined and
+before long it will be a reality. The Kenneth Dick, picker, of Peebles,
+Ohio is the best for small orchards. It is essentially a separator using
+a conveyor belt which carries the cracked nuts to needles that pick up
+the kernels and deposit them on trays that at the timed moment accept
+the black walnut kernels. The discarded shells remain on conveyor and
+travel to the end and fall into a receptacle. After this process,
+further inspection becomes necessary but up to the present it is the
+best we have.
+
+The black walnut is a messy nut to fool with but with the proper
+machines it soon becomes a pleasure to work with it. I can work all day
+hulling nuts and finish with clean unstained hands.
+
+Processing the Persian walnut is a simple matter as compared with the
+black walnut. My Persian nuts are gathered and placed on drying trays.
+Most of the nuts fall free from hull and the stick tights are discarded
+as inferior. N.N.G.A. members need but write to the agricultural
+colleges in California, Oregon and Washington and a list of publications
+will be sent. One of the latest machines being offered is one that picks
+the nut from the orchard floor with a speed with which no human can
+compete. It has not only removed the back ache but the human back as
+well. The Persian walnut industry in the Pacific Coast states is big
+business.
+
+There is only one organization that can and does disseminate the
+necessary knowledge and experience that will give the northern grown nut
+its proper place in the American diet. That is the Northern Nut Grower's
+Assn. You newer members have become heirs to knowledge based on the
+experiences of others which represents not only blood, sweat and tears
+but a lot of good hearty belly laughs. When one becomes nut conscious
+there is no turning back. It gives life a new approach and a finer
+meaning.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnut Processing at Henderson, Kentucky
+
+R. C. MANGELSDORF, _St. Louis, Mo._
+
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald are unable to be here
+today, and I don't know if I can fill their shoes or not, because I am
+not in the purchasing or processing end of the black walnut business.
+
+We started this black walnut shelling operation a season ago at
+Henderson, Kentucky, with the idea of processing the nuts there and
+transporting the kernels to St. Louis for final processing and
+marketing. At Henderson, Kentucky we are located outside the city limit,
+and we have no fire protection, and as a result, the insurance rates on
+our building, storage sheds, and black walnuts in storage have been so
+high that we are looking around for possible plant location sites where
+we can reduce that expense of operation.
+
+Another factor in our operation there is the transportation of raw
+material to our cracking site. If we have to transport black walnuts,
+which give an approximate 10 per cent yield, any distance, the freight
+adds materially to the cost per pound of the finished material. That is,
+if we have to pay 10 cents per hundred additional freight cost in
+transporting them from outlying districts to the cracking plant, that
+adds a cent a pound to the cost of the finished kernels. All such
+factors, have to be given weighty consideration, because our business is
+primarily concerned with making money for the stockholders. If we don't
+make money for the stockholders, they are not interested in seeing us
+continue the operation.
+
+Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald at the present time are out on a crop
+inspection trip and also making surveys of locations and availability of
+buildings or sites that might be more advantageous than the one at
+Henderson, Kentucky. It may be that we will continue the operation
+there, making modifications in the building, which will result in lower
+insurance rates. At the present time, with the new crop coming on, we
+are in a chaotic state of affairs, because we just don't know exactly
+what's the best path to follow in our operation at Henderson, Kentucky.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Will you tell us something about how you handle the nuts in
+your plant, how they are hulled and cracked, and so forth?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: It's a similar operation to what Mr. Lemke described.
+The nuts are brought in in burlap bags by the farmers and growers and
+are put in storage in cribs. The plant at Henderson, Kentucky, was a
+popcorn processing plant, with a large crib under roof where the nuts
+are stored. After the moisture content is reduced somewhat, they pass
+through a tumbling drum to remove any of the extraneous hulls and other
+dirt that might be adhering.
+
+After the nuts are completely freed of all this extraneous matter, they
+are passed through a series of cracking rollers with screens. The nuts
+are cracked, by passing between two rollers like a wringer then passed
+over a shaker screen, the free nut meats passing through the screen. The
+large material that comes off of the screen is then passed between more
+closely spaced cracking rollers and then further sifted and screened.
+Then the various materials that have passed through the screens are run
+through a Smalley picker. This is nothing more than metal pins on a
+series of fingers rotating on a roller that presses against a sponge
+rubber roller. The nut meats adhere to the prongs or points. The shells,
+not being penetrated by the points of the pins, are not picked up. Then
+there is a comb that picks off the adhering kernels from the picker
+prongs. That's the principle of most of the shelling operations of the
+black walnuts. I don't believe any major changes have been made in the
+processing of black walnuts in the last ten years.
+
+DR. COLBY: How do you remove the hulls?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We try to buy only hulled walnuts, the farmer and the
+grower removing the hulls in a tumbler and selling to us only the
+dehulled walnuts.
+
+The kernels are packed in cartons and shipped to St. Louis for final
+picking of remaining shells and off-colored nut meats and graded for
+color, size and quality. After this grading separation is made, they are
+either packed in our 4-ounce vacuum-packed tins or 30-pound bulk cartons
+which are then sold through the trade.
+
+MR. WALLICK: What percentage of kernels do you get?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: I think our operation at Henderson, Kentucky this past
+season for all of the nuts that were grown and gathered in this locality
+was about 9.48 per cent yield of black walnut kernels by weight.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Do you get any improved varieties, such as Thomas, Stabler
+or Ohio?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: No. With most of the nuts that we gather in our
+marketing operation very little attention is paid to variety or source.
+We don't try to differentiate and store them separately, but everything
+is processed as it is brought together.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Do you have any indication that you get a better quality
+nut from one county or one area than you do from another?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That is a question that I can't answer, because I am in
+the research and development end of the business, and have very little
+to do with the purchasing and marketing of the nuts themselves.
+
+MR. LEMKE: What do you do when you strike a day that is very humid and
+the nuts start getting moldy?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That is a bugaboo. I always say you don't have to be
+nuts to be in the nut business, but it sure helps a little bit. All the
+nuts that I have ever had any dealing with seem to be very susceptible
+to mold growth. If the moisture content of the nuts is above a critical
+level, mold growth takes place in the shell at a very fast rate. The
+only thing we can do in a case like that is to get the kernels in to St.
+Louis and destroy the mold growth or spores on the surface before it can
+grow so that the fungous mycelium is visible to the eye. The black
+walnut and pecan, if you examine them under the microscope, all seem to
+have mold growth on the surface of the kernels. I am inclined to believe
+that the nut kernel is not completely sterile in the shell and that
+through some manner or means the mold spores have been introduced onto
+the kernel, because immediately after shelling examination of these nuts
+under a microscope, will show some fungous mycelium on the surface of
+the kernels.
+
+DR. MCKAY: One comment is that the pellicle of a black walnut or a
+pecan, is very hygroscopic. It tends to absorb moisture readily, whereas
+the kernel itself, being high in oil, does not take up water readily.
+That, apparently, is why there may be evidences of mold growth on the
+kernel though it may not be actually penetrating. It is only
+superficial, growing on the pellicle of the kernel, not on the kernel
+itself.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Right.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Black walnut kernels are outstanding in their resistance to
+heat and will get rancid very slowly under conditions of high heat--not
+humidity. For example, we had some nuts in our attic for two summers in
+a place where it gets very hot, yet dry. Those nuts are in very good
+eating condition today. I don't know about pecans.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That's very true of black walnuts. Pecans have to be
+carried throughout the season in our cracking operations under
+refrigeration, but the black walnuts we can store out in any shed with
+tin roof. The temperature gets very hot, and it seems to have no effect
+whatever on the edibility or rancidity of the nut kernel.
+
+MR. STOKE: You spoke of storing the whole nuts in large bins. There you
+may have an extreme amount of mold, too, if the nuts are damp.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We try to have storage conditions such that air has
+free passage through the bulk of nuts. The mold and the yeast are there
+and when they start to grow, their metabolism throws off quite a large
+amount of heat. As a result the molding process is speeded up like a
+chain reaction, and before long the nuts will be worthless for shelling.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We had nuts until just a few weeks ago from our last
+season's gatherings. That's almost a whole year.
+
+MR. SALZER: Can you tell me if the farmer is paid by the weight of the
+nuts, or does he receive his pay after the kernels are shelled out? Does
+he receive more money if it contains a higher percent of kernels?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: He receives his pay on the basis of the whole nut that
+he delivers to the plant, and we try to exercise some control over the
+quality of the delivery. Samples are taken and cracked, and if most of
+the nuts are rotten or the quality is very low, we may reject buying
+that entire lot, or we may discount the lot of nuts a certain amount,
+depending upon the percentage of the nut meats that are salvaged.
+
+MR. MURPHY: Do you pay a premium for cultivated nuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That I can't answer, but I don't believe that they
+have this past season. I wouldn't want to go on record as to that. There
+is a tremendous difference in the flavor of what we call the "eastern"
+black walnut in comparison with the California or western black walnut.
+We think that the flavor of the California walnut is not at all
+comparable to the eastern black walnut.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: You don't notice any difference, do you, between the
+Missouri and the Kentucky nuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: No, not in my experience, but there is a tremendous
+difference in flavor between the eastern and western.
+
+MR. ROHRBACHER: On what basis do you buy black walnuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: I understand that each individual sale is an individual
+"horse-trading" deal, the price paid, depending upon the quality of
+nuts, moisture content, color and other factors. Of course, our aim is
+to buy the nuts as cheaply as possible and the object of the fellow
+selling the nuts is to get the greatest return that he can from what he
+has to offer. So we try to reach a happy medium in our dealings, and a
+lot of concessions might be made one way or the other with special lots
+that are offered for sale.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: What sizes and grades of kernels do you have?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We have the large, medium, small and granules. Granules
+are very small pieces. Usually the prices paid for the nuts are not
+determined, actually, until the crop starts to move. Everybody has an
+idea what the market price will be for the nuts, but nothing is
+crystallized or brought to a focus until the first nuts are actually on
+the market. Then the nuts sold are examined as to quality, giving some
+idea of the future quality of deliveries that might be made in that
+section, and then prices can be established. As I say, it's a nutty
+business. I haven't grown very many gray hairs yet, but I expect to have
+many before I am through. And each new problem that arises in this nut
+business, when you reach a solution for it, invariably there are two
+other problems that are created, and if you are not wide awake, one of
+these problems can be much greater than the one that you just had a
+solution for.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Do you know anything as to the bearing of black walnuts
+this year as compared to previous years?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald are out at the present time
+making a crop inspection tour of the various localities, and I have had
+no report as to what the condition of the crop will be this year.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Which grades bring the highest prices?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: The large particles of kernel demand a premium over the
+smaller sizes. That is one of the discrepancies in the shelling
+operation, that the material that costs us the least money to produce
+gives the largest returns. When you have small pieces, the operation of
+removing the last remaining shells and off-colored particles is much
+greater than with the large kernels. One large kernel amounts to
+considerable weight and you may have to pick up many small particles to
+represent the same weight.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We appreciate very much your talk, Mr.
+Mangelsdorf.
+
+One thing that interested me was your statement that having large
+pieces was an advantage. That question has been argued on the floor of
+these conventions a number of times and there have been those who
+claimed that the larger pieces were all ground up anyway and that the
+varieties from which you can recover large pieces were of no particular
+merit commercially.
+
+The next paper is, "Nut Shells--Asset or Liability?", T. S. Clark of the
+United States Department of Agriculture, Regional Laboratory, Peoria,
+Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Shells--Assets or Liabilities
+
+T. S. CLARK, _Northern Regional Research Laboratory_,[1] _Peoria,
+Illinois_
+
+
+ABSTRACT. The value of nut shells as materials for agricultural and
+industrial use is discussed. Problems of plant location, shell
+collection, processing, and hazards are considered. Applications and
+specifications are illustrated.
+
+We are particularly pleased that the Northern Nut Growers Association is
+presenting this opportunity for a discussion of nut shell utilization.
+The Northern Regional Research Laboratory feels that it has played an
+important role in what is now becoming a new industry of increasing
+magnitude. For the benefit of those who are not already acquainted with
+the Laboratory, permit me to digress momentarily to explain briefly its
+organization and functions.
+
+The Northern Regional Laboratory at Peoria, Illinois, is one of four
+large research laboratories established by an act of Congress in 1938
+and placed under the administration of the Bureau of Agricultural and
+Industrial Chemistry. The function of these laboratories is to conduct
+research and to develop new chemical and technical uses as well as new
+and expanded markets for the farm commodities and byproducts of the
+regions in which the laboratories are located. The commodities studied
+at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory are the oilseeds, cereal
+grains and agricultural residues which include corncobs, stalks, straws,
+sugar cane bagasse, hulls and shells of nuts and fruit pits. Because of
+the great similarity in chemical and physical characteristics of the
+residues all research on these materials is conducted at the Northern
+Laboratory.
+
+During the time that the Northern Laboratory has been actively
+investigating shell materials and other agricultural residues we have
+been in direct communication with operators of shell grinding plants;
+some of these have been visited. We have received numerous letters and
+calls for information and assistance in solving grinding problems, or in
+using the ground products. Through these contacts and our experiences we
+have learned much about the factors that lead to success or failure in
+this utilization. Ten plants are now producing a variety of ground shell
+products useful in both agriculture and industry.
+
+When the Northern Laboratory was organized, only one plant, established
+originally by the California Walnut Growers Association, was grinding
+nut shells. This plant, following a number of operational difficulties
+and administrative changes, now processes 40 tons or more of shells per
+day and produces a wide variety of ground products including exceedingly
+fine flours for use in plastics and plywood adhesives. It has been said
+that this plant processes all of the English walnut and apricot pit
+shells and 80 percent of the peach pit shells available in California.
+
+The Laboratory has attempted to determine the amount of shells and pits
+available commercially in different areas. Data of this nature has been
+obtained for the larger cracking plants but there are many small
+operations for which we lack this information. "Agricultural Statistics"
+compiled and published annually by the U. S. Department of Agriculture
+provide an excellent source of information regarding production and, in
+many cases, the disposition of farm commodities. For example, the
+production of pecans in 1951, presented by states, totaled more than
+73,000 tons for the 10 states reported. However, no data were available
+regarding marketings in-shell, or the quantities remaining on the farms
+or in the orchards. Thus, the quantity of pecan shells actually
+available for processing can be determined only through surveys of
+cracking plants. Only limited information is available concerning black
+walnut shells and this has been obtained through the cooperation of
+shellers or crackers.
+
+In some areas fruit pits, such as apricot and peach pits, accumulate at
+canneries or freezing plants. Similarity in character of the pit shells
+to those of the nuts permits their use in plants grinding nut shells.
+Thus, the supply of raw material in any area may be augmented by
+inclusion of fruit pit shells.
+
+Collection of nut shells for grinding operations is a relatively simple
+procedure, particularly where grinding is done at a cracking plant.
+Where shells must be collected over large areas both rail and truck
+transportation are used. If fruit pits are considered, provisions should
+be made for removal of residual flesh or pulp before the pits leave the
+canneries. In the cases where the pits have been cut during processing
+of the fruits, the released kernels should be removed before shipping
+the shells. Pit kernels are valuable for their oil content.
+
+
+Shell Use During World War II
+
+The production and maintenance schedules set up during World War II
+resulted in the development and expansion of uses for ground shell
+materials. Fine flours from walnut shells were needed as extenders in
+plywood adhesives. Soft grits from various shells were used by the Army
+Air Forces in the air-blast method for cleaning airplane engines and
+parts. Grits were required for deburring metal stampings and
+flash-removal from molded plastics. These uses have expanded
+considerably to meet civilian needs since the war.
+
+
+Grinding Nut Shells and Fruit Pits
+
+As uses for ground shell products were developed the Laboratory sought
+advice of grinding equipment manufacturers for information on the design
+and construction of suitable grinding plants. Only limited tests had
+been made and data were not readily available in any published form.
+Consequently the Laboratory undertook an extensive study on grinding nut
+shells and fruit pits as part of its research on agricultural residues.
+
+These studies were not limited to grinding only, but included methods of
+separation and classification based on physical characteristics of the
+raw materials; the relation of associated mechanical operations; a
+consideration of the hazards; the problems of labor, management, and
+merchandising.
+
+A number of fires have occurred in plants grinding nut shells, corncobs,
+stock feeds, and similar materials. In most cases the causes of fire
+have been other than the grinding operation. From a consideration of the
+causes of fires a number of safety precautions have been developed. Good
+plant housekeeping is paramount. This is essential, not only because of
+influence of dust and dirt on the maintenance of motors and equipment,
+but because of the highly explosive nature of shell dusts. The U. S.
+Bureau of Mines has cooperated closely with the Northern Laboratory in
+evaluating the explosive hazards of the shell dusts.
+
+Many of the present operators of shelling-grinding plants have benefited
+from the information and assistance available from this Laboratory. The
+cooperation of equipment manufacturers has aided considerably in
+extending the scope of the Laboratory's studies.
+
+The Northern Laboratory has published bulletin AIC-336, "Dry Grinding
+Agricultural Residues, A New Industrial Enterprise" that summarizes the
+research conducted to date. This is the first time that such data on
+engineering and design has been assembled and published to cover this
+field. Copies of the bulletin may be obtained by addressing requests to
+the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois.
+
+Plants designed to produce at least 1-1/2 tons per hour of ground shell
+products will cost upwards of $60,000. A well-engineered plant of such
+size will require three to five men per shift. Among other factors, the
+working capacity of a grinding plant depends upon the quantity of shells
+available and the ability of the organization to merchandize its
+products. The plant should be located in an area in which at least 5,000
+tons of nut shells or fruit pits are annually available at low
+transportation costs.
+
+
+Uses of Shell Products
+
+The more important uses for nut shell products, together with their
+specifications for particle size, are shown in Table 1.
+
+   Table 1.--Uses for ground nut shells and fruit pits
+
+ +------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
+ | Applications                                   | Size               |
+ |                                                |                    |
+ | Deburring, cleaning, burnishing and polishing  |                    |
+ |    in metal stamping, electroplating and       | No. 10 to No. 50   |
+ |     plastics industries                        |                    |
+ | Soft-grit blasting                             | No. 10 to No. 30   |
+ | Fillers for plastics and plywood adhesives     | Finer than No. 100 |
+ | Insecticide diluents and carriers              | Finer than No. 140 |
+ | Explosives                                     | No. 10 to No. 100  |
+ | Fur cleaning                                   | No. 10 to No. 100  |
+ | Poultry litter and mulch (almond and peanut)   | 1/4 to 3/4 inch    |
+ | Fillers for fertilizers (almond and peanut)    | Finer than No. 20  |
+ +------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
+
+Experience shows that no matter how nut shells or fruit pit shells are
+ground both under- and oversize particles will be produced. The hard,
+friable character of most of the nut shells makes their reduction to
+fine size particles less difficult than for tough materials, such as
+corncobs, or fibrous materials such as woods. Shells from almonds
+because of their bulk and very fibrous nature are somewhat less
+convenient to handle than other shells. Good business practice shows
+that sales outlets should be found for each fraction so that grinding
+expenses can be kept at a minimum.
+
+Because there are some differences in physical characteristics of nut
+shells and fruit pits all shell products do not necessarily meet the
+same specifications, nor have the same uses.
+
+
+Industrial Cleaning and Finishing
+
+Oil, dirt, corrosion products, stain, paint, grease and the like can be
+removed from metal surfaces by air-blasting with soft grits prepared
+from shells of walnuts, pecans, peach pits, and similar residues. This
+method was developed originally for the Navy to use grits from
+corn-cobs for cleaning aircraft engines and parts. The method is
+inexpensive and foolproof because surfaces are cleaned without change of
+dimensions. No pitting or abrasion, such as produced by sand blasting,
+occurs. The method is particularly useful with mild steel, nonferrous
+metals, alloys, and parts that must be maintained at close tolerances.
+Modifications of the blast method are used in finishing molded plastics,
+metal die-castings, and machined parts. One manufacturer of precision
+instruments states that his company saves $100,000 a year in finishing
+parts with shell grits.
+
+Many stamped metal articles and molded plastics are deburred, cleaned,
+burnished, and polished by tumbling in drums containing shell grits.
+Various grades of grits are required depending upon the nature of the
+pieces being finished.
+
+
+Fillers for Plastics and Plywood Glues
+
+The Laboratory has studied the use of shell flours for use in plastics
+and plywood glues. Many of these flours are now in regular commercial
+use. Flours for these applications are prepared in various grades, all
+finer than 100-mesh. Use of these flours not only improves the
+properties of the final products but also reduces the cost of the
+products. Molded plastics prepared with fine flour from English walnut
+shells have exceptionally fine surface finish.
+
+
+Insecticide Carriers
+
+The insecticide field provides a good outlet for shell flours. Flour
+from walnut shells was the first of this type of material to be used for
+this purpose. Often the active ingredient in a finished insecticide is
+present in quantities of less than 1 percent. Custom grinders should
+plan to recover the flour as a co-product of their operations rather
+than attempting to grind to flour alone.
+
+
+Explosives
+
+Large amounts of shell grits and meal are used as diluents in the
+manufacture of dynamite. Material for this use ranges in size from No.
+10 to No. 100, the requirements of the individual manufacturers falling
+within much narrower limits as to size.
+
+
+Fur Cleaning
+
+Furriers have found that various ground shell products are very
+effective agents for cleaning furs. Size requirements for this purpose
+are broad, the limits being dependent upon the cleaning equipment
+maintained by the furrier. The natural oils present in some shell
+products are considered advantageous for this application.
+
+
+Sundry Applications
+
+Stock bedding, poultry litters, fillers in feeds and fertilizers,
+mulches, charcoal, tannin and abrasives in hand soaps are some of the
+other products that are prepared from nut shells. The shell products
+cannot be used interchangeably but must be selected in accordance with
+their chemical and physical properties.
+
+I hope that the foregoing brief discussion has conveyed to you the
+potential value that lies in the piles of shells accumulating at the
+cracking plants, and that these accumulations can be converted from
+expensive wastes to profitable products.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and
+Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, United
+States Department of Agriculture.]
+
+
+
+
+The Propagation of the Hickories
+
+(Panel Discussion led by F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich.)
+
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I hope that we can have a rather stimulating session on
+hickory propagation this morning. Last year we had a session which was
+supposed to take in propagation of all nut tree species. However, we
+never got away from Chinese chestnuts. It was Chinese chestnuts from the
+start to the finish. The Program Committee this time thought that we
+should limit it to one group, and they chose the hickories.
+
+I have compiled a review of all the literature pertaining to the
+hickories and passed it out yesterday afternoon. I hope that some of you
+have had a chance to read it and will have some questions to ask us this
+morning.
+
+In order to really have some help, I am going to call upon Mr. Louis
+Gerardi of Illinois, Mr. Ferguson of Iowa, Mr. Max Hardy of Georgia, Mr.
+Ward of Indiana, and Mr. Wilkinson also of Indiana and Mr. Bernath of
+Poughkeepsie, New York.
+
+The subject matter of the panel will be limited to the propagation of
+hickories, which includes the pecan.
+
+Who has some questions that they'd like to bring up?
+
+MR. SALZER: Which varieties will grow on fairly wet soil?
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: That is a question pertaining to culture, rather than
+propagation, but we can still allow it. Which varieties--I presume you
+mean species, is that correct?--will grow on fairly wet soil? I think
+Mr. Ward has a little bit of black soil in that good, old state of
+Indiana.
+
+MR. SALZER: I mean soil that doesn't dry well in the spring. I have one
+spot that's too wet for chestnuts.
+
+MR. WARD: I wouldn't put any hickory nuts on it. You are going to find
+it is going to be very difficult for if the soil is the least bit heavy
+or wet, the hickory nut does not do well at all. In the Wabash bottoms
+there is a lot of this black soil that is overflowed every year, and
+some of the finest hickory nuts and some of the finest pecans that you
+can find in the country are there. Sometimes I have seen water marks on
+those hickory trees several feet from the ground in the spring of the
+year and sometimes in the summer, yet they come through with a good crop
+of nuts. Underneath it is a strata of gravel so that the soil drains out
+in a hurry.
+
+MR. SALZER: This has subsoil drainage.
+
+MR. WARD: The soil around Rochester is very heavy like what we call
+slashland type of soil here in Indiana, and where this occurs we find
+that the hickory nut does very, very poorly. I wouldn't advise putting
+them on such soils. The black walnut will grow a lot better in places
+like that.
+
+MR. GERARDI: In Illinois we have that deep, black soil and we just call
+it plain gumbo. It's all filled-in soil, and I never have reached the
+bottom. It's at least 20 feet thick. And these swamp hickories--I think
+Reed was the one that called them swamp hickories--thrive there. They
+can be two months under water six foot deep, and still bear wonderful
+crops. You can get a wagon load of them in that mucky soil.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: The hickory in New York State which will stand the most
+moist conditions is the bitternut hickory, and with that root stock you
+may be able to get some of the others through. The shagbark will
+withstand considerable moisture if it has deep soil. The bitternut does
+well on shallow soil or the soil that is made shallow by high water.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The bitternut, then, will survive wet conditions. This is
+of interest as far as root stocks are concerned. I am wondering if
+anyone would like to report on the ability of the pecan to take wet soil
+conditions.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: They will turn out all right if they have dry feet during
+the summer months, but they will not stand wet feet all summer.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Will the bitternut do better, or would the mockernut?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I am not well enough versed on that to say. But the
+pecan, I have seen them stand under water for weeks at a time two or
+three times during the winter, water 20 feet deep and not affect them at
+all. But if they are around in a place where the water stands in July
+and August, they won't take it.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Any other discussion on stocks that will take wet soil
+conditions? If not, let us take up Mr. Beckert's question: When do you
+take scion wood of the shagbark hickory? Who would like to answer that?
+Mr. Gerardi?
+
+MR. GERARDI: The time I like best, the time it can be done in our
+particular area is the latter part of February. Leave it on the tree as
+long as you can before any sap rises.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: You would say probably 10 days to 2 weeks before the bud
+scales would break?
+
+MR. GERARDI: That's right, before any growth begins.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Any other comment on that? Dr. McKay?
+
+DR. MCKAY: I want to ask the question about which there is difference of
+opinion. Do pecan seed have a rest period, and is there any difference
+between pecans and hickory in that respect?
+
+MR. HARDY: I am not sure that I can answer the question exactly. Most
+pecans planted for seed have been allowed to dry before they are
+harvested, and it is general practice to stratify them either in sand
+for planting in the spring or planting them immediately in the fall. I
+am inclined to think that there is very little rest period in pecans and
+that if they were planted immediately from the tree that perhaps they
+would begin to grow almost immediately.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think that's true. The seed will germinate quickly. But can
+you plant dry seed any time during the winter?
+
+MR. HARDY: Once they are dried I think they must go through
+after-ripening conditions.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Do I understand you correctly that you do feel that the
+pecan must be after-ripened?
+
+MR. HARDY: Yes, if permitted to dry.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The work of Burdette in Texas a great many years ago has
+indicated that the pecan seed does not have a rest period. Mr.
+Wilkinson, what has been your experience in germinating pecan seeds?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I usually like to either plant or stratify soon after
+gathering, although one time I had some off the shelf of a grocery store
+in March and got excellent results. One thing more about time of cutting
+graft wood. I never like to cut it for at least 48 hours after a
+freezing temperature, regardless of time. I would rather cut it in April
+with the buds green than to cut it in the first of March right after a
+freeze. I have had excellent results just this spring cutting extra
+graft wood with green buds on. But if you cut it within 48 hours after a
+freezing temperature, you might just as well throw it away.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am very glad you brought that out. Irrespective of
+whether it be pecan or hickory, I believe it would work the same, that
+the scion wood should be cut when it is moist, and that is not the
+condition after a freeze, when it is in very dry condition.
+
+Let's get back to this seed propagation now. I am asking anyone here,
+can you throw any light at all on the need for stratification of pecan
+or hickory seed of any species.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I have read in several publications that hickories should
+be stratified over the winter period before planting for spring
+germination. I always find things a little bit different, so a year ago
+at the greenhouse I took seven different sources of seed of shagbark
+hickory, _Carya ovata_ and one source of _Carya ovalis_. Some of those
+seeds germinated within three weeks from the time I put them in, and
+after a month and a half I had a full stand in all cases. I don't think
+that more than 2 per cent of the seeds failed to germinate. They were
+planted in warm greenhouse, with a minimum of, about 68 degrees at
+night and about 90 during the day. They were planted in a combination of
+peat and garden soil; no special care other than water. I have had no
+trouble since the seedlings have continued to grow, even though the
+seeds were planted only two and a half inches deep. So it may be that
+there is no need for stratifying hickories.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Your experience is the exact duplication of Dr. Lelia
+Barton's of the Boyce-Thompson Institute. She found that hickory seeds
+germinated from three weeks, as you did, to a number of months, when put
+in a warm greenhouse. Apparently the difference in time is related to
+the thickness of the seed coat or possibly to an inhibitor in the
+pellicle rather than to any need for after-ripening. I think that
+Burdette in Texas also pointed out that thick-shelled pecans took longer
+to germinate than thin-shelled pecans.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If you take a nut of any kind and let it dry and plant it,
+you will get quicker germination than if you plant it soon after
+harvest. I don't see any difference in taking a nut and planting it and
+stratifying it. If planted the rodents will get it, but if you put it in
+something all winter, it will be there in the spring. I don't see any
+reason for planting a nut in the fall, taking a chance of rodents
+getting at them. If you plant them in the spring, they come up so much
+quicker that the rodents don't have a chance to get at them. They got
+nearly all of mine that I planted in the fall.
+
+MR. HARDY: A good many nuts don't have any rest period requirements. I
+think it probably is a matter of convenience as to the manner in which
+they are handled. I have talked with nurserymen in the South. If they
+get the nuts in the fall they may either plant them in the fall or
+stratify them over winter and then plant them in the rows in the spring.
+If they get them in the spring, they soak them for a day or two days in
+water before planting. Perhaps the dry nut is slow in taking up moisture
+direct from the soil, and they are primarily interested in getting a
+uniform stand of trees so that they handle it in such a manner that all
+the nuts will grow at the same time. And I believe many will agree that
+a dry nut planted in the spring will show considerable variation as to
+the time in which they appear above ground.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The suggestion of soaking them in water a few days is well
+taken, because a great many have recommended it. Most folks recommend
+changing the water daily. By changing the water you replace the oxygen
+which would be in the water, and you also eliminate any toxic substances
+which may have leached out of the shells during the preceding 24 hours.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to mention the reason for raising this question. Dr.
+Crane has the idea that there is no definite rest period in the pecan
+nut; if they are soaked in water they will sprout at any time.
+
+I decided I would test that hypothesis, so I stratified one group of
+nuts of about four pounds. Another lot of four pounds I kept in the
+laboratory dry all winter long. Then I planted the two lots of nuts this
+spring together, side by side, in the cold frame. Today there is not a
+single seedling growing out of the dry lot, and there is a perfect stand
+in the group that was stratified.
+
+To me that means that there is a definite rest period in the pecan seed.
+I don't see how you can get away from it.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am going to stick my neck out a little bit. I have
+absolutely no basis to make this statement, but it does give us
+something to think about. That is the greater the distance towards the
+north that certain species of plants may have migrated or disseminated,
+the greater the rest period requirement. That is a protective device for
+a species to persist in northern climates, because if it were not for
+this rest period, those seed would germinate in the fall of the year,
+and the young seedlings would be frozen out immediately. But by having
+the rest period requirement over winter, the seedlings do not germinate
+until the following spring, and the plant can persist. I am speaking now
+in general of northern plants. I am wondering if the pecan species in
+itself may not be variable in that the southern pecan does not need a
+rest period, and the northern pecan is beginning to develop the rest
+period requirement.
+
+MR. HARDY: Mr. Chairman, I am inclined to think there may be some other
+factor entering into the picture there. A pecan carried through winter
+in a dry condition at normal room temperatures would be liable to
+develop quite a bit of rancidity by spring. Furthermore, nuts that have
+been held over so long in a dry condition may still be good and may
+germinate the second year. I'd hesitate to destroy that planting until
+next spring, and to my notion that does not indicate dormancy so much as
+it would possibly indicate the inhibition of growth by some other
+products developed during that storage period.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: You have brought up a very important point and something
+we should not neglect. It may be that drying to a certain degree will
+induce dormancy, a grievously overworked word, but you know what I mean.
+It may take two years for the seed to germinate, as Mr. Hardy has
+suggested. If you can leave them in that cold frame over this winter,
+maybe you can tell us next year just what happened.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If we take nature's way, watch a squirrel plant a hickory or
+black walnut. He will bury it about an inch deep, and it will stay moist
+all winter long, the same as if it were stratified. But if you take a
+nut and store in a hot place you are going to slow up or kill that germ.
+
+You can do that very easily in a chestnut. Take a little advice from
+nature itself in the locality where you are. If you are in the South,
+that nut can start growing in the fall, and it probably won't hurt it,
+but if you are in the North, you don't want to start a nut growing in
+the winter, because it's going to get winter killed.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: In all probability the amount of oxygen about the
+germinating seedling might be quite a factor. The shallow planted seed
+will have more oxygen available than deep planted seed, everything else
+being equal.
+
+If we are finished with the discussion or germination of seeds, we can
+go on to the next question, that of a suitable root stock for
+hickory--and that could keep us here for two or three days. Have you had
+some experience, Mr. Ferguson?
+
+MR. FERGUSON: We use the pecan and the shagbark as root stock for the
+hickory group. Formerly we have used some of the bitternut, but we do
+not use it any more. Some of the hickories will grow well on pecan, and
+some are not satisfactory at all. What they will do in old age is hard
+to tell. We have a few in the orchard down in Mr. Snyder's farm. I think
+we have Stratford on pecan, which is not satisfactory. Pecan grows too
+fast for the Stratford, and some way or other it just doesn't work.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Are you familiar with Mr. Lassiter's stock work?
+
+MR. FERGUSON: He has used the Rockville as an intermediate stock on
+pecan. The Rockville is a hybrid of the pecan and the shellbark.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Lassiter sent us a letter in which he stated that he
+had a good variety of shagbark that when grafted on the Rockville
+intermediate stock produced much better nuts than on pecans alone. Is
+that due to the exceptional vigor of Rockville which apparently is a
+hybrid and may have hybrid vigor? Again, we can only guess. This
+interstock problem is a big problem. We now have some evidence that
+pecan is not always satisfactory for all varieties of hickory, although
+Mr. Dunstan at Greensboro, North Carolina, states it's been satisfactory
+for every variety he has worked upon it.
+
+MR. HARDY: I am inclined to believe that root stocks and scion varieties
+worked in the north and grown in the north or worked in the south and
+grown in the south may not react the same.
+
+MR. WILSON: I think you are right on that.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Gilbert Smith's report of yesterday indicated a pecan
+was not satisfactory with him in New York State, and that may bear out
+the comment that Mr. Hardy has made.
+
+MR. GERARDI: Well, I think that is true enough, myself. In southern
+Illinois I find that the bitternut hickory root for shellbark or
+shagbark don't seem to be satisfactory at all. With the shagbark on
+pecan, the variety of shagbark makes a difference. Some varieties of
+shagbark, and shellbark hickories seem to do all right, and then again
+others don't. It's going to need further study to determine what
+varieties will stand on pecans, what will stand on bitter hickories, or
+what will stand on regular ovata stock. I think that the nurseryman's
+wisest way is to use stocks of the same species as the scion and then he
+is on the safe side. Because the bitter hickory grows faster, the
+nurseryman may find it advantageous to grow the bitter hickory stock in
+preference to the other two.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The bitter stock makes a hickory big enough to graft in
+two or three years.
+
+MR. GERARDI: In two or three, and four or five for the shagbark.
+Shagbark or shellbark varieties on bitternut may grow for three or four
+years and then die.
+
+The pecan does well on the bitter hickory and the bitter hickory on the
+pecan, but I have no reason to grow any bitter hickory because I don't
+like the nut. I think it's a waste of time to fool with it that way.
+
+As far as the hybrid pecans are concerned, the pecan root is certainly
+the right stock to use on all hybrids. They grow very satisfactorily and
+bear well.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: I have Gerardi and McAllister hybrids growing on pecan,
+and the Downing overgrows the pecan.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: To summarize some of this information that we have
+gathered this morning on root stocks, it seems that different clones
+behave differently on the same stock. That is true, we know, with other
+plants, such as apple. Instead of saying that shagbark is not compatible
+with pecan, perhaps we should say that the Davis or the Wilcox variety
+of shagbark is not compatible with a certain type of pecan. It's going
+to take years of effort to find out the truth of the matter.
+
+MR. WARD: Sometimes you will find that a two-year-old scion, if you can
+get a dormant bud coming, is better than the matured wood from last
+year. I'd just like to get an opinion from some of the growers what they
+use for topworking stocks for grafting.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: I think one thing quite important is to get scion wood
+that has a good layer of wood around the pith, whether one-year wood or
+two-year wood. At the base of the year's growth it will have a lot more
+wood in it. At the tip the wood around the pith is thin.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Some years ago Dr. MacDaniels stated that a good scion may
+be made with the tip of the scion in the one-year wood and the base of
+the scion in the two-year wood.
+
+Mr. Bernath at Poughkeepsie, New York, has done some bench grafting of
+hickory. Why other people have not done so, I do not know, and I'd like
+Mr. Bernath to tell us briefly just why he likes to bench graft hickory.
+
+MR. BERNATH: I like it because I do my work in the wintertime under
+glass. I have no time in the spring to fuss with outside grafting. So if
+you gentlemen would like to hear it, I will tell you all about it.
+
+Many years ago when I learned my profession, we had difficulty in
+finding a method to graft oaks. We finally did find a method that would
+take and which I have found successful with hickories.
+
+The stocks are dug in the fall and stored heeled in earth. When I am
+ready to graft I put them on a table, along with the scion wood and
+start grafting. I use the side graft at the crown leaving a short spur
+above the graft. Leave them unwaxed and layer them in moss peat in a
+glass covered frame in the greenhouse with some ventilation. In three or
+four weeks' time, when the union has formed and just before the leaves
+come out, take them out and plant them in a cold frame outside. Of
+course you have to put glass on it to protect them from frost, as well
+as intense sun. Here you can use part peat and part soil. Leave them
+there for one year in those frames, with partial shade, until they get
+fairly high so they shade each other. They can then be set in the
+nursery row.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Bernath, I know there are some folks here who are
+nurserymen and who are interested in the cost of production of a
+finished tree. Do you feel that you can produce a tree to transplant any
+height you want to select, five, six feet, so on, as cheaply according
+to this method of bench grafting in the greenhouse as if you bud it or
+graft it in a nursery row?
+
+MR. BERNATH: That's a question. I have never kept a record of that. It
+is all right for a young man who is able to get down on his hands and
+knees and graft, but for me that wouldn't do.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: What temperature do you use in the frames?
+
+MR. BERNATH: About 65. Sun heat naturally will raise it. Care must be
+used to ventilate the frames in the greenhouse to prevent condensation
+soaking the grafts.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: Do you carry higher temperatures for walnuts?
+
+MR. BERNATH: All of them about the same. You follow the method just the
+same as nature. If you follow nature, you will never go wrong. But you
+have to watch out for fungus in the case, because if you have excessive
+temperature, the fungus disease will get in your case and ruin the whole
+thing.
+
+MR. WARD: I presume, Mr. Bernath, when you set out a tree and get a
+hundred per cent stand it's going to reduce your cost.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, because you have a better take, because you have
+everything under control, moisture, heat, ventilation, and so on.
+
+MR. BECKERT: Are the hickory stocks potted before you graft, or are you
+grafting bare roots?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Hickory and oaks are bare rooted. They are too long to pot.
+
+MR. SHESSLER: How many years are lost in this method of bench grafting
+compared with field grafting trees in the nursery row?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Quite a few. The gentleman is right, if you graft outside
+where the tree remains, you get a big growth on it.
+
+MR. SHESSLER: In other words, a tree grafted out in the field will have
+nuts on it three years sooner?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes if you leave it where it is. But if you transplant it,
+look out for a large tree. It is likely to fail.
+
+Bench grafted trees transplant easily. The roots are limited and little
+of the root system is destroyed.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I have been propagating for about 39 years, and I have
+grafted thousands of pecan trees in my nursery, and I have only a few
+trees growing from grafts. Budding is much more successful with me.
+Several times I have had up to a 90 per cent stand by budding.
+
+MR. GERARDI: I have tried bench grafting but it sets you back three
+years in the nursery to get a tree of equal size compared to grafting in
+the nursery row. If you want a small tree, it's all right. And then
+again, it's your help situation. If you have got to set them out, they
+handle the grafts like brush, and I don't like that. Hickory is not hard
+to graft in the field. I think if you set 10 you get 9 to grow. For
+scions I go back on two-year wood and oftentimes on three-year wood
+where there are buds. I don't have trouble at all. With pecans, you have
+a little more difficulty, because the wood is more pithy inside and
+doesn't grow so well.
+
+MR. BERNATH: With any tree, I don't care what it is, give me one-year
+growth, this year's growth, and I am going to have wonderful success.
+When you take the old wood you have to be sure that you have buds.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This last discussion certainly shows that, there
+is more than one way to get results. The fact remains that all these
+different men are producing hickory and other trees by various different
+means of grafting and budding. They have their own techniques which
+worked. What there is behind it from a scientific basis we probably
+don't understand too well at the present time.
+
+I now call on Dr. McKay to present his paper. Dr. McKay.
+
+
+
+
+A Promising New Pecan for the Northern Zone
+
+J. W. MCKAY and H. L. CRANE[2]
+
+
+In late 1949 Professor A. F. Vierheller, Extension Horticulturist at the
+University of Maryland, College Park, obtained two small pecans from an
+exhibit at the Prince Georges County Fair, Upper Marlboro, Maryland,
+which he sent to the Office of Nut Investigations at Beltsville,
+Maryland. These nuts were very thin shelled and contained solid, well
+developed kernels very light in color and attractive. We gave them no
+particular heed until the fall of 1951, when the authors together with
+Professor Vierheller, P. E. Clark, County Agent of Prince Georges
+County, visited the tree on which they had been produced. We found also
+a number of other pecan trees nearby. All of them were on an old
+southern Maryland estate known as Brookfield. The present owner is John
+C. Duvall, whose address is Naylor, a small southern Maryland community
+located about 25 miles southeast of Washington, D. C. in the heart of
+the tobacco growing area.
+
+_Origin of the Duvall trees_: The present trees probably grew from nuts
+sent to Maryland from the vicinity of Iron Mountain, Missouri, by a
+friend of the Duvall family named Mrs. Mary Medora Johnson. Mrs. Johnson
+had lived in Maryland as a neighbor of the Duvall family and when she
+moved to Missouri she apparently was so impressed with the native pecan
+that she sent nuts to her friends in Maryland for planting. This must
+have happened about 1850 since the oldest trees at Brookfield are
+estimated to be about 100 years old and Mrs. Johnson was a friend of
+John C. Duvall's grandmother. In terms of the human life span the trees
+are thus three generations removed from the time of planting, a time
+period which fits fairly well the estimated age of 100 years based upon
+size of the trees.
+
+_Description_: The three largest trees are approximately equal in size
+and undoubtedly represent the original planting. The eight other trees
+are all smaller and could well have originated as seedlings of the
+original three. Five of the largest trees have been given numbers 1 to 5
+and will be referred to by number. Duvall No. 1, 2 and 5 are the three
+large trees situated more or less in a circle surrounding the old
+mansion, each about 100 yards from the others. The smaller trees are
+located more or less between and around the larger ones, the old mansion
+being on a slight knoll in the center of the planting. The original
+dwelling of Brookfield is now crumbling ruins, part of the building
+being more than 200 years old, according to Mr. Duvall, who lives in a
+modern new country home across the road from the original mansion. The
+three large trees have a diameter at breast height of approximately 4
+feet and all of them have a branch spread of more than 150 feet. They
+are 75 to 100 feet tall. All of the trees have very narrow and pointed
+leaflets characteristic of Texas and southwestern varieties, and they
+are remarkably free of insect pests and diseases.
+
+The nuts from this group of seedlings are variable in size and
+appearance as might be expected of those from any group of pecan
+seedlings. However, one of the most striking characteristics of all the
+nuts is that the kernels are solid and well developed. This is an
+unusual characteristic for pecans grown in the latitude of Washington,
+D. C. In all of the varieties that are usually grown in this area none
+which regularly fill their nuts well are known. Another outstanding
+characteristic of all of the nuts produced by these seedlings is the
+bright, attractive color of the kernel. In fact, when the nuts of Duvall
+No. 1 are promptly harvested and dried in the fall, the kernels are
+almost white. Nuts that stayed on the ground 6 months during the winter
+of 1951-52 were harvested in late March 1952 and the kernels were still
+in good condition. Some of the nuts were on display at the Rockport
+meetings. Small size of nut is without question the chief undesirable
+characteristic of these trees. Duvall No. 5 produces the largest nuts of
+all the seedlings but they are so small that more than 100 are required
+to weigh a pound. Duvall No. 1 produces the smallest nuts and almost 200
+are required to weigh a pound.
+
+_Past Yields_: The one characteristic that sets these trees apart from
+all other pecan trees that we have observed in the Maryland area is that
+they yield heavy crops of nuts every year. We have known the trees only
+since the fall of 1951 but have observed two crops and Mr. Duvall has
+observed their performance for many years. In the fall of 1951 Duvall
+No. 2 yielded an estimated 8 to 10 bushels of nuts. Mr. Duvall harvested
+3 bushels and he knew that 3 bushels were harvested by friends of the
+family. An unknown quantity estimated at several bushels was plowed
+under when wheat was sown shortly before we visited the tree in the fall
+of 1951. The tree had a heavy set of nuts in August 1952 and Mr. Duvall
+predicted that it would probably yield as much this year as last. He
+told us that the three oldest trees always have had annual crops of nuts
+except for 1 or 2 years when one of the trees failed to produce as much
+as usual. He could not remember which of the trees produced the light
+crops but he was certain that light crops were borne at only very
+infrequent intervals.
+
+_Sweeney Tree_: The two nuts originally sent us by Professor Vierheller
+were produced by a tree growing approximately 200 yards from the nearest
+Duvall tree on a part of the farm recently subdivided and now occupied
+by a tenant named Sweeney. Mrs. Sweeney placed the plate of nuts on
+exhibit at the Prince Georges County Fair and from this plate Professor
+Vierheller procured the sample which he sent. Hence this tree has become
+known informally as the Sweeney tree. Its nuts are very long and pointed
+but in other respects resemble very closely those produced by the other
+trees. The Sweeney tree is undoubtedly a seedling of one of the three
+large Duvall trees. This tree also has an impressive yield record, as
+Mrs. Sweeney said that she has harvested a bushel or more of nuts from
+the tree every year during the ten or more years that she has lived on
+the place. In 1952 the Sweeney tree was bearing a heavy crop of nuts.
+
+_Soil_: The trees growing on soil that is classified as Sassafras fine
+sandy loam in the heart of the southern Maryland tobacco growing
+district. This soil type, one of the best agricultural soils of the
+area, is not generally regarded as one of high fertility. This soil is
+well drained and aerated and friable to a considerable depth, thus
+permitting the trees to root deeply. None of the trees are growing under
+crowded conditions since they are located around the margins of the
+building sites of the old homestead. The question now is whether grafted
+trees propagated from the best of the Duvall seedlings will yield heavy
+crops of well filled nuts that will mature early under other conditions
+of soil and climate in other localities. We are inclined to believe that
+some or all of these trees may represent a line of pecan genetically
+constituted to bear heavy crops of nuts every year under conditions in
+Maryland. If trees propagated from the Duvall trees will perform
+elsewhere in the northern zone there will be available for this area a
+new type of pecan that we feel will be distinctly worthwhile
+notwithstanding the small size of the nuts. Present varieties of the
+so-called northern pecan grown in the northern zone perform erratically
+at best and when many of the varieties produce crops the nuts fail to
+mature and fill properly.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Horticulturist and Principal Horticulturist, Bureau of
+Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, United States
+Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.]
+
+
+
+
+The Hickory in Indiana
+
+W. B. WARD, _Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+Mr. Charles C. Deam, forester, naturalist and botanist, in his book
+"Trees of Indiana," revised 1952, lists seven distinct types of hickory
+in the state and nine sub species. As Deam is approaching his 87th year
+(August 30), he makes this statement: "I thought I knew trees, and
+hickories especially, but at this time when I can hardly see and write I
+find there is a great need for reclassification." What is true in
+Indiana is no doubt true in other areas where _Hicoria_ grows--each year
+new seedlings and hybrids are found that just step out of any previous
+description and a new tree may result or change the published data.
+
+Some trees develop five leaflets, while others have seven and nine
+leaflets. The bark may be smooth, rough, scaly, or shag. The nuts will
+vary in size and form with a thin to quite thick shell. This, of course,
+applies to the seedlings as the grafted or budded varieties vary only
+with the location, season, and growing conditions.
+
+The present classification, according to Deam, is as follows:
+
+   1. _Carya pecan_--Pecan.
+   2. _C. cordiformis_--Bitternut.
+   3. _C. ovata_--Shagbark and 2 sub species--_fraxinifolia_ and _nuttali_.
+   4. _C. laciniosa_--Bigleaf Shagbark (Shellbark).
+   5. _C. tomentosa (alba)_--Mockernut--one sub species.
+   6. _C. glabra_--Pignut and sub species--Black Hickory.
+   7. _C. ovalis_--Small-Fruited Hickory and 5 sub species.
+   8. _C. pallida_  }
+   9. _C. buckleyi_ } --Minor species of lesser importance.
+
+The hickory species thrive in Indiana, doing very well in all sections
+except in certain portions of the northwestern part of the state and on
+muck or sandy soils. The tree loves company or does well alone. When the
+hickory stands alone, the trees are well formed and make a good
+specimen tree. Many hickory trees are found growing in the river bottom
+land from Central to Southern Indiana with fewer trees found north of a
+line extending from Terre Haute through Indianapolis to Richmond. This
+southern area also contains the largest population of pecans. There are
+some woods that contain only pecan trees while a mile or so away no
+pecans are found but all are hickories and occasionally some woods
+contain both pecan and hickory. The trees in the woods areas, many of
+which seem to be the same species, produce a wide variety of fruits.
+When the trees are more closely examined there is a difference in the
+bark, the branch, the leaf, pubescence, shape of nut and shell
+structure. As there are all seedling trees in this particular woods,
+several outstanding trees have been checked and especially as to
+cracking qualities of the nuts. At harvest time a hammer is part of the
+equipment and the nuts are cracked at the tree and the tree marked for
+discard or further consideration.
+
+
+Future Possibilities of the Hickory
+
+The hickory nut has not reached the popularity of the pecan, although
+the hickory contains more protein and slightly less fat, carbohydrates,
+and calories per pound than the pecan. Where the pecan does not fruit,
+the better hickories, which are hardy, fill the need. The named
+varieties are good and trees are available from some nurserymen. The
+propagators have developed a few new crosses but man is far behind
+nature in this work. The many new seedling trees scattered all over the
+regions where the hickory grows require only propagation and
+distribution for wider acclaim.
+
+The development of a new hickory is a long-time process, yet may be
+hastened by first planting the nuts for new seedlings and when the
+growth is mature to bud or graft the seedling on large rootstocks. When
+old trees have been top-worked it is only two or three years' time until
+the fruit develops and, if worthy of propagation, much time may be saved
+by this method.
+
+Most of the hickories have either 32 or 64 chromosomes, except pecan
+which varies from 20 to 24 to possibly 32. The chances of making
+suitable crosses between the pecan and hickory are most difficult yet it
+appears that these chance crosses result from time to time as in the
+hican through natural cross pollination.
+
+How extensive will be the plantings of the hickories is yet to be
+determined but it is a known fact that many people, especially north of
+the route of Federal Highway 40, prefer the hickory to the pecan. This
+may be due to the fact that from childhood the hickory was the local
+fruit. The fruit and tree hold great promise for the future. If the
+hickories are to be of commercial importance, the work must be done by
+all concerned and not left to a few eager individuals to carry on the
+work alone.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Mr. Chairman, members of the Association, I hope you will
+bear with me if I run 30 seconds over. Perhaps I had better point out
+that my training is that of an engineer and not a botanist, hence this
+report on the Merrick tree is that of a layman. I have not bothered to
+go into detail on the various features of the tree, such as leaves,
+buds, and so forth, because I have slides which you will see afterwards.
+
+
+
+
+The Merrick Hybrid Walnut
+
+P. E. MACHOVINA, _Columbus, Ohio_
+
+
+The Merrick hybrid walnut is a natural cross between Persian and black
+walnut and is distinguished from most other such hybrids by the good
+crops it usually bears. The tree is located in Rome Township, Athens
+County, Ohio, on property owned by Mr. M. M. Merrick a farmer and fruit
+grower.
+
+In August, 1950, Mr. Merrick first described his "English" walnut to the
+writer and arrangements were made to view the tree. Most striking at
+first sight was the large crop of nuts. The general outward appearance
+of the tree suggested it to be pure Persian; however, upon closer
+examination, mixed parentage became evident. As a hybrid, the tree's
+history was a matter of interest and the owner was happy to supply what
+information he could.
+
+Mr. Merrick purchased the property on which the hybrid is located, in
+1921. A few years prior to this, the previous owner had planted six
+Persian walnut trees obtained from a nursery in northern Ohio. These
+young trees bore their first crop of nuts during Mr. Merrick's first
+year of ownership. It is known that the nursery owners were also
+proprietors of a commercial Persian walnut orchard located in the
+vicinity of Niagara Falls. With this combination of date and orchard
+location, it seems not illogical to presume that the six nursery trees
+were of the Pomeroy strain. From Mr. Merrick's description of the nuts
+produced by these trees, they appear to have been two each of three
+different grafted varieties. In the early nineteen-thirties, Mr. Merrick
+planted several nuts from the Persian trees and raised a number of
+seedlings. One of these seedlings, transplanted to its present location,
+is the subject of this discussion and is presumed to be a cross between
+one of the six Persians and a native black walnut. During the late
+nineteen-thirties, all of the trees, Persians and seedlings, with the
+single exception of the existing hybrid, were killed by an unusually
+hard winter.
+
+The Merrick hybrid walnut, now about 20 years of age, is an extremely
+vigorous and healthy tree. Its height is between 55 and 60 feet and its
+spread nearly as great. Trunk diameter is at present about 12 inches at
+breast height. The location of the tree is very favorable, being near
+the crest of a high ridge and with protection from the northwest by the
+house. A chicken yard is near and the kitchen drain empties close by to
+supply moisture.
+
+In nearly all aspects excepting the nut itself, the tree favors its
+pistillate parent. This is evidenced by the general shape of the tree,
+by the texture and color of the bark of limbs and twigs, and by the
+shape and color of the leaves, the buds, the flowers, and the nut hull.
+Hybridity is indicated by the (usually) eleven leaflets to the leaf
+stem, by the nut, and in the disintegration of the hull which, after
+falling, quickly changes into a most disagreeable, dark-brownish,
+semi-liquidlike mess. The nut itself is much more like a Persian walnut
+in appearance than a black walnut. The shell surface is slightly rougher
+and somewhat darker than most Persian nuts. The suture of the Persian
+parent is prominent. Black walnut parentage is exhibited by the thick
+shell, the interior configuration and in the flavor of the small kernel.
+Nut size varies somewhat with diameters ranging from 1 to 1-1/4 inches
+and lengths ranging from 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches.
+
+The bloom, which is strikingly like that of pure Persian trees, is
+always profuse and precedes that of the surrounding native black walnuts
+by a week or two. In the two years during which the writer has observed
+the tree, the greater part of the staminate bloom has preceded the
+pistillate by several days. This was noticeably the case during the
+current year, and either this, or the rainy weather, has resulted in a
+small set of nuts which the owner states to be unusual. During the years
+observed, the tree appeared to be self-pollinating.
+
+It is recognized, of course, that the Merrick hybrid is worthless as a
+producer of edible nuts. The possible value of the tree lies in
+opportunities it offers in being the forbearer of more worthwhile
+progeny. We know of the vast possibilities in hybridization. We know of
+the difficulties involved in obtaining nuts from controlled crosses
+between Persian and black walnut trees; and we know that seedling trees
+raised from the nuts of such crosses are almost always sterile. The
+Merrick hybrid, yielding good crops, offers possibilities both in
+crossbreeding and in the raising of seedling trees from the nuts of the
+tree itself. In the latter connection, Drs. Crane and McKay, of the
+U.S.D.A., requested several pounds of Merrick nuts for planting purposes
+this spring. The writer himself planted five such nuts, of which four
+germinated. Of the four trees, one died early in the season, while the
+remaining three have thrived. The heights attained by the three
+remaining trees thus far this season are 1, 2, and 3 feet, respectively.
+These trees have the general appearance of young Persian seedlings.
+
+The only crossbreeding attempted thus far ended in failure when a storm
+destroyed most of the bags prior to application of pollen. Persian
+pollen was used on the few bloom remaining covered but, unfortunately,
+no nuts were set. The experiment will be continued. Also, the Merrick
+will be topworked onto producing walnuts, both Persian and black, in the
+hope of obtaining nuts from which interesting and perhaps better second
+generation hybrids can be raised.
+
+An interesting point of conjecture on which to terminate this report,
+and one to which nut experts will likely give little credence, may be
+found in a statement made by Mr. Merrick and vouched to by Mrs. Merrick.
+The statement is to the effect that the nuts borne by the Merrick during
+its early years, that is, prior to the time the adjacent Persians were
+killed, were of much better quality, being more like Persian walnuts
+both in appearance and in flavor. We've heard of "pollen influence" with
+chestnuts. Did it occur here?
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+Producing Quality Nuts and Quality Logs
+
+L. E. SAWYER, _Director, Division of Forestry and Reclamation, Indiana
+Coal Producers Association_
+
+
+I was trained as a forester and having worked at the profession for
+nearly thirty years, my first thought of trees is for their utility in
+building or in cabinet work. In school we were taught that the fruit of
+forest trees was a by-product. Its economic importance was not
+emphasized nor was the possibility of establishing stands of some
+species specifically for the production of their fruit.
+
+Through the years the value of the nut crop from some species has
+increased so that the fruit is now the primary crop and any wood
+materials that may be derived are the by-product. This production of
+valuable food and necessary materials of high quality for the building
+of quality furniture and interior finish is a combination that will work
+well together.
+
+Black walnut, the most highly utilized of any of our native timber for
+furniture, veneer, and cabinet work is becoming increasingly more
+difficult for the mills to obtain in larger sized logs. Native chestnut,
+almost completely destroyed in our timbered areas by the chestnut
+blight, is in demand for interior finish. Pecan, which has had only a
+limited use in the past, is now enjoying a market for the manufacture of
+flooring.
+
+The production of nuts from plantations or orchards of these three
+species will no doubt produce greater economic returns for many years
+after the initial planting than could be derived from the sale of the
+trees for the wood they contain. There will come a time in the life of
+any tree when it is no longer a profitable producer and should be
+replaced by a younger, more thrifty tree. When that time comes, the tree
+to be removed will have no economic value unless it contains products
+that industry can use. With the thought in mind that the wood from the
+tree is to have some future economic value the trunk of the tree should
+be kept free of all limbs to a height of about nine feet above the
+ground. The development of a large spreading top above that point will
+be desirable for nut production. The space below that top will give
+ample head room for maintenance work in the orchard and that clear
+length of trunk will produce a high quality log eight feet long. That is
+the minimum standard length normally used by the lumber industry. Some
+shorter lengths are utilized by the veneer industry but those lengths
+usually command a lower unit price.
+
+The production of figured walnut could be combined with the production
+of one log per tree but it would take several more years to bring the
+trees to nut producing age. Mr. Wilkinson has successfully demonstrated
+that the figure of the Lamb Walnut does carry over through a graft or
+bud.
+
+A double budding operation should not be difficult to perform. It would
+simply consist of budding the figured stock on the root at as low a
+point as possible, then when the figured growth has reached sufficient
+height, of budding again to the desired variety for nut production. This
+procedure would no doubt require a few additional years before the first
+crop of fruit would be harvested but it would produce an extremely
+valuable log when the tree is finally cut.
+
+I would be remiss in my present job if I did not bring the revegetation
+program of the Indiana coal stripping industry into the discussion. That
+industry produces over fifty percent of the coal mined in Indiana today
+and is recovering coal that could not be mined by any other means.
+
+In driving to Rockport many of you no doubt passed by areas of newly
+mined land, rough, barren desolate looking areas with no vegetation.
+They have the appearance of complete desolation and give the impression
+that those lands are forever lost. In that same vicinity you no doubt
+passed plantations of pine, or mixture of pine or Locust with our native
+deciduous species. Those too were mined areas that a few short years ago
+were just as desolate in appearance as the bare areas you saw. These
+plantations are the direct result of a reclamation program started by
+the members of the Indiana Coal Producers Association, a program that
+has attracted national attention.
+
+The first record of an attempt at the reclamation of coal mine spoil is
+here in Indiana. In 1918, the Rowland Power Company, now owned by the
+Maumee Collieries Company, planted peach, apple and pear trees on mined
+land in Owen county. The records show that for a period of years the
+trees thrived and were good producers. Then, because the topography was
+rough and no spraying was done, disease and insects took their toll of
+the peaches and apples. Seedlings of the original apple and peach tree
+still grow on the area. The original Kieffer pear trees still stand and
+produce large crops of fruit.
+
+In 1926, the larger, more far sighted companies began a definite program
+of reforestation of their mined lands under the direction of Ralph
+Wilcox, at that time assistant State Forester and fortunately our State
+Forester today. That voluntary program was carried on until 1941 when
+the Indiana Coal Producers Association, the Association of the mining
+companies, sat down with representatives of the Indiana Department of
+Conservation, representing the state, and the Indiana Farm Bureau,
+representing the people, and drafted a bill which was enacted into law.
+This law required each company to obtain a permit from the state to
+operate and required that each company revegetate an area each year
+equal to 101% of the area they had mined. To insure compliance, a bond
+was required. This law remained in effect for ten years. In 1951,
+representatives of those same groups again sat down together and drafted
+several amendments to the original act. Some grading is now required
+where areas lie adjacent to public roads. Access roads must be provided
+and areas to be devoted to pasture must be graded so that they can be
+traversed with agricultural machinery.
+
+Under this program, sponsored by Industry, the Farm Bureau, and the
+Department of Conservation, 79% of the area that has been mined to date
+has been successfully revegetated. The remaining 21% is a natural lag
+and represents lands newly mined or areas that have not weathered to the
+point where they will support revegetation. The demand for recreation
+lands and home sites where water is available is constantly increasing.
+At least 13% of the revegetated area is now being used for public
+recreation or for home sites. Near the more heavily populated sections
+the price commanded by mined territory containing good lakes often
+exceeds the value of the land before it was mined.
+
+These lakes, formed in the final cuts and in low lying areas of the
+strip mines, furnish the only clean, clear water available for public
+recreation and fishing in the south western part of the state.
+
+The reforestation being carried on under the reclamation program
+consists of planting several species of pines, as well as a large
+variety of our native deciduous trees. The older plantations are being
+used as a guide as the research started in the last eight years has not
+progressed far enough to give conclusive results on many points. Until
+the last few years the Agricultural Experiment Station has devoted
+little or no time to the problem of reclaiming strip mine spoil. The
+area of the state that is involved, less than 1/4 of 1%, has been too
+small to justify the use of their limited funds. However, since funds
+have been made available to that Station, through the Industry, to
+establish research fellowships, the Station has given whole hearted
+cooperation. The information being obtained through these fellowships
+and through work being carried on cooperatively with the Central States
+Forest Experiment Station is going to answer many of the questions on
+reclamation we have been confronted with.
+
+Included in our reforestation has been a liberal scattering of black
+walnut. A breakdown of species is not available on much of the earlier
+work but since 1940, when accurate records have been maintained, we have
+planted 239,000 black walnut seedlings or seed. Initial survival is not
+high, averaging only about 50 percent but we still have a general
+distribution of seed trees that are providing a source of seed for
+natural reproduction. Trees from plantings made in 1927 to 1934 have
+grown well and we now have walnut trees over 10 inches in diameter and
+60 feet in height. The average for all areas would probably not exceed 5
+inches but individual trees have made remarkable growth. These trees are
+only seedlings, but they are bearing heavily and their fruit is sought
+by the local people.
+
+In 1946 and 1947, budded stock of walnuts and pecans and seedlings of
+Chinese chestnut were obtained from Mr. Wilkinson and were set out on
+six selected areas. A wide variety of sites were picked and a wide
+variation in both survival and growth has been obtained. No special
+treatment was given the areas where the trees were to be planted nor
+were the trees mulched or watered after planting. Even under these
+rugged conditions we have a survival of over 60 percent of all trees.
+The walnut trees now range from 5 to 12 feet in height and the pecans up
+to 6 feet. The chestnuts vary in form from low spreading plants 4-1/2 to
+5 feet in height and as much as 8 feet across to well formed trees 8 to
+10 feet tall. Pruning on all three species to produce a clear butt log
+has been started.
+
+Pasture seeding on areas high enough in available lime to support
+legumes is following a pattern laid down by three years of graduate
+study, financed by the Indiana Coal Producers Association, at Purdue and
+by work done by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station under a
+similar arrangement with the Illinois Coal Strippers Association.
+
+Unfortunately, we have only a small portion of the spoil area in Indiana
+that is suitable for the development of improved pasture. Not over 10
+percent of the area mined to date is good enough and that percentage
+will decrease. Modern operations are deeper than the early ones and are
+exposing more hard rock and shale. Fortunately, most of these areas can
+be reforested after three or four years. In exceptional cases less than
+5 percent of the area mined the exposed materials contain large amounts
+of sulfides. These break down into acid that in some cases require ten
+to twelve years to leach out before revegetation can be undertaken.
+
+The fact that these stands of trees established on raw spoil will
+produce merchantable timber has been proven. In 1951, an area was clear
+cut at the Enos mine in Pike county. The pines on this tract were
+planted in 1933-34. The products from that cutting, peeled posts and
+poles, were sold to the Indiana Wood Preserving Company at the rate of
+$335.59 per acre. An increase in value of $16.48 per acre per year.
+
+Pasture, forests and fishing are not the only products. Game of all
+varieties is abundant in the worked out areas. One of the largest herds
+of white tailed deer in the state, now referred to as the strip mine
+herd, is located in northern Warrick and southern Pike counties. In the
+Indiana deer season of 1951, the first open season since 1893, the
+second largest recorded kill came from the strip mine herd. The
+Pitman-Robertson report of the Division of Fish and Game carries the
+following comment on deer from that area. "The superiority of the
+diversified range of the strip mine herd was reflected in above average
+weights and measurements in most age classes."
+
+From the evidence at hand, there is every reason to believe that most of
+the mined area will again be highly productive forest land. It has
+completed the entire cycle of land use. Originally it supported
+magnificent stands of hardwood timber. This timber was cut and the lands
+devoted to farming. Poor management and erosion soon depleted the supply
+of top soil and many areas were abandoned to broom sedge, blackberries
+and gullies. Because it was close enough to the surface the coal has
+been removed and the areas replanted to many of the same species of
+trees.
+
+With this reestablishment of the forest cover and the creation of the
+lakes in the final cuts, we can again have our forest resource combined
+with fishing, hunting and other forms of outdoor recreation, some areas
+of pasture and, I believe, others that can be profitably devoted to the
+production of nut crops and the by-product of quality logs for the
+veneer and lumber industry.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: If you ever think you are going to sell your logs
+for veneer or lumber, don't nail hammocks or other things on the trees.
+The metal is very soon buried and causes no end of difficulty. We will
+go to the next paper, which is, "Colchicine as a Tool in Nut Breeding,"
+Mr. O. J. Eigsti, Funk Brothers Seed Co., Bloomington, Illinois.
+
+MR. EIGSTI: Three years ago this project was conceived in a discussion
+between Mr. Best and myself. Then during the two-year period, all I did
+was turn over some Colchicine to Mr. Best. Mr. Best took the material,
+treated the trees and performed as well as any graduate student I had
+ever graduated in the 13 years that I was in university work. It is
+through his fine cooperation that we are able to start this project, and
+I look forward to this developing into a rather important nut breeding
+venture. But as you all know, it will take a long time. I have this
+paper written. It's only four pages double-spaced.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicine for Nut Improvement Programs
+
+O. J. EIGSTI and R. B. BEST, _Normal, Illinois, and Eldred, Illinois_
+
+
+Colchicine (1, 2) as a plant breeders' tool is universally well known.
+Only limited use has been made of this technique for nut improvement.
+Early work was started by Dr. J. W. McKay, a member of the N.N.G.A., but
+numerous other problems demanded his attention and the Colchicine
+project was not carried to final completion. Other reports are at hand
+from Sweden and Japan but these results do not shed direct light on the
+problems under discussion today at Rockport, Indiana.
+
+Colchicine, acting on cell-division, ultimately causes a doubling of the
+number of chromosomes within those cells in contact with the substance
+at the time of division. Such changes are transferred to succeeding
+generations by the hereditary chain familiar to plant breeders. Several
+species of nuts are among this class of plants with doubled chromosomal
+numbers, however, such duplications occurred in nature. A report on this
+phase was given at a recent meeting of the N.N.G.A. Therefore such
+excellent nut producing species as the pecan are naturally doubled
+types, called polyploids. We find numbers such as 32 representative of a
+polyploid situation.
+
+Since colchicine is effective in doubling the chromosome number and that
+variations in chromosome number exist among species, the authors planned
+a series of experiments to determine the best methods of applying
+colchicine toward a nut improvement program. Seedlings of pecan were
+available and out of this experience a schedule is submitted that may be
+of use for other members of this association confronted with particular
+problems applicable to colchicine techniques.
+
+The most satisfactory schedule for doubling the number of chromosomes is
+given in a number of steps as listed below.
+
+1) Select expanding vegetative buds in the earliest stages of
+development.
+
+2) Use seedlings or branches from mature trees.
+
+3) Prune leaves and probe to the growing cone without damage to tissue.
+
+4) Pack a small wad of cotton into the terminal point.
+
+5) Soak this cotton by dropping .2% aqueous solution of colchicine on
+same.
+
+6) Add glycerine to cotton to improve penetration of colchicine.
+
+7) Place drop of colchicine on cotton morning and evening for four days.
+
+8) Remove cotton wading from bud on 5th day.
+
+9) If sufficient tests at hand, allow cotton to remain on some buds.
+
+10) Try for at least one hundred buds treated.
+
+11) Observe growth during first season and also next season.
+
+12) If treated bud dies, watch for growth among lower laterals.
+
+13) Evidence of changes appears in the new leaves, darker, thicker,
+greener.
+
+14) Conclusive evidence of doubling rests with microscopic and
+anatomical analysis which is a task for trained technicians only.
+
+The above procedures are suggestions for a start and everyone will wish
+to make changes suited to his particular needs. The concentration of
+colchicine need not be exact as in an analytical experiment in
+chemistry. One gram dissolved in 500 ml. water is an adequate and a
+sufficiently careful measurement. The local pharmacist or physician is
+well acquainted with colchicine in the practise of medicine since this
+drug is a standard for gout.
+
+Effective use may be made from two specific areas of plant breeding.
+First, doubling of chromosomes changes sterile hybrids into fertile
+individuals. This is a promising field and whenever such hybrids are
+discovered, efforts should be made to apply the colchicine technique.
+Second, doubling of the chromosome number makes possible hybridization
+of individuals heretofore unsuccessful in such effort. In both instances
+germ plasm of wide genetic difference is incorporated into a new
+propagating breeding stock. In the case of the sterile hybrid
+transformed into fertile individuals, no counting of chromosomes is
+necessary because restoration of fertility is evidence of changes in the
+chromosomal makeup. However, the second type of experiment requires
+microscopic analysis.
+
+There are a number of fundamental research problems in the plant
+sciences associated with the treatment of plants with colchicine. From
+horticultural subjects such as the apple,(3) pear, cranberries,(4) and
+grapes, it is obvious that periclinal chimeras will be of prime
+importance in analysis of results in treatment of nut trees. Following
+the treatment of a growing point with colchicine the outer layer of
+cells may be doubled by colchicine but the lower layers may remain
+unchanged. Or a reverse of this situation may obtain, and even other
+types. Since the formation of pollen takes place from a certain layer it
+is very important that such specific layers are changed. The course of
+plant breeding can be altered by these kinds of changes. To our
+knowledge, no investigations of periclinal chimeras have been made with
+nuts, following treatment with colchicine.
+
+Specific experiments were conducted at Eldred, Illinois in the spring of
+1951 with seedlings of pecan. The cooperation of the R.B. Best Farms and
+Nut Plantation made this project possible. Several types of treatment
+were tried. Out of this experience the above schedule listed in 14 steps
+was developed. Other details may be obtained by contacting the authors
+direct. Observations of the new growth in 1951 and 1952 were made and
+the shape of leaves, color, texture and general appearance suggest that
+doubling of chromosomes has been induced. Up until the present time, no
+microscopic analysis has been made but this is a contemplated step and
+facilities are at hand to complete this work.
+
+While this paper is not a completed research, the authors hope that the
+presentation of technique will aid and stimulate interest in this new
+approach to nut improvement. In such instances where certain members may
+have a particular problem such as a true hybrid-sterile as a result of
+hybridity, it is hoped that the suggestions given in the above pages may
+lead into a new field of improvement. There are rewards in store for the
+plant breeder willing to master this new technique, but the mastery
+requires careful study and diligent work.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+   1. Eigsti, O. J. and Dustin, P.--Colchicine Bibliography. Lloydia 10:
+   65-114. 1947.
+
+   2. ----, ----.--Colchicine Bibliography. Lloydia 12:185-207. 1949.
+
+   3. Dermen, H.--Ontogeny of tissues in stem and leaf of cytochimeral
+   apples. Am. Jour. Bot. 38:753-60. 1951.
+
+   4. Dermen, H. and Bain, H. F.--Periclinal and total polyploidy in
+   cranberries induced by colchicine. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:
+   400. 1941.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Resolutions Committee for this meeting is:
+John Davidson, chairman, and Dr. Rohrbacher working with him. If you
+have anything in mind that should be brought up in the resolutions, see
+one of these two men.
+
+The next paper is:
+
+
+
+
+An Early Pecan and Some Other West Tennessee Nuts
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., _Whiteville, Tenn._
+
+
+MR. RICHARDS: There came under my observation in the latter part of last
+summer a seedling pecan tree growing in the city limits of my home town.
+It seemed that this tree had been growing unnoticed for possibly 50
+years, judging by the size of the tree. The outstanding thing about this
+tree and what called it to my attention was a patient who came into my
+office complaining with a backache from picking up pecans on the 20th
+day of August.
+
+I wrote my friend, Mr. J. C. McDaniel, about this pecan, and when he
+visited me during the Christmas holidays I gave him a sample. The only
+thing that he could say bad about the pecan was that it was slightly on
+the small side. I know personally that at least three or possibly four
+bushels of good quality nuts were harvested from that tree, most of them
+on the ground by the 20th of August.
+
+In my section the Stuart pecan, which we use more or less as a
+yard-stick, was ripe the latter part of October, and we thought that
+possibly this tree, since it had undergone an unusually low temperature
+the winter before of 20 below zero, might have possibilities.
+
+But let's dispense with this pecan and say that we believe in the old
+adage that one raindrop doesn't make a shower. It has a fair crop this
+year, and they are just as green as my Stuarts now.
+
+There is another tree that originated in West Tennessee which Mr.
+McDaniel chose to call this nut "Rhodes heartnut." This tree is 7 years
+old from a dormant bud on a 2-year-old black walnut seedling growing on
+my back yard. It bore two clusters its second growing season, and since
+that time it has borne annually, the crops increasing in proportion to
+the size of the tree. This year's crop consisted of 88 clusters of nuts,
+with an average nut count of 10.2 nuts per cluster, giving a total of
+almost 900 nuts on this 7-year-old tree.
+
+There is one more figure I'd like to give you. The count of clusters
+compared to the number of terminals we had this spring is better than 90
+per cent clusters. I have a few bud sticks here cut from green water
+sprouts. That's the only kind I can find a sprout on. I brought them up
+to Mr. McDaniel. If anybody can talk Mr. McDaniel out of a bud he wanted
+to try, but I don't really know what plans he had for these bud sticks.
+The 7 or 8 other varieties of heartnuts I have growing don't have any
+that have clusters like the Rhodes.
+
+
+
+
+Scab Disease in Eastern Kentucky on the Busseron Pecan
+
+W. D. ARMSTRONG, _University of Kentucky, Princeton, Kentucky_
+
+
+MR. ARMSTRONG: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: It is nice to be here
+at the Northern Nut Growers meeting. This is my second session. I attend
+all the pecan and nut sessions in the country. I have attended
+Georgia-Florida Pecan Growers Association and Oklahoma and Texas Pecan
+Growers Association.
+
+These plates that I have contain some of the Busseron pecans affected
+with pecan scab. The disease has shown up in Southeastern Kentucky,
+about a hundred miles southeast of Lexington, a hundred miles west of
+the Virginia line, and about a hundred miles north of the Tennessee
+line, on a straight line west of Roanoke, Virginia.
+
+These trees were planted in bottom soil, rather well drained, and they
+made a rapid growth. In the original planting there were two Green River
+pecans, one Major, one Busseron and two walnuts, a Stabler and a Thomas.
+
+About 1946 we noticed that all of the pecans on the Busseron were like
+these that we have here--did not mature, completely covered with scab
+fungus and dropped off the tree. The shells were so thin that you could
+just crush the whole pecan, hull, shell and all with no meats in them.
+The Major tree right beside it and the two Green River trees had none of
+this trouble, and they have none of it as yet. And each year now that
+this Busseron tree has borne there, practically all of the nuts have
+been like this.
+
+At the time we located this disease first in 1946, I sent samples to the
+U.S.D.A. at Washington and also to the Southeastern Pecan Laboratory at
+Albany, Georgia, and Dr. Cole, there identified it as pecan scab.
+
+I reported the presence of the disease to Mr. Wilkinson and to Dr. Colby
+and they were surprised to see the disease on Busseron in any location,
+and particularly that far north.
+
+In the south this disease frequently affects Schley, Delmas, Alley and
+Van Deman and some others. Formerly the trees were sprayed with Bordeaux
+Mixture. I think they are using Zerlate now. It's a problem to be
+reckoned with. It occurs on the nuts and on the leaves, and it is
+carried over winter on the stems and the one-year shoots.
+
+
+
+
+Further News About Oak Wilt
+
+E. A. CURL, _Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill._
+
+
+In 1951 a review of the oak wilt situation was given in a paper,
+"Present Status of the Oak Wilt Disease", at the Forty-Second Annual
+Meeting of the N.N.G.A. at the University of Illinois. The following
+report is aimed at bringing up to date the present known distribution
+of the oak wilt disease, recent developments in scientific research on
+the disease, and possible control measures.
+
+The oak wilt disease is caused by the fungus _Chalara quercina_ Henry
+and is characterized by a very noticeable bronzing and wilting of leaves
+that drop prematurely. Brown streaks are usually present in the outer
+sapwood. These symptoms may be seen from June to September or until
+normal autumn colors of the foliage develop.
+
+More than 30 species of oak are known to be susceptible to the disease.
+Other susceptible genera of the family Fagaceae are Chinese chestnut,
+_Castanea mollissima_, golden chinquapin, _Castanopsis chrysophylla_,
+tanbark oak, _Lithocarpus densifiora_, and _Nothofagus_ from South
+America. The red and black oaks seem to be most susceptible and are
+often killed within 6 weeks after infection.
+
+
+Distribution
+
+During the past few years the oak wilt disease has spread with such
+rapidity and destructiveness among valuable forest and shade oaks in
+parts of the eastern half of the United States that its seriousness is
+now well recognized. At present oak wilt is known to be in the following
+states: Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana,
+northern Arkansas, eastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, Ohio,
+Pennsylvania, West Virginia, northwestern Virginia, western part of
+North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northeastern Kentucky, western
+Maryland and southern Michigan. Aerial surveys for 1952 are not yet
+complete, but there are indications of extensive new infections in
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia while the other states show a
+moderate increase in the number of infections.
+
+The first case of oak wilt in Illinois was seen in Rockford in 1942.
+Today 54 of the 102 counties in the state have oak wilt areas. The
+disease is present in both the extreme northern part and the
+southern-most tip of the state. Practically all wilt areas in the
+southern half of Illinois consist of 5 trees or less that appear to have
+died within the last 4 years, indicating a recent spread of the disease
+southward. A similar condition exists in southern Missouri and northern
+Arkansas.
+
+
+Developments in Research
+
+In 1942 a report from the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station
+revealed that the oak wilt disease was caused by a fungus, and research
+programs were started early in Wisconsin and Iowa. Neighboring states
+were quick to follow as surveys showed a wider distribution of the
+disease. Now almost every state in which oak wilt occurs is taking part
+in efforts to learn more about the disease and its causal agent so that
+practical control measures may be applied before the spread of the
+disease gets out of hand. The National Oak Wilt Research Committee at
+Memphis, Tennessee, supports in part an intensive oak wilt research
+program in coordination with several midwestern universities and with
+the U.S.D.A., Bureau of Forest Pathology.
+
+Until recently the causal fungus of oak wilt was known only in its
+asexual or imperfect form living in the sap stream of infected trees.
+The most important question to be answered now is how the fungus
+spreads over long distances from diseased to healthy trees. Before this
+could be accomplished, however, we had to know how the fungus escapes
+from the inside to the outside of diseased trees where it can be exposed
+to agents of dissemination.
+
+In the late summer of 1951 clearly visible mycelial mats of the oak wilt
+fungus were found in Illinois under the loose bark of wilt-killed trees.
+These mats were usually located beneath cracks in the bark; thus, they
+were exposed to the outside air and to visiting insects. Most
+wilt-killed trees contain beneath the bark numerous insect larvae of
+wood and bark boring beetles. Larvae were frequently found in direct
+contact with mycelial mats of the fungus. Larvae of the two-lined
+chestnut borer, _Agrilus bilineatus_, were most abundant, but larvae of
+species of the families Scolytidae and Cerambycidae were also present in
+large numbers.
+
+In addition to the mycelial mat under the bark there was often present a
+thick dark pad usually in the center of the mat. It is not known yet
+what part this pad plays in the life history of the fungus but we do
+know that it is produced by the same fungus which causes oak wilt.
+
+We also found in Illinois that the oak wilt fungus often develops into
+visible mats from chips of bark and wood that have been chopped from
+wilt-killed trees and allowed to lie on the moist forest floor. This
+should be remembered when considering sanitation as a partial means of
+controlling the disease.
+
+In 1951 the sexual or perfect form of the oak wilt fungus was produced
+on laboratory media in Missouri by crossing different strains of the
+fungus. The sexual form is recognized by the appearance of microscopic,
+black, short-beaked fruiting structures or perithecia that are filled
+with sticky ascospores. This sexual form is a species of
+_Endoconidiophora_.
+
+The sexual form of the fungus was first found in nature in Illinois in
+the autumn of 1951. The perithecia are produced on the mycelial mats
+beneath the loose and sometimes cracked bark of diseased oaks. Both the
+ascospores of the sexual form and the endospores or conidia of the
+asexual form will cause wilt if the spores are injected into oak trees.
+
+From the foregoing information it is apparent that several methods by
+which the disease might be spread over long distances are possible.
+First, and what seems to be most probable, is transmission by insects.
+Adult beetles, such as the two-lined chestnut borer, which emerge from
+dead trees in the spring and feed on the leaves of healthy trees might
+transmit the spores of the fungus. Other insects might feed on the
+fungus mats that are exposed through cracks in the bark and carry both
+the sticky ascospores and conidia to other trees. Additional agents that
+must be considered are woodpeckers, squirrels and air currents.
+
+Besides searching for the vector or vectors that spread the disease
+other important studies are in progress. Among these is the
+consideration of chemotherapy as a possible means of controlling oak
+wilt. For our purpose, plant chemotherapy may be defined as the control
+of disease by chemicals which are introduced into the plant. According
+to Dr. Paul Hoffman of the Illinois Natural History Survey, a number of
+chemicals have shown promise in curing small diseased oak trees when
+treated in a very early stage of the disease. In one instance, trees
+that were inoculated with the oak wilt fungus then treated with
+chemicals 2 years ago are still alive. The most promising results were
+obtained by injecting the chemicals into the soil where they are taken
+up by the roots and by applying chemicals directly to the foliage in a
+spray. Trunk injection showed least promise because of the limited
+distribution of the chemicals through the tree.
+
+The use of chemicals for curing wilt-infected trees is still in the
+early experimental stage and is not yet recommended as a practical
+control measure.
+
+In 1949 Wisconsin workers demonstrated the local spread of oak wilt
+through natural root grafts. They found that the poisoning of a single
+healthy tree with sodium arsenite often killed as many as 15 other trees
+nearby, indicating that their roots were connected.
+
+Recently the results of experiments in Wisconsin explained in part what
+causes the leaves of diseased trees to wilt. When a tree becomes
+infected it is stimulated to produce tyloses or swellings in the vessels
+of the wood. Therefore, the flow of water from the roots to the tree top
+is restricted and the leaves wilt and die. It is also known that the
+fungus itself produces a toxin which might be responsible for the actual
+killing effect on the tree.
+
+In Illinois experiments are being conducted with insects in relation to
+the spread of oak wilt. Insects of various species are collected from
+wilt-killed trees and allowed to run over or feed on laboratory cultures
+of the oak wilt fungus. The insects are then caged on parts of healthy
+trees to feed on the leaves. A single red oak treated in this way
+contracted the disease and died. This shows that the disease can be
+transmitted by an insect.
+
+
+Controlling the Disease
+
+The spread of oak wilt in local areas may be stopped by preventing the
+underground movement of the disease from tree to tree through natural
+root grafts. This can be done by (1) poisoning all healthy trees within
+50 feet of diseased trees, (2) cutting a ditch 30 inches deep with a
+small trenching machine between diseased and healthy trees to sever root
+connections or (3) severing root connections with a tractor drawn plow
+on which a knife blade is attached. Unfortunately the use of such heavy
+equipment is not practical in rocky and hilly areas. Chemicals used for
+killing trees are sodium arsenite and ammate. Ammate is safe to use but
+does not kill trees as rapidly as the other poison. In some localities
+2,4,5-T used as a trunk spray has given satisfactory results in killing
+small trees.
+
+If infected trees are left standing mycelial mats with their numerous
+spores develop under the loosening bark. It is therefore advisable to
+cut and burn all parts of diseased trees as soon as possible after
+symptoms appear.
+
+A combination trenching and eradication program was started in the
+summer of 1950 in the Forest Preserve District of Cook County in
+Illinois. According to Mr. Noel B. Wysong, Chief Forester, 2 newly
+wilted trees were found in the Forest Preserve in 1948, 72 trees in
+1949, 141 trees in 1950, and 96 trees in 1951. The count for 1952 is not
+complete but a continued decrease in the number of new infections would
+indicate good control.
+
+There is no information on resistant species of oak. In very rare cases,
+however, trees have been observed to recover after showing symptoms in
+the early spring.
+
+
+Future Outlook
+
+Among the many things that we need to know yet about the oak wilt
+disease and its causal fungus one is outstanding. How does the disease
+jump from one infection center to healthy trees 200 yards, 2 miles or
+even 100 miles away? Although spread through root grafts may be
+controlled by severing root connections, the value of such a control
+measure is limited as long as the agent or agents responsible for long
+distance spread remain unknown. The discovery of other methods of spread
+might result in the development of control measures that are cheaper and
+less drastic than those known at present.
+
+A great deal remains to be done and research is increasing in the
+various states concerned. There is reason to believe that oak wilt can
+be checked before it reaches devastating proportions comparable to
+chestnut blight which wiped out our American chestnuts.
+
+MR. SLATE: What is the origin of the fungus? Is it a native fungus, or
+imported?
+
+MR. CURL: Yes, it is a native fungus, as far as we know.
+
+MR. SLATE: Any evidence that the fungus is mutating to make more
+virulent strains?
+
+MR. CURL: That's something that hasn't been found yet. There are several
+strains of the fungus, what we call strains, because they will form the
+sexual stage, and a strain alone will not. There is not too much known
+about that yet, the strain business.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: Just a word. We had a conference in Beltsville all day
+Sunday about the recent developments on the oak wilt. There has been
+very extensive spread in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland
+this year. We are very much alarmed about the situation. The Chinese
+chestnut is very severely affected. We have learned that in Missouri.
+One year there were three Chinese chestnuts killed by the fungus, the
+next year 60. The oak wilt is a serious threat to the chestnut orchards.
+
+
+
+
+Life History and Control of the Pecan Spittle Bug
+
+STEWART CHANDLER, _Associate Entomologist, Ill. Nat. History Survey,
+Urbana, Ill., Consulting Entomologist, Southern Illinois University_
+
+
+Since it was a year ago that this subject of spittle bug was first
+brought to the attention of the Northern Nut Growers Association, it
+might be well to review briefly the high lights of that report. I told
+you at the annual meeting at Urbana, something of the life history.
+There are two broods, one appearing in June and one in July. The adult
+is a small sucking bug about an eighth to a quarter inch long. The
+species at that time was uncertain but now has been determined by
+specialists in that group as _Cercoptera achatina_ Germ. This insect, I
+reported, is not the same as the one occurring on meadow and other
+field crops, not only the species but the genus being different. The
+distribution was found to be in every area where pecans are grown. As to
+its importance I pointed out that in Illinois it had become very serious
+in the past three or four years, apparently causing a marked reduction
+in crop. Control measures were directed against the nymphal stage, which
+is protected by the spittle which the insect emits continuously while
+feeding. Three insecticides were tested at Anna, Illinois, Lindane,
+parathion, and tetra ethyl pyro phosphate, known as TEPP. Lindane proved
+to be approximately 95% efficient, parathion roughly 60% and TEPP about
+10%.
+
+In 1952 the work was resumed in the orchard of Conrad Casper near Anna,
+Illinois and was begun at the Richard Best place at Eldred, 175 miles
+northwest.
+
+In 1952 five phases of the work with pecan spittle bug were undertaken
+as follows:
+
+   1. A study of the importance of the pecan spittle bug.
+   2. The hibernation of the insect.
+   3. Life history and occurrence of the various stages and broods of
+      the insect in relation to nut development of the pecan.
+   4. Control measures.
+   5. Varietal susceptibility to the insect.
+
+1. Importance of the insect
+
+_Hibernation Studies_
+
+To learn to what extent if any the insect reduces the crop of pecans,
+terminal shoots from trees sprayed the previous season with three
+different materials were compared with the unsprayed check. These are
+shown in Table 1.
+
+Table 1. Pecan spittle bug effect of 1951 sprays on terminal shoots in
+spring of 1952
+
+   ===================================================
+                                         Dead shoots
+                        Treatment        per hundred
+
+         Check                              87
+         TEPP                               62
+         Parathion                          17
+         Lindane                             4
+   ===================================================
+
+Since these terminals shoots later develop most of the nuts it would
+appear that the pecan spittle bug is responsible for much of the loss of
+crop under these heavy infestations.
+
+It was planned to follow this up with later examination of nuts, and
+this was done with the assistance of Mr. J. C. McDaniel, but
+unfortunately it was found that this was the off year and the crop was
+very small, so we could not definitely settle that point. This will be a
+job for the future.
+
+2. Hibernation studies.
+
+In August of 1951, I introduced adult bugs into a cage placed over a
+branch of an unsprayed pecan tree for the purpose of determining whether
+there was possibly a third brood. Finding none the branch was removed
+and examined to study the hibernating eggs and the egg slits in which
+they were layed. The slits were not over a quarter inch long and
+frequently in pairs. Eggs were deep enough that they were rarely seen
+without opening the slits. Many slits were found containing egg shells,
+presumably from the previous brood, but possibly from a season earlier
+as the slits are corked over.
+
+Following this study branches were cut from the sprayed and unsprayed
+blocks and gone over very carefully to find the numbers and location of
+the egg splits and the numbers containing live eggs and egg shells. Each
+split would contain as many as 5 or 6 eggs. Table 2 show their numbers
+and locations, and Table 3 the effect of sprays on numbers of live eggs.
+
+Table 2. Pecan Spittle Bug Location of egg slits in branches
+
+   =================================================================
+                   Diameter of branches, inches
+                   1/8 to 1/4    3/4    3/8    1/2    1/2 to 1 inch
+   -----------------------------------------------------------------
+   Live eggs           2           9      3      1        0
+   Egg shells          5          42     94     23        0
+   -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Table 3. Pecan Spittle Bug Effect of 1951 sprays on number of eggs
+Examinations made March 4, 1952
+
+   =======================================================
+                    Inches wood   Number of   Slits with
+       Treatment     examined     live eggs   egg shells
+   -------------------------------------------------------
+   Check               508           10          63
+   TEPP                795            5          25
+   Lindane             478            0          13
+   -------------------------------------------------------
+
+3. Life history and correlation of stages of insect and nut development.
+
+It was soon found that the pecan spittle bug was putting in its
+appearance earlier according to the calendar than in 1951 so an effort
+was made during the season to correlate insect life history and nut
+development during the season. Table 4 give some of the principal points
+in both.
+
+Table 4. Pecan Spittle Bug and Nut Development Anna, Illinois, 1952
+
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+         Insect              Date              Tree
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+   Egg stage                Apr. 24     Catkins 1/2 to 3/4 inch
+   First nymphs             May 5       Catkins 1 to 1-1/2 inch
+   Many nymphs and spittle  May 12      Catkins 2 to 3 inches
+                                          Fruit buds
+   Peak hatch               May 20      Female flowers
+   Spittle drying           June 2      Nuts developing
+   1st. 2nd brood           June 27
+   Hatch mostly over        July 7
+   Spittle drying           July 26
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Another phase of life history which is of practical importance is the
+increase of second brood over first. Records were made both at Anna and
+at Eldred in unsprayed blocks at approximately the peaks of occurrence
+of nymphs and spittle, and are tabulated in Table 5.
+
+Table 5. Pecan Spittle Bug Infestation, first and second broods, 1952
+Number of spittle masses per 100 terminals
+
+   ==========================================================
+                  First brood, June     Second brood, July
+   ----------------------------------------------------------
+   Anna                41                     62
+   Eldred              23                     50
+   ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+This table shows an increase of approximately 50% at Anna and 100% at
+Eldred. It is thought that a 3 inch flash flood which occurred at Anna
+might have reduced the first brood infestation somewhat after the counts
+were made and been responsible for no greater increase and possibly that
+the heat and drought in both places might have resulted in a reduction.
+Be that as it may the total infestation was not as severe in 1952 as in
+1951.
+
+4. Control.
+
+_First Brood Sprays_
+
+It was originally planned to spray in both places but at Anna the owner
+sprayed all but the 1951 check block with parathion early and the
+infestation was reduced to the point where later hatch did not build up
+to a sufficient point that good results could be observed so no spraying
+was done at Anna till the second brood. At Eldred two materials only
+were available, Lindane and Dieldrin.
+
+At Eldred we had two difficulties in spraying. One was the type of
+machine with which I was not familiar and the other the inaccessibility
+of some of the trees. The machine is probably more fitted for field crop
+work than for large trees. It is called a Mechanical Aresol Generator,
+manufactured by the Hessian Microsol Corporation of Darien, Conn. The
+engine is a Wisconsin Air cooled motor made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The
+machine was mounted on a platform and transported in the orchard on a
+truck. Two fifty gallon barrels constitute the tank. Due to the nature
+of the machine and to lack of agitation only liquid materials can be
+used in it. It uses a much smaller amount of material than I had been
+accustomed to, and my first job was to learn to what extent the
+materials must be concentrated to compensate for the small output and
+how to get a comparison with the amounts used in regular orchard
+sprayer. In concentrate tests on fruit trees we arrive at this by
+judging the number of gallons which a tree would normally receive with a
+standard sprayer. There was little background to go on with nut trees
+and the problem was further complicated by the arrangement of trees
+which were not planted but grafted in their original positions in the
+woods. A clump of trees which could not be approached individually might
+have to receive not much more material than one tree which could be hit
+from both sides. Sizes of trees also varied. It was decided to use only
+25 gallon lots of material and even this small amount sprayed from 55
+to 65 trees of varying sizes. It was soon seen that the tops of the
+moderate and large sized trees were not covered very well. For the first
+brood sprays at Eldred about six times as much material per 100 gallons
+was used as had been successful at Anna the previous season. The results
+are shown in Table 6.
+
+Table 6. Spittle Bug Control, Eldred, 1952 First brood, sprayed May 23,
+examined June 9
+
+   =========================================================
+         Treatment       Amount in         Spittle masses
+                        100 gallons        800 terminals
+   ---------------------------------------------------------
+   Dieldrin            1 gal. of 18-1/2%       18
+   Lindane             1 gal. of 20%           27
+   Check                ------                189
+   ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+It will be seen that the reduction over the unsprayed blocks was about
+90% with Dieldrin and 85% with Lindane.
+
+For second brood sprays at Eldred materials were increased to about 8
+times normal in hopes of getting better results. In this test 10 trees
+were selected in each block that could be reached moderately well and
+sprayed separately before the entire block was sprayed. Records were
+made the day before spraying, 3 days after spraying, and 10 days after
+spraying. Four materials were available, making five blocks with an
+unsprayed check. The results of these sprayings are given in Table 7.
+
+Table 7. Spittle Bug Control, Eldred, 1952 Second brood, sprayed July 18
+
+   ============================================================
+     Treatment      Amounts in            In 200 terminals
+                   100 gallons       July 17  July 21  July 28
+   ------------------------------------------------------------
+   Lindane       6 qts. of 20%          123      24       2
+   BHC          10 qts. of 11.7%         98      11       0
+   Dieldrin      6 qts. of 18-1/2%      130      19       9
+   Toxaphene     8 qts. of 58%          107      16       3
+   Check           ------                99      98      47
+   ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Due to the natural reduction in the check by July 28 most attention
+probably should be given to the July 21 examination. This table shows
+approximately 92% reduction from Lindane, 87% with BHC, 85% from
+Dieldrin, and 85% from Toxaphene on July 21.
+
+At Anna trees are all very big, from 50 to 75 feet high. They are
+planted in rows. A regular orchard sprayer was used with 600 pounds
+pressure using one gun and sprayed from the top of the rig.
+Approximately 25 gallons was used per tree. As will be noted the dosage
+was much smaller than at Eldred, and for ordinary use these are probably
+the proper dosages. Table 8 gives the results of these tests.
+
+Table 8. Pecan Spittle Bug Control, Anna, 1952
+
+   ==================================================================
+     Treatment      Amounts in                In 200 terminals
+                   100 gallons             July 10  July 14  July 22
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Lindane        1 lb. of 25%                214      1       1
+   BHC            2-1/2 lbs. of 10%           244      5       9
+   Dieldrin       1 and 1/3 pints of 18-1/2%  148      3       5
+   Toxaphene      1 qt. of 31%                146     22      21
+   Check                                       61     47      20
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The reduction in the check block July 14 may be due to proximity to the
+sprayed block which was not true in Eldred. This check was small. Table
+8 shows on July 14 an approximate reduction of Lindane 99%, BHC 98%,
+Dieldrin 98%, and Toxaphene 85%.
+
+From these tests in both places it appears that we have a choice of
+three very good materials, Lindane, Benzene hexachloride called BHC and
+Dieldrin, and for that reason we can ignore the less efficient material,
+toxaphene.
+
+At Eldred, since first brood sprays were applied in a sizeable area
+records of infestation were made shortly before time to spray for the
+second brood to determine whether the first brood spraying would
+eliminate the need for second brood spraying. However, the infestation
+was found to be practically as great in this area as the unsprayed part
+of the woods. It appears that the control was not good enough to allow
+this. In part this was due to failure to reach the tops of the trees.
+Records were made in the lower parts.
+
+5. Varietal susceptibility.
+
+At Anna where there was a limited number of trees, the orchards were
+plotted on paper and location of each tree with variety indicated
+records were made of each tree separately, in hopes that some varietal
+susceptibility would be shown. There is nothing very clear in this
+respect except that of the varieties in the Casper orchard, Butterick,
+Busseron, Indiana, Posey, Stewart, Osburn, Major, Green River, the
+Indiana and Posey may be a little more heavily infested than the others.
+At Eldred for the second brood infestation, the variety of each of the
+10 record trees was reported, but there were so many varieties and they
+did not occur often enough in the five plots to make variety infestation
+data reliable. However, the rather high average on the Indiana variety
+did seem to corroborate the findings at Anna.
+
+There was some foliage burn in two of the record trees in the Dieldrin
+plot at Eldred, both being the variety Rockville. Another tree in
+another part of the plot was also found to be burned and also found to
+be the same variety, so it appears that this may be particularly
+susceptible to spraying especially in this concentrated form such as we
+used. There were no Rockville trees in any of the other plots, so we
+have no way of knowing whether the Lindane, BHC or Toxaphene would have
+done the same or not.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The next paper, the last paper of the afternoon,
+is Control of Insects Injuring Nut Trees, by Howard Baker, U.S.D.A.
+Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Beltsville, Md.
+
+MR. BAKER: Mr. Chairman, members of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association: It is a great deal of pleasure to be back here speaking
+before a group of nut growers. Back some years ago my first assignment
+to a station of which I had charge was an investigation to count insects
+in Louisiana and Eastern Texas, so it is a pleasure to be back before a
+group of nut growers.
+
+
+
+
+Insect Enemies of Northern Tree Nuts
+
+HOWARD BAKER, _U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Admin., Bureau of Entomology and
+Plant Quarantine_
+
+
+The small number of requests for information on insect pests of northern
+tree nuts received in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine is a
+strong indication that such pests are of little concern to northern nut
+growers. This is fortunate, because intensive, all-season spray
+programs, such as are necessary to produce most other crops without
+serious losses due to insect injury, are laborious and expensive and not
+always as effective as desired. However, as your acreage is increased
+and as your trees become older and larger, insect problems are likely to
+increase in number and intensity and require more of your thought and
+attention.
+
+A somewhat similar situation prevailed in the pecan industry at one time
+in the South. I well remember the statement of one of the larger pecan
+growers in Louisiana to the effect that all the pleasure of growing
+pecans would be gone the day he had to start spraying to control insects
+and diseases. Only a short time later it became necessary for him to
+initiate a regular spray program. He still took great pride in growing
+pecans, however. It is well, therefore, for you to watch your trees
+closely for insect damage and keep informed concerning the habits and
+control of the species that show up in your plantings or in those of
+your neighbors.
+
+Because of the scattered nature of the northern nut industry, the small
+size of most plantings, and the more pressing demands for information on
+the control of pests of more intensively planted crops, it has not been
+possible for the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine to give
+attention to many of the pests of northern nuts. A great deal of work
+has been done on the pests of pecans in the South, and some work on
+those that attack filberts and chestnuts. In addition, some of the pests
+with which you are concerned, or others similar to them, are receiving
+attention in connection with studies of pests of tree fruits. The
+results of these studies will give you up-to-date information applicable
+to your particular problems.
+
+The timely use of insecticides is the most effective means of combating
+most injurious insects, but if spraying is not possible, other methods
+can often be used to prevent or reduce damage. A great many new
+insecticides have become available during the last six or seven years.
+Work with them has resulted in the development of treatments effective
+against a number of pests for which there was formerly no known means of
+control and markedly more effective treatments for the control of
+others. It is my purpose to bring to you as much of this new information
+as is applicable to your problems.
+
+
+Leaf-feeding Caterpillars
+
+The fall webworm[3] and the walnut caterpillar[4] are the leaf-feeding
+caterpillars most commonly reported as attacking northern tree nuts.
+
+Fall webworms[5] are the insects usually responsible for unsightly webs
+on or near the end of the branches of the trees during the summer and
+fall. They enlarge the webs as they need more leaves. When nearly full
+grown they scatter to complete their feeding. The full-grown
+caterpillars are a little more than an inch in length and are covered
+with long black and white hairs. They spend the winter in cocoons in
+trash on the ground or just below the surface of the soil. There are two
+broods a year in many areas, the second usually being the more numerous.
+
+Control can be obtained by applying a spray containing 3 pounds of lead
+arsenate with an equal quantity of hydrated lime (to prevent possible
+injury to the foliage), 2 pounds of 50-percent DDT wettable powder, or 2
+pounds of 15-percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.
+Apply the spray when the caterpillars are still small. Follow the
+precautions furnished with each package. Parathion is a particularly
+dangerous material to use. If you are not equipped to spray or have only
+a few trees, you can control this insect by removing the webs from the
+trees with a long-handled pruner or a long bamboo pole with a hook at
+the end.
+
+The walnut caterpillar feeds in groups, or colonies, and commonly eats
+all the leaves on small trees or on certain limbs on large trees. The
+winter is spent in cocoons in the ground. The moths appear late in the
+spring or early in the summer and lay masses of eggs on the underside of
+the leaves. From time to time as they grow, the stout, black
+caterpillars go down to a large limb or to the trunk of the tree to
+molt, or shed their skins. After molting they return toward the ends of
+the branches and resume their feeding.
+
+This insect can be controlled with the same spray treatments that are
+recommended for the fall webworm, and also by crushing or burning the
+caterpillars when they are clustered on the lower limbs or tree trunks.
+
+
+Pecan Phylloxera[6]
+
+Swellings called galls sometimes appear on leaves, leafstalks, succulent
+shoots, or nuts of the current season's growth of hickory and pecan.
+These galls are caused by small insects known as phylloxera, which are
+closely related to aphids, or plant lice. Several species are involved,
+but only one, known as the pecan phylloxera, causes serious damage. It
+causes twigs to become malformed, weakened and finally to die, and
+destroys the crop on the infested terminals. The insect passes the
+winter in the egg stage in protected places on the trees. The young
+appear in the spring about the time the buds begin to unfold.
+
+The phylloxera can be controlled by spraying the trees thoroughly with a
+mixture containing 3/4 pint of nicotine sulfate plus 2-1/2 gallons of
+lime-sulfur or 2 quarts of lubricating-oil emulsion to 100 gallons of
+water during the delayed dormant period or by the time buds show about
+an inch of green. Sprays containing 3 pounds of BHC (10-percent gamma)
+or 1-1/4 pounds of 25-percent lindane wettable powder per 100 gallons
+are also effective, and their use is increasing. Other materials have
+given good control when applied about the time the buds begin to swell.
+They are 36-percent dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol liquid, 3 quarts per 100
+gallons, and a mixture of 40-percent dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol powder,
+2 pounds, and lubricating-oil emulsion, 5 quarts, per 100 gallons of
+spray. Do not use the dinitro materials after the buds begin to open.
+
+
+Twig Girdler
+
+A stout, brown beetle about 1/2 inch in length, known as the twig
+girdler,[7] often cuts off the twigs of hickory, pecan, and many other
+trees in the late summer and early fall. The larvae spend the winter in
+the cut twigs, which are gradually broken off and fall to the ground.
+Injury can be reduced by collecting and destroying the fallen twigs
+before the larvae complete development the following spring. Recent work
+on pecans in Florida indicates that most injury can be prevented by
+applying a spray containing 4 pounds of 50-percent DDT or 3 pounds of
+15-percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water. Three
+applications appear to be necessary, the first when the injured branches
+are first noticed, usually sometime in August, and the second and third
+two and four weeks later. When handling parathion be sure to follow the
+precautions on the package.
+
+
+Weevils and Curculios
+
+Weevils and curculios are small, hard-shelled, grayish to brown beetles
+about 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, with stiff, slender snouts or beaks. They
+feed and lay eggs in the nuts and/or shoots of many kinds of nuts,
+including hickory, walnut, pecan, chestnut, hazelnut or filbert, and
+butternut. There are a number of species, but most of them attack only
+one kind of nut. The species usually called weevils most often lay eggs
+and injure the nuts from the time the meat begins to form until it is
+mature, whereas the group known as curculios generally emerge and cause
+most serious damage during the early part of the growing season, when
+the new shoots are developing and the crop starts to set and grow.
+
+The chestnut weevils are probably the weevils best known to most of you.
+E. R. VanLeeuwen, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, has
+added much to our knowledge of these weevils in recent years. Two
+species, the small chestnut weevil[8] and the large chestnut weevil,[9]
+are commonly present together and cause similar injury. The small
+chestnut weevil appears as an adult over a period of about 6 weeks
+beginning near the first of May in the vicinity of Beltsville, Md., but
+it does not lay eggs until about the middle of August. The larger
+species does not emerge until about the middle of August and begins to
+lay eggs soon thereafter. Eggs are laid in the developing nuts, and
+injury is caused by the feeding of the larvae therein. Most of the small
+weevils require two years to complete development, and most of the
+larger weevils but one year.
+
+Some control of these weevils can be obtained by collecting and
+destroying the infested nuts before the larvae leave them to enter the
+soil. Better control can be obtained by spraying the trees with DDT.
+Apply a spray containing 4 pounds of 50-percent DDT wettable powder per
+100 gallons of water (3 level tablespoonfuls per gallon) 30 days before
+the first mature nuts are expected to drop, and make two additional
+applications at intervals of 7 days. If you are not equipped to spray,
+you may obtain some control by treating the soil under the trees with
+ethylene dibromide at a depth of 5 inches. Make injections at intervals
+of 1 foot in each direction and also in the center of each square formed
+by these injection holes. Place 1 milliliter of 40-percent ethylene
+dibromide or an equivalent quantity of another dilution in each hole.
+Make the application in the fall immediately after the nuts are
+harvested and close the injection holes by pressing with the foot. The
+soil should preferably be loose to a depth of 5 inches.
+
+The pecan weevil,[10] also known as the hickory nut weevil, often causes
+heavy losses of pecans and most species of hickory. Two or three years
+are required for the insect to complete its life cycle, but some
+specimens reach maturity every year. Adults emerge from the ground from
+the middle of July until early in September, according to locality and
+seasonal conditions. Injury is of two types--(1) that resulting from
+attack before the shell-hardening period in July and August, causing the
+young nuts to drop, and (2) that resulting from attack after kernel
+formation, the kernel being destroyed by the developing larvae, or
+grubs. Egg deposition in the nuts usually begins late in August.
+
+To control this weevil spray the trees twice with 6 pounds of 50-percent
+DDT or 40-percent toxaphene wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.
+Make the first application when at least six weevils can be jarred onto
+a sheet on the ground beneath any tree known to have been infested in
+previous seasons, and make the second 10 to 14 days later. The first
+application will be needed sometime between the last week in July and
+the first week in September. If the soil is hard and dry, it will delay
+emergence of the weevils. If you are not equipped to spray, you can
+reduce weevil injury about 50 percent by jarring the limbs of the trees
+lightly and gathering the weevils on a sheet during the period of
+emergence. The dislodged weevils will remain quiet on the sheet long
+enough to be picked up and destroyed. Begin jarring about the last week
+in July and confine it to two or three trees until the first weevils
+appear. Then jar all trees at weekly intervals until about the middle of
+September, when egg laying will have been largely completed.
+
+The butternut curculio[11] attacks native butternuts and introduced nuts
+of a similar type. It passes the winter as an adult in trash or other
+shelter it can find in the vicinity of nut trees. It is a small,
+hard-shelled, rough-backed snout beetle. Late in the spring it makes its
+way to the trees, and lays eggs in the young shoots. On hatching, the
+young larva penetrates into the young shoot or leaf stem or nut and
+feeds there, causing the leaf or nut to dry up and fall off. Upon
+completing development in the fallen leaf or nut, the mature larva
+enters the soil. After a month or so in the ground the adult emerges,
+feeds on the foliage for a while, and then enters hibernation. There is
+but one generation a year.
+
+The black walnut curculio[12] is similar to the butternut curculio in
+seasonal history, but it attacks principally the fruit of the black
+walnut and butternut, apparently preferring the former.
+
+The hickory nut curculio[13] is much like the preceding two species, but
+it attacks chiefly partly grown hickory nuts, causing a heavy dropping
+in midsummer.
+
+The hickory shoot curculio[14] attacks chiefly the shoots of various
+kinds of hickory. The damage is seldom of much importance except to
+newly transplanted trees. On pecan it attacks the unfolding buds and
+shoots. Pecans most commonly attacked are those that are uncultivated or
+are adjacent to woodlands containing native pecan and hickory trees.
+
+For many years these curculios have been controlled by spraying the
+trees soon after growth starts with lead arsenate, 2 pounds per 100
+gallons, plus an equal amount of hydrated lime. One or two additional
+applications may be needed as new growth appears or as the nuts increase
+in size. Recent experimental work indicates that BHC or lindane may be
+more effective for controlling these insects. A spray containing 3 or 4
+pounds of technical BHC (10-percent gamma) or 1-1/2 to 2 pounds of
+25-percent lindane wettable powder per 100 gallons, applied when the
+buds show from 1/4 to 1 inch of green growth or when jarrings show
+adults are present, has given fairly good control.
+
+
+Walnut Husk Maggot
+
+The walnut husk maggot[15] attacks black and English walnuts,
+butternuts, and a few other nuts. The feeding of the larva, or maggot,
+in the husks impairs the quality of the kernels, discolors the shell,
+and often causes the shells to adhere to the nuts. It causes the most
+damage to English walnuts. This insect hibernates in the pupal stage in
+the ground. In midsummer it transforms to the adult fly stage, leaves
+the soil, and flies to the nut trees. After 1 to 3 weeks the flies lay
+eggs in the husks of the developing nuts. The eggs hatch in a week or 10
+days, and the young maggots burrow within and throughout the husks of
+the nuts; they mature in the fall.
+
+The walnut husk maggot can be controlled by spraying the trees with lead
+arsenate or cryolite the latter part of July and again 3 to 4 weeks
+later. Use 2 or 3 pounds of lead arsenate plus an equal quantity of
+hydrated lime or 3 pounds of cryolite per 100 gallons of water.
+
+
+Filbert Moth
+
+The filbert moth,[16] a serious pest in some filbert orchards in Oregon,
+also causes some injury to chestnuts. Adult moths begin emerging toward
+the end of June and lay their eggs singly on the leaves beginning early
+in July. The newly hatched larvae tunnel through the husk and feed
+between the husk and the chestnut shell before entering the nut. This
+feeding produces a gummy substance, which causes the husk to adhere to
+the nut. The larvae may tunnel into the center of the kernel or excavate
+an irregular cavity in the side. They reach maturity about the time nuts
+are ripe, and then leave the nuts and construct cocoons in the soil in
+which to pass the winter.
+
+Control can be obtained by spraying the tree with lead arsenate or DDT
+early in July. Use 3 pounds of lead arsenate or 2 pounds of 50-percent
+DDT wettable powder in 100 gallons of water.
+
+
+Mites
+
+Two general types of mites sometimes damage nut trees, eriophyid mites
+and spider mites. The most important eriophyid mites are the wormlike
+gall mites and bud mites, most of which overwinter in the buds and cause
+deformities of the buds and leaves and otherwise limit their
+development. The spider mites may overwinter in the egg stage on the
+twigs or as adults in protected places on or beneath the trees. These
+mites feed primarily on the foliage.
+
+The filbert bud mite[17] is occasionally of economic importance as a
+pest of filberts in Oregon and has been of some concern recently in New
+York. It attacks the leaf and flower buds and catkins. Infested catkins
+become distorted, rigid, and brittle, and yield no pollen. In Oregon
+this pest has been controlled with 3 gallons of a dormant oil emulsion
+or 6-1/2 to 8 gallons of liquid lime-sulfur in water to make 100 gallons
+of spray just as the buds are opening. Related species of similar habits
+that attack walnuts have been controlled with 9 or 10 gallons of liquid
+lime-sulfur in water to make 100 gallons of spray applied at the time
+the buds break or soon thereafter.
+
+The feeding of the spider mites on the foliage of infested trees causes
+it first to have a bronzed or scorched appearance, and later to dry up
+and fall. These mites frequently become abundant following the use of
+some of the new organic insecticides, such as DDT and BHC, which destroy
+their natural enemies and perhaps have other effects on the trees
+favorable to mite activity. The European red mite, which overwinters
+on the trees in the egg stage, can be controlled by application of
+3-percent oil-emulsion spray in the late-dormant period. The two-spotted
+spider mite and related species, as well as the European red mite if it
+is not controlled with the dormant spray, can be controlled with a spray
+containing 1 pound of a 15-percent parathion or 1-1/2 pounds of a
+15-percent Aramite wettable powder per 100 gallons. Apply the spray
+before many leaves show the typical bronzing or leaf scorching. If the
+infestation is heavy, a second application may be necessary in about 8
+or 10 days. Be sure to follow the precautions on the container,
+especially if you use parathion.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We greatly appreciate your care in getting this
+thing together, and we know it is going to be a great help to us when we
+get it printed as a matter of reference.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I'd like to ask Dr. Baker if insects are getting stronger
+or if the chemicals are getting weaker. I refer to the rates of
+application. Formerly we were told that one-half pound of parathion for
+one hundred gallons and one pound of DDT would control almost all
+insects. I note the rates are going up.
+
+MR. BAKER: That's true, particularly with parathion. The first year that
+we tested parathion on any scale we thought a quarter to a half a pound
+would control mites for 30 days or more and would control curculio for
+20 or 30 days, but the next year we used it we found that was a little
+optimistic. It seems that each year since we have had to use more of it
+or use it more often, or with mites, particularly, there are a number of
+instances where it just doesn't control them at all.
+
+Two years ago that came to notice in the Wenatchee area of Washington on
+apples. Mites in a certain orchard just couldn't be controlled with
+parathion. A year ago the area in the Pacific Northwest where that was
+true was extended and included several orchards of the Yakima Valley.
+This year it also includes orchards in the East, in New York. We have
+seen an orchard where two pounds of parathion and a hundred gallons of
+water just didn't have much effect on the mites, and we have had to use
+other materials. We hear of instances of codling moth on apples where
+DDT doesn't seem to be as good as it was in the beginning. I have talked
+with some of the people working on the problem, and they find that there
+is quite a difference between different brands of some of these
+insecticides. Possibly that is the answer.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: After spraying for shuck maggot with DDT do you encourage
+the presence of mites?
+
+MR. BAKER: It's very possible that you might. That has happened where
+DDT has been used. With some of our work with chestnut weevils, mites
+seem to be a little more abundant where we used DDT. We have had reports
+of this happening in California where they used DDT on walnuts. So it is
+a possibility, and that's why I brought into the paper a little
+information on the control of mites.
+
+Session closed at 4:15 o'clock, p.m.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: _Hyphantria cunea_ (Drury).]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Datana integerrima_ G. & R.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Clastoptera achatina_ Germ.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Phylloxera devastatrix_ Perg.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Oncideres cingulata_ (Say).]
+
+[Footnote 8: _Curculio auriger_ Casey.]
+
+[Footnote 9: _C. proboscideus_ F.]
+
+[Footnote 10: _Curculio caryae_ (Horn).]
+
+[Footnote 11: _Conotrachelus juglandis_ Lee.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Conotrachelus retentus_ Say.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _Conotrachelus affinis_ Boh.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _Conotrachelus aratus_ Germ.]
+
+[Footnote 15: _Rhagoletis suavis_ Loew.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Melissopus latiferreanus_ (Wlsm.)]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Phytoptus avellanae_ Nal.]
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY EVENING BANQUET SESSION
+
+We will now have the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: "To Royal Oakes, Chairman of the Program Committee, and to
+J. Ford Wilkinson, the City of Rockport and its hospitable people, the
+Northern Nut Growers Association extends its grateful greetings to you
+and to your loyal helpers, mentioning only a few; that is, Mrs. Negus,
+Mr. and Mrs. Sly, Mr. Richard Best, a group of people who say little and
+who do much, our very hearty thanks to you and to your helpers. We have
+had a splendid meeting, good attendance, good fellowship and tomorrow a
+good field trip.
+
+"RESOLUTION: The sincere and grateful appreciation of this Association
+is hereby tendered to J. C. McDaniel, who has so faithfully and
+fruitfully served it as Secretary for five years. Your creation of new
+avenues of service, such as _The Nutshell_ is sufficient evidence of
+your resourcefulness in a difficult and most important office.
+
+"RESOLUTION: Be it resolved, that this Association instruct its Secretary
+to communicate the following action to the responsible agencies of
+Federal and State authorities in all areas where the oak wilt disease is
+present or threatens:
+
+"'The oak wilt disease threatens severe damage to our eastern and
+southern oaks and Chinese chestnut trees. Recently reported spread of
+the disease in Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania indicates
+a very serious and critical situation. All state and federal authorities
+are urged to take prompt and appropriate action before it is too late.'"
+
+All NNGA members are asked to write to their state and federal senators
+and representatives urging immediate preventive measures against the
+spread and for the eradication of the oak wilt disease. Please write
+those letters. They are important.
+
+"To Dr. Deming, greetings and congratulations from your Association on
+the occasion of your 90th birthday, September 1, 1952. May your years
+continue to be golden and happy. May our organization deserve in the
+future the gifts of inspiration and accomplishment that you have had so
+large a part in giving it in the past."
+
+"To Dr. J. Russell Smith: The Northern Nut Growers assembled at Rockport
+send greetings and best wishes to you. We miss you this year and hope to
+see you at Rochester, New York, next year."
+
+"To Mildred Jones Langdoc. Mildred: We have missed you at our meeting.
+Your absence is noted by all who know you. May the illness in your home
+be short. May we see you and your family in Rochester in 1953."
+
+"RESOLUTION: On behalf of the members of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association the Secretary is asked to send our affectionate greetings to
+two well-loved, absent members, Mrs. C. A. Reed and Mrs. G. A.
+Zimmerman: 'Best wishes to you both for speedy recovery of good health
+and with our hope to see you next year.'"
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Is it your pleasure to adopt these resolutions all
+at once, or do you wish to separate them? I take it that you wish to
+adopt them, all at the same time, and to that end a motion to accept the
+report of the Resolutions Committee and to adopt the resolutions and to
+send the greetings would be appropriate.
+
+The report of the resolutions committee was accepted unanimously.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Before this meeting convened we planned a bud wood
+exchange at the convention. Mr. Gerardi and I brought some buds, and Mr.
+Richard brought a few of the Rhodes heartnut. We have persimmons, some
+buds of the new Crandall apple, and a few sticks of Chinese and hybrid
+chestnuts. They are for anyone who would like to experiment with them.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Next year at Rochester we are going to have
+opportunity for putting on a considerable exhibit of nuts, and I think
+that it would be much to the advantage of the Association, if we could
+have an outstanding exhibit there where there is a good chance to have a
+large number of people see the exhibits and become interested. To that
+end I think that all of us who have nut trees bearing this fall, should
+save some samples with extra care; that is, clean them up, make them
+look attractive and have them on hand ready for the exhibit next fall.
+
+A good sample for exhibit should be about 10 or a dozen for black
+walnuts and the Persian walnuts and perhaps 20 to 25 for the hickories
+and the smaller nuts, the hazel, particularly. I think that we have a
+good chance next year to forward the cause of the Association, and
+certainly having these exhibits will be much to our advantage.
+
+At this time, towards the end of our session, it is our usual custom to
+elect our next year's officers. Before going on with that election, I
+would just like to say that I personally, as president of the
+Association during this year, wish to thank all of the other officers
+who have worked with me. It has been a pleasure to work with them and
+with the committee chairmen, and I think the meeting here at Rockport
+and the work during the year attest to their effective service.
+
+The Nominations Committee report. For president next year, Mr. R. B.
+Best; for vice-president, George Salzer of Rochester, New York; for
+Treasurer, Carl Prell of South Bend, Indiana, who continues in the
+office; and for Secretary Mr. Spencer Chase of Norris, Tennessee.
+
+The slate presented was elected unanimously.
+
+A nominating committee consisting of Max Hardy, Gilbert Becker, George
+Slate, Dr. William Rohrbacker, and Ford Wilkinson was unanimously
+elected for 1953.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I will now call upon our newly elected president
+to come forward. It is usual at these meetings for the retiring
+president to present the gavel to the incoming president, and here it
+is. This gavel is made of pecan wood presented to the Association by Mr.
+T. P. Littlepage, who was born in this locality. I hope you will have as
+much fun and pleasure as president of the Association as I have had.
+It's all yours.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: That gavel was made from the wood of a pecan tree. Mr. T.
+P. Littlepage planted the nut when he was 14 years old on a piece of
+land that he inherited as a boy. I cut the wood and sent it to him in
+Washington to have the gavel made of it.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Breeding
+
+Report for 1951-1952
+
+ARTHUR H. GRAVES[18] and HANS NIENSTAEDT, _Connecticut Agricultural
+Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn._
+
+
+Weather Conditions
+
+Two serious enemies of the chestnut, if we disregard parasitic
+organisms, are drought and extreme cold. The winter of 1950-51 was
+unusually mild--scarcely cold enough to freeze the ground. The
+precipitation was plentiful during the winter months so that the water
+table was sufficient to tide over a slightly dry June and a much more
+serious drought in September and early October. But the latter dry
+period came when the nuts were matured, or nearly so.
+
+The winter of 1951-52 was again mild except for a short cold spell at
+the end of January, with plentiful precipitation up to the first week of
+June, and then a long drought with the driest July since 1944. However,
+the heavy rainfall of August, 8.69 inches,[19] made amends for this,
+and with the normal rainfall of 3.48 inches of September, prepared the
+trees to endure the long drought of October and early November. This
+serious drought,[20] which resulted in disastrous forest fires filling
+the air with smoke over much of the New England States, came late,
+however, after the nuts were nearly matured, some of the early kinds
+being ripe as early as the first week in September.
+
+The excessive heat of July, in which month occurred the greatest number
+of days on record with a maximum temperature of 90 degrees or above, was
+probably the chief cause of somewhat smaller results from our cross
+pollination work. There is evidence, indeed, that for effective
+fertilization, considerable heat is needed, but not the extreme
+temperatures that occurred during this period.
+
+In spite of the mild winter of 1951-52, the attacks of _Cryptodiaporthe
+castanea_ (Tul.) Wehmeyer caused considerable twig blight, especially on
+our crosses of _Castanea mollissimax seguini_. This is not surprising
+since _C. seguini_ comes from a warmer region in China, but why these
+attacks should occur during a mild winter is a puzzle. Evidently other
+factors, such as the drought of the preceding fall, entered in.
+
+
+Hybridization in 1951 and 1952
+
+A total of 2400 hybrid nuts was harvested in the 1951 season and 1690 in
+1952. This compares with the 1259 nuts reported for 1950. The increased
+production over past years can in part be ascribed to a concentration of
+the efforts on a fewer number of different crosses; while 103 were made
+in 1950, the total was 77 in 1951 and 80 in 1952. The pollinations
+followed the same general program in the two seasons, the emphasis being
+on the Chinese � (Japanese � American) hybrids. This is our most
+promising timber tree hybrid, and it seems worthwhile to test it on a
+somewhat larger scale under forest conditions. Therefore, some of the
+best early crosses have been repeated, new parent trees are being tried
+and selected hybrids intercrossed. Back-crosses to the native chestnut
+with the C�JA hybrids were made in an attempt to improve the form of the
+hybrid.
+
+Another cross which has attained some importance in the last years is
+the hybrid between Japanese chestnut (forest type, from U.S.D.A.) and
+S-8, the latter being a hybrid between Japanese chestnut and _C.
+pumila_, the common chinquapin. This cross has a high degree of
+resistance and a sufficiently good form to make it a possible timber
+tree (Fig. 1). It is also a fairly good nut bearer with nuts which ripen
+early, perhaps due to the influence of the chinquapin parent (Fig. 2).
+Selected individuals of this hybrid were intercrossed, and some crossing
+with the native chestnut was done.
+
+In the last two seasons the total harvest from some older Chinese trees
+(26 yrs.) was recorded. The best tree yielded 25.0 lbs. in 1951 and 28.2
+lbs. in 1952; on other trees the yield varied between 15 to 22 lbs. The
+average size of the nuts varies considerably from year to year on the
+same tree. On one Japanese tree the average weight per nut was 5.6 g.
+in 1951 and 14.5 g. in 1952; on a Chinese tree the same values were 7.7
+g. and 15.1 g. Other trees showed a 20-40 per cent increase in the
+average weight per nut in 1952 over 1951. This seems to indicate a
+marked influence of the climatic conditions during the latter part of
+the growing season on the weight of the nuts. A long-term study of this
+relationship might yield some interesting results.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Hybrid of S-8 and _Castanea crenata_, U.S.D.A,
+forest type, 18 years old. About 35 ft. high. Good forest type and also
+good nut bearer. Blight resistant. Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation,
+Hamden, Conn. Photo by Louis Buhle, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sept. 26,
+1952.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Fruiting branches and nuts of S-8 � _crenata_,
+Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation. About 1/2 natural size. Photo by B.
+W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. Sept. 8, 1952.]
+
+
+Grafting
+
+A considerable amount of grafting has been done since 1949 and the
+results have been good. Two year old Chinese transplants are usually
+used as rootstocks and all grafting is done in the field. The best
+results have been obtained where the rootstock plant was transplanted
+one year prior to the grafting. The simple splicegraft, or the bark or
+rind graft are used, depending on the size of the scion compared to that
+of the rootstock, the latter technique being used when the stock is
+considerably larger than the scion. There is some evidence of
+incompatibility; thus, scions from Chinese trees, or hybrids that show a
+dominance of Chinese characters, give a higher percentage of takes when
+grafted on Chinese rootstocks than scions from the native chestnut, or
+from hybrids between Japanese and native chestnut. Some indications of
+incompatibility between European and Chinese chestnut in grafts have
+also been encountered where scions received through the cooperation of
+Dr. C. Schad, Centre de Recherches agronomiques du Massif Central,
+France, and Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Denmark, were used, but in
+some cases these grafts were successful. Topworking, using the veneer
+crown graft, has been quite successful as long as sufficient sap drawers
+are left on the stock (Fig. 3).
+
+
+Inarching
+
+The senior writer has already explained in detail (2) the simple method
+by which blighted chestnut trees can be restored to health and vigor by
+cutting out blighted areas in the bark, painting them over, and
+inarching or ingrafting one or more basal shoots into the healthy bark
+above the lesion. We do this work from mid-April to mid-May, and make a
+systematic canvas of all the trees in all our plantations, inarching all
+those where if is necessary or might be advantageous. Each operation
+requires only a few minutes. Last year we put in many hundreds of
+inarches, altogether, which later showed nearly 100% "take".
+
+Owners of chestnut orchards should take advantage of this method of
+keeping valuable nut-bearing trees, although with cankered areas, in
+healthy, vigorous condition.
+
+We believe that, in cutting out the diseased bark, it is advisable to
+cut out also a few of the outer annual rings of wood (of course
+tangentially), especially if the canker is one of long-standing, since
+we know that the fungus eventually penetrates the outer rings of wood.
+Since that is true, the canker might enlarge later on from this same
+source of infection. Further it may also be possible for spores or bits
+of mycelium to be transported upward in the sap stream and cause new
+infections higher up in the tree. A thorough painting of the cut
+surfaces should go far toward remedying this situation.
+
+One can usually judge the extent of damage caused by the blight by the
+number and vitality of the basal shoots, a large number of basal shoots
+indicating a heavy attack. However, if the roots have been severely
+injured, perhaps by short-tailed mice, as sometimes happens, no basal
+shoots appear, in which case the tree is doomed.
+
+If no blight is present, but one or more basal shoots appear (sometimes
+due to shrubby ancestors), it is advisable to inarch these as an
+insurance against possible trouble in the future.
+
+This inarching process has not received the attention it deserves. There
+is absolutely no reason why, if this method is followed, there should be
+_any_ death from blight in resistant hybrids or in Japanese or Chinese
+chestnuts, barring, of course, cases where roots are attacked by mice
+(or _Phytophthora_ in warmer regions). Those of our trees in Connecticut
+which have been blighted have continued in health and nut-bearing ever
+since we began the inarching method in 1937 (Fig. 4). If the inarches
+become blighted, they can themselves be inarched, as shown.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Veneer crown grafting on chestnut. Photo by B. W.
+McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. May, 1952.]
+
+
+Research on Blight Resistance
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Japanese-American Chestnut, 21 yrs. old, showing
+inarching begun 15 yrs. ago. Original trunk, long since dead and now
+rotting, shows in center. Kept alive and vigorous because valuable for
+hybrid vigor and future breeding. Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation,
+Hamden, Conn. Photo by Louis Buhle, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sept. 26,
+1952.]
+
+A study has been made of the factors that cause the Chinese and Japanese
+chestnut to be resistant to the Endothia canker, and a close correlation
+was found between the tannin content of the bark and the relative
+resistance of the three species, i.e., Chinese, Japanese and American
+chestnut. The total tannin concentration in the bark of the Asiatic
+species is only slightly higher than in the American, and native trees
+can be found with as high a concentration as is found in the Asiatic. A
+similar overlap in resistance does not occur and it is therefore clear
+that the total tannin concentration as such cannot account for
+resistance. There is, however, good evidence that the tannins in the
+Asiatic species, as a result of the way in which they are bound to other
+colloids in the cells, are more soluble than in the American species.
+This, of course, would have a marked bearing on the effectiveness with
+which the tannins could check the spread of the parasite. Furthermore,
+it has been found that the types of tannins in the three species differ.
+In the American and Japanese species they are a mixture of catechol and
+pyrogallol tannins, while they appear to be pure pyrogallol tannins in
+the Chinese species. Considering the specificity of the enzyme systems
+of fungi it is quite possible that different tannins show different
+degrees of toxicity to a certain fungus. The following hypothesis has
+been suggested to explain the relative resistance of the three species:
+In the American chestnut bark the concentration of the available toxic
+tannin never reaches a level where it can stop the advancing parasite.
+The tannins in the Japanese species, although of the same type as in
+the native tree, are more soluble and reach a level toxic to the fungus.
+In the Chinese trees all the tannins of the bark belong to the toxic
+pyrogallol groups, and this, combined with their high solubility,
+results in the high degree of resistance in this species (4).
+
+The information available at present regarding the formation of tannins
+in plants is not conclusive. In some plants, apparently, they are formed
+in the leaves, and the presence of carbon dioxide and light is required;
+in other plants the tannin concentration can increase when the plants
+are grown in darkness (5). A more general formation of tannin in tissues
+with a high metabolic rate throughout the plant has also been suggested
+(3).
+
+It would be important to know the centers of origin of the tannins in
+the chestnut, their translocation, and whether they are translocated
+through or over graft-unions. In other words, will a susceptible scion
+when grafted on a resistant rootstock become more resistant because
+antibiotic substances formed in the roots of the resistant rootstock are
+translocated into the scion?
+
+From a number of older grafts of non-resistant Japanese-American hybrid
+scions on Japanese or Chinese rootstocks it appears that this indeed
+might be the case. These grafts, some of which are 16 years old, appear
+to be more resistant than the original hybrid tree, even if not as
+resistant as the rootstock.
+
+This would indicate the possibility that the antibiotic substances are
+produced in the roots and translocated into the scion. However, the
+possibility still remains that the compounds are formed also in the
+leaves and translocated to the base of the tree. To clarify this whole
+problem an experiment with Chinese-American grafts in different
+combinations is under way. Preliminary results show that antibiotic
+substances are formed in upper parts of the plants, but that they are
+not translocated downward across the graft union. Thus it was found that
+Chinese branches grafted on two year old American seedlings remained
+resistant, without the American seedlings showing any increase in
+resistance. In future experiments the upward translocation will be
+studied in detail on grafts of American scions on Chinese seedlings.
+
+
+Some Abnormal Conditions
+
+1. _Sterility_
+
+Sterility occurs quite commonly in interspecific hybrids either because
+the chromosomes fail to pair in meiosis or because the parent genes when
+brought together in the hybrid interact in some way deleterious to the
+formation of sex-cells. Furthermore, cytoplasmic sterility is likely to
+occur in a wide cross.
+
+Sterility has been encountered in several instances in American �
+Chinese and Japanese � American hybrids. In most cases it is a case of
+pollen abortion only; either anthers fail to develop completely as shown
+in Fig. 5, B, or the anthers develop but are much reduced in size and
+contain no functioning germ cells.
+
+Pollen sterility is not sporadic in a given individual: it is uniform
+throughout the flowering branches. The individual flowers are
+arranged on the catkin axis as in the normal flowers (Fig. 5). But
+when the flowers open, a hand lens reveals 3-5 tiny, membranous
+perianth-segments for each tiny flower, whitish in color, and more or
+less connected at their bases. A minute rounded mass appears in the
+center of the flower, perhaps primordia of abortive stamens, but this
+does not develop further. The catkin begins to take on a brownish color
+and at length the whole catkin, in case it is staminate, drops off. If
+it is androgynous, the staminate part drops off, or withers.
+
+These male sterile trees appear to have a normal, sometimes excessive,
+development of the females, and are quite prolific nut producers.
+Information on the occurrence of female sterility in the hybrid trees is
+incomplete, but the indications are that at least partial sterility is
+frequent.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. A. Normal androgynous catkin (female flower at
+base); B. Androgenous catkin with sterile pollen. From Sleeping Giant
+Chestnut Plantation, Hamden, Conn. Photo by Mary Alice Clark, Conn.
+Agric. Expt. Sta. July, 1949.]
+
+
+2. _Triploid Hybrid_
+
+In 1934 we produced a cross of Chinese and American chestnut which
+proved to be unusual in several respects. The leaves are enormous--9
+inches to 1 foot in length, and 4 or 5 inches in width. The hybrid is
+not particularly blight resistant but more so than its American parent.
+It died back from the blight about 1940 and the present tree has
+developed as a shoot from the old roots. The growth is rapid and
+vigorous. The flowers appear normal, but we have never been able to make
+a cross with its pollen, nor to effect fertilization of its pistillate
+flowers. It may be triploid, that is, with 3 sets of chromosomes instead
+of the normal double set, and this would account for its barrenness.
+
+In the spring of 1952 some of the vigorous shoots of this tree were
+successfully grafted on shoots from an old stump of Chinese chestnut,
+using the veneer crown graft method. The scions had not been taken when
+dormant, but were transferred directly from the tree to the stock in
+late April. This grafting was done in order to impart greater
+resistance, if possible, to the CA hybrid by means of the roots of the
+Chinese stock.
+
+
+3. _Systemic Defect_
+
+Since the early 1930's we have seen occasional individuals with abnormal
+foliage--somewhat mottled, usually curled and often misshapen. Thinking
+that a virus might be the cause of this trouble the senior author tried
+grafting some of the shoots on to healthy stocks. The grafts were in no
+case successful because the scions were too weak. Finally he succeeded
+in grafting a branch from an affected tree on to a branch of a normal
+individual. The only result was an increased vigor of the healthy
+branch. This year he rubbed juices from leaves of such an abnormal
+individual on to wounded healthy leaves, without result. Moreover, such
+sick individuals, although growing for years close to healthy trees,
+have never communicated the malady to their neighbors. Growth is
+comparatively slow, and there is much dying back or dying out of the
+slender branchlets.
+
+The evidence indicates that this is _not_ a virus trouble, but a
+systemic defect, probably caused by chromosome aberration or gene
+abnormality. It is significant that this trouble occurs only in hybrids.
+Such trees never flower. We have known four such cases, two of which are
+now dead. Similar types appear in other species as inherited deviations
+from normal.
+
+
+Insect Injuries
+
+A heavy attack from the spring canker worms developed in 1951, but
+spraying with DDT on May 24th prevented serious damage. No outbreak of
+canker worms appeared in the spring of 1952. The Japanese beetle has
+been very little in evidence. The principal bad actors are the mites,
+_Paratetranychus bicolor._ Although barely visible to the naked eye, the
+effect they produce of whitening the leaves is conspicuous, especially
+on the Chinese chestnut and its hybrids. These insects overwinter in egg
+form on the surface of the bark. Last winter they were so numerous on
+some of the trees that the bark had taken on a red color--especially on
+smooth-barked trunks just below a branch. An application of "Scalecide"
+on April 21, while the trees were still dormant, followed by two heavy
+applications of "Aramite" (6-7 lbs. per acre) on June 13th and 27th,
+gave good control for the rest of the summer. Spraying with DDT for
+weevils was done on August 18th and September 3rd in 1952 with good
+results.
+
+
+Cooperative Hybrid Chestnut Plantations
+
+In 1947 the first hybrid chestnut plantation under forest conditions was
+made in cooperation with the U.S.D.A. Bureau of Plant Industry, Division
+of Forest Pathology. The plantations are made in order to test the
+hybrids under normal forest conditions and different climatic
+conditions. In general, each plantation consists of about 100 trees, 50
+U.S.D.A. hybrids and 50 Connecticut hybrids. The trees are planted at a
+10' by 10' spacing, and the overstory is girdled at the time of planting
+in order to give the plants better light conditions without causing an
+abrupt change in the microclimate of the forest floor--a method
+developed by Dr. J. D. Diller of the Division of Forest Pathology (1).
+Ten plantations at 9 locations have been established since 1947. These
+are listed below:
+
+   No. of Plots          Location                     Year Established
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+   1   Edward Childs Estate, Norfolk, Conn.                         1947
+   1   Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn.                    1947
+   1   Table Rock State Park, Pickens, S.C.                         1948
+   1   Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio                        1948
+   1   Upper Perkiomen Valley Park, Green Lane, Pa.                 1949
+   1   So. Ill. Univ. Fish & Wildlife Service, Cartersville, Ill.   1949
+   1   Russ State Forest, Decatur, Mich.                            1951
+   2   Nathan Hale State Forest, Coventry, Conn.                    1951
+   1   Ouichata Nat'l. Forest, Hot Springs, Ark.                    1952
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Connecticut State Ownership of Sleeping Giant Plantations
+
+On April 11, 1951, at a meeting at the "Little Red House", Sleeping
+Giant Mountain, the lands on the Sleeping Giant Mountain, Hamden,
+Connecticut, about 10 acres, on which about 1500 chestnut trees are now
+growing, including nearly every chestnut species known to science, and
+many valuable, blight resistant hybrids, were formally deeded over to
+the State of Connecticut by their owner, the senior writer of this
+report. The meeting was attended by officials of the Sleeping Giant Park
+Association, the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission, The
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Yale School of
+Forestry. The transfer to the State was made with the understanding that
+The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station would continue the
+chestnut breeding work. The whole region is now undergoing a fairly
+rapid housing development, and in the ordinary course of mortal events
+this plantation would have been divided into building lots within the
+next few decades. The State ownership will obviate this, and The
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station sponsorship will assure a
+continuation of the breeding work.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+     1. Diller, J. D. Growing chestnuts for timber. 37th Ann. Rept. of
+     Northern Nut Grower's Assn. for 1946. 66-68. 1947. 2. Graves,
+     Arthur Harmount. A method of controlling the chestnut blight on
+     partially resistant species and hybrids of _Castanea_. 41st Ann.
+     Rept. of Northern Nut Growers Assn. 1950. 149-151. 1951. 3. Hauser,
+     Willibald. Zur Physiologie des Gerbstoffes in der Pflanzenzelle.
+     III. Protoplasma 27:125-130. 1936-37. 4. Nienstaedt, Hans. Tannin
+     as a factor in the resistance of chestnut, castanea spp., to the
+     chestnut blight fungus, _Endothia parasitica_. Phytopathology
+     43:32-38. 1953. 5. Nierenstein, M. The natural organic tannins. J.
+     & A. Churchill.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 18: Also of The Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A., Plant
+Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Records furnished by the U.S. Weather Bureau at New Haven,
+Conn.]
+
+[Footnote 20: October, 1952, was among the six driest Octobers on
+record. These were: 1879, 1892, 1897, 1916 and 1924. From U.S. Weather
+Report, New York City.]
+
+
+
+
+Effect of Vermiculite in Inducing Fibrous Roots on Tap-Rooting Tree
+Seedlings
+
+HERBERT C. BARRETT[21] and TORU ARISUMI[22]
+
+
+When seedlings of nut trees and other tap-rooted species are
+transplanted from nursery to orchard, the percentage of survival in
+often quite low. Perhaps the chief reason for this failure is the marked
+and pronounced tendency of most tap-rooted plants to produce little or
+no fibrous, branched roots in lieu of the long, straight, and seldom
+branched tap roots.
+
+The common practice of undercutting seedlings during the dormant season
+to induce a branched root system requires additional labor, and often
+results in reduced growth and vigor during the following season. The use
+of hardware cloth or other close-meshed wire is effective, but this
+method also has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive for the
+nurseryman.
+
+Preliminary work carried on during the past two years has shown that
+with certain nut trees and other tap-rooted plants, it is possible to
+induce fibrous roots by growing such seedlings in vermiculite. The
+methods and results of this work are presented in this paper.
+
+
+Material and Methods
+
+Seeds of black walnut (_Juglans nigra_), Persian walnut (_Juglans
+regia_), Chinese chestnut (_Castanea mollissima_), pignut hickory
+(_Carya glabra_), shellbark hickory (_Carya laciniosa_), shagbark
+hickory (_Carya ovata_), pecan (_Carya illin_), pawpaw (_Asimina
+triloba_), and three persimmons (_Diospyros kaki_, _D. lotus_, and _D.
+virginiana_) were stratified in moist sawdust for three months at a
+temperature range of 35 to 40 degrees F. After this period of
+stratification the seeds of each species were divided into three lots
+and planted in flats 25 x 26 x 6 inches containing one of the following
+media: (1) sharp sand of the type used in potting soil, (2) potting
+soil, and (3) vermiculite. Seeds were kept moist with ordinary tap water
+and allowed to germinate and grow in the greenhouse. When the seedlings
+had grown two or three true leaves, they were carefully removed from the
+medium and examined for the type of root system developed.
+
+
+Results
+
+In the first eight species listed in Table 1, the differences between
+branched and tap-rooted seedlings were quite pronounced. The few
+tap-rooted seedlings growing in vermiculite medium showed some laterals
+and were less strongly tap-rooted than those in soil or sand. Pawpaws in
+soil and sand media were practically devoid of laterals, and their
+fibrous root system in vermiculite was not as pronounced as with the
+walnuts, hickories, and pecans. Of the species studied, the persimmons
+
+
+
+
+Table 1.
+
+                          Sand                 Soil           Vermiculite
+
+   Species                               Number of plants
+                   Tap rooted Fibrous       Tap  Fibrous       Tap  Fibrous
+
+   Black Walnut          20     3            24    2             0    39
+   Persian Walnut        15     2            13    1             0    15
+   Chinese Chestnut      35     6            32    7             3    37
+   Pignut Hickory        19     0            22    0             3    16
+   Shellbark Hickory      9     0             8    0             0    13
+   Shagbark Hickory      27     0            25    0             2    28
+   Pecan                 21     0            23    0             0    15
+   Pawpaw               102     0           140    0            20    85
+   D. kaki                6     2             5    3             0    10
+   D. lotus              20    11            18    7             0    30
+   D. Virginia           16     0            20    0             0    14
+
+showed the least tendency to produce tap-rooted seedlings. Typical
+branched or fibrous-rooted seedlings grown in vermiculite are
+illustrated in Figure 1.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Seedlings grown in vermiculite medium. Left,
+_Juglans regia_; right, _Castanea mollissima_.]
+
+
+Summary
+
+The chief difficulty encountered in transplanting several nut tree and
+other commonly tap-rooted seedlings is thought to be due to the lack of
+a branched root system. The methods and results of a fairly simple
+technique of inducing fibrous roots, that of growing seedlings in
+vermiculite, have been presented.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: First Assistant in Plant Breeding, University of Illinois,
+Department of Horticulture.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Formerly Half-time Assistant in Plant Breeding, University
+of Illinois, Department of Horticulture.]
+
+
+
+
+Eastern Black Walnut Survey, 1951
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association, at its 1950 Annual Meeting,
+adopted a resolution directing that a survey covering the eastern
+American black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ be conducted during the ensuing
+year, and that the services of the State and regional Vice-presidents be
+utilized in making the survey.
+
+In carrying out this mandate fifty questionaires were sent out, and 37
+replies were received. Of these, 33 were from the States, including the
+District of Columbia, three were from Canada, including British
+Columbia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island, respectively, and one was
+from Belgium.
+
+From these replies, as compiled, it is apparent that the natural range
+of the American black walnut may be defined approximately as follows:
+
+Beginning at the Atlantic seaboard at Massachusetts Bay curving slightly
+northward then westward across northeastern New York to Toronto and on
+westward across lower Ontario, Lake Huron, Michigan, Wisconsin and
+Minnesota, in which state the line curves south-westward, crossing about
+the northwest corner of Iowa. From this point the line runs
+approximately south across the eastern parts of Nebraska, Kansas,
+Oklahoma and Texas. As the line approaches the Gulf of Mexico it turns
+eastward, crossing the southern parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
+and Georgia, back again to the Atlantic.
+
+The natural range of the black walnut may be said to have been limited
+on the north by winter cold, on the west by lack of sufficient rainfall
+and on the south by a winter climate too mild for the required dormant
+rest period. Where these limitations are removed the American black
+walnut appears to do well far out of its natural range.
+
+In its native state it seemed to thrive best along water-ways and in
+hollows among the hills and mountains, though it was also to be found on
+the uplands wherever the soil was fertile and other conditions
+favorable. The overflow of streams undoubtedly did much to distribute
+and plant the seed, aided always by the ubiquitous squirrel.
+
+Twenty-nine of the States reported the trees as thrifty and bearing
+well-filled nuts. Eastern Maryland reported the trees as thrifty but the
+nut crop light. Michigan reports the nuts as having been well filled
+formerly, but poor in recent years. West Virginia makes a similar
+report, and attributes poor crops to the presence of anthracnose, a
+fungus disease of the leaves causing early defoliation.
+
+The nut crop of the wild trees appears to be ungathered to a large
+extent, taking the country as a whole.
+
+Eleven states report whole husked nuts being marketed in a limited way
+and six report the marketing of home-produced kernels. Prices for the
+whole nuts are quoted as low as $2.00 per bushel, with a top of $5.00
+per bushel for Kansas-produced named varieties.
+
+Accurate statistics as to whole nut and kernel production are not
+available.
+
+Tennessee reports black walnut cracking plants, as follows: One each at
+Lebanon and Morristown, and three located at Nashville.
+
+A West Virginia report estimates the State's kernel production at
+$200,000 per annum. A cracking plant in St. Louis is reported as
+processing 1-1/2 million pounds of whole nuts annually, for which it
+pays 5-1/2 cents per pound. Other cracking plants reported are one at
+Stanford, Kentucky, one at Broadway, Virginia and one or two in West
+Virginia, location unstated. No statement was received as to the amount
+of business done by these. A new one is starting operations at
+Henderson, Kentucky in 1951.
+
+Production of black walnut kernels as a home industry has languished
+since the Federal ruling that the kernels must be pasteurized as soon as
+produced. Most of such kernels are now consumed locally, so as not to
+run afoul of inter-state regulations. No epidemic has, as yet, been
+traced to such local use.
+
+A question designed to disclose what named varieties give the best
+results in the various localities was not very effective. Replies
+usually came in the form of lists of varieties being planted with little
+definite indication as to the ones that have proven superior.
+
+As might be expected, Thomas led the list by being mentioned 15 times.
+Elmer Myers was listed 9 times, Stabler 6, Ohio 6, Mintle 3, Snyder 2,
+(New York and Tenn.), Sifford 2, (Kentucky and Kansas), and the
+following one each: Adams, Grundy, Korn (Michigan); Rohwer, Vandersloot
+(Kansas); Sparrow, Victoria, Homeland (North Carolina); Ten Eyck (New
+Jersey); Creitz (Virginia); and Impit (British Columbia).
+
+A study of the geographical distribution of the preferred varieties
+fails to produce any significant conclusions as to the varieties best
+adapted to any specific state. Doubtless Thomas heads the list because
+it has had the longest and largest distribution. A New York state survey
+gave Thomas the preference 9 times, Snyder 7, Myers 4, Ohio 2, and one
+each to several other varieties. A similar survey in New Jersey gave
+Thomas preference 2, Stabler 2, Ten Eyck 1 and Ohio 1.
+
+One New Jersey correspondent reported Ohio as "excellent", another
+listed Ten Eyck as "fair", and a third reported Thomas as "terrible".
+
+One Kansas producer reports Thomas his best and Ohio his worst. Another
+Kansan reports the exact opposite.
+
+Pennsylvania reports Ohio as best, Stabler as worst. Her neighbor to the
+east, New Jersey, rates Stabler highly, as does Ohio, immediately to the
+west.
+
+The notable leaf-disease resistance of the Ohio variety is worthy of the
+consideration of planters in districts where early defoliation causes
+poor filling of the nuts.
+
+For a late comer, the thin-shelled Myers makes a strong showing, which
+may be significant. It is worth watching.
+
+Until there is wider planting and production of the named varieties, it
+will not be possible to name the varieties best adapted to any specific
+state or location, in the opinion of your reporter.
+
+The possibilities of profit in planting black walnut orchards have not
+been determined.
+
+From Pennsylvania comes the report that of the several black walnut
+orchards planted twenty-five years ago, only three are now being given
+care.
+
+A ten-acre orchard at Wharton, Md. that, presumably, was being given
+special care, is reported as nearly all dead--"too much commercial
+fertilizer, or the wrong kind."
+
+The report on several small West Virginia plantings is submitted as
+"inconclusive".
+
+The main general interest at present appears to be the planting of the
+better walnuts on home grounds and on the farm. Twenty-four states
+reported such use, with varying degrees of interest.
+
+Considering that the black walnut is our finest cabinet wood, and one of
+the best in the world, forestry planting may be truthfully said to be
+lagging deplorably.
+
+The state of Pennsylvania has shown some interest and made some small
+plantings.
+
+Ohio has done some planting. The Sunny Hill Coal Company of New
+Lexington, Ohio, is reported to have planted 5000 seedlings.
+
+In Indiana Ford Wallick has reported the planting of 14 bu. of seed, the
+seedlings to be budded later to the Lamb curly walnut. Tennessee and
+West Virginia report small plantings.
+
+Kansas reports some interest in planting walnuts on lands that have been
+destroyed for agricultural purposes by strip coal mining.
+
+As a whole, the forestry plantings of the walnut of the future, as of
+the past, appear mainly dependent on the untiring squirrel.
+
+There has never been an adequate supply of walnut timber since pioneer
+days when walnut logs were rolled together for burning in the clearing
+of land, or split for fence rails, nor is an adequate supply in sight
+for the future.
+
+In producing districts buyers are always ready to pounce on the owner of
+any walnut tree of marketable size. Prices paid are usually much lower
+than the real value of the timber, partly because the stand is so
+scattering as to prevent the use of efficient means of logging and
+transportation.
+
+Of all the agencies tending to destroy the black walnut, war is the most
+devastating. The superb qualities of the wood for the making of gun
+stocks causes the country to be combed more and more closely by buyers
+in each succeeding war.
+
+However, from the standpoint of human interest, the picture is not
+wholly dark. It is perhaps too much to expect that private enterprise
+will enter into the long-time investment necessary for extensive
+forestry plantings, but the states can and should do so in connection
+with their park and forestry programs. As already indicated some few
+states are working in that direction.
+
+Of perhaps more immediate concern and value are the possibilities of
+interesting the 4-H clubs and similar organizations of youth in making
+home and farm plantings. Refreshingly encouraging is the following
+excerpt from the report of the Arkansas state Vice-president, Mr. A. C.
+Hale, a vocational instructor of Camden, Arkansas.
+
+"When a student comes into the class of vocational agriculture in the
+ninth grade I try to get him to plant some black walnuts so they will
+get big enough to graft while he is in high school. The use of this
+method is helpful in getting many trees started. By grafting one or more
+of the Persian walnuts, interest is also added."
+
+"One way that has helped me get people started with a tree on the home
+grounds is to pot a few sprouted nuts and when a neighbor is sick take a
+seedling walnut instead of a flower. I usually go back to help with the
+transplanting of it."
+
+Such practical methods, if widely used, would bring far more valuable
+results than any legislative program.
+
+The Virginia Polytechnic Institute is showing some interest, and
+conducted a field clinic in top-working the walnut in the Shenandoah
+Valley area in the spring of 1951. County Agents have become interested,
+and a county-wide Black Walnut Contest will be held at Harrisonburg,
+Va., Nov. 9 and 10th of this year, in which VPI is collaborating. It is
+hoped this idea will spread.
+
+On Prince Edward Island, just off the Canadian east coast, there does
+not appear to be enough summer heat to mature the nuts, though the tree
+is grown somewhat on home grounds.
+
+In the fruit-growing sections of British Columbia the black walnut
+appears quite at home, trees of a diameter of from three to four feet
+being reported at Chilliwack, in the Fraser River valley. J. U.
+Gellattly also reports the walnut at Brooks and Medicine Hat, Alberta.
+
+Confirmation of the ability of the black walnut to stand extremely low
+temperatures is to be found in a letter of Aug. 22, 1951 from W. R.
+Leslie, Superintendent, Dominion Experiment Station, Morden, Manitoba,
+as follows:
+
+"Black walnut is doing fairly well in such places as the Provincial
+Horticultural Station, Brooks, Alberta, (P. D. Hargrave, Supt.), and at
+Portage la Prairie, Winnipeg and Morden, Manitoba. Apparently the black
+walnut enjoys a heavier soil than the butternut (or white walnut). The
+white has been more widely planted than the black. The Manchurian seems
+hardier than either and is the most rapid grower of the three _Juglans_
+on test here. However, the two natives usually give us a fairly abundant
+crop of nuts."
+
+"Our source of black walnut was from around New Ulm, Minnesota; the
+butternut came from around Sault Ste. Marie, at the lower end of Lake
+Superior. I am not aware of either indigenous species being native
+closer than the points mentioned."
+
+Belgium reports the black walnut as thriving in door-yards and along
+roadways, where the nuts are mentioned as a menace to traffic.
+
+In conclusion it is urged that friends of conservation and a sound
+economy should lend their every effort to the extension of black walnut
+plantings. Some progress has been made since the days of pioneer
+plunder, but much remains to be done.
+
+Thanks are extended to all those who have contributed to this survey.
+
+
+
+
+Crath's Carpathian English Walnuts in Ontario
+
+[23]P. C. CRATH, _129 Felbrigg Ave., Toronto 12, Ontario_
+
+
+Introduction
+
+The English Walnut (Juglans regia) in England is known as Persian
+walnut. Some think that the nuts originated in Persia. The primeval
+forests of English walnut trees, which in many places cover the
+southern as well as northern slopes of the Caucasian Mountains show
+that Caucasia is the country of the origin of those trees.
+
+But in the Western Carpathian Mountains in Europe geologists had
+excavated ancient walnuts in the salt rocks of the pits of Weliczka. In
+some places of the Eastern Carpathians walnuts could be found in a wild
+stage; and of course domesticated walnuts flourish in every Ukrainian
+orchard from the northern slopes of the Carpathians up to the southern
+banks of the Pripet River, and all over Ukraine as far as the Don. But
+there they could not be found in a wild form.
+
+Walnuts in such countries as Italy, Spain, France are probably of
+Persian origin.
+
+Since Canada was discovered by Cartier European settlers have many times
+tried to introduce the southern European walnuts in to the New World,
+but without success. Only in California, along the Ocean's shore,
+Europeans succeeded in acclimatizing some, as they think, "English
+Walnuts"; though in reality the California Walnuts are halfbreeds.
+
+In Old Ontario the people enjoyed the local wild black walnuts,
+butternuts and hickory. Up to the present English Walnuts are imported
+into this Province.
+
+When in 1917 I settled in Toronto and found that even in the southern
+part of the Province, so rich in different fruits, no English Walnuts
+grew there, I was amazed.
+
+In my old home in the Ukraine walnut trees were as common as elms in
+Ontario. And I have found that the Southern Ontario climate is warmer
+than the climate of Kiev or Poltava regions in Ukraine.
+
+It has seemed to me that English walnuts from the Carpathian region
+should thrive well around Toronto.
+
+
+My Experiments
+
+In my old home I have heard gardeners say: "Where apples grow, walnuts
+will grow there also." And around Toronto there I have seen nice apple
+orchards producing splendid fruits. The Ontario apple trees withstood
+winter colds well, and that fact encouraged me to try to plant English
+walnuts from Ukraine in the neighborhood of Toronto. At the end of the
+First World War Ukraine revolted against the Russian Empire and at the
+same time she was fighting for her independence with Poland.
+
+At that time my father's family lived in the city of Stanyslaviv at the
+northern foot of the Carpathians. I asked my sister to send me as many
+local English walnut seeds by mail as she could. Giving such an order to
+my sister I expected that the nuts would arrive not later than the end
+of October, just in time to be planted before the freeze up. This was in
+1921.
+
+I remembered from my boyhood that planting of English walnut seeds was
+surrounded by some mystery. It seemed to me that people in Ukraine
+regarded it as a very difficult matter to cultivate walnut trees.
+
+Being under such a notion myself I asked a horticulturist how long the
+germination power of a walnut seed would last. He told me that it could
+prevail in a fresh walnut not longer than a week. He advised me in order
+to prevent walnuts from drying to dip them in melted parawax. Following
+that information I wrote my sister to parawax the walnut seeds before
+sending them to Canada.
+
+Owing to the Polish-Ukrainian war at that time the shipment of the
+walnut seeds got to Toronto not late in the Fall, as had been expected,
+but in February when the farm land around Toronto was frozen. And the
+worst of it was my sister did not parawax the nuts!
+
+Being sure the kernels were dead I allowed the children to do what they
+pleased with them. But before they cracked the last one my wife advised
+me to plant a dozen of the nuts in our flower pots, as she said, "for
+fun". I did it. Other nuts the children destroyed, and in spite of my
+sorrow and anguish in two weeks the walnut sprouts came up in the pots.
+Everyone of them came up, proving that you do not need to protect walnut
+germination by dipping the nuts into melted parawax.
+
+From the flower pots the walnut seedlings were transplanted that spring
+of 1922 into our city garden at 48 Peterboro Ave., Toronto.
+
+At least a thousand of the kernels of several varieties were thus
+destroyed and I was obliged to wait until another fall when the _Juglans
+regia_ nuts were sent again by my sister. They came also late in the
+winter and were dry as pepper.
+
+In the spring of 1923 I took the walnut seeds of the second shipment to
+the farm of my friend Mr. M. Kozak located a couple of miles north of
+the Scarboro Golf Club. There I soaked them in water in a tub for five
+days and then planted in rows 1-1/2 ft. apart, row from row, and the
+nuts 6 inches apart nut from nut and two inches deep. In a couple of
+weeks nearly every nut produced a sapling. I kept them well cultivated
+the whole summer, and in the Fall the seedlings were from six to eight
+inches tall. The nuts on the Kozak farm were of different varieties;
+some were small, some large, some were round, some oblong, some
+paper-thin-shelled, some hard shelled; some varieties had sweet kernels,
+some had a little slightly bitter taste, some were flat. According to
+their variety the bark of the seedlings, some of them at least, was
+shiny brown, while other varieties had their bark shiny dark green,
+light gray, light green.
+
+Now I have known how to produce walnut seedlings. Then another worry
+came--could the seedlings stand the Ontario winter? They had stood the
+winter of 1925-28 very well. Only the tops of those were spoiled, which
+were injured by buffalo tree hoppers.
+
+It seemed that the regular Ontario caterpillars did not like the sap of
+the English walnut foliage. But the worst enemies of the Carpathians was
+the bacterial disease. The leaves and young shoots curled, turned black,
+being infested by the disease. In such a case the spraying is needed.
+
+
+Acquaintance with the Vineland Government Experimental Farm
+
+Somehow, but very soon after I started my experiments with English
+Carpathian Walnuts in Ontario, Mr. James Neilson, the nut specialist in
+the Government Experimental Farm, Vineland, Ont. discovered me. By him I
+was introduced to the late Mr. G. H. Corsan of Islington, Ont. who was
+known as a prominent nut grower in Ontario. In the year 1924, when we
+met the first time, Mr. Corsan already was interested in the culture of
+black walnuts and butternuts, in hickories, pecans, hicans and filberts.
+Soon I transferred my English Carpathian walnut nursery to Corsan's
+place at Islington. Mr. Corsan, with a great deal of enthusiasm
+broadcasted my Carpathians all over the American continent, but under
+different names: English Walnuts, Persian, Russian, Carpathian, etc.
+Soon we were joined by a third walnut enthusiast Mr. L. K. Davitt, a
+teacher in a Toronto High School.
+
+Prof. C. T. Currelly the Founder and at that time the Director of the
+Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology in Toronto, also became interested in
+my walnut experiments. Then later on some other prominent Torontonians
+followed us and the Nut Growers Society of Ontario was organized.
+
+Americans also became interested in the Carpathian walnuts. First among
+them was a graduate from Cornell University, a farmer near Ithaca, N.
+Y., Mr. Samuel Graham. Mr. George Slate of the Geneva Experiment Station
+was one of the first Americans who early got interested in the
+Carpathians.
+
+There in the States is the Northern Nut Growers Association. Following
+Mr. Corsan I also became a member of the Association.
+
+
+My Research in English Walnuts in Ukraine
+
+From the year 1924 until 1936 I spent most of my time as a Presbyterian
+missionary in Western Ukraine, which was then under Polish occupation.
+From time to time I used to come to Canada on furlough. Every time,
+coming from Ukraine, I brought also a box or more of Carpathian English
+Walnuts for planting.
+
+Then I liked to tell Dr. Palmer, the Director of the Vineland Government
+Experimental Farm about my research in walnuts in Ukraine.
+
+In Western Ukraine my headquarters were in the city of Kolomyja,
+Province of Galicia, at the foot of the Eastern Carpathians. Thus I was
+in the center of the culture of the Carpathian walnuts.
+
+Though my circuit was very large (Provinces of Galician and Volynia) and
+there was a time when I served 30 congregations, nevertheless I had a
+little time also to study the English Walnuts in their native
+environments.
+
+Before starting the research in that country I decided for myself what
+in my conception should be the ideal English walnut. I have come to the
+conclusion that the nut should be of large size, thin shelled, its
+kernel well filled up, being of a pleasant sweet taste; inside of the
+nut there should be no partitions, thus allowing the kernel to roll out
+unbroken.
+
+Then I printed questionnaire blanks for each individual nut tree to be
+examined. Beside the above mentioned questions I added:
+
+What is the name and address of the owner of the tree, and its location?
+
+How old, tall and thick the trunk of tree is?
+
+How many pounds of the nuts the tree yielded that year?
+
+In what kind of soil does it thrive?
+
+What enemies attack it?
+
+What fertilizer, or manure, has been used in the particular case, or
+none?
+
+Is there in the nuts, leaves and bark any sign of cross-pollination?
+
+Regarding the grafting and budding I found that the local nut-growers
+had not the slightest idea how to go about it. They also did not care to
+prevent their walnut trees from cross-pollination.
+
+Soon I found that there in Galicia alone could be found several hundreds
+of varieties of Carpathian English walnuts. Anyway till 1935, I sent to
+Toronto 200 varieties of the Carpathians.
+
+Some of those English Carpathian walnuts were 2-1/2 inches long, or five
+nuts to a foot; others were only one third of an inch. Some very small
+Carpathians produced nuts in clusters, like grapes. In some Carpathians
+it was possible to detect cross-pollination with Asiatic walnuts by
+their harder shells, by partitions, by the shape of nuts, by the
+construction of the leaves and their odor, and in some cases by the
+color of bark.
+
+By kernels all the Carpathian halfbreeds are English walnuts, differing
+group from group by the taste. I remember that only in 1898 in the bourg
+of Loubni, and in 1933 in the City of Kolomyja I came across two trees
+which resembled our black walnut. In both towns some people used to live
+in America, and coming home they could bring with them some American
+nuts.
+
+In the region around Kossiv I came across groves of American black
+walnuts and butternuts. Those trees were planted there by the Austrian
+Government 75 or so years ago. Of course they did not cause all the
+hybridizing I mentioned above. Maybe the Asiatic nuts were brought in
+Eastern Carpathians when the Tartar hordes crossed the mountains in the
+region of Pokouttia (Kossiv) in the year 1242.
+
+Not far from Kossiv, westward, in the village of Kosmuch in the
+Carpathians 2500 feet above sea level I found English walnut trees of
+small size (15 feet tall, 6 inches thick) with light gray bark,
+producing 2 inch long nuts of speary shape, like our Canadian butternuts
+but of English Walnut shells and kernels. The kernels were tasty. There
+was no question but that they were halfbreeds, English plus Mongolian
+nuts.
+
+There in Kosmuch, not far from the historical Tartar Passage, through
+which in 13th century Ghengis Khan hordes invaded the Danube plains, in
+winter the temperature falls to 45 degrees below zero. Owing to the
+hardiness of the strain and pleasant taste of the nuts I picked up about
+10 pounds of them to be tried in colder parts of Ontario, (and some of
+them already are bearing north of Toronto and true to the type.)
+
+I called the nuts Hutzulian Pointies, as they grow in Hutzulia the
+country of the Ukrainian Mountaineers.
+
+
+The year 1936. My last trip to Western Ukraine
+
+In Ontario farmers were slow to grasp the idea of cultivating my
+Carpathian English walnuts. Either they did not believe the English
+walnuts could thrive in this Province, or waited till my trees would
+start to bear. Nevertheless some thousand of my seedlings were planted
+here and there all over Ontario and smaller quantities in the Maritime
+Provinces, Manitoba and Alberta. The late Sir Wm. Mulock hired Mr.
+Corsan to graft with the Carpathian scions tops of many of his black
+walnut trees in Orillia, Ont. Fred Gaby, the engineer who built the
+Ontario Hydro, ordered through me from Ukraine 50 to 12 feet tall
+Carpathians of bearing age and planted them on 10 acres near Cooksville.
+Ont. Prof. Currelly has bought 25 acres near his estate west of Pt.
+Hope, Ont. for my use in experimental work. The late Col. McAlpyne
+planted one thousand of my yearlings on his estate at Fenelon Falls,
+Ont. Two young farmers, Papple Bros., in the Georgian Bay region also
+started an English Carpathian walnut orchard. In 1935 I moved my
+Carpathian walnut nursery from Islington to Prof. Currelly's estate, and
+Mr. L. K. Devitt sold his lot of the trees through the Dominion Seed
+Co., Georgetown, Ont.
+
+In the States, Mr. Carl Weschoke, a manufacturer in St. Paul, Minn., who
+in the year 1935 was elected the President of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, also got interested in Carpathians. His son-in-law about
+that time started a walnut nursery on their estate some 30 miles east of
+St. Paul. That 1936 year Mr. Weschoke sponsored my expedition to
+Northeastern Poland (Northwestern Ukraine) to find the geographical line
+north of which English walnuts do not thrive in Europe.
+
+My expedition was successful. I discovered that northward from the
+Pripet River, which flows from west to east toward the Dneiper, English
+Walnuts could not be found. If I had come across there some English
+seedlings nearer to the Lithuanian boundary and the Baltic Sea shore,
+they would have been planted there recently and not before the year
+1924.
+
+Farther north, though there English walnuts do not thrive, around the
+Lake Peipus I came across filberts not as bushes but as large trees.
+Every fall peasants in that district go in the woods and bring bags of
+filberts for winter use.
+
+Such filbert trees I found also in the Carpathian mountains near the
+Ukrainian settlement of Vizhnytza in the Province of Bukovina.
+
+West of the town of Sarny and south of the Pripet I came across a grove
+of 18 ancient English walnut trees. In the year 1648 when Ukrainian
+Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytzky led a war against Poland those trees already
+were 70 years old, and they still were bearing in 1936 when I visited
+that region. Indeed their limbs were broken and they presented a sad
+sight, but they proved how long the Ukrainian English walnut could live.
+The seeds of those ancient trees I also shipped to Mr. Weschcke. Beside
+that I brought to my sponsors thousands of selected walnut seeds,
+seedlings and scions.
+
+My English Carpathian walnut tree in the back yard of 48 Peterboro Ave.
+Toronto, Ont., being planted out there from the pot in the spring of
+1922 started to produce nuts in 1929. The nuts were exactly to the type:
+oblong, pointy, inch and a half long, the shell semi-hard, partitions
+large, the kernel of pleasant taste. It started to produce female bloom
+when it was 4 years old, but till 1929 there were no catkins of male
+bloom.
+
+The crop of the nuts, that year and following years was usually carried
+away by marauding black squirrels.
+
+Other people who got from us the Carpathian English walnut seedlings
+reported that their plants also started to bear the seventh year or
+around that. But the Papple Bros. reported that they had a case when a
+seedling produced by them straight from the Carpathian walnut bore a nut
+in the second year of its life. On the other hand there were cases
+where some Carpathian English seedlings, as well as grafted ones, still
+produce no nuts though they are 15 years old and over.
+
+I think the cause lies in the soil. On the gravelly hills over Ithaca,
+N. Y. Carpathian walnuts are slow to bear, even being grafted. The
+undersoil in the valleys 6 miles north of Pt. Hope, Ont. is not
+favorable, not only for English walnuts but even for native black
+walnuts, though very favorable to hickories.
+
+On another hand, north-east of Toronto and near Unionville at the place
+called Hagerman Cornor on the farm of Mr. M. Artymko there is an orchard
+of 27 Crath's Carpathian English walnuts over 18 years old, each
+fruiting now every year. The trees are 25 feet tall, 5-6 inches thick,
+situated on a knoll of clay, well drained soil, lying open toward the
+northwest. When the trees were younger they were subject to attacks of
+the bacterial disease and their barks were cracked by frost. Now the
+trees are in nice shape, no trace of the bacterial disease injuries and
+the frost's scars disappearing. Some of those trees produced a bushel of
+the nuts each.
+
+Among Artymko's trees there is a tree bearing the walnut of giant type,
+and the tree--Hutzulian Pointie. The success of the Artymko's farm lies
+probably in the soil and its high elevation.
+
+There in Toronto Mr. T. H. Barrister, has in his backyard two Carpathian
+English Walnuts, producing nuts of the giant size--five nuts to a foot.
+The bacterial disease had touched them slightly, and the tree never has
+been sprayed.
+
+We should expect that the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph would
+find out what is the best soil for English walnuts and what fertilizer
+to be applied for them. Chicken wire fences should protect the walnut
+orchard from squirrels and the trees should be sprayed against bacterial
+disease.
+
+About walnut trees bearing and fertilizer--let us return to their native
+abode in the Carpathians. There in the village of Peestynka I have come
+across a large English walnut tree 40 feet tall and about 36 years old
+which, as I was informed by the people there, never fruited till the
+First World War. During the war an Austrian horse squadron had put a
+stall around the tree. The horses well manured the soil around there and
+since that time the tree was bearing nuts regularly and abundantly when
+I saw it in 1936.
+
+
+At Last Success!
+
+The year 1951 should be regarded as the final establishing of the
+culture of the Carpathian English walnuts in Ontario. The three decades
+of experimentation have passed leaving a splendid result. The fact is
+established that the Carpathian English walnuts have become aclimatized
+in South Ontario. This fall I had an opportunity to examine my walnut
+trees at many points in the Province. Everywhere I have seen the tree
+bearing. In Toronto in many a backyard, in Thorold South, in Welland, in
+Port Colboren, in Islington, near Port Hope on Prof. Currelly's estate,
+around Scarboro, Ont. and so on, the Carpathians are in good shape and
+all are bearing.
+
+The more the trees mature, the better they look. On the average they are
+20 years old, 20 feet tall and 6 inches thick.
+
+The summer of 1951 in Ontario was more cloudy than usual, and it caused
+the Carpathian walnuts in this Province to turn out smaller than their
+size, should be about one quarter smaller.
+
+The people who knew Carpathian English walnut trees in Galicia agree
+that in Ontario the Carpathians grow more slowly than they do in their
+native land.
+
+It is not in Ontario, but on the University Farm at Madison, Wisconsin,
+one of our Carpathian trees is nearly 40 feet tall and bearing. In
+Galicia I had seen many a Carpathian walnut tree as high as 60 feet.
+
+
+Polish Government Interested in My Activity
+
+During the time of my activities, in the town of Kessiv, there used to
+live a famous physician, Dr. Tarnawski. Outside of his clinics he was
+much interested in the welfare of the country. My activities could not
+be hidden from his sight. "What does that "American" see in our nuts?
+Are there in America no nuts?" he asked. Soon I was introduced to him.
+It was in the fall of 1934. He was not well and in bed at that time. He
+liked to talk with me about the walnut culture and wished to know why I
+was collecting the nuts, scions and seedlings for Canada. And then it
+seemed to him impossible that there in Ontario and the northeastern
+states English walnuts were not yet cultivated. Then I turned his
+attention to the fact that in Poland they know little about their own
+trees. My challenge awoke him to activity, and through his intervention
+Starosta, the county governor, planted the first twenty-five acres with
+walnut seedlings along the south side of the highway leading from Kessiv
+to the town of Kooty.
+
+Dr. Tarnawski wrote also an article to a horticultural magazine on
+English walnuts on what he learned from me.
+
+When in the fall of 1936 I was going back to my home in Toronto, Dr.
+Tarnawski wrote about me to the Department of Agriculture in Warsaw
+introducing me to the minister. I had an opportunity to give a talk on
+the Carpathian English walnuts in the presence of many horticulturists
+in the Government Experimental Farm at Skieerniewice near Warsaw.
+
+Late in 1936 I came back to Canada and till the Second World War
+continued to cultivate the Carpathian walnuts and other horticultural
+material brought by me from Western Ukraine.
+
+The Second War cut me off from my field in Europe.
+
+A decade and a half has passed. The Carpathians have been acclimatized,
+have grown, and have been bearing nuts in Ontario. When such success has
+been achieved, it seems that there in Canada all the enterprise is
+forgotten. Of course, the Carpathian walnuts could not advertise
+themselves--they are "dumb critters."
+
+In the States the situation with the Carpathians is entirely different.
+Interest in them is growing steadily, and as I said previously the
+American nurseries have already put the Carpathians on the broad market.
+
+In 1950 at the annual meeting the Northern Nut Growers Association made
+me an Honorary Member of the Association.
+
+In 1951 the Association held a contest and the "Crath" Carpathians won
+most of the prizes.
+
+
+Culture of Crath's Carpathian English Walnut Trees
+
+1. _Propagation by seeds_
+
+Pick up the largest and heaviest nuts from a certain tree. Dry them in a
+windy place, but not in the sun. Gather the nuts into a jute bag and
+hang for the winter in a dry and cold place protected from squirrels.
+
+Around May 14th put the nuts into a vessel with lukewarm water, soak
+about one week.
+
+Prepare a bed of rich soil manured previously with horse manure. The
+land should not be of a wet kind. Plant the nuts in rows, 6 inches nut
+from nut, and two feet, row from row. Protect your nursery from
+squirrels.
+
+In a week or two the nuts should come up.
+
+Keep the nursery free from weeds. It will protect the seedling from the
+buffalo tree hoppers. If the signs of the bacterial disease are detected
+spray the seedlings at once.
+
+For the first winter leave the seedlings as they are in the field. The
+next spring dig them up, every one. Cut off the leading root of each
+plant and transplant the seedlings again in rows a foot apart seedling
+from seedling and two feet row from row.
+
+The amputation of the leading root causes the seedling to grow up
+instead of down and will make them start to bear nuts earlier.
+
+In Europe instead of cutting off the walnut seedling's main roots they
+put under them a flat stone, or start in an earthen pot.
+
+The next spring the walnut seedlings are ready for the permanent
+planting. Being permanently transplanted they should be cultivated at
+least two or three years.
+
+Whitewash the walnut trunks in the late fall to protect bark from
+bursting by the winter sun. Put a screen around the trunks to protect
+them from mice and rabbits. Though, if a walnut is gnawed by rodents do
+nothing about it, the tree will produce a stalk--a new one--from the
+root.
+
+2. _Propagation by Grafting_
+
+Take Canadian black walnut seedling, one or two years old early in the
+spring, if you have a greenhouse and can graft them one inch above the
+root line, tie up with raffia, cover with melted parawax and put in
+boxes covering each row with light soil mixed with the moss. After 20th
+of May when the danger of frost is over transplant in your nursery.
+
+The grafting of walnuts should be called a barking method. Cut off the
+upper part of the stock horizontally. Split the bark with your grafting
+knife as much as needed and lift up the bark as far as the wood and
+insert the scion. Tie up with raffia and do the rest as said previously.
+
+The top grafting on the large Canadian black nuts gives good results
+also.
+
+3. _Budding_
+
+We bud the walnuts in the middle of August. Regular "T" cut has to be
+done, the bud put in and wrapped with raffia. Then it should be covered
+with parawax and left for a couple of weeks. After that time the
+budding should be examined and the raffia removed. If the leaf by the
+bud remains green it indicates that the grafting is successful.
+
+The next spring, cut off the upper part of the stalk about two feet over
+the bud. You will tie up to it the budded shoot, which by the fall might
+be up to 6 feet high.
+
+Spraying and cultivating is required as has been said above.
+
+Owing to the fact that the budded plant in its first year continues to
+grow deep into fall and in many cases its upper part does not harden
+well, wrap the budding with straw for winter.
+
+4. _Harvesting_
+
+In the Carpathian Mountains when they gather the walnuts in the fall
+they mash them down with a very long and quite thin hazel sticks. Doing
+that they beat off the thin tops of the walnut branches. They say such
+an operation causes a better crop of the nuts next season.
+
+5. _Giant Walnuts and their problems_
+
+Some giant walnuts on the same tree have sometimes small kernels or
+withered ones. In the Carpathian Region they do not know what to do with
+such a problem.
+
+It seems to me that we in Canada have to solve it. Maybe it is because
+of the bacterial disease, or it may be a lack of the proper fertilizer.
+
+In Warsaw I have seen the giant walnuts sold not being dried.
+
+6. _Reforestation with the Carpathian Walnuts_
+
+Crath's Carpathian English walnuts could produce for Canada a very
+valuable forest and in shorter time than other trees do. We should
+always remember that in the Caucasian Mountains there are huge walnut
+forests. Some trees are of primeval age. Before the First World War
+English buyers often paid a Caucasian farmer from 5,000 to 10,000 rubles
+for a tree.
+
+
+Walnut Wine
+
+There in the Town of Kooty Mrs. Babiuk, a good wife of a local burgher
+told me about the walnut wine as follows:
+
+"In my girlhood in this region there raged an awful epidemic of cholera.
+Many people died. But those who drank the wine made of green English
+Walnuts did not die."
+
+The recipe that she gave me is as follows:
+
+Take equal parts of walnuts in which the shells are not yet hardened,
+and the same quantity of sugar. Cut each green walnut in half a dozen
+parts, mix them with the sugar. In a couple of days the juice will be
+extracted by means of the sugar and ensuing fermentation which continues
+about one month. In two months it is ready to be consumed.
+
+On my return to Canada I made wine from the Canadian black walnuts. The
+color of the wine was dark brown and quite pleasant. It stops stomach
+ache.
+
+Also we should not forget the walnut oil and the use of walnuts in
+confectionary.
+
+
+Walnut Candies
+
+Take equal quantities of walnut kernels and honey. Mix. Boil, watching
+that the honey does not over-run. Mix with a wooden spoon. In half an
+hour cool to see if the honey has turned into taffy. If not, boil
+longer. When it is ready put upon a wooden board, with a spoon. When
+cooled the candy is ready.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 23: Mr. Crath died late December 1952]
+
+
+
+
+Nut Tree Plantings in Southeastern Iowa
+
+ALBERT B. FERGUSON, _Center Point, Iowa_
+
+
+Last year on our return from the Nut Growers Assn. tour, Mr. Snyder and
+I stopped to see the Schlagenbusch Brothers and their nut plantings. We
+thought at the time that it would be profitable to the Association to
+have a report on their work. Mr. Snyder and I went down a month ago to
+visit them again.
+
+Sidney and Carl Schlagenbusch live in the southeastern part of Iowa. The
+walnut orchard is on high land overlooking the Mississippi River bottom.
+The ground was formerly oak and hickory timber. Most of their other
+plantings are near the farm buildings which are just below the higher
+ground.
+
+The first planting of the walnut orchard was made in 1928 and was
+completed 8 or 10 years later. It consisted of 205 trees. Later
+additions have been made. There are about 325 grafted trees in the
+orchard at present, most of them of bearing age. The trees are spaced 50
+feet by 50 feet in staggered rows. Some of the branches are beginning to
+touch. The diameter of the larger trees is 18 inches. The orchard is in
+grass which is not grazed close. The larger portion of the orchard is
+the Thomas variety. They have a selection of their own which was first
+in the Iowa contest a few years ago. I thought it outstanding, but they
+consider it a little small.
+
+The nuts are gathered in a wagon and run through a corn sheller, then
+cleaned in a device they made themselves. The nuts are then floated and
+dried. Over half of the crop is cracked and sold as kernels. They have
+been getting around a $1.20 per pound in Fort Madison. No crop to date
+has exceeded a thousand dollars in value.
+
+They also have several hickories and hybrids. The shellbark variety,
+Wagoner, is outstanding--the best I've seen. It is large, thin shelled,
+cracks easily, and is of good quality. A small tree grafted on shagbark
+is bearing well. They have the common varieties of pecans, a few
+chestnuts, a few English walnuts, Japanese walnuts and hybrids. The
+Winkler Hazel has not been very productive with them.
+
+They had several trees of Stabler, which were not satisfactory so they
+cut the trees off close to the ground and put 6 or 8 bark grafts in the
+stump. They saved the largest one as the main trunk and taking a graft
+or a large sprout from the opposite side of the stump, inarching it into
+the main trunk two or three feet up. This prevents the wind from blowing
+the graft off of the stump. It also makes it possible to utilize the
+strength of the roots from the opposite side of the stump. They had
+several trees worked this way which are now of good size.
+
+In addition to caring for their large farm, nut orchard and a choice
+herd of Hereford cattle, Carl has found time to do some breeding work
+with Oriental poppies from which he has made some very choice
+selections. They have also worked with several other perennials. Sidney
+and Carl Schlagenbusch are true horticulturists by nature and are fine
+folks.
+
+On the way home from this recent trip, we stopped to see Corliss
+Williams near Danville. His brother Wendell Williams, located the
+Winkler Hazel, before the first world war in which he served and never
+returned. We saw a Persian walnut, 25 or 30 years old, in Mr. Williams
+front yard. It was a U.S.D.A. introduction from Russia. It seems to be
+perfectly hardy, bears well and is of excellent quality. The shagbark
+hickories are plentiful in his locality. He has top-worked 200 or more,
+many of them to Burlington, which is productive and fills well with him.
+
+
+
+
+Rockville as a Hickory Interstock
+
+HERMAN LAST, _Steamboat Rock, Iowa_
+
+
+As a nut-grower I am afraid I have been over-rated; I make my living
+tilling the soil and dabble in my nut grove only when I can find a few
+moments to spare--in fact all I know about nuts and nut-grafting, I owe
+to my good friend, Edgar Huen. I shall always remember that balmy May
+morning 25 years ago when Mr. Huen came over with a kit full of hickory
+scions, and suggested we go out in my pasture and do some grafting. In
+that bag were Stratford, Rockville, Des Moines, Marquette, Hagen and
+Monahan.
+
+We grafted all that day--that is Mr. Huen did the grafting and I watched
+him. Today these trees are living monuments of our work.
+
+The only tree of these varieties that has ever borne enough nuts to feed
+a squirrel is the Stratford.
+
+Meanwhile I have been doing a little grafting myself. I acquired a few
+pecans for understocks but the only variety that was congenial with
+pecan as far as I knew was Rockville, but it produced no nuts--it was
+just a nice tree to look at.
+
+One spring my brother-in-law who lives just across the line in Missouri
+sent me some shellbark scions from a tree in his pasture. I grafted
+these scions on a pecan and they took off like a house on fire. This
+variety proved to be a rugged individual and bore every year but the
+nuts were no good--all cavities like a true shellbark.
+
+Then one spring morning I grafted some of these shellbark scions on
+Rockville; the grafts took and I soon noticed a transformation. The
+grafts had blended with the understock and the offspring was different
+from either parent. The best part of the new hybrid was that it bore
+abundantly and the nuts are of fine quality.
+
+To those who have some young Rockville trees for top-working, I can
+furnish a limited amount of scionwood of this shellbark which I have
+named my Super X, it being so rugged and hardy.
+
+To me the grafting of trees is a noble work. Someone has said that he
+who plants a tree is a true lover of his race and I don't know of
+anything that will live longer in the memory of our children and those
+who follow in our footsteps than a row of hickories laden with nuts.
+
+
+
+
+A Fruitful Pair of Carpathian Walnut Varieties in Michigan
+
+GILBERT BECKER, _Climax, Mich._
+
+
+I would like to tell you briefly my experience with the difficulties of
+Persian walnut pollination. It took 8 years before I got any nuts,
+although they had nutlets time and again! It was after I had Crath #1
+bearing, that all proceeded to fruit, and then heavier every year, until
+1951 when the freeze of November 1950 eliminated the nuts.
+
+Crath #1 has done so well that I feel it well worthy of being a
+commercial prospect for us. The size and shape are so attractive. (The
+accuracy of the numbering was once questioned by Mr. Stoke, so I do not
+know if it is the same No. 1 that others have had from Crath. This was
+named by Prof. Nielson. It definitely is not Broadview, as Stoke at
+first thought.)
+
+My Crath #1 had over four bushels of hulled and unhulled nuts (as they
+are picked up, after shaking) this fall. It was grafted on black walnut
+in 1938.
+
+At my folks' place I planted a grafted Crath #1, and a Carpathian "D",
+side by side. There are no other Persian walnuts near, and they have
+always had nuts, since they started to bear. I feel that this is a
+proper combination. I do not know whether the blooming periods overlap.
+
+
+
+
+Suggested Blooming Data to be Recorded for Nut Tree Varieties
+
+J. C. MCDANIEL, _Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill._
+
+
+Such experiences as Mr. Becker's (extracted from a letter to me) are
+well worth knowing, and we need similar information for several years
+and at different locations, for all the promising Persian seedlings and
+new varieties. I would suggest that all of us who have them flowering in
+our plantings (even if only one tree) make an effort in 1953 to record
+as much as possible of the phenological data on them. A form such as the
+following might be used, for flowering, fruiting, and related data.
+
+ Year: 19_____ Location: ____________________
+ Data by: _______________ First freeze previous fall: (Date) _______________
+ Minimum temperature previous winter: _____�F. on (Date) _______________
+ Last killing frost this spring (Date) ______________________________
+
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |Variety  |Age  |Date   |First    |End     |Date     |Nuts      |Yield|Remarks|
+ |(or      |of   |from   |catkins  |of      |pistils  |harvested |     |       |
+ |seedling |tree |new    |shedding |shedding|appear   |(date)    |     |       |
+ |No.)     |or   |growth |(date)   |        |receptive|          |     |       |
+ |         |graft|scion  |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |1.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |2.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |3.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+
+
+Under "Remarks" could be recorded such information as the distance and
+direction to trees furnishing pollen in the period when a given variety
+has sticky appearing pistils, the abundance of pollen shed, apparent
+winter killing of catkins, etc. The list of items could be expanded, if
+desired, but it is thought that those included here are among the most
+important in determining the potential performances of varieties and
+variety combinations in specific climates. A compilation of such data
+for a period of about three years, supplemented with data on the nuts
+themselves, would be of very practical value as a basis for selecting
+varieties most promising to plant or propagate. The same data form would
+be applicable to other walnuts, hickories, pecans, and filberts, and
+perhaps to a lesser extent with chestnuts.
+
+
+
+
+Note on Chinese Chestnuts
+
+HARWOOD STEIGER, _Redhook, N. Y._
+
+
+My earliest Chinese chestnuts are ripening. Stoke Hybrid is earliest and
+the nuts are so attractive, too bad they are not better in quality. It
+is an exciting time here as there are always a few seedlings that are
+ripening for the first time. Honan, which ripens later, has been one of
+my best grafted trees. One of my seedlings has very large nuts, very
+early ripening, nuts are now falling, and it is prolific, nearly every
+burr has from two to three large to very large nuts. The quality seems
+good. We like the large nuts as they are easier to peel and we like them
+boiled and served as a vegetable. The boiled nuts keep well when frozen.
+I think this tree is superior to any of my grafted and named varieties.
+
+
+
+
+Scott Healey--An Obituary
+
+
+Scott Healey was born December 3, 1881, in Wheatley, Ontario, Canada,
+and came to Otsego, Michigan, in 1904. He married in 1908. Mr. Healey
+was a chiropractor for a number of years.
+
+In 1921, Mr. Healey and his cousin, Lewis Healey, formed the Healey &
+Healey Lumber and Coal Company, in Otsego, which they operated together
+until a few years ago, when Mr. Healey retired due to ill health.
+
+Mr. Healey was a director of the State Savings Bank in Otsego for many
+years. He was a member of the first Baptist Church in Otsego.
+
+He became interested in nut culture while the late Professor James A.
+Neilson was nut specialist at the Michigan State College. Mr. Healey
+planted a nut orchard of about eighty grafted nut trees in 1933, which
+Professor Neilson helped him plan. Most of the trees were black walnut
+varieties, chiefly Thomas. However, there were some Ohio, Stabler,
+Allen, Crietz, Stambaugh, Ten Eyck, and Rohwer trees. There were also
+some filberts, several Chinese chestnuts, and some heartnuts he had
+raised from seed. One nice tree of the McCallister hican makes good
+shade, but has never borne any nuts. He did some topworking in a large
+black walnut tree in the backyard, where he got a Persian walnut to
+grow.
+
+Mr. Healey was very much interested in nut culture, and had planned on
+having a nut grove for a hobby to keep him busy when he retired.
+
+Mr. Healey joined the Northern Nut Growers Association in 1933. He and
+his wife attended the Battle Creek meeting one year later. They also
+attended the Rockport, Indiana meeting in 1935, and the one at Geneva,
+New York in 1936.--"The rest of the time he couldn't go or was in too
+poor health to go."
+
+They sold their home, with the nut planting, to a young couple, Mr. and
+Mrs. Lewis Lovett, in 1948, moved into Otsego; and retired.
+
+Mr. Healey died, January 18th, 1952 at their winter home in Port Richey,
+Florida. Surviving are his wife, Mabel, and one son, Virgil.
+
+   GILBERT BECKER
+
+
+
+
+A Letter from Dr. W. C. Deming, the Only Living Charter Member of the
+Association
+
+
+   Northern Nut Growers Association,
+
+   Dear Old Friends:
+
+The 42nd Annual Report has recently come to me. Think of it, the 42nd
+Annual Report! How familiar to me are a great many of the names of the
+officers and members! I can even recall the very features of many of
+them. I am myself now ninety years old and practically house-bound.
+Though yesterday, a day almost like summer, I did take a taxi and a
+drive through the park amid the brilliant foliage, with Miss Dorothy
+Hapgood, who by the way is a member of our association a thing with
+which I may have had something to do. Recently I was in the Veterans
+Hospital at Newington for a couple of weeks. The doctors called it
+"_polycythemia_", the direct opposite of "_anaemia_", did 10
+phlebotomies taking 5 pints of blood which they said they used for
+transfusions on ward patients, much to my gratification. I now have in,
+or had put in me, a dose, of radio-active phosphorus P32 which, they
+assure me will be getting in its good work for the next three months.
+Nothing like being up to date, even if valetudinarian.
+
+You have made me Dean of the association. In the beginning Clarence Reed
+was always back of me with his abilities and vast fund of information.
+Although I believe I am, by virtue of my office, exempt from dues and
+entitled to the annual reports, I wish my five children to be at least
+once represented in the membership. I append their names and addresses:
+
+Hawthorne, the eldest, is with the Gen. Electric Co. in New York. I
+don't know what he does but presume that with the other New York
+millionaires he is busy accumulating wealth. This hint may guide you in
+soliciting alms for the association some day. His home is in Hamilton
+Lane, Larien, Conn. But I don't know if he knows a nut from a lunatic.
+He has two kids, one now preparing for Korea. God preserve him.
+
+Benton is already a member. He has a few acres in the town of Avon,
+Conn. where, among the rocks and the native rattlesnakes and copperheads
+he tells me he has Chinese chestnuts growing. Recently he got two of the
+copperheads. He is an energetic chap. He rises at 4 a.m. and drives the
+several miles into Hartford where he broadcasts from 7 to 8, for
+people's breakfasts, I suppose, and is released at 10 a.m. He has just
+contracted for a television program once a week in New Haven.
+
+Olcott is a consul in the U.S. Embassy in Tokio, transferred from a
+similar position in Siam. If there is something you want from Japan I
+guess he is your boy. Mention my name! He has a lovely wife and three
+children.
+
+Una King, my elder daughter, whose husband was killed in an accident,
+interviews VIP's on the same radio station as brother Ben.
+
+Joan Howe (Mrs. Paul) and her husband, who is in a bank in New York,
+live in my old home on Umpawaug Hill, Redding, Conn. She writes of
+having had a crop of black walnuts from one of the trees I planted. I've
+forgotten all the others there may be there. Nothing of value I guess.
+Joan has two daughters. Ben has a son and daughter.
+
+That makes five children I'm responsible for and they have acknowledged
+the eleven grandchildren for me. I want you to make four of my children
+(Ben is already ensnare) members of the association, for which I will
+enclose a check for $12.00 (if I don't forget.) (The many typing
+mistakes of this letter are due mostly to the age of the machine, not
+mine.)
+
+My two sisters who live in our old home in Litchfield and who are close
+behind me in years, recently sent me a handful of nice chestnuts,
+Chinese, from a tree 40 feet or more high in our backyard. They have to
+divide them, very unequally, with the squirrels. The only other
+noteworthy trees in our little place are a few papaws. Asimina triloba,
+too shaded to bear. This fruit might be worthy of a little attention
+from the nut growers. The dictionary speaks of several other species of
+papaw.
+
+Any of you who have outgrown the labor of caring for nut trees might
+find interest in mycology in which I found diversion and edibles for a
+while. Only beware the deadly Amanita and others of that ilk.
+
+I cannot adequately express to you my heartfelt joy at the prosperity of
+our association. For one thing the great increase in the membership, for
+another the birth of three branch state associations, but above all the
+success in the production of nuts. In my time we had mostly, if not
+entirely, the promising production of specimen nuts only. We had nothing
+like the Jacobs Persian walnut with its imposing spread and its
+production of 200 pounds of nuts in one season; Mr. Kyhl's orchard with
+its many varieties of Persian walnuts; his success in grafting and his
+reporting of a tree which bears three or four bushels of heartnuts
+yearly; Mr. Best's 5,000 grafted pecan trees; Mr. Hirshi's chestnuts;
+the splendid results of the Persian walnut contests; and the almost
+spectacular increase in the number of nurseries selling grafted nut
+trees of many varieties. These facts, and many that I have not
+mentioned, make it certain that nut growing is now a firmly established
+and surely increasing industry. You may be sure that these facts give me
+great delight.
+
+Some years ago while I was in possession of a mind as good as it had
+been at any time, I did a little grafting of nut trees in a commercial
+way for people at their country places, and I had the nerve to charge
+them fifty dollars a day. What's more I got paid and never got kicked,
+nor did I hear mutterings or see scowls. But then, you see, there was no
+other grafter, of the kind, around my part of the country. Almost a
+monopoly and, of course, a wicked one. But here my mind goes blank. I
+can't recall what luck I had with the grafting, nor can I recall the
+name of a single one for whom I did such work.
+
+I strongly advise every one of you to have a good book in which you keep
+personal and geographic records of all your work with nut growing. All
+the details are vividly in your mind now, but when you get to be ninety
+you may find them, as I do, faded away and all washed up. Please go on
+with the good work.
+
+Some more good friends have just taken me for a round trip to Litchfield
+where my little sister, who is 84, has just partly circumvented the
+squirrels and by going out very early in the morning to the chestnut
+tree has succeeded in getting a good big double handful of chestnuts,
+nice big ones.
+
+She also called to my attention a good-sized Persian walnut which she
+says I once grafted on a black walnut and this year was quite well
+covered with nuts which she says the squirrels cut off while green, and
+she says they were helped by one of the black plumaged birds. Some time
+ago she gave me one of the nuts and I tried to husk it with my knife.
+But it was too immature. They would have matured this fall, I think but
+for the pests.
+
+   _William C. Deming_
+
+
+
+
+Sweepstakes Award in Ohio Black Walnut Contest
+
+L. WALTER SHERMAN, _Canfield, Ohio_
+
+
+This I believe, is the third report to the Northern Nut Growers
+Association concerning the black walnut contest held in Ohio in 1946.
+The first report was given soon after the close of the contest. During
+the year following the contest (1947), I visited each of the ten prize
+winning trees, photographing them, and getting as complete a case
+history of each as was possible.
+
+This, the third report, concerns mainly the process used to determine
+the winner of the $50.00 sweepstakes award given in 1951 for the best
+performance of a black walnut tree for a five-year period. The owners of
+the ten prize-winning trees in the 1946 contest were asked to report the
+amount of crop harvested each year as well as to send in samples of the
+nuts for a cracking test.
+
+Complete data were recorded each year from the samples just as they had
+been for the 1946 contest. The average weight of nut, recovery of kernel
+at first cracking, total kernel content, and per cent of kernel content
+were recorded.
+
+From these data tables and charts were compiled to make a visual
+comparison between the various nuts. Walnuts other than the prize
+winners were not excluded from this five-year competition and quite a
+few were submitted. However, only one of them, the "Chamberlin" was of
+special merit and it was given a place on these charts. No samples or
+crop records were received from the Davidson (sixth prize) and the
+Jackson (tenth prize) nuts, and so they are not shown on all the charts.
+One sample from the 1949 crop of Penn walnuts was lost to a pilfering
+squirrel, and the 1949 data used on the chart for the Penn walnut was
+therefore the average of all other samples of this variety. The weight
+of total crop harvested in 1949, however, is actual.
+
+Table No. 1 gives the average weight in grams of the sample nuts. The
+Duke, (first prize) was the largest nut of all, in 1945, averaging just
+over 27 grams; but the Orth, in 1948, averaged almost a gram more. The
+Kuhn, which was the smallest of the eight nuts in 1946 and again in
+1950, was the largest nut in 1949, and its size in 1949 was exceeded
+only four times by any of the other nuts during the contest. The nuts
+were large in size during the off year when only a small crop was
+produced and they were small when there was a heavy crop.
+
+In table No. 2 the weight in grams of the kernel recovered on first
+crack, secured without the aid of nut pick, is recorded. In this
+comparison the Duke, because of large size, might be expected to be an
+easy winner and it was in 1946 and in 1950; but in 1948, though second
+in average weight of nut for that year, it was in fifth place in
+recovery of kernel at first cracking.
+
+Table No. 3 records the average weight in grams of the kernels. Here the
+Duke, due largely to its size, is a consistent winner in all three years
+it produced nuts. However, in 1949, a small crop year for the Kuhn, the
+nuts of this variety were large and contained more kernel than the Duke
+did in 1948 or in 1950.
+
+The per cent of kernel in the nuts as recorded in table No. 4 is
+interesting. The Burson, which was the smallest nut in 1947, had the
+highest per cent of kernel and also had the highest total kernel content
+of any sample in that year. Evidently the per cent of kernel is higher
+in well-filled nuts and this is largely determined by the weather and
+available food supply late in the season.
+
+A comparison of the numerical score of the various nuts, figured out
+according to the T.V.A. score system, is given in Table No. 5. By this
+system, no variety had a consistent high score, but each varied greatly
+from year to year.
+
+The nut characters studied so far in charts 1 to 5 inclusive have varied
+so much from year to year that any judgment based on these characters
+for any one year could not be relied upon.
+
+What characteristic of a black walnut, then, can be used in evaluating
+it? In table No. 6 the percentage of the total kernel that is recovered
+at first cracking is given. Oliver and Penn show considerable
+consistency in that they remain above 91 per cent in all samples, but
+look at the Kuhn. It was perfect in 1950 but in 1948 only 65 per cent of
+the kernel was recoverable in the first cracking and Duke was nearly as
+bad, varying from 69 to 98 per cent recovery.
+
+After careful study of these six charts, I am sure you will have to
+admit that any judgment of a black walnut variety based on these
+characters only is none too dependable.
+
+These are the nut characters that we have been using in our contest!
+Some further method of evaluation is needed! Individual nut characters
+alone are not enough. A good farmer is concerned in quality of his
+produce but quantity is of more importance for financial success. The
+Elberta peach well illustrates this. There are many peaches of better
+quality, but the Elberta peach is a prolific producer and this is one
+reason more Elberta peaches are raised than any other variety. Quality
+without quantity means little.
+
+With this in mind, the $50.00 sweepstakes prize was offered for the tree
+with the best five-year record. The judges interpreted this to mean the
+most pound of kernels produced that were recovered on first crack. Going
+back over the records, we find some trees have been much more productive
+than others.
+
+At first it would seem unfair to compare the crop from trees of
+different size and age, but this time luck was with the judges. Take a
+look at Table No. 7 which gives the ages and sizes of the trees. There
+is not too much difference in size or age to make reasonable comparisons
+possible. However, it should be clearly understood that only trees of
+the same age growing in the same orchard and receiving the same care can
+be accurately compared. The trees we are dealing with were in different
+localities, with vast differences in soil conditions, air drainage,
+climate, etc.
+
+Table No. 7 gives the total production for the five-year period for each
+tree, in bushels, the total amount of kernel as well as the amount of
+kernel recovered at first cracking. Only five trees had produced over
+four bushels of nuts each during the five year period.
+
+The Oliver tree produced 1.8 bushels and 25 pounds more kernels than the
+Penn tree. The Kuhn tree, though producing four bushels less nuts than
+the Penn tree, did produce 4.1 pounds more kernels, with the same amount
+recovered on first cracking from the nuts of each tree--almost a photo
+finish for second place.
+
+The sweepstakes award of $50.00 was therefore given to Mrs. Oliver
+Shaffer, of Lucasville, Ohio, who sent in the Oliver entry.
+
+Referring to the case histories of these trees as written up in 1947,
+you will find that the Oliver, Kuhn, Penn, and Orth trees were reported
+on favorable sites, while the Duke and Burson were on very unfavorable
+ones so that the above results are only what might have been expected.
+The Orth tree, however, is in a favorable location and better production
+could have been expected of it.
+
+Table 1. Size, as Weight of Unshelled Walnuts (Approximate).
+
+ ====================================================================
+ Grams     1946      1947      1948      1949      1950   Average[24]
+ per nut
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 28                           Orth
+ 27     Duke
+                   Duke
+ 26     Penn
+                   Oliver
+                   Orth       Duke      Kuhn
+ 25
+                   Penn                 Orth                  Duke
+                                        Duke
+        Athens                          Penn
+                   Williamson Penn                            Penn
+ 23     Orth                  Williamson           Oliver     Oliver
+        Oliver                                     Orth
+        Williamson Kuhn                            Duke
+ 22                                     Oliver
+                              Chamberlin
+        Burson                          Williamson
+ 21                           Oliver               Penn
+                   Athens     Kuhn      Burson                Burson
+                   Burson     Burson,   Athens     Burson     Kuhn
+                               Athens
+ 20                                                Athens
+                                        Chamberlin Williamson
+ 19     Kuhn
+ 18                                                Chamberlin
+ 17
+ 16
+                                                   Kuhn
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Judges for the contest were C. W. Ellenwood and O. D. Diller of the Ohio
+Experiment Station and L. Walter Sherman, then with the Department of
+Agriculture, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: Average of five years for Duke, Oliver, Burson and Kuhn;
+four years for Penn, which was not cracked in 1949, but interpolated in
+charts.
+
+Note: To save time and the expense of redrawing and reproduction, these
+seven tables are printed instead of Mr. Sherman's graphic charts. With a
+ruler and pencil, lines can be drawn through the "D's of Duke", and so
+forth, to give an approximation of the original graphs.--Editor.]
+
+Table 2. Kernel Recovery at First Crack, in Grams Per Nut (Approximate).
+
+ ========================================================================
+ Grams     1946      1947       1948      1949      1950   Average[25]
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   7
+         Duke                   Orth      Orth
+   6
+         Williamson                               Duke
+         Penn, Kuhn Duke, Orth  Williamson                     Duke
+         Oliver     Athens                Kuhn
+                    Burson, W'ms.
+                                Athens    Duke
+   5                            Burson,   Williamson
+                                  Ch'lin
+         Athens, Burson                           Orth, Oliver Penn, Burson
+                    Penn                  Burson, Kuhn         Kuhn, Oliver
+                                           Athens
+         Orth       Oliver, Kuhn Penn     Oliver, Penn
+                                           Ch'lin
+                                 Duke             Bur., Wms., Ath.
+                                 Oliver           Chamberlin
+    4
+                                 Kuhn
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 25: See note with Table 1.]
+
+
+
+
+Attendance Register, Rockport, Ind., 1952
+
+   Ontario, Canada
+
+   O. Filman, Aldershot
+
+   District of Columbia
+
+   Howard Baker, Washington
+   Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Ford, Washington
+
+   Florida
+
+   Mrs. R. B. Pattie, St. Augustine
+
+   Georgia
+
+   Max B. Hardy, Leesburg
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. J. Wilson, Fort Valley
+
+   Illinois
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. B. Best, Eldred
+   C. R. Blyth, Urbana
+   S. C. Chandler, Carbondale
+   T. F. Clark, Peoria
+   A. S. Colby, Urbana
+   E. A. Curl, Urbana
+   Albert Dahlberg, Chicago
+   O. J. & Karl Eigsti, Normal
+   Mr. & Mrs. O. H. Fuller, Joliet
+   Mr. & Mrs. Louis Gerardi, Caseyville
+   J. C. McDaniel, Urbana
+   Mrs. R. E. Norris, Shawneetown
+   Mr. & Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs
+   Elizabeth Sonnemann, Vandalia
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. F. Sonnemann, Vandalia
+   A. M. Whitford, Farina
+   Cullen Zethmayr, Westmount
+   Gordon Zethmayr, West Chicago
+
+   Indiana
+
+   Ralph Andrews & Son, John, Marion
+   Howard Bloomethol, Evansville
+   Ferd Bolton, Linton
+   L. E. Cooper, Rockport
+   Virginia M. Darning, Rockport
+   K. A. Dooley, Marion
+   Peter Glaser, Evansville
+   Jo Ann Hall, Rockport
+   A. W. Hamilton, Vincennes
+   Ray Kaufman, Peru
+   Charles Myer, Evansville
+   George Oberman, Evansville
+   Edward W. Pope, Marion
+   Carl Prell, South Bend
+   Adolph Risko, Monticello
+   L. E. Sawyer, Terre Haute
+   Ralph Schruber, New Albany
+   Barbara Sly, Rockport
+   Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Sly, Rockport
+   J. E. Talbott, Linton
+   Ford Wallick, Peru
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. B. Ward, West Lafayette
+   J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport
+
+   Iowa
+
+   A. B. Ferguson, Center Point
+   E. F. Huen, Eldora
+   Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula
+   Elizabeth Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+   Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+   D. C. Snyder, Center Point
+
+   Kentucky
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. Robert Alvis, Henderson
+   W. D. Armstrong, Princeton
+   W. W. Magill, Lexington
+   J. E. McClure, Owensboro
+
+   Maryland
+
+   John Flick, Riverdale
+   G. F. Gravatt, Beltsville
+   J. W. McKay & Family, College Park
+   Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Negus, Hyattsville
+
+   Michigan
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax
+   J. A. Becker, Climax
+   W. N. Beckert, Jackson
+   Ralph Emerson, Detroit
+   Frank J. Keplinger, Farwell
+   Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit
+   Mr. & Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing
+   L. L. Ricky, East Lansing
+
+   Missouri
+
+   H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+   R. E. Mangelsdorf, St. Louis
+
+   New York
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. S. Bernath, Poughkeepsie
+   David Caldwell & family, Syracuse
+   L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca
+   Mr. and Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester
+   Rodman Salzer, Rochester
+   G. L. Slate, Geneva
+   Alfred Szego, Jackson Heights
+
+   Ohio
+
+   G. E. Craig, Dundas
+   F. L. Davell & family, Masillon
+   Mr. & Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia
+   John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon
+   Edward A. Grad, Cincinnati
+   Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati
+   Shumzo Kodera, Columbus & Tokyo, Japan
+   Paul E. Machovina, Columbus
+   Christ Pataky, Jr., Mansfield
+   Sylvester Shessler, Genoa
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. E. Silvis, Massillon
+   Mr. & Mrs. John Underwood, Urbana
+   Martha Weber, Cincinnati
+
+   Pennsylvania
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg
+   W. S. Clarke, Jr., State College
+   John Rick, Reading
+
+   Tennessee
+
+   Spencer Chase, Norris
+   H. O. Murphy, Chattanooga
+   Dr. & Mrs. Audrey Richard, Whiteville
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. J. Robinson, Jackson
+
+   Virginia
+
+   Bessie J. Gibbs, Linden
+   H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+   Miss Eloise Saddler, Fazewell
+   H. F. Stoke, Roanoke
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association Membership List
+
+As of February 24, 1953
+
+   * Life member
+   ** Honorary member
+   � Contributing member
+   + Sustaining member
+
+  ALABAMA
+  East Alabama Nursery, Auburn. Chestnut, pecan and persimmon nurserymen
+ +Hiles, Edward L., Hiles Repair Shop, Loxley. Auto repair
+  Long, Pope M., Box 33, Cordova. Real Estate
+
+  ARKANSAS
+ +Hale, A. C., Fairview School, Camden
+  Schlan, Mrs. Agnes, Rt. 2, Mountainburg
+  Vaile, Joseph E., Dept, of Horticulture, U. of Ark., Fayetteville
+  Wade, Clifton, Forest Ave., Fayetteville. Attorney
+  Wylie, W. D., Dept, of Entomology, U. of Ark., Fayetteville. Entomologist
+
+  BELGIUM
+  Vanderwaeren, R., Bierbeekstraat, 217, Korbeek-Lo. Horticultural Adviser
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+  Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton A. F. B.
+  Brand, George, See Nebraska
+ +Buck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South Laguna
+  Fulcher, E. C., 5707 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood
+ +Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Dr., Rt. 2, Box 2357, Carlsbad
+  Gililland, Guy S., L.V.S.R. Box 342, Lucerne Valley
+  Jeffers, Harold W., Lt. U.S.N., USS Dixie, AD 14, c/o F.P.O., San
+    Francisco
+  Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston St., Ontario
+  Linwood Nursery, Rt. 2, Box 476, Turlock
+  Pentler, Dr. C. F., 1322 Martin Ave., Palo Alto. American Friends Service
+    Committee
+  Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa. Brewery worker, farmer
+  Serr, Dr. E. F., Jr., Agr. Experiment Sta., Davis. Pomologist
+  Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F St., Davis
+  Sullivan, C. Edward, Garden Highway, Box 447, Yuba City
+  Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft. Private and Corp. Hort.
+
+  CANADA
+  Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ontario
+**Crath, Rev. Paul C, 129 Felbrigg Ave., Toronto 12, Ontario
+  English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. Farmer, fruit and nut grower
+  Gage, James M., 76 Water St. E., Burlington, Ontario
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. Plant breeder, fruit grower,
+    nurseryman
+  Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 7, St. Thomas, Ontario. Fruit grower and poultry
+  Holmes, B. T., 320 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+  Housser, Levi, Rt. 1, Beamsville, Ontario. Fruit farmer
+ +Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catherine St. E., Montreal 18, Quebec
+  Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario
+ *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario
+  Papple, Elton E., Rt. 1, Cainsville, Ontario
+  Porter, Gordon, Rt. 2, Harrow, Ontario. Chemist
+  Smith, Edward A., Box 6, Sparta, Ontario. Farmer
+ +Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery Rt. 5, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Nursery
+    Supt.
+  Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C. Jeweller
+  Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+ +Walker, J. W., McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1,
+    Ontario
+  Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario. Farmer
+  White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ontario
+  Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. Accountant
+  Woods, David M., 48 S. Front St., West Toronto, Ont. Vice Pres., Gordon
+  McKay, Inc.
+  Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta. Dairy farmer
+
+  COLORADO
+  Boyd, A., 1232 Clayton, Denver. Salesman
+ +Forbes, J. E., Julesburg. Banker
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+  Corcoran, H. F., International Silver Co., 169 Colony St., Meriden
+  Daniels, Honorable Paul C. See Ecuador
+  David, Alexander M., 480 S. Main St., West Hartford
+  Deming, Benton H., Radio WTHT, Hartford
+  Deming, Hawthorne, Hamilton Lane, Darien
+**Deming, Dr. W. C, Litchfield. Dean of the Association
+  Frueh, Alfred J., Rt. 1, Sharon
+ +Graves, Dr. Arthur H., P.O. Box 129, Wallingford. Consulting
+    Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven
+  Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Ave., Hartford
+  Henry, David S., Blue Hills Farm, Rt. 2, Wallingford
+  Howe, Mrs. Paul, Umpawang Hill, Rt. 1, West Redding
+ *Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. Patron
+  King, Mrs. Una, 57 Meadowbrook Rd., West Hartford
+ *Newmarker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville
+  Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+  Schukoske, John A., Rt. 2, Box 257, Saybrook Rd., Middletown
+  White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover. Farmer
+
+  DELAWARE
+  Brugmann, Elmer W., 108C Thomas Dr., Monroe Pk., Wilmington.
+    Chemical Engineer
+ +Logue, R. F., Gen. Mgr., Andelot, Inc., 2098 Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington
+
+  DENMARK
+  Butzow, O., 49 Bredgade, Copenhagen
+  Car�e, Mr. J. F., "Meulenborg", Helsingor
+  Granjean, Mr. Julio, Hillerod
+  Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+  Pers, Mr. Plantageejer E., Edelgaard, Vejstrup
+  Reventlow, Johan Otto, Damgaard, Fredericia
+  S�rensen, Director K. Kaae, Dyrehavevej 22, Klampenborg
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  American Potash Inst., Inc., 1102 16th St., N. W., Washington
+  Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S. E. Washington 20
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W. See Md.
+  Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12
+  Woycik, Dr. Peter W., 1835 I St., N. W. Washington. Dentist
+
+  ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA
+  Daniels, The Honorable Paul C. American Ambassador, American Embassy,
+    Quito
+  O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Trop. Agric. Exp. Sta., Pichilingue, c/o U.S.
+    Consul, Guayacil
+
+  FLORIDA
+ +Avant, C. A., 940 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami. Real Estate, Loans,
+    (Pecan orchard in Ga.)
+ +Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr., Miami Springs
+
+  GEORGIA
+  Avant, C. A., Jr., Rt. 2, Box 253, Albany
+  Cannon, J. W., Jr., Cordele
+  Funsten R. E. Company, Sandison, Arthur O., P.O. Box 1046, Albany
+ +Hardy, Max B., Leeland Farms, P.O. Box 128, Leesburg. Nurseryman farmer
+  Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N.E., Atlanta. Teacher, nut
+    farmer
+  Noland, S. C, Box 1747, Atlanta 1. Owner, Skyland Farms
+  Sasseville, Exra M., 605 Rhodes Bldg., Atlanta
+  Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley. Peach and pecan
+    grower
+
+  HAWAII
+  Keaau Orchards, John F. Cross, Mgr., P.O. Box 1720, Hilo. Macadamia
+    growers
+
+  HONG KONG
+ +Wang, P. W., China Prod. Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+
+  IDAHO
+  Bailey, Robert G., 332 Main St., Lewiston. Print Shop
+  Dryden, Lynn, Peck. Farmer
+  Hazelbaker, Calvin, Rt. 1, Box 382, Lewiston
+  Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise. Ext. Horticulturist
+
+  ILLINOIS
+  Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4237 Western Ave., Western Springs
+  Allen, Theodore R., Delavan. Farmer
+  Anderson, Ralph W., Rt. 3, Morris
+  Andrew, Col. James W. See California
+  Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling. Apiarist
+  Baber, Adin, Kansas
+  Barrow, J. M., P.O. Box 54, Urbana
+ �Best, R. B., Columbia Seed Co., Eldred. Farmer
+  Best, Mrs. R. B., Columbia Seed Co., Eldred
+  Best, R. C., Eldred
+  Best, R. L., Eldred
+  Best, Virgil, Rt. 4, Mattoon
+ �Blyth, Colin R., Math. Dept. U. of Ill., Urbana
+ *Boll, Herschel L., 2 Hort. Field Lab. U. of Ill., Urbana. Pomologist
+  Booth, Earl, Rt. 2, Carrollton
+  Borchsenius, Wayne L., Rt. 2, Sheridan
+  Brock, Arthur S., 1733 N. McVicker Ave., Chicago 39
+  Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall
+  Carlson, Dr. R. J., 320 Sherman Ave., Macomb
+  Chandler, S. C, Southern State Univ., Carbondale
+  Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 15
+  Clark, Thomas F., Northern Regional Research Lab., Peoria.
+    Chemical Engineer
+  Colby, Dr. Arthur S., Univ. of Ill., Urbana
+  Crabb, Richard, Box 306, Wheaton
+ +Dahlberg, Dr. Albert A., 5756 Harper Ave., Chicago 37
+ +Daum, Philip A., 203 N. Sixth St., Carrollton
+  Decker, Honas H., R.F.D. Rutland. Factory worker
+  Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas. Farmer
+  Dinkelman, L. F., State St. Rd., Belleville
+  Dopheide, Henry A., 1331 Jackson St., Quincy
+  Douglass, T. J., 309-1/2 North St., Normal
+  Draner, Willard G., Rt. 1, Mendota. Farmer
+  Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington. Research Botanist
+  Estill, Mrs. Harry, Power Farms, Cantrall
+  Fordtran, E. H., Rt. 2, Box 197A, Palatine
+  Frey, Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. Asst. to V. P., CRI
+    & P RR
+  Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. Housewife
+ +Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida St., Joliet
+  Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville. Nut and fruit nurseryman
+  Gettings, Wm. A., Rt. 1, Eldred
+  Glidden, Nansen, W. Lincoln Highway, DeKalb
+  Govaia, R. M., O.D., Room 19, Greer Block, Vandalia. Optometrist
+  Grefe, Ben, Rt. 4, Box 22, Nashville. Farmer
+  Griffith, Chris, W. Filmore St., RFD, Vandalia
+  Hall, E. L., Rt. 1, Drew Ave., Hinsdale
+  Hall, Dr. William A., 25 S. Broadway, Aurora
+ *Heberlein, Edwin W., Rt. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe
+  Helmle, Mrs. Herman C, 526 S. Grand Ave. W., Springfield
+  Hermerding, Ted, Russell Miller Millg. Co., Jerseyville
+ *Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+  Hoelscher, Bernard, Rt. 5, Mt. Sterling
+  Ikesty, Q. J., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington
+  Jennings, Charles L., Box 321, Grayville
+ *Jungk, Adolph E., Rt. 1, Jerseyville
+  Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49
+  Knoeppel, J. A., Bluffs
+ *Kreider, Ralph Jr., Rt. 1, Hammond. Farmer
+  Krug, Carl B., Rt. 2, El Paso. Farmer
+  Kruse, William, Honey Lee Apiaries, Godfrey. Apiratist
+  Langdoc, Mrs. Mildred Jones, P.O. Box 136, Erie. Nursery, farm, housewife
+  Laatz, Mrs. Lenore, Rt. 3, Morris
+  Leighton, L. C., Arthur
+  McDaniel, J. C., Hort. Field Lab. Univ. of Ill., Urbana. Horticulturist
+  McDaniel, J. C., Jr., Urbana
+  McKee, Mrs. Myrtice, Mt. Morris
+  Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Rt. 2, Aledo
+  Moeser, William V., Rt. 1, Belleville
+ *Musgrave, Carl, 5200 S. Laflin St., Chicago 9. Machinist
+  Newman, Roy, P.O. Box 51, Martinsville. Orchardist
+ *Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
+ *Opat, Joseph C., Opat Chinchilla Ranch, Rt. 3, Hinsdale. Pharmacist,
+    Chinchilla Rancher
+  Peers, Frank B., Box 321, Highland Park
+  Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton. Bank President
+  Price, Harold G. Sr. See Utah
+  Raab, Irvin M., Rt. 4, Belleville
+  Ried, Robert J., 1137 Winona St., Chicago 40
+ *Reisch, Louis C., Rt. 4, Carrollton. Farmer
+  Robbins, W. J., 885 N. La Salle St., Chicago 10. Insurance
+  Robertson, Virgil E., Virginia. Retired farmer
+  Schubert, Kenneth, Rt. 1, Millstadt
+  Seng, Chas. W. & Son, 920 Lafayette Ave., P.O. Box 247, Mattoon
+  Sokolowski, F. W., M.D., 2503 Donald Ave., Alton
+ *Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. Lawyer, farm operator
+  Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville
+  Turner, Jonathan B., Fayett Co. Farm Bureau, So. 5th St., Vandalia
+  Voiles, William, Eldred
+  Vortman, Elmer, Rt. 1, Bluffs
+  Whale, Fred, Rt. 1, Fieldon
+  Whitford, A. M., Farina. Nurseryman
+  Wright, William, Vandalia
+  Zethmayr, Gordon, Rt. 1, Box 130, West Chicago
+
+  INDIANA
+  Andrew, John, Matter Park Rd., Marion. Student
+ *Andrew, Ralph, Matter Park Rd., Marion
+  Aster Nut Products, Inc., George Oberman, Mgr., 1004 Main St.,
+    Evansville 8
+  Babcock, Dan, Rt. 14, Box 342, Indianapolis 44
+  Bauer, Paul J., 123 South 29th St., Lafayette
+  Boller, G. Evert, Rt. 6, Box 101, Marion. Farmer
+  Bolten, Ferd, Rt. 3, Linton. Farmer, fruit and nut grower
+  Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+  Buchner, Dr. Doster, 533 W. Washington Blvd., Ft. Wayne. Physician and
+    surgeon
+  Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nursery, Rt. 2, Middletown. Nurseryman,
+    fruit farmer
+  Cole, Charles W. Jr., Madison Rd., Rt. 6, Box 112A, South Bend
+  Coleman, Robert G., Indiana Farmers Guide, Huntington. Field Editor, The
+    Indiana Farmer's Guide
+  Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th St., Anderson
+  Doeden, Johan, Rt. 4, Attica. Farmer
+ *Dooley, Kenneth A., Rt. 2, Marion. Gardener
+  Eagles, A. E., Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville. Walnut grower, apple
+    orchardist
+  Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 314 Southeast Riverside Dr., Evansville 8.
+    Medical doctor
+ *Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Ave., Franklin. Auditor and cashier
+  Glaser, Peter, Rt. 9, Box 328, Koering Rd., Evansville
+ *Grater, A. E., Rt. 2, Shipshewana
+  Harrell, Franklin M., Rt. 1, Griffith
+  Jasperson, Marion E., Rt. 1, Box 819, Indianapolis 44. Clerk
+  Johnson, Raymond M., 8605 Manderlay Dr., Indianapolis
+  Kaufman, Ray, Rt. 4, Peru
+  Kem, Dr. Charles E., Rt. No. 3, Box 52, Richmond
+  Kenworthy, Owen, Rt. 3, Crown Point. Farmer
+  Kyburz, Benjamine E., Rt. 1, Idaville
+  Larue, A. R., Box 147, Bloomington
+  Layman, J. C., Rt. 1, Peru
+  Lennon, Robert E., Rt. 1, Warren
+  Letsinger, J. E., 1202 Lower Huntington Rd., Ft. Wayne 6. Electrical
+    engineer
+  Lukemeyer, Edwin J., 825 Line St., Evansville
+  Moldenhauer, Carl J., Rt. 7, Huntington
+  Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon. High school principal and farmer
+  Newman, Jesse D., Jr., Rt. 2, Culver
+  Oare, William T., 650 Associate Bldg., South Bend 1
+ *Pape, Edw. W., Rt. 2, Marion
+ �Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Ave., South Bend 17. NNGA Treasurer.
+    Office: 825 J.M.S. Bldg., South Bend 1
+  Reed, Frank, Daleville. Toolmaker
+  Rehm, Walter T., Rt. 4, Logansport
+  Richards, E. E., 2912 York Rd., South Bend. Studebaker Corp.
+  Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello
+ *Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14
+  Schram, Emil, Rt. 1, Peru
+  Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry St., New Albany
+ *Shafer, John, Jr., 3031 N. Roselawn Dr., Logansport
+  Skinner, Dr. Chas. H., Rt. 1, Thorntown
+  Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport
+  Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport. Nurseryman, nut tree propagator
+  Summers, Floyd, Rt. 2, Box 68, Winchester
+  Talbott, John E., Rt. 3, Linton
+ �Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru
+  Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette. Ext.
+    Horticulturist
+  Westerhouse, George F., E. Ohio St., Monticello
+  Whitsel, Gilbert L., Jr., Rt. 3, Peru
+  Wichman, Robert P., Rt. 3, Washington. General farming
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rt. 3, Rockport. Nurseryman
+  Wittick, Eugene C., Box 68A, Rt. 4, Valparaiso
+  Woodward, Howard, Rt. 3, Syracuse
+
+  IOWA
+  Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+  Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua. Farmer
+  Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+  Eads, Carroll, RFD, Miles. Farmer
+  Eller, W. E., Eldora
+  Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. Nurseryman
+ *Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. President of Earl Ferris Nursery
+  Goodwin, William T., 1121 S. Riverside Dr., Iowa City
+  Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville
+  Hoke, Russell O., Rt. 2, Anamosa. Laborer
+  Huen, E. F., Eldora. Farmer
+ *Inter State Nurseries, Hamburg. General nurserymen
+  Iowa Fruit Growers Assn., c/o Sec'y. State House, Des Moines 19
+ *Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset
+  Kern, Dr. W. R., 741 Rundell St., Iowa City
+  Kosek, Frank J., 87 Sixteenth Ave., S.W., Cedar Rapids
+  Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman
+  Lysinger, Addison, Lomoni
+ *Martzahn, Frank A., Rt. 1, Davenport. Farmer
+  McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. Lawyer
+  Meyer, Clemens, Rt. 1, West Union
+  Orr, J. Allen, 4000 W. 4th St., Sioux City 17
+  Petsel, George E., 815 W. Park Rd., Iowa City
+  Rohrbacher, Dr. William M., 811 E. College St., Iowa City. Practice
+    of Medicine
+  Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 2, Fort Madison. Farmers
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point. Nurseryman, nuts and general
+  Tolstead, W. L. See Nebraska
+  Troyer, Ralph, Rt. 4, Kalona
+ *Wade, Miss Ida May, Rt. 3, La Porte City. Bookkeeper
+  Welch, G. L., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+  White, Herbert L., Box 264, Woodbine. Rural Mail Carrier
+ *White, Rev. L. P., Greeley
+  Williams, Wendell V., Rt. 1, Danville. Farmer
+  Williams, R. Alan, 1890 8th Ave., Maion
+
+
+  JAPAN
+  Deming, Olcott, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo
+  Yoshizaki, Chiaki, International Collaboration of Farmers Ass'n.,
+    17 Ichi Bancho Chiyodaku, Tokyo
+
+
+  KANSAS
+  Baker, Fred C., Troy. Entomologist
+  Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+ �Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th & Central, Kansas
+    City 1. Bank President
+  Funk, M. D., 600 W. Paramore St., Topeka. Pharmacist
+  Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Ave., Horton. Osteopathic Physician
+  Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. Farmer
+  Jackson, Walter, Osage City
+  Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Rt. 3, Leavenworth.
+    Nut nurseryman
+  Mondero, John, Lansing
+  Stark, M. F., Hawthorne Pl., Hiawatha. Supt. City Schools
+  Thielenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo. Retired postal worker
+  Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
+ *Wales, Max, 1534 MacVicar St., Topeka
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson
+  Armstrong, W. D., Western Kentucky Exp. Sta., Princeton. Horticulturist
+  Bray, Terrell, Bray Orchards, Bedford
+  Funsten, R. E. Company, Robert Walker, P.O. Box 142, Henderson
+  Hopson, J. R., Rt. 2, Cadiz
+  Magill, W. W., Horticulture Dept., Univ. of Ky., Lexington
+ *Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Dr., Paducah
+  Moss, Dr. C. A., Box 237, Williamsburg. Bank President
+ *Rouse, Sterling, Rt. 1, Box 70, Florence. Fruit grower, nurseryman
+  Shakelford, Thomas B., P.O. Box 31, Compton
+  Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon. Commercial orchardist
+  Usrey, Robert, Star Rt., Mayfield
+  Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+  Hammer, Dr. Harald E., USDA Chemical Lab., 606 Court House, Shreveport
+    47. Chemist
+  Smith, Dr. C. L., USDA Pecan Laboratory, 607 Court House, Shreveport
+  Perrault, Mrs. H. D., Rt. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches
+
+
+  MAINE
+  Hamilton, Mrs. Benj. P., Waterboro
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+  Barrett, Harvey E., P. E., 17 Maple Ave., Catonsville 28. Naval Architect
+  Crane, Dr. H. L., USDA Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Principal
+    Horticulturist, USDA
+  Dengler, Harry William, Ext. Forester, Univ. of Md., College Park
+  Diller, Dr. Jesse D., USDA Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Forest
+    Pathologist
+ *Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P.O. Box 743, Easton. Chestnut growers
+ �Gravatt, G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. Forest Pathologist
+  Jones, George R., Rt. 2, Aberdeen
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Rd., Silver Spring. Research Associate
+  Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne. General
+    nurseryman
+  McCollum, Blaine, White Hall. Retired from Federal Government
+  McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Horticulturist
+ *Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031 56th Ave., Roger Hgts., Hyattsville
+ *Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. Farm Owner
+  Quill Farm, Attn. Philip S. Parkinson, Barclay
+ *Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore 16. Physician
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+  Babbitt, Howard S., 221 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield. Service station owner
+    & farmer
+  Barthelmes, George A., Rt. 1, Leicester. Machinist
+ *Bradbury, Rear Adm. H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+  Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston
+ *Bump, Albert H., P.O. Box 275, Brewster
+ *Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Rd., North Grafton. Farmer,
+    fruit grower
+ *Faulkner, Luther W., RFD, Westford
+  Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro. General foreman, instrument
+    company
+ *Ganz, Dr. Robert Norton, 262 Beacon St., Boston
+  Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+ *Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable
+  La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown. Engineer
+  Murphy, John D., 19 Boulevard Rd., Wellesley
+  Rice, Horace J., 515 Main St., Wilbraham, Attorney
+ *Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+  Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park 36
+  Vance, Dr. Robert G., 262 Beacon St., Boston 16. Physician
+  Viera, Manuel, Main St., Vineyard Haven
+ *Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield
+  Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocasset, Cape Cod
+  York, Stanley E., 480 Branch St., Mansfield. Supervisor
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+  Allen, Howard H., 2925 Francis St., Jackson
+  Andersen, Charles, Rt. 2, Box 236, Scottville. Nurseryman
+  Armstrong, Dr. Robt. J., Rt. 8, Box 83, Kalamazoo. Physician, farmer
+  Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5. Secretary, MNGA
+ *Becker, Gilbert, Climax. President, MNGA
+ *Beckert, W. M., Mich. Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 451, Jackson
+  Boylan, P. B., Rt. 1, Cloverdale
+  Breitmeyer, Howard T., 12955 Dale Ave., Detroit 23
+  Bumler, Malcolm R., 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. Insurance trustee
+  Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. Nurseryman
+  Burgess Seed & Plant Co., 67 E. Battle Creek St., Galesburg
+  Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor. Railroad telegrapher
+  Chester, Dr. William P., 742 MacCabees Bldg., Detroit 2
+  Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale. Nurseryman
+  Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8
+ *Desmet, Mrs. Agnes, 14450 Houston Ave., Detroit 5
+  Dillow, Harold R., P.O. Box 479, Franklin
+  Drake, Virgil, Rt. 2, Bangor 2
+  Emerson, Ralph W., 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+  Estill, Miss Gertrude. See Florida
+  Groos, Alfred P., Rt. 1, Gladstone
+  Hagelshaw, W. J., Rt. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. Grain farmer, contractor
+ *Hav, Francis H., Ivanhoe Pl., Lawrence. Farmer
+  Hubbard, W. G., Box 146, Hudsonville. Dealer, bottled gas
+  Johnson, Leonard A., 620 E. Buno Rd., Rt. 3, Milford. Mechanical engineer
+  Kennedy, Robert M., 45354 Deneweth Rd., Mt. Clemens
+  Keplinger, Frank J., Farwell
+  Klever, Edward F., Rt. 2, Grant
+  Korn, G. J., 345 N. Burdict St., Kalamazoo
+ *Lee, Michael, P.O. Box 16, Milford
+  Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14. Engineer, nut orchardist
+  Long, Louis C, 6117 State Rd., Goodrich
+  Maycock, Harry J., 580 Fairground St., Plymouth
+  Michigan Nut Growers Association, 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
+ *Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. Forester
+  Nitschke, Robert A., Tilbury Pl., Birmingham
+  O'Rourke, Prof. F. L. See Ecuador
+  Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson
+  Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles. Plant breeding
+  Ricky, Lowell L., 1009A Birch St., East Lansing
+  Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 22037 Poinciana, Detroit 19. Printer
+  Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock
+ *Somers, Lee, Rt. 1, Perrinton. Farmer, nurseryman
+  Sweet, Dale V., 530 South Capitol, Lansing
+ *Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Way, Birmingham
+  Tolles, G. S., Rt. 5, South Haven
+  Ullrey, L. E., Rt. 1, Vicksburg
+  Wieber, Giles E., Fowler
+ *Wyman, Miles L., 40 North St., Highland Park 3. Certified public
+    accountant
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+ *Dubbels, Charley, Elgin
+  Hodgson, R. E., Department of Agriculture, S.E. Experiment Station,
+    Waseca
+  Hormel, Jay C., Austin
+  Sanders, Parker D., Fifth & Jefferson Sts., Redwood Falls
+  Wedge, Don., Rt. 2, Albert Lea. Wedge Nursery
+  Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul. Proprietor Hazel Hills
+    Nursery Co.
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+ *Gossard, A.C., U.S. Hort. Field Sta., Rt. 6, Meridian. Horticulturist
+ *King, John Andrews, Tolten Rd., Lodi
+  Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exp. Sta., Stoneville. Cytogeneticist
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+  Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Taft Ave., St. Louis
+  Biggs, Dutton, 248 Elm Ave., Glendale 22
+  Brecheisen, Paul, 5641 Forest Ave., Kansas City
+  Buck, Charles L., LaCrosse. Farmer
+  Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson City
+  Funsten, R. E. Company, Don Walker, 1515 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis 3
+  Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+  Heuser, Wesley E., Rich Hill
+  Howe, John, Rt. 1, Box 4, Pacific
+  Huber, Frank J., Weingarten. Farmer
+ *James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick
+  Lambert, J. O., Laclede. Farmer
+ *Logan, George F., Oregon
+  Marquardt, Fred, Rich Hill
+ �Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove. Farmer
+  Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. Foreman in garment factory
+  Oliver, L. P., 511 Monroe Ave., Campbell
+  Owens, LeRoy J., Willow Springs
+  Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles. Farmer
+  Rose, Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5
+  Sims Fruit & Nursery Farms, Hannibal
+  Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard, Atten: H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+  Stephens, A. F., G. M., & O. R. R., 721 Olive St., St. Louis. Gen.
+    Agr. Agt.
+  Tainter, Nat A., 420 Jackson St., St. Charles
+  Wuertz, H. J., Rt. 1, Pevely
+  Wylie, Wilber J., 902 Grand Ave., Doniphan. Assistant Postmaster
+
+
+  MONTANA
+  Ford, Russell H., Dixon
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+ *Brand, George, Rt. 5, Lincoln
+  Brandenburgh, A. R., Rt. 2, Bellwood 3
+  Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, Wahoo
+  Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+  Manning, Arch J., 4202 Emmet St., Omaha 3
+  Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City
+  Tolstead, W. L., Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln
+  Ziegenbein, Mrs. Helen M., Box 671, Wasau. Housewife
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center
+ *Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. Investment banker
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+  Anderegg, F. O., Rt. 3, Sommerville
+  Audi, Dr. Eugene J., 466 S. Maple Ave., Glen Rock
+  Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+  Bottoni, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange. Pres. of Harbot Die
+    Casting Corp.
+  Buckwalter, Alan R., Jr., Rt. 1, Box 47, Flemington
+  Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Rt. 1, Box 45, Flemington
+  Cherry, George D., Paulsdale, Hooten Rd., Moorestown
+  Cox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Rd., Blodmfield
+  Cumberland Nurseries, William Well, Prop., Rt. 1, Millville. Nurserymen
+ *Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Neward St., Hoboken
+  Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton. Sec'y.
+    U.S. Rubber Co.
+ *Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Rt. 1, Box 137, Keyport
+  Grosshans, George, 1309 Summit Terrace, Linden
+  Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. York, Prop., Neshanic Station. Nut Nursery
+  Lehman, Edwin L., 811 N. 4th St., Camden 2
+  Lippencott, J. C., 15 Mundy Ave., Spotswood
+  McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+  Parkinson, Philip P. See Quill Farm, Maryland
+  Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rahway
+ *Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover. Farmer
+  Schroeder, Harold W., Rt. 2, Boonton
+ *Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack. Dun & Bradstreet
+  Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City. Manufacturer
+  Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange. Lawyer
+
+
+  NEW MEXICO
+  Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  Barton, Irving, Box 13, Montour Falls. Engineer
+  Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo 14. Manufacturer
+  Beck, Paul E., Becks Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst. Dairy
+    Executive
+ *Benton, William A., Wassaic. Farmer, Benton and Smith Nut Nursery
+  Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Rt. 3, Poughkeepsie
+  Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 3, Poughkeepsie. Nurseryman
+ *Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester 7. Sales Engineer
+  Brooks, William G., Brooks Nut Nurseries, Monroe. Nut tree nurseryman
+  Caldwell, David H., N.Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse. Instructor
+    in wood technology
+ *Cassina, Augustus, Valatie
+  Center, Bernard M., 51 Van Buren St., Massapequa Park
+  Conner, Mrs. Charles J., 460 Flint St., Rochester 11
+  Dunckel, Lewis A., 2023 S. Salina St., Syracuse 5
+ *Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton. Building contractor
+  Ferguson, Donald V., L. I. Agr. & Tech. Inst., Farmingdale
+  Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14. Executive manager
+  Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport. Typewriter sales and service
+ *Gibson, Stanfard J., 56 Fair St., Norwich
+ *Glazier, Henery S., Jr., 1 S. William St., New York 4
+  Gould, Mrs. Gordon, 419 E. 57th St., New York 22
+  Graham, S. H., Bostwick Rd., Rt. 5, Ithaca. Nurseryman
+  Granjean, Julio. See Denmark
+ *Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., 19 Grove St., New Paltz. Post office clerk
+  Hill, Francis I., Sterling. Letter carrier
+  Hirshfeld, Dr. J. W., 109 W. Upland Rd., Ithaca
+  Hirshfeld, Mrs. J. W., 109 W. Upland Rd., Ithaca
+  Ingalls, Chester W., 82 Chestnut St., Cooperstown
+ *Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Rt. 1, Valatie
+ *Kettaneh, F. A., 745 5th Ave., New York 22
+  Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Rd., Churchville
+  Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, W., Apt. 1406, New York 23
+  Kortright, W. E., Rt. 1, Liberty
+ �Kraai, Dr. John, 84 S. Main St., Fairport. Physician
+  Larkin, Harry H., 199 Van Rennsselaer St., Buffalo 10
+ *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+  Lowerre, James, Rt. 3, Middletown
+ *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell Univ., Ithaca. Head, Dept. of
+    Floriculture and Ornamental Hort.
+  Metcalfe, Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster. Fruit grower
+ *Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster. Fruit grower
+  Miller, J. E., Canandaigua. Nurseryman
+ *Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York
+  Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+  Newell, Palmer F., Lake Rd., Rt. 1, Westfield
+  Norman, Norman B., 64 Rocklidge Rd., Hartsdale
+  O'Brien, Esmonde M., 25 South St., P.O. Box 2169, New York 4
+  Perrault, Mrs. H. D., 5400 Fieldston Rd., Riverdale 71, New York
+  Pura, John J., Rt. 82, Hopewell Junction. Prison Guard
+  Renshaw, Alfred, Fiddler's Lane, Loudanville
+  Reynolds, C. L., Rt. 2, Binghamton
+  Roat, Gordon J., Rt. 1, Canandaigua
+  Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9. Milkman, chestnut tree
+    grower
+  Salzer, Rodman G., 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9
+ *Schlegel, Charles P., 990 So. Ave., Rochester 7
+ *Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+  Schlick, John, Mill Rd., Vernon Center
+  Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+  Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+  Sheffield, Lewis J., 61 N. Magnolia St., Pearl River
+ �Slate, Prof. George L., Exp. Station, Geneva. Fruit Breeder
+  Smith, Jay L., Nut Tree Nursery, Chester
+ *Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., Ithaca
+  Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook. Artist-designer
+ *Szego, Alfred, 35-50 78th St., Jackson Heights, New York
+  Volcko, Andrew, 607 W. Colvin St., Syracuse 5. Postoffice clerk
+  Wadsworth, Millard E., Rt. 5, Oswego
+ *Wheeler, Robert C., 36th St., Albany
+ *Wilson, Frank C, 27 Liberty St., Arcade
+  Windisch, Richard P., W. E. Burnet Company, 11 Wall St., New York 5
+ *Wissman, Mrs. F. de R. Retired
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+  Andrus, E. Rex., Rt. 1, Franklin. Farmer
+  Bass, Claude D., Rt. 1, Kenley. Farmer
+ *Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+  Ellis, W. J., Rt. 2, Advance. Bricklayer
+  Finch, Jack R., Rt. 1, Bailey. Farmer
+  Henry, W. V., Rt. 2, Candler
+  McCain, H. C., Box 794, Tryon
+  Moorman, L. L., 801 N. Washington St., Rutherfordton
+  Poe, D. W., P.O. Box 807, Hickory
+
+
+  NORTH DAKOTA
+  Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. Refuge Manager
+
+
+  OHIO
+  Ackerman, Lester, Rt. 3, Ada
+  Allaman, William W., Trotwood
+  Antioch College, Glen Helen Dept., Yellow Springs
+  Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin. Real Estate
+  Beede, D. V., Rt. 3, Lisbon
+  Bitler, W. A., Rt. 1, Shawnee Rd., Lima. General contractor
+  Borchers, Perry E., 412 W. Hillcrest Ave., Dayton 6
+  Boye, Dr. E. L., 26 Wildfern Dr., Youngstown
+  Brewster, Lewis, Rt. 1, Swanton. Vegetable grower
+  Bridgwater, Boyd E., 68 Cherry St., Akron 8. V.P. Bridgewater Machine Co.
+  Bungart, A. A., Avon. Secretary, O.N.G.
+  Bussey, Roy K., Jr., 1056 Florida Ave., Akron 14
+  Button, Fred, Rt. 2, McArthur
+  Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20. Housewife
+  Clark, Richard L., 1517 Westdale Rd., South Euclid 21. Sales manager
+  Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 149, Leetonia
+  Cornett, Charles L., R.R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St.,
+    Cincinnati. Inspector
+  Craig, George E., Dundas. Fruit and nut grower
+  Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front St., Marietta
+  Daley, James R., Rt. 3, Foster Park Rd., Amherst. Electrician
+  Davidson, John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia. Writer
+  Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+  Davidson, William J., 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+  Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept, of Forestry, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster
+  Donaldson, Robert G., Rt. 3, Wooster
+  Dowell, Dr. Glenn C, Jr., 116 26th St., NE, Canton 4
+ *Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L., 529 North Ave., NE, Massillon. Physician
+  Farr, Mrs. Walter, Rt. 1, Kingsville
+  Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster
+  Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Blvd. at Euclid Ave.,
+    Cleveland 6
+ �Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+  Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massillon. Letter carrier
+  Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 20
+  Grad, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+  Hake, Hanrey, Edon
+  Hammock, Edwin H., 345 E. State St., Columbus 15
+ *Hansley, C. F., Box 614, Sugar Grove
+  Heinzelman, Edward G., 267 Southern Ave., Chillicothe
+ *Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland 9
+  Hinde, John G., Rt. 1, Sandusky
+  Hlywiak, Andy, 2214 S. Tod Ave., Warren
+ *Hornyak, Louis, Rt. 1, Wakeman
+  Houlette, William R., Rt. 2, Columbiana
+  Howard, James R., 2908 Fleming Rd., Middletown
+ *Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland 8. Arborist
+  Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+  Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+ *Kerr, Dr. S. E., Rt. 1, North Lawrence
+ *Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13. Principal,
+    Cincinnati Public Schools
+  Kodera, Shunzo, 47 E. 12th Ave., Columbus 1
+  Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9. Electrician
+  Leaman, Paul V., Rt. 1, Creston
+  Lechleitner, Rev. R. D., 270 Westview Ave., Worthington
+  Lemmon, R. M., 577 Vinita Ave., Akron 20
+  Lippa, Julius, 4464 Lee Hts. Rd., Warrenville Heights
+  Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+  Lynn, Edith, Rt. 2, Canfield
+ *Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Blvd., Columbus 12. College professor
+  Manbeck, Willard O., 1359 Croyden Rd., Cleveland 24
+  McKinster, Ray, 1632 South 4th St., Columbus 7
+  Meister, Richard T., Editor, American Fruit Grower, Willoughby
+  Meister, Robert T., Sre. Def., APO 58, c/o Postmaster, New York. Farm in
+    Ohio
+ *Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+  Oches, Norman M., Rt. 1, Brunswick. Mechanical Engineer
+  Osborn, Frank C., 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland 11. Tool and die maker
+  Page, John H., Box 34, Dundas
+ *Pataky, Christ, Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, M.R.S., Mansfield. Chairman,
+    O.N.G.
+  Pattison, Aletheia, 5 Dexter Pl., E. W. H., Cincinnati 6
+  Pomerene, Walter H., Rt. 3, Coshocton. Agricultural Engineer
+  Pomeroy, Howard A., 4803 Rambo Lane, Toledo 13
+  Purdy, Clyde W., 19 Public Sq., Mt. Vernon
+ *Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Box 248, Amelia
+  Robb, Harry C., Rt. 4, Carrollton
+  Rogers, T. B., P.O. Box 296, Lakemore
+ *Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11. Sales manager
+  Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle. Nurserymen
+ *Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Rt. 2, Nevada
+  Seas, D. Edward, 721 So. Main St., Orrville
+  Sebring, R. G., 1227 Lincoln Rd., Columbus
+  Shelton, Dr. Elbert M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+  Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Ave., Canfield
+ *Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa. Farmer
+  Short, Robert M., 122 E. Park St., Westerville. High school teacher
+ *Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N.E., Massillon. Realty
+  Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermillion. Telegrapher, NYC RR
+  Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City. General nurserymen
+  Steinbeck, A. P., Rt. 2, Ravenna. Rubber worker, Firestone Tire &
+    Rubber Co.
+  Stevens, Robert T., Jr., Rt. 1, Lucas
+ *Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F St., Lorain
+  Swope, Wilmer D., Rt. 3, Box 183, Leetonia
+  Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Rd., Masury
+  Toney, Hewitt S., Rt. 2, Cedarville. Mathematician
+  Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus 12. College Professor
+  Underwood, John, Rt. 4, Urbana
+  Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21. Mayor
+  Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B 1, Newark
+  Von Gundy, Clifford R., 851 Nordyke Rd., Cincinnati 30
+ *Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland 18. Consulting engineer
+  Warren, Herbert L., 518 W. Central Ave., Delaware
+  Weaver, Arthur W., RFD Box 196B, Cass Rd., Maumee
+  Wheatly, Robert, 406 3rd St., Marietta
+ *Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9. Engineer
+ *Williams, L. F., Box 386, Mt. Vernon
+  Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Ave., Cincinnati 13. Mechanical engineer
+  Yoder, Emmet, Smithville. Farmer
+  Zimmerman, Erle C., 145 Firestone Bldg., Akron. Chemist
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+  Butler, Roy J., Rt. 2, Hydro. Farmer, cattleman
+  Cesar, Farin G., State Board of Agr., 122 State Capitol Bldg., Oklahoma
+    City
+  Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept. of Hort., Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater
+  Dean, Marion, Jr., Tuxedo Rd., Bartlesville
+  Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+  Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Co., 3002 S. Boston Pl., Tulsa 5.
+    Nurseryman
+  Hirschi's Nursery, 1124 N. Hudson, Oklahoma City. Dry cleaning business,
+    nurseryman
+  Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City
+  Keathly, Jack, Marland
+  Mayfield, W. W., General Delivery, Sallisaw
+  Meek, E. B., Rt. 3, Box 16, Wynnewood
+  Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+  Riter, John R., 115 E. 1st St., Bartlesville
+
+
+  OREGON
+  Bebeau, A. V., Box 136, McNary
+  Countryman, Peter F., Rt. 1, Box 275, Ontario
+  Graville, Ed, Rt. 3, Box 263, Junction City
+  Miller, John E., 2200 S. W. Childs Rd., Oswego
+  Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem.
+    Nurseryman
+  Smith, Earl G., Rt. 1, Newberg. Manager, Dundee Nut Growers
+  Trunk, John E., Gen. Mgr., Northwest Nut Growers, 1601 N. Columbia
+    Blvd., Portland 11
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+  Allaman, H. C., 1812 So. Pine St., York
+ *Allaman, R. P., Rt. 86, Harrisburg. Farm superintendent
+ *Amsler, E. W., 707 Main St., Clarion
+  Anthony, Roy D., 125 Hillcrest Ave., State College. Retired
+    Horticulturist
+ *Arensberg, Charles F. C., First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 22.
+    Chinese chestnut
+  Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown
+  Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan. Insurance agent
+  Beck, Dr. William M., 200 Race St., Sunbury
+  Berst, Charles B., 11 W. 8th St., Erie. Inspector, Lord Mfg. Co.
+  Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel
+  Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie
+  Brewer, J. L., Yellow House
+ *Bricker, Calvin E., Rt. 1, Mercersburg
+  Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg
+  Burket, J. Emory, Rt. 1, Claysburg. Fruit grower
+ �Clarke, William S., Jr., P.O. Box 167, State College
+  Clewell, Gen. Edgar L., Dimde Farms, Rt. 2, Harrisburg. Retired U. S. A.
+  Comp, Alton, 5 No. 2nd St., Newport
+  Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg 21. Telephone man
+  Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St., Mechanicsburg
+  Ebling, Aaron L., Rt. 2, Reading
+  Etter, Fayette, P.O. Box 57, Lemasters. Foreman, Electric company
+  Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth St., Colonial Park, Harrisburg.
+    Assistant State Fire Marshall
+  Glasgow, Joseph M., 406 S. Second St., Bellwood
+  Good, Orrin S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven. Retired
+  Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Rd., Harborcreek. Electrical contractor,
+    Chestnut & evergreen nurseryman
+  Hales, Alfred R., Jr., Apt. 9 C, Cloverleaf Village Apts., Pittsburgh 27
+  Halsey, A. Louise, 63 Walnut St., Forty Fort
+ *Hammond, Harold, 903 So. Poplar St., Allentown
+  Hartman, Dr. G. W., Keystone Hospital, 3rd & Briggs Sts., Harrisburg
+ *Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 1, Bird in Hand. Farmer, black walnut grower
+  Hughes, Douglas, 1230 E. 21st St., Erie
+  Hull, Miss Margaret L., 1910 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg
+  Johnson, Robert F., 1630 Greentree Rd., Pittsburgh 20
+  Jones, Mildred M. See Mrs. Langdoc, Illinois
+ *Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Box 69, Clarion
+  Kirk, H. B., 1902 North St., Harrisburg
+  Knouse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg. Coal dealer
+  Krone, Herbert B., Rt. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+  Krone, Mrs. Herbert B., Rt. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+  Leach, Will, Rt. 1, Box 45, Scranton. Lawyer
+ *Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. Consultant in Arboriculture
+ *McKenna, Philip M., P.O. Box 186, Latrobe
+  Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave., State College. Pomologist
+ *Miller, Elwood B., Mill & Chapel Sts., Hazleton
+  Miller, Robert O., 3rd & Ridge Sts., Emmaus
+  Moyer, Philip S., 80-82 U.S.F. & G. Bldg., Harrisburg. Attorney
+  Murray, James A., Rt. 3, Cambridge Springs. Teacher
+  Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+  Nonnemacher, H. M., 128 Front St., Alburtis. Line foreman, Bell Tele.
+    Co. of Penna.
+  Oesterling, H. M., Rt. 1, Marysville
+ *Reidler, Paul G., Front & Chestnut Sts., Ashland. Manufacturer of
+    textiles
+  Reighard, E. Don, Box 247, Rt. 2, Nut Hill Nursery, Halifax. Nurseryman
+  Rhoades, Frank S., Rt. 1, Sigel
+ *Rick, John, 438 Penna. Sq., Reading. Fruit grower and merchant
+  Ritter, C. Marshall, Dept. of Horticulture, Penna. State College, State
+    College
+  Schaible, Percy, Box 68, Upper Black Eddy
+  Schieferstein, William B., Box 457, Temple
+  Shreffler, Mrs. W. B., 144 W. Main St., Clarion
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore. Retired teacher, writer
+  Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St., Troy. Attorney
+  Springer, Herbert W., 218 Penrose St., Quakertown
+  Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City
+  Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., 110 Univ. Ave., Lewisburg. Retired professor
+ �Thompson, Howard A., 311 W. Swissvale Ave., Pittsburgh 18
+  Tomm, Joseph G., Rt. 2, McDonald
+  Toomy, T. Luke, Wila
+ �Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland. Salesman
+  Washick, Dr. Frank A., Welsh & Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11. Surgeon
+  Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+  Weinrich, Whitney, Engle Rd., Rt. 20, Media. Chemical engineer
+ *Wister, John C, Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore.
+    Horticulturist
+ *Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th St., Erie. Manufacturer
+  Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R. D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+ *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+  Loomis, Charles B., 61 Elisha St., East Greenwich
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Bregger, John T., Soil Conservation Service, Clemson
+  Gordon, G. Henry, Union Dry Cleaning Co., 13 Main St., Union.
+    Returned Mariner
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Hanson, Oliver G., Rt. 2, Box 194, Yankton
+ +Richter, Herman, Madison. Farmer
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+  Alpine Forest Reserve, Atten: J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine. Forester
+  Byrd, Benjamin F., Jr., M.D., Granny White Pike, Nashville. Surgeon
+  Caldwell, Sam, Rt. 4, Holt Rd., Nashville 11. Radio and writer
+  Carter, Oscar W., M.D., 2610 Woodlawn Dr., Nashville. Surgeon
+ +Chase, Spencer B., T. V. A., Norris. Horticulturist
+  Collier, Robert H., Lutie Rd., Rt. 2, Knoxville. Public administration
+  Cox, Dr. T. S., 103 Hotel Ave., Fountain City. Dentist
+ +Dulin, Charles R., Brownsville. Fruit grower
+  Dye, Mrs. Sherman, Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. Chestnut & ornamental
+    nursery
+  Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St., Nashville. Surgeon
+  Hardy, J. H., 1315 Mennekahda Pl., Chattanooga 5. Accountant
+ +Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeil St., Memphis 7
+  Hoyt, Prof. Garner E., Byan University, Dayton
+  Jones, D. T., Rt. 2, Midway
+  McSwain, Barton, M.D., 3514 Hampton Rd., Nashville. Surgeon
+  Mattern, Don H., 513 Union Bldg., Knoxville
+ +Meeks, Hamp, Jackson Elec. Dept., Jackson. Electrical engineer
+  Murphy, H. O., 12 Sweetbriar Ave., Chattanooga. Fruit grower
+  Patterson, Dr. R. L., Suite 207, Interstate Bldg., Chattanooga
+  Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. Physician
+  Roark, W. F., Malesus. Farmer, chestnut grower
+  Robinson, W. Jobe, Rt. 7, Jackson. Farmer
+  Saville, Chris, 118 Church St., Greeneville
+  Sells, Paul S., 700 Boylston St., Chattanooga
+  Shipley, Mrs. E. D., 3 Century Court, Knoxville 16
+  Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester. General nurserymen
+  Waterhouse, Carmack, P.O. Box 258, Oak Ridge. Engineer
+  Zarger, Thomas G., T.V.A., Norris. Forester
+
+
+  TEXAS
+  Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart. R.R. engineer, amateur
+    horticulturist
+  Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+  Hander, Nelson H., Star Rt., Belton
+  Kelly, Paul, Box 428, Seymour
+ +Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., P.O. Box 867, Tyler. Nut nurseryman
+  Lancaster, Carroll T., Rt. 2, Box 206, Palestine. Electrolux dealer
+  Mason, G. L., Rt. 3, Hico. Farmer
+  Praytor, T. J., Box 667, Seymour
+  Reasonover, J. Roy, Rt. 2, Kemp
+  Rubrecht, J. F., Plant Experiment Station, Box 302, Paris
+  Shelton, David, Box 369, Gonzales
+  Thomas, J. W., Overton
+  Winkler, Andrew, Rt. 1, Moody. Farmer and pecan grower
+  Winkler, Charlie, Rt. 1, Moody
+
+
+  UTAH
+  Burton, J. O., Meadow. Rancher
+  Dabb, Clifford H., Rt. 3, Box 448, Ogden
+  Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State St., Orem
+  Petterson, Harlan D., 3910 Raymond Ave., South Ogden. Highway engineer
+  Price, Harold G., Sr., 1270 E. Crystal Ave., Salt Lake City 6.
+    (Farm in Illinois)
+  Shurtleff, Wm. H., D.D.S., Rt. 3, Box 384, Ogden
+
+
+  VERMONT
+  Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+  Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven. Perpetual member, "In Memoriam."
+  Johnson, John R., Deer Valley Farm, Townshend
+  Reynolds, T. H., 79 Main St., Middlebury
+  Spahr, Dr. Mary B., Stannard (See New York)
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+  Acker Black Walnut Corp., Box 263, Broadway. Walnut processors
+  Burton, George L., 722 College St., Bedford
+  Cooper, Lawrence E., Belle Meade. Nurseryman-landscaper
+  Curthoys, George A., P.O. Box 34, Bristol
+  Dickerson, T. C., Jr., 316 56th St., Newport News
+  Filman, O., Box 3551, Va. Tech. Station, Blacksburg
+    (temporary from Ontario)
+  Gibbs, H. R., Linden. Carpenter, wood worker
+  Jenkins, Marvin, Brightwood. Farmer
+  Jones, E. W., Virginia Tree Farm, Woodlawn
+  Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Bldg., Roanoke 11
+  Miller, T. R., Sword's Creek. Farmer
+  Moore, R. C., Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13
+  Narten, Perry F., 6110 N. Washington Blvd., Arlington 5. Geologist
+  Pinner, Henry, P.O. Box 155, Suffolk
+ +Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Ave., S.E., Roanoke 13
+  Thompson, B. H., Rt. 4, Harrisonburg. Manufacturer of nut crackers
+  Trump, V. A., Crewe
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+  Bechtoe, O. W., Coulee City. Farmer
+  Eliot, Craig P., P.O. Box 158, Shelton. Electrical engineer, farmer
+  Erkman, John O., 2113 Symons, Richland. Physicist
+  Fulmer, W. L., 505 Boylston, N., Seattle 2. Lily grower
+  Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Rd., Greenacres. Greenhouse worker
+  Linkletter, Frank D., 2131 8th Ave., Seattle 1. Retired
+  Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 353, Olympia. Caretaker of summer resort
+  Ross, Verel C., 4025 Rucker Ave., Everett
+  Shane Bros. Nut Growers, Vashon
+ �Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston. Nut
+    nurseryman
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+  Bartholmew, Miss Elizabeth Ann, W. Va. Univ., Morgantown
+ +Cook, Dr. E. A., 106 First St., Oak Hill
+  Eckerd, John K., 305 William St., Martinsburg. Engineer, steam
+ +Engle, Blaine W., Mutual Fire Ins. Co. of W. Va., Goff Bldg., Clarksburg
+ *Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale. Retired
+  Gold Chestnut Nursery, Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. Chestnut nurseryman
+  Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+  Haislip, Fred, P.O. Box 1620 Logan. Farmer
+ �Hale, Dr. Daniel, Princeton
+  Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown
+  Howard, Mrs. Carl E., The Charleston Gazette, Charleston. Garden editor
+ +Long, J. C., Box 491, Princeton. Civil engineer
+  McDonald, Dr. Walter, Augusta
+  McGraw, S. L., Athens
+  McNeill, John Hanson, Box 531, Romney. Chem. engineer
+ +Miller, Edward, Romney
+  Mish, Arnold F., Inwood. Associational farmer
+  Pease, Roger W., Dept, of Hort., Univ. of W. Va., Morgantown
+ +Reed, Arthur M., Glenmont Nurseries, Moundsville. Prop., Glenmount
+    Nurseries
+  Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+  Conway, W. M., 2105 Jefferson St., Madison
+  Coulson, L. W., Rt. 1, Slinger
+  Eiler, William, Benton
+  Jach, Peter, 8613 No. 60th St., Milwaukee 16
+  Ladwig, C. F., Rt. 2, Beloit. Grocer and farmer
+  Martinson, John L., 408 N. Lake, Madison
+  Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine
+  Raether, Robert, Rt. 1, Augusta
+  Running, M. H., 5220 N. 29 St., Milwaukee 9
+  Snowden, Dr. P. W., The Monroe Clinic, Monroe
+
+
+W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC. GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 25935-8.txt or 25935-8.zip *****
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@@ -0,0 +1,10778 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting
+       Rockport, Indiana, August 25, 26 and 27, 1952
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: June 30, 2008 [EBook #25935]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+43rd Annual Report
+
+OF THE
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Incorporated
+
+AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+_Annual Meeting at_
+
+ROCKPORT, INDIANA
+
+August 25, 26 and 27, 1952
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Officers and Committees 1952-53                                     4
+
+   State and Foreign Vice Presidents                                   5
+
+   Constitution and By-laws                                            7
+
+   Call to Order, Forty-Third Annual Meeting                          11
+
+   Address of Welcome--Hilbert Bennett                                11
+
+   Business Session                                                   15
+     Treasurer's Report--Carl Prell                                   18
+     Committee Reports                                                21
+
+   President's Address--L. H. MacDaniels                              27
+
+   The Future of Your Nut Planting--W. F. Sonnemann                   32
+
+   The Value of a Tree--Ferd Bolten                                   35
+
+   Methods of Getting Better Annual Crops on Black Walnut. Panel
+     discussion led by W. W. Magill                                   38
+
+   The 1952 Hickory Survey--H. F. Stoke                               46
+
+   A Discussion of Hickory Stocks--Gilbert L. Smith                   49
+
+   Filbert Varieties. Panel discussion led by G. L. Slate             53
+
+   My Experiences with Chinese Chestnuts--W. J. Wilson                62
+
+   Persian Walnuts in the Upper South--H. F. Stoke                    66
+
+   Varieties of Persian Walnuts in Eastern Iowa--Ira B. Kyhl          69
+
+   Commercial Production and Processing of Black and Persian
+     Walnuts--Edwin L. Lemke                     71
+
+   Black Walnut Processing at Henderson, Kentucky--R. C. Mangelsdorf  73
+
+   Nut Shells: Assets or Liabilities--T. F. Clark                     77
+
+   The Propagation of Hickories--Panel discussion led by
+     F. L. O'Rourke                                                   81
+
+   A Promising New Pecan for the Northern Zone--J. W. McKay and
+     H. L. Crane                                                      89
+
+   The Hickory in Indiana--W. B. Ward                                 91
+
+   The Merrick Hybrid Walnut--P. E. Machovina                         93
+
+   Producing Quality Nuts and Quality Logs--L. E. Sawyer              94
+
+   Colchicine for Nut Improvement Programs--O. J. Eigsti and
+     R. B. Best                                                       99
+
+   An Early Pecan and Some Other West Tennessee Nuts--Aubrey
+     Richards                                                        101
+
+   Scab Disease in Eastern Kentucky on Busseron Pecan--W. D.
+     Armstrong                                                       102
+
+   Further News about Oak Wilt--E. A. Curl                           102
+
+   Life History and Control of the Pecan Spittle Bug--Stewart
+     Chandler                                                        106
+
+   Insect Enemies of Northern Nut Trees--Howard Baker                112
+
+   Tuesday Evening Banquet Session Resolutions and Election of
+     Officers                                                        118
+
+   Chestnut Breeding--Arthur H. Graves and Hans Nienstaedt           120
+
+   Effect of Vermiculite in Inducing Fibrous Roots on Tap Rooting
+     Tree Seedlings--Herbert C. Barrett and Toro Arisumi             131
+
+   Eastern Black Walnut Survey 1951--H. F. Stoke                     133
+
+   Crath's Carpathian English Walnuts in Ontario--P. C. Crath        136
+
+   Nut Tree Plantings in Southeastern Iowa--Albert B. Ferguson       146
+
+   Rockville as a Hickory Interstock--Herman Last                    147
+
+   A Fruitful Pair of Carpathian Walnut Varieties in
+     Michigan--Gilbert Becker                                        147
+
+   Suggested Blooming Data to be Recorded for Nut Tree
+     Varieties--J. C. McDaniel                                       148
+
+   Note on Chinese Chestnuts--Harwood Steiger                        149
+
+   Scott Healey--An Obituary                                         149
+
+   A Letter from Dr. W. C. Deming                                    150
+
+   Sweepstakes Award in Ohio Black Walnut Contest--L. Walter
+     Sherman                                                         152
+
+   Attendance Record, Rockport, Ind. 1952                            156
+
+   Membership List--Northern Nut Growers Association                 158
+
+
+
+
+   Officers for 1952-53
+
+   President                          Richard B. Best, Eldred, Illinois
+
+   Vice-President                    George Salzer, Rochester, New York
+
+   Secretary                        Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tennessee
+
+   Treasurer                         Carl F. Prell, South Bend, Indiana
+
+   Directors                     Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+                                Dr. William Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS 1952-53
+
+
+Program Committee:
+
+Dr. J. W. McKay, Royal Oakes, Gordon Porter, Gilbert Becker, A. A.
+Bungart, W. D. Armstrong.
+
+Local Arrangements:
+
+George Salzer, Victor Brook.
+
+Place of Meeting Committee:
+
+R. P. Allaman, Dr. Lloyd L. Dowell, Edwin W. Lemke, Alfred L. Barlow.
+
+Publication Committee:
+
+Professor George L. Slate, Professor Lewis E. Theiss, Dr. L. H.
+MacDaniels.
+
+Varieties and Contests Committee:
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, J. C. McDaniel, Sylvester M. Shessler, H. F.
+Stoke, Royal Oakes.
+
+Standards and Judging Committee:
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. H. L. Crane, Louis Gerardi, Spencer Chase,
+Professor Paul E. Machovina.
+
+Survey and Research Committee:
+
+H. F. Stoke (With all the state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+Exhibits Committee:
+
+Sylvester M. Shessler, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, H. F. Stoke, Royal Oakes,
+A. A. Bungart, J. F. Wilkinson.
+
+Root Stocks Committee:
+
+Professor F. L. O'Rourke, J. C. McDaniel, Albert F. Ferguson, Dr. Aubrey
+Richards, Louis Gerardi, Dr. Arthur S. Colby, Max Hardy, Gilbert Smith.
+
+Auditing Committee:
+
+Raymond E. Silvis, Sterling A. Smith, Edward W. Pape.
+
+Legal Advisor:
+
+Sargent H. Wellman.
+
+Finance Committee:
+
+Sterling A. Smith, Ford Wallick, Edward W. Pape.
+
+Necrology:
+
+Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. C. A. Reed, Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman.
+
+Nominating Committee:
+
+(Elected at Rockport, Indiana), Max Hardy, Gilbert Becker, Dr. William
+Rohrbacher, Professor George L. Slate, J. Ford Wilkinson.
+
+Membership Committee:
+
+George Salzer (With all the state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+   Alabama                                      Edward L. Hiles, Loxley
+
+   Alberta                                          A. L. Young, Brooks
+
+   Arkansas                    W. D. Wylie, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville
+
+   Belgium             R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo
+
+   British Columbia, Canada            J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank
+
+   California        Thos. R. Haig, M.D., 3021 Highland Ave., Carlesbad
+
+   Colorado                                     J. E. Forbes, Julesburg
+
+   Connecticut                A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+
+   Delaware                              Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark
+
+   Denmark                     Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+
+   District of Columbia                   Ed. L. Ford, 3634 Austin St.,
+                                                    S. E. Washington 20
+
+   Florida                      C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+
+   Georgia          William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+
+   Hawaii                           John F. Cross, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo
+
+   Hong Kong                       P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+
+   Idaho                                              Lynn Dryden, Peck
+
+   Illinois                          Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County)
+
+   Indiana                                  Edw. W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion
+
+   Iowa                                    Ira M. Kyle, Box 236, Sabula
+
+   Kansas                     Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Ave., Horton
+
+   Kentucky                                Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg
+
+   Louisiana          Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport
+
+   Maryland                                 Blaine McCollum, White Hall
+
+   Massachusetts             S. Lathrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd.,
+                                                     North Grafton
+
+   Michigan                                      Gilbert Becker, Climax
+
+   Minnesota          R. E. Hodgeson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca
+
+   Mississippi    James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exp. Station, Stoneville
+
+   Missouri                Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles
+
+   Montana                                        Russel H. Ford, Dixon
+
+   Nebraska                             Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron
+
+   New Hampshire             Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+
+   New Jersey              Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington
+
+   New Mexico              Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton
+
+   New York                  Stephen Bernath, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+
+   North Carolina     Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro
+
+   North Dakota              Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+
+   Ohio         Christ Pataky Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, Route 4, Mansfield
+
+   Oklahoma            A. G. Hirschi, 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City
+
+   Ontario, Canada                          Elton E. Papple, Cainsville
+
+   Oregon                      Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem
+
+   Pennsylvania                     R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg
+
+   Prince Edward Is. Canada   Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Route 5,
+                                                 Charlottetown
+
+   Rhode Island               Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+
+   South Carolina               John T. Bregger, P.O. Box 1018, Clemson
+
+   South Dakota                                 Herman Richter, Madison
+
+   Tennessee                         W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson
+
+   Texas                                Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan
+
+   Utah                 Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+
+   Vermont              A. W. Aldrich, R. F. D. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+
+   Virginia                                         H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+
+   Washington                                 H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston
+
+   West Virginia                         Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale
+
+   Wisconsin                    C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+
+(As adopted September 13, 1948)
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, a Vice-President, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE II. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any
+one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.-DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committees
+as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers
+on the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place
+at the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949
+and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at
+the preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Forty-Third Annual Meeting
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+August 25, 26, 27, 1952
+
+Spencer County Court House, Rockport, Ind.
+
+
+The opening session of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association convened at 9:20 o'clock, a.m., at the Spencer
+County Court House, President L. H. MacDaniels presiding.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The gavel with which we open this forty-third
+annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association has some
+historical significance. It was made from a pecan tree which grew in the
+orchard of Mr. Thomas Littlepage in Maryland, near the city of
+Washington, and it has been the custom of the Association to open its
+meetings with that gavel.
+
+The forty-third meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association will be
+in order. To open the session we will have the presentation of the
+colors. You will all stand, please, and remain standing through the
+invocation. (Colors presented by Boy Scouts and the invocation given by
+the Reverend William Ellis of Rockport.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: At this time we will call on Mr. Hilbert Bennett
+to bring us greetings from the people of Rockport. Mr. Bennett of
+Rockport.
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+HILBERT BENNETT, _Rockport, Ind._
+
+Some are here that were here in 1935 and 1939. I was on the Citizen's
+Committee in each of those years. It was the purpose of the Citizen's
+Committee to take notice of your coming and to try to make you
+appreciate our interest in you and in your coming.
+
+Why was I on that Committee in 1935?
+
+Why was I on that Committee in 1939?
+
+Why am I on that Committee in 1952?
+
+I will tell you.
+
+When I was a boy two other young men, somewhat older than I, were young
+men in the same township and somewhat closely located. I knew those boys
+and I knew them well. You came to know them and know them well. One of
+those boys was the late Thomas P. Littlepage, a charter member of this
+Association. It was my good pleasure to teach school with him. We
+attended College together. At college we roomed together. We attended
+conventions together and were close personal friends. I think I was in
+position to know him and know him well. The other boy was R. L. McCoy.
+We too, were close personal friends. We too, taught school in the same
+territory and contemporary with T. P. Littlepage. Prior to any
+organization of the N.N.G.A. I went with these two boys (men by that
+time) on trips of investigation and inspection of certain nut trees
+about which they had heard and which they wanted to examine.
+
+If the trees examined met the proper standards, they wanted to use them
+in propagation. If not they would pass them up.
+
+Another boy somewhat younger than myself and the two above mentioned
+boys, joined most heartily into the nut discussions and investigations
+and explorations of promising clues. With them he helped to run down
+clues when they would hear of a promising prospect. The jungles were
+never too dense, the distance too far, the road too muddy or rough, for
+those three characters to run down in those horse and buggy days, any
+prospect in which they were interested. This boy also became a member of
+your most valued organization. I have a special interest in this boy. I
+was, especially closely associated with him and his family. He went to
+school to me. My signature appears on his Common School Diploma. Their
+home was my home whenever I sought to make it so. I was free to come and
+go. I came a lot. Ford Wilkinson, the third character, and I have been
+close friends ever since.
+
+Another one of your fine members became a good friend of mine. He came
+into our county and planted a farm to nut trees and nut production. It
+is now the largest nut orchard in the county. I am informed that at that
+time it was the largest nut farm of hardy northern varieties in the
+world. I got acquainted with him early and became endeared to him. It
+was none other than the late Harry Weber.
+
+When it became known that you were to meet here in 1935, it was a
+natural sequence that Ford Wilkinson, knowing that I would gladly help
+in any way I could and knowing I was his genuine friend saw fit to place
+me on the Citizen's Committee. If he had not, I positively would have
+climbed aboard anyway. You couldn't have driven me out with a peeled
+hickory club. I was just going to be in on it whether or no.
+
+Whether I performed well in 1935 or whether he couldn't find any one
+else to serve in my place, I never knew; but he again placed me on the
+Committee in 1939.
+
+Now here I am in 1952 an old broken down fossil, broken in health, but
+not in spirit, of little consequence to anybody or anything, I am still
+on the Committee.
+
+That answers the question of some of you of why that old man Bennett is
+always on the local committee and that you have wondered if there is no
+other person in this whole community that will serve but him. No,
+friends, we have many who would gladly serve and I doubt not that would
+serve much more efficiently.
+
+I have prepared a short "skit" that I wish to present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1st. _Introducing Joan Flick, of Washington, D. C._
+
+I am a pecan plucked from a small orchard planted by a retired business
+man. He had some surplus ground near his premises that was too rough for
+easy cultivation. He thought that he would plant it to pecans so that
+his family and his children's families would have nuts for their own use
+and pleasure. He took good care of the trees. He fertilized them every
+year and sometimes oftener. In the course of a few years he not only had
+more pecans than all of the families could use, but he sold hundreds of
+pounds of nuts from these trees. He developed a commercial orchard
+unconsciously.
+
+
+2nd. _Palma Smith of Cincinnati, Ohio._
+
+I am the hican, I have no commercial value of consequence. I demonstrate
+the ability, the interest, the development and the possibilities of
+improvement by the determined efforts of the members of your
+association. Knowing your ability and determination to make improvements
+in nut culture, I have every feeling that in the not too distant future
+you will develop me into a profitable commercial product.
+
+
+3rd. _Sandra Wright of Rockport, Indiana._
+
+I am the walnut, a most valuable tree for fine fruit and fine timber for
+many uses. I have been noted for my fine grain and my ability to take a
+fine polish. Our forefathers immediately found the walnut to be the
+choice timber out of which to build fine furniture, gun stocks, home
+furnishings and many other things that required high grade material. We
+have never lost sight of its significance.
+
+Thin shelled nuts, easily cracked, and hulled out in halves have been
+developed. Walnuts will grow almost any where. Originally it was a
+common forest tree and would continue to be if it had the opportunity.
+There is little danger of the walnut becoming extinct. It is too
+valuable. I suggest that you plant liberally to high grade walnut trees.
+
+
+4th. _Jo Ann Hall of Rockport, Indiana._
+
+I am the once popular beech under whose folds thousands of picnickers
+have gathered and enjoyed life's most savory and pleasant moments. I
+have built thousands of American homes and farm barns. I have built
+thousands of miles of old farm plank fences. I have built car load after
+car load of beautiful, useful and valuable furniture. In the early
+period of this country I furnished mast for thousands of swine that fed
+many families. I have filled many minor places of usefulness. As sad as
+it is to do and as much as I hate to do so, I am now bidding you a last
+farewell.
+
+Self interest, the slowness of my growth and the impracticability of
+propagation of this once valuable tree leaves but one course, that I
+pass to my reward with the firm hope that the other trees now being
+developed, and grown will fill all of the purposes for which I have been
+so useful, and fill them with increased usefulness. With this sad but
+necessary adieu, I bid you one and all goodbye.
+
+
+5th. _Pattie Jones of Rockport, Ind._
+
+I am the oak, the sturdy oak, the king of the forests. I am stout. They
+make beams, spars, sills, fulcrums and what not from me that require
+strength. I grow fairly fast. I came into usefulness as the world came
+into need of heavy timbers.
+
+I am dainty and refined as well as strong. I am used in making fine
+flooring, fine furniture and many other useful things. Please do not
+discard me from production. Please do not let me pass into oblivion. I
+am very very valuable. I deserve to be perpetuated.
+
+
+6th. _Marcia Smith of Cincinnati, Ohio._
+
+I am a pecan plucked from the tree of a man who in the early years of
+his married life planted pecan trees in unused spots on his farm that
+were unsuitable for cultivation. As the trees grew into nut bearing
+trees his family of children grew. In the October days, with great
+gaiety, glee and happiness, the children would gather the fruit of those
+trees. The children grew to maturity and went to the city to work; but
+when those October days came they returned home and with similar
+happiness as of their youth they gathered the nuts from those trees.
+With pleasure I say I am one of those trees.
+
+
+7th. _Jean Morris, Joyce Morris and Sandra Wright, all of Rockport,
+Indiana._
+
+We are a group of clusters, the filbert, the pecan and the walnut. We
+came from a nut farm within the bounds of Spencer County. This farm was
+planted and developed by a former enthusiastic member of your wonderful
+organization. He spent much time and energy in behalf of your
+organization. He developed the largest nut orchard in the county. I
+refer to Harry Weber, who came from a neighboring state and endeared
+himself to this community by his superb manhood, his genial disposition
+and his intense interest in his subject matter. We commend his efforts
+to others.
+
+
+8th. _Virginia Mae Daming of Rockport, Ind._ She was carrying the former
+Reports of the N.N.G.A.
+
+This cluster is plucked from a "Tree" of great magnitude and
+significance. Today it has its roots firmly set in Rockport, Indiana.
+Its branches reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Canada to
+Mexico. Its influence is felt throughout the world.
+
+Its inception was in Spencer County, Indiana, not specifically detailed,
+but in the main, by boys that were reared among the native nut trees of
+this community of which there were many. It was born in the great City
+of New York under the care of the late Thomas P. Littlepage, Dr. Wm. C.
+Deming, Dr. Robert T. Morris and Prof. John Craig. It was nurtured
+throughout the land of the detailed history you know much more than I.
+
+It has had an enormous growth. It is a most meritorious organization.
+Language will not express the extent of its benefits to humanity and to
+civilization. It adds to the comfort of untold thousands of happy homes.
+It furnishes employment for thousands of people. It furnishes food of
+vital importance to many families. It is the main stay in the
+manufacture of all kinds and grades of furniture. It furnishes food for
+thought. It keeps the scientific and investigating minds busy in the
+constant development and improvement of its processes and benefits. Its
+possibilities are boundless.
+
+That this "Tree" may continue to grow and develop in the future as it
+has in the past in the interest of humanity and help us to realize its
+importance and help us to continue its forces in accord with nature and
+nature's God is my earnest prayer. May God bless you one and all.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Mr. Bennett. You have made
+us feel most welcome in Rockport, as you have before on two other
+occasions. I don't believe that there is any other man who has welcomed
+this organization three times in the same locality.
+
+We also thank you for bringing in the trees and the children to greet us
+on this occasion. It isn't very often that the trees themselves come
+into the assembly room to greet us, and we appreciate your effort in
+doing this for us.
+
+We will now proceed with the business of the Association.
+
+There appears to be no record of the members elected to serve on the
+nominating committee for this session. As near as we can determine this
+committee is as follows: Mr. Silvis, Mr. Allen, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. McKay
+and Mr. Gerardi.
+
+Is there a motion to approve these names?
+
+The committee was approved by vote.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This Committee will bring in a slate of officers
+of the Association for the next year at our final business session.
+
+I will now call for the reports of standing committees. There are eight
+of these. The Program Committee. Royal Oakes is the chairman. The fact
+that we are having a meeting indicates the functioning of the Program
+Committee.
+
+MR. OAKES: I believe I have nothing to report at this moment. I would
+like to say the other members did a good part of the committee work.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: We appreciate the part that all of you have played
+in arranging these meetings.
+
+The Publications Committee, Editorial Section. Dr. Theiss, I believe, is
+not here. Dr. Theiss received the manuscripts and either had them read
+or read them himself.
+
+The Printing Section of the Publications Committee, Mr. Slate.
+
+MR. SLATE: Our proceedings are on the press and probably will be
+finished and in the mail this week.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Place of Meeting Committee. Mr. Allaman is the
+chairman. In the absence of Mr. Allaman, I present the invitation
+secured by Mr. Salzer, to meet in Rochester, New York in 1953. Their
+convention bureau offers very attractive facilities and the invitation
+is seconded by the Mayor, Joseph J. Naylor, the president of the
+Rochester Convention and Publicity Bureau, the President of the
+Rochester Hotel Association, the President of the Junior Chamber of
+Commerce of Rochester, and the Deputy Commissioner of the Rochester
+Parks, which just about covers the board.
+
+It doesn't seem to me worthwhile to read all of this material. What it
+boils down to is that Rochester would be a very good place to meet. The
+Rochester parks are very interesing places to go, and as I understand
+it, there are facilities which would not be expensive to the
+Association. Is that true, Mr. Salzer?
+
+MR. SALZER: Yes, there would be no charge for exhibit rooms if they are
+held in the hotel, because we are classed as a scientific organization.
+And we would have the facilities of the Bausch Memorial Museum. There
+would be facilities for showing moving pictures or slides, and for an
+exhibit.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: It would be in order at the present time to take
+definite action on this Rochester invitation, if you care to do so. A
+motion would be in order to accept.
+
+It has been moved, seconded, and carried that we have our 1953
+convention in the City of Rochester, the dates will be determined by the
+Board of Directors.
+
+The general thinking of the Board of Directors is that we will go to
+Lancaster, Pa. again in 1954, and in 1955 come back into the Middle
+West. Mr. Allaman has been working on the Lancaster proposal and I think
+there has been some spade work done in Michigan already. Have you
+anything to say about that, Mr. O'Rourke?
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: We will be very glad to have you at Michigan State College
+at any time. Unfortunately, however, we do not have any nut plantings
+there. The nut plantings are either in the eastern part of the state or
+the western part. It's quite a drive either way.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I don't think we have to make a commitment at this
+time, but it is something to be brought to the attention of the Place of
+Meeting Committee.
+
+I think we might have a little further explanation from Mr. Best about
+his bacon breakfast.
+
+MR. BEST: We said in our membership drive that anyone who would go out
+and work would bring home the bacon, and we further fortified the deal
+that we were going to furnish the bacon here at Rockport at this
+session. So in the morning over at Cotton's restaurant we will have
+bacon, all you want to eat, and the only requirement is that you either
+got a member last year in the membership drive we have been working on,
+or that you tried to get a member. That's all that's necessary.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: You have spoken about the meeting in 1954. As you know, I
+have represented this country at the International Chestnut Meeting for
+two years. There has been some talk about the possibility of the N. N.
+G. A. inviting the International Chestnut Meeting to meet in this
+country in 1954 or '55. At the last meeting the delegates from Japan
+recommended that they meet in the United States in 1954. The matter is
+not decided, and I think if you will put off decision about Lancaster
+until later, it would be a little better.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The committee on Standards and Judging, Mr.
+Spencer Chase.
+
+MR. SPENCER CHASE: Mr. President, we contemplated having a report on
+hickory standards for this meeting, but because of circumstances beyond
+our control, we didn't get the project under way.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I will call on our secretary at this time for the
+report of the meeting of the directors.
+
+MR. McDANIEL: There were several things brought up last night at the
+meeting of the Board of Directors of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. One matter was the subscription to the American Fruit
+Grower magazine which we give our membership.
+
+The American Fruit Grower had been selling subscriptions to the
+Association for its members at 30 cents a year. Since the first of July
+this year their rate is 50 cents. The opinion of the directors and
+committee members present last night was that we should drop that
+subscription to the American Fruit Grower for our members. It will be
+sent to all members who join for this year and up to the beginning of
+the next fiscal year. After October 1st, no subscriptions to the
+American Fruit Grower through the Association. Do we have any discussion
+on this proposal? (Considerable discussion followed.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I suggest that we hear the report of the Board of
+Directors and then act on the various items one by one in executive
+session.
+
+MR. McDANIEL: You have heard something about the membership drive, and
+we will have more on that later. The directors suggested that we
+encourage more memberships, contributing memberships and sustaining
+memberships in the Association at $5.00 and $10.00 per year. Some of us
+feel we can't pay any more than $3.00 for our membership; others will be
+able to support the organization financially by taking memberships at
+the $5.00 or $10.00 rate, and we are still offering our life membership
+at $75.00.
+
+Another matter discussed was offering the set of 34 volumes of back
+reports in The Nutshell at the price of $20.00 for the 34 volumes now
+available.
+
+We suggest also that the Association authorize the appointment of a
+Publicity Committee to work with the Membership Committee in attracting
+new members.
+
+That is about all I have as the report of the directors' meeting last
+night, Mr. President.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This matter of the Board of Directors reporting to
+the business session is a pattern which I think is a good one. The
+proposition has been placed before you as to whether or not you wish to
+continue our affiliation with the American Fruit Grower magazine. As you
+will recall, the reason the question comes up at the present time is
+that they have raised their rate from 30 cents a member to 50 cents a
+member, which is 50 cents of our $3.00, which with the 50 cents
+secretarial expenses leaves but $2.00 to run the society. As the
+Treasurer will explain to you later, we are in somewhat of a financial
+difficulty.
+
+It has been moved and seconded that the Association subscription to the
+American Fruit Grower be discontinued.
+
+This matter is up for discussion.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We have much more space available in The Nutshell than in
+the American Fruit Grower, and there is the possibility of more frequent
+publication.
+
+MR. DOWELL: If we could actually get it bi-monthly or quarterly, in
+place of the Fruit Grower, I think most all of us would be better
+informed and actually have more information. And The Nutshell is a very
+excellent means of showing somebody what the organization is about. You
+give them a copy of the American Fruit Grower, and if he is interested
+in nuts, most copies aren't going to convince him of much.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think this question is related to the
+appointment of a Publicity Committee which will explore what can be
+done to secure more publicity and give more information about nuts to
+our members than has been possible in the Fruit Grower.
+
+The members of the Board of Directors felt that $300-plus is a high
+price to pay for what we got out of The American Fruit Grower.
+
+(The question was called for.)
+
+The motion is passed without dissent.
+
+The question of authorizing the appointment of a Publicity Committee is
+introduced mainly as a matter for your information, also because it's
+much better if the society as such were to authorize such a committee.
+Do I hear such a motion?
+
+Moved by Mr. Salzer, seconded by Colby and passed that the appointment
+of a Publicity Committee be approved.
+
+I will ask for the report of the Treasurer, Mr. Prell.
+
+
+Treasurer's Report
+
+MR. PRELL: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Best has asked that I
+help in connection with his report. That certainly is not because I can
+make his report better than he can, but probably because a new member is
+not a new member until his check has arrived and has been recorded, and
+I happen to have those figures. I will be happy to do that, but perhaps
+we should start first with the report that the President has asked for,
+the Treasurer's report.
+
+I imagine that you are uninterested in an itemized, detailed report of
+receipts and expenditures; I imagine you are interested in the question:
+How are we doing? We are not doing too well. The annual report for this
+year indicates that our financial condition is not satisfactory. For the
+second successive year we have spent more money than we have taken in,
+and that would be the third successive year, if it hadn't been for the
+fact that due to the lateness of the publication in 1950--that it, the
+annual report--we did not pay for an annual report that year. That means
+there are three years in a row that we have gone downhill.
+
+The picture is not entirely black, however. There are some bright spots.
+For instance, all our bills are paid. Second, we have money in the bank.
+Third, our $3,000 investment in Government bonds is still intact, and
+fourth, our deficit this year was less than it was last year, which may
+indicate that we have already touched bottom and are starting up.
+
+The cause of our deficit is easy to put your finger on. We are operating
+on budgets that are ten years old, and costs have gone way, way beyond.
+Dues were increased several years ago, but even at that time they were
+not increased adequately, and since then costs have skyrocketed.
+
+The membership situation is not too bad, though the cost situation is
+bad. The two don't jibe at all. The reason we have a lesser deficit this
+year than last is Mr. Best's work and the work of his vice-presidents in
+increasing the membership, and the results of that work; I think, have
+only begun to show.
+
+Specifically, we came within $417 of collecting enough money this year
+to pay our expenses. It was over $500 last year, making a total of a
+thousand dollars that we have spent above our receipts. While we have
+some money in the bank, there will be a bill due in about 30 days on the
+publication of the annual report, that will be mailed within the next
+few days. And that will take all the money that is in the bank, plus
+what we are able to collect in dues immediately, and I hope that many of
+them are paid at once. But that still leaves us without money to operate
+through the year, and by January, unless conditions change, we will be
+borrowing money.
+
+The Board of Directors has discussed this. They have some thoughts on
+the subject which will be presented to you by Dr. MacDaniels. I think
+that one of the obvious things that you all think of and I may mention
+is the matter of increased membership. That's an obvious solution, and
+as I said a minute ago, it's a very possible solution.
+
+The work that was started by Mr. Best last February is only now
+beginning to bear fruit. New memberships, even as late as this for this
+year, in August, are coming in very, very well. I personally see no
+reason why the membership cannot be increased to a thousand members next
+year, providing all of us bring in a member or two.
+
+I asked a friend of mine on The Country Gentleman for some data on state
+population compared to farm population. I forget just exactly now how it
+runs on various states, but I do recall Indiana. We have a population
+here of four million people. There are about 700,000 of these people on
+166,000 farms. The farms in this state produce a wealth of $75,000,000 a
+year. With 700,000 farmers in this state and population of 4,000,000
+with a wealth of $75,000,000 a year, it would seem to me that the State
+of Indiana should have more than only 39 members. Out of that group we
+should certainly increase that ten times. We should have 400 members,
+and if the same proportion is carried throughout the nation, why, this
+organization can easily obtain a roll of 7500 to 10,000 members. A
+thousand members next year should be a pushover. So much for the
+financial report.
+
+Mr. Best's campaign started last February. His vice-presidents were
+given material and the inspiration to work for new members, and they
+responded. For Mr. Best I compiled the list of the new members who have
+been brought in, with the people who have brought in the greatest
+number, but that thing went galley-west in the last few days by the
+strong finishers. Mr. Best himself came in yesterday with a pocket full
+of 11 new members, and he already had a couple on the list. Up to that
+time--and I am not giving credit to the Secretary, because several of
+the members that show his sponsorship have come naturally through his
+office. So disregarding the sponsored members of the Secretary, Spencer
+Chase was top man, up until Mr. Best upset him yesterday, followed by
+Dr. Rohrbacher, who was a late finisher with members who were not
+recorded in this report. All through the year it was a battle between
+Pennsylvania and Illinois as to who would have the greater number of
+members.
+
+Illinois, with 36 members, hopped up to 60, and Mr. Best's 11 make 71.
+And just this morning they got two others from Illinois, making 73. So I
+think Illinois has the second place position firmly nailed down.
+
+Last year we had 563 members all together. This year now we have 170
+new members. We can't add that to 563, because in every organization
+there is a loss of membership every year, and it's to be expected that
+our membership should have a 10 per cent turnover through circumstances
+of people leaving their places where they have their nut tree plantings,
+deaths and other circumstances. So there was a net gain of 86 members to
+date.
+
+                             TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+                     August 25, 1951 to August 18, 1952
+
+   RECEIPTS
+
+     Membership Dues                                           $1,907.00
+     Sales of Annual Reports                                      190.00
+     Interest on U. S. Bonds                                       37.50
+     Donations                                                     48.95
+     U.S.P.O. Unused Balance, Permit                                3.05
+     Petty Cash                                                     1.97
+
+       TOTAL                                                   $2,188.47
+
+   DISBURSEMENTS
+
+     41st Annual Report (Pleasant Valley)                      $1,375.86
+       Plates and printing, 900 copies            $1,271.16
+       Envelopes, 2500                                31.65
+       Mailing                                        73.05
+     The Nutshell                                                  86.55
+       Printing & mailing Vol. 4, No. 3               28.64
+       Printing & mailing Vol. 5, No. 1               57.91
+     American Fruit Grower                                        191.60
+       582 Subscriptions at 30c                      174.60
+       34 Subscriptions at 50c                        17.00
+     Urbana Meeting                                               163.68
+       General Expenses                               20.28
+       Reporting & Transcribing                      143.40
+     Secretarial Help, 50c per member                             317.00
+     Stationery and Supplies                                      179.81
+     Association Promotion                                        114.91
+       Application Folder, 5000                       90.02
+       Supplemental Folder, 650                       17.69
+       Things-of-Science                               7.20
+     Secretary's Expense                                           77.23
+     Treasurer's Expense                                           94.04
+     Dues, American Horticultural Society                           5.00
+
+       TOTAL                                                   $2,605.68
+
+   Cash on deposit, First Bank, South Bend                     $1,313.78
+   Disbursements                                                2,605.68
+
+                                                               $3,919.46
+                              -- -- -- --
+   On hand August 26, 1951                                     $1,730.99
+   Receipts                                                     2,188.47
+
+                                                               $3,919.46
+                              -- -- -- --
+     U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box                         $3,000.00
+
+I know that Mr. Best has still some more material that he will supply to
+any of you who are anxious to go out and help in getting the new
+members. It's only a matter of every person getting a couple, or like
+Spencer Chase getting 10. That would put us well toward our goal of a
+thousand members, on which the Association probably can operate without
+deficit. I thank you. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Mr. Prell. We are very much
+indebted to you for your business-like handling of the affairs of the
+society. It is sometimes bitter to know the facts, but the only way that
+we are ever going to get anywhere is by knowing the facts and facing
+them. Either fortunately or unfortunately we are not like the federal
+government, which can go on piling up deficits. We have to do as each
+one of us as individuals has to do: If our operating-expense exceeds
+income, we either have to get more income or cease out-go. That is the
+situation under which we are confronted at the present time.
+
+A little later we can take up some of the things we have in mind. Did
+you have a further report, Mr. Secretary?
+
+I think probably the Treasurer stole some of the thunder that you might
+otherwise have.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: He did that, and the Membership Committee also. You know
+something of the activities of the secretary's office during the current
+year, a matter of getting out three issues of The Nutshell and assisting
+with the editing of the annual report, which I hope you will receive
+about the time you get home.
+
+One other activity in which the Secretary participated, in addition to
+the usual task of answering letters to beginning nut growers, was this
+project "Things of Science". Perhaps Dr. McKay could tell us more about
+that. Is Dr. McKay in the room? Will you come up now?
+
+DR. MCKAY: We being near Washington, were, of course, the logical people
+to come in contact with this suggestion early when it was made. As a
+matter of fact, the very beginning of this movement goes back to Harry
+Dengler. Some of you may know of him. He is Extension Forester at the
+University of Maryland and is also Secretary of the American Holly
+Association.
+
+Harry Dengler was very much interested in this "Things of Science"
+program and happened to mention to the Science Service paper, of which
+Watson Davis is editor, that it would be a desirable thing to work up a
+test on nuts.
+
+For the benefit of those of you who do not know what "Things of Science"
+is, it is a movement sponsored by Science Service, located in
+Washington, D. C, whereby 12,000 subscribers to "Things of Science"
+receive every month a little kit through the mails dealing with all
+kinds of subjects in science. It is usually a little box, as in the case
+of the one on nuts, or it may be simply an envelope with some things in
+it to taste. The idea is to give people all over the country who are
+interested enough to pay $5.00 a year one kit a month, each one dealing
+with a different phase of science.
+
+Many groups subscribe to this service; for instance a boy scout troop,
+libraries and industrial plants. So it goes to literally many thousands
+more people than the 12,000 actual subscribers that it has.
+
+So when Science Service came to us and said, "Would you be interested in
+helping us work up a kit on nuts", naturally, we wanted to do what we
+could towards helping these people, and our first thought was this
+organization as an official sponsor for it. So we contacted the
+directors, the officers, Dr. MacDaniels and J. C. McDaniel, and as a
+result, the Northern Nut Growers, through its board of directors,
+because we had no other means to authorize it, went ahead and sponsored
+this move.
+
+To do it, we approached the California Walnut Growers Association, the
+California Almond Growers Association, the Northwest Nut Growers
+Association, and the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, with the
+idea of having their names mentioned in the kit, and in return they
+would furnish samples to distribute. The Northern Nut Growers
+Association furnished the hickory nut samples. The kit was composed of,
+as I recall, six different kinds of nuts--Persian walnuts and almonds
+from California, filberts from the Northwest, Pecans from the Southeast,
+hickory nuts from the Northern Nut Growers Association, and pistachio
+nuts furnished through the Department of Agriculture by Captain
+Whitehouse at Beltsville. He secured the pistachio nuts from the trees
+in California. The kit was composed of a little box about four inches
+long, an inch and a half deep and three inches wide, containing two or
+more nuts of the various kinds, together with a brochure that we helped
+the science people work up. Dr. MacDaniels and the various cooperating
+groups worked up this brochure of information. The kits include a set of
+directions for the subscriber to follow in using the material. There are
+several different possibilities, all along the lines of scientific
+experimentation.
+
+The idea is to get these youngsters and young people to become familiar
+with different kinds of nuts.
+
+I think that's all I should say, Mr. President. That covers pretty well
+the effort that was made and those who made the effort. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you very much, Dr. McKay. This project is
+one in which there were deadlines as to time, and we had to work rather
+fast. Air mail, special delivery, the long distance telephone and
+telegraph played quite a part in it. The Science Service was paying the
+cost of assembling and mailing. The only cost to the Association was for
+the hickory nuts.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We were late on that and unable to get the quality nuts we
+would like, but we did get enough to fill the kits, not all of which
+were worthy.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We would like to have secured Carpathian walnuts,
+but the nuts from known sources of supply were so discolored with husk
+maggot that we were ashamed to send them out. We were not able to locate
+and to furnish any considerable amount of any kind of northern nuts.
+Twelve thousand of these kits went out, and each one of them is in a
+position where it probably contacted a dozen or more on the average, so
+that I am sure as a result of the effort a great many people not only
+became more familiar with nuts and their various sources and uses, but
+also learned that the contest was sponsored by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. Mr. Prell, who knows something about advertising, thought
+it was a very worthwhile project.
+
+That completes the reports of the officers and of the committees. We
+will now take ten minutes recess.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The session will be in order.
+
+As your treasurer said, there are several other things which we
+discussed in the directors' meeting. We discussed this matter of how,
+the situation being such as it is, the Association could improve its
+position through gaining more members and through either making more
+money or cutting down expenditures.
+
+The Publicity Committee was one of those suggestions, who were to
+explore this matter of getting better publicity for less money. That is,
+whatever publicity we got from the American Fruit Grower cost us about
+$300, and we think we can do a lot better in some other way.
+
+Another matter was to place the financial situation of the society
+squarely before the membership and ask that as many as could and felt so
+inclined take out a contributing or a sustaining membership. We felt
+quite strongly that raising the dues was not the answer, because there
+are a lot of people sort of on the fringe who don't work too actively
+for the society but who do take out regular memberships but who, if we
+raised the dues even another 50 cents, would probably fail to renew
+their memberships. So that at least for the present we are not going to
+go ahead on that basis, unless you want that to come up for further
+discussion.
+
+Another point which we, I think, should explore was the matter of
+advertising in the proceedings. Some other associations, the pecan
+association, particularly, as Dr. McKay pointed out, make a substantial
+part of their revenue from advertising in the proceedings. We have tried
+that before, but times have changed, and I think it should be considered
+again.
+
+Then the matter of speeding up sales of sets of the proceedings to
+libraries, that is, further publicity in The Nutshell about sets that
+are for sale and, perhaps, circularizing the library lists to sell
+complete sets, or as complete as we have.
+
+Another matter that might be explored is having some kind of a
+"give-away program", some inducement for those who take out memberships
+for the first time. Other societies do it in one way or another.
+Unfortunately, our material does not lend itself to that sort of thing
+as well as some others, but we might be able to give nuts of Carpathian
+strains that could be used as seed nuts, or perhaps the hybrid hazels.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: One suggestion made in a letter from Dr. Crane was to
+distribute hybrid walnuts to grow to fruiting size. That might be
+explored if there is a source of enough seedlings or seed nuts of
+Juglans Regia crossed with Juglans Nigra.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We would welcome any further suggestions which you
+may have, either as to saving money or making money, or increasing our
+membership, which amounts to making money, of course.
+
+Another thing that might be done to present the possibilities of nut
+growing to your communities is to sponsor exhibits at your own county or
+state fairs.
+
+Mr. Slate wanted to make a comment along these lines.
+
+MR. SLATE: That matter of urging sustaining and contributing memberships
+has been mentioned by you. I think it would be one of the best things
+we could do to send a statement of our financial condition to the
+members of the Association pointing out the need for additional funds
+and suggesting that all who can possibly afford it take out sustaining
+and contributing memberships. It seems to me that this is just about the
+only alternative to increasing the dues. I am not sure whether an
+increase in the dues would result in the loss of many members or not.
+Perhaps they are getting rather used to the higher price level, and it
+might be well to have an expression of opinion from some of those here
+as to whether they thought there would be serious objections to an
+increase in the dues. Surely, there are many who can afford to carry
+sustaining or contributing memberships.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is the opinion of the Board of Directors. Mr.
+Slate has raised a question as to the validity of the conclusion of the
+Directors regarding the advisability of raising the dues. Our thinking
+was that to raise the dues beyond the present level would result in
+sufficient loss of membership to offset any gain in revenue. The last
+time we raised the dues what was the effect?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: When we raised the dues to $3.00 we had a membership of
+650. It dropped to about 580; a loss of 60 or 70.
+
+MR. PRELL: We in effect raised dues 50 cents this morning. It won't
+affect new members, but it may cause some of the older ones who are
+members to drop. They know that at present 50 cents of their dues are
+going to the Fruit Grower; now they aren't getting the Fruit Grower.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: They were getting for $2.50 what they will now get for
+$3.00.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: Any other discussion?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I have given this problem of increasing the membership
+quite a bit of thought, and have an idea which might be used. Let's see
+by a show of hands how many live in the city but own farms outside of
+the city.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The question is how many live in the city but have
+farms outside. Sixteen or 17, probably about 20.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: You might call me a city farmer. Like many other city
+people, I own a small farm near the city in which I live, which is
+Cincinnati, Ohio. I am intensely interested in the work of the N.N.G.A.
+There must be many others who, too, are owners of land but who use the
+land for experimental farming and to get a little diversion from the
+daily grind in the busy, noisy city. These people would consider it a
+favor to have their attention called to the interesting work of our
+organization.
+
+A practical plan for getting in touch with this reservoir of future
+members is to secure the names and addresses of such land owners from
+the records at the various county court houses fringing the cities. A
+personal letter should be written to these future members. A friendly
+invitation to join the N.N.G.A. should be extended, and a printed
+brochure describing and explaining its work and objects should be
+included.
+
+I believe that by working systematically on the city dweller, who also
+owns acreage outside the city limits, we could give our membership list
+a big boost.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is a good suggestion for the Membership
+Committee.
+
+Is there anything further?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: This is not a suggestion, but a comment following up the
+idea of the previous speaker. In Syracuse there was a woman with an
+estimated 160 acres of land, who about 15 or 16 years ago became
+interested in planting hybrid chestnuts. Unfortunately, the land was not
+suitable for raising chestnuts and the two or three hundred trees she
+planted failed to grow. I don't think there are two alive there now. So
+you will have to be a little bit careful in encouraging city people to
+plant nut trees. She spent a lot of money and right now if you mention
+that, she will just practically tear you apart. She wasted money and
+time, so be careful in getting people going too strong unless you are
+sure the trees are going to grow for them.
+
+MR. SNYDER: According to the chart outside, cutting off the Fruit Grower
+will leave us just a few cents per member in the red.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Right.
+
+MR. SNYDER: Well, don't we have $3,000 in bonds? What are they for, if
+it isn't to tide us over a hard period like this?
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That is a suggestion for the Board of Directors.
+
+MR. SNYDER: If inflation keeps up, the bonds will be worth nothing. We
+might as well use them up. I would suggest we use every method to
+balance the budget without them, but if necessary, use some of them up.
+If it is necessary, use the bonds to balance the budget.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The question of whether or not we use the bonds, I
+think, would have to be considered very carefully. I think one of the
+Ohio men has a suggestion.
+
+MR. DOWELL: This discussion would follow along with that on membership.
+The active members of the Ohio section were organized back in 1946, and
+in 1948 the national body put in its by-laws a provision that there
+could be state sections formed. That is Article 1 and also Article 2,
+that you could have affiliated bodies. Now, as far as I know, there is
+no other state section.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Michigan has one, now.
+
+MR. DOWELL: Michigan has not actually affiliated yet, and when it does
+come in it will be an affiliated society. According to the by-laws it
+will not be necessary for all its members to be members of the N. N. G.
+A.
+
+Now, we feel that some strong state section is the main support in
+membership interest and a lot of other lines, and I think that if you
+check the rolls you will find where you have had a state organization,
+whether it's affiliated or otherwise, particularly Ohio and Michigan,
+that our membership has not really dropped down in total numbers. Of
+course, there is a turnover every year. If it has dropped down, it's
+been slight in comparison with the overall drop down.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Ohio is only holding its own now. You have one more member
+than you had a year ago.
+
+MR. DOWELL: That's right, we are holding our own, and previous to this
+last run, the total number in the Association was down a hundred. That
+has not dropped in Ohio, which has the state section. Neither has it
+recently in Michigan, which has recently organized the Michigan Nut
+Growers.
+
+The Executive Committee of the Ohio section wishes to present the
+following resolution for the consideration of this body:
+
+RESOLUTION
+
+     "WHEREAS we feel that membership in a state section has been a
+     definite advantage in maintaining and increasing membership in the
+     National Organization, as has been demonstrated in the Ohio Section
+     of the N. N. G. A.;
+
+     WHEREAS a National Organization becomes strong because of its
+     strong local sections which help maintain interest;
+
+     THEREFORE the National Organization should encourage and foster the
+     formation of local sections.
+
+     We therefore submit the following motion: That the N. N. G. A.
+     amend its constitution to provide for the organization of local
+     sections. These amendments should include the following provisions:
+
+     1. Membership in the N. N. G. A. shall be a requirement for full
+     membership in the local section; however this shall not exclude
+     local sections from accepting associate members.
+
+     2. That each member of the N. N. G. A. shall automatically become a
+     member of a local section when he resides in a location where a
+     recognized local section exists.
+
+     3. Wherever a local section has become established, the local
+     chairman shall serve as vice president of the N. N. G. A. for that
+     area.
+
+     4. The N. N. G. A. shall refund to the treasurer of each local
+     section ten percent (10%) of the N. N. G. A. dues paid annually by
+     members of that section."
+
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I conclude that you are presenting this for the
+consideration of the Association. It would be an amendment to the
+by-laws, I take it, rather than the constitution. Such an amendment
+would have to come up for consideration at the next meeting after
+consideration by the Board of Directors; either that, or else vote on it
+by mail.
+
+MR. DOWELL: It is purely a motion now, if passed or rejected. But if it
+is passed, then previous to the Rochester meeting, the proposal would
+have to be in a suitable form to be either passed or rejected for the
+by-laws.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We have this resolution in printed form. That will
+be transmitted to the Board of Directors for consideration at the next
+meeting.
+
+MR. DOWELL: We make it as a motion that the mass accept or reject it
+here.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The motion is, then, to accept the resolution and
+present it to the Board of Directors. Is that right? Is there a second?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I second it.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Are there further remarks? If not, all in favor,
+signify by saying "Aye." (Chorus of "ayes"). Opposed? (None.) It is
+carried.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am very sorry I was not recognized before the vote was
+taken.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I am sorry.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am speaking, I think, for the Michigan Nut Growers, of
+which we have quite a group here today, and we are quite anxious to
+maintain an independent state organization. We feel that it is perfectly
+all right for this motion to have been adopted as it has been, if there
+will be no attempt made to delete that section which now refers to
+affiliation.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think there would be no attempt to do that.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Is that clearly understood that there will be no attempt
+made to delete the section on affiliation?
+
+MR. DOWELL: That is the understanding. Now, there are two ways in the
+present by-laws. Now, this would either be a third or replace the first.
+It would have nothing to do with affiliating groups.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I think that is right, and I think the thing to
+do, Mr. Dowell, would be to be sure that the new president is apprized
+of the Michigan point of view in that regard. He will be the chairman of
+the new Board of Directors, and this is simply a motion to consider it.
+It doesn't go any further than that.
+
+Is there any further business to come before this group at this time? If
+not, the other item on the agenda, as it is stated, I believe, is a
+presidential address.
+
+
+
+
+The Forward Look
+
+Presidential Address, by L. H. MacDaniels
+
+
+As the retiring president of our Association, it is a time honored
+custom and a privilege to give what is often referred to as the
+presidential address. I do not have in mind giving an address but rather
+to consider with you informally the present situation of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association and to give my ideas as to what we might do to
+improve our position and forward the purposes for which the Association
+was organized in 1910.
+
+Time does not permit recounting the history of the development of the
+Association. This has been done on several previous occasions. I will,
+however, go back to the 1945 report in which under the title "Where Do
+We Go from Here" I tried to pick up various aspects of the condition of
+the Association immediately following the war and point out areas to
+which special attention should be given at that time.
+
+Considering our situation in 1952, it appears that many of our problems
+are about the same as they were in 1945 although in some areas definite
+progress has been made. A quick look at our problems then and now is
+perhaps pertinent to the present discussion. One of these is variety
+evaluation. This still remains one of the important areas where we need
+much more information particularly as to the success or failure of
+different named clones of nut trees in various regions. Perhaps it is
+time for us to carefully summarize whatever data we have accumulated as
+to the adaptation of varieties or at least make plans for extending a
+program of evaluation. Since 1945 our survey committees have been active
+and have secured information that will certainly be helpful.
+
+The problem of judging standards has been clarified somewhat. It is my
+personal opinion that the judging schedule for varieties of black
+walnuts worked out with the assistance of Dr. S. S. Atwood is on a sound
+basis and might well receive much wider use. Following along somewhat
+the same pattern, suggested schedules have been proposed for the
+hickories and butternuts. These should receive further consideration and
+adoption, if approved at least on a tentative basis. A schedule for
+Persian walnuts is very much needed as indicated by the recent contest
+in which confusion occurred related to there being no recognized
+standards of evaluation. With the Persian walnut such matters as the
+method of cracking and the importance of such characters as sealing of
+nuts, recovery of whole halves and others should be agreed upon.
+
+Our procedure in naming varieties is still somewhat chaotic. Possibly we
+should adopt the general pattern of the American Pomological Society.
+Their example of setting up an approved list of varieties for planting
+on a regional basis is worthy of consideration. Even though such a list
+were tentative and incomplete, a start which would embody the best
+information we have would be valuable.
+
+Securing new varieties of, hardy nut trees through breeding has made
+some progress. Most encouraging is the work of the Federal Experiment
+Station at Beltsville where Doctor Crane and Doctor McKay and their
+associates are using modern techniques in securing new varieties of
+hardy nut trees. Some progress in hybridization, of course, has been
+made, particularly with the filberts, the hybrids developed by J. F.
+Jones, G. L. Slate, S. H. Graham, Heben Corsan and some others, showing
+great improvement over previous European varieties in their adaptability
+to the northern United States. At the present time there are filbert
+varieties of hybrid origin better than those in the nursery trade which
+should be propagated and made available. Work with the Chinese chestnuts
+has also been valuable.
+
+It is my opinion, which I believe is shared by most of those who are
+familiar with progress in securing new varieties, that we are not likely
+to find in the wild, varieties or clones which show any marked
+improvement over those already found and named. There is, of course,
+always the possibility of the "perfect nut" arising as a chance
+variation. The recent walnut and hickory contests, however, have been
+somewhat disappointing for they have not discovered any variety of black
+walnut better than the Thomas for instance, or a hickory much better
+than some of those located years ago. This does not mean that members of
+the Association should not keep a sharp lookout for new varieties
+occurring spontaneously which will be better than existing sorts. It
+does mean, however, that if real "breaks" are to be secured, it will be
+necessary to apply some of the more effective techniques which are known
+in the plant breeding field. Any such program is a long time project and
+can only be effectively attempted by experiment stations, or by some of
+the young men, who begin now to make crosses under the direction or at
+least with the advice of those who are familiar with plant breeding
+techniques.
+
+Progress has been made in the Association organization. The constitution
+has been thoroughly overhauled and amended, particularly to provide for
+regional groups. Certainly such groups are to be encouraged and have
+done and will do much to strengthen the national organization in the
+various states. It is my personal opinion that these regional groups can
+be of particular value in working with the experiment stations and
+legislatures to promote the interests of the Association. The state
+associations should be on the alert to build on the interests of
+conservation departments as related to wildlife preserves and
+sportsmen's clubs and other agencies which put the growing of nut trees
+in proper perspective. I am not at all in favor of securing either
+federal or state support for every minor project which comes along.
+However, the Northern Nut Growers Association need make no apologies for
+its program, particularly as it is related to the conservation of our
+natural resources; to the promotion of better living on the farm and
+those values which are real and great, even though they do not show up
+large in dollar value of crops produced.
+
+Unfortunately, projects in nut growing have been started in various
+states, particularly Ohio and Michigan only to be eliminated before they
+really got under way because of lack of support. Experiment station
+directors, if they are confronted with a shortage of funds, are likely
+to run the blue pencil through items which cannot be backed up with
+economic considerations. The approach of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association it seems to me should not be to seek support on an economic
+basis but rather on the basis of better living on the farm, improvement
+of gardens and farmsteads and the advantages of growing nut trees as
+compared with any other horticultural activity. There has been a real
+increase in the importance which is given to this approach in recent
+times and an active state association, which can keep in touch with
+local conditions and call on the national association for additional
+support, will certainly be of great assistance in the future.
+
+I personally am not in favor of any sort of a set up by which the
+national association gives a kick back of national dues to a regional
+association. The dues are inadequate for the national association at the
+present time. Looking at the whole situation with some perspective, it
+would seem that the regional associations might contribute to the
+national association rather than the reverse. If the constitution and
+by-laws of the Association are not such as to make affiliation with the
+national association and the formation of regional associations easy,
+they can readily be changed to secure the very best pattern that can be
+devised.
+
+Perhaps one of the most acute problems with which the Association is
+faced is the struggle to keep financially solvent. We are all aware of
+our changing economy, particularly the increased costs of printing and
+in fact of everything that our organization uses or needs, even postage.
+In my thinking, the finances of the Association are much the same as
+those of an individual, who is confronted with expenditures that exceed
+his income. The things that have to be done are obvious and the same in
+both cases. One is to spend less and the other is to secure more funds.
+In the judgment of your directors and executive committee, expenditures
+have been reduced as low as is safe in order to keep a going
+organization. Members join the Association for the value which they get
+out of it and a large part of this value is in the form of reports,
+newsletters, information made available and the organization of annual
+meetings. If these services were discontinued or curtailed, membership
+falls off. This has been the experience of other plant societies, of
+which there are many.
+
+In my judgment retrenchment is not the answer in the present situation.
+Securing additional funds is the best forward-looking policy. The
+question comes up as to how this may be done. Experience in our
+Association and I believe other associations as well, has shown that
+$3.00 is about as far as dues can be raised. There comes a point with
+every society when, if the dues are increased, there is a falling off of
+membership, which more than offsets the gain. Other obvious procedures
+are: (1) increasing the number of members; (2) providing different types
+of memberships to encourage larger contributions; (3) gifts; and (4)
+special fund raising projects. Of these various ways and means,
+certainly increasing the number of members is by far the more promising.
+The overhead of the association is not increased with additional
+memberships anywhere near in proportion to the contributions of those
+members. This is particularly true for additional copies of the report
+and general office expense. The drive for new members under President
+Best's leadership has produced gratifying results and I believe if this
+is continued effectively through the next few years, a membership
+increase can be secured that will assure the Association's balancing its
+budget. Somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand paid memberships
+would solve most of our financial difficulties. Provision is already
+made for different types of memberships and it is to be hoped that many
+who can do so will join the contributing member class at least until we
+are out of our present financial woods.
+
+Other societies raise considerable revenue through special projects such
+as the sale of publications of one kind or another, seed distribution or
+slide rental. The type of material with which the Northern Nut Growers
+Association deals is not comparable to some of these other organizations
+but certainly the possibilities of revenue through special projects need
+to be explored.
+
+Research with northern nut trees is exceedingly important from the
+standpoint of accomplishing the objectives of the Association. The
+matter of breeding new varieties has already been touched on. Other
+types of research are such that a large part must be carried on by
+experiment stations which have a continuing program. Much has been done
+in securing observational information by Association members themselves
+but some problems are such that they must be continued over a long
+period of time and set up with adequate checks and provision for
+securing significant data. Otherwise the results are of no real value.
+Granted we need all the sound observational experience that all the
+members can bring to our problems, there are still aspects of culture of
+northern nut trees that need continuing program of scientific research.
+
+Fortunately, much of the cultural information secured with nut crops of
+economic value is directly applicable to northern nut trees. This is
+true of the work with northwestern filberts, western walnuts, southern
+pecans and even the tung industry. There comes a point, however, when
+information thus gained needs to be checked under the specific
+conditions where the crops are grown and very little research has been
+done in the northern states where the hardy nuts are important.
+
+Of special importance to the northern nut growers is the control of
+diseases and insects. At the present time the bunch disease of walnuts
+is becoming increasingly more troublesome and very little is known as to
+how this is spread or how it may be controlled. In my own filbert
+planting, the hazel bud mite during past years has made the crop
+practically a failure. Little apparently is known as to the life history
+of this insect or when miticides might be applied. Examples such as the
+bunch disease and mite damage are multiplied many times with other
+diseases of local or regional importance. In my thinking our best hope
+for getting something done is to encourage the Departments of Entomology
+and Plant Pathology in the experiment stations to take up these disease
+and insect problems, which might be attacked by graduate students as
+thesis subjects, even though the economic importance is not great.
+
+As I see the situation of the Association, there is need for its members
+to produce more nuts of better quality. Nothing intrigues the interest
+of potential members as much as actually seeing and tasting locally
+grown samples of nuts of superior varieties. On several occasions I have
+tried to assemble collections of nuts for exhibit or to buy them for one
+purpose or another and found great difficulty in finding sources of
+supply. This was particularly true in the fall of 1951 when we were
+trying to assemble nuts for "The Things of Science" project. We wanted
+very much to secure Carpathian walnuts that could be sent out and used
+for seed purposes. There was no source to which we could turn. In
+several possible sources of supply, husk maggots had so infested the
+crop that the nuts were discolored and unattractive. It might have been
+possible to secure enough black walnuts to include in the kit but the
+problem of state quarantines against the bunch disease could not be
+easily adjusted.
+
+Finally I believe the Northern Nut Growers Association is doing a very
+significant work. Our emphasis at the present time at least might very
+well be on nut growing as a hobby and for conservation, for better shade
+trees and for better living on the farms and homesteads rather than to
+emphasize the commercial angles. This will come in time if it can really
+be demonstrated that growing northern nut trees is a profitable venture.
+In these days of job specialization everyone needs a hobby and an outlet
+for special interests. I know of few other fields of endeavor for those
+who like growing things than the rewards that are to be found in the
+growing of hardy nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+The Monday afternoon session was convened at one o'clock p.m.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The afternoon session will please be in order.
+
+The first paper this afternoon will be, "The Future of Your Nut
+Planting," Mr. W. F. Sonnemann, Vandalia, Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+The Future of Your Nut Planting
+
+W. F. SONNEMANN, _Vandalia, Ill._
+
+
+Ladies and gentlemen, it is a great pleasure to appear before the
+Northern Nut Growers Association. I am just a sprout as far as nut
+growing is concerned, when we consider the age of some of our old
+hickory nut trees.
+
+About 25 years ago, I became interested in nut growing and, in
+particular, the river-bottom hickory nut tree. Then we had so many nut
+trees growing in the bottom that we never thought of trying to plant a
+tree or look after one. People could gather all the nuts they wanted and
+often the trees were cut just to get the nuts. They'd lay a stick of
+dynamite at the base of the tree to shake the nuts off.
+
+After a few years of that, I thought we might do something to save the
+nut trees for the future generations. That's when I first started to
+plant some nuts. Incidentally, I made a big mistake, by not joining the
+Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Naturally, I wanted the largest pecan I could find. I went to the St.
+Louis market and bought and planted nice Papershell pecans--very nice
+pecans, but the trees do not mature their crop. Mr. McDaniel and I tried
+to top-work them, but that's a big job. Had I joined the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, I could have avoided a lot of those mistakes.
+
+There are some things that I found out in practicing law that can very
+well apply to nut growing. If you will pardon the reference to personal
+experience, I can bring forth to you about four situations. One, a good,
+close friend of mine had a vacant lot close to his home. He had been
+planting nut trees and papaw trees and persimmon trees for years. On
+this vacant lot he had a 25-year-old Busch walnut growing back on the
+alley, on the lawn was a beautiful Japanese flowering cherry, and there
+were two pecan trees in the yard proper. He sold the lot to a neighbor
+whose wife was just crazy about flowers, little dreaming that those
+trees would ever be cut down. I don't believe the ink of the recorder
+had been cooled or dried before that English walnut was cut down, the
+Japanese cherry grubbed out of the front lawn, and one of the pecan
+trees was cut. It just about broke the old owner's heart, and all he
+could say was, "I am just disappointed in my neighbors." And now there
+is a house being erected there, and the pecan tree that was 12 inches in
+diameter was cut. That could have been prevented, had this man given
+thought to the future.
+
+Another man, named Hagen, who was instrumental in getting me interested
+in nut growing, had a nice group of river-bottom shellbark trees growing
+in his field. One of these has been propagated and named the Hagen, and
+although it isn't a good cracking quality, it's a very large nut.
+
+A pipe line was laid close to that field, and this man had the
+fore-*sight to put a clause in this pipe-line right of way which gave
+him the protection of collecting adequate damages for the destruction
+of the trees. Didn't even need a lawyer, which is something bad for the
+law business. It is a suggestion, that when a pipe line, or telephone
+company is buying a right of way, it is possible to protect your
+interests in valuable trees.
+
+Another instance of protecting nut trees was when the new U. S. Highway
+40 was built across Illinois. I had the job of condemning the right of
+way and when the engineer and I were out walking over it we noticed a
+fine group of hickory nut trees on the hillside. I remarked what a nice
+group of trees it was. He said, "Yes, that's going to be a borrow pit up
+there." I said, "You mean they are going to destroy those trees?" He
+said, "Yes, dirt from this borrow pit will make the fill across this
+bottom."
+
+I said, "Why can't we get the dirt somewhere else? Dirt is dirt."
+
+And the engineer said, "Well, that's the plans." We had a little
+contrariness there, and I had to threaten to drop the case as far as
+that tract of land was concerned. If you fight long enough and hard
+enough in such cases you may find some other person who is interested in
+nut trees. We did; we found an engineer higher up, and that group of
+hickory trees is now a picnic area. They used a borrow pit somewhere
+else, and it gives me a great pleasure to drive past that group of
+hickory trees and see them still standing there. In the fall of the year
+you'd be surprised at the number of people at that picnic area, and they
+keep those hickory nuts picked up clean as fast as they fall.
+
+In our county hospital just started they happened to select a piece of
+ground I own an interest in for a county hospital. On that are some good
+hickory nut trees. I told them they'd never get the land until they made
+some arrangements in regard to those nut trees. The engineer that
+designed that hospital must have had some sense, because they are
+building a canopy around one of the trees adjacent to that hospital, and
+have arranged to cut only one scrub oak. The other trees will be
+mentioned in the deed with restrictive covenants to protect them.
+
+If you sign anything a company gives you, you are liable to have
+anything cut on your land. Remember the saying that "the big print gives
+it to you and the fine print takes it away." And it's the fine print you
+want to watch in all your right of ways or in your condemnation
+proceedings.
+
+I know a man who had almost 160 acres of river-bottom hickories. During
+his lifetime he was very careful about those trees. He would cut the
+brush around the trees and harvest those hickory nuts as if it was a
+crop of corn or beans. Upon his death his children were scattered over
+the various states. They didn't care anything for this hickory grove.
+It's been cut. Now there is a bulldozer in there trying to clean out
+those hickory stumps. They are not making much progress. All you now
+have in that farm is 160 acres of old tree stumps, wild honey-suckle
+vines, poison ivy and poison oak, and even a coon hunter gripes when he
+has to take his dogs through there on a coon hunt. Those heirs care
+nothing about it.
+
+In selling land it doesn't make any difference whether it's a sale to a
+neighbor, or to a friend or a stranger, you should protect any trees
+that you have growing upon that land by what we term a covenant running
+with the land, and that means if a deed is made it will provide that
+certain trees shall not be cut within a certain period of time. In one
+case where I am forced to sell some land I am protecting the trees for
+10 years.
+
+Each of these situations requires research under your own state laws. I
+had hoped to be able to tell you something definite and precise as to
+each situation, but when I considered the membership in the Northern Nut
+Growers, the many states it covers and the great difference in the state
+laws, it's just impossible to lay your hand upon one set of facts that
+governs. You should consult your attorney who is dealing with your
+transactions and tell him specifically what you have in mind and what
+you want to protect. He will know whether your state recognizes
+covenants running with your land and what provision can be made to
+protect trees that you want to save or secure damages.
+
+Remember, in any transaction, if it is not in the written instrument
+that you sign, it's just an oral agreement that you make on the side,
+and it doesn't mean a thing. It has to be in the paper that you sign.
+
+As I mentioned briefly, in what they call "eminent domain", the state
+has a right to take property for public use. The only thing you can do
+there is just get your head square and fight, and if you are stubborn
+enough, you may find someone in the organization that you are dealing
+with who has some interest in trees. They may not be members of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association or any tree association, but there are
+some people who appreciate trees and who do realize how long it takes to
+have a nice pecan tree or nice hickory nut tree growing.
+
+If they call you contrary, that you won't give in to anything, let them
+call you contrary, let them call you nuts, but you can protect your
+trees and make sure that their future is secure.
+
+What will happen to your trees after you are dead? Each individual's
+situation has to be considered separately. In many states you can
+provide by will to whom you want your nut planting to go, or you can, by
+making a trust, give the trees to trustees with certain powers and
+duties to care for and manage them for a period of time or perpetually,
+depending on the laws of your state. Usually it is limited to the life
+of some person or 21 years. In that length of time if your heirs or the
+person you desire these trees to go to have not educated themselves to
+the value of the tree, then the planting will be lost anyway.
+
+In all of these cases and all the transactions that you make, if you
+value your trees--and you surely do when you will carry water for them
+and plant them and dig that large hole for those roots--it is worth
+while to look after them during the trees' lifetime, not your own
+lifetime. And if you will consult with your attorney, particularly
+mention those trees to him and just exactly what your ideas are, I think
+you will be assured that you will have a future for nut trees.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Sonnemann.
+
+Are there any questions you wish to ask on this subject. Here is a
+chance to get free legal advice on the spot. That's unusual.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: There is one point I'd like to bring out, backing up what
+the gentleman just said. You know we introduced back in 1928 to 1936
+very large numbers of Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. Most of them went
+out to state forestry departments and such; somewhere around a half
+million trees. We have had some very valuable cooperative orchard
+plantings, which have been lost because something happened to the man,
+he moved away, sold his property, or died. With these gentlemen who have
+passed away, experimental orchard plantings and other trees were part of
+their lives, but their children, or whoever inherited the property, had
+no interest in continuing the work.
+
+We have had the same experience with some agricultural experiment
+stations where one of the horticulturists is interested in the
+plantings, but has moved away, and we have lost our plantings.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Dr. Gravatt. Mr. Becker, do you wish to
+say something about the Reed Memorial?
+
+MR. BECKER: This is just a word of appreciation to a number of the
+Northern Nut Growers members who have helped out with the C. A. Reed
+Memorial.
+
+When we organized the Michigan Nut Growers Association last January it
+was Professor O'Rourke's idea to have a memorial at Mr. Reed's home
+town, which is Howell, Michigan. With Mrs. Reed's approval we planned as
+our first project, planting a nut tree with a suitable plaque in memory
+of the late Dr. Reed.
+
+As a followup, we issued a little bulletin asking for contributions
+toward the memorial. We sent these out to people who knew Mr. Reed, many
+of whom are among this group.
+
+Response has been gratifying and we now have approximately $95 toward
+the tablet. On Arbor Day a Michigan variety of shagbark hickory called
+the Abscoda was planted at Howell on the library grounds. The services
+were conducted with the cooperation of the Michigan State College and
+the Livingston County garden group. This is a word of appreciation and
+also to explain what we have done. Thank you. (Applause.)
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We will go on to the next paper, "The Value of a
+Tree," Ferdinand Bolten, Linton, Indiana. Mr. Bolton. (Applause.)
+
+MR. BOLTEN: Members of the Northern Nut Growers Association and ladies
+and gentlemen: I am just a farmer. I am not a speech-maker, like the
+lawyer here who makes his living talking. I make my living farming, and
+I have some ideas, views that I'd like to bring before you.
+
+
+
+
+The Value of a Tree
+
+FERD BOLTEN, _Linton, Ind._
+
+
+Members of the Northern Nut Growers Association, ladies, and gentlemen.
+It may be a little unusual for a fruit grower and farmer to be on this
+program; however, I have lived a lifetime working with trees on the same
+farm I was born on sixty-six years ago last May. We have one hundred
+acres of orchard, several varieties of nut trees, including English
+walnut, pecans, hybrid pecans or hicans, hickories, filberts, hazelnuts,
+heart nuts, butternuts, black walnuts; also, persimmons, pawpaws,
+hybrid oaks and many of the native forest trees. In operating a farm
+this size, you naturally get a lot of experience and headaches. A very
+good friend of mine told me a joke that I think fits in with my farm
+very well. He said a fruit grower delivered a load of apples to the
+insane asylum. One of the inmates was helping unload the apples. The
+inmate kept talking about apples, so the grower asked him if he was ever
+on a fruit farm. The inmate replied that he was before he came to the
+asylum and, in return, asked the grower if he had ever been in the
+asylum. The grower replied that he had not. Then the inmate said, "Mr.,
+I have been both places, and I can tell you something. It is a lot nicer
+here than it is on a fruit farm".
+
+My subject is,
+
+THE VALUE OF A TREE
+
+A tree out of its natural habitat sometimes becomes worthless. As an
+extreme example, the orange tree in Indiana has no commercial value and
+the apple tree in Florida has no commercial value. Therefore, it seems
+that we should, in Indiana, endeavor to develop better trees in the
+trees which are at home here. This includes the native hickory and the
+black walnut, hazels, filberts and the pecans in Southern Indiana.
+Personally, I am spending quite a bit of time with the Crath Carpathian
+English or Persian Walnut. Last winter, I lost seven out of fifty trees
+from some cause, after they had gone through the winter of 1950 and
+1951, at a temperature of nineteen below zero without injury. It may
+have been they were caught last fall by a hard freeze in full foliage,
+early before the apples were all picked; and, again, it may be blight. I
+hope not. But this I do know, the hickory and black walnut in their
+natural habitat were not injured.
+
+I wonder why hickories are so erratic in their bearing habits. Could it
+be the winter rest period? For example, the peach has to have from seven
+hundred hours, in some varieties, to twelve hundred hours, in others, of
+below forty-five degrees temperature, or they will not set a good crop
+of fruit. The value of a variety of peach in Georgia sometimes is
+determined by the number of hours of rest period below forty-five
+degrees that the variety has to have. It has happened that the same
+variety of peach has produced a good crop in Northern Georgia and a poor
+crop in Southern Georgia. Where the winter was not as cold in Indiana we
+never lose crops from the lack of enough cold weather; we lose them from
+sub-zero temperatures. So you see, the value of a variety in Georgia is
+different to Indiana.
+
+The value of a tree may be in the wood or in the food its produces, or
+its beauty in winter. Many a picture is taken of evergreens covered with
+snow. Its value may be its beauty in summer, or the coloring of its
+leaves in the fall. There is also a sentimental value; a limb that is
+just right for a child's swing, the Constitutional Elm at Corydon, or
+the Harrison Oak at North Bend, Ohio. They have a historical value and
+are visited by many people.
+
+A man said to me some time ago, "I wonder why God made the hicans the
+cross between the pecans and the hickory?" There may be a valuable nut
+tree show up in the second or third generation of the hybrid trees when
+certain characteristics begin to revert to the parent trees. I have on
+my farm some hybrid oaks grafted, and am very anxious to see them
+produce acorns so I can plant them and watch the results. This hybrid
+originated in the Greene and Sullivan County Forest in Indiana, and is
+called the Carpenter Oak after Mr. Carpenter, the district forester. It
+is, apparently, a cross between the shingle oak and the pin oak because
+it is comparable with both of them.
+
+The value of a tree is not always the one that wins first prize in the
+show. The best plate of nuts in the show may not be from the most
+valuable tree, because it may be biennial in bearing habits, it may be a
+shy bearer, it may be an early bloomer and subject to frost. My most
+productive Crath Carpathian tree is not the best walnut and would not
+get anywhere in the show, but it is hardy, blooms late, and is
+productive; so its value is in these traits. The number of chromosomes
+in the Crath Carpathian walnut may be different. There is quite a
+difference in the size of nuts produced on individual trees. This
+indicates that there may be a difference in chromosome count. If this is
+true, it will be a great help in improving the size of the nuts
+produced. It may be of value in pollination. The triploid apple needs to
+be pollinated by the diploid variety. By setting them close together,
+you get a much better set of fruit.
+
+Sometimes I think trees are as temperamental as people. Some trees,
+especially the apple, lose their value because they are subject to
+certain diseases. Some are susceptible to scab, blight, codling moth,
+rots, blotch, and other diseases, to a point where they become worthless
+as commercial varieties. The honey locust has been considered one of the
+trees on farms to be destroyed, because it was thought to be worthless.
+Now, its value is being found in the correcting of sugar deficiency in
+dairy cattle. The pods of the honey locust are one of the best foods to
+correct sugar deficiency and cattle like them and eat them freely. I
+have on my farm a thornless honey locust that produced ten bushels of
+pods one year. The honey locust is also a legume and produces nitrogen
+which, in turn, is used by the pasture grasses and makes more pasture
+for the cattle.
+
+The mulberry tree that ripens when cherries are ripe has a value in the
+fact that every mulberry eaten by a bird saves a cherry and the birds
+are valuable because they destroy insects that cause the worms in
+cherries.
+
+After observing trees for years, I am convinced that there are certain
+strains or families of trees in the forest that have outstanding traits.
+Those traits in growth might be dwarfs or they may be giants; they may
+have short lives or long lives, like different varieties of apples. The
+fruit or seeds may be large or small. I believe as reforestation
+progresses there will be certain trees located which have value as seed
+trees and which will improve the forest equal to the improvement in
+livestock on the farms today. The razor back hog that roamed the forest
+is gone and has been replaced by animals much improved; yet, the forest
+in which it roamed is the same. Now we are turning to man made forests
+and a chance to improve them by selecting the more valuable trees for
+our source of seed. In the native hickory and black walnut, there is a
+great need for more interest in searching for and preserving the most
+valuable trees for their cracking quality, flavor, and productivity.
+There have been and are now, nut trees on farms that were valuable
+trees, but were known only to the owner and the small boys of the
+community. These trees should have been preserved for posterity, but
+many of them are lost forever.
+
+In forestry, a tree's value may be in its ability to re-seed itself. In
+the kinds of pine, the Virginia pine is one of the best, and also, one
+of the youngest to produce seed cones. I have counted twenty-five cones
+on a five year old Virginia Pine tree. In forestry, the red cedar is
+good to re-seed itself in the area in which it grows. The maple ash,
+cotton wood, and poplar also grow freely from nature's seeding.
+
+Every tree that grows has a value. The leaves help purify the air; the
+persimmon and the tree with a wild grapevine are food for wild life. The
+old hollow tree is a refuge for the coon and o'possum and other wild
+life. I have a hollow white oak on my farm I let stand because a family
+of squirrels is raised in it every year. I also have a bee tree and the
+bees help pollinate my fruit trees so they produce better. A world
+without trees would be a desolate place. The value of a park is in its
+trees.
+
+I have spoken of the value of trees for the preservation of wild life,
+but how do trees affect the life of man and how does man affect tree
+life? Man is the builder or destroyer of tree life; although the tree is
+the oldest living thing in plant or animal life, man is master over
+trees. A man came into my farm office one day and said, "Everything in
+this room either grew from the earth or was mined from the earth." How
+about everything in this room? The furniture, the clothing you wear, the
+ring on your finger, the glass in the windows, etc.? Let us think for a
+minute, what are the things of the greatest value in this room? We have
+an organization, The Northern Nut Growers Association. It did not grow
+from the earth, there is knowledge of science here, there are doctors'
+degrees (I wish I had one), there is ambition, honesty, love, pride, and
+patriotism. Man's knowledge is the key. What he leaves alone or what he
+destroys. So the greatest value is man's knowledge. After all, the
+greatest values are the things that come from the minds and the hearts
+of men. By man's efforts, we find or develop these valuable trees.
+
+The value of a home is increased by trees. The love of trees and the
+pride in owning a home is hard to separate. The privilege in America to
+own a home and plant a tree on your own ground is of great value. It has
+been said that he, who plants a tree, is truly a servant of God. I
+sometimes wonder if this great value of the privilege of owning a piece
+of ground and building a home and planting a tree is in danger of being
+lost under the present creeping grip of socialism and communism. This
+privilege of planting and owning a tree is of greater value than any
+tree, and we must not lose this valuable inheritance in America.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Mr. Magill, are you all set with your program?
+
+MR. MAGILL: Yes, sir. This is to be a discussion of "Methods of Getting
+Better Annual Crops on Black Walnut--A symposium led by W. W. Magill
+(Kentucky)--Discussion by a panel made up of W. G. Tatum, Spencer Chase,
+W. B. Ward and Mr. Schlagenbusch." Will those men come here? We will get
+started.
+
+My business in life is Extension peddler down in Kentucky, working on
+fruits and nuts and berries, and naturally that takes me into a good
+many counties. We have 120, and I have been in all of them. Some places
+didn't have anything, so no reason to go back. But I pick up a lot of
+conversation, people give you ideas and things to think about.
+
+We were talking about the conditions of the world--everybody's got a
+good job and plenty of money and biggest incomes that the country has
+ever known. That's true, but if you take down in the hills and hollows
+into some places that I go and you take the financial status of certain
+of those families, it's not measured in thousands of dollars, some cases
+not hardly measured in hundreds of dollars. It's measured in terms of
+gratuities and things to eat and not measured by greenbacks, and the
+families don't pay income tax.
+
+Last fall I was out on a farm in the foothills some 70 miles from
+Lexington, in a place that most of you folks wouldn't want to live in
+and call home, a little farm, probably 16 acres, with a widow lady
+probably 65 years old, living there with her daughter. And among other
+things, she said, "Mr. Magill, I understand that you are supposed to
+know something about nuts. See that tree standing right out there?" She
+says, "I will give you a $20 bill if you will tell me how to make that
+nut tree bear annual crops."
+
+Well, I was a little bit surprised. I listened, and I got to asking her
+questions. Some member of the family had gone to Chicago years ago, and
+she knew about all the black walnut packing firms in Kentucky. This
+relative had worked in the market, and had indicated she could get a
+dollar a pound for all the nut meats she would pick out and send to this
+relative in Chicago. And that nut tree meant about 30 to 35 dollars a
+year when it had a crop but only bore every other year.
+
+Well, that drove home just a little more to me than ever before the
+question of why certain nut trees bore and others didn't bear. To that
+lady there it meant $30 the year it bore and no income from that tree on
+the year it didn't bear. And she stood there beside the home and pointed
+out other trees that bore regularly. And she said, "Why do they bear
+regular crops and this good tree that makes so many fine, big kernels
+bears every other year?" That's a challenge I am throwing out to this
+audience today to all the members on this panel.
+
+I am hoping that Pappy Ward or Friend Chase will answer that question
+completely. The thing I have in mind, is that in a group like we have
+here today, as many nuts as we have got here, if we think about this
+question and talk to the folks back home, I believe in a year or two we
+can have worked out and have printed in the records of the report some
+pretty reasonable answers as to why nut trees don't bear, or why they
+bear heavy crops on certain years and are off certain years.
+
+Mr. Ward, I know you have observed this over a period of years. What, in
+your opinion, is the one factor that is more responsible for this
+alternate bearing of black walnuts?
+
+
+
+
+Why Black Walnuts Fail to Bear Satisfactory Crops
+
+W. B. WARD, _Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+When man or nature, and sometimes both, change the natural habits of a
+tree, most anything can happen. There are years when the black walnut
+sets very few fruits either on the seedling trees or trees of named
+varieties. Some few trees have alternate years of production, while
+other trees bear annually and some not at all. Good results and good
+crops may be expected only when several factors are normal and
+conditions favorable. After twenty years of keeping records and
+observations on nut trees and through correspondence with other growers,
+I consider the main reason for crop failure or light production to be
+climatic conditions and the weather for an entire year.
+
+The black walnut produces a pistillate flower at the end of the present
+season's growth. The staminate flowers, or catkins, come from last
+year's wood. Good growing conditions are desirable for wood growth and
+fruit bud formation and any retarding of growth the previous season
+means little or no production. Winter injury to wood and bud, diseases
+or insects attacking the foliage, soil moisture, and summer temperatures
+will lower tree vitality. There are times when strong vigorous trees
+fail to fruit which could be due to a high or low carbohydrate-nitrogen
+balance. Soil type, plant food, age of tree, and location will have some
+influence on annual or even biennial production but yet are not the all
+important reasons for light crops.
+
+The pollen of the black walnut is mostly wind borne as few insects ever
+visit the flowers and pollination is dependent on wind borne pollen.
+Trees planted in groups and close together are generally more productive
+than trees planted in orchard rows even as close as 40' by 40'. When the
+weather is cold and rainy during bloom, one should not expect much of a
+crop.
+
+The staminate flowers opened early in Indiana the years of 1950, 1951,
+and 1952. The weather was more or less ideal during the time the catkins
+had elongated and about ready to shed pollen. This warm spell was
+followed by a fairly cool weather and considerable rain, which delayed
+the opening of the pistillate flowers, consequently the pollen dried and
+was lost before the pistil was receptive.
+
+The few walnut trees in the University plantation have always had the
+best of care. The trees have been mulched, fertilized (both through root
+and leaf feedings), sprayed, cultivated and seeded to grass with the
+grass clipped. The trees are some distance away from other seedling
+walnuts and a bit off the beaten path of the right direction of the
+spring winds. The varieties are Ohio, Stambaugh, Stabler, Rohwer, and
+Thomas. When the spring weather is balmy at flowering time, the trees
+bear a respectable crop but let the weather change to cool and moist and
+then that is the time one begins to think about calling up the sawmill
+to see if there is any need for some good walnut logs.
+
+MR. MAGILL: That's a mighty good discussion. I see Mr. Ward has been
+observing walnut trees closer than I assumed he had.
+
+Mr. Chase, I know you have seen a lot of things in Tennessee that you
+are not going to tell us about, but I suggest that you discuss some of
+the things you have observed about walnut trees bearing anywhere.
+
+MR. CHASE: Alternate bearing has been a problem with fruits and nuts
+since time immemorial. I know a tremendous amount of work has been done
+with the apple, which has a definite biennial bearing habit. There have
+been all sorts of things tried to make it bear annual crops, and as far
+as I know, there has not been anything effective developed along that
+line. Of course, there are varieties of apples that tend to bear annual
+crops.
+
+As Mr. Ward brought out--he took all my thunder, so I don't have much to
+say--a tree may set a heavy crop of nuts one year because frost or poor
+pollination the year before destroyed the crop so that a large amount of
+carbohydrates were built up in the tree. Now, the tree in producing a
+heavy crop of well filled nuts utilizes every bit of carbohydrates it
+has stored and can manufacture. While it is doing this the terminal bud
+is being formed for next year's crop, and if there isn't a sufficient
+amount of carbohydrates in the tree at that critical period, there is
+not likely to be a flower bud formed.
+
+This is not limited just to walnuts, but occurs with nearly all fruits
+and nuts, with the possible exception of the chestnut.
+
+We made a study which was reported in the 1946 report by Mr. Zarger in
+which he reported the bearing habits of some 135 trees over a 10-year
+period, and there were definite bearing cycles, or bearing habits. It
+was not always an on year followed by an off year, but possibly two
+years in a row, then nothing. There were some trees that went three
+years without a crop, then a crop. Very few, however, had annual crops,
+and the annual crops were heavy or moderately heavy, followed by what we
+consider a light crop.
+
+These trees were scattered through seven states and, of course,
+conditions were not the same. They were all seedling trees, but careful
+records were kept on the bearing habits. There was a group of trees that
+could not be classified into any definite bearing habit. In those
+instances we suspected unfavorable weather at pollination time, but as a
+general rule, in our section I don't believe we are concerned with that
+factor.
+
+The Thomas, which we can watch carefully in a nearby orchard, is
+definitely on one year and off the next. Quite a few are on one year and
+off two years. We haven't found any way to make that an annual crop,
+because when it sets a crop, it sets a bumper crop, and there is simply
+not enough food in the tree to set a sufficient number of fruit buds for
+the following year's crop. I am sure that a lot of you folks have
+observed this, and I think, Mr. Magill, that you might sound out some of
+them.
+
+MR. MAGILL: Going back to an observation I made as a kid, money didn't
+grow in bushes around our place, and back in those days you could go out
+and kill ten rabbits and sell them for 8 cents apiece, and if you only
+used 4 cents apiece for ammunition, you have made 40 cents off of the
+deal and had $20 worth of fun, and that was a good day's work. You
+remember those days, Pappy? Back in those same times, I used to get
+money out of hauling black walnuts to an old corn sheller and having
+people who didn't have an interest in the corn sheller sell them for 50
+cents a bushel. That was also pin money. Come in mighty useful.
+
+We had a certain group of trees on the farm I was raised on that bore
+every other year, and I can think of two fields where we rearranged the
+fences in such a way as to make pasture fields out of them, and two of
+those trees were where 15 or 20 cattle pastured. These were the only
+shade trees, and naturally they manured those trees. And I recall for a
+few years I was getting annual crops from them. Apparently they got
+something supplied by cattle that they didn't have otherwise. Others in
+the foothills of Kentucky, have come to the same conclusion.
+
+I know a man who has pecan holdings in Alabama. He told me up to the
+time he got the farm the trees had a few blooms but wouldn't set pecans.
+He applied 15 mineral elements and claims to have got results from it. I
+have talked to at least three people in my travelling around who tried
+the same treatment on pecans, one in Georgia, one in Alabama and one in
+Mississippi. They reported that they had improved yield on pecans by
+using complete mineral fertilizer. That's in addition to nitrogen,
+phosphorus and potassium.
+
+I am foolish enough to think that that nice, young orchard of Mrs.
+Weber's would make an excellent place to try it. I understand that the
+trees are not behaving as well as they should. I'd like for Ford
+Wilkinson to be made chairman of a committee to see that they are
+fertilized according to some kind of a schedule that could be worked out
+and do some observing. That is one of the few places I know of in the
+several states that would be as adequately laid out. I'd like to see a
+complete fertilizer including nine or ten mineral elements used.
+
+I don't mean spend a lot of money, but you can do a lot of observing for
+relatively few dollars. I just throw that out as a hint.
+
+I would like to open up this discussion. Mr. Bolten talked a while ago
+about things he was growing out of the ground, or out of minerals.
+Everything comes from the ground, and I reckon you'd say this Northern
+Nut Growers Association is a little like Topsy, it just developed, as
+the fellow about the weeds. He said they weren't created, they just come
+all at once. Now I believe that out of this Northern Nut Growers
+assembly here that we have got some keen observers that might have
+something on their minds they want to tell us about. Who wants to speak
+first?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: This is just an observation I am throwing out for the
+benefit of those who are here. I spent some time in China, and I was
+interested in the fact that their walnuts there produced yearly crops.
+In trying to find out why they produced yearly crops, I also discovered
+that their persimmons, their plums and their peaches did the same thing.
+The reason for that apparently goes back to their mythology. They
+believe in signs and doing certain things according to certain seasons
+of the year, and one of the things that they did was to gather together
+in the dark of the moon on one particular night at a certain time and
+beat the living daylights out of these trees with big bamboo clubs. I
+wouldn't suggest that people here do that, but it's been known to
+foresters quite a while that by transplanting or severely pruning or
+girdling trees that you could produce fruits on these trees the
+following year. Apparently the Chinese so injured the cambium during the
+severe beating that they have caused that wound stimulus to induce the
+formation of flower buds for the following year. By so doing in their
+English or Persian walnuts they did have yearly crops. I have seen this
+myself, and I checked back to see why. Perhaps they could explain it.
+The only explanation we made was not fertilizing, but in the wounding of
+the cambium. Now, perhaps there could be something done of that nature
+for walnuts, but I wouldn't suggest getting around and beating the trees
+up.
+
+MR. MAGILL: In that connection, one man in Kentucky got the same answer.
+He said about five years ago a cyclone came through there and blew the
+chimney off the house and uprooted a number of apple trees and leaned
+over three walnut trees, and he said they have borne five crops in
+succession. Now, this is the same story that you have got there.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd just like to remark that I think that's a sort of
+negative approach. I noticed a boy who had an apple tree that was about
+to die. He girdled it and got a tremendous crop of blossom. You probably
+have secured the same results. That is one of Nature's ways to
+perpetuate itself. But I think there a constructive angle in those trees
+that respond to nitrogenous fertilizer or manure. I believe the secret,
+if there is a secret, is that a tree in bearing a crop exhausts itself
+more or less. It recuperates the following year and then is ready to
+bear another crop. And the way to meet that situation is to fertilize
+heavily, especially with nitrogen, the season of the heavy crop so that
+you will have not only enough leaf growth to produce that crop, but to
+build up nutrients the following year. I believe that will help break
+the cycle and establish more regularity.
+
+Some trees do that themselves; that is, they will bear a moderate crop
+every year. I have the Land walnut at home. It bears every year. Certain
+chestnuts will bear every year, not excessive crops, but Hobson bears a
+pretty good crop every year. I believe the secret of breaking that
+on-and-off cycle is to fertilize heavily the year of production not the
+year of non-production. If you apply nitrogen on the off year you
+produce perhaps an excess of wood growth that year and overbearing the
+following year.
+
+MR. MAGILL: Referring to apples, any of you apple growers well know that
+the Golden Delicious and York Imperial grow crops in alternate years.
+Now, you come along with hormone sprays and take half or two-thirds of
+the young fruits off soon after the trees blossom and throw them into
+regular production. That's the same thing that you are talking about,
+Mr. Stoke. I never heard of anybody thinning walnuts. I don't know
+whether they do or not. A lot of things I don't know, but I don't know
+of anybody ever thinning walnuts, except squirrels.
+
+MR. WARD: Last year a lady from Kokomo, Indiana, wrote me that she had a
+very fine walnut tree growing near Mr. Bolten's place in Greene County,
+and as far as she could remember that tree had borne an annual crop for
+the past 70 years. I wrote to Mr. Bolten asking him to investigate. If
+I remember correctly, these trees were grown in the poorest possible
+place. Is that right, Mr. Bolten?
+
+MR. BOLTEN: Yes.
+
+MR. WARD: There were two or three trees right close together that had a
+nice crop and the ground was covered with a lot of nice nuts which Mr.
+Bolten thought worth propagating, and he has a tree already started.
+
+We have other varieties that we call the Saul, the Goose Creek and the
+Alley, which are all seedlings and which have produced almost every year
+with about the same size of crop.
+
+In our own planting, at the University, we have tried a lot of things
+without telling anybody about it. Every once in a while the boys mow the
+orchard, and have bruised and barked a lot of these trees with no effect
+whatever on bearing. We have time and time again taken the Stambaugh,
+Ohio, Thomas, Stabler, and Aurora and have given them a good shot of
+fertilizer in the spring after a rain, and have produced wonderful
+growth in all of those years but still had only a light crop.
+
+A few years ago some of the boys were spraying the apple orchard with
+Nu-Green and Urea at the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water, and
+had a little extra. They said, "Well, we don't like Ward's nut trees
+over there, we will put this stuff on them, and if it kills them, that's
+all right, and if they live, that's all right, too." They gave them some
+feeding throughout the summer and we haven't found any different
+results.
+
+MR. STOKE: May I say just one more thing to clarify my suggestion? I was
+assuming that potash and phosphate were present in sufficient quantity.
+What I wanted was leaf growth to store up energy and nutrients for the
+following year and to apply that on the year of heavy crop, so besides
+maturing the crop, it will provide that leaf growth, and not in the year
+of no crop.
+
+MR. WARD: We have tried that both ways, and going back, Mr. Stoke, again
+to the lack of pollination, it seems like both the pistillate and
+staminate flowers are there, but they just don't set a crop of fruit.
+
+MR. STOKE: One thing more I wanted to say, and it slipped my mind. We
+know any tree that grows too rapidly will not produce seed nor fruit,
+and excess nitrogen on apple or walnut or anything else will not cause
+the formation of fruit buds, but the normal amount is necessary for the
+formation of buds.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: We have even got alternate bearing on persimmons in Urbana
+now. Trees that bore extremely heavily didn't bloom this year.
+
+MR. MAGILL: We hill-billies have been taking a pass at that. I wonder if
+Dr. Slate couldn't give us some scientific facts about this. How about
+it, Slate?
+
+DR. SLATE: Mr. Caldwell's remarks about the beating of the walnut trees
+in China reminds me of an ancient saying that, "A dog, a woman, a walnut
+tree, the more you beat them the better they be."
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: One of my seedlings began to bear seven years ago, and has
+borne steadily every year exceptionally large crops. It never failed
+until this year, and the only explanation that I can give is that just
+as the bloom was incepted we had continuous rains. There was no
+pollination of that tree, whereas other trees that were receptive at
+other times are pretty well filled.
+
+Out of two or three thousand trees you will find some exceptional ones.
+I have some that bear fairly good crops but do not fill. Walnut trees
+are just as different from each other as are apple trees. There are some
+things you can't do anything about at all, and weather is one of the
+things. One shouldn't be too much mystified by an occasional failure,
+because it may be due to continuous rains during the period of
+pollination and when they are receptive.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This matter of alternate bearing is one that has
+plagued the pomologist for a great many years, and one in which we made
+little progress, with apples for example, until with hormone sprays the
+trees could be thinned very early in the year. Any thinning done after
+the fruit was the size of your thumb was too late. However, now that the
+fruit can be thinned when it is very young, real progress is being made
+in securing annual bearing on varieties that previously were a serious
+problem in alternate bearing.
+
+The failure to fruit is due to many different factors. Some of these are
+external such as frost and rain at pollen shedding. There is nothing you
+can do about these. Other factors are internal and determine the
+formation of fruit buds. If the tree is carrying an exceptionally heavy
+crop, the chances are it will not have enough of the material which
+determines the setting of buds to form buds for the following year. With
+the apples we can do something about this by thinning the crop at the
+time it blooms. With walnuts, I don't see how we are going to do it.
+Fertilization is another approach.
+
+Certainly we should make conditions just as favorable as possible for
+growth and for the development of the buds and by all means control
+insects and diseases. If you do not have a good leaf surface good crops
+will not be set the next year. It's a complex problem, but I don't think
+it is insoluble.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Chairman, in connection with this matter of annual
+bearing of black walnut trees we believe that in doing all sorts of
+things you will not influence the yielding of most of our black walnut
+varieties. The black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ is probably--some of us
+think, at least--constituted genetically in such a way that the
+varieties we have do not yield annual crops simply because they are not
+constituted that way. I know some of you may disagree with me, but one
+of the greatest arguments for this idea is the fact that in some of our
+other nut species we do have varieties that are genetically heavy
+producers. For instance, we have a selection of Chinese chestnuts right
+now that will bear annual crops on the poorest soil under any conditions
+imaginable. You can graft scions of that tree on other stocks and plant
+them anywhere you choose under differing conditions and it will have a
+heavy set of burs. It may not fill the nuts, it may not attain the size,
+but genetically speaking, inherently it is a heavy bearer. Perhaps our
+black walnut species are inherently not annual producers. This is hard
+to prove, I admit, because the breeding of the species takes so long
+that we cannot actually demonstrate it.
+
+We have felt also that the black walnut species as a whole does not have
+the characteristics of thin shells and good cracking qualities that we
+want. For this reason we have begun a program of crossing the black
+walnut with the English or Persian walnut, in order to get the thin
+shell that we want from the other species. Perhaps the same thing is
+true in the question of yield and the species as a whole does not have
+the characteristic of yielding heavy annual crops.
+
+MR. MAGILL: I think we can readily see that we haven't settled this
+problem but it is time to close the discussion.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The next paper that we have is by H. F. Stoke of
+Roanoke, Virginia, "Survey on Hickory Varieties." Mr. Stoke is the
+chairman of our Survey Committee. Last year he brought us very valuable
+information about walnuts, and this year he is going to talk about the
+hickories. Mr. Stoke.
+
+MR. STOKE: They delegated the job to the Survey Committee to make a
+hickory survey for this year, using the different state and provincial
+and national vice-presidents to collect the data. I am going to read
+this.
+
+
+
+
+The 1952 Hickory Survey
+
+By the Survey Committee
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Chairman_
+
+
+In compiling this report the pecan has been omitted from the list. As it
+is the most important member of the hickory group it was felt that the
+national and state pecan associations are far more competent to compile
+complete and reliable data on the species than is this organization.
+
+The response by our vice-presidents to the questionnaire sent out has
+been rather disappointing, replies having been received from slightly
+less than half their number. It is apparent that interest in the hickory
+is considerably less than in the black walnut, which was surveyed in
+1951.
+
+Perhaps the most beloved and widely distributed of the hickories is the
+shagbark, _Carya ovata_. It is reported from Massachusetts on the east
+to southeastern Minnesota, southward to Texas and eastward to the
+Carolinas where it mingles with and is sometimes confused with the
+scalybark. In the opinion of many the superb distinctive flavor of its
+nuts is not equaled by those of any species.
+
+The domain of the Shellbark or Kingnut _C. laciniosa_ lies within the
+same area but is slightly less extensive. Like the pecan, it is partial
+to the rich alluvial bottom lands along streams and is seldom found
+elsewhere. It occurs rarely in Virginia and North Carolina, and there
+only in the Appalachian area.
+
+The Scalybark or southern Shagbark, _C. Carolina septentrionalis_, is
+reported only by Virginia, West Virginia and the Carolinas.
+
+The White Hickory or Mockernut, _C. alba_, covers the South and is
+reported as far north as Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana and, rarely, in
+Michigan. It is found from the Atlantic coast to east Texas.
+
+The widely distributed Bitternut, _C. cordiformis_, covers virtually the
+same territory as the shagbark.
+
+The Sweet Pignut, _C. glabra_, is reported from New Hampshire to
+Wisconsin and southward to North Carolina. Its south-westward occurrence
+has not been defined in reports received.
+
+In addition to these better-known species, the Water Hickory, _C.
+aquatica_, is reported from Louisiana, and the Black Hickory, _C.
+buckleyi_, from Indiana and Texas.
+
+In an unusually full report Indiana lists all of sixteen hickory species
+and sub-species as appearing in The Flora of Indiana, a book by Mr.
+Charles Deam, former State Forester. The list follows.
+
+   1.        _C. pecan_
+
+   2.        _C. cordiformis_
+
+   3.        _C. ovata_
+
+   3a.       _C. ovata_, var, _fraxinifolia_
+
+   3b.       _C. ovata_, var. _nuttali_
+
+   4.        _C. laciniosa_
+
+   5.        _C. tomentosa (alba)_
+
+   5a.       _C. tomentosa_ var. _subcoriacea_
+
+   6.        _C. glabra_
+
+   6a.       _C. glabra_ var. _megacarpa_
+
+   7.        _C. ovalis_
+
+   7a, b, c. _C. ovalis_ var. _odorata_
+
+   7d.       _C. ovalis_ var. _obovalis_
+
+   7e.       _C. ovalis_ var. _obcordata_
+
+   8.        _C. ovalis_ var. _pallida_
+
+   9.        _C. ovalis_ var. _buckleyi_
+
+Doubtless many sub-species and variants are actually hybrids of obscure
+ancestry. Virginia has many such.
+
+There is no reason to doubt that the hickories will grow anywhere
+ecological conditions approximate those of their native habitat. This is
+true in the Pacific coast states. Mr. Julio Grandjean, of Hillerod,
+Denmark, reports that there are several white hickories, _C. alba_ or
+_C. tomentosa_, growing in the Horsholm Royal Park that were planted
+about 1790. There is no reason to believe that such northern species as
+the shellbark and shagbark would not also succeed. He reports
+winter-killing of pecans from southern sources. Inasmuch as extreme
+winter temperatures in Denmark are less than in some places where the
+pecan is grown here, it would appear that the more northern strains
+should succeed there, though lack of summer heat would prevent the
+maturing of nuts.
+
+There appears to be much less interest in planting hickories on home
+grounds than the value of the species justifies. Only five states,
+Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, indicated any
+local interest. In each case the shagbark was the preferred species.
+Apparently we must still depend on the much-abused squirrel for the
+future of the hickory.
+
+R. E. Hodgson of the Southeast Experiment Station, Waseca, Minn.,
+reports 15 named varieties of hickory under test, but no evaluation of
+their worth can be made as yet.
+
+Dr. R. T. Dunstan of Greensboro, North Carolina, has also a considerable
+number of hickory varieties under more advanced test. Results have been
+highly variable. He finds that Schinnerling has filled poorly; Whitney
+and Shaul are "Excellent growers and highly satisfactory bearers."
+Whitney, however, with a kernel of superb quality, cracks poorly and the
+husk is thick and heavy. Shaul is reported as having a rather thin
+kernel and cracking poorly, also.
+
+Romig, that has been late in coming into bearing, is described as
+producing a large, handsome nut of good quality that cracks unusually
+well. Grainger, good in other respects, has borne light crops as also
+have Glover and Weschcke. Fox is described as superb in every respect
+except cracking quality.
+
+Among the hicans, Burton is declared to be outstanding in vigor and
+health of tree, and production of good regular crops of delicious nuts
+that crack well.
+
+It is interesting to note that in his extensive hickory experiments Dr.
+Dunstan is using pecan stocks. He uses the bark-slot method of grafting
+and hot wax compounded of 10 parts resin, 2 parts beeswax and one part
+Kieselguhr. Both method and wax he finds highly successful.
+
+Dr. Dunstan also reports a Mahan pecan grafted on a white or mockernut
+hickory stock that produces heavy crops of well-filled nuts. This is an
+exceptional performance for this variety.
+
+Mr. Fayette Etter, of Pennsylvania, supports Dr. Dunstan in the use of
+pecan stocks for hickories. He states that the young trees grow more
+rapidly in the nursery, transplant better, and grow faster thereafter
+than when on hickory stocks.
+
+Mr. A. G. Hirschi, of Oklahoma reports that in the hilly "blackjack"
+country of southeastern Oklahoma the scrub has been cleared away and a
+40-acre project of grafting the native hickory (probably white or
+mockernut) with pecan has been established. The land has been terraced
+and is cropped with cotton. The results have been so satisfactory that
+this plot in one year carried off more prizes on pecans than any other
+entry within the state.
+
+Mr. Harald E. Hammar reports from Louisiana that there has been some
+grafting of pecan on hickory, species not specified. The older trees
+show a decided overgrowth of the hickory stock by the more vigorous
+pecan, in some cases the diameter being almost double above the graft of
+that below.
+
+In virtually all cases of topworking hickory on pecan, or vice versa,
+the bark slot graft has been used.
+
+In point of preference of named varieties, Michigan suggests Abscoda,
+Ohio suggests Stafford, while Pennsylvania recommends Glover, Goheen,
+Whitney and Weschcke, in that order.
+
+In naming the insects and diseases that attack the hickories,
+Pennsylvania offers the following rather appalling list:
+
+   Nut curculio
+   Hickory shuckworm
+   Galls
+   Spider mites
+   Twig girdlers
+   Fall web worm
+   Pecan phylloxera
+   Black pecan aphids
+   Flathead apple borer
+   Other unnamed borers
+
+Those that know Mr. Etter will understand that this formidable list is
+due to his excellent powers of observation and his integrity rather than
+to the likelihood that the state of Pennsylvania is worse plagued with
+insects than others. Dr. Dunstan lists leaf-spot along with some of
+those listed above, but adds that none are generally serious. This is
+corroborated by other reporters.
+
+Wild nuts are generally harvested for home use. Commercial marketing,
+reported by Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Virginia and North
+Carolina, is in all cases local. Usually the nuts are marketed whole,
+but occasionally home-picked kernels are sold.
+
+Good stands of second-growth shagbark hickory are reported in
+Pennsylvania. Kansas reports limited shellbark and bitternut stands.
+West Virginia reports considerable stands of young shagbark and pignut,
+while North Carolina reports small stands of mockernut.
+
+The industrial use of hickory reached its height in the horse and buggy
+days. Nothing equalled its strong, tough wood for the wheels and running
+gears of horse-drawn vehicles. Old-timers will recall "hoop poles", tall
+slender young saplings of shagbark hickory that were split and fashioned
+with the "drawshave" into barrel hoops.
+
+The market for hickory still remains, however. It is universally used
+for hand tool handles, if obtainable. In the mountains of the South
+hickory "splints" are still woven into imperishable baskets and chair
+seats. Louisiana insists it is still the only fuel for roasting barbecue
+and there is, indeed, no finer wood fuel of any species.
+
+Those propagating hickory trees for sale and distribution should be
+given every encouragement. They are contributing a real patriotic
+service. No tree is more characteristically American. Except for a
+related species in China, it is found nowhere else in the world. In
+beauty, utility and durability no tree has greater appeal. Who plants a
+hickory plants for generations unborn.
+
+MR. STOKE: If there are any misstatements, I'd be glad to have them
+publicly corrected.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Stoke. The comment that you made
+that there wasn't as much enthusiasm about the hickory as about the
+black walnut, although true, is not the way I personally feel about it.
+I have at Ithaca a number of trees of various kinds of nuts, and I think
+that the enjoyment I get out of the hickories, which we grow, is as
+great or greater than that from the black walnuts. The Davis hickory is
+one of the best that matures, the Wilcox--that's an Ohio nut--probably
+has a bushel and a half of nuts in the shuck this year, and the Kentucky
+will give a pretty good record. Of about 20 varieties, those are the
+only ones which amount to anything, and we have a fairly good selection.
+
+There was a good deal said about stocks in Mr. Stoke's discussion. We
+have a short paper here by Gilbert Smith on his experience with stocks,
+and I have asked Mr. Chase to read it. Mr. Smith began topworking
+seedling trees on a side hill many years ago and has trees of good size
+at the present time.
+
+MR. CHASE: This is a short discussion of several species of hickory
+which Mr. Smith has used as stocks to graft named varieties.
+
+
+
+
+A Discussion of Hickory Stocks
+
+Gilbert L. Smith, _Rt. 2, Millerton, N. Y._
+
+
+This is a discussion of several species of hickory as stocks on which to
+graft the named varieties of shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories.
+We have never had any experience grafting pecan as we are too far north
+for it. This paper is limited to the species with which we have had
+experience.
+
+
+SWEET PIGNUT, _Carya ovalis_
+
+This species will be discussed first because it is the poorest stock of
+any of the hickory species which we have used. This is probably because
+it is a tetraploid while the shagbark, shellbark and hybrids are
+diploids.
+
+We have grafted many of the named varieties of hickory onto pignut
+stocks, using several thousand scions. We have found only one variety
+(the Davis shagbark) that will grow on pignut stock. We have heard of
+one or two others but have never tried them.
+
+Nearly all varieties grow well the first season but fail to leaf out the
+following spring. They appear to winterkill. Davis has continued to grow
+on it for over fifteen years but growth is slower than on shagbark or
+bitternut stocks.
+
+
+PIGNUT, _Carya glabra_
+
+I have never been able to positively identify this species of pignut.
+Pignuts growing here vary considerably in roughness of the bark, some
+being smooth while others are as rough as the shagbark. In other
+respects they are essentially the same, all having seven leaflets per
+leaf. However, I have observed a very few pignut trees having smooth
+bark and five leaflets per leaf. The leaves are finer and smaller than
+on the seven leaflet trees.
+
+These may be the _glabra_ species, but if so, grafting results have been
+no better on these than on the seven leaflet trees.
+
+As nursery stock the pignuts are worthless. However if one has some nice
+young pignut trees growing where he wants them, it is feasible to graft
+them to Davis or some other variety which has proven its ability to grow
+on pignut stocks. It is not advisable to graft hickory trees growing in
+dense woods.
+
+
+MOCKERNUT, _Carya alba_
+
+While the mockernut is also a tetraploid, it is a somewhat better stock
+than the pignuts, in that more of the named varieties will grow on it
+and as the mockernut is faster growing than the pignut, such grafts will
+usually grow faster.
+
+It is of little value as a nursery stock, but if one has young mockernut
+trees growing where hickory trees are wanted, they would be somewhat
+better to graft than would pignut trees. One would at least have a
+larger selection of varieties and the grafts would grow faster.
+
+
+PECAN, _Carya illinoiensis_
+
+While we have read many favorable reports on the use of the pecan as a
+stock on which to graft shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories, our
+own experiences with it have not been very favorable. This may be due to
+the fact that we have used only two varieties of shagbark on
+pecan-stocks and may have happened to use two varieties that are not
+well adapted to pecan.
+
+Pecan seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings and
+for this reason would be valuable as a nursery stock if satisfactory in
+other respects.
+
+
+BITTERNUT, _Carya cordiformis_
+
+All of our experiences with bitternut as a stock, both in the nursery
+and as young trees growing in permanent locations, have been very
+favorable.
+
+We have heard reports of grafts failing on bitternut stocks after a few
+years growth. All such reports have come from regions considerably
+farther south than our location. It may be that the bitternut does not
+thrive as well in the South as it does here.
+
+Bitternut seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings.
+This is of considerable value in the nursery.
+
+
+SHAGBARK, _Carya ovata_
+
+The shagbark makes the best stock on which to graft the named varieties
+of shagbark, shellbark and hybrid hickories. However it has one very
+serious drawback in that young shagbark seedlings are so very slow
+growing. It usually takes five or more years to grow a shagbark stock
+from seed to a size large enough to graft in the nursery row.
+
+However, when shagbark stocks are large enough to be grafted, all of the
+named varieties we have grafted onto it have grown well.
+
+
+SHELLBARK, _Carya laciniosa_
+
+We have never had any experience with shellbark seedlings as stocks, but
+as it is so similar to the shagbark, I expect that it would make a good
+stock.
+
+The production of grafted hickory trees is a serious problem in the
+nursery, taking many years to grow the stocks and the grafted trees are
+difficult to transplant, resulting in a high rate of mortality.
+
+However, the grafting of young hickory trees growing in a permanent
+location is not difficult, and such grafts will grow much faster and
+bear younger than will grafted hickory trees from a nursery.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: My experience with bitternut stock with only two
+varieties, the Strever #1 and the Champigne, has not been good. The
+grafts have been stunted, the stocks have tended to sprout and make
+vigorous growth, and the fruiting has been sparse. Neither have I had
+success with the pecan stock with only three varieties. The trees have
+been very slow coming into bearing and have made rather stubby growth.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: I was about to remark that we have had similar experience
+at Urbana with bitternut stock with pecan and shagbark varieties. It
+warps the shagbark and very likely those trees won't live long. We have
+already lost the Weschke hickory grafted on bitternut.
+
+MR. CRAIG: Have you tried hickory on pecan? The pecan is O. K. there.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Tomorrow we are to have a round table on hickory
+propagation and suggest that further discussion of stocks might be left
+until then. Has anyone any comments on hickory varieties?
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: (North Central Michigan) I was born and raised in Saginaw
+County where the Saginaw River is fed by five or six different runs and
+you have prairie farms. More hickories grow there than any place in the
+United States--enormous size. We think we have better hickories than
+anyone.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Why couldn't you send some in for testing? Mr.
+Becker would be glad to take them. Any other discussion on hickory
+varieties? How many are growing the Wilcox? (5 hands). How many find it
+a good variety? (Two). How many have Davis? (Three). The shucks are
+fairly thin, compared with the Wilcox.
+
+Who else has a variety that is doing very well? We ought to have a
+hickory show here sometime and see who has the best hickory.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to ask if anyone has the variety Lingenfelter.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We have it at Ithaca; doesn't mature.
+
+DR. McKAY: We have two varieties at Beltsville that are outstanding as
+far as bearing is concerned. One is Lingenfelter, which has been a
+consistent bearer for us for a number of years, and the variety Shaul,
+that was mentioned in Mr. Stokes' report and has been mentioned here
+before, is a very good producer.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: What species is the Shaul, is it _ovata_ or _laciniosa_?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It's _ovata_. It's a shagbark, as also is Lingenfelter. The
+one characteristic that is outstanding with these two varieties with us
+is the fact that they bear while they are young trees; from the time our
+trees were as tall as one's head, they have been full of nuts.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Have you fruited the Weschke at Beltsville?
+
+DR. MCKAY: No.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: How about the Barnes?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have been growing it on mockernut or white hickory. It
+produces moderate crops and is the one that came into bearing about
+first on mockernut. In fact, I have several varieties on mockernut that
+haven't borne yet. It's been on there about 12 years.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Barnes, with us, has yielded more at a younger
+age than any other variety, but it never filled. It began early and bore
+heavy crops, but the season is not long enough or hot enough.
+
+MR. STOKE: In Virginia they fill well, but they are not easily
+extracted. The shell is rather thin and fills well.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I don't want to prolong this discussion longer
+than seems profitable.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Did I understand you to mention the variety Schinnerling?
+
+MR. GERARDI: I have got that at home. That's one that's bearing, but if
+it's that variety I have there, I wouldn't give it yard room.
+
+DR. MCKAY: It is also one of our best. We have three, the Shaul, the
+Lingenfelter that I mentioned, and the third one is Schinnerling, all
+three of which are extremely heavy bearers and the three hickory
+varieties that we are interested in.
+
+MR. GERARDI: How big is that Schinnerling?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It's an average-sized nut.
+
+MR, GERARDI: Big as your thumb?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Oh, yes, about an inch long, I'd say.
+
+MR. BECKER: I was wondering about the Stratford. That's not supposed to
+be a pure shagbark, but it's the only one we've got, I think, that
+bears.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I have the Stratford. It grows very well, but it
+doesn't quite fill. What does it do with you?
+
+MR. SNYDER: It's not been doing well the last year or two. Of course,
+none of them have for that matter. Used to bear tremendous crops and
+filled well. I wouldn't say it's the best quality of any tree, but it's
+easy to graft and bears young.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: That's been my experience, that it was a young
+bearer and bears fairly consistently.
+
+If there is no other discussion, on the hickories, we will close that
+discussion. We stand adjourned until this evening at 7:20.
+
+Adjournment at 4:30 o'clock, p.m.
+
+
+MONDAY EVENING SESSION
+
+Called to order at 7:20 p.m.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We will call on Dr. McKay as chairman of the
+Nominating Committee to present the slate of officers for the next year.
+Dr. McKay.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Chairman, the Nominating Committee, as you know, is
+charged with the responsibility of selecting a slate of officers that
+will be presented to the meeting.
+
+The committee, composed of myself as chairman, Mr. Allaman, Mr. Silvis,
+Mr. Ford Wilkinson and Mr. Gerardi, have the following slate of officers
+for next year: For president, Mr. R. B. Best; for vice-president, Mr.
+George Salzer of Rochester; for secretary, Mr. Spencer Chase; for
+treasurer, Mr. Carl Prell.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: You have heard the report of the Nominating
+Committee. At this time we will entertain further nominations from the
+floor, if any.
+
+The only action to be taken now is to accept the report of the
+Nominating Committee. Do I hear such a motion?
+
+The motion to accept the report was moved, seconded and carried.
+
+Going on with the program of the evening, are you ready to show the
+film?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: The film comes to us from the Northwest Nut Growers now
+located in Portland, Oregon. They are an organization for marketing
+filberts, and you will see, "The Filbert Valleys", the title. I haven't
+seen it myself and don't know exactly what the contents are. We will
+look at it now and judge for ourselves.
+
+The film, "The Filbert Valleys", was shown.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We appreciate very much your running it.
+
+The next item will be our discussion of filbert varieties and their
+culture. Mildred Jones, who was to be here, could not come. She
+telephoned the last minute that she was ill and could not be with us. I
+have asked George Slate to be the moderator in the discussion, with his
+panel, D. C. Snyder, Raymond Silvis, A. M. Whitford, Louis Gerardi and
+H. F. Stoke.
+
+MR. SLATE: I just learned when I arrived here that I was to be on this
+discussion group, and I learned a few minutes ago that I was to lead it,
+so I can assure you that this is wholly unrehearsed, and I may have to
+flounder around a bit before we get things running smoothly.
+
+I thought I might review the variety situation rather briefly. We have
+done quite a lot of variety testing of filberts at Geneva; in fact,
+about the only nut cultural work we have done at Geneva has been the
+filbert project. We started out with about 25 or 30 varieties that we
+secured from American nurseries, many of them from a firm in Rochester
+which imported them from Germany. Later we added varieties from England,
+France and Germany. I picked up nearly all the varieties that I could
+locate until we had about 120 varieties growing there at Geneva. These
+were there for some years, and it became evident that many of them were
+not of great value. Then we had a hard winter in 1933 and 1934, and
+although it did not kill the trees, most of them were blackhearted and
+began going back soon after that. However, I felt at that time that I
+knew enough about the varieties to discard most of them. Many of them
+were discarded because they had poor nuts, many of them were
+unproductive, and many of them lacked hardiness of catkins. I laid a
+great deal of emphasis on the hardiness of catkins in testing the
+varieties.
+
+Out of that variety test were three varieties which we considered to be
+most satisfactory of the lot. These were Cosford, an English variety,
+rather a small nut but very thin-shelled. The catkins were hardy and one
+of the heavier croppers of the lot. Medium Long, a nut which I believe
+originated as a seedling in Rochester, was another one, and Italian Red,
+which later proved to be Gustav's Zellernuss, a German variety, was
+another.
+
+As a result of that variety test it became evident that varieties from
+Germany, many of which originated in the colder portions of Germany and
+Northern Germany, were distinctly more hardy than the varieties that we
+got from French sources and English sources. In some of the proceedings
+of the Association published during the '30's I have reported on the
+different varieties and their hardiness and those varieties that I
+thought were most valuable. I don't recall the names of many of those
+German varieties. These three varieties which we consider the best of
+the lot were turned over to the New York Fruit Testing Association to
+propagate and distribute, because they were not available from American
+nurseries. I am not sure how many of them were available from other
+sources, but they are still available from the Fruit Testing
+Association.
+
+Then out of that variety test a grading project developed. We got our
+start from about 500 seedlings that Clarence Reed sent us in the early
+'30's. We made crosses there at Geneva, using the Rush variety of
+_Corylus americana_ as the seed parent in many cases. We also made some
+crosses between _Corylus avellana_ varieties, and with these seedlings
+from Mr. Reed and seedlings of our own crossing, we have grown about
+2,000 filbert seedlings there at Geneva. These have all been evaluated
+and discarded, except possibly 30 or 35 selections still on hand, some
+of them being propagated for a second test planting. Stock of one or two
+has been turned over to the Fruit Testing Association for increase and
+eventual naming and introduction.
+
+The work of the United States Department of Agriculture was along
+similar lines. Mr. Reed did not send us all of his seedlings. A number
+of them were fruited at Beltsville, and from that work at Beltsville I
+believe two varieties have been named, Reed and Potomac. I am not sure
+whether they are available yet from commercial sources.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Two of them are.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Graham of Ithaca, a long-time member of this Association
+and very much interested in filberts, had also made some crosses and
+raised several hundred seedlings. He used the Winkler variety as a seed
+parent. I believe he raised some seedlings of the Jones hybrids, which
+would make that material second generation stock from the original cross
+between Rush and the _avellana_ varieties.
+
+Mr. Graham's planting was in rather a cold area; he had considerable
+winter killing. Eventually filbert blight got into his planting, and it
+really cleaned house. There were a very few seedlings in his planting
+which remained free of filbert blight. I think it is a fairly safe guess
+to say that they were probably very resistant to blight. So far these
+have not been propagated to any extent.
+
+There are a few cultural problems. The ones that we have encountered at
+Geneva have been winter injury, particularly of the catkins, and also
+some of them have not been as hardy in wood as we would like. We have
+had no trouble with filbert blight, presumably because we are isolated
+from the wild hazel, which harbors this blight. Dr. MacDaniels has had
+trouble with his planting at Ithaca with filbert mite.
+
+With this introduction, which is mostly varieties and breeding, because
+that seems to be my interest, I'd like to call on some members of the
+panel to get their experiences. Mr. Snyder raises nut trees in Iowa
+where winter injury is probably much more serious than we have at
+Geneva. At Geneva we have a fairly respectable climate and can get a
+crop of peaches about nine years out of ten. In Iowa they have a lot
+more sunshine, and I think probably sharper drops of temperature than we
+have at Geneva. I'd like to have Mr. Snyder tell us what his experiences
+have been with filbert varieties.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I really didn't know that I was to be on this panel until I
+got here. I thought I was on the hickory panel. As Mr. Slate says, our
+climate is more severe that that at Geneva. We can get the very hardiest
+peaches to bear about two years out of three, and the trees are severely
+injured in between. So that will give you a little idea as to the
+climate in that respect.
+
+We made quite a planting at one time, maybe 30 of the Jones hybrids, and
+they did quite well for several years, and then between the
+winter-killing and the blight most of them are dead now. The Winkler, of
+course, is an Iowa nut and was introduced by our people and did very
+well for a number of years but has backed out on us the last several
+years, too, I believe due to this same mite trouble that Dr. MacDaniels
+reports in New York. They just don't bear. The bushes are quite healthy,
+and we get plenty of catkins, but we don't get any nuts to amount to
+anything.
+
+We have a little bush of the Mandchurian hazel. It isn't worth
+mentioning as a nut producer, but it does have very attractive foliage
+and seems to be entirely healthy, produces perhaps three to five nuts a
+year on a bush as high as your head. You may be familiar with it. The
+foliage is very distinct from anything I know. The leaves are truncate
+at the end, cut off quite square, with just a little point in the
+middle.
+
+MR. SLATE: I don't have that.
+
+MR. SNYDER: That is standing our conditions all right, and several years
+ago Mr. Reed sent us what he said at the time were Chinese tree hazels,
+but later he retracted and said that they were not Chinese tree hazels
+but they were hybrids of the Chinese tree hazel. There were four of
+those plants; one of them was a tremendous grower. It would grow six
+feet or more a year and commence bearing in a year or two. But the
+blight hit it and cleaned it out. There is only one left now, one of the
+slower-growing ones, and while it promises to become a tree, it is a
+very irregular-growing one. I think it had half a dozen nuts on this
+year.
+
+The Turkish tree hazel, of which I have two trees, were very badly
+damaged by a very severe hailstorm 12 or 15 years ago, which completely
+peeled off the bark on one side. That was in early July, and we were
+afraid to cut them off and let them grow up new for fear it would kill
+them. They have finally developed into quite beautiful upright trees.
+Also they have more than one stem from the bottom. One of them produces
+a great abundance of catkins, but neither of them has produced any nuts
+yet, and they are 14 feet high or more, good-sized trees and very
+attractive. The foliage is very beautiful, and it remains healthy. I
+don't know that there are any other varieties that I can name.
+
+MR. SLATE: We have had several of the Turkish tree hazels, _Corylus
+colurna_, growing at Geneva for two or three years. They came from the
+Rochester State Park. We have one tree which Mr. Bixby imported from
+China, as _Corylus chinensis_, but recently I had it checked by Dr.
+Lawrence of the Bailey Hortorium and he assured me that it was _Corylus
+colurna_. I think these make a very handsome tree. I like that rough,
+corky bark they have as they get older. The trees in Highland Park at
+Rochester are the largest, perhaps, in the country, certainly the
+largest that I know anything about. They are at least as large as a very
+large apple tree. They have been fruiting for some years. The trees at
+Geneva have not fruited very much. I don't think you can expect much in
+the way of nuts until the tree is about 15 years old. This year one of
+our trees has a number of nuts on it. The nuts are too small and too
+thick-shelled to be of any great value for nuts.
+
+Now, Mr. Whitford, you have had some experience with the filbert
+varieties. Which one would you recommend?
+
+MR. WHITFORD: I haven't had a whole lot of experience with the filberts,
+but we had some of the old varieties, like Barcelona and DuChilly, and
+they didn't bear many nuts, and eventually they went out with blight.
+And we have some of the Potomac and Reed, about five years old, and they
+don't bear well as yet. I don't know what the outcome is going to be on
+the Potomac and Reed. They make a nice ornamental bush, anyway, and
+that's about the sum and substance of my experience with filberts.
+
+MR. SLATE: The Barcelona and DuChilly at Geneva have not been very
+satisfactory. During the first two years Barcelona outyielded the other
+varieties, but as the trees became older they experienced winter injury.
+DuChilly or Kentish Cob makes a small tree, but the nut is about the
+best of the nuts. There is a German variety not in circulation in this
+country, Langsdorfer, which is much like DuChilly, but it seems to make
+a much better tree. I think if they were put into circulation it might
+be a good substitute here in the East for DuChilly variety.
+
+Let's hear from you, Mr. Gerardi. I know you are testing filbert
+varieties now.
+
+MR. GERARDI: Yes, I have DuChilly and Kentish Cob. So far, at our place
+we have no blight or mite damage to speak of. The original plantings
+were the Bixby and Buchanan. We have them yet, and they are still as
+healthy as the day we put them out. They show no damage; even the
+Winkler hazel has had no damage or disease. It may be the soil, although
+we have them on high ground and low ground both. Among the newer ones
+this year the Reed has the most on. The Potomac, though it is the
+strongest grower of the two, has less nuts. Although it appeared to me
+that the catkins were all killed in February of this year, still we have
+some nuts. The Jones hybrids, when the catkins are killed, have very
+few, if any nuts. Some years we have a crop, if some of the catkins are
+held back and bloom late. Winter killing in February before they have
+had a chance to pollinate, has been our main trouble. If we could get a
+variety that this wouldn't bother, we'd have what we are looking for.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: The Winkler will bloom for you almost every year. Doesn't
+the Winkler hold its catkins most years?
+
+MR. GERARDI: Yes, sir, I'd say at our place the Winkler has never failed
+entirely. Even though the catkins are killed, they still bear quite
+regularly.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: I can say that for it at Urbana.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: The catkins might have been killed, but you might have had
+some cross-pollination from other sources.
+
+MR. GERARDI: There is a chance of that, of course. There is a wild hazel
+within a quarter of a mile, but apparently the wild hazel bloomed first.
+They were on a south slope and naturally came out first. I tried to keep
+them on the north slope, or on the cool side of any particular planting,
+because if you can hold them back more, you have got a better chance. If
+you plant them on the south side, you rarely get anything.
+
+MR. SLATE: The hybrids bloom later than the _avellana_ varieties, and
+they mature nuts later. Is that your experience?
+
+MR. GERARDI: That's true, I will admit your hybrids are a little later
+blooming, because your American hazel nuts around our place bloom very
+early, sometimes in January in full bloom.
+
+MR. SLATE: _C. avellana_ starts blooming in March and blooms for about a
+month. Some years when you have had considerable open weather, they have
+bloomed as early as the middle of February. They will, of course, stand
+considerable freezing when they are in bloom.
+
+As regards the pollination, I believe about all the information we have
+is the work that was done at the Oregon Experiment Station a number of
+years ago. All of the varieties tried were self-unfruitful or
+self-incompatible. The term, "self-sterile" is often used, but I think
+it is a little more exact to say self-unfruitful or self-incompatible.
+They are not sterile, because the pistillate flowers are normal and so
+is the pollen produced by the staminate flowers. It's just a question of
+inability of the pollen to fertilize the pistillate flowers on the same
+variety.
+
+We know nothing about the pollination requirements of any of these
+_Corylus avellana_ or _Corylus americana_ hybrids. We do know that when
+the cross is made that the _Corylus americana_ variety must be the
+seed-parent. The cross doesn't work the other way around. That's about
+all we know about the cross-pollination of these filberts.
+
+MR. SAWYER: We have had them to bloom in April or the first week in May.
+
+MR. SLATE: The seedlings?
+
+MR. SAWYER: The seedlings.
+
+MR. SLATE: What is the origin of the seedlings?
+
+MR. SAWYER: They are the natives.
+
+MR. SLATE: The native _C. rostrata_, or _C. cornuta_ to some botanists,
+it seems to me has nothing that we want in the way of a nut, if we can
+possibly grow these other varieties, the _americana_ selections or the
+hybrids. It's a miserable little nut with that long, prickly husk. It's
+very difficult to get the nut out of it. For that reason, I have never
+been very much interested in it.
+
+MR. SAWYER: How is the Ryan?
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Mr. Gellatly out in British Columbia has named several
+hybrids between _avellana_ and the _Corylus cornuta_. Have you seen it?
+
+MR. SLATE: No, I haven't seen it.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: They described them in their catalog.
+
+MR. COLBY: I have preference for the Winkler hazel, as you know. I
+bought and put them in the greenhouse several years ago and shook the
+pollen on the pistils and got a full set. So I felt that was
+self-fruitful.
+
+MR. SLATE: That was pretty good evidence, then, that it was
+self-fruitful.
+
+Now, Mr. Silvis, you raise nut trees, and the climate is somewhat like
+that in Western New York, perhaps a little milder in the winter. What
+have you to say about the filbert varieties?
+
+MR. SILVIS: It's Warmer, and in spite of all the statistics of previous
+gentlemen, I find that _avellana_ types which I had growing in my back
+yard three years ago produced pollen on January the 25th. It was
+unseasonably warm. It was 70 degrees, and most of the pollen was
+dispersed. And this year I found the wild hazel pollen much later than
+the early types, due to the different situation. The wild ones which I
+had seen were growing in semi shade under tall trees, and my bushes and
+plants are growing in the back yard south of our house. And I think I
+have the largest planting in the State of Ohio, about two dozen plants,
+and I am in production.
+
+Besides numerous seedlings, I have the following varieties: Italian Red,
+Cosford, Medium Long, DuChilly. They are in bearing. Italian Red and
+DuChilly planted together, I believe, are good for one another for the
+production of nice filbert nuts. I have, from scion wood you sent me
+several years ago, Cosford, and now on their own roots Neue Riesenuss,
+and what I thought the tag said, not "Langsdorfer," but Langsberger.
+
+MR. SLATE: There is a Langsdorfer, and I think there is another variety
+which Langsberg is part of the name. I am not sure, I will have to look
+that up.
+
+MR. SILVIS: Well, I have it as Langsberger. I have shown last evening
+the picture of Harry L. Pierce's orchard at Willamette in Oregon, or in
+Salem, Oregon. I have one of his trees with staminate blooms only, no
+pistillate blooms. But I also have what Fayette Etter in Pennsylvania
+calls his Royal, and I just cannot get two fellows together with paper
+and pencil to determine whether those two Royals are the same, but I am
+hoping to find out whether the two Royals are identical. I had Fayette
+Etter find me scion wood, and now I have it growing as a graft and
+layered on its own roots.
+
+I think you people do yourselves an injustice by not learning to graft
+and learning to work with the filbert. You only have to have three
+compatible plants. If you have more, you will have more nuts. I see no
+reason why anyone who owns a city lot cannot grow filberts. They are
+much easier to take care of, and you are not going to prejudice the
+plant by having it associate with its wild cousin, and I think you will
+find a lot of enjoyment in the filbert bush.
+
+MR. SLATE: What variety do you think is best? What two or three would
+you plant?
+
+MR. SILVIS: For eating I like DuChilly, and the catkin is hardy with me,
+and I am between the 40th and 41st parallel. I'd say anyone who lives
+from Iowa to the East Coast within one hundred miles north or south of
+the 40th parallel should have the same luck that I have. And as to a
+group planting, I would suggest, as you recommended to me when we first
+started out the Medium Long, Cosford and Italian Red. If you want only
+two bushes, Italian Red and DuChilly will work well together.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Do you have Medium Long?
+
+MR. SILVIS: Yes, I do.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Is that doing well?
+
+MR. SILVIS: I don't think it fruits as well as Cosford or DuChilly.
+That's been my experience. My DuChilly was plastered with nuts last year
+and this year, and I believe it's due to the Italian Red which New York
+Fruit Testing Laboratory sold me.
+
+MR. SLATE: Thank you.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Do you fertilize those bushes?
+
+MR. SILVIS: Due to the fact I have started to mulch with sawdust I have
+been using nitrate and rock phosphate, so my teeth don't fall out when I
+chew them.
+
+MR. SLATE: I crack mine with a hand cracker, I don't crack them with my
+teeth.
+
+DR. COLBY: Mr. Chairman, we can grow filberts. How does the chairman
+keep the squirrels from eating them?
+
+MR. STOKE: I will tell you that.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Stoke raises his nut trees in the Sunny South, and he has
+problems down there that we don't have up north. I think he has to worry
+a lot more about winter killing than we do way up north where we are in
+Central New York. What's been your experience with some of the varieties
+and what are your principal cultural problems with the filberts?
+
+MR. STOKE: I wish to answer Dr. Colby's query about squirrels. I find
+that squirrels are very highly allergic to these BB caps or the CP caps
+used in a 22 rifle. It works. In my back yard there is a Brixnut
+filbert, which originated in Oregon. I guess it's been there 15 years.
+There are four trunks to it, the largest about 16 inches in diameter.
+One of those I grafted to Giant, as a pollinizer for Brixnut. It's
+similar in shape, somewhat smaller in spite of its name, but it's pretty
+effective. Then about ten years ago there was an old gentleman from
+Halsey, Oregon. I don't know whether any of you have corresponded with
+him or not. He bought the Breslau Persian walnut--I pretty nearly said
+the English walnut, and I'd have been disgraced--and furnished me scions
+and I got a start of it from him. Russ sent me some scions from a
+filbert he called Jumbo. You will see it out on the table there. It's
+rather a long nut, little larger than DuChilly and not quite so flat,
+that I grafted in there. It absolutely is hopeless as a pollinizer for
+anything, because it loses its staminate blossoms by Christmas. But the
+Hall's Giant pollinizes them, and it's the best filbert I have, all
+things considered. This year off that one scion--of course, it's four
+inches in diameter--I got about 7 quarts of nuts, and they began
+ripening at least three weeks ago, and the crop is all off now. And the
+foliage is unusually heavy, almost in clusters, and it drops cleanly and
+freely from the husks, and I think it is a very nice filbert. Whether
+it's a recognized variety in the West I have no idea, and I haven't
+corresponded with the old gentleman for some years, and he probably has
+passed on by this time, because he was an elderly man and not in good
+health at the time I had my correspondence with him. I consider that an
+excellent filbert, and I think anyone wishing to plant filberts should
+investigate with the Oregon nurseries or Washington nurseries and see if
+that is a recognized variety. I tried to find out once and failed so
+far. I do not have it on its own roots. I hope that I will have it
+rooted in another year.
+
+In my back yard also I have one that I bought in Oregon. That's as tall
+as up to that beam, maybe almost to the ceiling, very vigorous growth,
+larger nut than Longfellow, thicker nuts and also longer. But I think
+the thing he sold me was a graft and the graft died and this came from
+the root. It bears very sparingly, but it's a very large nut, and I
+wondered why it was always so spare, and I caught it blooming in
+December, staminate blossoms in December this year. So that's that.
+
+Ten miles east of my home, east of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the
+granitic, very heavy clay soil of what we call the Piedmont down there,
+I have a planting that was made 15 years ago of filberts, some on their
+own roots and some that I grew on the Turkish tree hazel stocks. Those
+grew well, and the main advantage was they put up no suckers. You had a
+nice clean trunk, and you didn't have that problem of getting rid of the
+sprouts all the time. And it looked very good for a while.
+
+I find where you graft that way, the stocks get old and do not renew
+themselves, and eventually the life will be shorter than if you had a
+shrub that might last for a century, when you are renewing your stalks
+when they reach maturity and cease to grow enough to be productive.
+
+Two years ago I had most of the standard varieties you mentioned here in
+that planting, about three-quarters or perhaps an acre planted in
+between chestnut trees. Planted the chestnut trees 40 feet apart and
+then interplanted with the filberts at 20 feet. Two years ago we had an
+unusually wet season, and the blight, of which I had had some before,
+hit hard and virtually ruined the whole planting. And in addition to
+that, we have leaf miner. It's an insect that lays a tiny egg in the
+leaf and develops a little larva or worm that eats out the chlorophyll
+between the two membranes of the leaf, just hollows it out and makes
+unsightly spots in there and, of course, kills that portion of the leaf.
+But the blight, known as the eastern filbert blight, according to Mr.
+Gravatt, has just ruined that planting. Some of the trees have been
+killed outright, and most of the tops are either dead or dying. This
+year the blight wasn't apparently active on the living part, because it
+was very dry up until the first of August, and since then it's been very
+wet. That's what happened to my filberts there.
+
+Now, in that same location I have some younger, second-generation or
+third-generation plantings that I grew from scions from the Jones
+hybrids and so far those have not been attacked by the blight and not
+much by the leaf miner. I used them to replace some of the others that
+had died several years ago, so they are right in there together. About
+the best I have of those are also on exhibit out there and marked as the
+Jones Hybrid.
+
+At the same time I put out some seedling Colurna or the Turkish tree
+hazel in that same plot. They were attacked somewhat but not badly by
+the blight. Today you'd never know they had any blight. They look
+healthy, and as has already been said, they make a beautiful tree. And
+if you want an avenue of trees on a drive that don't spread too wide and
+run up like Lombardi poplar, they'll beat Lombardi poplar all to pieces.
+And if you crowd them a little, they will grow up like a spire and
+retain their branches, so you really have a tree.
+
+There was one in the J. F. Jones yard at Lancaster that I think was at
+least 14 inches in trunk diameter 20 years ago when I saw it. Do you
+know whether that is still there at the Jones place, that Turkish tree
+hazel, Mrs. Weber?
+
+MRS. WEBER: Where is it located?
+
+MR. STOKE: It's right near the house, it seems to me between the house
+and the side near the barn.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Stoke, that tree is gone. We were there last fall.
+
+MR. STOKE: But it was a very nice tree, and for shade it's very nice.
+The Manchurian hazel has been spoken of, and I might mention that,
+because I have dabbled in everything, I guess. I got seed from the
+University of Nanking along with some other things, and those seedlings
+were quite variable. The nuts compared rather favorably with the
+American hazel. Some were thick-shelled, but they will average almost as
+good as the American hazel, and they bore quite freely for me until I
+let the bushes get right thick. They will send out suckers and make a
+very spreading growth. If you dig them out and leave a piece of root in
+the ground, it will come up just like sassafras or persimmon will on
+that piece of root. But it is an attractive bush, and mine has a
+reddish-brown little spot in the middle of the leaf in most cases. It
+seems to be characteristic of that strain that I have. The nuts were
+quite variable and, as I say, they bore right well until I let them get
+too thick. I believe that's all.
+
+MR. SLATE: I neglected to answer your question, Dr. Colby, but the
+squirrels have not been much of a problem with our filberts at Geneva,
+strange as it may seem. They have never taken a very high percentage of
+the crop. We have a Lancaster heartnut, and they clean up every nut on
+that tree every year before the end of August.
+
+I'd like to comment on this matter of the name of Halle's Giant, I think
+you called it. I think the name is Halle, the German town where the
+variety originated. I prefer the name Halle, because calling it Hall's
+Giant is more or less a sign its origin is a man named Hall.
+
+MR. STOKE: In some catalogs it is one way and some the other.
+
+MR. SLATE: We have other items on the program tonight, and as the Latin
+student said, "Tempus is fugiting very fast," so I think we had better
+turn the meeting back to Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: The next two talks have slides to be shown, and it
+is suggested that you take about ten minutes, take a stretch and then
+come back when the slide projector is set up.
+
+
+
+
+My Experiences With Chinese Chestnuts
+
+W. J. WILSON, _Fort Valley, Ga._
+
+
+When I was asked to appear on this program to tell my experiences as a
+grower of chestnuts, I felt like a child, appearing before a group of
+grown-ups to tell them how to make marriage succeed. When I see the
+sages of chestnut knowledge seated before me I realize that I can only
+relate my experiences and ask your advice.
+
+My father was a pioneer peach and pecan grower; he loved trees and has
+told me time after time that if I ever made more than just a living,
+farming, it would have to come from trees, not row crops. He was what I
+would call a self-educated man. He had small chance of formal education,
+being the sickly son, one of eight sons and three daughters, of a couple
+who eked out an existence on the poor, unproductive, sandy, soils of
+Crawford County, Georgia, growing the one and only cash crop of those
+days, cotton. The combined wages of these boys often amounted to more
+cash money than their own cotton crop returned because the supplier got
+most of the money from their own crop. They helped neighbors pick out
+their cotton crops after finishing their own. Grandfather must have
+liked to experiment in his limited way. Each spring as Grandfather would
+plant his small patch of Spanish peanuts and yellow corn, Grandmother
+would tongue-lash him, saying, 'so long as you fool away your time with
+Spanish peanuts and yellow corn you will remain a poor man. Time has
+proven Grandfather right and Grandmother wrong. Spanish peanuts is a
+huge industry; most of our hybrid corns, which have added millions of
+bushels to our yields are yellow.
+
+My father wasted his time back at the turn of the century planting a
+peach orchard on his best cotton land. He planted pecans each winter,
+beginning about 1912, often to the ribbing of friends who still
+worshipped at the feet of King Cotton. One told him that he had a pecan
+tree or two about his home and the damn flying squirrels ate all of the
+nuts. Another told him that if he wanted a load of stove wood he would
+just as soon cut down a pecan tree as any other kind. At his death in
+1942, my father had planted six hundred acres of pecan orchards, each
+acre having been interplanted with peaches, to produce income while the
+pecans were reaching bearing age.
+
+I give you this background so that you may better understand my attitude
+toward chestnut growing. The scale on which I have set out on chestnut
+growing I know to some of you will seem rather bold or foolhardy.
+
+About ten years ago I found that the U. S. D. A. Pecan Experiment
+Station at Albany, Georgia had a small chestnut orchard. Max Hardy, was
+doing the chestnut work and was so much interested in them that I caught
+fire and have been burning ever since. When I found that the harvest
+came between the peach harvest and the pecan harvest it fitted right
+into my kind of farming. The fact, that it was a possible tree crop made
+chestnut growing still more attractive to me. Max suggested that I join
+the N. N. G. A. when I complained that I couldn't find much information
+on chestnuts. I attended my first convention at Norris. I have tried to
+make most of them since that time. Of all the discussions at the Norris
+meeting, the one that stuck in my mind was whether nurseries should
+recommend seedlings or grafted trees. I thought then, and still think,
+that for commercial production one must have varieties, because
+seedlings are so variable. I believe, that when, chestnut growing comes
+of age, the major part of the production will go through processing
+plants. It will be a great advantage to have nuts of uniform quality and
+size, which is and will be impossible with seedlings.
+
+Of the fifteen trees that I planted in 1946, only one fruited in 1951.
+It bore only 3-1/4 pounds of nuts. The other fourteen did not fruit.
+This year there are a few scattering burs at seven years of age, on
+those that I did not graft this spring. I am now too old to wait seven
+or eight years for a chestnut tree to begin bearing. These trees came
+from a Virginia nursery. The trees I planted in 1947, I started grafting
+in 1950, to Nanking, Meiling, and Kuling, and finished this spring,
+except for a few replants. I also grafted ten trees in 1950 to
+Abundance. These tops bore the second year, several bearing good burs
+the same year the scions were set. These grafted trees are anxious to go
+to work, because they bloom in the spring and again in late July and
+early August. I have used the in-lay bark, modified cleft, the cleft,
+and what I call a saddle graft, bevelling two sides of the stock and
+splitting the scion, thus slipping the split scion down over the
+prepared stock. I have had equally good take on all types of grafts
+used. In 1948 I planted two hundred seedlings bought from Max Hardy,
+grown from seed from the Experiment Station orchard. I believe the
+production record of this orchard has been given to this convention at
+previous meetings. You will recall that the off-type trees were rogued,
+leaving the parent trees of Nanking, Kuling and Meiling and others of
+good bearing habits. In 1951 four trees out of this lot, were
+outstanding in precocity. The earliest started dropping nuts the
+fifteenth of August and bore 7-1/4 pounds. The next matured September
+5th and produced 8-1/2 pounds. The third tree is unusual. I noticed it
+the 4th of October. The ground was covered with nuts, but only an
+occasional bur. All of the burs were wide open and still on the tree.
+The crop weighed 6-1/2 pounds. The fourth tree I found on the 5th of
+October with all of its nuts on the ground, the tree retaining the burs.
+The yield of this tree was 4-1/2 pounds. Mind you, this was the fourth
+summer after planting. These trees have repeated this year with another
+good heavy crop. The other trees in this block bore from none to one or
+two pounds of nuts in 1951. This year less than ten trees in the block
+are not bearing. Next spring these ten will be growing new tops, because
+their present tops are not satisfactory. I noticed that one tree in this
+block bloomed long after the rest this spring, several weeks in fact. It
+might have possibilities in northern areas because of its late blooming.
+
+Of the eleven hundred trees planted in 1950, one bore nuts in 1951. I
+didn't know it until this spring, when I was pruning the trees in this
+block, and found nuts on the ground under this tree. It is bearing a
+good crop this year for its size and age. There are a number of these
+trees bearing this year. Dr. Crane in a hurried inspection of these
+trees this summer thought those trees bearing were offspring of a
+certain tree in the Philema orchard.
+
+I do not give my chestnut trees special care. They are fertilized and
+cultivated the same as young peach orchards. We try to bring in a peach
+orchard the third summer, with enough fruit to make it worth spraying. I
+see no reason to wait seven or eight years to get a chestnut orchard
+into bearing. If you will keep down competition from weeds, cultivate
+frequently, and give the tree plenty of nitrogen you will be surprised
+at the growth it will make. I set the trees twenty-four feet each way,
+with the idea of thinning later when they begin to crowd. In this way I
+will get higher acre yields in the early years. When they reach maturity
+I will have them thinned down to forty-eight feet each way. As they
+reach heavy bearing the rate of growth will slow down and I will adjust
+the nitrogen to keep them from becoming too vegetative.
+
+So far the only insects that have bothered me are caterpillars that
+ordinarily feed on wild maypops, or passion flowers. These caterpillars
+will defoliate a tree. The only tree that I have lost from
+winter-killing was one defoliated by the caterpillars early last fall.
+It may become necessary for me to spray for these worms if they become
+too plentiful.
+
+I do not come before you as an authority on chestnut growing. I feel
+that to force myself to do my best I should plant enough trees to make
+me find out how to handle them. In the rush and bustle of peach and
+pecan growing if I had only a few chestnut trees I might decide that not
+much was involved, and neglect the chestnuts. I know that with two
+thousand trees already planted and some of them bearing I am going to
+make a great effort to make the project profitable. I have decided that
+chestnut growing has possibilities as a tree crop in my section, and is
+worth my time and effort. I know there are many problems ahead, but so
+did my father when he planted peaches and pecans many years ago. I am
+still meeting new problems with them each year. Problems go hand in hand
+with the fruit and nut business. It is the fellow who is willing to try
+to work them out who has a chance to profit. If I wait until all the
+problems are solved I will never grow chestnuts. The day that I decide
+that I know all the answers about growing peaches, pecans or chestnuts,
+is the day I start going broke. I have been badly bent several times
+while I was struggling to find an answer. Each year starts full of hope,
+with visions of a nice fat bank balance when the jobs are all done. Then
+the problems start and if I can lick enough of them, I come through with
+the right to see if I can't do a still better job next year, despite the
+risks of too much rain, not enough rain, hail, insects and diseases.
+
+I have found that each year from 15 to 50 million pounds of chestnuts
+are imported from Europe. The same blight that destroyed our native
+chestnuts, is going full tilt in Italy and other European countries. If
+the blight runs its course as it did in this country, it will not be
+many years until we will not have chestnuts from Europe. I am going to
+grow some to fill this gap. In 1950 Dr. McKay sent me eight trees, four
+Meiling, two Nanking, two Kuling. Two Meiling and two Nanking to be
+planted together, two Meiling and two Kuling together. Each combination
+to be isolated so that the nuts produced would be of known crosses.
+These trees bloomed this spring and two of them set a few burs. Next
+year I hope to turn over to Dr. McKay nuts from these trees to be
+planted, and grown to fruiting age. I now have about one hundred and
+sixty grafted trees. I intend to fruit my seedlings with the hope that
+among them I will find trees superior enough to be given variety status.
+I will then top-work the rest to varieties. At present I intend to plant
+more trees each winter until I have at least one hundred acres of
+orchards. If and when the weevil moves in I will have the equipment on
+hand to spray, using the same equipment on peaches or pecans.
+
+I would like to see this Association ask that more research on chestnut
+production be done by the U. S. D. A. It will not be done until we ask
+for it. The men in the department are not in position to do much asking
+for additional funds. It is the responsibility of groups like the N. N.
+G. A. and the Southeastern Chestnut Grower's Association. We are in need
+of more breeding and selection of new, and better adapted varieties. We
+need processing research, marketing research, and research in the field
+of production. We are not going to get it done until we insist on it
+good and strong.
+
+This spring, at Fort Valley, Georgia, the Southeastern Chestnut Grower's
+Association was formed. We hold our convention in March and will be glad
+to have everyone interested in chestnut growing, marketing, processing
+or research, attend our convention. I think in time this organization
+will want to become affiliated with the N. N. G. A., to the mutual
+benefit of both. I will be glad to have any of you visit my orchards and
+show me how to grow chestnuts, I am constantly searching for
+information.
+
+PRESIDENT MACDANIELS: We thank Mr. Wilson very much for his talk, and
+we think it does take a lot of courage to embark on an experiment of
+that kind.
+
+In view of the lateness of the hour, unless somebody objects, we will
+adjourn until tomorrow morning at 8:30.
+
+At 9:40 o'clock, p.m., the meeting adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+
+(Called to order at 8:30 o'clock, a.m., President L. H. MacDaniels
+presiding.)
+
+
+
+Persian Walnuts in the Upper South
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+My experience with the Persian walnut has been acquired in the Roanoke
+district of south-west Virginia. It is located 300 miles from the
+Atlantic seaboard and my trees are at an approximate elevation of eleven
+hundred feet. Roanoke is on the same parallel as Springfield, Missouri,
+and about thirty miles south of Rockport, Indiana.
+
+This experience covers a period of more than twenty years with named
+varieties and seedlings of the species. I shall here attempt to present
+some findings that may be of some value to others similarly located.
+
+For the sake of brevity I shall put the cart before the horse, the
+findings before the facts from which they are derived.
+
+For the upper south and, in my opinion, for the middle west, late
+vegetating and blossoming is of prime importance for success with the
+Persian walnut. No matter how vigorous, prolific and precocious the tree
+may be, nor how fine the nuts, the variety is worthless for anything
+except shade if the crop is destroyed by normal spring frosts.
+
+In the second place is winter hardiness. This is of two kinds;
+resistance to extreme cold, and resistance to the wooing of warm winter
+days that starts premature activity, followed by a destructive freeze.
+
+My experience with the Payne variety is a case in point. Having read
+some place of the vigor, precocity and heavy bearing of the new variety,
+then called the Payne Seedling, I secured some scions of it from its
+originator and worked it on a young black walnut. The variety was
+already making a name for itself in Northern California and Oregon, not
+only because of its bearing habits but for the superb quality of its
+nuts.
+
+During the first few years it did well despite its early starting in the
+spring, and bore heavy crops; then disaster fell. One spring the tree
+failed to leaf out at the usual time. On examination I found that it had
+winter-killed back to five-year wood. The winter had been unusually
+cold, and the tree could not take it. Pruned back, the belated new
+growth did not fully mature before winter so in turn was damaged, a
+phenomenon that recurred from year to year. Exit Payne as a Virginia
+prospect.
+
+An example of the other type of winter injury was that of my first Crath
+Carpathian. I secured scions of this variety from Rev. P. C. Crath in
+1929. The parent tree had been growing and bearing in the vicinity of
+Toronto and was apparently fully hardy. The scions grew vigorously on
+the young black walnut stock on which it was worked, and completed their
+longitudinal growth early in July, giving ample time for the ripening of
+the wood before winter.
+
+After several years I noticed the bark on the south side of the trunks
+dead from so-called sun-scald. Activity had been induced by the warmth
+of the winter sun, followed by freezing. After some years the wood was
+killed back to limbs the thickness of one's wrist, and this has been
+again repeated. The tree was hardy in Ontario, but not in Virginia.
+
+The nut of this variety, which to me is the Crath, is much superior to
+the average Carpathian, and I think might be well worth while in the
+north-east and along the Great Lakes, but not in the upper South nor the
+Mid-West.
+
+Besides their winter weaknesses, both the Payne and Crath start too
+early in the spring for my conditions.
+
+Broadview and Lancaster both blossom here in mid-season and, since both
+have a rather long period of producing pistillate blossoms, they seldom
+fail to produce a crop when properly pollenized.
+
+Franquette and Mayette, both highly recommended as being late vegetating
+and producing excellent nuts, have offered me some difficulties of
+another order. With Franquette the chief trouble has been to get a
+suitable pollenizer. Like the Mayette, its pistillate blossoms appear
+ten days or more after the staminate blossoms and self-pollination is
+not effected. I tried King, recommended as a pollenizer, but it was too
+early to be reliably effective. When Franquette is properly pollenized
+it, with Payne, is one of the heaviest bearers.
+
+Mayette in Virginia produces a fine, healthy, vigorous tree, but it
+refuses to produce pistillate blossoms. A dozen nuts is an average crop
+for a tree that should produce a bushel. It, like Franquette, demands a
+late pollenizer, but the pistillate blossoms are simply not there.
+Neither of these two late varieties have ever suffered winter injury
+with me, nor have been damaged by spring frosts.
+
+I will not attempt to go into detail regarding all the varieties and
+seedlings that I have tried through the years; Eureka, that ranks with
+Mayette and Franquette for lateness, but refuses to bear, apparently for
+want of pollination; Chambers that was recommended along with King for
+pollenizing the late bloomers but not fully successful; Breslau, with
+its huge nuts but slow growth, in addition to an assortment of
+Carpathian seedlings. Of the latter my Caesar is one of the more
+promising with its vigorous growth, large thin-shelled nuts and ability
+to pollenize itself in some seasons. Gilbert Becker has reported it
+passing through Michigan winters unhurt.
+
+As matters now stand, I believe Bedford, Caesar and Lancaster have
+proven the most satisfactory varieties to date under my conditions,
+although some seedlings I have grown appear even more promising. Chief
+of these are several that I grew from open-pollenized nuts of the
+Lancaster, which I am here exhibiting.
+
+You will note that the one I designate as L-2 is an extremely large nut,
+considerably larger than its seed parent which it somewhat resembles.
+L-8 is of somewhat similar type, but smaller. L-3 and L-6, on the other
+hand, are of entirely different type. Much smaller, they are smooth,
+thin-shelled and well filled, with kernels running 50% by weight and of
+high quality. They resemble their seed parent, Lancaster, not at all but
+in type are much nearer Bedford, their probable pollen parent.
+
+Another one of these seedlings, L-7, resembles Caesar, its probable
+pollen parent, far more than it does its seed parent.
+
+Some years ago I hand-pollenized several blossoms of Broadview, using
+pollen from my original Crath.
+
+One of the seedlings from these hand-pollenized nuts resembles Crath
+much more than Broadview, the seed parent. I have it here as C x B 2.
+
+Aside from the apparent profound influence of the pollen parent on the
+offspring, there is the unexplained fact at that with the exception of
+L-8, all these seedlings are later vegetating than the seed parents and
+any of the suspect pollen parents. Of the Lancaster seedlings L-2, L-3
+and L-6 are fully as late as Franquette and Mayette, blooming well after
+the first of May. Inasmuch as there were no Persians producing pollen
+anywhere near that time I can only believe that these nuts were
+pollenized by the black walnut on which they were top-worked. I intend
+to plant some of these nuts, and expect to produce hybrids.
+
+This brings up the enticing subject of breeding Persian walnuts adapted
+to one's own conditions. I have no suggestions to offer scientists, but
+offer the following for the benefit of amateurs like myself.
+
+If your grounds are cluttered up with varieties, as are mine, ingratiate
+yourself to some friend who has an isolated young black walnut tree by
+volunteering to convert it to the production of Persian walnuts. Select
+two varieties whose characteristics you desire to blend and that will
+pollenize each other, and grow seedlings from the resulting nuts. You
+can check results in as little as four years by taking buds from the
+seedlings at two years and placing then on black walnut.
+
+Creative work, this. You will get the thrill of your life--if you are
+that kind of a person--and may produce something well worth while.
+
+Persian walnuts are self-pollenizing if pistillate and staminate
+blossoms occur at the same time, but such usually is not the case.
+Crath, Breslau, Caesar and King produce their pistillate blossoms some
+days before their staminate blossoms shed their pollen, while Payne,
+Lancaster, Broadview, Franquette and Mayette produce their blossoms in
+reverse order. Of all those I have tested only Bedford can be depended
+to produce both types of bloom simultaneously and certainly and fully
+pollenize itself.
+
+It is enlightening to keep a record of the blossoming time of each
+variety relative to others, but dates should all be recorded for the
+same year. Warm, early spring induces early blooming; late, cool weather
+delays blossoming. By my records, Payne pistillates were receptive May 3
+in 1935, April 28 in 1937 and March 31, in 1945, a variation of over a
+month. All varieties vary with the season, but the variation is greatest
+with the early varieties.
+
+There has been little disease among my Persian walnuts except that in
+wet seasons leaves and nut shucks are sometimes attacked by a fungous
+blight. In the city there has been no insect injury worthy of note. In
+the country, adjacent to wooded areas, insect injury is sometimes
+serious. Pests include spittle bugs, stink bugs and other insects that
+attack young leaves and tender growth. These check the leaders and
+cause late multiple growths that may fail to mature and hence
+winterkill.
+
+In such locations the butternut curculio also attacks and destroys the
+young nuts. Avoid wooded areas if choosing a site for a Persian walnut
+orchard.
+
+The most destructive pest with which I have had to contend has been the
+large black-bird or purple grackle. Oddly enough they are much worse in
+the city than in the country. As soon as the young are grown, about the
+middle of June, they appear in flocks and attack the nuts of the Persian
+walnut. At first, before the shell has hardened, they penetrate the nut
+apparently for the nectar which is the substance of the immature kernel.
+When the shell can no longer be penetrated they continue to eat away the
+husk, which is equally fatal to the nut. This continues until late in
+July, when the squirrels take over. Fortunately squirrels are highly
+allergic to a bullet from a 22 rifle.
+
+In pointing out some of the hazards encountered in growing Persian
+walnuts in the East the writer has not intended to be discouraging but
+helpful. Persian walnuts of good quality can be grown in this section;
+full understanding of the factors involved make it possible, I believe,
+to grow them successfully on a commercial scale.
+
+
+
+
+Varieties of Persian Walnuts in Eastern Iowa
+
+Ira B. Kyhl, _Sabula, Iowa_
+
+
+There are a great many varieties of Persian walnuts, many of which
+originated in the region of the Carpathian mountains and other parts of
+Europe and a few varieties in the United States and Canada.
+
+I believe that some varieties now grown in the United States and Canada
+which originated in Europe may have come from the same tree as they
+appear to have the same shape, thickness of shell and flavor. I have as
+many as four varieties that are identical.
+
+The Persian walnut has always been my favorite nut. I started with 2 or
+3 varieties and now have 35 or 40 varieties and 200 trees most of which
+are doing well. Some are superior in hardiness and vigor.
+
+In eastern Iowa at 42 degrees N. latitude minimum winter temperatures
+vary from 25 to 32 degrees below zero. Usually the minimum is 12 to 15
+degrees below zero, but last winter it was 25 degrees below zero for
+several days. Only the hardier varieties will endure -25 degrees without
+injury, but -12 to -15 does not injure any variety very much.
+
+Schafer is my favorite variety and it was not injured at -25 degrees. I
+have several of these trees, some from seeds, some top-worked on black
+walnut and the others grafted trees from a nursery. It grafts easily,
+grows rapidly and bears a fine nut.
+
+A top-worked tree of Colby withstood -25 degrees without injury and is
+one of the most vigorous trees I have.
+
+Fifteen seedlings from Crath Mayette and Crath Franquette seeds from the
+late G. H. Corsan, of Toronto, Canada, are developing into very fine
+trees, but are not yet bearing.
+
+One of the first varieties planted, Broadview, grew rapidly and
+produced nuts after two mild winters, but the several trees of this
+variety killed to the ground after the -25 degrees of last winter.
+
+Crath No. 1, Crath No. 39, and Breslau grew well until last winter when
+they were killed. Three Breslau seedlings did not winterkill.
+
+Rumanian Giant, the first tree I grafted, killed back somewhat, but is
+recovering. This variety produces the largest nut I have seen and it
+fills well.
+
+Top-worked trees of other varieties that were not injured last winter
+are Crath No. 5, Crath No. 12, SG No. 5, Crath No. 29, Graham and Crath
+Special.
+
+Seedlings in the nursery row that stood severe temperature are
+Carpathian D, NWF Nos. 1 and 3, FB O and FB OO, Fort Custer, Hansen,
+Jacobs and others.
+
+MR. STOKE: Does the black walnut bloom at the same time that the Persian
+walnut blooms?
+
+DR. MCKAY: It bloomed near the end of the receptive period.
+
+MR. STOKE: That first experiment of yours was trying to pollinize the
+black walnut with the Persian, but the reciprocal cross may be quite
+different, as Jones proved with the filberts.
+
+DR. McKAY: That could be. We have no large amount of data on the
+reciprocal cross. These cases where it is said that the black walnut
+pollinates the Persian regularly and is producing good crops of nuts, I
+would consider doubtful until I see the seedlings, their growth and
+characteristics. Yesterday Mr. Bolten asked the question whether or not
+some walnuts that have large nuts could possibly be tetraploid or
+polyploid. A number of years ago I examined the chromosomes of one of
+these large fruited varieties, and it had the same chromosome number as
+the others, namely sixteen pairs or thirty two.
+
+The whole question of chromosome number in nut varieties and species is
+as follows. So far as we know, all of the species have a constant number
+within the genus except the hickories where we have tetraploid species
+and diploid species. All of the species of _Castanea_, as far as we
+know, have the same chromosome number, and all of the varieties within
+each species have the same number. In the Oaks, which are related to
+chestnuts, we have an extremely large genus in which there is a great
+constancy of number. The pines, and all other cone-bearing trees make up
+another very large group in which chromosome numbers are constant.
+Exactly the opposite situation is found in the related family of alders
+and willows where the chromosome number is very variable.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Unless there is some special question or comment
+on this subject, we will go on to the next item.
+
+MR. LEMKE: There was a panel discussion about four years ago, and they
+were talking about what nuts to grow, and one of the men said, "Before
+you offer a man a good nut, give him a good nut cracker." That's been on
+my mind for some time.
+
+
+
+
+Commercial Production and Processing of Black and Persian Walnuts
+
+EDWIN W. LEMKE, _Washington, Mich._
+
+
+Sometime ago a group of nut minded men associated with Spencer B. Chase
+announced their findings on the quality of the wild black walnut growing
+in the area of Norris, Tenn. Nuts were gathered from 151 wild walnut
+trees. After judging, the group came to the conclusion that only one
+tree had a flavor that was considered by their standards as good. It is
+these good nuts that caused the formation of the N.N.G.A. When we speak
+of the good nut it gives the word commercial an entirely different
+meaning. It by necessity excludes most of wild black walnut kernels
+processed by the large cracking plants of Kentucky and Tennessee. The
+large crackers are willing to pay better prices for the improved black
+walnut but were they to rely on this source of supply they could not
+stay in business very long.
+
+To produce and process, I chose the Thomas and Ohio variety and I have
+met with some success. The black walnut can be made to bear in the first
+and second year after grafting but this is but a novelty feature. Jones
+from whom I purchased my trees, told me that the black walnut could be
+classed with the Northern Spy Apple for coming into bearing. This has
+proven true. Commercial production of the improved black walnut is by
+its very nature small scale production. Because of this fact only small
+scale machines to process these nuts are feasible.
+
+Since 1916 I have had time to reflect on the problem of the three basic
+machines needed. These are the huller, cracker and kernel picker.
+Fortunately for me I learned the machinist trade and had a machine shop
+at my disposal. I tried every way to hull the black walnut and finally
+accepted the commercial potato peeler as the best principle. I built
+several crackers and at last accepted the Wiley cracker as the best
+commercial cracker. The third machine is the picker which has yet to be
+assembled. This picker is copied after The Kenneth Dick machine with
+some variations in the separation process.
+
+Let me briefly explain these three basic machines. As the nuts are
+gathered in the orchard they are brought to the huller in bushel crates.
+The huller is located in a separate room. This room has the floor
+depressed to catch the removed hulls that are flushed outdoors with the
+aid of running water. The cylinder of this huller is 30 inches in
+diameter and 14 inches high. It is made of 3/16ths boiler plate. Three
+inches from the bottom of the cylinder is a revolving disc smaller than
+the inside of the cylinder. The disc being small enough it allows a
+5/8th opening around the inside of the cylinder. It is this opening that
+permits the hulls to drop to the floor. The nuts are held captive
+because there is no opening in the cylinder for them to leave until the
+discharge door is opened on the side of the cylinder. The cover of the
+cylinder has a 10 inch feed hole into which the nuts are fed. A 10 inch
+furnace pipe elbow runs from the hole to the serving trough into which
+the nuts are poured. A 10 inch pusher is used to shove the nuts into the
+huller and serves to keep the feed hole closed while the nuts tumble
+around. The disc runs at 250 RPM which is the proper speed to do a good
+job. While the nuts tumble around a stream of water is used to wash the
+hulls free from the nuts and force the removed hulls to the floor below.
+The disc is supported by a 1-3/8 inch diameter shaft that runs through
+the disc and is held central as it revolves in a flange containing a 3/4
+ball bearing that fits into the end of the concave in the shaft. Up four
+feet from the disc is a link self aligning bearing that allows the shaft
+and disc to turn like a gyroscopic top. The shaft's pulley has 'V' belts
+connected to a 3/4 h.p. motor. I have hulled up to 40 bushels of clean
+nuts in 8 hours. The nuts after hulling are placed on drying trays
+indoors where temperatures are better controlled. The principal of this
+huller is that it separates the hull by centrifugal force. The hull
+drops down through the opening between cylinder and disc while the nuts
+riding on disc are discharged at right angles to the fall of hull. The
+machine is a separator.
+
+The next basic machine is the cracker. This cracker is the Wylie cracker
+in principle and is made in Eugene, Oregon. Simply explained it could be
+likened to two pages in a book. One page is perpendicular while the
+other page is off the perpendicular about 7 degrees. The first page
+which is the anvil is fixed save for adjustments for nuts of varying
+size. The other page or hammer riding up and down through an inch and
+one quarter of travel is fixed to a crank below. Both of these pages or
+plates are heavy cast iron plates that are fluted and cause the nut to
+be cracked against these saw toothed flutes and while being cracked are
+revolved down through the plates. The plate moving at an angle forces
+the nut finally through a 3/8 inch opening where they fall into a rotary
+sieve. The sieve has three sizes of mesh. 5 mesh, 2 mesh and 3/4 mesh.
+The larger pieces go on through and are returned to the cracker. This
+cracker will crack up to 500 pounds per hour, and uses a 3/4 h.p. motor.
+
+The last of the three basic machines is the picker. I have not yet built
+the picker but a number of the parts have already been machined and
+before long it will be a reality. The Kenneth Dick, picker, of Peebles,
+Ohio is the best for small orchards. It is essentially a separator using
+a conveyor belt which carries the cracked nuts to needles that pick up
+the kernels and deposit them on trays that at the timed moment accept
+the black walnut kernels. The discarded shells remain on conveyor and
+travel to the end and fall into a receptacle. After this process,
+further inspection becomes necessary but up to the present it is the
+best we have.
+
+The black walnut is a messy nut to fool with but with the proper
+machines it soon becomes a pleasure to work with it. I can work all day
+hulling nuts and finish with clean unstained hands.
+
+Processing the Persian walnut is a simple matter as compared with the
+black walnut. My Persian nuts are gathered and placed on drying trays.
+Most of the nuts fall free from hull and the stick tights are discarded
+as inferior. N.N.G.A. members need but write to the agricultural
+colleges in California, Oregon and Washington and a list of publications
+will be sent. One of the latest machines being offered is one that picks
+the nut from the orchard floor with a speed with which no human can
+compete. It has not only removed the back ache but the human back as
+well. The Persian walnut industry in the Pacific Coast states is big
+business.
+
+There is only one organization that can and does disseminate the
+necessary knowledge and experience that will give the northern grown nut
+its proper place in the American diet. That is the Northern Nut Grower's
+Assn. You newer members have become heirs to knowledge based on the
+experiences of others which represents not only blood, sweat and tears
+but a lot of good hearty belly laughs. When one becomes nut conscious
+there is no turning back. It gives life a new approach and a finer
+meaning.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnut Processing at Henderson, Kentucky
+
+R. C. MANGELSDORF, _St. Louis, Mo._
+
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald are unable to be here
+today, and I don't know if I can fill their shoes or not, because I am
+not in the purchasing or processing end of the black walnut business.
+
+We started this black walnut shelling operation a season ago at
+Henderson, Kentucky, with the idea of processing the nuts there and
+transporting the kernels to St. Louis for final processing and
+marketing. At Henderson, Kentucky we are located outside the city limit,
+and we have no fire protection, and as a result, the insurance rates on
+our building, storage sheds, and black walnuts in storage have been so
+high that we are looking around for possible plant location sites where
+we can reduce that expense of operation.
+
+Another factor in our operation there is the transportation of raw
+material to our cracking site. If we have to transport black walnuts,
+which give an approximate 10 per cent yield, any distance, the freight
+adds materially to the cost per pound of the finished material. That is,
+if we have to pay 10 cents per hundred additional freight cost in
+transporting them from outlying districts to the cracking plant, that
+adds a cent a pound to the cost of the finished kernels. All such
+factors, have to be given weighty consideration, because our business is
+primarily concerned with making money for the stockholders. If we don't
+make money for the stockholders, they are not interested in seeing us
+continue the operation.
+
+Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald at the present time are out on a crop
+inspection trip and also making surveys of locations and availability of
+buildings or sites that might be more advantageous than the one at
+Henderson, Kentucky. It may be that we will continue the operation
+there, making modifications in the building, which will result in lower
+insurance rates. At the present time, with the new crop coming on, we
+are in a chaotic state of affairs, because we just don't know exactly
+what's the best path to follow in our operation at Henderson, Kentucky.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Will you tell us something about how you handle the nuts in
+your plant, how they are hulled and cracked, and so forth?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: It's a similar operation to what Mr. Lemke described.
+The nuts are brought in in burlap bags by the farmers and growers and
+are put in storage in cribs. The plant at Henderson, Kentucky, was a
+popcorn processing plant, with a large crib under roof where the nuts
+are stored. After the moisture content is reduced somewhat, they pass
+through a tumbling drum to remove any of the extraneous hulls and other
+dirt that might be adhering.
+
+After the nuts are completely freed of all this extraneous matter, they
+are passed through a series of cracking rollers with screens. The nuts
+are cracked, by passing between two rollers like a wringer then passed
+over a shaker screen, the free nut meats passing through the screen. The
+large material that comes off of the screen is then passed between more
+closely spaced cracking rollers and then further sifted and screened.
+Then the various materials that have passed through the screens are run
+through a Smalley picker. This is nothing more than metal pins on a
+series of fingers rotating on a roller that presses against a sponge
+rubber roller. The nut meats adhere to the prongs or points. The shells,
+not being penetrated by the points of the pins, are not picked up. Then
+there is a comb that picks off the adhering kernels from the picker
+prongs. That's the principle of most of the shelling operations of the
+black walnuts. I don't believe any major changes have been made in the
+processing of black walnuts in the last ten years.
+
+DR. COLBY: How do you remove the hulls?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We try to buy only hulled walnuts, the farmer and the
+grower removing the hulls in a tumbler and selling to us only the
+dehulled walnuts.
+
+The kernels are packed in cartons and shipped to St. Louis for final
+picking of remaining shells and off-colored nut meats and graded for
+color, size and quality. After this grading separation is made, they are
+either packed in our 4-ounce vacuum-packed tins or 30-pound bulk cartons
+which are then sold through the trade.
+
+MR. WALLICK: What percentage of kernels do you get?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: I think our operation at Henderson, Kentucky this past
+season for all of the nuts that were grown and gathered in this locality
+was about 9.48 per cent yield of black walnut kernels by weight.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Do you get any improved varieties, such as Thomas, Stabler
+or Ohio?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: No. With most of the nuts that we gather in our
+marketing operation very little attention is paid to variety or source.
+We don't try to differentiate and store them separately, but everything
+is processed as it is brought together.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Do you have any indication that you get a better quality
+nut from one county or one area than you do from another?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That is a question that I can't answer, because I am in
+the research and development end of the business, and have very little
+to do with the purchasing and marketing of the nuts themselves.
+
+MR. LEMKE: What do you do when you strike a day that is very humid and
+the nuts start getting moldy?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That is a bugaboo. I always say you don't have to be
+nuts to be in the nut business, but it sure helps a little bit. All the
+nuts that I have ever had any dealing with seem to be very susceptible
+to mold growth. If the moisture content of the nuts is above a critical
+level, mold growth takes place in the shell at a very fast rate. The
+only thing we can do in a case like that is to get the kernels in to St.
+Louis and destroy the mold growth or spores on the surface before it can
+grow so that the fungous mycelium is visible to the eye. The black
+walnut and pecan, if you examine them under the microscope, all seem to
+have mold growth on the surface of the kernels. I am inclined to believe
+that the nut kernel is not completely sterile in the shell and that
+through some manner or means the mold spores have been introduced onto
+the kernel, because immediately after shelling examination of these nuts
+under a microscope, will show some fungous mycelium on the surface of
+the kernels.
+
+DR. MCKAY: One comment is that the pellicle of a black walnut or a
+pecan, is very hygroscopic. It tends to absorb moisture readily, whereas
+the kernel itself, being high in oil, does not take up water readily.
+That, apparently, is why there may be evidences of mold growth on the
+kernel though it may not be actually penetrating. It is only
+superficial, growing on the pellicle of the kernel, not on the kernel
+itself.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Right.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Black walnut kernels are outstanding in their resistance to
+heat and will get rancid very slowly under conditions of high heat--not
+humidity. For example, we had some nuts in our attic for two summers in
+a place where it gets very hot, yet dry. Those nuts are in very good
+eating condition today. I don't know about pecans.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That's very true of black walnuts. Pecans have to be
+carried throughout the season in our cracking operations under
+refrigeration, but the black walnuts we can store out in any shed with
+tin roof. The temperature gets very hot, and it seems to have no effect
+whatever on the edibility or rancidity of the nut kernel.
+
+MR. STOKE: You spoke of storing the whole nuts in large bins. There you
+may have an extreme amount of mold, too, if the nuts are damp.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We try to have storage conditions such that air has
+free passage through the bulk of nuts. The mold and the yeast are there
+and when they start to grow, their metabolism throws off quite a large
+amount of heat. As a result the molding process is speeded up like a
+chain reaction, and before long the nuts will be worthless for shelling.
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We had nuts until just a few weeks ago from our last
+season's gatherings. That's almost a whole year.
+
+MR. SALZER: Can you tell me if the farmer is paid by the weight of the
+nuts, or does he receive his pay after the kernels are shelled out? Does
+he receive more money if it contains a higher percent of kernels?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: He receives his pay on the basis of the whole nut that
+he delivers to the plant, and we try to exercise some control over the
+quality of the delivery. Samples are taken and cracked, and if most of
+the nuts are rotten or the quality is very low, we may reject buying
+that entire lot, or we may discount the lot of nuts a certain amount,
+depending upon the percentage of the nut meats that are salvaged.
+
+MR. MURPHY: Do you pay a premium for cultivated nuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: That I can't answer, but I don't believe that they
+have this past season. I wouldn't want to go on record as to that. There
+is a tremendous difference in the flavor of what we call the "eastern"
+black walnut in comparison with the California or western black walnut.
+We think that the flavor of the California walnut is not at all
+comparable to the eastern black walnut.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: You don't notice any difference, do you, between the
+Missouri and the Kentucky nuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: No, not in my experience, but there is a tremendous
+difference in flavor between the eastern and western.
+
+MR. ROHRBACHER: On what basis do you buy black walnuts?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: I understand that each individual sale is an individual
+"horse-trading" deal, the price paid, depending upon the quality of
+nuts, moisture content, color and other factors. Of course, our aim is
+to buy the nuts as cheaply as possible and the object of the fellow
+selling the nuts is to get the greatest return that he can from what he
+has to offer. So we try to reach a happy medium in our dealings, and a
+lot of concessions might be made one way or the other with special lots
+that are offered for sale.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: What sizes and grades of kernels do you have?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: We have the large, medium, small and granules. Granules
+are very small pieces. Usually the prices paid for the nuts are not
+determined, actually, until the crop starts to move. Everybody has an
+idea what the market price will be for the nuts, but nothing is
+crystallized or brought to a focus until the first nuts are actually on
+the market. Then the nuts sold are examined as to quality, giving some
+idea of the future quality of deliveries that might be made in that
+section, and then prices can be established. As I say, it's a nutty
+business. I haven't grown very many gray hairs yet, but I expect to have
+many before I am through. And each new problem that arises in this nut
+business, when you reach a solution for it, invariably there are two
+other problems that are created, and if you are not wide awake, one of
+these problems can be much greater than the one that you just had a
+solution for.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Do you know anything as to the bearing of black walnuts
+this year as compared to previous years?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: Mr. Walker and Mr. McDonald are out at the present time
+making a crop inspection tour of the various localities, and I have had
+no report as to what the condition of the crop will be this year.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: Which grades bring the highest prices?
+
+MR. MANGELSDORF: The large particles of kernel demand a premium over the
+smaller sizes. That is one of the discrepancies in the shelling
+operation, that the material that costs us the least money to produce
+gives the largest returns. When you have small pieces, the operation of
+removing the last remaining shells and off-colored particles is much
+greater than with the large kernels. One large kernel amounts to
+considerable weight and you may have to pick up many small particles to
+represent the same weight.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We appreciate very much your talk, Mr.
+Mangelsdorf.
+
+One thing that interested me was your statement that having large
+pieces was an advantage. That question has been argued on the floor of
+these conventions a number of times and there have been those who
+claimed that the larger pieces were all ground up anyway and that the
+varieties from which you can recover large pieces were of no particular
+merit commercially.
+
+The next paper is, "Nut Shells--Asset or Liability?", T. S. Clark of the
+United States Department of Agriculture, Regional Laboratory, Peoria,
+Illinois.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Shells--Assets or Liabilities
+
+T. S. CLARK, _Northern Regional Research Laboratory_,[1] _Peoria,
+Illinois_
+
+
+ABSTRACT. The value of nut shells as materials for agricultural and
+industrial use is discussed. Problems of plant location, shell
+collection, processing, and hazards are considered. Applications and
+specifications are illustrated.
+
+We are particularly pleased that the Northern Nut Growers Association is
+presenting this opportunity for a discussion of nut shell utilization.
+The Northern Regional Research Laboratory feels that it has played an
+important role in what is now becoming a new industry of increasing
+magnitude. For the benefit of those who are not already acquainted with
+the Laboratory, permit me to digress momentarily to explain briefly its
+organization and functions.
+
+The Northern Regional Laboratory at Peoria, Illinois, is one of four
+large research laboratories established by an act of Congress in 1938
+and placed under the administration of the Bureau of Agricultural and
+Industrial Chemistry. The function of these laboratories is to conduct
+research and to develop new chemical and technical uses as well as new
+and expanded markets for the farm commodities and byproducts of the
+regions in which the laboratories are located. The commodities studied
+at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory are the oilseeds, cereal
+grains and agricultural residues which include corncobs, stalks, straws,
+sugar cane bagasse, hulls and shells of nuts and fruit pits. Because of
+the great similarity in chemical and physical characteristics of the
+residues all research on these materials is conducted at the Northern
+Laboratory.
+
+During the time that the Northern Laboratory has been actively
+investigating shell materials and other agricultural residues we have
+been in direct communication with operators of shell grinding plants;
+some of these have been visited. We have received numerous letters and
+calls for information and assistance in solving grinding problems, or in
+using the ground products. Through these contacts and our experiences we
+have learned much about the factors that lead to success or failure in
+this utilization. Ten plants are now producing a variety of ground shell
+products useful in both agriculture and industry.
+
+When the Northern Laboratory was organized, only one plant, established
+originally by the California Walnut Growers Association, was grinding
+nut shells. This plant, following a number of operational difficulties
+and administrative changes, now processes 40 tons or more of shells per
+day and produces a wide variety of ground products including exceedingly
+fine flours for use in plastics and plywood adhesives. It has been said
+that this plant processes all of the English walnut and apricot pit
+shells and 80 percent of the peach pit shells available in California.
+
+The Laboratory has attempted to determine the amount of shells and pits
+available commercially in different areas. Data of this nature has been
+obtained for the larger cracking plants but there are many small
+operations for which we lack this information. "Agricultural Statistics"
+compiled and published annually by the U. S. Department of Agriculture
+provide an excellent source of information regarding production and, in
+many cases, the disposition of farm commodities. For example, the
+production of pecans in 1951, presented by states, totaled more than
+73,000 tons for the 10 states reported. However, no data were available
+regarding marketings in-shell, or the quantities remaining on the farms
+or in the orchards. Thus, the quantity of pecan shells actually
+available for processing can be determined only through surveys of
+cracking plants. Only limited information is available concerning black
+walnut shells and this has been obtained through the cooperation of
+shellers or crackers.
+
+In some areas fruit pits, such as apricot and peach pits, accumulate at
+canneries or freezing plants. Similarity in character of the pit shells
+to those of the nuts permits their use in plants grinding nut shells.
+Thus, the supply of raw material in any area may be augmented by
+inclusion of fruit pit shells.
+
+Collection of nut shells for grinding operations is a relatively simple
+procedure, particularly where grinding is done at a cracking plant.
+Where shells must be collected over large areas both rail and truck
+transportation are used. If fruit pits are considered, provisions should
+be made for removal of residual flesh or pulp before the pits leave the
+canneries. In the cases where the pits have been cut during processing
+of the fruits, the released kernels should be removed before shipping
+the shells. Pit kernels are valuable for their oil content.
+
+
+Shell Use During World War II
+
+The production and maintenance schedules set up during World War II
+resulted in the development and expansion of uses for ground shell
+materials. Fine flours from walnut shells were needed as extenders in
+plywood adhesives. Soft grits from various shells were used by the Army
+Air Forces in the air-blast method for cleaning airplane engines and
+parts. Grits were required for deburring metal stampings and
+flash-removal from molded plastics. These uses have expanded
+considerably to meet civilian needs since the war.
+
+
+Grinding Nut Shells and Fruit Pits
+
+As uses for ground shell products were developed the Laboratory sought
+advice of grinding equipment manufacturers for information on the design
+and construction of suitable grinding plants. Only limited tests had
+been made and data were not readily available in any published form.
+Consequently the Laboratory undertook an extensive study on grinding nut
+shells and fruit pits as part of its research on agricultural residues.
+
+These studies were not limited to grinding only, but included methods of
+separation and classification based on physical characteristics of the
+raw materials; the relation of associated mechanical operations; a
+consideration of the hazards; the problems of labor, management, and
+merchandising.
+
+A number of fires have occurred in plants grinding nut shells, corncobs,
+stock feeds, and similar materials. In most cases the causes of fire
+have been other than the grinding operation. From a consideration of the
+causes of fires a number of safety precautions have been developed. Good
+plant housekeeping is paramount. This is essential, not only because of
+influence of dust and dirt on the maintenance of motors and equipment,
+but because of the highly explosive nature of shell dusts. The U. S.
+Bureau of Mines has cooperated closely with the Northern Laboratory in
+evaluating the explosive hazards of the shell dusts.
+
+Many of the present operators of shelling-grinding plants have benefited
+from the information and assistance available from this Laboratory. The
+cooperation of equipment manufacturers has aided considerably in
+extending the scope of the Laboratory's studies.
+
+The Northern Laboratory has published bulletin AIC-336, "Dry Grinding
+Agricultural Residues, A New Industrial Enterprise" that summarizes the
+research conducted to date. This is the first time that such data on
+engineering and design has been assembled and published to cover this
+field. Copies of the bulletin may be obtained by addressing requests to
+the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois.
+
+Plants designed to produce at least 1-1/2 tons per hour of ground shell
+products will cost upwards of $60,000. A well-engineered plant of such
+size will require three to five men per shift. Among other factors, the
+working capacity of a grinding plant depends upon the quantity of shells
+available and the ability of the organization to merchandize its
+products. The plant should be located in an area in which at least 5,000
+tons of nut shells or fruit pits are annually available at low
+transportation costs.
+
+
+Uses of Shell Products
+
+The more important uses for nut shell products, together with their
+specifications for particle size, are shown in Table 1.
+
+   Table 1.--Uses for ground nut shells and fruit pits
+
+ +------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
+ | Applications                                   | Size               |
+ |                                                |                    |
+ | Deburring, cleaning, burnishing and polishing  |                    |
+ |    in metal stamping, electroplating and       | No. 10 to No. 50   |
+ |     plastics industries                        |                    |
+ | Soft-grit blasting                             | No. 10 to No. 30   |
+ | Fillers for plastics and plywood adhesives     | Finer than No. 100 |
+ | Insecticide diluents and carriers              | Finer than No. 140 |
+ | Explosives                                     | No. 10 to No. 100  |
+ | Fur cleaning                                   | No. 10 to No. 100  |
+ | Poultry litter and mulch (almond and peanut)   | 1/4 to 3/4 inch    |
+ | Fillers for fertilizers (almond and peanut)    | Finer than No. 20  |
+ +------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
+
+Experience shows that no matter how nut shells or fruit pit shells are
+ground both under- and oversize particles will be produced. The hard,
+friable character of most of the nut shells makes their reduction to
+fine size particles less difficult than for tough materials, such as
+corncobs, or fibrous materials such as woods. Shells from almonds
+because of their bulk and very fibrous nature are somewhat less
+convenient to handle than other shells. Good business practice shows
+that sales outlets should be found for each fraction so that grinding
+expenses can be kept at a minimum.
+
+Because there are some differences in physical characteristics of nut
+shells and fruit pits all shell products do not necessarily meet the
+same specifications, nor have the same uses.
+
+
+Industrial Cleaning and Finishing
+
+Oil, dirt, corrosion products, stain, paint, grease and the like can be
+removed from metal surfaces by air-blasting with soft grits prepared
+from shells of walnuts, pecans, peach pits, and similar residues. This
+method was developed originally for the Navy to use grits from
+corn-cobs for cleaning aircraft engines and parts. The method is
+inexpensive and foolproof because surfaces are cleaned without change of
+dimensions. No pitting or abrasion, such as produced by sand blasting,
+occurs. The method is particularly useful with mild steel, nonferrous
+metals, alloys, and parts that must be maintained at close tolerances.
+Modifications of the blast method are used in finishing molded plastics,
+metal die-castings, and machined parts. One manufacturer of precision
+instruments states that his company saves $100,000 a year in finishing
+parts with shell grits.
+
+Many stamped metal articles and molded plastics are deburred, cleaned,
+burnished, and polished by tumbling in drums containing shell grits.
+Various grades of grits are required depending upon the nature of the
+pieces being finished.
+
+
+Fillers for Plastics and Plywood Glues
+
+The Laboratory has studied the use of shell flours for use in plastics
+and plywood glues. Many of these flours are now in regular commercial
+use. Flours for these applications are prepared in various grades, all
+finer than 100-mesh. Use of these flours not only improves the
+properties of the final products but also reduces the cost of the
+products. Molded plastics prepared with fine flour from English walnut
+shells have exceptionally fine surface finish.
+
+
+Insecticide Carriers
+
+The insecticide field provides a good outlet for shell flours. Flour
+from walnut shells was the first of this type of material to be used for
+this purpose. Often the active ingredient in a finished insecticide is
+present in quantities of less than 1 percent. Custom grinders should
+plan to recover the flour as a co-product of their operations rather
+than attempting to grind to flour alone.
+
+
+Explosives
+
+Large amounts of shell grits and meal are used as diluents in the
+manufacture of dynamite. Material for this use ranges in size from No.
+10 to No. 100, the requirements of the individual manufacturers falling
+within much narrower limits as to size.
+
+
+Fur Cleaning
+
+Furriers have found that various ground shell products are very
+effective agents for cleaning furs. Size requirements for this purpose
+are broad, the limits being dependent upon the cleaning equipment
+maintained by the furrier. The natural oils present in some shell
+products are considered advantageous for this application.
+
+
+Sundry Applications
+
+Stock bedding, poultry litters, fillers in feeds and fertilizers,
+mulches, charcoal, tannin and abrasives in hand soaps are some of the
+other products that are prepared from nut shells. The shell products
+cannot be used interchangeably but must be selected in accordance with
+their chemical and physical properties.
+
+I hope that the foregoing brief discussion has conveyed to you the
+potential value that lies in the piles of shells accumulating at the
+cracking plants, and that these accumulations can be converted from
+expensive wastes to profitable products.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and
+Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, United
+States Department of Agriculture.]
+
+
+
+
+The Propagation of the Hickories
+
+(Panel Discussion led by F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich.)
+
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I hope that we can have a rather stimulating session on
+hickory propagation this morning. Last year we had a session which was
+supposed to take in propagation of all nut tree species. However, we
+never got away from Chinese chestnuts. It was Chinese chestnuts from the
+start to the finish. The Program Committee this time thought that we
+should limit it to one group, and they chose the hickories.
+
+I have compiled a review of all the literature pertaining to the
+hickories and passed it out yesterday afternoon. I hope that some of you
+have had a chance to read it and will have some questions to ask us this
+morning.
+
+In order to really have some help, I am going to call upon Mr. Louis
+Gerardi of Illinois, Mr. Ferguson of Iowa, Mr. Max Hardy of Georgia, Mr.
+Ward of Indiana, and Mr. Wilkinson also of Indiana and Mr. Bernath of
+Poughkeepsie, New York.
+
+The subject matter of the panel will be limited to the propagation of
+hickories, which includes the pecan.
+
+Who has some questions that they'd like to bring up?
+
+MR. SALZER: Which varieties will grow on fairly wet soil?
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: That is a question pertaining to culture, rather than
+propagation, but we can still allow it. Which varieties--I presume you
+mean species, is that correct?--will grow on fairly wet soil? I think
+Mr. Ward has a little bit of black soil in that good, old state of
+Indiana.
+
+MR. SALZER: I mean soil that doesn't dry well in the spring. I have one
+spot that's too wet for chestnuts.
+
+MR. WARD: I wouldn't put any hickory nuts on it. You are going to find
+it is going to be very difficult for if the soil is the least bit heavy
+or wet, the hickory nut does not do well at all. In the Wabash bottoms
+there is a lot of this black soil that is overflowed every year, and
+some of the finest hickory nuts and some of the finest pecans that you
+can find in the country are there. Sometimes I have seen water marks on
+those hickory trees several feet from the ground in the spring of the
+year and sometimes in the summer, yet they come through with a good crop
+of nuts. Underneath it is a strata of gravel so that the soil drains out
+in a hurry.
+
+MR. SALZER: This has subsoil drainage.
+
+MR. WARD: The soil around Rochester is very heavy like what we call
+slashland type of soil here in Indiana, and where this occurs we find
+that the hickory nut does very, very poorly. I wouldn't advise putting
+them on such soils. The black walnut will grow a lot better in places
+like that.
+
+MR. GERARDI: In Illinois we have that deep, black soil and we just call
+it plain gumbo. It's all filled-in soil, and I never have reached the
+bottom. It's at least 20 feet thick. And these swamp hickories--I think
+Reed was the one that called them swamp hickories--thrive there. They
+can be two months under water six foot deep, and still bear wonderful
+crops. You can get a wagon load of them in that mucky soil.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: The hickory in New York State which will stand the most
+moist conditions is the bitternut hickory, and with that root stock you
+may be able to get some of the others through. The shagbark will
+withstand considerable moisture if it has deep soil. The bitternut does
+well on shallow soil or the soil that is made shallow by high water.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The bitternut, then, will survive wet conditions. This is
+of interest as far as root stocks are concerned. I am wondering if
+anyone would like to report on the ability of the pecan to take wet soil
+conditions.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: They will turn out all right if they have dry feet during
+the summer months, but they will not stand wet feet all summer.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Will the bitternut do better, or would the mockernut?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I am not well enough versed on that to say. But the
+pecan, I have seen them stand under water for weeks at a time two or
+three times during the winter, water 20 feet deep and not affect them at
+all. But if they are around in a place where the water stands in July
+and August, they won't take it.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Any other discussion on stocks that will take wet soil
+conditions? If not, let us take up Mr. Beckert's question: When do you
+take scion wood of the shagbark hickory? Who would like to answer that?
+Mr. Gerardi?
+
+MR. GERARDI: The time I like best, the time it can be done in our
+particular area is the latter part of February. Leave it on the tree as
+long as you can before any sap rises.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: You would say probably 10 days to 2 weeks before the bud
+scales would break?
+
+MR. GERARDI: That's right, before any growth begins.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Any other comment on that? Dr. McKay?
+
+DR. MCKAY: I want to ask the question about which there is difference of
+opinion. Do pecan seed have a rest period, and is there any difference
+between pecans and hickory in that respect?
+
+MR. HARDY: I am not sure that I can answer the question exactly. Most
+pecans planted for seed have been allowed to dry before they are
+harvested, and it is general practice to stratify them either in sand
+for planting in the spring or planting them immediately in the fall. I
+am inclined to think that there is very little rest period in pecans and
+that if they were planted immediately from the tree that perhaps they
+would begin to grow almost immediately.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think that's true. The seed will germinate quickly. But can
+you plant dry seed any time during the winter?
+
+MR. HARDY: Once they are dried I think they must go through
+after-ripening conditions.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Do I understand you correctly that you do feel that the
+pecan must be after-ripened?
+
+MR. HARDY: Yes, if permitted to dry.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The work of Burdette in Texas a great many years ago has
+indicated that the pecan seed does not have a rest period. Mr.
+Wilkinson, what has been your experience in germinating pecan seeds?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I usually like to either plant or stratify soon after
+gathering, although one time I had some off the shelf of a grocery store
+in March and got excellent results. One thing more about time of cutting
+graft wood. I never like to cut it for at least 48 hours after a
+freezing temperature, regardless of time. I would rather cut it in April
+with the buds green than to cut it in the first of March right after a
+freeze. I have had excellent results just this spring cutting extra
+graft wood with green buds on. But if you cut it within 48 hours after a
+freezing temperature, you might just as well throw it away.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am very glad you brought that out. Irrespective of
+whether it be pecan or hickory, I believe it would work the same, that
+the scion wood should be cut when it is moist, and that is not the
+condition after a freeze, when it is in very dry condition.
+
+Let's get back to this seed propagation now. I am asking anyone here,
+can you throw any light at all on the need for stratification of pecan
+or hickory seed of any species.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I have read in several publications that hickories should
+be stratified over the winter period before planting for spring
+germination. I always find things a little bit different, so a year ago
+at the greenhouse I took seven different sources of seed of shagbark
+hickory, _Carya ovata_ and one source of _Carya ovalis_. Some of those
+seeds germinated within three weeks from the time I put them in, and
+after a month and a half I had a full stand in all cases. I don't think
+that more than 2 per cent of the seeds failed to germinate. They were
+planted in warm greenhouse, with a minimum of, about 68 degrees at
+night and about 90 during the day. They were planted in a combination of
+peat and garden soil; no special care other than water. I have had no
+trouble since the seedlings have continued to grow, even though the
+seeds were planted only two and a half inches deep. So it may be that
+there is no need for stratifying hickories.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Your experience is the exact duplication of Dr. Lelia
+Barton's of the Boyce-Thompson Institute. She found that hickory seeds
+germinated from three weeks, as you did, to a number of months, when put
+in a warm greenhouse. Apparently the difference in time is related to
+the thickness of the seed coat or possibly to an inhibitor in the
+pellicle rather than to any need for after-ripening. I think that
+Burdette in Texas also pointed out that thick-shelled pecans took longer
+to germinate than thin-shelled pecans.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If you take a nut of any kind and let it dry and plant it,
+you will get quicker germination than if you plant it soon after
+harvest. I don't see any difference in taking a nut and planting it and
+stratifying it. If planted the rodents will get it, but if you put it in
+something all winter, it will be there in the spring. I don't see any
+reason for planting a nut in the fall, taking a chance of rodents
+getting at them. If you plant them in the spring, they come up so much
+quicker that the rodents don't have a chance to get at them. They got
+nearly all of mine that I planted in the fall.
+
+MR. HARDY: A good many nuts don't have any rest period requirements. I
+think it probably is a matter of convenience as to the manner in which
+they are handled. I have talked with nurserymen in the South. If they
+get the nuts in the fall they may either plant them in the fall or
+stratify them over winter and then plant them in the rows in the spring.
+If they get them in the spring, they soak them for a day or two days in
+water before planting. Perhaps the dry nut is slow in taking up moisture
+direct from the soil, and they are primarily interested in getting a
+uniform stand of trees so that they handle it in such a manner that all
+the nuts will grow at the same time. And I believe many will agree that
+a dry nut planted in the spring will show considerable variation as to
+the time in which they appear above ground.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The suggestion of soaking them in water a few days is well
+taken, because a great many have recommended it. Most folks recommend
+changing the water daily. By changing the water you replace the oxygen
+which would be in the water, and you also eliminate any toxic substances
+which may have leached out of the shells during the preceding 24 hours.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to mention the reason for raising this question. Dr.
+Crane has the idea that there is no definite rest period in the pecan
+nut; if they are soaked in water they will sprout at any time.
+
+I decided I would test that hypothesis, so I stratified one group of
+nuts of about four pounds. Another lot of four pounds I kept in the
+laboratory dry all winter long. Then I planted the two lots of nuts this
+spring together, side by side, in the cold frame. Today there is not a
+single seedling growing out of the dry lot, and there is a perfect stand
+in the group that was stratified.
+
+To me that means that there is a definite rest period in the pecan seed.
+I don't see how you can get away from it.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I am going to stick my neck out a little bit. I have
+absolutely no basis to make this statement, but it does give us
+something to think about. That is the greater the distance towards the
+north that certain species of plants may have migrated or disseminated,
+the greater the rest period requirement. That is a protective device for
+a species to persist in northern climates, because if it were not for
+this rest period, those seed would germinate in the fall of the year,
+and the young seedlings would be frozen out immediately. But by having
+the rest period requirement over winter, the seedlings do not germinate
+until the following spring, and the plant can persist. I am speaking now
+in general of northern plants. I am wondering if the pecan species in
+itself may not be variable in that the southern pecan does not need a
+rest period, and the northern pecan is beginning to develop the rest
+period requirement.
+
+MR. HARDY: Mr. Chairman, I am inclined to think there may be some other
+factor entering into the picture there. A pecan carried through winter
+in a dry condition at normal room temperatures would be liable to
+develop quite a bit of rancidity by spring. Furthermore, nuts that have
+been held over so long in a dry condition may still be good and may
+germinate the second year. I'd hesitate to destroy that planting until
+next spring, and to my notion that does not indicate dormancy so much as
+it would possibly indicate the inhibition of growth by some other
+products developed during that storage period.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: You have brought up a very important point and something
+we should not neglect. It may be that drying to a certain degree will
+induce dormancy, a grievously overworked word, but you know what I mean.
+It may take two years for the seed to germinate, as Mr. Hardy has
+suggested. If you can leave them in that cold frame over this winter,
+maybe you can tell us next year just what happened.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If we take nature's way, watch a squirrel plant a hickory or
+black walnut. He will bury it about an inch deep, and it will stay moist
+all winter long, the same as if it were stratified. But if you take a
+nut and store in a hot place you are going to slow up or kill that germ.
+
+You can do that very easily in a chestnut. Take a little advice from
+nature itself in the locality where you are. If you are in the South,
+that nut can start growing in the fall, and it probably won't hurt it,
+but if you are in the North, you don't want to start a nut growing in
+the winter, because it's going to get winter killed.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: In all probability the amount of oxygen about the
+germinating seedling might be quite a factor. The shallow planted seed
+will have more oxygen available than deep planted seed, everything else
+being equal.
+
+If we are finished with the discussion or germination of seeds, we can
+go on to the next question, that of a suitable root stock for
+hickory--and that could keep us here for two or three days. Have you had
+some experience, Mr. Ferguson?
+
+MR. FERGUSON: We use the pecan and the shagbark as root stock for the
+hickory group. Formerly we have used some of the bitternut, but we do
+not use it any more. Some of the hickories will grow well on pecan, and
+some are not satisfactory at all. What they will do in old age is hard
+to tell. We have a few in the orchard down in Mr. Snyder's farm. I think
+we have Stratford on pecan, which is not satisfactory. Pecan grows too
+fast for the Stratford, and some way or other it just doesn't work.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Are you familiar with Mr. Lassiter's stock work?
+
+MR. FERGUSON: He has used the Rockville as an intermediate stock on
+pecan. The Rockville is a hybrid of the pecan and the shellbark.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Lassiter sent us a letter in which he stated that he
+had a good variety of shagbark that when grafted on the Rockville
+intermediate stock produced much better nuts than on pecans alone. Is
+that due to the exceptional vigor of Rockville which apparently is a
+hybrid and may have hybrid vigor? Again, we can only guess. This
+interstock problem is a big problem. We now have some evidence that
+pecan is not always satisfactory for all varieties of hickory, although
+Mr. Dunstan at Greensboro, North Carolina, states it's been satisfactory
+for every variety he has worked upon it.
+
+MR. HARDY: I am inclined to believe that root stocks and scion varieties
+worked in the north and grown in the north or worked in the south and
+grown in the south may not react the same.
+
+MR. WILSON: I think you are right on that.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Gilbert Smith's report of yesterday indicated a pecan
+was not satisfactory with him in New York State, and that may bear out
+the comment that Mr. Hardy has made.
+
+MR. GERARDI: Well, I think that is true enough, myself. In southern
+Illinois I find that the bitternut hickory root for shellbark or
+shagbark don't seem to be satisfactory at all. With the shagbark on
+pecan, the variety of shagbark makes a difference. Some varieties of
+shagbark, and shellbark hickories seem to do all right, and then again
+others don't. It's going to need further study to determine what
+varieties will stand on pecans, what will stand on bitter hickories, or
+what will stand on regular ovata stock. I think that the nurseryman's
+wisest way is to use stocks of the same species as the scion and then he
+is on the safe side. Because the bitter hickory grows faster, the
+nurseryman may find it advantageous to grow the bitter hickory stock in
+preference to the other two.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: The bitter stock makes a hickory big enough to graft in
+two or three years.
+
+MR. GERARDI: In two or three, and four or five for the shagbark.
+Shagbark or shellbark varieties on bitternut may grow for three or four
+years and then die.
+
+The pecan does well on the bitter hickory and the bitter hickory on the
+pecan, but I have no reason to grow any bitter hickory because I don't
+like the nut. I think it's a waste of time to fool with it that way.
+
+As far as the hybrid pecans are concerned, the pecan root is certainly
+the right stock to use on all hybrids. They grow very satisfactorily and
+bear well.
+
+MR. WHITFORD: I have Gerardi and McAllister hybrids growing on pecan,
+and the Downing overgrows the pecan.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: To summarize some of this information that we have
+gathered this morning on root stocks, it seems that different clones
+behave differently on the same stock. That is true, we know, with other
+plants, such as apple. Instead of saying that shagbark is not compatible
+with pecan, perhaps we should say that the Davis or the Wilcox variety
+of shagbark is not compatible with a certain type of pecan. It's going
+to take years of effort to find out the truth of the matter.
+
+MR. WARD: Sometimes you will find that a two-year-old scion, if you can
+get a dormant bud coming, is better than the matured wood from last
+year. I'd just like to get an opinion from some of the growers what they
+use for topworking stocks for grafting.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: I think one thing quite important is to get scion wood
+that has a good layer of wood around the pith, whether one-year wood or
+two-year wood. At the base of the year's growth it will have a lot more
+wood in it. At the tip the wood around the pith is thin.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Some years ago Dr. MacDaniels stated that a good scion may
+be made with the tip of the scion in the one-year wood and the base of
+the scion in the two-year wood.
+
+Mr. Bernath at Poughkeepsie, New York, has done some bench grafting of
+hickory. Why other people have not done so, I do not know, and I'd like
+Mr. Bernath to tell us briefly just why he likes to bench graft hickory.
+
+MR. BERNATH: I like it because I do my work in the wintertime under
+glass. I have no time in the spring to fuss with outside grafting. So if
+you gentlemen would like to hear it, I will tell you all about it.
+
+Many years ago when I learned my profession, we had difficulty in
+finding a method to graft oaks. We finally did find a method that would
+take and which I have found successful with hickories.
+
+The stocks are dug in the fall and stored heeled in earth. When I am
+ready to graft I put them on a table, along with the scion wood and
+start grafting. I use the side graft at the crown leaving a short spur
+above the graft. Leave them unwaxed and layer them in moss peat in a
+glass covered frame in the greenhouse with some ventilation. In three or
+four weeks' time, when the union has formed and just before the leaves
+come out, take them out and plant them in a cold frame outside. Of
+course you have to put glass on it to protect them from frost, as well
+as intense sun. Here you can use part peat and part soil. Leave them
+there for one year in those frames, with partial shade, until they get
+fairly high so they shade each other. They can then be set in the
+nursery row.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. Bernath, I know there are some folks here who are
+nurserymen and who are interested in the cost of production of a
+finished tree. Do you feel that you can produce a tree to transplant any
+height you want to select, five, six feet, so on, as cheaply according
+to this method of bench grafting in the greenhouse as if you bud it or
+graft it in a nursery row?
+
+MR. BERNATH: That's a question. I have never kept a record of that. It
+is all right for a young man who is able to get down on his hands and
+knees and graft, but for me that wouldn't do.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: What temperature do you use in the frames?
+
+MR. BERNATH: About 65. Sun heat naturally will raise it. Care must be
+used to ventilate the frames in the greenhouse to prevent condensation
+soaking the grafts.
+
+MR. FERGUSON: Do you carry higher temperatures for walnuts?
+
+MR. BERNATH: All of them about the same. You follow the method just the
+same as nature. If you follow nature, you will never go wrong. But you
+have to watch out for fungus in the case, because if you have excessive
+temperature, the fungus disease will get in your case and ruin the whole
+thing.
+
+MR. WARD: I presume, Mr. Bernath, when you set out a tree and get a
+hundred per cent stand it's going to reduce your cost.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, because you have a better take, because you have
+everything under control, moisture, heat, ventilation, and so on.
+
+MR. BECKERT: Are the hickory stocks potted before you graft, or are you
+grafting bare roots?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Hickory and oaks are bare rooted. They are too long to pot.
+
+MR. SHESSLER: How many years are lost in this method of bench grafting
+compared with field grafting trees in the nursery row?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Quite a few. The gentleman is right, if you graft outside
+where the tree remains, you get a big growth on it.
+
+MR. SHESSLER: In other words, a tree grafted out in the field will have
+nuts on it three years sooner?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes if you leave it where it is. But if you transplant it,
+look out for a large tree. It is likely to fail.
+
+Bench grafted trees transplant easily. The roots are limited and little
+of the root system is destroyed.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I have been propagating for about 39 years, and I have
+grafted thousands of pecan trees in my nursery, and I have only a few
+trees growing from grafts. Budding is much more successful with me.
+Several times I have had up to a 90 per cent stand by budding.
+
+MR. GERARDI: I have tried bench grafting but it sets you back three
+years in the nursery to get a tree of equal size compared to grafting in
+the nursery row. If you want a small tree, it's all right. And then
+again, it's your help situation. If you have got to set them out, they
+handle the grafts like brush, and I don't like that. Hickory is not hard
+to graft in the field. I think if you set 10 you get 9 to grow. For
+scions I go back on two-year wood and oftentimes on three-year wood
+where there are buds. I don't have trouble at all. With pecans, you have
+a little more difficulty, because the wood is more pithy inside and
+doesn't grow so well.
+
+MR. BERNATH: With any tree, I don't care what it is, give me one-year
+growth, this year's growth, and I am going to have wonderful success.
+When you take the old wood you have to be sure that you have buds.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: This last discussion certainly shows that, there
+is more than one way to get results. The fact remains that all these
+different men are producing hickory and other trees by various different
+means of grafting and budding. They have their own techniques which
+worked. What there is behind it from a scientific basis we probably
+don't understand too well at the present time.
+
+I now call on Dr. McKay to present his paper. Dr. McKay.
+
+
+
+
+A Promising New Pecan for the Northern Zone
+
+J. W. MCKAY and H. L. CRANE[2]
+
+
+In late 1949 Professor A. F. Vierheller, Extension Horticulturist at the
+University of Maryland, College Park, obtained two small pecans from an
+exhibit at the Prince Georges County Fair, Upper Marlboro, Maryland,
+which he sent to the Office of Nut Investigations at Beltsville,
+Maryland. These nuts were very thin shelled and contained solid, well
+developed kernels very light in color and attractive. We gave them no
+particular heed until the fall of 1951, when the authors together with
+Professor Vierheller, P. E. Clark, County Agent of Prince Georges
+County, visited the tree on which they had been produced. We found also
+a number of other pecan trees nearby. All of them were on an old
+southern Maryland estate known as Brookfield. The present owner is John
+C. Duvall, whose address is Naylor, a small southern Maryland community
+located about 25 miles southeast of Washington, D. C. in the heart of
+the tobacco growing area.
+
+_Origin of the Duvall trees_: The present trees probably grew from nuts
+sent to Maryland from the vicinity of Iron Mountain, Missouri, by a
+friend of the Duvall family named Mrs. Mary Medora Johnson. Mrs. Johnson
+had lived in Maryland as a neighbor of the Duvall family and when she
+moved to Missouri she apparently was so impressed with the native pecan
+that she sent nuts to her friends in Maryland for planting. This must
+have happened about 1850 since the oldest trees at Brookfield are
+estimated to be about 100 years old and Mrs. Johnson was a friend of
+John C. Duvall's grandmother. In terms of the human life span the trees
+are thus three generations removed from the time of planting, a time
+period which fits fairly well the estimated age of 100 years based upon
+size of the trees.
+
+_Description_: The three largest trees are approximately equal in size
+and undoubtedly represent the original planting. The eight other trees
+are all smaller and could well have originated as seedlings of the
+original three. Five of the largest trees have been given numbers 1 to 5
+and will be referred to by number. Duvall No. 1, 2 and 5 are the three
+large trees situated more or less in a circle surrounding the old
+mansion, each about 100 yards from the others. The smaller trees are
+located more or less between and around the larger ones, the old mansion
+being on a slight knoll in the center of the planting. The original
+dwelling of Brookfield is now crumbling ruins, part of the building
+being more than 200 years old, according to Mr. Duvall, who lives in a
+modern new country home across the road from the original mansion. The
+three large trees have a diameter at breast height of approximately 4
+feet and all of them have a branch spread of more than 150 feet. They
+are 75 to 100 feet tall. All of the trees have very narrow and pointed
+leaflets characteristic of Texas and southwestern varieties, and they
+are remarkably free of insect pests and diseases.
+
+The nuts from this group of seedlings are variable in size and
+appearance as might be expected of those from any group of pecan
+seedlings. However, one of the most striking characteristics of all the
+nuts is that the kernels are solid and well developed. This is an
+unusual characteristic for pecans grown in the latitude of Washington,
+D. C. In all of the varieties that are usually grown in this area none
+which regularly fill their nuts well are known. Another outstanding
+characteristic of all of the nuts produced by these seedlings is the
+bright, attractive color of the kernel. In fact, when the nuts of Duvall
+No. 1 are promptly harvested and dried in the fall, the kernels are
+almost white. Nuts that stayed on the ground 6 months during the winter
+of 1951-52 were harvested in late March 1952 and the kernels were still
+in good condition. Some of the nuts were on display at the Rockport
+meetings. Small size of nut is without question the chief undesirable
+characteristic of these trees. Duvall No. 5 produces the largest nuts of
+all the seedlings but they are so small that more than 100 are required
+to weigh a pound. Duvall No. 1 produces the smallest nuts and almost 200
+are required to weigh a pound.
+
+_Past Yields_: The one characteristic that sets these trees apart from
+all other pecan trees that we have observed in the Maryland area is that
+they yield heavy crops of nuts every year. We have known the trees only
+since the fall of 1951 but have observed two crops and Mr. Duvall has
+observed their performance for many years. In the fall of 1951 Duvall
+No. 2 yielded an estimated 8 to 10 bushels of nuts. Mr. Duvall harvested
+3 bushels and he knew that 3 bushels were harvested by friends of the
+family. An unknown quantity estimated at several bushels was plowed
+under when wheat was sown shortly before we visited the tree in the fall
+of 1951. The tree had a heavy set of nuts in August 1952 and Mr. Duvall
+predicted that it would probably yield as much this year as last. He
+told us that the three oldest trees always have had annual crops of nuts
+except for 1 or 2 years when one of the trees failed to produce as much
+as usual. He could not remember which of the trees produced the light
+crops but he was certain that light crops were borne at only very
+infrequent intervals.
+
+_Sweeney Tree_: The two nuts originally sent us by Professor Vierheller
+were produced by a tree growing approximately 200 yards from the nearest
+Duvall tree on a part of the farm recently subdivided and now occupied
+by a tenant named Sweeney. Mrs. Sweeney placed the plate of nuts on
+exhibit at the Prince Georges County Fair and from this plate Professor
+Vierheller procured the sample which he sent. Hence this tree has become
+known informally as the Sweeney tree. Its nuts are very long and pointed
+but in other respects resemble very closely those produced by the other
+trees. The Sweeney tree is undoubtedly a seedling of one of the three
+large Duvall trees. This tree also has an impressive yield record, as
+Mrs. Sweeney said that she has harvested a bushel or more of nuts from
+the tree every year during the ten or more years that she has lived on
+the place. In 1952 the Sweeney tree was bearing a heavy crop of nuts.
+
+_Soil_: The trees growing on soil that is classified as Sassafras fine
+sandy loam in the heart of the southern Maryland tobacco growing
+district. This soil type, one of the best agricultural soils of the
+area, is not generally regarded as one of high fertility. This soil is
+well drained and aerated and friable to a considerable depth, thus
+permitting the trees to root deeply. None of the trees are growing under
+crowded conditions since they are located around the margins of the
+building sites of the old homestead. The question now is whether grafted
+trees propagated from the best of the Duvall seedlings will yield heavy
+crops of well filled nuts that will mature early under other conditions
+of soil and climate in other localities. We are inclined to believe that
+some or all of these trees may represent a line of pecan genetically
+constituted to bear heavy crops of nuts every year under conditions in
+Maryland. If trees propagated from the Duvall trees will perform
+elsewhere in the northern zone there will be available for this area a
+new type of pecan that we feel will be distinctly worthwhile
+notwithstanding the small size of the nuts. Present varieties of the
+so-called northern pecan grown in the northern zone perform erratically
+at best and when many of the varieties produce crops the nuts fail to
+mature and fill properly.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Horticulturist and Principal Horticulturist, Bureau of
+Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, United States
+Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.]
+
+
+
+
+The Hickory in Indiana
+
+W. B. WARD, _Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+Mr. Charles C. Deam, forester, naturalist and botanist, in his book
+"Trees of Indiana," revised 1952, lists seven distinct types of hickory
+in the state and nine sub species. As Deam is approaching his 87th year
+(August 30), he makes this statement: "I thought I knew trees, and
+hickories especially, but at this time when I can hardly see and write I
+find there is a great need for reclassification." What is true in
+Indiana is no doubt true in other areas where _Hicoria_ grows--each year
+new seedlings and hybrids are found that just step out of any previous
+description and a new tree may result or change the published data.
+
+Some trees develop five leaflets, while others have seven and nine
+leaflets. The bark may be smooth, rough, scaly, or shag. The nuts will
+vary in size and form with a thin to quite thick shell. This, of course,
+applies to the seedlings as the grafted or budded varieties vary only
+with the location, season, and growing conditions.
+
+The present classification, according to Deam, is as follows:
+
+   1. _Carya pecan_--Pecan.
+   2. _C. cordiformis_--Bitternut.
+   3. _C. ovata_--Shagbark and 2 sub species--_fraxinifolia_ and _nuttali_.
+   4. _C. laciniosa_--Bigleaf Shagbark (Shellbark).
+   5. _C. tomentosa (alba)_--Mockernut--one sub species.
+   6. _C. glabra_--Pignut and sub species--Black Hickory.
+   7. _C. ovalis_--Small-Fruited Hickory and 5 sub species.
+   8. _C. pallida_  }
+   9. _C. buckleyi_ } --Minor species of lesser importance.
+
+The hickory species thrive in Indiana, doing very well in all sections
+except in certain portions of the northwestern part of the state and on
+muck or sandy soils. The tree loves company or does well alone. When the
+hickory stands alone, the trees are well formed and make a good
+specimen tree. Many hickory trees are found growing in the river bottom
+land from Central to Southern Indiana with fewer trees found north of a
+line extending from Terre Haute through Indianapolis to Richmond. This
+southern area also contains the largest population of pecans. There are
+some woods that contain only pecan trees while a mile or so away no
+pecans are found but all are hickories and occasionally some woods
+contain both pecan and hickory. The trees in the woods areas, many of
+which seem to be the same species, produce a wide variety of fruits.
+When the trees are more closely examined there is a difference in the
+bark, the branch, the leaf, pubescence, shape of nut and shell
+structure. As there are all seedling trees in this particular woods,
+several outstanding trees have been checked and especially as to
+cracking qualities of the nuts. At harvest time a hammer is part of the
+equipment and the nuts are cracked at the tree and the tree marked for
+discard or further consideration.
+
+
+Future Possibilities of the Hickory
+
+The hickory nut has not reached the popularity of the pecan, although
+the hickory contains more protein and slightly less fat, carbohydrates,
+and calories per pound than the pecan. Where the pecan does not fruit,
+the better hickories, which are hardy, fill the need. The named
+varieties are good and trees are available from some nurserymen. The
+propagators have developed a few new crosses but man is far behind
+nature in this work. The many new seedling trees scattered all over the
+regions where the hickory grows require only propagation and
+distribution for wider acclaim.
+
+The development of a new hickory is a long-time process, yet may be
+hastened by first planting the nuts for new seedlings and when the
+growth is mature to bud or graft the seedling on large rootstocks. When
+old trees have been top-worked it is only two or three years' time until
+the fruit develops and, if worthy of propagation, much time may be saved
+by this method.
+
+Most of the hickories have either 32 or 64 chromosomes, except pecan
+which varies from 20 to 24 to possibly 32. The chances of making
+suitable crosses between the pecan and hickory are most difficult yet it
+appears that these chance crosses result from time to time as in the
+hican through natural cross pollination.
+
+How extensive will be the plantings of the hickories is yet to be
+determined but it is a known fact that many people, especially north of
+the route of Federal Highway 40, prefer the hickory to the pecan. This
+may be due to the fact that from childhood the hickory was the local
+fruit. The fruit and tree hold great promise for the future. If the
+hickories are to be of commercial importance, the work must be done by
+all concerned and not left to a few eager individuals to carry on the
+work alone.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Mr. Chairman, members of the Association, I hope you will
+bear with me if I run 30 seconds over. Perhaps I had better point out
+that my training is that of an engineer and not a botanist, hence this
+report on the Merrick tree is that of a layman. I have not bothered to
+go into detail on the various features of the tree, such as leaves,
+buds, and so forth, because I have slides which you will see afterwards.
+
+
+
+
+The Merrick Hybrid Walnut
+
+P. E. MACHOVINA, _Columbus, Ohio_
+
+
+The Merrick hybrid walnut is a natural cross between Persian and black
+walnut and is distinguished from most other such hybrids by the good
+crops it usually bears. The tree is located in Rome Township, Athens
+County, Ohio, on property owned by Mr. M. M. Merrick a farmer and fruit
+grower.
+
+In August, 1950, Mr. Merrick first described his "English" walnut to the
+writer and arrangements were made to view the tree. Most striking at
+first sight was the large crop of nuts. The general outward appearance
+of the tree suggested it to be pure Persian; however, upon closer
+examination, mixed parentage became evident. As a hybrid, the tree's
+history was a matter of interest and the owner was happy to supply what
+information he could.
+
+Mr. Merrick purchased the property on which the hybrid is located, in
+1921. A few years prior to this, the previous owner had planted six
+Persian walnut trees obtained from a nursery in northern Ohio. These
+young trees bore their first crop of nuts during Mr. Merrick's first
+year of ownership. It is known that the nursery owners were also
+proprietors of a commercial Persian walnut orchard located in the
+vicinity of Niagara Falls. With this combination of date and orchard
+location, it seems not illogical to presume that the six nursery trees
+were of the Pomeroy strain. From Mr. Merrick's description of the nuts
+produced by these trees, they appear to have been two each of three
+different grafted varieties. In the early nineteen-thirties, Mr. Merrick
+planted several nuts from the Persian trees and raised a number of
+seedlings. One of these seedlings, transplanted to its present location,
+is the subject of this discussion and is presumed to be a cross between
+one of the six Persians and a native black walnut. During the late
+nineteen-thirties, all of the trees, Persians and seedlings, with the
+single exception of the existing hybrid, were killed by an unusually
+hard winter.
+
+The Merrick hybrid walnut, now about 20 years of age, is an extremely
+vigorous and healthy tree. Its height is between 55 and 60 feet and its
+spread nearly as great. Trunk diameter is at present about 12 inches at
+breast height. The location of the tree is very favorable, being near
+the crest of a high ridge and with protection from the northwest by the
+house. A chicken yard is near and the kitchen drain empties close by to
+supply moisture.
+
+In nearly all aspects excepting the nut itself, the tree favors its
+pistillate parent. This is evidenced by the general shape of the tree,
+by the texture and color of the bark of limbs and twigs, and by the
+shape and color of the leaves, the buds, the flowers, and the nut hull.
+Hybridity is indicated by the (usually) eleven leaflets to the leaf
+stem, by the nut, and in the disintegration of the hull which, after
+falling, quickly changes into a most disagreeable, dark-brownish,
+semi-liquidlike mess. The nut itself is much more like a Persian walnut
+in appearance than a black walnut. The shell surface is slightly rougher
+and somewhat darker than most Persian nuts. The suture of the Persian
+parent is prominent. Black walnut parentage is exhibited by the thick
+shell, the interior configuration and in the flavor of the small kernel.
+Nut size varies somewhat with diameters ranging from 1 to 1-1/4 inches
+and lengths ranging from 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches.
+
+The bloom, which is strikingly like that of pure Persian trees, is
+always profuse and precedes that of the surrounding native black walnuts
+by a week or two. In the two years during which the writer has observed
+the tree, the greater part of the staminate bloom has preceded the
+pistillate by several days. This was noticeably the case during the
+current year, and either this, or the rainy weather, has resulted in a
+small set of nuts which the owner states to be unusual. During the years
+observed, the tree appeared to be self-pollinating.
+
+It is recognized, of course, that the Merrick hybrid is worthless as a
+producer of edible nuts. The possible value of the tree lies in
+opportunities it offers in being the forbearer of more worthwhile
+progeny. We know of the vast possibilities in hybridization. We know of
+the difficulties involved in obtaining nuts from controlled crosses
+between Persian and black walnut trees; and we know that seedling trees
+raised from the nuts of such crosses are almost always sterile. The
+Merrick hybrid, yielding good crops, offers possibilities both in
+crossbreeding and in the raising of seedling trees from the nuts of the
+tree itself. In the latter connection, Drs. Crane and McKay, of the
+U.S.D.A., requested several pounds of Merrick nuts for planting purposes
+this spring. The writer himself planted five such nuts, of which four
+germinated. Of the four trees, one died early in the season, while the
+remaining three have thrived. The heights attained by the three
+remaining trees thus far this season are 1, 2, and 3 feet, respectively.
+These trees have the general appearance of young Persian seedlings.
+
+The only crossbreeding attempted thus far ended in failure when a storm
+destroyed most of the bags prior to application of pollen. Persian
+pollen was used on the few bloom remaining covered but, unfortunately,
+no nuts were set. The experiment will be continued. Also, the Merrick
+will be topworked onto producing walnuts, both Persian and black, in the
+hope of obtaining nuts from which interesting and perhaps better second
+generation hybrids can be raised.
+
+An interesting point of conjecture on which to terminate this report,
+and one to which nut experts will likely give little credence, may be
+found in a statement made by Mr. Merrick and vouched to by Mrs. Merrick.
+The statement is to the effect that the nuts borne by the Merrick during
+its early years, that is, prior to the time the adjacent Persians were
+killed, were of much better quality, being more like Persian walnuts
+both in appearance and in flavor. We've heard of "pollen influence" with
+chestnuts. Did it occur here?
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+Producing Quality Nuts and Quality Logs
+
+L. E. SAWYER, _Director, Division of Forestry and Reclamation, Indiana
+Coal Producers Association_
+
+
+I was trained as a forester and having worked at the profession for
+nearly thirty years, my first thought of trees is for their utility in
+building or in cabinet work. In school we were taught that the fruit of
+forest trees was a by-product. Its economic importance was not
+emphasized nor was the possibility of establishing stands of some
+species specifically for the production of their fruit.
+
+Through the years the value of the nut crop from some species has
+increased so that the fruit is now the primary crop and any wood
+materials that may be derived are the by-product. This production of
+valuable food and necessary materials of high quality for the building
+of quality furniture and interior finish is a combination that will work
+well together.
+
+Black walnut, the most highly utilized of any of our native timber for
+furniture, veneer, and cabinet work is becoming increasingly more
+difficult for the mills to obtain in larger sized logs. Native chestnut,
+almost completely destroyed in our timbered areas by the chestnut
+blight, is in demand for interior finish. Pecan, which has had only a
+limited use in the past, is now enjoying a market for the manufacture of
+flooring.
+
+The production of nuts from plantations or orchards of these three
+species will no doubt produce greater economic returns for many years
+after the initial planting than could be derived from the sale of the
+trees for the wood they contain. There will come a time in the life of
+any tree when it is no longer a profitable producer and should be
+replaced by a younger, more thrifty tree. When that time comes, the tree
+to be removed will have no economic value unless it contains products
+that industry can use. With the thought in mind that the wood from the
+tree is to have some future economic value the trunk of the tree should
+be kept free of all limbs to a height of about nine feet above the
+ground. The development of a large spreading top above that point will
+be desirable for nut production. The space below that top will give
+ample head room for maintenance work in the orchard and that clear
+length of trunk will produce a high quality log eight feet long. That is
+the minimum standard length normally used by the lumber industry. Some
+shorter lengths are utilized by the veneer industry but those lengths
+usually command a lower unit price.
+
+The production of figured walnut could be combined with the production
+of one log per tree but it would take several more years to bring the
+trees to nut producing age. Mr. Wilkinson has successfully demonstrated
+that the figure of the Lamb Walnut does carry over through a graft or
+bud.
+
+A double budding operation should not be difficult to perform. It would
+simply consist of budding the figured stock on the root at as low a
+point as possible, then when the figured growth has reached sufficient
+height, of budding again to the desired variety for nut production. This
+procedure would no doubt require a few additional years before the first
+crop of fruit would be harvested but it would produce an extremely
+valuable log when the tree is finally cut.
+
+I would be remiss in my present job if I did not bring the revegetation
+program of the Indiana coal stripping industry into the discussion. That
+industry produces over fifty percent of the coal mined in Indiana today
+and is recovering coal that could not be mined by any other means.
+
+In driving to Rockport many of you no doubt passed by areas of newly
+mined land, rough, barren desolate looking areas with no vegetation.
+They have the appearance of complete desolation and give the impression
+that those lands are forever lost. In that same vicinity you no doubt
+passed plantations of pine, or mixture of pine or Locust with our native
+deciduous species. Those too were mined areas that a few short years ago
+were just as desolate in appearance as the bare areas you saw. These
+plantations are the direct result of a reclamation program started by
+the members of the Indiana Coal Producers Association, a program that
+has attracted national attention.
+
+The first record of an attempt at the reclamation of coal mine spoil is
+here in Indiana. In 1918, the Rowland Power Company, now owned by the
+Maumee Collieries Company, planted peach, apple and pear trees on mined
+land in Owen county. The records show that for a period of years the
+trees thrived and were good producers. Then, because the topography was
+rough and no spraying was done, disease and insects took their toll of
+the peaches and apples. Seedlings of the original apple and peach tree
+still grow on the area. The original Kieffer pear trees still stand and
+produce large crops of fruit.
+
+In 1926, the larger, more far sighted companies began a definite program
+of reforestation of their mined lands under the direction of Ralph
+Wilcox, at that time assistant State Forester and fortunately our State
+Forester today. That voluntary program was carried on until 1941 when
+the Indiana Coal Producers Association, the Association of the mining
+companies, sat down with representatives of the Indiana Department of
+Conservation, representing the state, and the Indiana Farm Bureau,
+representing the people, and drafted a bill which was enacted into law.
+This law required each company to obtain a permit from the state to
+operate and required that each company revegetate an area each year
+equal to 101% of the area they had mined. To insure compliance, a bond
+was required. This law remained in effect for ten years. In 1951,
+representatives of those same groups again sat down together and drafted
+several amendments to the original act. Some grading is now required
+where areas lie adjacent to public roads. Access roads must be provided
+and areas to be devoted to pasture must be graded so that they can be
+traversed with agricultural machinery.
+
+Under this program, sponsored by Industry, the Farm Bureau, and the
+Department of Conservation, 79% of the area that has been mined to date
+has been successfully revegetated. The remaining 21% is a natural lag
+and represents lands newly mined or areas that have not weathered to the
+point where they will support revegetation. The demand for recreation
+lands and home sites where water is available is constantly increasing.
+At least 13% of the revegetated area is now being used for public
+recreation or for home sites. Near the more heavily populated sections
+the price commanded by mined territory containing good lakes often
+exceeds the value of the land before it was mined.
+
+These lakes, formed in the final cuts and in low lying areas of the
+strip mines, furnish the only clean, clear water available for public
+recreation and fishing in the south western part of the state.
+
+The reforestation being carried on under the reclamation program
+consists of planting several species of pines, as well as a large
+variety of our native deciduous trees. The older plantations are being
+used as a guide as the research started in the last eight years has not
+progressed far enough to give conclusive results on many points. Until
+the last few years the Agricultural Experiment Station has devoted
+little or no time to the problem of reclaiming strip mine spoil. The
+area of the state that is involved, less than 1/4 of 1%, has been too
+small to justify the use of their limited funds. However, since funds
+have been made available to that Station, through the Industry, to
+establish research fellowships, the Station has given whole hearted
+cooperation. The information being obtained through these fellowships
+and through work being carried on cooperatively with the Central States
+Forest Experiment Station is going to answer many of the questions on
+reclamation we have been confronted with.
+
+Included in our reforestation has been a liberal scattering of black
+walnut. A breakdown of species is not available on much of the earlier
+work but since 1940, when accurate records have been maintained, we have
+planted 239,000 black walnut seedlings or seed. Initial survival is not
+high, averaging only about 50 percent but we still have a general
+distribution of seed trees that are providing a source of seed for
+natural reproduction. Trees from plantings made in 1927 to 1934 have
+grown well and we now have walnut trees over 10 inches in diameter and
+60 feet in height. The average for all areas would probably not exceed 5
+inches but individual trees have made remarkable growth. These trees are
+only seedlings, but they are bearing heavily and their fruit is sought
+by the local people.
+
+In 1946 and 1947, budded stock of walnuts and pecans and seedlings of
+Chinese chestnut were obtained from Mr. Wilkinson and were set out on
+six selected areas. A wide variety of sites were picked and a wide
+variation in both survival and growth has been obtained. No special
+treatment was given the areas where the trees were to be planted nor
+were the trees mulched or watered after planting. Even under these
+rugged conditions we have a survival of over 60 percent of all trees.
+The walnut trees now range from 5 to 12 feet in height and the pecans up
+to 6 feet. The chestnuts vary in form from low spreading plants 4-1/2 to
+5 feet in height and as much as 8 feet across to well formed trees 8 to
+10 feet tall. Pruning on all three species to produce a clear butt log
+has been started.
+
+Pasture seeding on areas high enough in available lime to support
+legumes is following a pattern laid down by three years of graduate
+study, financed by the Indiana Coal Producers Association, at Purdue and
+by work done by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station under a
+similar arrangement with the Illinois Coal Strippers Association.
+
+Unfortunately, we have only a small portion of the spoil area in Indiana
+that is suitable for the development of improved pasture. Not over 10
+percent of the area mined to date is good enough and that percentage
+will decrease. Modern operations are deeper than the early ones and are
+exposing more hard rock and shale. Fortunately, most of these areas can
+be reforested after three or four years. In exceptional cases less than
+5 percent of the area mined the exposed materials contain large amounts
+of sulfides. These break down into acid that in some cases require ten
+to twelve years to leach out before revegetation can be undertaken.
+
+The fact that these stands of trees established on raw spoil will
+produce merchantable timber has been proven. In 1951, an area was clear
+cut at the Enos mine in Pike county. The pines on this tract were
+planted in 1933-34. The products from that cutting, peeled posts and
+poles, were sold to the Indiana Wood Preserving Company at the rate of
+$335.59 per acre. An increase in value of $16.48 per acre per year.
+
+Pasture, forests and fishing are not the only products. Game of all
+varieties is abundant in the worked out areas. One of the largest herds
+of white tailed deer in the state, now referred to as the strip mine
+herd, is located in northern Warrick and southern Pike counties. In the
+Indiana deer season of 1951, the first open season since 1893, the
+second largest recorded kill came from the strip mine herd. The
+Pitman-Robertson report of the Division of Fish and Game carries the
+following comment on deer from that area. "The superiority of the
+diversified range of the strip mine herd was reflected in above average
+weights and measurements in most age classes."
+
+From the evidence at hand, there is every reason to believe that most of
+the mined area will again be highly productive forest land. It has
+completed the entire cycle of land use. Originally it supported
+magnificent stands of hardwood timber. This timber was cut and the lands
+devoted to farming. Poor management and erosion soon depleted the supply
+of top soil and many areas were abandoned to broom sedge, blackberries
+and gullies. Because it was close enough to the surface the coal has
+been removed and the areas replanted to many of the same species of
+trees.
+
+With this reestablishment of the forest cover and the creation of the
+lakes in the final cuts, we can again have our forest resource combined
+with fishing, hunting and other forms of outdoor recreation, some areas
+of pasture and, I believe, others that can be profitably devoted to the
+production of nut crops and the by-product of quality logs for the
+veneer and lumber industry.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: If you ever think you are going to sell your logs
+for veneer or lumber, don't nail hammocks or other things on the trees.
+The metal is very soon buried and causes no end of difficulty. We will
+go to the next paper, which is, "Colchicine as a Tool in Nut Breeding,"
+Mr. O. J. Eigsti, Funk Brothers Seed Co., Bloomington, Illinois.
+
+MR. EIGSTI: Three years ago this project was conceived in a discussion
+between Mr. Best and myself. Then during the two-year period, all I did
+was turn over some Colchicine to Mr. Best. Mr. Best took the material,
+treated the trees and performed as well as any graduate student I had
+ever graduated in the 13 years that I was in university work. It is
+through his fine cooperation that we are able to start this project, and
+I look forward to this developing into a rather important nut breeding
+venture. But as you all know, it will take a long time. I have this
+paper written. It's only four pages double-spaced.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicine for Nut Improvement Programs
+
+O. J. EIGSTI and R. B. BEST, _Normal, Illinois, and Eldred, Illinois_
+
+
+Colchicine (1, 2) as a plant breeders' tool is universally well known.
+Only limited use has been made of this technique for nut improvement.
+Early work was started by Dr. J. W. McKay, a member of the N.N.G.A., but
+numerous other problems demanded his attention and the Colchicine
+project was not carried to final completion. Other reports are at hand
+from Sweden and Japan but these results do not shed direct light on the
+problems under discussion today at Rockport, Indiana.
+
+Colchicine, acting on cell-division, ultimately causes a doubling of the
+number of chromosomes within those cells in contact with the substance
+at the time of division. Such changes are transferred to succeeding
+generations by the hereditary chain familiar to plant breeders. Several
+species of nuts are among this class of plants with doubled chromosomal
+numbers, however, such duplications occurred in nature. A report on this
+phase was given at a recent meeting of the N.N.G.A. Therefore such
+excellent nut producing species as the pecan are naturally doubled
+types, called polyploids. We find numbers such as 32 representative of a
+polyploid situation.
+
+Since colchicine is effective in doubling the chromosome number and that
+variations in chromosome number exist among species, the authors planned
+a series of experiments to determine the best methods of applying
+colchicine toward a nut improvement program. Seedlings of pecan were
+available and out of this experience a schedule is submitted that may be
+of use for other members of this association confronted with particular
+problems applicable to colchicine techniques.
+
+The most satisfactory schedule for doubling the number of chromosomes is
+given in a number of steps as listed below.
+
+1) Select expanding vegetative buds in the earliest stages of
+development.
+
+2) Use seedlings or branches from mature trees.
+
+3) Prune leaves and probe to the growing cone without damage to tissue.
+
+4) Pack a small wad of cotton into the terminal point.
+
+5) Soak this cotton by dropping .2% aqueous solution of colchicine on
+same.
+
+6) Add glycerine to cotton to improve penetration of colchicine.
+
+7) Place drop of colchicine on cotton morning and evening for four days.
+
+8) Remove cotton wading from bud on 5th day.
+
+9) If sufficient tests at hand, allow cotton to remain on some buds.
+
+10) Try for at least one hundred buds treated.
+
+11) Observe growth during first season and also next season.
+
+12) If treated bud dies, watch for growth among lower laterals.
+
+13) Evidence of changes appears in the new leaves, darker, thicker,
+greener.
+
+14) Conclusive evidence of doubling rests with microscopic and
+anatomical analysis which is a task for trained technicians only.
+
+The above procedures are suggestions for a start and everyone will wish
+to make changes suited to his particular needs. The concentration of
+colchicine need not be exact as in an analytical experiment in
+chemistry. One gram dissolved in 500 ml. water is an adequate and a
+sufficiently careful measurement. The local pharmacist or physician is
+well acquainted with colchicine in the practise of medicine since this
+drug is a standard for gout.
+
+Effective use may be made from two specific areas of plant breeding.
+First, doubling of chromosomes changes sterile hybrids into fertile
+individuals. This is a promising field and whenever such hybrids are
+discovered, efforts should be made to apply the colchicine technique.
+Second, doubling of the chromosome number makes possible hybridization
+of individuals heretofore unsuccessful in such effort. In both instances
+germ plasm of wide genetic difference is incorporated into a new
+propagating breeding stock. In the case of the sterile hybrid
+transformed into fertile individuals, no counting of chromosomes is
+necessary because restoration of fertility is evidence of changes in the
+chromosomal makeup. However, the second type of experiment requires
+microscopic analysis.
+
+There are a number of fundamental research problems in the plant
+sciences associated with the treatment of plants with colchicine. From
+horticultural subjects such as the apple,(3) pear, cranberries,(4) and
+grapes, it is obvious that periclinal chimeras will be of prime
+importance in analysis of results in treatment of nut trees. Following
+the treatment of a growing point with colchicine the outer layer of
+cells may be doubled by colchicine but the lower layers may remain
+unchanged. Or a reverse of this situation may obtain, and even other
+types. Since the formation of pollen takes place from a certain layer it
+is very important that such specific layers are changed. The course of
+plant breeding can be altered by these kinds of changes. To our
+knowledge, no investigations of periclinal chimeras have been made with
+nuts, following treatment with colchicine.
+
+Specific experiments were conducted at Eldred, Illinois in the spring of
+1951 with seedlings of pecan. The cooperation of the R.B. Best Farms and
+Nut Plantation made this project possible. Several types of treatment
+were tried. Out of this experience the above schedule listed in 14 steps
+was developed. Other details may be obtained by contacting the authors
+direct. Observations of the new growth in 1951 and 1952 were made and
+the shape of leaves, color, texture and general appearance suggest that
+doubling of chromosomes has been induced. Up until the present time, no
+microscopic analysis has been made but this is a contemplated step and
+facilities are at hand to complete this work.
+
+While this paper is not a completed research, the authors hope that the
+presentation of technique will aid and stimulate interest in this new
+approach to nut improvement. In such instances where certain members may
+have a particular problem such as a true hybrid-sterile as a result of
+hybridity, it is hoped that the suggestions given in the above pages may
+lead into a new field of improvement. There are rewards in store for the
+plant breeder willing to master this new technique, but the mastery
+requires careful study and diligent work.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+   1. Eigsti, O. J. and Dustin, P.--Colchicine Bibliography. Lloydia 10:
+   65-114. 1947.
+
+   2. ----, ----.--Colchicine Bibliography. Lloydia 12:185-207. 1949.
+
+   3. Dermen, H.--Ontogeny of tissues in stem and leaf of cytochimeral
+   apples. Am. Jour. Bot. 38:753-60. 1951.
+
+   4. Dermen, H. and Bain, H. F.--Periclinal and total polyploidy in
+   cranberries induced by colchicine. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:
+   400. 1941.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The Resolutions Committee for this meeting is:
+John Davidson, chairman, and Dr. Rohrbacher working with him. If you
+have anything in mind that should be brought up in the resolutions, see
+one of these two men.
+
+The next paper is:
+
+
+
+
+An Early Pecan and Some Other West Tennessee Nuts
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., _Whiteville, Tenn._
+
+
+MR. RICHARDS: There came under my observation in the latter part of last
+summer a seedling pecan tree growing in the city limits of my home town.
+It seemed that this tree had been growing unnoticed for possibly 50
+years, judging by the size of the tree. The outstanding thing about this
+tree and what called it to my attention was a patient who came into my
+office complaining with a backache from picking up pecans on the 20th
+day of August.
+
+I wrote my friend, Mr. J. C. McDaniel, about this pecan, and when he
+visited me during the Christmas holidays I gave him a sample. The only
+thing that he could say bad about the pecan was that it was slightly on
+the small side. I know personally that at least three or possibly four
+bushels of good quality nuts were harvested from that tree, most of them
+on the ground by the 20th of August.
+
+In my section the Stuart pecan, which we use more or less as a
+yard-stick, was ripe the latter part of October, and we thought that
+possibly this tree, since it had undergone an unusually low temperature
+the winter before of 20 below zero, might have possibilities.
+
+But let's dispense with this pecan and say that we believe in the old
+adage that one raindrop doesn't make a shower. It has a fair crop this
+year, and they are just as green as my Stuarts now.
+
+There is another tree that originated in West Tennessee which Mr.
+McDaniel chose to call this nut "Rhodes heartnut." This tree is 7 years
+old from a dormant bud on a 2-year-old black walnut seedling growing on
+my back yard. It bore two clusters its second growing season, and since
+that time it has borne annually, the crops increasing in proportion to
+the size of the tree. This year's crop consisted of 88 clusters of nuts,
+with an average nut count of 10.2 nuts per cluster, giving a total of
+almost 900 nuts on this 7-year-old tree.
+
+There is one more figure I'd like to give you. The count of clusters
+compared to the number of terminals we had this spring is better than 90
+per cent clusters. I have a few bud sticks here cut from green water
+sprouts. That's the only kind I can find a sprout on. I brought them up
+to Mr. McDaniel. If anybody can talk Mr. McDaniel out of a bud he wanted
+to try, but I don't really know what plans he had for these bud sticks.
+The 7 or 8 other varieties of heartnuts I have growing don't have any
+that have clusters like the Rhodes.
+
+
+
+
+Scab Disease in Eastern Kentucky on the Busseron Pecan
+
+W. D. ARMSTRONG, _University of Kentucky, Princeton, Kentucky_
+
+
+MR. ARMSTRONG: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: It is nice to be here
+at the Northern Nut Growers meeting. This is my second session. I attend
+all the pecan and nut sessions in the country. I have attended
+Georgia-Florida Pecan Growers Association and Oklahoma and Texas Pecan
+Growers Association.
+
+These plates that I have contain some of the Busseron pecans affected
+with pecan scab. The disease has shown up in Southeastern Kentucky,
+about a hundred miles southeast of Lexington, a hundred miles west of
+the Virginia line, and about a hundred miles north of the Tennessee
+line, on a straight line west of Roanoke, Virginia.
+
+These trees were planted in bottom soil, rather well drained, and they
+made a rapid growth. In the original planting there were two Green River
+pecans, one Major, one Busseron and two walnuts, a Stabler and a Thomas.
+
+About 1946 we noticed that all of the pecans on the Busseron were like
+these that we have here--did not mature, completely covered with scab
+fungus and dropped off the tree. The shells were so thin that you could
+just crush the whole pecan, hull, shell and all with no meats in them.
+The Major tree right beside it and the two Green River trees had none of
+this trouble, and they have none of it as yet. And each year now that
+this Busseron tree has borne there, practically all of the nuts have
+been like this.
+
+At the time we located this disease first in 1946, I sent samples to the
+U.S.D.A. at Washington and also to the Southeastern Pecan Laboratory at
+Albany, Georgia, and Dr. Cole, there identified it as pecan scab.
+
+I reported the presence of the disease to Mr. Wilkinson and to Dr. Colby
+and they were surprised to see the disease on Busseron in any location,
+and particularly that far north.
+
+In the south this disease frequently affects Schley, Delmas, Alley and
+Van Deman and some others. Formerly the trees were sprayed with Bordeaux
+Mixture. I think they are using Zerlate now. It's a problem to be
+reckoned with. It occurs on the nuts and on the leaves, and it is
+carried over winter on the stems and the one-year shoots.
+
+
+
+
+Further News About Oak Wilt
+
+E. A. CURL, _Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Ill._
+
+
+In 1951 a review of the oak wilt situation was given in a paper,
+"Present Status of the Oak Wilt Disease", at the Forty-Second Annual
+Meeting of the N.N.G.A. at the University of Illinois. The following
+report is aimed at bringing up to date the present known distribution
+of the oak wilt disease, recent developments in scientific research on
+the disease, and possible control measures.
+
+The oak wilt disease is caused by the fungus _Chalara quercina_ Henry
+and is characterized by a very noticeable bronzing and wilting of leaves
+that drop prematurely. Brown streaks are usually present in the outer
+sapwood. These symptoms may be seen from June to September or until
+normal autumn colors of the foliage develop.
+
+More than 30 species of oak are known to be susceptible to the disease.
+Other susceptible genera of the family Fagaceae are Chinese chestnut,
+_Castanea mollissima_, golden chinquapin, _Castanopsis chrysophylla_,
+tanbark oak, _Lithocarpus densifiora_, and _Nothofagus_ from South
+America. The red and black oaks seem to be most susceptible and are
+often killed within 6 weeks after infection.
+
+
+Distribution
+
+During the past few years the oak wilt disease has spread with such
+rapidity and destructiveness among valuable forest and shade oaks in
+parts of the eastern half of the United States that its seriousness is
+now well recognized. At present oak wilt is known to be in the following
+states: Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana,
+northern Arkansas, eastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, Ohio,
+Pennsylvania, West Virginia, northwestern Virginia, western part of
+North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northeastern Kentucky, western
+Maryland and southern Michigan. Aerial surveys for 1952 are not yet
+complete, but there are indications of extensive new infections in
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia while the other states show a
+moderate increase in the number of infections.
+
+The first case of oak wilt in Illinois was seen in Rockford in 1942.
+Today 54 of the 102 counties in the state have oak wilt areas. The
+disease is present in both the extreme northern part and the
+southern-most tip of the state. Practically all wilt areas in the
+southern half of Illinois consist of 5 trees or less that appear to have
+died within the last 4 years, indicating a recent spread of the disease
+southward. A similar condition exists in southern Missouri and northern
+Arkansas.
+
+
+Developments in Research
+
+In 1942 a report from the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station
+revealed that the oak wilt disease was caused by a fungus, and research
+programs were started early in Wisconsin and Iowa. Neighboring states
+were quick to follow as surveys showed a wider distribution of the
+disease. Now almost every state in which oak wilt occurs is taking part
+in efforts to learn more about the disease and its causal agent so that
+practical control measures may be applied before the spread of the
+disease gets out of hand. The National Oak Wilt Research Committee at
+Memphis, Tennessee, supports in part an intensive oak wilt research
+program in coordination with several midwestern universities and with
+the U.S.D.A., Bureau of Forest Pathology.
+
+Until recently the causal fungus of oak wilt was known only in its
+asexual or imperfect form living in the sap stream of infected trees.
+The most important question to be answered now is how the fungus
+spreads over long distances from diseased to healthy trees. Before this
+could be accomplished, however, we had to know how the fungus escapes
+from the inside to the outside of diseased trees where it can be exposed
+to agents of dissemination.
+
+In the late summer of 1951 clearly visible mycelial mats of the oak wilt
+fungus were found in Illinois under the loose bark of wilt-killed trees.
+These mats were usually located beneath cracks in the bark; thus, they
+were exposed to the outside air and to visiting insects. Most
+wilt-killed trees contain beneath the bark numerous insect larvae of
+wood and bark boring beetles. Larvae were frequently found in direct
+contact with mycelial mats of the fungus. Larvae of the two-lined
+chestnut borer, _Agrilus bilineatus_, were most abundant, but larvae of
+species of the families Scolytidae and Cerambycidae were also present in
+large numbers.
+
+In addition to the mycelial mat under the bark there was often present a
+thick dark pad usually in the center of the mat. It is not known yet
+what part this pad plays in the life history of the fungus but we do
+know that it is produced by the same fungus which causes oak wilt.
+
+We also found in Illinois that the oak wilt fungus often develops into
+visible mats from chips of bark and wood that have been chopped from
+wilt-killed trees and allowed to lie on the moist forest floor. This
+should be remembered when considering sanitation as a partial means of
+controlling the disease.
+
+In 1951 the sexual or perfect form of the oak wilt fungus was produced
+on laboratory media in Missouri by crossing different strains of the
+fungus. The sexual form is recognized by the appearance of microscopic,
+black, short-beaked fruiting structures or perithecia that are filled
+with sticky ascospores. This sexual form is a species of
+_Endoconidiophora_.
+
+The sexual form of the fungus was first found in nature in Illinois in
+the autumn of 1951. The perithecia are produced on the mycelial mats
+beneath the loose and sometimes cracked bark of diseased oaks. Both the
+ascospores of the sexual form and the endospores or conidia of the
+asexual form will cause wilt if the spores are injected into oak trees.
+
+From the foregoing information it is apparent that several methods by
+which the disease might be spread over long distances are possible.
+First, and what seems to be most probable, is transmission by insects.
+Adult beetles, such as the two-lined chestnut borer, which emerge from
+dead trees in the spring and feed on the leaves of healthy trees might
+transmit the spores of the fungus. Other insects might feed on the
+fungus mats that are exposed through cracks in the bark and carry both
+the sticky ascospores and conidia to other trees. Additional agents that
+must be considered are woodpeckers, squirrels and air currents.
+
+Besides searching for the vector or vectors that spread the disease
+other important studies are in progress. Among these is the
+consideration of chemotherapy as a possible means of controlling oak
+wilt. For our purpose, plant chemotherapy may be defined as the control
+of disease by chemicals which are introduced into the plant. According
+to Dr. Paul Hoffman of the Illinois Natural History Survey, a number of
+chemicals have shown promise in curing small diseased oak trees when
+treated in a very early stage of the disease. In one instance, trees
+that were inoculated with the oak wilt fungus then treated with
+chemicals 2 years ago are still alive. The most promising results were
+obtained by injecting the chemicals into the soil where they are taken
+up by the roots and by applying chemicals directly to the foliage in a
+spray. Trunk injection showed least promise because of the limited
+distribution of the chemicals through the tree.
+
+The use of chemicals for curing wilt-infected trees is still in the
+early experimental stage and is not yet recommended as a practical
+control measure.
+
+In 1949 Wisconsin workers demonstrated the local spread of oak wilt
+through natural root grafts. They found that the poisoning of a single
+healthy tree with sodium arsenite often killed as many as 15 other trees
+nearby, indicating that their roots were connected.
+
+Recently the results of experiments in Wisconsin explained in part what
+causes the leaves of diseased trees to wilt. When a tree becomes
+infected it is stimulated to produce tyloses or swellings in the vessels
+of the wood. Therefore, the flow of water from the roots to the tree top
+is restricted and the leaves wilt and die. It is also known that the
+fungus itself produces a toxin which might be responsible for the actual
+killing effect on the tree.
+
+In Illinois experiments are being conducted with insects in relation to
+the spread of oak wilt. Insects of various species are collected from
+wilt-killed trees and allowed to run over or feed on laboratory cultures
+of the oak wilt fungus. The insects are then caged on parts of healthy
+trees to feed on the leaves. A single red oak treated in this way
+contracted the disease and died. This shows that the disease can be
+transmitted by an insect.
+
+
+Controlling the Disease
+
+The spread of oak wilt in local areas may be stopped by preventing the
+underground movement of the disease from tree to tree through natural
+root grafts. This can be done by (1) poisoning all healthy trees within
+50 feet of diseased trees, (2) cutting a ditch 30 inches deep with a
+small trenching machine between diseased and healthy trees to sever root
+connections or (3) severing root connections with a tractor drawn plow
+on which a knife blade is attached. Unfortunately the use of such heavy
+equipment is not practical in rocky and hilly areas. Chemicals used for
+killing trees are sodium arsenite and ammate. Ammate is safe to use but
+does not kill trees as rapidly as the other poison. In some localities
+2,4,5-T used as a trunk spray has given satisfactory results in killing
+small trees.
+
+If infected trees are left standing mycelial mats with their numerous
+spores develop under the loosening bark. It is therefore advisable to
+cut and burn all parts of diseased trees as soon as possible after
+symptoms appear.
+
+A combination trenching and eradication program was started in the
+summer of 1950 in the Forest Preserve District of Cook County in
+Illinois. According to Mr. Noel B. Wysong, Chief Forester, 2 newly
+wilted trees were found in the Forest Preserve in 1948, 72 trees in
+1949, 141 trees in 1950, and 96 trees in 1951. The count for 1952 is not
+complete but a continued decrease in the number of new infections would
+indicate good control.
+
+There is no information on resistant species of oak. In very rare cases,
+however, trees have been observed to recover after showing symptoms in
+the early spring.
+
+
+Future Outlook
+
+Among the many things that we need to know yet about the oak wilt
+disease and its causal fungus one is outstanding. How does the disease
+jump from one infection center to healthy trees 200 yards, 2 miles or
+even 100 miles away? Although spread through root grafts may be
+controlled by severing root connections, the value of such a control
+measure is limited as long as the agent or agents responsible for long
+distance spread remain unknown. The discovery of other methods of spread
+might result in the development of control measures that are cheaper and
+less drastic than those known at present.
+
+A great deal remains to be done and research is increasing in the
+various states concerned. There is reason to believe that oak wilt can
+be checked before it reaches devastating proportions comparable to
+chestnut blight which wiped out our American chestnuts.
+
+MR. SLATE: What is the origin of the fungus? Is it a native fungus, or
+imported?
+
+MR. CURL: Yes, it is a native fungus, as far as we know.
+
+MR. SLATE: Any evidence that the fungus is mutating to make more
+virulent strains?
+
+MR. CURL: That's something that hasn't been found yet. There are several
+strains of the fungus, what we call strains, because they will form the
+sexual stage, and a strain alone will not. There is not too much known
+about that yet, the strain business.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: Just a word. We had a conference in Beltsville all day
+Sunday about the recent developments on the oak wilt. There has been
+very extensive spread in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland
+this year. We are very much alarmed about the situation. The Chinese
+chestnut is very severely affected. We have learned that in Missouri.
+One year there were three Chinese chestnuts killed by the fungus, the
+next year 60. The oak wilt is a serious threat to the chestnut orchards.
+
+
+
+
+Life History and Control of the Pecan Spittle Bug
+
+STEWART CHANDLER, _Associate Entomologist, Ill. Nat. History Survey,
+Urbana, Ill., Consulting Entomologist, Southern Illinois University_
+
+
+Since it was a year ago that this subject of spittle bug was first
+brought to the attention of the Northern Nut Growers Association, it
+might be well to review briefly the high lights of that report. I told
+you at the annual meeting at Urbana, something of the life history.
+There are two broods, one appearing in June and one in July. The adult
+is a small sucking bug about an eighth to a quarter inch long. The
+species at that time was uncertain but now has been determined by
+specialists in that group as _Cercoptera achatina_ Germ. This insect, I
+reported, is not the same as the one occurring on meadow and other
+field crops, not only the species but the genus being different. The
+distribution was found to be in every area where pecans are grown. As to
+its importance I pointed out that in Illinois it had become very serious
+in the past three or four years, apparently causing a marked reduction
+in crop. Control measures were directed against the nymphal stage, which
+is protected by the spittle which the insect emits continuously while
+feeding. Three insecticides were tested at Anna, Illinois, Lindane,
+parathion, and tetra ethyl pyro phosphate, known as TEPP. Lindane proved
+to be approximately 95% efficient, parathion roughly 60% and TEPP about
+10%.
+
+In 1952 the work was resumed in the orchard of Conrad Casper near Anna,
+Illinois and was begun at the Richard Best place at Eldred, 175 miles
+northwest.
+
+In 1952 five phases of the work with pecan spittle bug were undertaken
+as follows:
+
+   1. A study of the importance of the pecan spittle bug.
+   2. The hibernation of the insect.
+   3. Life history and occurrence of the various stages and broods of
+      the insect in relation to nut development of the pecan.
+   4. Control measures.
+   5. Varietal susceptibility to the insect.
+
+1. Importance of the insect
+
+_Hibernation Studies_
+
+To learn to what extent if any the insect reduces the crop of pecans,
+terminal shoots from trees sprayed the previous season with three
+different materials were compared with the unsprayed check. These are
+shown in Table 1.
+
+Table 1. Pecan spittle bug effect of 1951 sprays on terminal shoots in
+spring of 1952
+
+   ===================================================
+                                         Dead shoots
+                        Treatment        per hundred
+
+         Check                              87
+         TEPP                               62
+         Parathion                          17
+         Lindane                             4
+   ===================================================
+
+Since these terminals shoots later develop most of the nuts it would
+appear that the pecan spittle bug is responsible for much of the loss of
+crop under these heavy infestations.
+
+It was planned to follow this up with later examination of nuts, and
+this was done with the assistance of Mr. J. C. McDaniel, but
+unfortunately it was found that this was the off year and the crop was
+very small, so we could not definitely settle that point. This will be a
+job for the future.
+
+2. Hibernation studies.
+
+In August of 1951, I introduced adult bugs into a cage placed over a
+branch of an unsprayed pecan tree for the purpose of determining whether
+there was possibly a third brood. Finding none the branch was removed
+and examined to study the hibernating eggs and the egg slits in which
+they were layed. The slits were not over a quarter inch long and
+frequently in pairs. Eggs were deep enough that they were rarely seen
+without opening the slits. Many slits were found containing egg shells,
+presumably from the previous brood, but possibly from a season earlier
+as the slits are corked over.
+
+Following this study branches were cut from the sprayed and unsprayed
+blocks and gone over very carefully to find the numbers and location of
+the egg splits and the numbers containing live eggs and egg shells. Each
+split would contain as many as 5 or 6 eggs. Table 2 show their numbers
+and locations, and Table 3 the effect of sprays on numbers of live eggs.
+
+Table 2. Pecan Spittle Bug Location of egg slits in branches
+
+   =================================================================
+                   Diameter of branches, inches
+                   1/8 to 1/4    3/4    3/8    1/2    1/2 to 1 inch
+   -----------------------------------------------------------------
+   Live eggs           2           9      3      1        0
+   Egg shells          5          42     94     23        0
+   -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Table 3. Pecan Spittle Bug Effect of 1951 sprays on number of eggs
+Examinations made March 4, 1952
+
+   =======================================================
+                    Inches wood   Number of   Slits with
+       Treatment     examined     live eggs   egg shells
+   -------------------------------------------------------
+   Check               508           10          63
+   TEPP                795            5          25
+   Lindane             478            0          13
+   -------------------------------------------------------
+
+3. Life history and correlation of stages of insect and nut development.
+
+It was soon found that the pecan spittle bug was putting in its
+appearance earlier according to the calendar than in 1951 so an effort
+was made during the season to correlate insect life history and nut
+development during the season. Table 4 give some of the principal points
+in both.
+
+Table 4. Pecan Spittle Bug and Nut Development Anna, Illinois, 1952
+
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+         Insect              Date              Tree
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+   Egg stage                Apr. 24     Catkins 1/2 to 3/4 inch
+   First nymphs             May 5       Catkins 1 to 1-1/2 inch
+   Many nymphs and spittle  May 12      Catkins 2 to 3 inches
+                                          Fruit buds
+   Peak hatch               May 20      Female flowers
+   Spittle drying           June 2      Nuts developing
+   1st. 2nd brood           June 27
+   Hatch mostly over        July 7
+   Spittle drying           July 26
+   --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Another phase of life history which is of practical importance is the
+increase of second brood over first. Records were made both at Anna and
+at Eldred in unsprayed blocks at approximately the peaks of occurrence
+of nymphs and spittle, and are tabulated in Table 5.
+
+Table 5. Pecan Spittle Bug Infestation, first and second broods, 1952
+Number of spittle masses per 100 terminals
+
+   ==========================================================
+                  First brood, June     Second brood, July
+   ----------------------------------------------------------
+   Anna                41                     62
+   Eldred              23                     50
+   ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+This table shows an increase of approximately 50% at Anna and 100% at
+Eldred. It is thought that a 3 inch flash flood which occurred at Anna
+might have reduced the first brood infestation somewhat after the counts
+were made and been responsible for no greater increase and possibly that
+the heat and drought in both places might have resulted in a reduction.
+Be that as it may the total infestation was not as severe in 1952 as in
+1951.
+
+4. Control.
+
+_First Brood Sprays_
+
+It was originally planned to spray in both places but at Anna the owner
+sprayed all but the 1951 check block with parathion early and the
+infestation was reduced to the point where later hatch did not build up
+to a sufficient point that good results could be observed so no spraying
+was done at Anna till the second brood. At Eldred two materials only
+were available, Lindane and Dieldrin.
+
+At Eldred we had two difficulties in spraying. One was the type of
+machine with which I was not familiar and the other the inaccessibility
+of some of the trees. The machine is probably more fitted for field crop
+work than for large trees. It is called a Mechanical Aresol Generator,
+manufactured by the Hessian Microsol Corporation of Darien, Conn. The
+engine is a Wisconsin Air cooled motor made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The
+machine was mounted on a platform and transported in the orchard on a
+truck. Two fifty gallon barrels constitute the tank. Due to the nature
+of the machine and to lack of agitation only liquid materials can be
+used in it. It uses a much smaller amount of material than I had been
+accustomed to, and my first job was to learn to what extent the
+materials must be concentrated to compensate for the small output and
+how to get a comparison with the amounts used in regular orchard
+sprayer. In concentrate tests on fruit trees we arrive at this by
+judging the number of gallons which a tree would normally receive with a
+standard sprayer. There was little background to go on with nut trees
+and the problem was further complicated by the arrangement of trees
+which were not planted but grafted in their original positions in the
+woods. A clump of trees which could not be approached individually might
+have to receive not much more material than one tree which could be hit
+from both sides. Sizes of trees also varied. It was decided to use only
+25 gallon lots of material and even this small amount sprayed from 55
+to 65 trees of varying sizes. It was soon seen that the tops of the
+moderate and large sized trees were not covered very well. For the first
+brood sprays at Eldred about six times as much material per 100 gallons
+was used as had been successful at Anna the previous season. The results
+are shown in Table 6.
+
+Table 6. Spittle Bug Control, Eldred, 1952 First brood, sprayed May 23,
+examined June 9
+
+   =========================================================
+         Treatment       Amount in         Spittle masses
+                        100 gallons        800 terminals
+   ---------------------------------------------------------
+   Dieldrin            1 gal. of 18-1/2%       18
+   Lindane             1 gal. of 20%           27
+   Check                ------                189
+   ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+It will be seen that the reduction over the unsprayed blocks was about
+90% with Dieldrin and 85% with Lindane.
+
+For second brood sprays at Eldred materials were increased to about 8
+times normal in hopes of getting better results. In this test 10 trees
+were selected in each block that could be reached moderately well and
+sprayed separately before the entire block was sprayed. Records were
+made the day before spraying, 3 days after spraying, and 10 days after
+spraying. Four materials were available, making five blocks with an
+unsprayed check. The results of these sprayings are given in Table 7.
+
+Table 7. Spittle Bug Control, Eldred, 1952 Second brood, sprayed July 18
+
+   ============================================================
+     Treatment      Amounts in            In 200 terminals
+                   100 gallons       July 17  July 21  July 28
+   ------------------------------------------------------------
+   Lindane       6 qts. of 20%          123      24       2
+   BHC          10 qts. of 11.7%         98      11       0
+   Dieldrin      6 qts. of 18-1/2%      130      19       9
+   Toxaphene     8 qts. of 58%          107      16       3
+   Check           ------                99      98      47
+   ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Due to the natural reduction in the check by July 28 most attention
+probably should be given to the July 21 examination. This table shows
+approximately 92% reduction from Lindane, 87% with BHC, 85% from
+Dieldrin, and 85% from Toxaphene on July 21.
+
+At Anna trees are all very big, from 50 to 75 feet high. They are
+planted in rows. A regular orchard sprayer was used with 600 pounds
+pressure using one gun and sprayed from the top of the rig.
+Approximately 25 gallons was used per tree. As will be noted the dosage
+was much smaller than at Eldred, and for ordinary use these are probably
+the proper dosages. Table 8 gives the results of these tests.
+
+Table 8. Pecan Spittle Bug Control, Anna, 1952
+
+   ==================================================================
+     Treatment      Amounts in                In 200 terminals
+                   100 gallons             July 10  July 14  July 22
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Lindane        1 lb. of 25%                214      1       1
+   BHC            2-1/2 lbs. of 10%           244      5       9
+   Dieldrin       1 and 1/3 pints of 18-1/2%  148      3       5
+   Toxaphene      1 qt. of 31%                146     22      21
+   Check                                       61     47      20
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The reduction in the check block July 14 may be due to proximity to the
+sprayed block which was not true in Eldred. This check was small. Table
+8 shows on July 14 an approximate reduction of Lindane 99%, BHC 98%,
+Dieldrin 98%, and Toxaphene 85%.
+
+From these tests in both places it appears that we have a choice of
+three very good materials, Lindane, Benzene hexachloride called BHC and
+Dieldrin, and for that reason we can ignore the less efficient material,
+toxaphene.
+
+At Eldred, since first brood sprays were applied in a sizeable area
+records of infestation were made shortly before time to spray for the
+second brood to determine whether the first brood spraying would
+eliminate the need for second brood spraying. However, the infestation
+was found to be practically as great in this area as the unsprayed part
+of the woods. It appears that the control was not good enough to allow
+this. In part this was due to failure to reach the tops of the trees.
+Records were made in the lower parts.
+
+5. Varietal susceptibility.
+
+At Anna where there was a limited number of trees, the orchards were
+plotted on paper and location of each tree with variety indicated
+records were made of each tree separately, in hopes that some varietal
+susceptibility would be shown. There is nothing very clear in this
+respect except that of the varieties in the Casper orchard, Butterick,
+Busseron, Indiana, Posey, Stewart, Osburn, Major, Green River, the
+Indiana and Posey may be a little more heavily infested than the others.
+At Eldred for the second brood infestation, the variety of each of the
+10 record trees was reported, but there were so many varieties and they
+did not occur often enough in the five plots to make variety infestation
+data reliable. However, the rather high average on the Indiana variety
+did seem to corroborate the findings at Anna.
+
+There was some foliage burn in two of the record trees in the Dieldrin
+plot at Eldred, both being the variety Rockville. Another tree in
+another part of the plot was also found to be burned and also found to
+be the same variety, so it appears that this may be particularly
+susceptible to spraying especially in this concentrated form such as we
+used. There were no Rockville trees in any of the other plots, so we
+have no way of knowing whether the Lindane, BHC or Toxaphene would have
+done the same or not.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: The next paper, the last paper of the afternoon,
+is Control of Insects Injuring Nut Trees, by Howard Baker, U.S.D.A.
+Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Beltsville, Md.
+
+MR. BAKER: Mr. Chairman, members of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association: It is a great deal of pleasure to be back here speaking
+before a group of nut growers. Back some years ago my first assignment
+to a station of which I had charge was an investigation to count insects
+in Louisiana and Eastern Texas, so it is a pleasure to be back before a
+group of nut growers.
+
+
+
+
+Insect Enemies of Northern Tree Nuts
+
+HOWARD BAKER, _U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Admin., Bureau of Entomology and
+Plant Quarantine_
+
+
+The small number of requests for information on insect pests of northern
+tree nuts received in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine is a
+strong indication that such pests are of little concern to northern nut
+growers. This is fortunate, because intensive, all-season spray
+programs, such as are necessary to produce most other crops without
+serious losses due to insect injury, are laborious and expensive and not
+always as effective as desired. However, as your acreage is increased
+and as your trees become older and larger, insect problems are likely to
+increase in number and intensity and require more of your thought and
+attention.
+
+A somewhat similar situation prevailed in the pecan industry at one time
+in the South. I well remember the statement of one of the larger pecan
+growers in Louisiana to the effect that all the pleasure of growing
+pecans would be gone the day he had to start spraying to control insects
+and diseases. Only a short time later it became necessary for him to
+initiate a regular spray program. He still took great pride in growing
+pecans, however. It is well, therefore, for you to watch your trees
+closely for insect damage and keep informed concerning the habits and
+control of the species that show up in your plantings or in those of
+your neighbors.
+
+Because of the scattered nature of the northern nut industry, the small
+size of most plantings, and the more pressing demands for information on
+the control of pests of more intensively planted crops, it has not been
+possible for the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine to give
+attention to many of the pests of northern nuts. A great deal of work
+has been done on the pests of pecans in the South, and some work on
+those that attack filberts and chestnuts. In addition, some of the pests
+with which you are concerned, or others similar to them, are receiving
+attention in connection with studies of pests of tree fruits. The
+results of these studies will give you up-to-date information applicable
+to your particular problems.
+
+The timely use of insecticides is the most effective means of combating
+most injurious insects, but if spraying is not possible, other methods
+can often be used to prevent or reduce damage. A great many new
+insecticides have become available during the last six or seven years.
+Work with them has resulted in the development of treatments effective
+against a number of pests for which there was formerly no known means of
+control and markedly more effective treatments for the control of
+others. It is my purpose to bring to you as much of this new information
+as is applicable to your problems.
+
+
+Leaf-feeding Caterpillars
+
+The fall webworm[3] and the walnut caterpillar[4] are the leaf-feeding
+caterpillars most commonly reported as attacking northern tree nuts.
+
+Fall webworms[5] are the insects usually responsible for unsightly webs
+on or near the end of the branches of the trees during the summer and
+fall. They enlarge the webs as they need more leaves. When nearly full
+grown they scatter to complete their feeding. The full-grown
+caterpillars are a little more than an inch in length and are covered
+with long black and white hairs. They spend the winter in cocoons in
+trash on the ground or just below the surface of the soil. There are two
+broods a year in many areas, the second usually being the more numerous.
+
+Control can be obtained by applying a spray containing 3 pounds of lead
+arsenate with an equal quantity of hydrated lime (to prevent possible
+injury to the foliage), 2 pounds of 50-percent DDT wettable powder, or 2
+pounds of 15-percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.
+Apply the spray when the caterpillars are still small. Follow the
+precautions furnished with each package. Parathion is a particularly
+dangerous material to use. If you are not equipped to spray or have only
+a few trees, you can control this insect by removing the webs from the
+trees with a long-handled pruner or a long bamboo pole with a hook at
+the end.
+
+The walnut caterpillar feeds in groups, or colonies, and commonly eats
+all the leaves on small trees or on certain limbs on large trees. The
+winter is spent in cocoons in the ground. The moths appear late in the
+spring or early in the summer and lay masses of eggs on the underside of
+the leaves. From time to time as they grow, the stout, black
+caterpillars go down to a large limb or to the trunk of the tree to
+molt, or shed their skins. After molting they return toward the ends of
+the branches and resume their feeding.
+
+This insect can be controlled with the same spray treatments that are
+recommended for the fall webworm, and also by crushing or burning the
+caterpillars when they are clustered on the lower limbs or tree trunks.
+
+
+Pecan Phylloxera[6]
+
+Swellings called galls sometimes appear on leaves, leafstalks, succulent
+shoots, or nuts of the current season's growth of hickory and pecan.
+These galls are caused by small insects known as phylloxera, which are
+closely related to aphids, or plant lice. Several species are involved,
+but only one, known as the pecan phylloxera, causes serious damage. It
+causes twigs to become malformed, weakened and finally to die, and
+destroys the crop on the infested terminals. The insect passes the
+winter in the egg stage in protected places on the trees. The young
+appear in the spring about the time the buds begin to unfold.
+
+The phylloxera can be controlled by spraying the trees thoroughly with a
+mixture containing 3/4 pint of nicotine sulfate plus 2-1/2 gallons of
+lime-sulfur or 2 quarts of lubricating-oil emulsion to 100 gallons of
+water during the delayed dormant period or by the time buds show about
+an inch of green. Sprays containing 3 pounds of BHC (10-percent gamma)
+or 1-1/4 pounds of 25-percent lindane wettable powder per 100 gallons
+are also effective, and their use is increasing. Other materials have
+given good control when applied about the time the buds begin to swell.
+They are 36-percent dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol liquid, 3 quarts per 100
+gallons, and a mixture of 40-percent dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol powder,
+2 pounds, and lubricating-oil emulsion, 5 quarts, per 100 gallons of
+spray. Do not use the dinitro materials after the buds begin to open.
+
+
+Twig Girdler
+
+A stout, brown beetle about 1/2 inch in length, known as the twig
+girdler,[7] often cuts off the twigs of hickory, pecan, and many other
+trees in the late summer and early fall. The larvae spend the winter in
+the cut twigs, which are gradually broken off and fall to the ground.
+Injury can be reduced by collecting and destroying the fallen twigs
+before the larvae complete development the following spring. Recent work
+on pecans in Florida indicates that most injury can be prevented by
+applying a spray containing 4 pounds of 50-percent DDT or 3 pounds of
+15-percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water. Three
+applications appear to be necessary, the first when the injured branches
+are first noticed, usually sometime in August, and the second and third
+two and four weeks later. When handling parathion be sure to follow the
+precautions on the package.
+
+
+Weevils and Curculios
+
+Weevils and curculios are small, hard-shelled, grayish to brown beetles
+about 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, with stiff, slender snouts or beaks. They
+feed and lay eggs in the nuts and/or shoots of many kinds of nuts,
+including hickory, walnut, pecan, chestnut, hazelnut or filbert, and
+butternut. There are a number of species, but most of them attack only
+one kind of nut. The species usually called weevils most often lay eggs
+and injure the nuts from the time the meat begins to form until it is
+mature, whereas the group known as curculios generally emerge and cause
+most serious damage during the early part of the growing season, when
+the new shoots are developing and the crop starts to set and grow.
+
+The chestnut weevils are probably the weevils best known to most of you.
+E. R. VanLeeuwen, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, has
+added much to our knowledge of these weevils in recent years. Two
+species, the small chestnut weevil[8] and the large chestnut weevil,[9]
+are commonly present together and cause similar injury. The small
+chestnut weevil appears as an adult over a period of about 6 weeks
+beginning near the first of May in the vicinity of Beltsville, Md., but
+it does not lay eggs until about the middle of August. The larger
+species does not emerge until about the middle of August and begins to
+lay eggs soon thereafter. Eggs are laid in the developing nuts, and
+injury is caused by the feeding of the larvae therein. Most of the small
+weevils require two years to complete development, and most of the
+larger weevils but one year.
+
+Some control of these weevils can be obtained by collecting and
+destroying the infested nuts before the larvae leave them to enter the
+soil. Better control can be obtained by spraying the trees with DDT.
+Apply a spray containing 4 pounds of 50-percent DDT wettable powder per
+100 gallons of water (3 level tablespoonfuls per gallon) 30 days before
+the first mature nuts are expected to drop, and make two additional
+applications at intervals of 7 days. If you are not equipped to spray,
+you may obtain some control by treating the soil under the trees with
+ethylene dibromide at a depth of 5 inches. Make injections at intervals
+of 1 foot in each direction and also in the center of each square formed
+by these injection holes. Place 1 milliliter of 40-percent ethylene
+dibromide or an equivalent quantity of another dilution in each hole.
+Make the application in the fall immediately after the nuts are
+harvested and close the injection holes by pressing with the foot. The
+soil should preferably be loose to a depth of 5 inches.
+
+The pecan weevil,[10] also known as the hickory nut weevil, often causes
+heavy losses of pecans and most species of hickory. Two or three years
+are required for the insect to complete its life cycle, but some
+specimens reach maturity every year. Adults emerge from the ground from
+the middle of July until early in September, according to locality and
+seasonal conditions. Injury is of two types--(1) that resulting from
+attack before the shell-hardening period in July and August, causing the
+young nuts to drop, and (2) that resulting from attack after kernel
+formation, the kernel being destroyed by the developing larvae, or
+grubs. Egg deposition in the nuts usually begins late in August.
+
+To control this weevil spray the trees twice with 6 pounds of 50-percent
+DDT or 40-percent toxaphene wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.
+Make the first application when at least six weevils can be jarred onto
+a sheet on the ground beneath any tree known to have been infested in
+previous seasons, and make the second 10 to 14 days later. The first
+application will be needed sometime between the last week in July and
+the first week in September. If the soil is hard and dry, it will delay
+emergence of the weevils. If you are not equipped to spray, you can
+reduce weevil injury about 50 percent by jarring the limbs of the trees
+lightly and gathering the weevils on a sheet during the period of
+emergence. The dislodged weevils will remain quiet on the sheet long
+enough to be picked up and destroyed. Begin jarring about the last week
+in July and confine it to two or three trees until the first weevils
+appear. Then jar all trees at weekly intervals until about the middle of
+September, when egg laying will have been largely completed.
+
+The butternut curculio[11] attacks native butternuts and introduced nuts
+of a similar type. It passes the winter as an adult in trash or other
+shelter it can find in the vicinity of nut trees. It is a small,
+hard-shelled, rough-backed snout beetle. Late in the spring it makes its
+way to the trees, and lays eggs in the young shoots. On hatching, the
+young larva penetrates into the young shoot or leaf stem or nut and
+feeds there, causing the leaf or nut to dry up and fall off. Upon
+completing development in the fallen leaf or nut, the mature larva
+enters the soil. After a month or so in the ground the adult emerges,
+feeds on the foliage for a while, and then enters hibernation. There is
+but one generation a year.
+
+The black walnut curculio[12] is similar to the butternut curculio in
+seasonal history, but it attacks principally the fruit of the black
+walnut and butternut, apparently preferring the former.
+
+The hickory nut curculio[13] is much like the preceding two species, but
+it attacks chiefly partly grown hickory nuts, causing a heavy dropping
+in midsummer.
+
+The hickory shoot curculio[14] attacks chiefly the shoots of various
+kinds of hickory. The damage is seldom of much importance except to
+newly transplanted trees. On pecan it attacks the unfolding buds and
+shoots. Pecans most commonly attacked are those that are uncultivated or
+are adjacent to woodlands containing native pecan and hickory trees.
+
+For many years these curculios have been controlled by spraying the
+trees soon after growth starts with lead arsenate, 2 pounds per 100
+gallons, plus an equal amount of hydrated lime. One or two additional
+applications may be needed as new growth appears or as the nuts increase
+in size. Recent experimental work indicates that BHC or lindane may be
+more effective for controlling these insects. A spray containing 3 or 4
+pounds of technical BHC (10-percent gamma) or 1-1/2 to 2 pounds of
+25-percent lindane wettable powder per 100 gallons, applied when the
+buds show from 1/4 to 1 inch of green growth or when jarrings show
+adults are present, has given fairly good control.
+
+
+Walnut Husk Maggot
+
+The walnut husk maggot[15] attacks black and English walnuts,
+butternuts, and a few other nuts. The feeding of the larva, or maggot,
+in the husks impairs the quality of the kernels, discolors the shell,
+and often causes the shells to adhere to the nuts. It causes the most
+damage to English walnuts. This insect hibernates in the pupal stage in
+the ground. In midsummer it transforms to the adult fly stage, leaves
+the soil, and flies to the nut trees. After 1 to 3 weeks the flies lay
+eggs in the husks of the developing nuts. The eggs hatch in a week or 10
+days, and the young maggots burrow within and throughout the husks of
+the nuts; they mature in the fall.
+
+The walnut husk maggot can be controlled by spraying the trees with lead
+arsenate or cryolite the latter part of July and again 3 to 4 weeks
+later. Use 2 or 3 pounds of lead arsenate plus an equal quantity of
+hydrated lime or 3 pounds of cryolite per 100 gallons of water.
+
+
+Filbert Moth
+
+The filbert moth,[16] a serious pest in some filbert orchards in Oregon,
+also causes some injury to chestnuts. Adult moths begin emerging toward
+the end of June and lay their eggs singly on the leaves beginning early
+in July. The newly hatched larvae tunnel through the husk and feed
+between the husk and the chestnut shell before entering the nut. This
+feeding produces a gummy substance, which causes the husk to adhere to
+the nut. The larvae may tunnel into the center of the kernel or excavate
+an irregular cavity in the side. They reach maturity about the time nuts
+are ripe, and then leave the nuts and construct cocoons in the soil in
+which to pass the winter.
+
+Control can be obtained by spraying the tree with lead arsenate or DDT
+early in July. Use 3 pounds of lead arsenate or 2 pounds of 50-percent
+DDT wettable powder in 100 gallons of water.
+
+
+Mites
+
+Two general types of mites sometimes damage nut trees, eriophyid mites
+and spider mites. The most important eriophyid mites are the wormlike
+gall mites and bud mites, most of which overwinter in the buds and cause
+deformities of the buds and leaves and otherwise limit their
+development. The spider mites may overwinter in the egg stage on the
+twigs or as adults in protected places on or beneath the trees. These
+mites feed primarily on the foliage.
+
+The filbert bud mite[17] is occasionally of economic importance as a
+pest of filberts in Oregon and has been of some concern recently in New
+York. It attacks the leaf and flower buds and catkins. Infested catkins
+become distorted, rigid, and brittle, and yield no pollen. In Oregon
+this pest has been controlled with 3 gallons of a dormant oil emulsion
+or 6-1/2 to 8 gallons of liquid lime-sulfur in water to make 100 gallons
+of spray just as the buds are opening. Related species of similar habits
+that attack walnuts have been controlled with 9 or 10 gallons of liquid
+lime-sulfur in water to make 100 gallons of spray applied at the time
+the buds break or soon thereafter.
+
+The feeding of the spider mites on the foliage of infested trees causes
+it first to have a bronzed or scorched appearance, and later to dry up
+and fall. These mites frequently become abundant following the use of
+some of the new organic insecticides, such as DDT and BHC, which destroy
+their natural enemies and perhaps have other effects on the trees
+favorable to mite activity. The European red mite, which overwinters
+on the trees in the egg stage, can be controlled by application of
+3-percent oil-emulsion spray in the late-dormant period. The two-spotted
+spider mite and related species, as well as the European red mite if it
+is not controlled with the dormant spray, can be controlled with a spray
+containing 1 pound of a 15-percent parathion or 1-1/2 pounds of a
+15-percent Aramite wettable powder per 100 gallons. Apply the spray
+before many leaves show the typical bronzing or leaf scorching. If the
+infestation is heavy, a second application may be necessary in about 8
+or 10 days. Be sure to follow the precautions on the container,
+especially if you use parathion.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: We greatly appreciate your care in getting this
+thing together, and we know it is going to be a great help to us when we
+get it printed as a matter of reference.
+
+MR. O'ROURKE: I'd like to ask Dr. Baker if insects are getting stronger
+or if the chemicals are getting weaker. I refer to the rates of
+application. Formerly we were told that one-half pound of parathion for
+one hundred gallons and one pound of DDT would control almost all
+insects. I note the rates are going up.
+
+MR. BAKER: That's true, particularly with parathion. The first year that
+we tested parathion on any scale we thought a quarter to a half a pound
+would control mites for 30 days or more and would control curculio for
+20 or 30 days, but the next year we used it we found that was a little
+optimistic. It seems that each year since we have had to use more of it
+or use it more often, or with mites, particularly, there are a number of
+instances where it just doesn't control them at all.
+
+Two years ago that came to notice in the Wenatchee area of Washington on
+apples. Mites in a certain orchard just couldn't be controlled with
+parathion. A year ago the area in the Pacific Northwest where that was
+true was extended and included several orchards of the Yakima Valley.
+This year it also includes orchards in the East, in New York. We have
+seen an orchard where two pounds of parathion and a hundred gallons of
+water just didn't have much effect on the mites, and we have had to use
+other materials. We hear of instances of codling moth on apples where
+DDT doesn't seem to be as good as it was in the beginning. I have talked
+with some of the people working on the problem, and they find that there
+is quite a difference between different brands of some of these
+insecticides. Possibly that is the answer.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: After spraying for shuck maggot with DDT do you encourage
+the presence of mites?
+
+MR. BAKER: It's very possible that you might. That has happened where
+DDT has been used. With some of our work with chestnut weevils, mites
+seem to be a little more abundant where we used DDT. We have had reports
+of this happening in California where they used DDT on walnuts. So it is
+a possibility, and that's why I brought into the paper a little
+information on the control of mites.
+
+Session closed at 4:15 o'clock, p.m.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: _Hyphantria cunea_ (Drury).]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Datana integerrima_ G. & R.]
+
+[Footnote 5: _Clastoptera achatina_ Germ.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Phylloxera devastatrix_ Perg.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Oncideres cingulata_ (Say).]
+
+[Footnote 8: _Curculio auriger_ Casey.]
+
+[Footnote 9: _C. proboscideus_ F.]
+
+[Footnote 10: _Curculio caryae_ (Horn).]
+
+[Footnote 11: _Conotrachelus juglandis_ Lee.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Conotrachelus retentus_ Say.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _Conotrachelus affinis_ Boh.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _Conotrachelus aratus_ Germ.]
+
+[Footnote 15: _Rhagoletis suavis_ Loew.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Melissopus latiferreanus_ (Wlsm.)]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Phytoptus avellanae_ Nal.]
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY EVENING BANQUET SESSION
+
+We will now have the report of the Resolutions Committee.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: "To Royal Oakes, Chairman of the Program Committee, and to
+J. Ford Wilkinson, the City of Rockport and its hospitable people, the
+Northern Nut Growers Association extends its grateful greetings to you
+and to your loyal helpers, mentioning only a few; that is, Mrs. Negus,
+Mr. and Mrs. Sly, Mr. Richard Best, a group of people who say little and
+who do much, our very hearty thanks to you and to your helpers. We have
+had a splendid meeting, good attendance, good fellowship and tomorrow a
+good field trip.
+
+"RESOLUTION: The sincere and grateful appreciation of this Association
+is hereby tendered to J. C. McDaniel, who has so faithfully and
+fruitfully served it as Secretary for five years. Your creation of new
+avenues of service, such as _The Nutshell_ is sufficient evidence of
+your resourcefulness in a difficult and most important office.
+
+"RESOLUTION: Be it resolved, that this Association instruct its Secretary
+to communicate the following action to the responsible agencies of
+Federal and State authorities in all areas where the oak wilt disease is
+present or threatens:
+
+"'The oak wilt disease threatens severe damage to our eastern and
+southern oaks and Chinese chestnut trees. Recently reported spread of
+the disease in Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania indicates
+a very serious and critical situation. All state and federal authorities
+are urged to take prompt and appropriate action before it is too late.'"
+
+All NNGA members are asked to write to their state and federal senators
+and representatives urging immediate preventive measures against the
+spread and for the eradication of the oak wilt disease. Please write
+those letters. They are important.
+
+"To Dr. Deming, greetings and congratulations from your Association on
+the occasion of your 90th birthday, September 1, 1952. May your years
+continue to be golden and happy. May our organization deserve in the
+future the gifts of inspiration and accomplishment that you have had so
+large a part in giving it in the past."
+
+"To Dr. J. Russell Smith: The Northern Nut Growers assembled at Rockport
+send greetings and best wishes to you. We miss you this year and hope to
+see you at Rochester, New York, next year."
+
+"To Mildred Jones Langdoc. Mildred: We have missed you at our meeting.
+Your absence is noted by all who know you. May the illness in your home
+be short. May we see you and your family in Rochester in 1953."
+
+"RESOLUTION: On behalf of the members of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association the Secretary is asked to send our affectionate greetings to
+two well-loved, absent members, Mrs. C. A. Reed and Mrs. G. A.
+Zimmerman: 'Best wishes to you both for speedy recovery of good health
+and with our hope to see you next year.'"
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Is it your pleasure to adopt these resolutions all
+at once, or do you wish to separate them? I take it that you wish to
+adopt them, all at the same time, and to that end a motion to accept the
+report of the Resolutions Committee and to adopt the resolutions and to
+send the greetings would be appropriate.
+
+The report of the resolutions committee was accepted unanimously.
+
+MR. MCDANIEL: Before this meeting convened we planned a bud wood
+exchange at the convention. Mr. Gerardi and I brought some buds, and Mr.
+Richard brought a few of the Rhodes heartnut. We have persimmons, some
+buds of the new Crandall apple, and a few sticks of Chinese and hybrid
+chestnuts. They are for anyone who would like to experiment with them.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: Next year at Rochester we are going to have
+opportunity for putting on a considerable exhibit of nuts, and I think
+that it would be much to the advantage of the Association, if we could
+have an outstanding exhibit there where there is a good chance to have a
+large number of people see the exhibits and become interested. To that
+end I think that all of us who have nut trees bearing this fall, should
+save some samples with extra care; that is, clean them up, make them
+look attractive and have them on hand ready for the exhibit next fall.
+
+A good sample for exhibit should be about 10 or a dozen for black
+walnuts and the Persian walnuts and perhaps 20 to 25 for the hickories
+and the smaller nuts, the hazel, particularly. I think that we have a
+good chance next year to forward the cause of the Association, and
+certainly having these exhibits will be much to our advantage.
+
+At this time, towards the end of our session, it is our usual custom to
+elect our next year's officers. Before going on with that election, I
+would just like to say that I personally, as president of the
+Association during this year, wish to thank all of the other officers
+who have worked with me. It has been a pleasure to work with them and
+with the committee chairmen, and I think the meeting here at Rockport
+and the work during the year attest to their effective service.
+
+The Nominations Committee report. For president next year, Mr. R. B.
+Best; for vice-president, George Salzer of Rochester, New York; for
+Treasurer, Carl Prell of South Bend, Indiana, who continues in the
+office; and for Secretary Mr. Spencer Chase of Norris, Tennessee.
+
+The slate presented was elected unanimously.
+
+A nominating committee consisting of Max Hardy, Gilbert Becker, George
+Slate, Dr. William Rohrbacker, and Ford Wilkinson was unanimously
+elected for 1953.
+
+PRESIDENT MacDANIELS: I will now call upon our newly elected president
+to come forward. It is usual at these meetings for the retiring
+president to present the gavel to the incoming president, and here it
+is. This gavel is made of pecan wood presented to the Association by Mr.
+T. P. Littlepage, who was born in this locality. I hope you will have as
+much fun and pleasure as president of the Association as I have had.
+It's all yours.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: That gavel was made from the wood of a pecan tree. Mr. T.
+P. Littlepage planted the nut when he was 14 years old on a piece of
+land that he inherited as a boy. I cut the wood and sent it to him in
+Washington to have the gavel made of it.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Breeding
+
+Report for 1951-1952
+
+ARTHUR H. GRAVES[18] and HANS NIENSTAEDT, _Connecticut Agricultural
+Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn._
+
+
+Weather Conditions
+
+Two serious enemies of the chestnut, if we disregard parasitic
+organisms, are drought and extreme cold. The winter of 1950-51 was
+unusually mild--scarcely cold enough to freeze the ground. The
+precipitation was plentiful during the winter months so that the water
+table was sufficient to tide over a slightly dry June and a much more
+serious drought in September and early October. But the latter dry
+period came when the nuts were matured, or nearly so.
+
+The winter of 1951-52 was again mild except for a short cold spell at
+the end of January, with plentiful precipitation up to the first week of
+June, and then a long drought with the driest July since 1944. However,
+the heavy rainfall of August, 8.69 inches,[19] made amends for this,
+and with the normal rainfall of 3.48 inches of September, prepared the
+trees to endure the long drought of October and early November. This
+serious drought,[20] which resulted in disastrous forest fires filling
+the air with smoke over much of the New England States, came late,
+however, after the nuts were nearly matured, some of the early kinds
+being ripe as early as the first week in September.
+
+The excessive heat of July, in which month occurred the greatest number
+of days on record with a maximum temperature of 90 degrees or above, was
+probably the chief cause of somewhat smaller results from our cross
+pollination work. There is evidence, indeed, that for effective
+fertilization, considerable heat is needed, but not the extreme
+temperatures that occurred during this period.
+
+In spite of the mild winter of 1951-52, the attacks of _Cryptodiaporthe
+castanea_ (Tul.) Wehmeyer caused considerable twig blight, especially on
+our crosses of _Castanea mollissimax seguini_. This is not surprising
+since _C. seguini_ comes from a warmer region in China, but why these
+attacks should occur during a mild winter is a puzzle. Evidently other
+factors, such as the drought of the preceding fall, entered in.
+
+
+Hybridization in 1951 and 1952
+
+A total of 2400 hybrid nuts was harvested in the 1951 season and 1690 in
+1952. This compares with the 1259 nuts reported for 1950. The increased
+production over past years can in part be ascribed to a concentration of
+the efforts on a fewer number of different crosses; while 103 were made
+in 1950, the total was 77 in 1951 and 80 in 1952. The pollinations
+followed the same general program in the two seasons, the emphasis being
+on the Chinese x (Japanese x American) hybrids. This is our most
+promising timber tree hybrid, and it seems worthwhile to test it on a
+somewhat larger scale under forest conditions. Therefore, some of the
+best early crosses have been repeated, new parent trees are being tried
+and selected hybrids intercrossed. Back-crosses to the native chestnut
+with the CxJA hybrids were made in an attempt to improve the form of the
+hybrid.
+
+Another cross which has attained some importance in the last years is
+the hybrid between Japanese chestnut (forest type, from U.S.D.A.) and
+S-8, the latter being a hybrid between Japanese chestnut and _C.
+pumila_, the common chinquapin. This cross has a high degree of
+resistance and a sufficiently good form to make it a possible timber
+tree (Fig. 1). It is also a fairly good nut bearer with nuts which ripen
+early, perhaps due to the influence of the chinquapin parent (Fig. 2).
+Selected individuals of this hybrid were intercrossed, and some crossing
+with the native chestnut was done.
+
+In the last two seasons the total harvest from some older Chinese trees
+(26 yrs.) was recorded. The best tree yielded 25.0 lbs. in 1951 and 28.2
+lbs. in 1952; on other trees the yield varied between 15 to 22 lbs. The
+average size of the nuts varies considerably from year to year on the
+same tree. On one Japanese tree the average weight per nut was 5.6 g.
+in 1951 and 14.5 g. in 1952; on a Chinese tree the same values were 7.7
+g. and 15.1 g. Other trees showed a 20-40 per cent increase in the
+average weight per nut in 1952 over 1951. This seems to indicate a
+marked influence of the climatic conditions during the latter part of
+the growing season on the weight of the nuts. A long-term study of this
+relationship might yield some interesting results.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Hybrid of S-8 and _Castanea crenata_, U.S.D.A,
+forest type, 18 years old. About 35 ft. high. Good forest type and also
+good nut bearer. Blight resistant. Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation,
+Hamden, Conn. Photo by Louis Buhle, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sept. 26,
+1952.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Fruiting branches and nuts of S-8 x _crenata_,
+Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation. About 1/2 natural size. Photo by B.
+W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. Sept. 8, 1952.]
+
+
+Grafting
+
+A considerable amount of grafting has been done since 1949 and the
+results have been good. Two year old Chinese transplants are usually
+used as rootstocks and all grafting is done in the field. The best
+results have been obtained where the rootstock plant was transplanted
+one year prior to the grafting. The simple splicegraft, or the bark or
+rind graft are used, depending on the size of the scion compared to that
+of the rootstock, the latter technique being used when the stock is
+considerably larger than the scion. There is some evidence of
+incompatibility; thus, scions from Chinese trees, or hybrids that show a
+dominance of Chinese characters, give a higher percentage of takes when
+grafted on Chinese rootstocks than scions from the native chestnut, or
+from hybrids between Japanese and native chestnut. Some indications of
+incompatibility between European and Chinese chestnut in grafts have
+also been encountered where scions received through the cooperation of
+Dr. C. Schad, Centre de Recherches agronomiques du Massif Central,
+France, and Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Denmark, were used, but in
+some cases these grafts were successful. Topworking, using the veneer
+crown graft, has been quite successful as long as sufficient sap drawers
+are left on the stock (Fig. 3).
+
+
+Inarching
+
+The senior writer has already explained in detail (2) the simple method
+by which blighted chestnut trees can be restored to health and vigor by
+cutting out blighted areas in the bark, painting them over, and
+inarching or ingrafting one or more basal shoots into the healthy bark
+above the lesion. We do this work from mid-April to mid-May, and make a
+systematic canvas of all the trees in all our plantations, inarching all
+those where if is necessary or might be advantageous. Each operation
+requires only a few minutes. Last year we put in many hundreds of
+inarches, altogether, which later showed nearly 100% "take".
+
+Owners of chestnut orchards should take advantage of this method of
+keeping valuable nut-bearing trees, although with cankered areas, in
+healthy, vigorous condition.
+
+We believe that, in cutting out the diseased bark, it is advisable to
+cut out also a few of the outer annual rings of wood (of course
+tangentially), especially if the canker is one of long-standing, since
+we know that the fungus eventually penetrates the outer rings of wood.
+Since that is true, the canker might enlarge later on from this same
+source of infection. Further it may also be possible for spores or bits
+of mycelium to be transported upward in the sap stream and cause new
+infections higher up in the tree. A thorough painting of the cut
+surfaces should go far toward remedying this situation.
+
+One can usually judge the extent of damage caused by the blight by the
+number and vitality of the basal shoots, a large number of basal shoots
+indicating a heavy attack. However, if the roots have been severely
+injured, perhaps by short-tailed mice, as sometimes happens, no basal
+shoots appear, in which case the tree is doomed.
+
+If no blight is present, but one or more basal shoots appear (sometimes
+due to shrubby ancestors), it is advisable to inarch these as an
+insurance against possible trouble in the future.
+
+This inarching process has not received the attention it deserves. There
+is absolutely no reason why, if this method is followed, there should be
+_any_ death from blight in resistant hybrids or in Japanese or Chinese
+chestnuts, barring, of course, cases where roots are attacked by mice
+(or _Phytophthora_ in warmer regions). Those of our trees in Connecticut
+which have been blighted have continued in health and nut-bearing ever
+since we began the inarching method in 1937 (Fig. 4). If the inarches
+become blighted, they can themselves be inarched, as shown.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Veneer crown grafting on chestnut. Photo by B. W.
+McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. May, 1952.]
+
+
+Research on Blight Resistance
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Japanese-American Chestnut, 21 yrs. old, showing
+inarching begun 15 yrs. ago. Original trunk, long since dead and now
+rotting, shows in center. Kept alive and vigorous because valuable for
+hybrid vigor and future breeding. Sleeping Giant Chestnut Plantation,
+Hamden, Conn. Photo by Louis Buhle, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sept. 26,
+1952.]
+
+A study has been made of the factors that cause the Chinese and Japanese
+chestnut to be resistant to the Endothia canker, and a close correlation
+was found between the tannin content of the bark and the relative
+resistance of the three species, i.e., Chinese, Japanese and American
+chestnut. The total tannin concentration in the bark of the Asiatic
+species is only slightly higher than in the American, and native trees
+can be found with as high a concentration as is found in the Asiatic. A
+similar overlap in resistance does not occur and it is therefore clear
+that the total tannin concentration as such cannot account for
+resistance. There is, however, good evidence that the tannins in the
+Asiatic species, as a result of the way in which they are bound to other
+colloids in the cells, are more soluble than in the American species.
+This, of course, would have a marked bearing on the effectiveness with
+which the tannins could check the spread of the parasite. Furthermore,
+it has been found that the types of tannins in the three species differ.
+In the American and Japanese species they are a mixture of catechol and
+pyrogallol tannins, while they appear to be pure pyrogallol tannins in
+the Chinese species. Considering the specificity of the enzyme systems
+of fungi it is quite possible that different tannins show different
+degrees of toxicity to a certain fungus. The following hypothesis has
+been suggested to explain the relative resistance of the three species:
+In the American chestnut bark the concentration of the available toxic
+tannin never reaches a level where it can stop the advancing parasite.
+The tannins in the Japanese species, although of the same type as in
+the native tree, are more soluble and reach a level toxic to the fungus.
+In the Chinese trees all the tannins of the bark belong to the toxic
+pyrogallol groups, and this, combined with their high solubility,
+results in the high degree of resistance in this species (4).
+
+The information available at present regarding the formation of tannins
+in plants is not conclusive. In some plants, apparently, they are formed
+in the leaves, and the presence of carbon dioxide and light is required;
+in other plants the tannin concentration can increase when the plants
+are grown in darkness (5). A more general formation of tannin in tissues
+with a high metabolic rate throughout the plant has also been suggested
+(3).
+
+It would be important to know the centers of origin of the tannins in
+the chestnut, their translocation, and whether they are translocated
+through or over graft-unions. In other words, will a susceptible scion
+when grafted on a resistant rootstock become more resistant because
+antibiotic substances formed in the roots of the resistant rootstock are
+translocated into the scion?
+
+From a number of older grafts of non-resistant Japanese-American hybrid
+scions on Japanese or Chinese rootstocks it appears that this indeed
+might be the case. These grafts, some of which are 16 years old, appear
+to be more resistant than the original hybrid tree, even if not as
+resistant as the rootstock.
+
+This would indicate the possibility that the antibiotic substances are
+produced in the roots and translocated into the scion. However, the
+possibility still remains that the compounds are formed also in the
+leaves and translocated to the base of the tree. To clarify this whole
+problem an experiment with Chinese-American grafts in different
+combinations is under way. Preliminary results show that antibiotic
+substances are formed in upper parts of the plants, but that they are
+not translocated downward across the graft union. Thus it was found that
+Chinese branches grafted on two year old American seedlings remained
+resistant, without the American seedlings showing any increase in
+resistance. In future experiments the upward translocation will be
+studied in detail on grafts of American scions on Chinese seedlings.
+
+
+Some Abnormal Conditions
+
+1. _Sterility_
+
+Sterility occurs quite commonly in interspecific hybrids either because
+the chromosomes fail to pair in meiosis or because the parent genes when
+brought together in the hybrid interact in some way deleterious to the
+formation of sex-cells. Furthermore, cytoplasmic sterility is likely to
+occur in a wide cross.
+
+Sterility has been encountered in several instances in American x
+Chinese and Japanese x American hybrids. In most cases it is a case of
+pollen abortion only; either anthers fail to develop completely as shown
+in Fig. 5, B, or the anthers develop but are much reduced in size and
+contain no functioning germ cells.
+
+Pollen sterility is not sporadic in a given individual: it is uniform
+throughout the flowering branches. The individual flowers are
+arranged on the catkin axis as in the normal flowers (Fig. 5). But
+when the flowers open, a hand lens reveals 3-5 tiny, membranous
+perianth-segments for each tiny flower, whitish in color, and more or
+less connected at their bases. A minute rounded mass appears in the
+center of the flower, perhaps primordia of abortive stamens, but this
+does not develop further. The catkin begins to take on a brownish color
+and at length the whole catkin, in case it is staminate, drops off. If
+it is androgynous, the staminate part drops off, or withers.
+
+These male sterile trees appear to have a normal, sometimes excessive,
+development of the females, and are quite prolific nut producers.
+Information on the occurrence of female sterility in the hybrid trees is
+incomplete, but the indications are that at least partial sterility is
+frequent.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. A. Normal androgynous catkin (female flower at
+base); B. Androgenous catkin with sterile pollen. From Sleeping Giant
+Chestnut Plantation, Hamden, Conn. Photo by Mary Alice Clark, Conn.
+Agric. Expt. Sta. July, 1949.]
+
+
+2. _Triploid Hybrid_
+
+In 1934 we produced a cross of Chinese and American chestnut which
+proved to be unusual in several respects. The leaves are enormous--9
+inches to 1 foot in length, and 4 or 5 inches in width. The hybrid is
+not particularly blight resistant but more so than its American parent.
+It died back from the blight about 1940 and the present tree has
+developed as a shoot from the old roots. The growth is rapid and
+vigorous. The flowers appear normal, but we have never been able to make
+a cross with its pollen, nor to effect fertilization of its pistillate
+flowers. It may be triploid, that is, with 3 sets of chromosomes instead
+of the normal double set, and this would account for its barrenness.
+
+In the spring of 1952 some of the vigorous shoots of this tree were
+successfully grafted on shoots from an old stump of Chinese chestnut,
+using the veneer crown graft method. The scions had not been taken when
+dormant, but were transferred directly from the tree to the stock in
+late April. This grafting was done in order to impart greater
+resistance, if possible, to the CA hybrid by means of the roots of the
+Chinese stock.
+
+
+3. _Systemic Defect_
+
+Since the early 1930's we have seen occasional individuals with abnormal
+foliage--somewhat mottled, usually curled and often misshapen. Thinking
+that a virus might be the cause of this trouble the senior author tried
+grafting some of the shoots on to healthy stocks. The grafts were in no
+case successful because the scions were too weak. Finally he succeeded
+in grafting a branch from an affected tree on to a branch of a normal
+individual. The only result was an increased vigor of the healthy
+branch. This year he rubbed juices from leaves of such an abnormal
+individual on to wounded healthy leaves, without result. Moreover, such
+sick individuals, although growing for years close to healthy trees,
+have never communicated the malady to their neighbors. Growth is
+comparatively slow, and there is much dying back or dying out of the
+slender branchlets.
+
+The evidence indicates that this is _not_ a virus trouble, but a
+systemic defect, probably caused by chromosome aberration or gene
+abnormality. It is significant that this trouble occurs only in hybrids.
+Such trees never flower. We have known four such cases, two of which are
+now dead. Similar types appear in other species as inherited deviations
+from normal.
+
+
+Insect Injuries
+
+A heavy attack from the spring canker worms developed in 1951, but
+spraying with DDT on May 24th prevented serious damage. No outbreak of
+canker worms appeared in the spring of 1952. The Japanese beetle has
+been very little in evidence. The principal bad actors are the mites,
+_Paratetranychus bicolor._ Although barely visible to the naked eye, the
+effect they produce of whitening the leaves is conspicuous, especially
+on the Chinese chestnut and its hybrids. These insects overwinter in egg
+form on the surface of the bark. Last winter they were so numerous on
+some of the trees that the bark had taken on a red color--especially on
+smooth-barked trunks just below a branch. An application of "Scalecide"
+on April 21, while the trees were still dormant, followed by two heavy
+applications of "Aramite" (6-7 lbs. per acre) on June 13th and 27th,
+gave good control for the rest of the summer. Spraying with DDT for
+weevils was done on August 18th and September 3rd in 1952 with good
+results.
+
+
+Cooperative Hybrid Chestnut Plantations
+
+In 1947 the first hybrid chestnut plantation under forest conditions was
+made in cooperation with the U.S.D.A. Bureau of Plant Industry, Division
+of Forest Pathology. The plantations are made in order to test the
+hybrids under normal forest conditions and different climatic
+conditions. In general, each plantation consists of about 100 trees, 50
+U.S.D.A. hybrids and 50 Connecticut hybrids. The trees are planted at a
+10' by 10' spacing, and the overstory is girdled at the time of planting
+in order to give the plants better light conditions without causing an
+abrupt change in the microclimate of the forest floor--a method
+developed by Dr. J. D. Diller of the Division of Forest Pathology (1).
+Ten plantations at 9 locations have been established since 1947. These
+are listed below:
+
+   No. of Plots          Location                     Year Established
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+   1   Edward Childs Estate, Norfolk, Conn.                         1947
+   1   Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn.                    1947
+   1   Table Rock State Park, Pickens, S.C.                         1948
+   1   Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio                        1948
+   1   Upper Perkiomen Valley Park, Green Lane, Pa.                 1949
+   1   So. Ill. Univ. Fish & Wildlife Service, Cartersville, Ill.   1949
+   1   Russ State Forest, Decatur, Mich.                            1951
+   2   Nathan Hale State Forest, Coventry, Conn.                    1951
+   1   Ouichata Nat'l. Forest, Hot Springs, Ark.                    1952
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Connecticut State Ownership of Sleeping Giant Plantations
+
+On April 11, 1951, at a meeting at the "Little Red House", Sleeping
+Giant Mountain, the lands on the Sleeping Giant Mountain, Hamden,
+Connecticut, about 10 acres, on which about 1500 chestnut trees are now
+growing, including nearly every chestnut species known to science, and
+many valuable, blight resistant hybrids, were formally deeded over to
+the State of Connecticut by their owner, the senior writer of this
+report. The meeting was attended by officials of the Sleeping Giant Park
+Association, the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission, The
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Yale School of
+Forestry. The transfer to the State was made with the understanding that
+The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station would continue the
+chestnut breeding work. The whole region is now undergoing a fairly
+rapid housing development, and in the ordinary course of mortal events
+this plantation would have been divided into building lots within the
+next few decades. The State ownership will obviate this, and The
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station sponsorship will assure a
+continuation of the breeding work.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+     1. Diller, J. D. Growing chestnuts for timber. 37th Ann. Rept. of
+     Northern Nut Grower's Assn. for 1946. 66-68. 1947. 2. Graves,
+     Arthur Harmount. A method of controlling the chestnut blight on
+     partially resistant species and hybrids of _Castanea_. 41st Ann.
+     Rept. of Northern Nut Growers Assn. 1950. 149-151. 1951. 3. Hauser,
+     Willibald. Zur Physiologie des Gerbstoffes in der Pflanzenzelle.
+     III. Protoplasma 27:125-130. 1936-37. 4. Nienstaedt, Hans. Tannin
+     as a factor in the resistance of chestnut, castanea spp., to the
+     chestnut blight fungus, _Endothia parasitica_. Phytopathology
+     43:32-38. 1953. 5. Nierenstein, M. The natural organic tannins. J.
+     & A. Churchill.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 18: Also of The Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A., Plant
+Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Records furnished by the U.S. Weather Bureau at New Haven,
+Conn.]
+
+[Footnote 20: October, 1952, was among the six driest Octobers on
+record. These were: 1879, 1892, 1897, 1916 and 1924. From U.S. Weather
+Report, New York City.]
+
+
+
+
+Effect of Vermiculite in Inducing Fibrous Roots on Tap-Rooting Tree
+Seedlings
+
+HERBERT C. BARRETT[21] and TORU ARISUMI[22]
+
+
+When seedlings of nut trees and other tap-rooted species are
+transplanted from nursery to orchard, the percentage of survival in
+often quite low. Perhaps the chief reason for this failure is the marked
+and pronounced tendency of most tap-rooted plants to produce little or
+no fibrous, branched roots in lieu of the long, straight, and seldom
+branched tap roots.
+
+The common practice of undercutting seedlings during the dormant season
+to induce a branched root system requires additional labor, and often
+results in reduced growth and vigor during the following season. The use
+of hardware cloth or other close-meshed wire is effective, but this
+method also has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive for the
+nurseryman.
+
+Preliminary work carried on during the past two years has shown that
+with certain nut trees and other tap-rooted plants, it is possible to
+induce fibrous roots by growing such seedlings in vermiculite. The
+methods and results of this work are presented in this paper.
+
+
+Material and Methods
+
+Seeds of black walnut (_Juglans nigra_), Persian walnut (_Juglans
+regia_), Chinese chestnut (_Castanea mollissima_), pignut hickory
+(_Carya glabra_), shellbark hickory (_Carya laciniosa_), shagbark
+hickory (_Carya ovata_), pecan (_Carya illin_), pawpaw (_Asimina
+triloba_), and three persimmons (_Diospyros kaki_, _D. lotus_, and _D.
+virginiana_) were stratified in moist sawdust for three months at a
+temperature range of 35 to 40 degrees F. After this period of
+stratification the seeds of each species were divided into three lots
+and planted in flats 25 x 26 x 6 inches containing one of the following
+media: (1) sharp sand of the type used in potting soil, (2) potting
+soil, and (3) vermiculite. Seeds were kept moist with ordinary tap water
+and allowed to germinate and grow in the greenhouse. When the seedlings
+had grown two or three true leaves, they were carefully removed from the
+medium and examined for the type of root system developed.
+
+
+Results
+
+In the first eight species listed in Table 1, the differences between
+branched and tap-rooted seedlings were quite pronounced. The few
+tap-rooted seedlings growing in vermiculite medium showed some laterals
+and were less strongly tap-rooted than those in soil or sand. Pawpaws in
+soil and sand media were practically devoid of laterals, and their
+fibrous root system in vermiculite was not as pronounced as with the
+walnuts, hickories, and pecans. Of the species studied, the persimmons
+
+
+
+
+Table 1.
+
+                          Sand                 Soil           Vermiculite
+
+   Species                               Number of plants
+                   Tap rooted Fibrous       Tap  Fibrous       Tap  Fibrous
+
+   Black Walnut          20     3            24    2             0    39
+   Persian Walnut        15     2            13    1             0    15
+   Chinese Chestnut      35     6            32    7             3    37
+   Pignut Hickory        19     0            22    0             3    16
+   Shellbark Hickory      9     0             8    0             0    13
+   Shagbark Hickory      27     0            25    0             2    28
+   Pecan                 21     0            23    0             0    15
+   Pawpaw               102     0           140    0            20    85
+   D. kaki                6     2             5    3             0    10
+   D. lotus              20    11            18    7             0    30
+   D. Virginia           16     0            20    0             0    14
+
+showed the least tendency to produce tap-rooted seedlings. Typical
+branched or fibrous-rooted seedlings grown in vermiculite are
+illustrated in Figure 1.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Seedlings grown in vermiculite medium. Left,
+_Juglans regia_; right, _Castanea mollissima_.]
+
+
+Summary
+
+The chief difficulty encountered in transplanting several nut tree and
+other commonly tap-rooted seedlings is thought to be due to the lack of
+a branched root system. The methods and results of a fairly simple
+technique of inducing fibrous roots, that of growing seedlings in
+vermiculite, have been presented.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: First Assistant in Plant Breeding, University of Illinois,
+Department of Horticulture.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Formerly Half-time Assistant in Plant Breeding, University
+of Illinois, Department of Horticulture.]
+
+
+
+
+Eastern Black Walnut Survey, 1951
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association, at its 1950 Annual Meeting,
+adopted a resolution directing that a survey covering the eastern
+American black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ be conducted during the ensuing
+year, and that the services of the State and regional Vice-presidents be
+utilized in making the survey.
+
+In carrying out this mandate fifty questionaires were sent out, and 37
+replies were received. Of these, 33 were from the States, including the
+District of Columbia, three were from Canada, including British
+Columbia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island, respectively, and one was
+from Belgium.
+
+From these replies, as compiled, it is apparent that the natural range
+of the American black walnut may be defined approximately as follows:
+
+Beginning at the Atlantic seaboard at Massachusetts Bay curving slightly
+northward then westward across northeastern New York to Toronto and on
+westward across lower Ontario, Lake Huron, Michigan, Wisconsin and
+Minnesota, in which state the line curves south-westward, crossing about
+the northwest corner of Iowa. From this point the line runs
+approximately south across the eastern parts of Nebraska, Kansas,
+Oklahoma and Texas. As the line approaches the Gulf of Mexico it turns
+eastward, crossing the southern parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
+and Georgia, back again to the Atlantic.
+
+The natural range of the black walnut may be said to have been limited
+on the north by winter cold, on the west by lack of sufficient rainfall
+and on the south by a winter climate too mild for the required dormant
+rest period. Where these limitations are removed the American black
+walnut appears to do well far out of its natural range.
+
+In its native state it seemed to thrive best along water-ways and in
+hollows among the hills and mountains, though it was also to be found on
+the uplands wherever the soil was fertile and other conditions
+favorable. The overflow of streams undoubtedly did much to distribute
+and plant the seed, aided always by the ubiquitous squirrel.
+
+Twenty-nine of the States reported the trees as thrifty and bearing
+well-filled nuts. Eastern Maryland reported the trees as thrifty but the
+nut crop light. Michigan reports the nuts as having been well filled
+formerly, but poor in recent years. West Virginia makes a similar
+report, and attributes poor crops to the presence of anthracnose, a
+fungus disease of the leaves causing early defoliation.
+
+The nut crop of the wild trees appears to be ungathered to a large
+extent, taking the country as a whole.
+
+Eleven states report whole husked nuts being marketed in a limited way
+and six report the marketing of home-produced kernels. Prices for the
+whole nuts are quoted as low as $2.00 per bushel, with a top of $5.00
+per bushel for Kansas-produced named varieties.
+
+Accurate statistics as to whole nut and kernel production are not
+available.
+
+Tennessee reports black walnut cracking plants, as follows: One each at
+Lebanon and Morristown, and three located at Nashville.
+
+A West Virginia report estimates the State's kernel production at
+$200,000 per annum. A cracking plant in St. Louis is reported as
+processing 1-1/2 million pounds of whole nuts annually, for which it
+pays 5-1/2 cents per pound. Other cracking plants reported are one at
+Stanford, Kentucky, one at Broadway, Virginia and one or two in West
+Virginia, location unstated. No statement was received as to the amount
+of business done by these. A new one is starting operations at
+Henderson, Kentucky in 1951.
+
+Production of black walnut kernels as a home industry has languished
+since the Federal ruling that the kernels must be pasteurized as soon as
+produced. Most of such kernels are now consumed locally, so as not to
+run afoul of inter-state regulations. No epidemic has, as yet, been
+traced to such local use.
+
+A question designed to disclose what named varieties give the best
+results in the various localities was not very effective. Replies
+usually came in the form of lists of varieties being planted with little
+definite indication as to the ones that have proven superior.
+
+As might be expected, Thomas led the list by being mentioned 15 times.
+Elmer Myers was listed 9 times, Stabler 6, Ohio 6, Mintle 3, Snyder 2,
+(New York and Tenn.), Sifford 2, (Kentucky and Kansas), and the
+following one each: Adams, Grundy, Korn (Michigan); Rohwer, Vandersloot
+(Kansas); Sparrow, Victoria, Homeland (North Carolina); Ten Eyck (New
+Jersey); Creitz (Virginia); and Impit (British Columbia).
+
+A study of the geographical distribution of the preferred varieties
+fails to produce any significant conclusions as to the varieties best
+adapted to any specific state. Doubtless Thomas heads the list because
+it has had the longest and largest distribution. A New York state survey
+gave Thomas the preference 9 times, Snyder 7, Myers 4, Ohio 2, and one
+each to several other varieties. A similar survey in New Jersey gave
+Thomas preference 2, Stabler 2, Ten Eyck 1 and Ohio 1.
+
+One New Jersey correspondent reported Ohio as "excellent", another
+listed Ten Eyck as "fair", and a third reported Thomas as "terrible".
+
+One Kansas producer reports Thomas his best and Ohio his worst. Another
+Kansan reports the exact opposite.
+
+Pennsylvania reports Ohio as best, Stabler as worst. Her neighbor to the
+east, New Jersey, rates Stabler highly, as does Ohio, immediately to the
+west.
+
+The notable leaf-disease resistance of the Ohio variety is worthy of the
+consideration of planters in districts where early defoliation causes
+poor filling of the nuts.
+
+For a late comer, the thin-shelled Myers makes a strong showing, which
+may be significant. It is worth watching.
+
+Until there is wider planting and production of the named varieties, it
+will not be possible to name the varieties best adapted to any specific
+state or location, in the opinion of your reporter.
+
+The possibilities of profit in planting black walnut orchards have not
+been determined.
+
+From Pennsylvania comes the report that of the several black walnut
+orchards planted twenty-five years ago, only three are now being given
+care.
+
+A ten-acre orchard at Wharton, Md. that, presumably, was being given
+special care, is reported as nearly all dead--"too much commercial
+fertilizer, or the wrong kind."
+
+The report on several small West Virginia plantings is submitted as
+"inconclusive".
+
+The main general interest at present appears to be the planting of the
+better walnuts on home grounds and on the farm. Twenty-four states
+reported such use, with varying degrees of interest.
+
+Considering that the black walnut is our finest cabinet wood, and one of
+the best in the world, forestry planting may be truthfully said to be
+lagging deplorably.
+
+The state of Pennsylvania has shown some interest and made some small
+plantings.
+
+Ohio has done some planting. The Sunny Hill Coal Company of New
+Lexington, Ohio, is reported to have planted 5000 seedlings.
+
+In Indiana Ford Wallick has reported the planting of 14 bu. of seed, the
+seedlings to be budded later to the Lamb curly walnut. Tennessee and
+West Virginia report small plantings.
+
+Kansas reports some interest in planting walnuts on lands that have been
+destroyed for agricultural purposes by strip coal mining.
+
+As a whole, the forestry plantings of the walnut of the future, as of
+the past, appear mainly dependent on the untiring squirrel.
+
+There has never been an adequate supply of walnut timber since pioneer
+days when walnut logs were rolled together for burning in the clearing
+of land, or split for fence rails, nor is an adequate supply in sight
+for the future.
+
+In producing districts buyers are always ready to pounce on the owner of
+any walnut tree of marketable size. Prices paid are usually much lower
+than the real value of the timber, partly because the stand is so
+scattering as to prevent the use of efficient means of logging and
+transportation.
+
+Of all the agencies tending to destroy the black walnut, war is the most
+devastating. The superb qualities of the wood for the making of gun
+stocks causes the country to be combed more and more closely by buyers
+in each succeeding war.
+
+However, from the standpoint of human interest, the picture is not
+wholly dark. It is perhaps too much to expect that private enterprise
+will enter into the long-time investment necessary for extensive
+forestry plantings, but the states can and should do so in connection
+with their park and forestry programs. As already indicated some few
+states are working in that direction.
+
+Of perhaps more immediate concern and value are the possibilities of
+interesting the 4-H clubs and similar organizations of youth in making
+home and farm plantings. Refreshingly encouraging is the following
+excerpt from the report of the Arkansas state Vice-president, Mr. A. C.
+Hale, a vocational instructor of Camden, Arkansas.
+
+"When a student comes into the class of vocational agriculture in the
+ninth grade I try to get him to plant some black walnuts so they will
+get big enough to graft while he is in high school. The use of this
+method is helpful in getting many trees started. By grafting one or more
+of the Persian walnuts, interest is also added."
+
+"One way that has helped me get people started with a tree on the home
+grounds is to pot a few sprouted nuts and when a neighbor is sick take a
+seedling walnut instead of a flower. I usually go back to help with the
+transplanting of it."
+
+Such practical methods, if widely used, would bring far more valuable
+results than any legislative program.
+
+The Virginia Polytechnic Institute is showing some interest, and
+conducted a field clinic in top-working the walnut in the Shenandoah
+Valley area in the spring of 1951. County Agents have become interested,
+and a county-wide Black Walnut Contest will be held at Harrisonburg,
+Va., Nov. 9 and 10th of this year, in which VPI is collaborating. It is
+hoped this idea will spread.
+
+On Prince Edward Island, just off the Canadian east coast, there does
+not appear to be enough summer heat to mature the nuts, though the tree
+is grown somewhat on home grounds.
+
+In the fruit-growing sections of British Columbia the black walnut
+appears quite at home, trees of a diameter of from three to four feet
+being reported at Chilliwack, in the Fraser River valley. J. U.
+Gellattly also reports the walnut at Brooks and Medicine Hat, Alberta.
+
+Confirmation of the ability of the black walnut to stand extremely low
+temperatures is to be found in a letter of Aug. 22, 1951 from W. R.
+Leslie, Superintendent, Dominion Experiment Station, Morden, Manitoba,
+as follows:
+
+"Black walnut is doing fairly well in such places as the Provincial
+Horticultural Station, Brooks, Alberta, (P. D. Hargrave, Supt.), and at
+Portage la Prairie, Winnipeg and Morden, Manitoba. Apparently the black
+walnut enjoys a heavier soil than the butternut (or white walnut). The
+white has been more widely planted than the black. The Manchurian seems
+hardier than either and is the most rapid grower of the three _Juglans_
+on test here. However, the two natives usually give us a fairly abundant
+crop of nuts."
+
+"Our source of black walnut was from around New Ulm, Minnesota; the
+butternut came from around Sault Ste. Marie, at the lower end of Lake
+Superior. I am not aware of either indigenous species being native
+closer than the points mentioned."
+
+Belgium reports the black walnut as thriving in door-yards and along
+roadways, where the nuts are mentioned as a menace to traffic.
+
+In conclusion it is urged that friends of conservation and a sound
+economy should lend their every effort to the extension of black walnut
+plantings. Some progress has been made since the days of pioneer
+plunder, but much remains to be done.
+
+Thanks are extended to all those who have contributed to this survey.
+
+
+
+
+Crath's Carpathian English Walnuts in Ontario
+
+[23]P. C. CRATH, _129 Felbrigg Ave., Toronto 12, Ontario_
+
+
+Introduction
+
+The English Walnut (Juglans regia) in England is known as Persian
+walnut. Some think that the nuts originated in Persia. The primeval
+forests of English walnut trees, which in many places cover the
+southern as well as northern slopes of the Caucasian Mountains show
+that Caucasia is the country of the origin of those trees.
+
+But in the Western Carpathian Mountains in Europe geologists had
+excavated ancient walnuts in the salt rocks of the pits of Weliczka. In
+some places of the Eastern Carpathians walnuts could be found in a wild
+stage; and of course domesticated walnuts flourish in every Ukrainian
+orchard from the northern slopes of the Carpathians up to the southern
+banks of the Pripet River, and all over Ukraine as far as the Don. But
+there they could not be found in a wild form.
+
+Walnuts in such countries as Italy, Spain, France are probably of
+Persian origin.
+
+Since Canada was discovered by Cartier European settlers have many times
+tried to introduce the southern European walnuts in to the New World,
+but without success. Only in California, along the Ocean's shore,
+Europeans succeeded in acclimatizing some, as they think, "English
+Walnuts"; though in reality the California Walnuts are halfbreeds.
+
+In Old Ontario the people enjoyed the local wild black walnuts,
+butternuts and hickory. Up to the present English Walnuts are imported
+into this Province.
+
+When in 1917 I settled in Toronto and found that even in the southern
+part of the Province, so rich in different fruits, no English Walnuts
+grew there, I was amazed.
+
+In my old home in the Ukraine walnut trees were as common as elms in
+Ontario. And I have found that the Southern Ontario climate is warmer
+than the climate of Kiev or Poltava regions in Ukraine.
+
+It has seemed to me that English walnuts from the Carpathian region
+should thrive well around Toronto.
+
+
+My Experiments
+
+In my old home I have heard gardeners say: "Where apples grow, walnuts
+will grow there also." And around Toronto there I have seen nice apple
+orchards producing splendid fruits. The Ontario apple trees withstood
+winter colds well, and that fact encouraged me to try to plant English
+walnuts from Ukraine in the neighborhood of Toronto. At the end of the
+First World War Ukraine revolted against the Russian Empire and at the
+same time she was fighting for her independence with Poland.
+
+At that time my father's family lived in the city of Stanyslaviv at the
+northern foot of the Carpathians. I asked my sister to send me as many
+local English walnut seeds by mail as she could. Giving such an order to
+my sister I expected that the nuts would arrive not later than the end
+of October, just in time to be planted before the freeze up. This was in
+1921.
+
+I remembered from my boyhood that planting of English walnut seeds was
+surrounded by some mystery. It seemed to me that people in Ukraine
+regarded it as a very difficult matter to cultivate walnut trees.
+
+Being under such a notion myself I asked a horticulturist how long the
+germination power of a walnut seed would last. He told me that it could
+prevail in a fresh walnut not longer than a week. He advised me in order
+to prevent walnuts from drying to dip them in melted parawax. Following
+that information I wrote my sister to parawax the walnut seeds before
+sending them to Canada.
+
+Owing to the Polish-Ukrainian war at that time the shipment of the
+walnut seeds got to Toronto not late in the Fall, as had been expected,
+but in February when the farm land around Toronto was frozen. And the
+worst of it was my sister did not parawax the nuts!
+
+Being sure the kernels were dead I allowed the children to do what they
+pleased with them. But before they cracked the last one my wife advised
+me to plant a dozen of the nuts in our flower pots, as she said, "for
+fun". I did it. Other nuts the children destroyed, and in spite of my
+sorrow and anguish in two weeks the walnut sprouts came up in the pots.
+Everyone of them came up, proving that you do not need to protect walnut
+germination by dipping the nuts into melted parawax.
+
+From the flower pots the walnut seedlings were transplanted that spring
+of 1922 into our city garden at 48 Peterboro Ave., Toronto.
+
+At least a thousand of the kernels of several varieties were thus
+destroyed and I was obliged to wait until another fall when the _Juglans
+regia_ nuts were sent again by my sister. They came also late in the
+winter and were dry as pepper.
+
+In the spring of 1923 I took the walnut seeds of the second shipment to
+the farm of my friend Mr. M. Kozak located a couple of miles north of
+the Scarboro Golf Club. There I soaked them in water in a tub for five
+days and then planted in rows 1-1/2 ft. apart, row from row, and the
+nuts 6 inches apart nut from nut and two inches deep. In a couple of
+weeks nearly every nut produced a sapling. I kept them well cultivated
+the whole summer, and in the Fall the seedlings were from six to eight
+inches tall. The nuts on the Kozak farm were of different varieties;
+some were small, some large, some were round, some oblong, some
+paper-thin-shelled, some hard shelled; some varieties had sweet kernels,
+some had a little slightly bitter taste, some were flat. According to
+their variety the bark of the seedlings, some of them at least, was
+shiny brown, while other varieties had their bark shiny dark green,
+light gray, light green.
+
+Now I have known how to produce walnut seedlings. Then another worry
+came--could the seedlings stand the Ontario winter? They had stood the
+winter of 1925-28 very well. Only the tops of those were spoiled, which
+were injured by buffalo tree hoppers.
+
+It seemed that the regular Ontario caterpillars did not like the sap of
+the English walnut foliage. But the worst enemies of the Carpathians was
+the bacterial disease. The leaves and young shoots curled, turned black,
+being infested by the disease. In such a case the spraying is needed.
+
+
+Acquaintance with the Vineland Government Experimental Farm
+
+Somehow, but very soon after I started my experiments with English
+Carpathian Walnuts in Ontario, Mr. James Neilson, the nut specialist in
+the Government Experimental Farm, Vineland, Ont. discovered me. By him I
+was introduced to the late Mr. G. H. Corsan of Islington, Ont. who was
+known as a prominent nut grower in Ontario. In the year 1924, when we
+met the first time, Mr. Corsan already was interested in the culture of
+black walnuts and butternuts, in hickories, pecans, hicans and filberts.
+Soon I transferred my English Carpathian walnut nursery to Corsan's
+place at Islington. Mr. Corsan, with a great deal of enthusiasm
+broadcasted my Carpathians all over the American continent, but under
+different names: English Walnuts, Persian, Russian, Carpathian, etc.
+Soon we were joined by a third walnut enthusiast Mr. L. K. Davitt, a
+teacher in a Toronto High School.
+
+Prof. C. T. Currelly the Founder and at that time the Director of the
+Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology in Toronto, also became interested in
+my walnut experiments. Then later on some other prominent Torontonians
+followed us and the Nut Growers Society of Ontario was organized.
+
+Americans also became interested in the Carpathian walnuts. First among
+them was a graduate from Cornell University, a farmer near Ithaca, N.
+Y., Mr. Samuel Graham. Mr. George Slate of the Geneva Experiment Station
+was one of the first Americans who early got interested in the
+Carpathians.
+
+There in the States is the Northern Nut Growers Association. Following
+Mr. Corsan I also became a member of the Association.
+
+
+My Research in English Walnuts in Ukraine
+
+From the year 1924 until 1936 I spent most of my time as a Presbyterian
+missionary in Western Ukraine, which was then under Polish occupation.
+From time to time I used to come to Canada on furlough. Every time,
+coming from Ukraine, I brought also a box or more of Carpathian English
+Walnuts for planting.
+
+Then I liked to tell Dr. Palmer, the Director of the Vineland Government
+Experimental Farm about my research in walnuts in Ukraine.
+
+In Western Ukraine my headquarters were in the city of Kolomyja,
+Province of Galicia, at the foot of the Eastern Carpathians. Thus I was
+in the center of the culture of the Carpathian walnuts.
+
+Though my circuit was very large (Provinces of Galician and Volynia) and
+there was a time when I served 30 congregations, nevertheless I had a
+little time also to study the English Walnuts in their native
+environments.
+
+Before starting the research in that country I decided for myself what
+in my conception should be the ideal English walnut. I have come to the
+conclusion that the nut should be of large size, thin shelled, its
+kernel well filled up, being of a pleasant sweet taste; inside of the
+nut there should be no partitions, thus allowing the kernel to roll out
+unbroken.
+
+Then I printed questionnaire blanks for each individual nut tree to be
+examined. Beside the above mentioned questions I added:
+
+What is the name and address of the owner of the tree, and its location?
+
+How old, tall and thick the trunk of tree is?
+
+How many pounds of the nuts the tree yielded that year?
+
+In what kind of soil does it thrive?
+
+What enemies attack it?
+
+What fertilizer, or manure, has been used in the particular case, or
+none?
+
+Is there in the nuts, leaves and bark any sign of cross-pollination?
+
+Regarding the grafting and budding I found that the local nut-growers
+had not the slightest idea how to go about it. They also did not care to
+prevent their walnut trees from cross-pollination.
+
+Soon I found that there in Galicia alone could be found several hundreds
+of varieties of Carpathian English walnuts. Anyway till 1935, I sent to
+Toronto 200 varieties of the Carpathians.
+
+Some of those English Carpathian walnuts were 2-1/2 inches long, or five
+nuts to a foot; others were only one third of an inch. Some very small
+Carpathians produced nuts in clusters, like grapes. In some Carpathians
+it was possible to detect cross-pollination with Asiatic walnuts by
+their harder shells, by partitions, by the shape of nuts, by the
+construction of the leaves and their odor, and in some cases by the
+color of bark.
+
+By kernels all the Carpathian halfbreeds are English walnuts, differing
+group from group by the taste. I remember that only in 1898 in the bourg
+of Loubni, and in 1933 in the City of Kolomyja I came across two trees
+which resembled our black walnut. In both towns some people used to live
+in America, and coming home they could bring with them some American
+nuts.
+
+In the region around Kossiv I came across groves of American black
+walnuts and butternuts. Those trees were planted there by the Austrian
+Government 75 or so years ago. Of course they did not cause all the
+hybridizing I mentioned above. Maybe the Asiatic nuts were brought in
+Eastern Carpathians when the Tartar hordes crossed the mountains in the
+region of Pokouttia (Kossiv) in the year 1242.
+
+Not far from Kossiv, westward, in the village of Kosmuch in the
+Carpathians 2500 feet above sea level I found English walnut trees of
+small size (15 feet tall, 6 inches thick) with light gray bark,
+producing 2 inch long nuts of speary shape, like our Canadian butternuts
+but of English Walnut shells and kernels. The kernels were tasty. There
+was no question but that they were halfbreeds, English plus Mongolian
+nuts.
+
+There in Kosmuch, not far from the historical Tartar Passage, through
+which in 13th century Ghengis Khan hordes invaded the Danube plains, in
+winter the temperature falls to 45 degrees below zero. Owing to the
+hardiness of the strain and pleasant taste of the nuts I picked up about
+10 pounds of them to be tried in colder parts of Ontario, (and some of
+them already are bearing north of Toronto and true to the type.)
+
+I called the nuts Hutzulian Pointies, as they grow in Hutzulia the
+country of the Ukrainian Mountaineers.
+
+
+The year 1936. My last trip to Western Ukraine
+
+In Ontario farmers were slow to grasp the idea of cultivating my
+Carpathian English walnuts. Either they did not believe the English
+walnuts could thrive in this Province, or waited till my trees would
+start to bear. Nevertheless some thousand of my seedlings were planted
+here and there all over Ontario and smaller quantities in the Maritime
+Provinces, Manitoba and Alberta. The late Sir Wm. Mulock hired Mr.
+Corsan to graft with the Carpathian scions tops of many of his black
+walnut trees in Orillia, Ont. Fred Gaby, the engineer who built the
+Ontario Hydro, ordered through me from Ukraine 50 to 12 feet tall
+Carpathians of bearing age and planted them on 10 acres near Cooksville.
+Ont. Prof. Currelly has bought 25 acres near his estate west of Pt.
+Hope, Ont. for my use in experimental work. The late Col. McAlpyne
+planted one thousand of my yearlings on his estate at Fenelon Falls,
+Ont. Two young farmers, Papple Bros., in the Georgian Bay region also
+started an English Carpathian walnut orchard. In 1935 I moved my
+Carpathian walnut nursery from Islington to Prof. Currelly's estate, and
+Mr. L. K. Devitt sold his lot of the trees through the Dominion Seed
+Co., Georgetown, Ont.
+
+In the States, Mr. Carl Weschoke, a manufacturer in St. Paul, Minn., who
+in the year 1935 was elected the President of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, also got interested in Carpathians. His son-in-law about
+that time started a walnut nursery on their estate some 30 miles east of
+St. Paul. That 1936 year Mr. Weschoke sponsored my expedition to
+Northeastern Poland (Northwestern Ukraine) to find the geographical line
+north of which English walnuts do not thrive in Europe.
+
+My expedition was successful. I discovered that northward from the
+Pripet River, which flows from west to east toward the Dneiper, English
+Walnuts could not be found. If I had come across there some English
+seedlings nearer to the Lithuanian boundary and the Baltic Sea shore,
+they would have been planted there recently and not before the year
+1924.
+
+Farther north, though there English walnuts do not thrive, around the
+Lake Peipus I came across filberts not as bushes but as large trees.
+Every fall peasants in that district go in the woods and bring bags of
+filberts for winter use.
+
+Such filbert trees I found also in the Carpathian mountains near the
+Ukrainian settlement of Vizhnytza in the Province of Bukovina.
+
+West of the town of Sarny and south of the Pripet I came across a grove
+of 18 ancient English walnut trees. In the year 1648 when Ukrainian
+Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytzky led a war against Poland those trees already
+were 70 years old, and they still were bearing in 1936 when I visited
+that region. Indeed their limbs were broken and they presented a sad
+sight, but they proved how long the Ukrainian English walnut could live.
+The seeds of those ancient trees I also shipped to Mr. Weschcke. Beside
+that I brought to my sponsors thousands of selected walnut seeds,
+seedlings and scions.
+
+My English Carpathian walnut tree in the back yard of 48 Peterboro Ave.
+Toronto, Ont., being planted out there from the pot in the spring of
+1922 started to produce nuts in 1929. The nuts were exactly to the type:
+oblong, pointy, inch and a half long, the shell semi-hard, partitions
+large, the kernel of pleasant taste. It started to produce female bloom
+when it was 4 years old, but till 1929 there were no catkins of male
+bloom.
+
+The crop of the nuts, that year and following years was usually carried
+away by marauding black squirrels.
+
+Other people who got from us the Carpathian English walnut seedlings
+reported that their plants also started to bear the seventh year or
+around that. But the Papple Bros. reported that they had a case when a
+seedling produced by them straight from the Carpathian walnut bore a nut
+in the second year of its life. On the other hand there were cases
+where some Carpathian English seedlings, as well as grafted ones, still
+produce no nuts though they are 15 years old and over.
+
+I think the cause lies in the soil. On the gravelly hills over Ithaca,
+N. Y. Carpathian walnuts are slow to bear, even being grafted. The
+undersoil in the valleys 6 miles north of Pt. Hope, Ont. is not
+favorable, not only for English walnuts but even for native black
+walnuts, though very favorable to hickories.
+
+On another hand, north-east of Toronto and near Unionville at the place
+called Hagerman Cornor on the farm of Mr. M. Artymko there is an orchard
+of 27 Crath's Carpathian English walnuts over 18 years old, each
+fruiting now every year. The trees are 25 feet tall, 5-6 inches thick,
+situated on a knoll of clay, well drained soil, lying open toward the
+northwest. When the trees were younger they were subject to attacks of
+the bacterial disease and their barks were cracked by frost. Now the
+trees are in nice shape, no trace of the bacterial disease injuries and
+the frost's scars disappearing. Some of those trees produced a bushel of
+the nuts each.
+
+Among Artymko's trees there is a tree bearing the walnut of giant type,
+and the tree--Hutzulian Pointie. The success of the Artymko's farm lies
+probably in the soil and its high elevation.
+
+There in Toronto Mr. T. H. Barrister, has in his backyard two Carpathian
+English Walnuts, producing nuts of the giant size--five nuts to a foot.
+The bacterial disease had touched them slightly, and the tree never has
+been sprayed.
+
+We should expect that the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph would
+find out what is the best soil for English walnuts and what fertilizer
+to be applied for them. Chicken wire fences should protect the walnut
+orchard from squirrels and the trees should be sprayed against bacterial
+disease.
+
+About walnut trees bearing and fertilizer--let us return to their native
+abode in the Carpathians. There in the village of Peestynka I have come
+across a large English walnut tree 40 feet tall and about 36 years old
+which, as I was informed by the people there, never fruited till the
+First World War. During the war an Austrian horse squadron had put a
+stall around the tree. The horses well manured the soil around there and
+since that time the tree was bearing nuts regularly and abundantly when
+I saw it in 1936.
+
+
+At Last Success!
+
+The year 1951 should be regarded as the final establishing of the
+culture of the Carpathian English walnuts in Ontario. The three decades
+of experimentation have passed leaving a splendid result. The fact is
+established that the Carpathian English walnuts have become aclimatized
+in South Ontario. This fall I had an opportunity to examine my walnut
+trees at many points in the Province. Everywhere I have seen the tree
+bearing. In Toronto in many a backyard, in Thorold South, in Welland, in
+Port Colboren, in Islington, near Port Hope on Prof. Currelly's estate,
+around Scarboro, Ont. and so on, the Carpathians are in good shape and
+all are bearing.
+
+The more the trees mature, the better they look. On the average they are
+20 years old, 20 feet tall and 6 inches thick.
+
+The summer of 1951 in Ontario was more cloudy than usual, and it caused
+the Carpathian walnuts in this Province to turn out smaller than their
+size, should be about one quarter smaller.
+
+The people who knew Carpathian English walnut trees in Galicia agree
+that in Ontario the Carpathians grow more slowly than they do in their
+native land.
+
+It is not in Ontario, but on the University Farm at Madison, Wisconsin,
+one of our Carpathian trees is nearly 40 feet tall and bearing. In
+Galicia I had seen many a Carpathian walnut tree as high as 60 feet.
+
+
+Polish Government Interested in My Activity
+
+During the time of my activities, in the town of Kessiv, there used to
+live a famous physician, Dr. Tarnawski. Outside of his clinics he was
+much interested in the welfare of the country. My activities could not
+be hidden from his sight. "What does that "American" see in our nuts?
+Are there in America no nuts?" he asked. Soon I was introduced to him.
+It was in the fall of 1934. He was not well and in bed at that time. He
+liked to talk with me about the walnut culture and wished to know why I
+was collecting the nuts, scions and seedlings for Canada. And then it
+seemed to him impossible that there in Ontario and the northeastern
+states English walnuts were not yet cultivated. Then I turned his
+attention to the fact that in Poland they know little about their own
+trees. My challenge awoke him to activity, and through his intervention
+Starosta, the county governor, planted the first twenty-five acres with
+walnut seedlings along the south side of the highway leading from Kessiv
+to the town of Kooty.
+
+Dr. Tarnawski wrote also an article to a horticultural magazine on
+English walnuts on what he learned from me.
+
+When in the fall of 1936 I was going back to my home in Toronto, Dr.
+Tarnawski wrote about me to the Department of Agriculture in Warsaw
+introducing me to the minister. I had an opportunity to give a talk on
+the Carpathian English walnuts in the presence of many horticulturists
+in the Government Experimental Farm at Skieerniewice near Warsaw.
+
+Late in 1936 I came back to Canada and till the Second World War
+continued to cultivate the Carpathian walnuts and other horticultural
+material brought by me from Western Ukraine.
+
+The Second War cut me off from my field in Europe.
+
+A decade and a half has passed. The Carpathians have been acclimatized,
+have grown, and have been bearing nuts in Ontario. When such success has
+been achieved, it seems that there in Canada all the enterprise is
+forgotten. Of course, the Carpathian walnuts could not advertise
+themselves--they are "dumb critters."
+
+In the States the situation with the Carpathians is entirely different.
+Interest in them is growing steadily, and as I said previously the
+American nurseries have already put the Carpathians on the broad market.
+
+In 1950 at the annual meeting the Northern Nut Growers Association made
+me an Honorary Member of the Association.
+
+In 1951 the Association held a contest and the "Crath" Carpathians won
+most of the prizes.
+
+
+Culture of Crath's Carpathian English Walnut Trees
+
+1. _Propagation by seeds_
+
+Pick up the largest and heaviest nuts from a certain tree. Dry them in a
+windy place, but not in the sun. Gather the nuts into a jute bag and
+hang for the winter in a dry and cold place protected from squirrels.
+
+Around May 14th put the nuts into a vessel with lukewarm water, soak
+about one week.
+
+Prepare a bed of rich soil manured previously with horse manure. The
+land should not be of a wet kind. Plant the nuts in rows, 6 inches nut
+from nut, and two feet, row from row. Protect your nursery from
+squirrels.
+
+In a week or two the nuts should come up.
+
+Keep the nursery free from weeds. It will protect the seedling from the
+buffalo tree hoppers. If the signs of the bacterial disease are detected
+spray the seedlings at once.
+
+For the first winter leave the seedlings as they are in the field. The
+next spring dig them up, every one. Cut off the leading root of each
+plant and transplant the seedlings again in rows a foot apart seedling
+from seedling and two feet row from row.
+
+The amputation of the leading root causes the seedling to grow up
+instead of down and will make them start to bear nuts earlier.
+
+In Europe instead of cutting off the walnut seedling's main roots they
+put under them a flat stone, or start in an earthen pot.
+
+The next spring the walnut seedlings are ready for the permanent
+planting. Being permanently transplanted they should be cultivated at
+least two or three years.
+
+Whitewash the walnut trunks in the late fall to protect bark from
+bursting by the winter sun. Put a screen around the trunks to protect
+them from mice and rabbits. Though, if a walnut is gnawed by rodents do
+nothing about it, the tree will produce a stalk--a new one--from the
+root.
+
+2. _Propagation by Grafting_
+
+Take Canadian black walnut seedling, one or two years old early in the
+spring, if you have a greenhouse and can graft them one inch above the
+root line, tie up with raffia, cover with melted parawax and put in
+boxes covering each row with light soil mixed with the moss. After 20th
+of May when the danger of frost is over transplant in your nursery.
+
+The grafting of walnuts should be called a barking method. Cut off the
+upper part of the stock horizontally. Split the bark with your grafting
+knife as much as needed and lift up the bark as far as the wood and
+insert the scion. Tie up with raffia and do the rest as said previously.
+
+The top grafting on the large Canadian black nuts gives good results
+also.
+
+3. _Budding_
+
+We bud the walnuts in the middle of August. Regular "T" cut has to be
+done, the bud put in and wrapped with raffia. Then it should be covered
+with parawax and left for a couple of weeks. After that time the
+budding should be examined and the raffia removed. If the leaf by the
+bud remains green it indicates that the grafting is successful.
+
+The next spring, cut off the upper part of the stalk about two feet over
+the bud. You will tie up to it the budded shoot, which by the fall might
+be up to 6 feet high.
+
+Spraying and cultivating is required as has been said above.
+
+Owing to the fact that the budded plant in its first year continues to
+grow deep into fall and in many cases its upper part does not harden
+well, wrap the budding with straw for winter.
+
+4. _Harvesting_
+
+In the Carpathian Mountains when they gather the walnuts in the fall
+they mash them down with a very long and quite thin hazel sticks. Doing
+that they beat off the thin tops of the walnut branches. They say such
+an operation causes a better crop of the nuts next season.
+
+5. _Giant Walnuts and their problems_
+
+Some giant walnuts on the same tree have sometimes small kernels or
+withered ones. In the Carpathian Region they do not know what to do with
+such a problem.
+
+It seems to me that we in Canada have to solve it. Maybe it is because
+of the bacterial disease, or it may be a lack of the proper fertilizer.
+
+In Warsaw I have seen the giant walnuts sold not being dried.
+
+6. _Reforestation with the Carpathian Walnuts_
+
+Crath's Carpathian English walnuts could produce for Canada a very
+valuable forest and in shorter time than other trees do. We should
+always remember that in the Caucasian Mountains there are huge walnut
+forests. Some trees are of primeval age. Before the First World War
+English buyers often paid a Caucasian farmer from 5,000 to 10,000 rubles
+for a tree.
+
+
+Walnut Wine
+
+There in the Town of Kooty Mrs. Babiuk, a good wife of a local burgher
+told me about the walnut wine as follows:
+
+"In my girlhood in this region there raged an awful epidemic of cholera.
+Many people died. But those who drank the wine made of green English
+Walnuts did not die."
+
+The recipe that she gave me is as follows:
+
+Take equal parts of walnuts in which the shells are not yet hardened,
+and the same quantity of sugar. Cut each green walnut in half a dozen
+parts, mix them with the sugar. In a couple of days the juice will be
+extracted by means of the sugar and ensuing fermentation which continues
+about one month. In two months it is ready to be consumed.
+
+On my return to Canada I made wine from the Canadian black walnuts. The
+color of the wine was dark brown and quite pleasant. It stops stomach
+ache.
+
+Also we should not forget the walnut oil and the use of walnuts in
+confectionary.
+
+
+Walnut Candies
+
+Take equal quantities of walnut kernels and honey. Mix. Boil, watching
+that the honey does not over-run. Mix with a wooden spoon. In half an
+hour cool to see if the honey has turned into taffy. If not, boil
+longer. When it is ready put upon a wooden board, with a spoon. When
+cooled the candy is ready.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 23: Mr. Crath died late December 1952]
+
+
+
+
+Nut Tree Plantings in Southeastern Iowa
+
+ALBERT B. FERGUSON, _Center Point, Iowa_
+
+
+Last year on our return from the Nut Growers Assn. tour, Mr. Snyder and
+I stopped to see the Schlagenbusch Brothers and their nut plantings. We
+thought at the time that it would be profitable to the Association to
+have a report on their work. Mr. Snyder and I went down a month ago to
+visit them again.
+
+Sidney and Carl Schlagenbusch live in the southeastern part of Iowa. The
+walnut orchard is on high land overlooking the Mississippi River bottom.
+The ground was formerly oak and hickory timber. Most of their other
+plantings are near the farm buildings which are just below the higher
+ground.
+
+The first planting of the walnut orchard was made in 1928 and was
+completed 8 or 10 years later. It consisted of 205 trees. Later
+additions have been made. There are about 325 grafted trees in the
+orchard at present, most of them of bearing age. The trees are spaced 50
+feet by 50 feet in staggered rows. Some of the branches are beginning to
+touch. The diameter of the larger trees is 18 inches. The orchard is in
+grass which is not grazed close. The larger portion of the orchard is
+the Thomas variety. They have a selection of their own which was first
+in the Iowa contest a few years ago. I thought it outstanding, but they
+consider it a little small.
+
+The nuts are gathered in a wagon and run through a corn sheller, then
+cleaned in a device they made themselves. The nuts are then floated and
+dried. Over half of the crop is cracked and sold as kernels. They have
+been getting around a $1.20 per pound in Fort Madison. No crop to date
+has exceeded a thousand dollars in value.
+
+They also have several hickories and hybrids. The shellbark variety,
+Wagoner, is outstanding--the best I've seen. It is large, thin shelled,
+cracks easily, and is of good quality. A small tree grafted on shagbark
+is bearing well. They have the common varieties of pecans, a few
+chestnuts, a few English walnuts, Japanese walnuts and hybrids. The
+Winkler Hazel has not been very productive with them.
+
+They had several trees of Stabler, which were not satisfactory so they
+cut the trees off close to the ground and put 6 or 8 bark grafts in the
+stump. They saved the largest one as the main trunk and taking a graft
+or a large sprout from the opposite side of the stump, inarching it into
+the main trunk two or three feet up. This prevents the wind from blowing
+the graft off of the stump. It also makes it possible to utilize the
+strength of the roots from the opposite side of the stump. They had
+several trees worked this way which are now of good size.
+
+In addition to caring for their large farm, nut orchard and a choice
+herd of Hereford cattle, Carl has found time to do some breeding work
+with Oriental poppies from which he has made some very choice
+selections. They have also worked with several other perennials. Sidney
+and Carl Schlagenbusch are true horticulturists by nature and are fine
+folks.
+
+On the way home from this recent trip, we stopped to see Corliss
+Williams near Danville. His brother Wendell Williams, located the
+Winkler Hazel, before the first world war in which he served and never
+returned. We saw a Persian walnut, 25 or 30 years old, in Mr. Williams
+front yard. It was a U.S.D.A. introduction from Russia. It seems to be
+perfectly hardy, bears well and is of excellent quality. The shagbark
+hickories are plentiful in his locality. He has top-worked 200 or more,
+many of them to Burlington, which is productive and fills well with him.
+
+
+
+
+Rockville as a Hickory Interstock
+
+HERMAN LAST, _Steamboat Rock, Iowa_
+
+
+As a nut-grower I am afraid I have been over-rated; I make my living
+tilling the soil and dabble in my nut grove only when I can find a few
+moments to spare--in fact all I know about nuts and nut-grafting, I owe
+to my good friend, Edgar Huen. I shall always remember that balmy May
+morning 25 years ago when Mr. Huen came over with a kit full of hickory
+scions, and suggested we go out in my pasture and do some grafting. In
+that bag were Stratford, Rockville, Des Moines, Marquette, Hagen and
+Monahan.
+
+We grafted all that day--that is Mr. Huen did the grafting and I watched
+him. Today these trees are living monuments of our work.
+
+The only tree of these varieties that has ever borne enough nuts to feed
+a squirrel is the Stratford.
+
+Meanwhile I have been doing a little grafting myself. I acquired a few
+pecans for understocks but the only variety that was congenial with
+pecan as far as I knew was Rockville, but it produced no nuts--it was
+just a nice tree to look at.
+
+One spring my brother-in-law who lives just across the line in Missouri
+sent me some shellbark scions from a tree in his pasture. I grafted
+these scions on a pecan and they took off like a house on fire. This
+variety proved to be a rugged individual and bore every year but the
+nuts were no good--all cavities like a true shellbark.
+
+Then one spring morning I grafted some of these shellbark scions on
+Rockville; the grafts took and I soon noticed a transformation. The
+grafts had blended with the understock and the offspring was different
+from either parent. The best part of the new hybrid was that it bore
+abundantly and the nuts are of fine quality.
+
+To those who have some young Rockville trees for top-working, I can
+furnish a limited amount of scionwood of this shellbark which I have
+named my Super X, it being so rugged and hardy.
+
+To me the grafting of trees is a noble work. Someone has said that he
+who plants a tree is a true lover of his race and I don't know of
+anything that will live longer in the memory of our children and those
+who follow in our footsteps than a row of hickories laden with nuts.
+
+
+
+
+A Fruitful Pair of Carpathian Walnut Varieties in Michigan
+
+GILBERT BECKER, _Climax, Mich._
+
+
+I would like to tell you briefly my experience with the difficulties of
+Persian walnut pollination. It took 8 years before I got any nuts,
+although they had nutlets time and again! It was after I had Crath #1
+bearing, that all proceeded to fruit, and then heavier every year, until
+1951 when the freeze of November 1950 eliminated the nuts.
+
+Crath #1 has done so well that I feel it well worthy of being a
+commercial prospect for us. The size and shape are so attractive. (The
+accuracy of the numbering was once questioned by Mr. Stoke, so I do not
+know if it is the same No. 1 that others have had from Crath. This was
+named by Prof. Nielson. It definitely is not Broadview, as Stoke at
+first thought.)
+
+My Crath #1 had over four bushels of hulled and unhulled nuts (as they
+are picked up, after shaking) this fall. It was grafted on black walnut
+in 1938.
+
+At my folks' place I planted a grafted Crath #1, and a Carpathian "D",
+side by side. There are no other Persian walnuts near, and they have
+always had nuts, since they started to bear. I feel that this is a
+proper combination. I do not know whether the blooming periods overlap.
+
+
+
+
+Suggested Blooming Data to be Recorded for Nut Tree Varieties
+
+J. C. MCDANIEL, _Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill._
+
+
+Such experiences as Mr. Becker's (extracted from a letter to me) are
+well worth knowing, and we need similar information for several years
+and at different locations, for all the promising Persian seedlings and
+new varieties. I would suggest that all of us who have them flowering in
+our plantings (even if only one tree) make an effort in 1953 to record
+as much as possible of the phenological data on them. A form such as the
+following might be used, for flowering, fruiting, and related data.
+
+ Year: 19_____ Location: ____________________
+ Data by: _______________ First freeze previous fall: (Date) _______________
+ Minimum temperature previous winter: _____ deg.F. on (Date) _______________
+ Last killing frost this spring (Date) ______________________________
+
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |Variety  |Age  |Date   |First    |End     |Date     |Nuts      |Yield|Remarks|
+ |(or      |of   |from   |catkins  |of      |pistils  |harvested |     |       |
+ |seedling |tree |new    |shedding |shedding|appear   |(date)    |     |       |
+ |No.)     |or   |growth |(date)   |        |receptive|          |     |       |
+ |         |graft|scion  |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |1.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |2.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+ |3.       |     |       |         |        |         |          |     |       |
+ +---------+-----+-------+---------+--------+---------+----------+-----+-------+
+
+
+Under "Remarks" could be recorded such information as the distance and
+direction to trees furnishing pollen in the period when a given variety
+has sticky appearing pistils, the abundance of pollen shed, apparent
+winter killing of catkins, etc. The list of items could be expanded, if
+desired, but it is thought that those included here are among the most
+important in determining the potential performances of varieties and
+variety combinations in specific climates. A compilation of such data
+for a period of about three years, supplemented with data on the nuts
+themselves, would be of very practical value as a basis for selecting
+varieties most promising to plant or propagate. The same data form would
+be applicable to other walnuts, hickories, pecans, and filberts, and
+perhaps to a lesser extent with chestnuts.
+
+
+
+
+Note on Chinese Chestnuts
+
+HARWOOD STEIGER, _Redhook, N. Y._
+
+
+My earliest Chinese chestnuts are ripening. Stoke Hybrid is earliest and
+the nuts are so attractive, too bad they are not better in quality. It
+is an exciting time here as there are always a few seedlings that are
+ripening for the first time. Honan, which ripens later, has been one of
+my best grafted trees. One of my seedlings has very large nuts, very
+early ripening, nuts are now falling, and it is prolific, nearly every
+burr has from two to three large to very large nuts. The quality seems
+good. We like the large nuts as they are easier to peel and we like them
+boiled and served as a vegetable. The boiled nuts keep well when frozen.
+I think this tree is superior to any of my grafted and named varieties.
+
+
+
+
+Scott Healey--An Obituary
+
+
+Scott Healey was born December 3, 1881, in Wheatley, Ontario, Canada,
+and came to Otsego, Michigan, in 1904. He married in 1908. Mr. Healey
+was a chiropractor for a number of years.
+
+In 1921, Mr. Healey and his cousin, Lewis Healey, formed the Healey &
+Healey Lumber and Coal Company, in Otsego, which they operated together
+until a few years ago, when Mr. Healey retired due to ill health.
+
+Mr. Healey was a director of the State Savings Bank in Otsego for many
+years. He was a member of the first Baptist Church in Otsego.
+
+He became interested in nut culture while the late Professor James A.
+Neilson was nut specialist at the Michigan State College. Mr. Healey
+planted a nut orchard of about eighty grafted nut trees in 1933, which
+Professor Neilson helped him plan. Most of the trees were black walnut
+varieties, chiefly Thomas. However, there were some Ohio, Stabler,
+Allen, Crietz, Stambaugh, Ten Eyck, and Rohwer trees. There were also
+some filberts, several Chinese chestnuts, and some heartnuts he had
+raised from seed. One nice tree of the McCallister hican makes good
+shade, but has never borne any nuts. He did some topworking in a large
+black walnut tree in the backyard, where he got a Persian walnut to
+grow.
+
+Mr. Healey was very much interested in nut culture, and had planned on
+having a nut grove for a hobby to keep him busy when he retired.
+
+Mr. Healey joined the Northern Nut Growers Association in 1933. He and
+his wife attended the Battle Creek meeting one year later. They also
+attended the Rockport, Indiana meeting in 1935, and the one at Geneva,
+New York in 1936.--"The rest of the time he couldn't go or was in too
+poor health to go."
+
+They sold their home, with the nut planting, to a young couple, Mr. and
+Mrs. Lewis Lovett, in 1948, moved into Otsego; and retired.
+
+Mr. Healey died, January 18th, 1952 at their winter home in Port Richey,
+Florida. Surviving are his wife, Mabel, and one son, Virgil.
+
+   GILBERT BECKER
+
+
+
+
+A Letter from Dr. W. C. Deming, the Only Living Charter Member of the
+Association
+
+
+   Northern Nut Growers Association,
+
+   Dear Old Friends:
+
+The 42nd Annual Report has recently come to me. Think of it, the 42nd
+Annual Report! How familiar to me are a great many of the names of the
+officers and members! I can even recall the very features of many of
+them. I am myself now ninety years old and practically house-bound.
+Though yesterday, a day almost like summer, I did take a taxi and a
+drive through the park amid the brilliant foliage, with Miss Dorothy
+Hapgood, who by the way is a member of our association a thing with
+which I may have had something to do. Recently I was in the Veterans
+Hospital at Newington for a couple of weeks. The doctors called it
+"_polycythemia_", the direct opposite of "_anaemia_", did 10
+phlebotomies taking 5 pints of blood which they said they used for
+transfusions on ward patients, much to my gratification. I now have in,
+or had put in me, a dose, of radio-active phosphorus P32 which, they
+assure me will be getting in its good work for the next three months.
+Nothing like being up to date, even if valetudinarian.
+
+You have made me Dean of the association. In the beginning Clarence Reed
+was always back of me with his abilities and vast fund of information.
+Although I believe I am, by virtue of my office, exempt from dues and
+entitled to the annual reports, I wish my five children to be at least
+once represented in the membership. I append their names and addresses:
+
+Hawthorne, the eldest, is with the Gen. Electric Co. in New York. I
+don't know what he does but presume that with the other New York
+millionaires he is busy accumulating wealth. This hint may guide you in
+soliciting alms for the association some day. His home is in Hamilton
+Lane, Larien, Conn. But I don't know if he knows a nut from a lunatic.
+He has two kids, one now preparing for Korea. God preserve him.
+
+Benton is already a member. He has a few acres in the town of Avon,
+Conn. where, among the rocks and the native rattlesnakes and copperheads
+he tells me he has Chinese chestnuts growing. Recently he got two of the
+copperheads. He is an energetic chap. He rises at 4 a.m. and drives the
+several miles into Hartford where he broadcasts from 7 to 8, for
+people's breakfasts, I suppose, and is released at 10 a.m. He has just
+contracted for a television program once a week in New Haven.
+
+Olcott is a consul in the U.S. Embassy in Tokio, transferred from a
+similar position in Siam. If there is something you want from Japan I
+guess he is your boy. Mention my name! He has a lovely wife and three
+children.
+
+Una King, my elder daughter, whose husband was killed in an accident,
+interviews VIP's on the same radio station as brother Ben.
+
+Joan Howe (Mrs. Paul) and her husband, who is in a bank in New York,
+live in my old home on Umpawaug Hill, Redding, Conn. She writes of
+having had a crop of black walnuts from one of the trees I planted. I've
+forgotten all the others there may be there. Nothing of value I guess.
+Joan has two daughters. Ben has a son and daughter.
+
+That makes five children I'm responsible for and they have acknowledged
+the eleven grandchildren for me. I want you to make four of my children
+(Ben is already ensnare) members of the association, for which I will
+enclose a check for $12.00 (if I don't forget.) (The many typing
+mistakes of this letter are due mostly to the age of the machine, not
+mine.)
+
+My two sisters who live in our old home in Litchfield and who are close
+behind me in years, recently sent me a handful of nice chestnuts,
+Chinese, from a tree 40 feet or more high in our backyard. They have to
+divide them, very unequally, with the squirrels. The only other
+noteworthy trees in our little place are a few papaws. Asimina triloba,
+too shaded to bear. This fruit might be worthy of a little attention
+from the nut growers. The dictionary speaks of several other species of
+papaw.
+
+Any of you who have outgrown the labor of caring for nut trees might
+find interest in mycology in which I found diversion and edibles for a
+while. Only beware the deadly Amanita and others of that ilk.
+
+I cannot adequately express to you my heartfelt joy at the prosperity of
+our association. For one thing the great increase in the membership, for
+another the birth of three branch state associations, but above all the
+success in the production of nuts. In my time we had mostly, if not
+entirely, the promising production of specimen nuts only. We had nothing
+like the Jacobs Persian walnut with its imposing spread and its
+production of 200 pounds of nuts in one season; Mr. Kyhl's orchard with
+its many varieties of Persian walnuts; his success in grafting and his
+reporting of a tree which bears three or four bushels of heartnuts
+yearly; Mr. Best's 5,000 grafted pecan trees; Mr. Hirshi's chestnuts;
+the splendid results of the Persian walnut contests; and the almost
+spectacular increase in the number of nurseries selling grafted nut
+trees of many varieties. These facts, and many that I have not
+mentioned, make it certain that nut growing is now a firmly established
+and surely increasing industry. You may be sure that these facts give me
+great delight.
+
+Some years ago while I was in possession of a mind as good as it had
+been at any time, I did a little grafting of nut trees in a commercial
+way for people at their country places, and I had the nerve to charge
+them fifty dollars a day. What's more I got paid and never got kicked,
+nor did I hear mutterings or see scowls. But then, you see, there was no
+other grafter, of the kind, around my part of the country. Almost a
+monopoly and, of course, a wicked one. But here my mind goes blank. I
+can't recall what luck I had with the grafting, nor can I recall the
+name of a single one for whom I did such work.
+
+I strongly advise every one of you to have a good book in which you keep
+personal and geographic records of all your work with nut growing. All
+the details are vividly in your mind now, but when you get to be ninety
+you may find them, as I do, faded away and all washed up. Please go on
+with the good work.
+
+Some more good friends have just taken me for a round trip to Litchfield
+where my little sister, who is 84, has just partly circumvented the
+squirrels and by going out very early in the morning to the chestnut
+tree has succeeded in getting a good big double handful of chestnuts,
+nice big ones.
+
+She also called to my attention a good-sized Persian walnut which she
+says I once grafted on a black walnut and this year was quite well
+covered with nuts which she says the squirrels cut off while green, and
+she says they were helped by one of the black plumaged birds. Some time
+ago she gave me one of the nuts and I tried to husk it with my knife.
+But it was too immature. They would have matured this fall, I think but
+for the pests.
+
+   _William C. Deming_
+
+
+
+
+Sweepstakes Award in Ohio Black Walnut Contest
+
+L. WALTER SHERMAN, _Canfield, Ohio_
+
+
+This I believe, is the third report to the Northern Nut Growers
+Association concerning the black walnut contest held in Ohio in 1946.
+The first report was given soon after the close of the contest. During
+the year following the contest (1947), I visited each of the ten prize
+winning trees, photographing them, and getting as complete a case
+history of each as was possible.
+
+This, the third report, concerns mainly the process used to determine
+the winner of the $50.00 sweepstakes award given in 1951 for the best
+performance of a black walnut tree for a five-year period. The owners of
+the ten prize-winning trees in the 1946 contest were asked to report the
+amount of crop harvested each year as well as to send in samples of the
+nuts for a cracking test.
+
+Complete data were recorded each year from the samples just as they had
+been for the 1946 contest. The average weight of nut, recovery of kernel
+at first cracking, total kernel content, and per cent of kernel content
+were recorded.
+
+From these data tables and charts were compiled to make a visual
+comparison between the various nuts. Walnuts other than the prize
+winners were not excluded from this five-year competition and quite a
+few were submitted. However, only one of them, the "Chamberlin" was of
+special merit and it was given a place on these charts. No samples or
+crop records were received from the Davidson (sixth prize) and the
+Jackson (tenth prize) nuts, and so they are not shown on all the charts.
+One sample from the 1949 crop of Penn walnuts was lost to a pilfering
+squirrel, and the 1949 data used on the chart for the Penn walnut was
+therefore the average of all other samples of this variety. The weight
+of total crop harvested in 1949, however, is actual.
+
+Table No. 1 gives the average weight in grams of the sample nuts. The
+Duke, (first prize) was the largest nut of all, in 1945, averaging just
+over 27 grams; but the Orth, in 1948, averaged almost a gram more. The
+Kuhn, which was the smallest of the eight nuts in 1946 and again in
+1950, was the largest nut in 1949, and its size in 1949 was exceeded
+only four times by any of the other nuts during the contest. The nuts
+were large in size during the off year when only a small crop was
+produced and they were small when there was a heavy crop.
+
+In table No. 2 the weight in grams of the kernel recovered on first
+crack, secured without the aid of nut pick, is recorded. In this
+comparison the Duke, because of large size, might be expected to be an
+easy winner and it was in 1946 and in 1950; but in 1948, though second
+in average weight of nut for that year, it was in fifth place in
+recovery of kernel at first cracking.
+
+Table No. 3 records the average weight in grams of the kernels. Here the
+Duke, due largely to its size, is a consistent winner in all three years
+it produced nuts. However, in 1949, a small crop year for the Kuhn, the
+nuts of this variety were large and contained more kernel than the Duke
+did in 1948 or in 1950.
+
+The per cent of kernel in the nuts as recorded in table No. 4 is
+interesting. The Burson, which was the smallest nut in 1947, had the
+highest per cent of kernel and also had the highest total kernel content
+of any sample in that year. Evidently the per cent of kernel is higher
+in well-filled nuts and this is largely determined by the weather and
+available food supply late in the season.
+
+A comparison of the numerical score of the various nuts, figured out
+according to the T.V.A. score system, is given in Table No. 5. By this
+system, no variety had a consistent high score, but each varied greatly
+from year to year.
+
+The nut characters studied so far in charts 1 to 5 inclusive have varied
+so much from year to year that any judgment based on these characters
+for any one year could not be relied upon.
+
+What characteristic of a black walnut, then, can be used in evaluating
+it? In table No. 6 the percentage of the total kernel that is recovered
+at first cracking is given. Oliver and Penn show considerable
+consistency in that they remain above 91 per cent in all samples, but
+look at the Kuhn. It was perfect in 1950 but in 1948 only 65 per cent of
+the kernel was recoverable in the first cracking and Duke was nearly as
+bad, varying from 69 to 98 per cent recovery.
+
+After careful study of these six charts, I am sure you will have to
+admit that any judgment of a black walnut variety based on these
+characters only is none too dependable.
+
+These are the nut characters that we have been using in our contest!
+Some further method of evaluation is needed! Individual nut characters
+alone are not enough. A good farmer is concerned in quality of his
+produce but quantity is of more importance for financial success. The
+Elberta peach well illustrates this. There are many peaches of better
+quality, but the Elberta peach is a prolific producer and this is one
+reason more Elberta peaches are raised than any other variety. Quality
+without quantity means little.
+
+With this in mind, the $50.00 sweepstakes prize was offered for the tree
+with the best five-year record. The judges interpreted this to mean the
+most pound of kernels produced that were recovered on first crack. Going
+back over the records, we find some trees have been much more productive
+than others.
+
+At first it would seem unfair to compare the crop from trees of
+different size and age, but this time luck was with the judges. Take a
+look at Table No. 7 which gives the ages and sizes of the trees. There
+is not too much difference in size or age to make reasonable comparisons
+possible. However, it should be clearly understood that only trees of
+the same age growing in the same orchard and receiving the same care can
+be accurately compared. The trees we are dealing with were in different
+localities, with vast differences in soil conditions, air drainage,
+climate, etc.
+
+Table No. 7 gives the total production for the five-year period for each
+tree, in bushels, the total amount of kernel as well as the amount of
+kernel recovered at first cracking. Only five trees had produced over
+four bushels of nuts each during the five year period.
+
+The Oliver tree produced 1.8 bushels and 25 pounds more kernels than the
+Penn tree. The Kuhn tree, though producing four bushels less nuts than
+the Penn tree, did produce 4.1 pounds more kernels, with the same amount
+recovered on first cracking from the nuts of each tree--almost a photo
+finish for second place.
+
+The sweepstakes award of $50.00 was therefore given to Mrs. Oliver
+Shaffer, of Lucasville, Ohio, who sent in the Oliver entry.
+
+Referring to the case histories of these trees as written up in 1947,
+you will find that the Oliver, Kuhn, Penn, and Orth trees were reported
+on favorable sites, while the Duke and Burson were on very unfavorable
+ones so that the above results are only what might have been expected.
+The Orth tree, however, is in a favorable location and better production
+could have been expected of it.
+
+Table 1. Size, as Weight of Unshelled Walnuts (Approximate).
+
+ ====================================================================
+ Grams     1946      1947      1948      1949      1950   Average[24]
+ per nut
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 28                           Orth
+ 27     Duke
+                   Duke
+ 26     Penn
+                   Oliver
+                   Orth       Duke      Kuhn
+ 25
+                   Penn                 Orth                  Duke
+                                        Duke
+        Athens                          Penn
+                   Williamson Penn                            Penn
+ 23     Orth                  Williamson           Oliver     Oliver
+        Oliver                                     Orth
+        Williamson Kuhn                            Duke
+ 22                                     Oliver
+                              Chamberlin
+        Burson                          Williamson
+ 21                           Oliver               Penn
+                   Athens     Kuhn      Burson                Burson
+                   Burson     Burson,   Athens     Burson     Kuhn
+                               Athens
+ 20                                                Athens
+                                        Chamberlin Williamson
+ 19     Kuhn
+ 18                                                Chamberlin
+ 17
+ 16
+                                                   Kuhn
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Judges for the contest were C. W. Ellenwood and O. D. Diller of the Ohio
+Experiment Station and L. Walter Sherman, then with the Department of
+Agriculture, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: Average of five years for Duke, Oliver, Burson and Kuhn;
+four years for Penn, which was not cracked in 1949, but interpolated in
+charts.
+
+Note: To save time and the expense of redrawing and reproduction, these
+seven tables are printed instead of Mr. Sherman's graphic charts. With a
+ruler and pencil, lines can be drawn through the "D's of Duke", and so
+forth, to give an approximation of the original graphs.--Editor.]
+
+Table 2. Kernel Recovery at First Crack, in Grams Per Nut (Approximate).
+
+ ========================================================================
+ Grams     1946      1947       1948      1949      1950   Average[25]
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   7
+         Duke                   Orth      Orth
+   6
+         Williamson                               Duke
+         Penn, Kuhn Duke, Orth  Williamson                     Duke
+         Oliver     Athens                Kuhn
+                    Burson, W'ms.
+                                Athens    Duke
+   5                            Burson,   Williamson
+                                  Ch'lin
+         Athens, Burson                           Orth, Oliver Penn, Burson
+                    Penn                  Burson, Kuhn         Kuhn, Oliver
+                                           Athens
+         Orth       Oliver, Kuhn Penn     Oliver, Penn
+                                           Ch'lin
+                                 Duke             Bur., Wms., Ath.
+                                 Oliver           Chamberlin
+    4
+                                 Kuhn
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 25: See note with Table 1.]
+
+
+
+
+Attendance Register, Rockport, Ind., 1952
+
+   Ontario, Canada
+
+   O. Filman, Aldershot
+
+   District of Columbia
+
+   Howard Baker, Washington
+   Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Ford, Washington
+
+   Florida
+
+   Mrs. R. B. Pattie, St. Augustine
+
+   Georgia
+
+   Max B. Hardy, Leesburg
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. J. Wilson, Fort Valley
+
+   Illinois
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. B. Best, Eldred
+   C. R. Blyth, Urbana
+   S. C. Chandler, Carbondale
+   T. F. Clark, Peoria
+   A. S. Colby, Urbana
+   E. A. Curl, Urbana
+   Albert Dahlberg, Chicago
+   O. J. & Karl Eigsti, Normal
+   Mr. & Mrs. O. H. Fuller, Joliet
+   Mr. & Mrs. Louis Gerardi, Caseyville
+   J. C. McDaniel, Urbana
+   Mrs. R. E. Norris, Shawneetown
+   Mr. & Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs
+   Elizabeth Sonnemann, Vandalia
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. F. Sonnemann, Vandalia
+   A. M. Whitford, Farina
+   Cullen Zethmayr, Westmount
+   Gordon Zethmayr, West Chicago
+
+   Indiana
+
+   Ralph Andrews & Son, John, Marion
+   Howard Bloomethol, Evansville
+   Ferd Bolton, Linton
+   L. E. Cooper, Rockport
+   Virginia M. Darning, Rockport
+   K. A. Dooley, Marion
+   Peter Glaser, Evansville
+   Jo Ann Hall, Rockport
+   A. W. Hamilton, Vincennes
+   Ray Kaufman, Peru
+   Charles Myer, Evansville
+   George Oberman, Evansville
+   Edward W. Pope, Marion
+   Carl Prell, South Bend
+   Adolph Risko, Monticello
+   L. E. Sawyer, Terre Haute
+   Ralph Schruber, New Albany
+   Barbara Sly, Rockport
+   Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Sly, Rockport
+   J. E. Talbott, Linton
+   Ford Wallick, Peru
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. B. Ward, West Lafayette
+   J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport
+
+   Iowa
+
+   A. B. Ferguson, Center Point
+   E. F. Huen, Eldora
+   Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula
+   Elizabeth Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+   Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+   D. C. Snyder, Center Point
+
+   Kentucky
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. Robert Alvis, Henderson
+   W. D. Armstrong, Princeton
+   W. W. Magill, Lexington
+   J. E. McClure, Owensboro
+
+   Maryland
+
+   John Flick, Riverdale
+   G. F. Gravatt, Beltsville
+   J. W. McKay & Family, College Park
+   Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Negus, Hyattsville
+
+   Michigan
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax
+   J. A. Becker, Climax
+   W. N. Beckert, Jackson
+   Ralph Emerson, Detroit
+   Frank J. Keplinger, Farwell
+   Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit
+   Mr. & Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing
+   L. L. Ricky, East Lansing
+
+   Missouri
+
+   H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+   R. E. Mangelsdorf, St. Louis
+
+   New York
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. S. Bernath, Poughkeepsie
+   David Caldwell & family, Syracuse
+   L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca
+   Mr. and Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester
+   Rodman Salzer, Rochester
+   G. L. Slate, Geneva
+   Alfred Szego, Jackson Heights
+
+   Ohio
+
+   G. E. Craig, Dundas
+   F. L. Davell & family, Masillon
+   Mr. & Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia
+   John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon
+   Edward A. Grad, Cincinnati
+   Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati
+   Shumzo Kodera, Columbus & Tokyo, Japan
+   Paul E. Machovina, Columbus
+   Christ Pataky, Jr., Mansfield
+   Sylvester Shessler, Genoa
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. E. Silvis, Massillon
+   Mr. & Mrs. John Underwood, Urbana
+   Martha Weber, Cincinnati
+
+   Pennsylvania
+
+   Mr. & Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg
+   W. S. Clarke, Jr., State College
+   John Rick, Reading
+
+   Tennessee
+
+   Spencer Chase, Norris
+   H. O. Murphy, Chattanooga
+   Dr. & Mrs. Audrey Richard, Whiteville
+   Mr. & Mrs. W. J. Robinson, Jackson
+
+   Virginia
+
+   Bessie J. Gibbs, Linden
+   H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+   Miss Eloise Saddler, Fazewell
+   H. F. Stoke, Roanoke
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association Membership List
+
+As of February 24, 1953
+
+   * Life member
+   ** Honorary member
+   Sec. Contributing member
+   + Sustaining member
+
+  ALABAMA
+  East Alabama Nursery, Auburn. Chestnut, pecan and persimmon nurserymen
+ +Hiles, Edward L., Hiles Repair Shop, Loxley. Auto repair
+  Long, Pope M., Box 33, Cordova. Real Estate
+
+  ARKANSAS
+ +Hale, A. C., Fairview School, Camden
+  Schlan, Mrs. Agnes, Rt. 2, Mountainburg
+  Vaile, Joseph E., Dept, of Horticulture, U. of Ark., Fayetteville
+  Wade, Clifton, Forest Ave., Fayetteville. Attorney
+  Wylie, W. D., Dept, of Entomology, U. of Ark., Fayetteville. Entomologist
+
+  BELGIUM
+  Vanderwaeren, R., Bierbeekstraat, 217, Korbeek-Lo. Horticultural Adviser
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+  Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton A. F. B.
+  Brand, George, See Nebraska
+ +Buck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South Laguna
+  Fulcher, E. C., 5707 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood
+ +Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Dr., Rt. 2, Box 2357, Carlsbad
+  Gililland, Guy S., L.V.S.R. Box 342, Lucerne Valley
+  Jeffers, Harold W., Lt. U.S.N., USS Dixie, AD 14, c/o F.P.O., San
+    Francisco
+  Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston St., Ontario
+  Linwood Nursery, Rt. 2, Box 476, Turlock
+  Pentler, Dr. C. F., 1322 Martin Ave., Palo Alto. American Friends Service
+    Committee
+  Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa. Brewery worker, farmer
+  Serr, Dr. E. F., Jr., Agr. Experiment Sta., Davis. Pomologist
+  Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F St., Davis
+  Sullivan, C. Edward, Garden Highway, Box 447, Yuba City
+  Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft. Private and Corp. Hort.
+
+  CANADA
+  Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ontario
+**Crath, Rev. Paul C, 129 Felbrigg Ave., Toronto 12, Ontario
+  English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. Farmer, fruit and nut grower
+  Gage, James M., 76 Water St. E., Burlington, Ontario
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. Plant breeder, fruit grower,
+    nurseryman
+  Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 7, St. Thomas, Ontario. Fruit grower and poultry
+  Holmes, B. T., 320 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+  Housser, Levi, Rt. 1, Beamsville, Ontario. Fruit farmer
+ +Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catherine St. E., Montreal 18, Quebec
+  Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario
+ *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario
+  Papple, Elton E., Rt. 1, Cainsville, Ontario
+  Porter, Gordon, Rt. 2, Harrow, Ontario. Chemist
+  Smith, Edward A., Box 6, Sparta, Ontario. Farmer
+ +Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery Rt. 5, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Nursery
+    Supt.
+  Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C. Jeweller
+  Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+ +Walker, J. W., McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1,
+    Ontario
+  Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario. Farmer
+  White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ontario
+  Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. Accountant
+  Woods, David M., 48 S. Front St., West Toronto, Ont. Vice Pres., Gordon
+  McKay, Inc.
+  Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta. Dairy farmer
+
+  COLORADO
+  Boyd, A., 1232 Clayton, Denver. Salesman
+ +Forbes, J. E., Julesburg. Banker
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+  Corcoran, H. F., International Silver Co., 169 Colony St., Meriden
+  Daniels, Honorable Paul C. See Ecuador
+  David, Alexander M., 480 S. Main St., West Hartford
+  Deming, Benton H., Radio WTHT, Hartford
+  Deming, Hawthorne, Hamilton Lane, Darien
+**Deming, Dr. W. C, Litchfield. Dean of the Association
+  Frueh, Alfred J., Rt. 1, Sharon
+ +Graves, Dr. Arthur H., P.O. Box 129, Wallingford. Consulting
+    Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven
+  Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Ave., Hartford
+  Henry, David S., Blue Hills Farm, Rt. 2, Wallingford
+  Howe, Mrs. Paul, Umpawang Hill, Rt. 1, West Redding
+ *Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. Patron
+  King, Mrs. Una, 57 Meadowbrook Rd., West Hartford
+ *Newmarker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville
+  Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+  Schukoske, John A., Rt. 2, Box 257, Saybrook Rd., Middletown
+  White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover. Farmer
+
+  DELAWARE
+  Brugmann, Elmer W., 108C Thomas Dr., Monroe Pk., Wilmington.
+    Chemical Engineer
+ +Logue, R. F., Gen. Mgr., Andelot, Inc., 2098 Du Pont Bldg., Wilmington
+
+  DENMARK
+  Butzow, O., 49 Bredgade, Copenhagen
+  Caroe, Mr. J. F., "Meulenborg", Helsingor
+  Granjean, Mr. Julio, Hillerod
+  Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+  Pers, Mr. Plantageejer E., Edelgaard, Vejstrup
+  Reventlow, Johan Otto, Damgaard, Fredericia
+  Sorensen, Director K. Kaae, Dyrehavevej 22, Klampenborg
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  American Potash Inst., Inc., 1102 16th St., N. W., Washington
+  Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S. E. Washington 20
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W. See Md.
+  Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12
+  Woycik, Dr. Peter W., 1835 I St., N. W. Washington. Dentist
+
+  ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA
+  Daniels, The Honorable Paul C. American Ambassador, American Embassy,
+    Quito
+  O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Trop. Agric. Exp. Sta., Pichilingue, c/o U.S.
+    Consul, Guayacil
+
+  FLORIDA
+ +Avant, C. A., 940 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami. Real Estate, Loans,
+    (Pecan orchard in Ga.)
+ +Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr., Miami Springs
+
+  GEORGIA
+  Avant, C. A., Jr., Rt. 2, Box 253, Albany
+  Cannon, J. W., Jr., Cordele
+  Funsten R. E. Company, Sandison, Arthur O., P.O. Box 1046, Albany
+ +Hardy, Max B., Leeland Farms, P.O. Box 128, Leesburg. Nurseryman farmer
+  Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N.E., Atlanta. Teacher, nut
+    farmer
+  Noland, S. C, Box 1747, Atlanta 1. Owner, Skyland Farms
+  Sasseville, Exra M., 605 Rhodes Bldg., Atlanta
+  Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley. Peach and pecan
+    grower
+
+  HAWAII
+  Keaau Orchards, John F. Cross, Mgr., P.O. Box 1720, Hilo. Macadamia
+    growers
+
+  HONG KONG
+ +Wang, P. W., China Prod. Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+
+  IDAHO
+  Bailey, Robert G., 332 Main St., Lewiston. Print Shop
+  Dryden, Lynn, Peck. Farmer
+  Hazelbaker, Calvin, Rt. 1, Box 382, Lewiston
+  Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise. Ext. Horticulturist
+
+  ILLINOIS
+  Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4237 Western Ave., Western Springs
+  Allen, Theodore R., Delavan. Farmer
+  Anderson, Ralph W., Rt. 3, Morris
+  Andrew, Col. James W. See California
+  Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling. Apiarist
+  Baber, Adin, Kansas
+  Barrow, J. M., P.O. Box 54, Urbana
+ Sec.Best, R. B., Columbia Seed Co., Eldred. Farmer
+  Best, Mrs. R. B., Columbia Seed Co., Eldred
+  Best, R. C., Eldred
+  Best, R. L., Eldred
+  Best, Virgil, Rt. 4, Mattoon
+ Sec.Blyth, Colin R., Math. Dept. U. of Ill., Urbana
+ *Boll, Herschel L., 2 Hort. Field Lab. U. of Ill., Urbana. Pomologist
+  Booth, Earl, Rt. 2, Carrollton
+  Borchsenius, Wayne L., Rt. 2, Sheridan
+  Brock, Arthur S., 1733 N. McVicker Ave., Chicago 39
+  Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall
+  Carlson, Dr. R. J., 320 Sherman Ave., Macomb
+  Chandler, S. C, Southern State Univ., Carbondale
+  Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 15
+  Clark, Thomas F., Northern Regional Research Lab., Peoria.
+    Chemical Engineer
+  Colby, Dr. Arthur S., Univ. of Ill., Urbana
+  Crabb, Richard, Box 306, Wheaton
+ +Dahlberg, Dr. Albert A., 5756 Harper Ave., Chicago 37
+ +Daum, Philip A., 203 N. Sixth St., Carrollton
+  Decker, Honas H., R.F.D. Rutland. Factory worker
+  Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas. Farmer
+  Dinkelman, L. F., State St. Rd., Belleville
+  Dopheide, Henry A., 1331 Jackson St., Quincy
+  Douglass, T. J., 309-1/2 North St., Normal
+  Draner, Willard G., Rt. 1, Mendota. Farmer
+  Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington. Research Botanist
+  Estill, Mrs. Harry, Power Farms, Cantrall
+  Fordtran, E. H., Rt. 2, Box 197A, Palatine
+  Frey, Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. Asst. to V. P., CRI
+    & P RR
+  Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. Housewife
+ +Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida St., Joliet
+  Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville. Nut and fruit nurseryman
+  Gettings, Wm. A., Rt. 1, Eldred
+  Glidden, Nansen, W. Lincoln Highway, DeKalb
+  Govaia, R. M., O.D., Room 19, Greer Block, Vandalia. Optometrist
+  Grefe, Ben, Rt. 4, Box 22, Nashville. Farmer
+  Griffith, Chris, W. Filmore St., RFD, Vandalia
+  Hall, E. L., Rt. 1, Drew Ave., Hinsdale
+  Hall, Dr. William A., 25 S. Broadway, Aurora
+ *Heberlein, Edwin W., Rt. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe
+  Helmle, Mrs. Herman C, 526 S. Grand Ave. W., Springfield
+  Hermerding, Ted, Russell Miller Millg. Co., Jerseyville
+ *Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+  Hoelscher, Bernard, Rt. 5, Mt. Sterling
+  Ikesty, Q. J., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington
+  Jennings, Charles L., Box 321, Grayville
+ *Jungk, Adolph E., Rt. 1, Jerseyville
+  Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49
+  Knoeppel, J. A., Bluffs
+ *Kreider, Ralph Jr., Rt. 1, Hammond. Farmer
+  Krug, Carl B., Rt. 2, El Paso. Farmer
+  Kruse, William, Honey Lee Apiaries, Godfrey. Apiratist
+  Langdoc, Mrs. Mildred Jones, P.O. Box 136, Erie. Nursery, farm, housewife
+  Laatz, Mrs. Lenore, Rt. 3, Morris
+  Leighton, L. C., Arthur
+  McDaniel, J. C., Hort. Field Lab. Univ. of Ill., Urbana. Horticulturist
+  McDaniel, J. C., Jr., Urbana
+  McKee, Mrs. Myrtice, Mt. Morris
+  Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Rt. 2, Aledo
+  Moeser, William V., Rt. 1, Belleville
+ *Musgrave, Carl, 5200 S. Laflin St., Chicago 9. Machinist
+  Newman, Roy, P.O. Box 51, Martinsville. Orchardist
+ *Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
+ *Opat, Joseph C., Opat Chinchilla Ranch, Rt. 3, Hinsdale. Pharmacist,
+    Chinchilla Rancher
+  Peers, Frank B., Box 321, Highland Park
+  Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton. Bank President
+  Price, Harold G. Sr. See Utah
+  Raab, Irvin M., Rt. 4, Belleville
+  Ried, Robert J., 1137 Winona St., Chicago 40
+ *Reisch, Louis C., Rt. 4, Carrollton. Farmer
+  Robbins, W. J., 885 N. La Salle St., Chicago 10. Insurance
+  Robertson, Virgil E., Virginia. Retired farmer
+  Schubert, Kenneth, Rt. 1, Millstadt
+  Seng, Chas. W. & Son, 920 Lafayette Ave., P.O. Box 247, Mattoon
+  Sokolowski, F. W., M.D., 2503 Donald Ave., Alton
+ *Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. Lawyer, farm operator
+  Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville
+  Turner, Jonathan B., Fayett Co. Farm Bureau, So. 5th St., Vandalia
+  Voiles, William, Eldred
+  Vortman, Elmer, Rt. 1, Bluffs
+  Whale, Fred, Rt. 1, Fieldon
+  Whitford, A. M., Farina. Nurseryman
+  Wright, William, Vandalia
+  Zethmayr, Gordon, Rt. 1, Box 130, West Chicago
+
+  INDIANA
+  Andrew, John, Matter Park Rd., Marion. Student
+ *Andrew, Ralph, Matter Park Rd., Marion
+  Aster Nut Products, Inc., George Oberman, Mgr., 1004 Main St.,
+    Evansville 8
+  Babcock, Dan, Rt. 14, Box 342, Indianapolis 44
+  Bauer, Paul J., 123 South 29th St., Lafayette
+  Boller, G. Evert, Rt. 6, Box 101, Marion. Farmer
+  Bolten, Ferd, Rt. 3, Linton. Farmer, fruit and nut grower
+  Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+  Buchner, Dr. Doster, 533 W. Washington Blvd., Ft. Wayne. Physician and
+    surgeon
+  Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nursery, Rt. 2, Middletown. Nurseryman,
+    fruit farmer
+  Cole, Charles W. Jr., Madison Rd., Rt. 6, Box 112A, South Bend
+  Coleman, Robert G., Indiana Farmers Guide, Huntington. Field Editor, The
+    Indiana Farmer's Guide
+  Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th St., Anderson
+  Doeden, Johan, Rt. 4, Attica. Farmer
+ *Dooley, Kenneth A., Rt. 2, Marion. Gardener
+  Eagles, A. E., Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville. Walnut grower, apple
+    orchardist
+  Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 314 Southeast Riverside Dr., Evansville 8.
+    Medical doctor
+ *Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Ave., Franklin. Auditor and cashier
+  Glaser, Peter, Rt. 9, Box 328, Koering Rd., Evansville
+ *Grater, A. E., Rt. 2, Shipshewana
+  Harrell, Franklin M., Rt. 1, Griffith
+  Jasperson, Marion E., Rt. 1, Box 819, Indianapolis 44. Clerk
+  Johnson, Raymond M., 8605 Manderlay Dr., Indianapolis
+  Kaufman, Ray, Rt. 4, Peru
+  Kem, Dr. Charles E., Rt. No. 3, Box 52, Richmond
+  Kenworthy, Owen, Rt. 3, Crown Point. Farmer
+  Kyburz, Benjamine E., Rt. 1, Idaville
+  Larue, A. R., Box 147, Bloomington
+  Layman, J. C., Rt. 1, Peru
+  Lennon, Robert E., Rt. 1, Warren
+  Letsinger, J. E., 1202 Lower Huntington Rd., Ft. Wayne 6. Electrical
+    engineer
+  Lukemeyer, Edwin J., 825 Line St., Evansville
+  Moldenhauer, Carl J., Rt. 7, Huntington
+  Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon. High school principal and farmer
+  Newman, Jesse D., Jr., Rt. 2, Culver
+  Oare, William T., 650 Associate Bldg., South Bend 1
+ *Pape, Edw. W., Rt. 2, Marion
+ Sec.Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Ave., South Bend 17. NNGA Treasurer.
+    Office: 825 J.M.S. Bldg., South Bend 1
+  Reed, Frank, Daleville. Toolmaker
+  Rehm, Walter T., Rt. 4, Logansport
+  Richards, E. E., 2912 York Rd., South Bend. Studebaker Corp.
+  Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello
+ *Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14
+  Schram, Emil, Rt. 1, Peru
+  Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry St., New Albany
+ *Shafer, John, Jr., 3031 N. Roselawn Dr., Logansport
+  Skinner, Dr. Chas. H., Rt. 1, Thorntown
+  Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport
+  Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport. Nurseryman, nut tree propagator
+  Summers, Floyd, Rt. 2, Box 68, Winchester
+  Talbott, John E., Rt. 3, Linton
+ Sec.Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru
+  Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette. Ext.
+    Horticulturist
+  Westerhouse, George F., E. Ohio St., Monticello
+  Whitsel, Gilbert L., Jr., Rt. 3, Peru
+  Wichman, Robert P., Rt. 3, Washington. General farming
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rt. 3, Rockport. Nurseryman
+  Wittick, Eugene C., Box 68A, Rt. 4, Valparaiso
+  Woodward, Howard, Rt. 3, Syracuse
+
+  IOWA
+  Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+  Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua. Farmer
+  Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+  Eads, Carroll, RFD, Miles. Farmer
+  Eller, W. E., Eldora
+  Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. Nurseryman
+ *Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. President of Earl Ferris Nursery
+  Goodwin, William T., 1121 S. Riverside Dr., Iowa City
+  Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville
+  Hoke, Russell O., Rt. 2, Anamosa. Laborer
+  Huen, E. F., Eldora. Farmer
+ *Inter State Nurseries, Hamburg. General nurserymen
+  Iowa Fruit Growers Assn., c/o Sec'y. State House, Des Moines 19
+ *Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset
+  Kern, Dr. W. R., 741 Rundell St., Iowa City
+  Kosek, Frank J., 87 Sixteenth Ave., S.W., Cedar Rapids
+  Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman
+  Lysinger, Addison, Lomoni
+ *Martzahn, Frank A., Rt. 1, Davenport. Farmer
+  McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. Lawyer
+  Meyer, Clemens, Rt. 1, West Union
+  Orr, J. Allen, 4000 W. 4th St., Sioux City 17
+  Petsel, George E., 815 W. Park Rd., Iowa City
+  Rohrbacher, Dr. William M., 811 E. College St., Iowa City. Practice
+    of Medicine
+  Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 2, Fort Madison. Farmers
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point. Nurseryman, nuts and general
+  Tolstead, W. L. See Nebraska
+  Troyer, Ralph, Rt. 4, Kalona
+ *Wade, Miss Ida May, Rt. 3, La Porte City. Bookkeeper
+  Welch, G. L., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+  White, Herbert L., Box 264, Woodbine. Rural Mail Carrier
+ *White, Rev. L. P., Greeley
+  Williams, Wendell V., Rt. 1, Danville. Farmer
+  Williams, R. Alan, 1890 8th Ave., Maion
+
+
+  JAPAN
+  Deming, Olcott, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo
+  Yoshizaki, Chiaki, International Collaboration of Farmers Ass'n.,
+    17 Ichi Bancho Chiyodaku, Tokyo
+
+
+  KANSAS
+  Baker, Fred C., Troy. Entomologist
+  Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+ Sec.Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th & Central, Kansas
+    City 1. Bank President
+  Funk, M. D., 600 W. Paramore St., Topeka. Pharmacist
+  Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Ave., Horton. Osteopathic Physician
+  Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. Farmer
+  Jackson, Walter, Osage City
+  Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Rt. 3, Leavenworth.
+    Nut nurseryman
+  Mondero, John, Lansing
+  Stark, M. F., Hawthorne Pl., Hiawatha. Supt. City Schools
+  Thielenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo. Retired postal worker
+  Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
+ *Wales, Max, 1534 MacVicar St., Topeka
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson
+  Armstrong, W. D., Western Kentucky Exp. Sta., Princeton. Horticulturist
+  Bray, Terrell, Bray Orchards, Bedford
+  Funsten, R. E. Company, Robert Walker, P.O. Box 142, Henderson
+  Hopson, J. R., Rt. 2, Cadiz
+  Magill, W. W., Horticulture Dept., Univ. of Ky., Lexington
+ *Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Dr., Paducah
+  Moss, Dr. C. A., Box 237, Williamsburg. Bank President
+ *Rouse, Sterling, Rt. 1, Box 70, Florence. Fruit grower, nurseryman
+  Shakelford, Thomas B., P.O. Box 31, Compton
+  Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon. Commercial orchardist
+  Usrey, Robert, Star Rt., Mayfield
+  Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+  Hammer, Dr. Harald E., USDA Chemical Lab., 606 Court House, Shreveport
+    47. Chemist
+  Smith, Dr. C. L., USDA Pecan Laboratory, 607 Court House, Shreveport
+  Perrault, Mrs. H. D., Rt. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches
+
+
+  MAINE
+  Hamilton, Mrs. Benj. P., Waterboro
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+  Barrett, Harvey E., P. E., 17 Maple Ave., Catonsville 28. Naval Architect
+  Crane, Dr. H. L., USDA Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Principal
+    Horticulturist, USDA
+  Dengler, Harry William, Ext. Forester, Univ. of Md., College Park
+  Diller, Dr. Jesse D., USDA Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Forest
+    Pathologist
+ *Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P.O. Box 743, Easton. Chestnut growers
+ Sec.Gravatt, G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. Forest Pathologist
+  Jones, George R., Rt. 2, Aberdeen
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Rd., Silver Spring. Research Associate
+  Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne. General
+    nurseryman
+  McCollum, Blaine, White Hall. Retired from Federal Government
+  McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville. Horticulturist
+ *Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031 56th Ave., Roger Hgts., Hyattsville
+ *Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. Farm Owner
+  Quill Farm, Attn. Philip S. Parkinson, Barclay
+ *Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore 16. Physician
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+  Babbitt, Howard S., 221 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield. Service station owner
+    & farmer
+  Barthelmes, George A., Rt. 1, Leicester. Machinist
+ *Bradbury, Rear Adm. H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+  Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston
+ *Bump, Albert H., P.O. Box 275, Brewster
+ *Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Rd., North Grafton. Farmer,
+    fruit grower
+ *Faulkner, Luther W., RFD, Westford
+  Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro. General foreman, instrument
+    company
+ *Ganz, Dr. Robert Norton, 262 Beacon St., Boston
+  Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+ *Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable
+  La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown. Engineer
+  Murphy, John D., 19 Boulevard Rd., Wellesley
+  Rice, Horace J., 515 Main St., Wilbraham, Attorney
+ *Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+  Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park 36
+  Vance, Dr. Robert G., 262 Beacon St., Boston 16. Physician
+  Viera, Manuel, Main St., Vineyard Haven
+ *Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield
+  Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocasset, Cape Cod
+  York, Stanley E., 480 Branch St., Mansfield. Supervisor
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+  Allen, Howard H., 2925 Francis St., Jackson
+  Andersen, Charles, Rt. 2, Box 236, Scottville. Nurseryman
+  Armstrong, Dr. Robt. J., Rt. 8, Box 83, Kalamazoo. Physician, farmer
+  Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5. Secretary, MNGA
+ *Becker, Gilbert, Climax. President, MNGA
+ *Beckert, W. M., Mich. Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 451, Jackson
+  Boylan, P. B., Rt. 1, Cloverdale
+  Breitmeyer, Howard T., 12955 Dale Ave., Detroit 23
+  Bumler, Malcolm R., 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. Insurance trustee
+  Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. Nurseryman
+  Burgess Seed & Plant Co., 67 E. Battle Creek St., Galesburg
+  Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor. Railroad telegrapher
+  Chester, Dr. William P., 742 MacCabees Bldg., Detroit 2
+  Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale. Nurseryman
+  Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8
+ *Desmet, Mrs. Agnes, 14450 Houston Ave., Detroit 5
+  Dillow, Harold R., P.O. Box 479, Franklin
+  Drake, Virgil, Rt. 2, Bangor 2
+  Emerson, Ralph W., 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+  Estill, Miss Gertrude. See Florida
+  Groos, Alfred P., Rt. 1, Gladstone
+  Hagelshaw, W. J., Rt. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. Grain farmer, contractor
+ *Hav, Francis H., Ivanhoe Pl., Lawrence. Farmer
+  Hubbard, W. G., Box 146, Hudsonville. Dealer, bottled gas
+  Johnson, Leonard A., 620 E. Buno Rd., Rt. 3, Milford. Mechanical engineer
+  Kennedy, Robert M., 45354 Deneweth Rd., Mt. Clemens
+  Keplinger, Frank J., Farwell
+  Klever, Edward F., Rt. 2, Grant
+  Korn, G. J., 345 N. Burdict St., Kalamazoo
+ *Lee, Michael, P.O. Box 16, Milford
+  Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14. Engineer, nut orchardist
+  Long, Louis C, 6117 State Rd., Goodrich
+  Maycock, Harry J., 580 Fairground St., Plymouth
+  Michigan Nut Growers Association, 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
+ *Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. Forester
+  Nitschke, Robert A., Tilbury Pl., Birmingham
+  O'Rourke, Prof. F. L. See Ecuador
+  Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson
+  Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles. Plant breeding
+  Ricky, Lowell L., 1009A Birch St., East Lansing
+  Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 22037 Poinciana, Detroit 19. Printer
+  Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock
+ *Somers, Lee, Rt. 1, Perrinton. Farmer, nurseryman
+  Sweet, Dale V., 530 South Capitol, Lansing
+ *Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Way, Birmingham
+  Tolles, G. S., Rt. 5, South Haven
+  Ullrey, L. E., Rt. 1, Vicksburg
+  Wieber, Giles E., Fowler
+ *Wyman, Miles L., 40 North St., Highland Park 3. Certified public
+    accountant
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+ *Dubbels, Charley, Elgin
+  Hodgson, R. E., Department of Agriculture, S.E. Experiment Station,
+    Waseca
+  Hormel, Jay C., Austin
+  Sanders, Parker D., Fifth & Jefferson Sts., Redwood Falls
+  Wedge, Don., Rt. 2, Albert Lea. Wedge Nursery
+  Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul. Proprietor Hazel Hills
+    Nursery Co.
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+ *Gossard, A.C., U.S. Hort. Field Sta., Rt. 6, Meridian. Horticulturist
+ *King, John Andrews, Tolten Rd., Lodi
+  Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exp. Sta., Stoneville. Cytogeneticist
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+  Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Taft Ave., St. Louis
+  Biggs, Dutton, 248 Elm Ave., Glendale 22
+  Brecheisen, Paul, 5641 Forest Ave., Kansas City
+  Buck, Charles L., LaCrosse. Farmer
+  Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson City
+  Funsten, R. E. Company, Don Walker, 1515 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis 3
+  Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+  Heuser, Wesley E., Rich Hill
+  Howe, John, Rt. 1, Box 4, Pacific
+  Huber, Frank J., Weingarten. Farmer
+ *James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick
+  Lambert, J. O., Laclede. Farmer
+ *Logan, George F., Oregon
+  Marquardt, Fred, Rich Hill
+ Sec.Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove. Farmer
+  Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. Foreman in garment factory
+  Oliver, L. P., 511 Monroe Ave., Campbell
+  Owens, LeRoy J., Willow Springs
+  Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles. Farmer
+  Rose, Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5
+  Sims Fruit & Nursery Farms, Hannibal
+  Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard, Atten: H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+  Stephens, A. F., G. M., & O. R. R., 721 Olive St., St. Louis. Gen.
+    Agr. Agt.
+  Tainter, Nat A., 420 Jackson St., St. Charles
+  Wuertz, H. J., Rt. 1, Pevely
+  Wylie, Wilber J., 902 Grand Ave., Doniphan. Assistant Postmaster
+
+
+  MONTANA
+  Ford, Russell H., Dixon
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+ *Brand, George, Rt. 5, Lincoln
+  Brandenburgh, A. R., Rt. 2, Bellwood 3
+  Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, Wahoo
+  Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+  Manning, Arch J., 4202 Emmet St., Omaha 3
+  Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City
+  Tolstead, W. L., Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln
+  Ziegenbein, Mrs. Helen M., Box 671, Wasau. Housewife
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+  Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center
+ *Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. Investment banker
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+  Anderegg, F. O., Rt. 3, Sommerville
+  Audi, Dr. Eugene J., 466 S. Maple Ave., Glen Rock
+  Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+  Bottoni, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange. Pres. of Harbot Die
+    Casting Corp.
+  Buckwalter, Alan R., Jr., Rt. 1, Box 47, Flemington
+  Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Rt. 1, Box 45, Flemington
+  Cherry, George D., Paulsdale, Hooten Rd., Moorestown
+  Cox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Rd., Blodmfield
+  Cumberland Nurseries, William Well, Prop., Rt. 1, Millville. Nurserymen
+ *Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Neward St., Hoboken
+  Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton. Sec'y.
+    U.S. Rubber Co.
+ *Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Rt. 1, Box 137, Keyport
+  Grosshans, George, 1309 Summit Terrace, Linden
+  Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. York, Prop., Neshanic Station. Nut Nursery
+  Lehman, Edwin L., 811 N. 4th St., Camden 2
+  Lippencott, J. C., 15 Mundy Ave., Spotswood
+  McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+  Parkinson, Philip P. See Quill Farm, Maryland
+  Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rahway
+ *Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover. Farmer
+  Schroeder, Harold W., Rt. 2, Boonton
+ *Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack. Dun & Bradstreet
+  Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City. Manufacturer
+  Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange. Lawyer
+
+
+  NEW MEXICO
+  Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  Barton, Irving, Box 13, Montour Falls. Engineer
+  Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo 14. Manufacturer
+  Beck, Paul E., Becks Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst. Dairy
+    Executive
+ *Benton, William A., Wassaic. Farmer, Benton and Smith Nut Nursery
+  Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Rt. 3, Poughkeepsie
+  Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 3, Poughkeepsie. Nurseryman
+ *Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester 7. Sales Engineer
+  Brooks, William G., Brooks Nut Nurseries, Monroe. Nut tree nurseryman
+  Caldwell, David H., N.Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse. Instructor
+    in wood technology
+ *Cassina, Augustus, Valatie
+  Center, Bernard M., 51 Van Buren St., Massapequa Park
+  Conner, Mrs. Charles J., 460 Flint St., Rochester 11
+  Dunckel, Lewis A., 2023 S. Salina St., Syracuse 5
+ *Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton. Building contractor
+  Ferguson, Donald V., L. I. Agr. & Tech. Inst., Farmingdale
+  Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14. Executive manager
+  Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport. Typewriter sales and service
+ *Gibson, Stanfard J., 56 Fair St., Norwich
+ *Glazier, Henery S., Jr., 1 S. William St., New York 4
+  Gould, Mrs. Gordon, 419 E. 57th St., New York 22
+  Graham, S. H., Bostwick Rd., Rt. 5, Ithaca. Nurseryman
+  Granjean, Julio. See Denmark
+ *Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., 19 Grove St., New Paltz. Post office clerk
+  Hill, Francis I., Sterling. Letter carrier
+  Hirshfeld, Dr. J. W., 109 W. Upland Rd., Ithaca
+  Hirshfeld, Mrs. J. W., 109 W. Upland Rd., Ithaca
+  Ingalls, Chester W., 82 Chestnut St., Cooperstown
+ *Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Rt. 1, Valatie
+ *Kettaneh, F. A., 745 5th Ave., New York 22
+  Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Rd., Churchville
+  Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, W., Apt. 1406, New York 23
+  Kortright, W. E., Rt. 1, Liberty
+ Sec.Kraai, Dr. John, 84 S. Main St., Fairport. Physician
+  Larkin, Harry H., 199 Van Rennsselaer St., Buffalo 10
+ *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+  Lowerre, James, Rt. 3, Middletown
+ *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell Univ., Ithaca. Head, Dept. of
+    Floriculture and Ornamental Hort.
+  Metcalfe, Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster. Fruit grower
+ *Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster. Fruit grower
+  Miller, J. E., Canandaigua. Nurseryman
+ *Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York
+  Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+  Newell, Palmer F., Lake Rd., Rt. 1, Westfield
+  Norman, Norman B., 64 Rocklidge Rd., Hartsdale
+  O'Brien, Esmonde M., 25 South St., P.O. Box 2169, New York 4
+  Perrault, Mrs. H. D., 5400 Fieldston Rd., Riverdale 71, New York
+  Pura, John J., Rt. 82, Hopewell Junction. Prison Guard
+  Renshaw, Alfred, Fiddler's Lane, Loudanville
+  Reynolds, C. L., Rt. 2, Binghamton
+  Roat, Gordon J., Rt. 1, Canandaigua
+  Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9. Milkman, chestnut tree
+    grower
+  Salzer, Rodman G., 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9
+ *Schlegel, Charles P., 990 So. Ave., Rochester 7
+ *Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+  Schlick, John, Mill Rd., Vernon Center
+  Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+  Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+  Sheffield, Lewis J., 61 N. Magnolia St., Pearl River
+ Sec.Slate, Prof. George L., Exp. Station, Geneva. Fruit Breeder
+  Smith, Jay L., Nut Tree Nursery, Chester
+ *Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., Ithaca
+  Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook. Artist-designer
+ *Szego, Alfred, 35-50 78th St., Jackson Heights, New York
+  Volcko, Andrew, 607 W. Colvin St., Syracuse 5. Postoffice clerk
+  Wadsworth, Millard E., Rt. 5, Oswego
+ *Wheeler, Robert C., 36th St., Albany
+ *Wilson, Frank C, 27 Liberty St., Arcade
+  Windisch, Richard P., W. E. Burnet Company, 11 Wall St., New York 5
+ *Wissman, Mrs. F. de R. Retired
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+  Andrus, E. Rex., Rt. 1, Franklin. Farmer
+  Bass, Claude D., Rt. 1, Kenley. Farmer
+ *Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+  Ellis, W. J., Rt. 2, Advance. Bricklayer
+  Finch, Jack R., Rt. 1, Bailey. Farmer
+  Henry, W. V., Rt. 2, Candler
+  McCain, H. C., Box 794, Tryon
+  Moorman, L. L., 801 N. Washington St., Rutherfordton
+  Poe, D. W., P.O. Box 807, Hickory
+
+
+  NORTH DAKOTA
+  Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. Refuge Manager
+
+
+  OHIO
+  Ackerman, Lester, Rt. 3, Ada
+  Allaman, William W., Trotwood
+  Antioch College, Glen Helen Dept., Yellow Springs
+  Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin. Real Estate
+  Beede, D. V., Rt. 3, Lisbon
+  Bitler, W. A., Rt. 1, Shawnee Rd., Lima. General contractor
+  Borchers, Perry E., 412 W. Hillcrest Ave., Dayton 6
+  Boye, Dr. E. L., 26 Wildfern Dr., Youngstown
+  Brewster, Lewis, Rt. 1, Swanton. Vegetable grower
+  Bridgwater, Boyd E., 68 Cherry St., Akron 8. V.P. Bridgewater Machine Co.
+  Bungart, A. A., Avon. Secretary, O.N.G.
+  Bussey, Roy K., Jr., 1056 Florida Ave., Akron 14
+  Button, Fred, Rt. 2, McArthur
+  Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20. Housewife
+  Clark, Richard L., 1517 Westdale Rd., South Euclid 21. Sales manager
+  Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 149, Leetonia
+  Cornett, Charles L., R.R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St.,
+    Cincinnati. Inspector
+  Craig, George E., Dundas. Fruit and nut grower
+  Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front St., Marietta
+  Daley, James R., Rt. 3, Foster Park Rd., Amherst. Electrician
+  Davidson, John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia. Writer
+  Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+  Davidson, William J., 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+  Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept, of Forestry, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster
+  Donaldson, Robert G., Rt. 3, Wooster
+  Dowell, Dr. Glenn C, Jr., 116 26th St., NE, Canton 4
+ *Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L., 529 North Ave., NE, Massillon. Physician
+  Farr, Mrs. Walter, Rt. 1, Kingsville
+  Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster
+  Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Blvd. at Euclid Ave.,
+    Cleveland 6
+ Sec.Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+  Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massillon. Letter carrier
+  Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 20
+  Grad, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+  Hake, Hanrey, Edon
+  Hammock, Edwin H., 345 E. State St., Columbus 15
+ *Hansley, C. F., Box 614, Sugar Grove
+  Heinzelman, Edward G., 267 Southern Ave., Chillicothe
+ *Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland 9
+  Hinde, John G., Rt. 1, Sandusky
+  Hlywiak, Andy, 2214 S. Tod Ave., Warren
+ *Hornyak, Louis, Rt. 1, Wakeman
+  Houlette, William R., Rt. 2, Columbiana
+  Howard, James R., 2908 Fleming Rd., Middletown
+ *Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland 8. Arborist
+  Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+  Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+ *Kerr, Dr. S. E., Rt. 1, North Lawrence
+ *Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13. Principal,
+    Cincinnati Public Schools
+  Kodera, Shunzo, 47 E. 12th Ave., Columbus 1
+  Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9. Electrician
+  Leaman, Paul V., Rt. 1, Creston
+  Lechleitner, Rev. R. D., 270 Westview Ave., Worthington
+  Lemmon, R. M., 577 Vinita Ave., Akron 20
+  Lippa, Julius, 4464 Lee Hts. Rd., Warrenville Heights
+  Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+  Lynn, Edith, Rt. 2, Canfield
+ *Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Blvd., Columbus 12. College professor
+  Manbeck, Willard O., 1359 Croyden Rd., Cleveland 24
+  McKinster, Ray, 1632 South 4th St., Columbus 7
+  Meister, Richard T., Editor, American Fruit Grower, Willoughby
+  Meister, Robert T., Sre. Def., APO 58, c/o Postmaster, New York. Farm in
+    Ohio
+ *Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+  Oches, Norman M., Rt. 1, Brunswick. Mechanical Engineer
+  Osborn, Frank C., 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland 11. Tool and die maker
+  Page, John H., Box 34, Dundas
+ *Pataky, Christ, Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, M.R.S., Mansfield. Chairman,
+    O.N.G.
+  Pattison, Aletheia, 5 Dexter Pl., E. W. H., Cincinnati 6
+  Pomerene, Walter H., Rt. 3, Coshocton. Agricultural Engineer
+  Pomeroy, Howard A., 4803 Rambo Lane, Toledo 13
+  Purdy, Clyde W., 19 Public Sq., Mt. Vernon
+ *Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Box 248, Amelia
+  Robb, Harry C., Rt. 4, Carrollton
+  Rogers, T. B., P.O. Box 296, Lakemore
+ *Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11. Sales manager
+  Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle. Nurserymen
+ *Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Rt. 2, Nevada
+  Seas, D. Edward, 721 So. Main St., Orrville
+  Sebring, R. G., 1227 Lincoln Rd., Columbus
+  Shelton, Dr. Elbert M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+  Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Ave., Canfield
+ *Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa. Farmer
+  Short, Robert M., 122 E. Park St., Westerville. High school teacher
+ *Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N.E., Massillon. Realty
+  Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermillion. Telegrapher, NYC RR
+  Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City. General nurserymen
+  Steinbeck, A. P., Rt. 2, Ravenna. Rubber worker, Firestone Tire &
+    Rubber Co.
+  Stevens, Robert T., Jr., Rt. 1, Lucas
+ *Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F St., Lorain
+  Swope, Wilmer D., Rt. 3, Box 183, Leetonia
+  Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Rd., Masury
+  Toney, Hewitt S., Rt. 2, Cedarville. Mathematician
+  Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus 12. College Professor
+  Underwood, John, Rt. 4, Urbana
+  Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21. Mayor
+  Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B 1, Newark
+  Von Gundy, Clifford R., 851 Nordyke Rd., Cincinnati 30
+ *Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland 18. Consulting engineer
+  Warren, Herbert L., 518 W. Central Ave., Delaware
+  Weaver, Arthur W., RFD Box 196B, Cass Rd., Maumee
+  Wheatly, Robert, 406 3rd St., Marietta
+ *Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9. Engineer
+ *Williams, L. F., Box 386, Mt. Vernon
+  Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Ave., Cincinnati 13. Mechanical engineer
+  Yoder, Emmet, Smithville. Farmer
+  Zimmerman, Erle C., 145 Firestone Bldg., Akron. Chemist
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+  Butler, Roy J., Rt. 2, Hydro. Farmer, cattleman
+  Cesar, Farin G., State Board of Agr., 122 State Capitol Bldg., Oklahoma
+    City
+  Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept. of Hort., Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater
+  Dean, Marion, Jr., Tuxedo Rd., Bartlesville
+  Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+  Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Co., 3002 S. Boston Pl., Tulsa 5.
+    Nurseryman
+  Hirschi's Nursery, 1124 N. Hudson, Oklahoma City. Dry cleaning business,
+    nurseryman
+  Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City
+  Keathly, Jack, Marland
+  Mayfield, W. W., General Delivery, Sallisaw
+  Meek, E. B., Rt. 3, Box 16, Wynnewood
+  Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+  Riter, John R., 115 E. 1st St., Bartlesville
+
+
+  OREGON
+  Bebeau, A. V., Box 136, McNary
+  Countryman, Peter F., Rt. 1, Box 275, Ontario
+  Graville, Ed, Rt. 3, Box 263, Junction City
+  Miller, John E., 2200 S. W. Childs Rd., Oswego
+  Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem.
+    Nurseryman
+  Smith, Earl G., Rt. 1, Newberg. Manager, Dundee Nut Growers
+  Trunk, John E., Gen. Mgr., Northwest Nut Growers, 1601 N. Columbia
+    Blvd., Portland 11
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+  Allaman, H. C., 1812 So. Pine St., York
+ *Allaman, R. P., Rt. 86, Harrisburg. Farm superintendent
+ *Amsler, E. W., 707 Main St., Clarion
+  Anthony, Roy D., 125 Hillcrest Ave., State College. Retired
+    Horticulturist
+ *Arensberg, Charles F. C., First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 22.
+    Chinese chestnut
+  Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown
+  Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan. Insurance agent
+  Beck, Dr. William M., 200 Race St., Sunbury
+  Berst, Charles B., 11 W. 8th St., Erie. Inspector, Lord Mfg. Co.
+  Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel
+  Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie
+  Brewer, J. L., Yellow House
+ *Bricker, Calvin E., Rt. 1, Mercersburg
+  Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg
+  Burket, J. Emory, Rt. 1, Claysburg. Fruit grower
+ Sec.Clarke, William S., Jr., P.O. Box 167, State College
+  Clewell, Gen. Edgar L., Dimde Farms, Rt. 2, Harrisburg. Retired U. S. A.
+  Comp, Alton, 5 No. 2nd St., Newport
+  Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg 21. Telephone man
+  Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St., Mechanicsburg
+  Ebling, Aaron L., Rt. 2, Reading
+  Etter, Fayette, P.O. Box 57, Lemasters. Foreman, Electric company
+  Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth St., Colonial Park, Harrisburg.
+    Assistant State Fire Marshall
+  Glasgow, Joseph M., 406 S. Second St., Bellwood
+  Good, Orrin S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven. Retired
+  Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Rd., Harborcreek. Electrical contractor,
+    Chestnut & evergreen nurseryman
+  Hales, Alfred R., Jr., Apt. 9 C, Cloverleaf Village Apts., Pittsburgh 27
+  Halsey, A. Louise, 63 Walnut St., Forty Fort
+ *Hammond, Harold, 903 So. Poplar St., Allentown
+  Hartman, Dr. G. W., Keystone Hospital, 3rd & Briggs Sts., Harrisburg
+ *Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 1, Bird in Hand. Farmer, black walnut grower
+  Hughes, Douglas, 1230 E. 21st St., Erie
+  Hull, Miss Margaret L., 1910 N. 2nd St., Harrisburg
+  Johnson, Robert F., 1630 Greentree Rd., Pittsburgh 20
+  Jones, Mildred M. See Mrs. Langdoc, Illinois
+ *Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Box 69, Clarion
+  Kirk, H. B., 1902 North St., Harrisburg
+  Knouse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg. Coal dealer
+  Krone, Herbert B., Rt. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+  Krone, Mrs. Herbert B., Rt. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+  Leach, Will, Rt. 1, Box 45, Scranton. Lawyer
+ *Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. Consultant in Arboriculture
+ *McKenna, Philip M., P.O. Box 186, Latrobe
+  Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave., State College. Pomologist
+ *Miller, Elwood B., Mill & Chapel Sts., Hazleton
+  Miller, Robert O., 3rd & Ridge Sts., Emmaus
+  Moyer, Philip S., 80-82 U.S.F. & G. Bldg., Harrisburg. Attorney
+  Murray, James A., Rt. 3, Cambridge Springs. Teacher
+  Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+  Nonnemacher, H. M., 128 Front St., Alburtis. Line foreman, Bell Tele.
+    Co. of Penna.
+  Oesterling, H. M., Rt. 1, Marysville
+ *Reidler, Paul G., Front & Chestnut Sts., Ashland. Manufacturer of
+    textiles
+  Reighard, E. Don, Box 247, Rt. 2, Nut Hill Nursery, Halifax. Nurseryman
+  Rhoades, Frank S., Rt. 1, Sigel
+ *Rick, John, 438 Penna. Sq., Reading. Fruit grower and merchant
+  Ritter, C. Marshall, Dept. of Horticulture, Penna. State College, State
+    College
+  Schaible, Percy, Box 68, Upper Black Eddy
+  Schieferstein, William B., Box 457, Temple
+  Shreffler, Mrs. W. B., 144 W. Main St., Clarion
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore. Retired teacher, writer
+  Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St., Troy. Attorney
+  Springer, Herbert W., 218 Penrose St., Quakertown
+  Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City
+  Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., 110 Univ. Ave., Lewisburg. Retired professor
+ Sec.Thompson, Howard A., 311 W. Swissvale Ave., Pittsburgh 18
+  Tomm, Joseph G., Rt. 2, McDonald
+  Toomy, T. Luke, Wila
+ Sec.Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland. Salesman
+  Washick, Dr. Frank A., Welsh & Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11. Surgeon
+  Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+  Weinrich, Whitney, Engle Rd., Rt. 20, Media. Chemical engineer
+ *Wister, John C, Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore.
+    Horticulturist
+ *Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th St., Erie. Manufacturer
+  Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R. D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+ *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+  Loomis, Charles B., 61 Elisha St., East Greenwich
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Bregger, John T., Soil Conservation Service, Clemson
+  Gordon, G. Henry, Union Dry Cleaning Co., 13 Main St., Union.
+    Returned Mariner
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+  Hanson, Oliver G., Rt. 2, Box 194, Yankton
+ +Richter, Herman, Madison. Farmer
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+  Alpine Forest Reserve, Atten: J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine. Forester
+  Byrd, Benjamin F., Jr., M.D., Granny White Pike, Nashville. Surgeon
+  Caldwell, Sam, Rt. 4, Holt Rd., Nashville 11. Radio and writer
+  Carter, Oscar W., M.D., 2610 Woodlawn Dr., Nashville. Surgeon
+ +Chase, Spencer B., T. V. A., Norris. Horticulturist
+  Collier, Robert H., Lutie Rd., Rt. 2, Knoxville. Public administration
+  Cox, Dr. T. S., 103 Hotel Ave., Fountain City. Dentist
+ +Dulin, Charles R., Brownsville. Fruit grower
+  Dye, Mrs. Sherman, Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. Chestnut & ornamental
+    nursery
+  Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St., Nashville. Surgeon
+  Hardy, J. H., 1315 Mennekahda Pl., Chattanooga 5. Accountant
+ +Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeil St., Memphis 7
+  Hoyt, Prof. Garner E., Byan University, Dayton
+  Jones, D. T., Rt. 2, Midway
+  McSwain, Barton, M.D., 3514 Hampton Rd., Nashville. Surgeon
+  Mattern, Don H., 513 Union Bldg., Knoxville
+ +Meeks, Hamp, Jackson Elec. Dept., Jackson. Electrical engineer
+  Murphy, H. O., 12 Sweetbriar Ave., Chattanooga. Fruit grower
+  Patterson, Dr. R. L., Suite 207, Interstate Bldg., Chattanooga
+  Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. Physician
+  Roark, W. F., Malesus. Farmer, chestnut grower
+  Robinson, W. Jobe, Rt. 7, Jackson. Farmer
+  Saville, Chris, 118 Church St., Greeneville
+  Sells, Paul S., 700 Boylston St., Chattanooga
+  Shipley, Mrs. E. D., 3 Century Court, Knoxville 16
+  Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester. General nurserymen
+  Waterhouse, Carmack, P.O. Box 258, Oak Ridge. Engineer
+  Zarger, Thomas G., T.V.A., Norris. Forester
+
+
+  TEXAS
+  Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart. R.R. engineer, amateur
+    horticulturist
+  Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+  Hander, Nelson H., Star Rt., Belton
+  Kelly, Paul, Box 428, Seymour
+ +Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., P.O. Box 867, Tyler. Nut nurseryman
+  Lancaster, Carroll T., Rt. 2, Box 206, Palestine. Electrolux dealer
+  Mason, G. L., Rt. 3, Hico. Farmer
+  Praytor, T. J., Box 667, Seymour
+  Reasonover, J. Roy, Rt. 2, Kemp
+  Rubrecht, J. F., Plant Experiment Station, Box 302, Paris
+  Shelton, David, Box 369, Gonzales
+  Thomas, J. W., Overton
+  Winkler, Andrew, Rt. 1, Moody. Farmer and pecan grower
+  Winkler, Charlie, Rt. 1, Moody
+
+
+  UTAH
+  Burton, J. O., Meadow. Rancher
+  Dabb, Clifford H., Rt. 3, Box 448, Ogden
+  Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State St., Orem
+  Petterson, Harlan D., 3910 Raymond Ave., South Ogden. Highway engineer
+  Price, Harold G., Sr., 1270 E. Crystal Ave., Salt Lake City 6.
+    (Farm in Illinois)
+  Shurtleff, Wm. H., D.D.S., Rt. 3, Box 384, Ogden
+
+
+  VERMONT
+  Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+  Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven. Perpetual member, "In Memoriam."
+  Johnson, John R., Deer Valley Farm, Townshend
+  Reynolds, T. H., 79 Main St., Middlebury
+  Spahr, Dr. Mary B., Stannard (See New York)
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+  Acker Black Walnut Corp., Box 263, Broadway. Walnut processors
+  Burton, George L., 722 College St., Bedford
+  Cooper, Lawrence E., Belle Meade. Nurseryman-landscaper
+  Curthoys, George A., P.O. Box 34, Bristol
+  Dickerson, T. C., Jr., 316 56th St., Newport News
+  Filman, O., Box 3551, Va. Tech. Station, Blacksburg
+    (temporary from Ontario)
+  Gibbs, H. R., Linden. Carpenter, wood worker
+  Jenkins, Marvin, Brightwood. Farmer
+  Jones, E. W., Virginia Tree Farm, Woodlawn
+  Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Bldg., Roanoke 11
+  Miller, T. R., Sword's Creek. Farmer
+  Moore, R. C., Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13
+  Narten, Perry F., 6110 N. Washington Blvd., Arlington 5. Geologist
+  Pinner, Henry, P.O. Box 155, Suffolk
+ +Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Ave., S.E., Roanoke 13
+  Thompson, B. H., Rt. 4, Harrisonburg. Manufacturer of nut crackers
+  Trump, V. A., Crewe
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+  Bechtoe, O. W., Coulee City. Farmer
+  Eliot, Craig P., P.O. Box 158, Shelton. Electrical engineer, farmer
+  Erkman, John O., 2113 Symons, Richland. Physicist
+  Fulmer, W. L., 505 Boylston, N., Seattle 2. Lily grower
+  Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Rd., Greenacres. Greenhouse worker
+  Linkletter, Frank D., 2131 8th Ave., Seattle 1. Retired
+  Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 353, Olympia. Caretaker of summer resort
+  Ross, Verel C., 4025 Rucker Ave., Everett
+  Shane Bros. Nut Growers, Vashon
+ Sec.Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston. Nut
+    nurseryman
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+  Bartholmew, Miss Elizabeth Ann, W. Va. Univ., Morgantown
+ +Cook, Dr. E. A., 106 First St., Oak Hill
+  Eckerd, John K., 305 William St., Martinsburg. Engineer, steam
+ +Engle, Blaine W., Mutual Fire Ins. Co. of W. Va., Goff Bldg., Clarksburg
+ *Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale. Retired
+  Gold Chestnut Nursery, Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. Chestnut nurseryman
+  Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+  Haislip, Fred, P.O. Box 1620 Logan. Farmer
+ Sec.Hale, Dr. Daniel, Princeton
+  Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown
+  Howard, Mrs. Carl E., The Charleston Gazette, Charleston. Garden editor
+ +Long, J. C., Box 491, Princeton. Civil engineer
+  McDonald, Dr. Walter, Augusta
+  McGraw, S. L., Athens
+  McNeill, John Hanson, Box 531, Romney. Chem. engineer
+ +Miller, Edward, Romney
+  Mish, Arnold F., Inwood. Associational farmer
+  Pease, Roger W., Dept, of Hort., Univ. of W. Va., Morgantown
+ +Reed, Arthur M., Glenmont Nurseries, Moundsville. Prop., Glenmount
+    Nurseries
+  Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+  Conway, W. M., 2105 Jefferson St., Madison
+  Coulson, L. W., Rt. 1, Slinger
+  Eiler, William, Benton
+  Jach, Peter, 8613 No. 60th St., Milwaukee 16
+  Ladwig, C. F., Rt. 2, Beloit. Grocer and farmer
+  Martinson, John L., 408 N. Lake, Madison
+  Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine
+  Raether, Robert, Rt. 1, Augusta
+  Running, M. H., 5220 N. 29 St., Milwaukee 9
+  Snowden, Dr. P. W., The Monroe Clinic, Monroe
+
+
+W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC. GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the 43rd Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
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