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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account of the Settlements of
+Scotch Highlanders in America, by J. P. MacLean
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America
+
+Author: J. P. MacLean
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2008 [EBook #25879]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTCH HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Graeme Mackreth and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of
+public domain works from the University of Michigan Digital
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Painted by Captn. W McKenzie_ BATTLE OF CULLODEN.]
+
+
+
+
+An Historical Account
+
+OF THE
+
+Settlements of Scotch Highlanders
+
+IN
+
+America
+
+PRIOR TO THE PEACE OF 1783
+
+TOGETHER WITH NOTICES OF
+
+Highland Regiments
+
+AND
+
+Biographical Sketches
+
+BY
+
+J.P. MACLEAN, PH.D.
+
+
+Life Member Gaelic Society of Glasgow, and Clan MacLean Association of
+Glasgow; Corresponding Member Davenport Academy of Sciences, and Western
+Reserve Historical Society; Author of History of Clan MacLean, Antiquity
+of Man, The Mound Builders, Mastodon, Mammoth and Man, Norse Discovery
+of America, Fingal's Cave, Introduction Study St. John's Gospel, Jewish
+Nature Worship, etc.
+
+_ILLUSTRATED_.
+
+THE HELMAN-TAYLOR COMPANY, CLEVELAND.
+
+JOHN MACKAY, GLASGOW.
+
+1900.
+
+[Illustration: HIGHLAND ARMS.]
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+COLONEL SIR FITZROY DONALD MACLEAN, Bart., C.B.,
+
+President of The Highland Society of London,
+
+
+An hereditary Chief, honored by his Clansmen at home and abroad, on
+account of the kindly interest he takes in their welfare, as well as
+everything that relates to the Highlands, and though deprived of an
+ancient patrimony, his virtues and patriotism have done honor to the
+Gael, this Volume is
+
+   Respectfully dedicated by the
+
+   AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+   "There's sighing and sobbing in yon Highland forest;
+   There's weeping and wailing in yon Highland vale,
+   And fitfully flashes a gleam from the ashes
+   Of the tenantless hearth in the home of the Gael.
+   There's a ship on the sea, and her white sails she's spreadin',
+       A' ready to speed to a far distant shore;
+   She may come hame again wi' the yellow gowd laden,
+       But the sons of Glendarra shall come back no more.
+
+   The gowan may spring by the clear-rinnin' burnie,
+       The cushat may coo in the green woods again.
+   The deer o' the mountain may drink at the fountain,
+       Unfettered and free as the wave on the main;
+   But the pibroch they played o'er the sweet blooming heather
+       Is hushed in the sound of the ocean's wild roar;
+   The song and the dance they hae vanish'd thegither,
+    For the maids o' Glendarra shall come back no more."
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+An attempt is here made to present a field that has not been
+preoccupied. The student of American history has noticed allusions to
+certain Scotch Highland settlements prior to the Revolution, without any
+attempt at either an account or origin of the same. In a measure the
+publication of certain state papers and colonial records, as well as an
+occasional memoir by an historical society have revived what had been
+overlooked. These settlements form a very important and interesting
+place in the early history of our country. While they may not have
+occupied a very prominent or pronounced position, yet their exertions in
+subduing the wilderness, their activity in the Revolution, and the wide
+influence exercised by the descendants of these hardy pioneers, should,
+long since, have brought their history and achievements into notice.
+
+The settlement in North Carolina, embracing a wide extent of territory,
+and the people numbered by the thousands, should, ere this, have found a
+competent exponent. But it exists more as a tradition than an actual
+colony. The Highlanders in Georgia more than acted their part against
+Spanish encroachments, yet survived all the vicissitudes of their
+exposed position. The stay of the Highlanders on the Mohawk was very
+brief, yet their flight into Canada and final settlement at Glengarry
+forms a very strange episode in the history of New York. The heartless
+treatment of the colony of Lachlan Campbell by the governor of the
+province of New York, and their long delayed recompense stands without a
+parallel, and is so strange and fanciful, that long since it should have
+excited the poet or novelist. The settlements in Nova Scotia and Prince
+Edwards Island, although scarcely commenced at the breaking out of the
+Revolution, are more important in later events than those chronicled in
+this volume.
+
+The chapters on the Highlands, the Scotch-Irish, and the Darien scheme,
+have sufficient connection to warrant their insertion.
+
+It is a noticeable fact that notwithstanding the valuable services
+rendered by the Highland regiments in the French and Indian war, but
+little account has been taken by writers, except in Scotland, although
+General David Stewart of Garth, as early as 1822, clearly paved the way.
+Unfortunately, his works, as well as those who have followed him, are
+comparatively unknown on this side the Atlantic.
+
+I was led to the searching out of this phase of our history, not only by
+the occasional allusions, but specially from reading works devoted to
+other nationalities engaged in the Revolution. Their achievements were
+fully set forth and their praises sung. Why should not the oppressed
+Gael, who sought the forests of the New World, struggled in the
+wilderness, and battled against foes, also be placed in his true light?
+If properly known, the artist would have a subject for his pencil, the
+poet a picture for his praises, and the novelist a strong background for
+his romance.
+
+Cleveland, O., October, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS OF SCOTLAND.
+
+Division of Scotland--People of the Highlands--Language--Clanship--Chiefs
+Customs--Special Characteristics--Fiery-Cross--Slogan--Mode of Battle
+Forays--Feasts--Position of Woman--Marriage--Religious Toleration
+Superstitions--Poets--Pipers--Cave of Coire-nan-Uriskin--The
+Harp--Gaelic Music--Costume--Scotland's Wars--War with Romans--Battle
+of Largs--Bannockburn--Flodden--Pinkie--Wars of Montrose--Bonnie
+Dundee--Earl of Mar--Prince Charles Stuart--Atrocities in the
+Wake of Culloden--Uncertainty of Travellers' Observations--Kidnapping
+Emigration                                                              17
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.
+
+Origin of the name of Scotland--Scoto-Irish--Ulster--Clandonald--Protestant
+Colonies in Ireland--Corruption of Names--Percentage of in
+Revolution--Characteristics--Persecuted--Emigration from Ulster--First
+Scotch-Irish Clergyman in America--Struggle for Religious Liberty
+Settlement at Worcester--History of the Potato--Pelham--Warren and
+Blandford--Colerain--Londonderry--Settlements in Maine--New York--New
+Jersey--Pennsylvania--The Revolution--Maryland--Virginia--Patrick
+Henry--Daniel Morgan--George Rogers Clark--North Carolina--Battle
+of King's Mountain--South Carolina--Georgia--East Tennessee--Kentucky
+Canada--Industrial Arts--Distinctive Characteristics                    40
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+CAUSES THAT LED TO EMIGRATION.
+
+Results of Clanship--Opposed to Emigration--Emigration to Ulster
+Expatriation of 7000--Changed Condition of Highlanders--Lands Rented
+Dissatisfaction--Luxurious Landlords--Action of Chiefs in Skye--Deplorable
+State of Affairs--Sheep-Farming--Improvements--Buchanan's
+Description--Famine--Class of Emigrants--America--Hardships and
+Disappointments                                                         60
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+DARIEN SCHEME.
+
+First Highlanders in America--Disastrous Speculation--Ruinous
+Legislation--Massacre of Glencoe--Darien Scheme Projected--William
+Paterson--Fabulous Dreams--Company Chartered--Scotland Excited
+Subscriptions--List of Subscribers--Spanish Sovereignty over
+Darien--English Jealousy and Opposition--Dutch East India Company--King
+William's Duplicity--English and Dutch Subscriptions Withdrawn--Great
+Preparations--Purchase of Ships--Sailing of First Expedition--Settlement
+of St. Andrews--Great Sufferings--St. Andrews Abandoned--The Caledonia and
+Unicorn Arrive at New York--Recriminations--The St. Andrews--The
+Dolphin--King Refuses Supplies--Relief Sent--Spaniards Aggressive--Second
+Expedition--Highlanders--Disappointed Expectations--Discordant
+Clergy--How News was Received in Scotland--Give Vent to Rage--King
+William's Indifference--Campbell of Fonab--Escape--Capitulation of Darien
+Colony--Ships Destroyed--Final End of Settlers                          75
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+On the Cape Fear--Town Established--Highlanders Patronized--Arrival
+of Neil McNeill--Action of Legislature--List of Grantees--Wave of
+Emigration--Represented in Legislature--Colony Prosperous--Stamp
+Act--Genius of Liberty--Letter to Highlanders--Emigrants from Jura--Lands
+Allotted--War of Regulators--Campbelton Charter--Public Road--Public
+Buildings at Campbelton--Petition for Pardon--Highland Costume--Clan
+Macdonald Emigration--Allan Macdonald of Kingsborough--American
+Revolution--Sale of Public Offices--Attitude of Patriots--Provincial
+Congress--Highlanders Objects of Consideration--Reverend John
+McLeod--Committee to Confer with Highlanders--British Confidence--Governor
+Martin--Provincial Congress of 1775--Farquhard Campbell--Arrival of the
+George--Other Arrivals--Oaths Administered--Distressed Condition--Petition
+to Virginia Convention--War Party in the Ascendant--American
+Views--Highlanders Fail to Understand Conditions--Reckless Indifference
+of Leaders--General Donald Macdonald--British Campaign--Governor
+Martin Manipulates a Revolt--Macdonald's Manifesto--Rutherford's
+Manifesto--Highlanders in Rebellion--Standard at Cross Creek--March
+for Wilmington--Country Alarmed--Correspondence--Battle of Moore's
+Creek Bridge--Overthrow of Highlanders--Prescribed Parole--Prisoners
+Address Congress--Action of Sir William Howe--Allan Macdonald's Letter--On
+Parole--Effects His Exchange--Letter to Members of Congress--Cornwallis
+to Clinton--Military at Cross Creek--Women Protected--Religious Status 102
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN GEORGIA.
+
+English Treatment of Poor--Imprisonment for Debt--Oglethorpe's
+Philanthropy--Asylum Projected--Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia--Selects
+the Site of Savannah--Fort Argyle--Colonists of Different
+Nationalities--Towns Established--Why Highlanders were Selected--Oglethorpe
+Returns to England--Highland Emigrants--Character of--John
+Macleod--Founding of New Inverness--Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia--Visits
+the Highlanders--Fort St. Andrews--Spaniards Aggressive--Messengers
+Imprisoned--Spanish Perfidy--Suffering and Discontent in 1737--Dissension
+Increases--Removal Agitated--African Slavery Prohibited--Petition and
+Counter Petition--Highlanders Oppose African Slavery--Insufficient Produce
+Raised--Murder of Unarmed Highlanders--Florida Invaded--St. Augustine
+Blockaded--Massacre of Highlanders at Fort Moosa--Failure of
+Expedition--Conduct of William MacIntosh--Indians and Carolinians
+Desert--Agent Reprimanded by Parliament--Clansmen at Darien--John MacLeod
+Abandons His Charge--Georgia Invaded--Highlanders Defeat the Enemy--Battle
+of Bloody Marsh--Spaniards Retreat--Ensign Stewart--Oglethorpe
+Again Invades Florida--Growth of Georgia--Record in Revolution--Resolutions
+Assault on British War Vessels--Capture  of--County of Liberty--Settlement
+Remained Highland                                                      146
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CAPTAIN LACHLAN CAMPBELL'S NEW YORK COLONY.
+
+Lachlan Campbell--Donald Campbell's Memorial--Motives Controlling
+Royal Governors--Governor Clarke to Duke of Newcastle--Same to
+Lords of Trade--Efforts of Captain Campbell--Memorial Rejected--Redress
+Obtained--Grand Scheme--List of Grantees--A Desperado--Township
+of Argyle--Records of--Change of Name of County--Highland Soldiers
+Occupy Lands--How Allotted--Selling Land Warrants--New Hampshire
+Grants--Ethan Allan--Revolution--An Incident--Indian Raid--Massacre
+of Jane McCrea--Religious Sentiment                                    176
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT ON THE MOHAWK.
+
+Sir William Johnson--Highlanders Preferred--Manner of Life--Changed
+State of Affairs--Sir John Johnson--Highlanders not Civic Officers--Sir
+John Johnson's Movements Inimical--Tryon County Committee
+to Provincial Congress--Action of Continental Congress--Sir John to
+Governor Tryon--Action of General Schuyler--Sir John's Parole--Highlanders
+Disarmed--Arms Retained--Highland Hostages--Instructions for Seizing
+Sir John--Sir John on Removal of Highlanders--Flight of Highlanders
+to Canada--Great Sufferings--Lady Johnson a Hostage--Highland Settlement
+a Nest of Treason--Exodus of Highland Women--Some Families
+Detained--Letter of Helen McDonell--Regiment Organized--Butler's
+Rangers--Cruel Warfare--Fort Schuyler Besieged--Battle of Oriskany--Heroism
+of Captain Gardenier--Parole of Angus McDonald--Massacre of
+Wyoming--Bloodthirsty Character of Alexander McDonald--Indian
+Country Laid Waste--Battle of Chemung--Sir John Ravages Johnstown--Visits
+Schoharie with Fire and Sword--Flight from Johnstown--Exploit
+of Donald McDonald--Shell's Defence--List of Officers of Sir John Johnson's
+Regiment--Settlement in Glengarry--Allotment of Lands--Story of
+Donald Grant--Religious Services Established                           196
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+GLENALADALE HIGHLANDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
+
+Highlanders in Canada--John Macdonald--Educated in Germany--Religious
+Oppression--Religion of the Yellow-Stick--Glenaladale Becomes
+Protector--Emigration--Company Raised Against Americans--Capture of
+American Vessel--Estimate of Glenaladale--Offered Governorship of
+Prince Edward Island                                                   231
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT IN PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+Emigration to Nova Scotia--Ship Hector--Sails from Lochbroom--Great
+Sufferings and Pestilence--Landing of Highlanders--Frightening of
+Indians--Bitter Disappointment--Danger of Starvation--False Reports--Action
+of Captain Archibald--Truro Migration--Hardships--Incidents of
+Suffering--Conditions of Grants of Land--Hector's Passengers--Interesting
+Facts Relative to Emigrants--Industries--Plague of Mice--American
+Revolution--Divided Sentiment--Persecution of American Sympathizers
+Highlanders Loyal to Great Britain--Americans Capture a
+Vessel--Privateers--Wreck of the Malignant Man-of-War--Indian
+Alarm--Itinerant Preachers--Arrival of Reverend James McGregor         235
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+FIRST HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICA.
+
+Cause of French and Indian War--Highlanders Sent to America--The
+Black Watch--Montgomery's Highlanders--Fraser's Highlanders--Uniform
+of--Black Watch at Albany--Lord Loudon at Halifax--Surrender of
+Fort William Henry--Success of the French--Defeat at Ticonderoga--Gallant
+Conduct of Highlanders--List of Casualties--Expedition Against
+Louisburg--Destruction French Fleet--Capture of Louisburg--Expedition
+Against Fort Du Quesne--Defeat of Major Grant--Washington--Name
+Fort Changed to Fort Pitt--Battalions of 42nd United--Amherst Possesses
+Ticonderoga--Army at Crown Point--Fall of Quebec--Journal of Malcolm
+Fraser--Movements of Fraser's Highlanders--Battle of Heights of
+Abraham--Galling Fire Sustained by Highlanders--Anecdote of General
+Murray--Retreat of French--Officers of the Black Watch--Highland Regiments
+Sail for Barbadoes--Return to New York--Black Watch Sent to
+Pittsburg--Battle of Bushy Run--Black Watch Sent Against Ohio Indians--Goes
+to Ireland--Impressions of in America--Table of Losses--Montgomery
+Highlanders Against the Cherokees--Battle with Indians--Allan
+Macpherson's Tragic Death--Retreat from Indian Country--Return to
+New York--Massacre at Fort Loudon--Surrender of St. Johns--Tables of
+Casualties--Acquisition of French Territory a Source of Danger         252
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+SCOTCH HOSTILITY TOWARDS AMERICA.
+
+Causes of American Revolution--Massacre at Lexington--Insult to
+Franklin--England Precipitates War--Americans Ridiculed--Pitt's Noble
+Defence--Attitude of Eminent Men--Action of Cities--No Enthusiasm in
+Enlistments in England and Ireland--The Press-Gang--Enlistment of
+Criminals--Sentiment of People of Scotland--Lecky's Estimate--Addresses
+Upholding the King--Summary of Highland Addresses--Emigration
+Prohibited--Resentment Against Highlanders--Shown in Original
+Draft of Declaration of Independence--Petitions of Donald Macleod      292
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+Eulogy of Pitt--Organizing in America--Secret Instructions to Governor
+Tryon--Principal Agents--Royal Highland Emigrants--How Received--Colonel
+Maclean Saves Quebec--Siege of Quebec--First Battalion in
+Canada--Burgoyne's Doubts--Second Battalion--Sufferings of--Treatment
+of--Battle of Eutaw Springs--Royal Highland Emigrants Discharged--List
+of Officers--Grants of Land--John Bethune--42nd or Royal
+Highlanders--Embarks for America--Capture of Highlanders--Capture of
+Oxford Transport--Prisoners from the Crawford--British Fleet Arrives at
+Staten Island--Battle of Long Island--Ardor of Highlanders--Americans
+Evacuate New York--Patriotism of Mrs. Murray--Peril of Putnam--Gallant
+Conduct of Major Murray--Battle of Harlem--Capture of Fort
+Washington--Royal Highlanders in New Jersey--Attacked at
+Pisquatiqua--Sergeant McGregor--Battle of Brandywine--Wayne's Army
+Surprised--Expeditions During Winter of 1779--Skirmishing and
+Suffering--Infusion of Poor Soldiers--Capture of Charleston--Desertions
+Regiment Reduced--Sails for Halifax--Table of Casualties--Fraser's
+Highlanders--Sails for America--Capture of Transports--Reports of Captain
+Seth Harding and Colonel Archibald Campbell--Confinement of Colonel
+Campbell--Interest in by Washington--Battle of Brooklin--Diversified
+Employment--Expedition Against Little Egg Harbor--Capture of
+Savannah--Retrograde Movement of General Prevost--Battle of Brier
+Creek--Invasion of South Carolina--Battle of Stono Ferry--Retreat to
+Savannah--Siege of--Capture of Stony Point--Surrender of Charleston--Battle
+of Camden--Defeat of General Sumter--Battle of King's Mountain--Battle of
+Blackstocks--Battle of the Cowpens--Battle of Guilford Court-House--March
+of British Army to Yorktown--Losses of Fraser's Highlanders--Surrender of
+Yorktown--Highlanders Prisoners--Regiment Discharged at Perth--Argyle
+Highlanders--How Constituted--Sails for Halifax--Two Companies at
+Charleston--At Penobscot--Besieged by Americans--Regiment Returns to
+England--Macdonald's Highlanders--Sails for New York--Embarks for
+Virginia--Bravery of the Soldiers--Highlanders on Horseback--Surrender
+of Yorktown--Cantoned at Winchester--Removed to Lancaster--Disbanded
+at Stirling Castle--Summary--Estimate of Washington--His Opinion
+of Highlanders--Not Guilty of Wanton Cruelty                           308
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS WHO SERVED IN AMERICA IN THE INTERESTS
+OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+General Sir Alan Cameron--General Sir Archibald Campbell--General
+John Campbell--Lord William Campbell--General Simon Fraser of
+Balnain--General Simon Fraser of Lovat--General Simon Fraser--General
+James Grant of Ballindalloch--General Allan Maclean of Torloisk--Sir
+Allan Maclean--General Francis Maclean--General John Small--Flora
+Macdonald                                                              377
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICAN INTEREST.
+
+General Alexander McDougall--General Lachlan McIntosh--General
+Arthur St. Clair--Serjeant Macdonald                                   398
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Note A.--First Emigrants to America                                    417
+
+Note B.--Letter of Donald Macpherson                                   417
+
+Note C.--Emigration during the Eighteenth Century                      419
+
+Note D.--Appeal to the Highlanders lately arrived from Scotland        422
+
+Note E.--Ingratitude of the Highlanders                                426
+
+Note F.--Were the Highlanders Faithful to their Oath to the Americans  426
+
+Note G.--Marvellous Escape of Captain McArthur                         430
+
+Note H.--Highlanders in South Carolina                                 442
+
+Note I.--Alexander McNaughton                                          443
+
+Note J.--Allan McDonald's Complaint to the President of Congress       444
+
+Note K.--The Glengarry Settlers                                        445
+
+Note to Chapter VIII                                                   448
+
+Note L.--Moravian Indians                                              448
+
+Note M.--Highlanders Refused Lands in America                          450
+
+Note N.--Captain James Stewart commissioned to raise a company of
+Highlanders                                                            453
+
+List of Subscribers                                                    456
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+Battle of Culloden                                     Frontispiece
+
+Coire-nan-Uriskin                                                26
+
+House of Henry McWhorter                                         52
+
+View of Battle-Field of Alamance                                 55
+
+Scottish India House                                             90
+
+Barbacue Church, where Flora Macdonald Worshipped               144
+
+Johnson Hall                                                    204
+
+View of the Valley of Wyoming                                   218
+
+Highland Officer                                                256
+
+Old Blockhouse Fort Duquesne                                    281
+
+General Sir Archibald Campbell                                  397
+
+Brigadier General Simon Fraser                                  382
+
+General Simon Fraser of Loval                                   387
+
+Sir Allan Maclean, Bart                                         391
+
+Flora Macdonald                                                 394
+
+General Alexander McDougall                                     398
+
+General Lachlan McIntosh                                        402
+
+General Arthur St. Clair                                        405
+
+Sergeant Macdonald and Colonel Gainey                           413
+
+
+
+
+PARTIAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
+
+
+American Archives.
+
+Answer of Cornwallis to Clinton. London, 1783.
+
+Bancroft (George.) History of the United States. London, N.D.
+
+Burt (Captain.) Letters from the North of Scotland, London. 1815.
+
+Burton (J.H.) Darien Papers, Bannatyne Club. 1849
+
+Burton (J.H.) History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1853.
+
+Celtic Monthly, Inverness, 1876-1888.
+
+Georgia Historical Society Collections.
+
+Graham (James J.) Memoirs General Graham, Edinburgh, 1862.
+
+Hotten (J.C.) List of Emigrants to America, New York, 1874.
+
+Johnson (C.) History Washington County, New York, Philadelphia, 1878.
+
+Keltie (J.S.). History of the Highland Clans, Edinburgh, 1882.
+
+Lecky (W.E.H.) History of England. London, 1892.
+
+Lossing (B.J.) Field-Book of the American Revolution. New York, 1855.
+
+Macaulay (T.B.) History of England, Boston, N.D.
+
+McDonald (H.) Letter-Book, New York Historical Society, 1892.
+
+Macdonell (J.A.) Sketches of Glengarry, Montreal. 1893.
+
+McLeod (D.) Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada, Cleveland,
+1841.
+
+Martin (M.) Description Western Isles, Glasgow, 1884.
+
+National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, Philadelphia, 1852.
+
+New York Documentary and Colonial History.
+
+North Carolina Colonial Record.
+
+Paterson (J.) History Pictou County. Nova Scotia, Montreal. 1893.
+
+Proceedings Scotch-Irish American Congress. 1889-1896.
+
+Rogers (H.) Hadden's Journal and Orderly Book, Albany, 1884.
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Lady of the Lake, New York, N.D.
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Tales of a Grandfather, Boston, 1852.
+
+Smith (William) History of New York, New York, 1814.
+
+Smith (W.H.) St. Clair Papers, Cincinnati, 1882.
+
+Sparks (Jared) Writings of Washington, Boston. 1837.
+
+Stephens (W.B.) History of Georgia, New York. 1859.
+
+St. Clair (Arthur.) Narrative, Philadelphia, 1812.
+
+Stewart (David.) Sketches of the Highlanders, Edinburgh, 1822.
+
+Stone (W.L.) Life of Joseph Brant, New York. 1838.
+
+Stone (W.L.) Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson, Albany, 1882.
+
+Tarleton (Lieut. Col.) Campaigns of, 1780-1781. London, 1787.
+
+Washington and his Generals, Philadelphia, 1848.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+A range of mountains forming a lofty and somewhat shattered rampart,
+commencing in the county of Aberdeen, north of the river Don, and
+extending in a southwest course across the country, till it terminates
+beyond Ardmore, in the county of Dumbarton, divides Scotland into two
+distinct parts. The southern face of these mountains is bold, rocky,
+dark and precipitous. The land south of this line is called the
+Lowlands, and that to the north, including the range, the Highlands. The
+maritime outline of the Highlands is also bold and rocky, and in many
+places deeply indented by arms of the sea. The northern and western
+coasts are fringed with groups of islands. The general surface of the
+country is mountainous, yet capable of supporting innumerable cattle,
+sheep and deer. The scenery is nowhere excelled for various forms of
+beauty and sublimity. The lochs and bens have wrought upon the
+imaginations of historians, poets and novelists.
+
+The inhabitants living within these boundaries were as unique as their
+bens and glens. From the middle of the thirteenth century they have been
+distinctly marked from those inhabiting the low countries, in
+consequence of which they exhibit a civilization peculiarly their own.
+By their Lowland neighbors they were imperfectly known, being generally
+regarded as a horde of savage thieves, and their country as an
+impenetrable wilderness. From this judgment they made no effort to free
+themselves, but rather inclined to confirm it. The language spoken by
+the two races greatly varied which had a tendency to establish a marked
+characteristic difference between them. For a period of seven centuries
+the entrances or passes into the Grampians constituted a boundary
+between both the people and their language. At the south the Saxon
+language was universally spoken, while beyond the range the Gaelic
+formed the mother tongue, accompanied by the plaid, the claymore and
+other specialties which accompanied Highland characteristics. Their
+language was one of the oldest and least mongrel types of the great
+Aryan family of speech.
+
+The country in which the Gaelic was in common use among all classes of
+people may be defined by a line drawn from the western opening of the
+Pentland Frith, sweeping around St. Kilda, from thence embracing the
+entire cluster of islands to the east and south, as far as Arran; thence
+to the Mull of Kintyre, re-entering the mainland at Ardmore, in
+Dumbartonshire, following the southern face of the Grampians to
+Aberdeenshire, and ending on the north-east point of Caithness.
+
+For a period of nearly two hundred years the Highlander has been an
+object of study by strangers. Travellers have written concerning them,
+but dwelt upon such points as struck their fancy. A people cannot be
+judged by the jottings of those who have not studied the question with
+candor and sufficient information. Fortunately the Highlands, during the
+present century, have produced men who have carefully set forth their
+history, manners and customs. These men have fully weighed the questions
+of isolation, mode of life, habits of thought, and wild surroundings,
+which developed in the Highlander firmness of decision, fertility in
+resource, ardor in friendship, love of country, and a generous
+enthusiasm, as well as a system of government.
+
+The Highlanders were tall, robust, well formed and hardy. Early
+marriages were unknown among them, and it was rare for a female of puny
+stature and delicate constitution to be honored with a husband. They
+were not obliged by art in forming their bodies, for Nature acted her
+part bountifully to them, and among them there are but few bodily
+imperfections.
+
+The division of the people into clans, tribes or families, under
+separate chiefs, constituted the most remarkable circumstance in their
+political condition, which ultimately resulted in many of their peculiar
+sentiments, customs and institutions. For the most part the monarchs of
+Scotland had left the people alone, and, therefore, had but little to do
+in the working out of their destiny. Under little or no restraint from
+the State, the patriarchal form of government became universal.
+
+It is a singular fact that although English ships had navigated the
+known seas and transplanted colonies, yet the Highlanders were but
+little known in London, even as late as the beginning of the eighteenth
+century. To the people of England it would have been a matter of
+surprise to learn that in the north of Great Britain, and at a distance
+of less than five hundred miles from their metropolis, there were many
+miniature courts, in each of which there was a hereditary ruler,
+attended by guards, armor-bearers, musicians, an orator, a poet, and who
+kept a rude state, dispensed justice, exacted tribute, waged war, and
+contracted treaties.
+
+The ruler of each clan was called a chief, who was really the chief man
+of his family. Each clan was divided into branches who had chieftains
+over them. The members of the clan claimed consanguinity to the chief.
+The idea never entered into the mind of a Highlander that the chief was
+anything more than the head of the clan. The relation he sustained was
+subordinate to the will of the people. Sometimes his sway was unlimited,
+but necessarily paternal. The tribesmen were strongly attached to the
+person of their chief. He stood in the light of a protector, who must
+defend them and right their wrongs. They rallied to his support, and in
+defense they had a contempt for danger. The sway of the chief was of
+such a nature as to cultivate an imperishable love of independence,
+which was probably strengthened by an exceptional hardiness of
+character.
+
+The chief generally resided among his clansmen, and his castle was the
+court where rewards were distributed and distinctions conferred. All
+disputes were settled by his decision. They followed his standard in
+war, attended him in the chase, supplied his table and harvested the
+products of his fields. His nearest kinsmen became sub-chiefs, or
+chieftains, held their lands and properties from him, over which they
+exercised a subordinate jurisdiction. These became counsellors and
+assistants in all emergencies. One chief was distinguished from another
+by having a greater number of attendants, and by the exercise of
+general hospitality, kindness and condescension. At the castle everyone
+was made welcome, and treated according to his station, with a degree of
+courtesy and regard for his feelings. This courtesy not only raised the
+clansman in his own estimation, but drew the ties closer that bound him
+to his chief.
+
+While the position of chief was hereditary, yet the heir was obliged in
+honor to give a specimen of his valor, before he was assumed or declared
+leader of his people. Usually he made an incursion upon some chief with
+whom his clan had a feud. He gathered around him a retinue of young men
+who were ambitious to signalize themselves. They were obliged to bring,
+by open force, the cattle they found in the land they attacked, or else
+die in the attempt. If successful the youthful chief was ever after
+reputed valiant and worthy of the government. This custom being
+reciprocally used among them, was not reputed robbery; for the damage
+which one tribe sustained would receive compensation at the inauguration
+of its chief.
+
+Living in a climate, severe in winter, the people inured themselves to
+the frosts and snows, and cared not for the exposure to the severest
+storms or fiercest blasts. They were content to lie down, for a night's
+rest, among the heather on the hillside, in snow or rain, covered only
+by their plaid. It is related that the laird of Keppoch, chieftain of a
+branch of the MacDonalds, in a winter campaign against a neighboring
+clan, with whom he was at war, gave orders for a snow-ball to lay under
+his head in the night; whereupon, his followers objected, saying, "Now
+we despair of victory, since our leader has become so effeminate he
+can't sleep without a pillow."
+
+The high sense of honor cultivated by the relationship sustained to the
+chief was reflected by the most obscure inhabitant. Instances of theft
+from the dwelling houses seldom ever occurred, and highway robbery was
+never known. In the interior all property was safe without the security
+of locks, bolts and bars. In summer time the common receptacle for
+clothes, cheese, and everything that required air, was an open barn or
+shed. On account of wars, and raids from the neighboring clans, it was
+found necessary to protect the gates of castles.
+
+The Highlanders were a brave and high-spirited people, and living under
+a turbulent monarchy, and having neighbors, not the most peaceable, a
+warlike character was either developed or else sustained. Inured to
+poverty they acquired a hardihood which enabled them to sustain severe
+privations. In their school of life it was taught to consider courage an
+honorable virtue and cowardice the most disgraceful failing. Loving
+their native glen, they were ever ready to defend it to the last
+extremity. Their own good name and devotion to the clan emulated and
+held them to deeds of daring.
+
+It was hazardous for a chief to engage in war without the consent of his
+people; nor could deception be practiced successfully. Lord Murray
+raised a thousand men on his father's and lord Lovat's estates, under
+the assurance that they were to serve king James, but in reality for the
+service of king William. This was discovered while Murray was in the act
+of reviewing them; immediately they broke ranks, ran to an adjoining
+brook, and, filling their bonnets with water, drank to king James'
+health, and then marched off with pipes playing to join Dundee.
+
+The clan was raised within an incredibly short time. When a sudden or
+important emergency demanded the clansmen the chief slew a goat, and
+making a cross of light wood, seared its extremities with fire, and
+extinguished them in the blood of the animal. This was called the _Fiery
+Cross_, or Cross of Shame, because disobedience to what the symbol
+implied inferred infamy. It was delivered to a swift trusty runner, who
+with the utmost speed carried it to the first hamlet and delivered it to
+the principal person with the word of rendezvous. The one receiving it
+sent it with the utmost despatch to the next village; and thus with the
+utmost celerity it passed through all the district which owed allegiance
+to the chief, and if the danger was common, also among his neighbors and
+allies. Every man between the ages of sixteen and sixty, capable of
+bearing arms, must immediately repair to the place of rendezvous, in his
+best arms and accoutrements. In extreme cases childhood and old age
+obeyed it. He who failed to appear suffered the penalties of fire and
+sword, which were emblematically denounced to the disobedient by the
+bloody and burnt marks upon this warlike signal.
+
+In the camp, on the march, or in battle, the clan was commanded by the
+chief. If the chief was absent, then some responsible chieftain of the
+clan took the lead. In both their slogan guided them, for every clan had
+its own war-cry. Before commencing an attack the warriors generally took
+off their jackets and shoes. It was long remembered in Lochabar, that at
+the battle of Killiecrankie, Sir Ewen Cameron, at the head of his clan,
+just before engaging in the conflict, took from his feet, what was
+probably the only pair of shoes, among his tribesmen. Thus freed from
+everything that might impede their movements, they advanced to the
+assault, on a double-quick, and when within a few yards of the enemy,
+would pour in a volley of musketry and then rush forward with claymore
+in hand, reserving the pistol and dirk for close action. When in close
+quarters the bayonets of the enemy were received on their targets;
+thrusting them aside, they resorted to the pistol and dirk to complete
+the confusion made by the musket and claymore. In a close engagement
+they could not be withstood by regular troops.
+
+Another kind of warfare to which the Highlander was prone, is called
+_Creach_, or foray, but really the lifting of cattle. The _Creach_
+received the approbation of the clan, and was planned by some
+responsible individual. Their predatory raids were not made for the mere
+pleasure of plundering their neighbors. To them it was legitimate
+warfare, and generally in retaliation for recent injuries, or in revenge
+of former wrongs. They were strict in not offending those with whom they
+were in amity. They had high notions of the duty of observing faith to
+allies and hospitality to guests. They were warriors receiving the
+lawful prize of war, and when driving the herds of the Lowland farmers
+up the pass which led to their native glen considered it just as
+legitimate as did the Raleighs and Drakes when they divided the spoils
+of Spanish galleons. They were not always the aggressors. Every evidence
+proves that they submitted to grievances before resorting to arms. When
+retaliating it was with the knowledge that their own lands would be
+exposed to rapine. As an illustration of the view in which the _Creach_
+was held, the case of Donald Cameron may be taken, who was tried in
+1752, for cattle stealing, and executed at Kinloch Rannoch. At his
+execution he dwelt with surprise and indignation on his fate. He had
+never committed murder, nor robbed man or house, nor taken anything but
+cattle, and only then when on the grass, from one with whom he was at
+feud; why then should he be punished for doing that which was a common
+prey to all?
+
+After a successful expedition the chief gave a great entertainment, to
+which all the country around was invited. On such an occasion whole deer
+and beeves were roasted and laid on boards or hurdles of rods placed on
+the rough trunks of trees, so arranged as to form an extended table.
+During the feast spirituous liquors went round in plenteous libations.
+Meanwhile the pipers played, after which the women danced, and, when
+they retired, the harpers were introduced.
+
+Great feasting accompanied a wedding, and also the burial of a great
+personage. At the burial of one of the Lords of the Isles, in Iona, nine
+hundred cows were consumed.
+
+The true condition of a people may be known by the regard held for
+woman. The beauty of their women was extolled in song. Small eye-brows
+was considered as a mark of beauty, and names were bestowed upon the
+owners from this feature. No country in Europe held woman in so great
+esteem as in the Highlands of Scotland. An unfaithful, unkind, or even
+careless husband was looked upon as a monster. The parents gave dowers
+according to their means, consisting of cattle, provisions, farm
+stocking, etc. Where the parents were unable to provide sufficiently,
+then it was customary for a newly-married couple to collect from their
+neighbors enough to serve the first year.
+
+The marriage vow was sacredly kept. Whoever violated it, whether male or
+female, which seldom ever occurred, was made to stand in a barrel of
+cold water at the church door, after which the delinquent, clad in a wet
+canvas shirt, was made to stand before the congregation, and at the
+close of service, the minister explained the nature of the offense. A
+separation of a married couple among the common people was almost
+unknown. However disagreeable the wife might be, the husband rarely
+contemplated putting her away. Being his wife, he bore with her
+failings; as the mother of his children he continued to support her; a
+separation would have entailed reproach upon his posterity.
+
+Young married women never wore any close head-dress. The hair, with a
+slight ornament was tied with ribbons; but if she lost her virtue then
+she was obliged to wear a cap, and never appear again with her head
+uncovered.
+
+Honesty and fidelity were sacredly inculcated, and held to be virtues
+which all should be careful to practice. Honesty and fair dealing were
+enforced by custom, which had a more powerful influence, in their mutual
+transactions, than the legal enactments of later periods. Insolvency was
+considered disgraceful, and _prima facie_ a crime. Bankrupts surrendered
+their all, and then clad in a party colored clouted garment, with hose
+of different sets, had their hips dashed against a stone in presence of
+the people, by four men, each seizing an arm or a leg. Instances of
+faithfulness and attachment are innumerable. The one most frequently
+referred to occurred during the battle of Inverkeithing, between the
+Royalists and the troops of Cromwell, during which seven hundred and
+fifty of the Mac Leans, led by their chief, Sir Hector, fell upon the
+field. In the heat of the conflict, eight brothers of the clan
+sacrificed their lives in defense of their chief. Being hard pressed by
+the enemy, and stoutly refusing to change his position, he was supported
+and covered by these intrepid brothers. As each brother fell another
+rushed forward, covering his chief with his body, crying _Fear eil
+airson Eachainn_ (Another for Hector). This phrase has continued ever
+since as a proverb or watch-word when a man encounters any sudden danger
+that requires instant succor.
+
+The Highlands of Scotland is the only country of Europe that has never
+been distracted by religious controversy, or suffered from religious
+persecution. This possibly may have been due to their patriarchal form
+of government. The principles of the Christian religion were warmly
+accepted by the people, and cherished with a strong feeling. In their
+religious convictions they were peaceable and unobtrusive, never arming
+themselves with Scriptural texts in order to carry on offensive
+operations. Never being perplexed by doubt, they desired no one to
+corroborate their faith, and no inducement could persuade them to strut
+about in the garb of piety in order to attract respect. The reverence
+for the Creator was in the heart, rather than upon the lips. In that
+land papists and protestants lived together in charity and brotherhood,
+earnest and devoted in their churches, and in contact with the world,
+humane and charitable. The pulpit administrations were clear and simple,
+and blended with an impressive and captivating spirit. All ranks were
+influenced by the belief that cruelty, oppression, or other misconduct,
+descended to the children, even to the third and fourth generations.
+
+To a certain extent the religion of the Highlander was blended with a
+belief in ghosts, dreams and visions. The superstitions of the Gael were
+distinctly marked, and entirely too important to be overlooked. These
+beliefs may have been largely due to an uncultivated imagination and the
+narrow sphere in which he moved. His tales were adorned with the
+miraculous and his poetry contained as many shadowy as substantial
+personages. Innumerable were the stories of fairies, kelpies, urisks,
+witches and prophets or seers. Over him watched the Daoine Shi', or men
+of peace. In the glens and corries were heard the eerie sounds during
+the watches of the night. Strange emotions were aroused in the hearts of
+those who heard the raging of the tempest, the roaring of the swollen
+rivers and dashing of the water-fall, the thunder peals echoing from
+crag to crag, and the lightning rending rocks and shivering to pieces
+the trees. When a reasonable cause could not be assigned for a calamity
+it was ascribed to the operations of evil spirits. The evil one had
+power to make compacts, but against these was the virtue of the charmed
+circle. One of the most dangerous and malignant of beings was the
+Water-kelpie, which allured women and children into its element, where
+they were drowned, and then became its prey. It could skim along the
+surface of the water, and browse by its side, or even suddenly swell a
+river or loch, which it inhabited, until an unwary traveller might be
+engulfed. The Urisks were half-men, half-spirits, who, by kind
+treatment, could be induced to do a good turn, even to the drudgeries of
+a farm. Although scattered over the whole Highlands, they assembled in
+the celebrated cave--_Coire-nan-Uriskin_--situated near the base of Ben
+Venue, in Aberfoyle.
+
+[Illustration: COIRE-NAN-URISKIN.]
+
+   "By many a bard, in Celtic tongue,
+   Has Coire-nan-Uriskin been sung;
+   A softer name the Saxons gave,
+   And call'd the grot the Goblin-cave,
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Gray Superstition's whisper dread
+   Debarr'd the spot to vulgar tread;
+   For there, she said, did fays resort,
+   And satyrs hold their sylvan court."--
+                     _Lady of the Lake_.
+
+The Daoine Shi' were believed to be a peevish, repining race of beings,
+who, possessing but a scant portion of happiness, envied mankind their
+more complete and substantial enjoyments. They had a sort of a shadowy
+happiness, a tinsel grandeur, in their subterranean abodes. Many persons
+had been entertained in their secret retreats, where they were received
+into the most splendid apartments, and regaled with sumptuous banquets
+and delicious wines. Should a mortal, however, partake of their
+dainties, then he was forever doomed to the condition of shi'ick, or Man
+of Peace. These banquets and all the paraphernalia of their homes were
+but deceptions. They dressed in green, and took offense at any mortal
+who ventured to assume their favorite color. Hence, in some parts of
+Scotland, green was held to be unlucky to certain tribes and counties.
+The men of Caithness alleged that their bands that wore this color were
+cut off at the battle of Flodden; and for this reason they avoided the
+crossing of the Ord on a Monday, that being the day of the week on which
+the ill-omened array set forth. This color was disliked by both those of
+the name of Ogilvy and Graham. The greatest precautions had to be taken
+against the Daoine Shi' in order to prevent them from spiriting away
+mothers and their newly-born children. Witches and prophets or seers,
+were frequently consulted, especially before going into battle. The
+warnings were not always received with attention. Indeed, as a rule, the
+chiefs were seldom deterred from their purpose by the warnings of the
+oracles they consulted.
+
+It has been advocated that the superstitions of the Highlanders, on the
+whole, were elevating and ennobling, which plea cannot well be
+sustained. It is admitted that in some of these superstitions there were
+lessons taught which warned against dishonorable acts, and impressed
+what to them were attached disgrace both to themselves and also to their
+kindred; and that oppression, treachery, or any other wickedness would
+be punished alike in their own persons and in those of their
+descendants. Still, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that the
+doctrines of rewards and punishments had for generations been taught
+them from the pulpit. How far these teachings had been interwoven with
+their superstitions would be an impossible problem to solve.
+
+The Highlanders were poetical. Their poets, or bards, were legion, and
+possessed a marked influence over the imaginations of the people. They
+excited the Gael to deeds of valor. Their compositions were all set to
+music,--many of them composing the airs to which their verses were
+adapted. Every chief had his bard. The aged minstrel was in attendance
+on all important occasions: at birth, marriage and death; at succession,
+victory, and defeat. He stimulated the warriors in battle by chanting
+the glorious deeds of their ancestors; exhorted them to emulate those
+distinguished examples, and, if possible, shed a still greater lustre on
+the warlike reputation of the clan. These addresses were delivered with
+great vehemence of manner, and never failed to raise the feelings of the
+listeners to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. When the voice of the bard
+was lost in the din of battle then the piper raised the inspiring sound
+of the pibroch. When the conflict was over the bard and the piper were
+again called into service--the former to honor the memory of those who
+had fallen, to celebrate the actions of the survivors, and excite them
+to further deeds of valor. The piper played the mournful Coronach for
+the slain, and by his notes reminded the survivors how honorable was the
+conduct of the dead.
+
+The bards were the _senachies_ or historians of the clans, and were
+recognized as a very important factor in society. They represented the
+literature of their times. In the absence of books they constituted the
+library and learning of the tribe. They were the living chronicles of
+past events, and the depositories of popular poetry. Tales and old poems
+were known to special reciters. When collected around their evening
+fires, a favorite pastime was a recital of traditional tales and poetry.
+The most acceptable guest was the one who could rehearse the longest
+poem or most interesting tale. Living in the land of Ossian, it was
+natural to ask a stranger, "Can you speak of the days of Fingal?" If the
+answer was in the affirmative, then the neighbors were summoned, and
+poems and old tales would be the order until the hour of midnight. The
+reciter threw into the recitation all the powers of his soul and gave
+vent to the sentiment. Both sexes always participated in these meetings.
+
+The poetry was not always of the same cast. It varied as greatly as were
+the moods of the composer. The sublimity of Ossian had its opposite in
+the biting sarcasm and trenchant ridicule of some of the minor poets.
+
+Martin, who travelled in the Western Isles, about 1695, remarks: "They
+are a very sagacious people, quick of apprehension, and even the vulgar
+exceed all those of their rank and education I ever yet saw in any other
+country. They have a great genius for music and mechanics. I have
+observed several of their children that before they could speak were
+capable to distinguish and make choice of one tune before another upon
+a violin; for they appeared always uneasy until the tune which they
+fancied best was played, and then they expressed their satisfaction by
+the motions of their head and hands. There are several of them who
+invent tunes already taking in the South of Scotland and elsewhere. Some
+musicians have endeavored to pass for first inventors of them by
+changing their name, but this has been impracticable; for whatever
+language gives the modern name, the tune still continues to speak its
+true original. * * *. Some of both sexes have a quick vein of poetry,
+and in their language--which is very emphatic--they compose rhyme and
+verse, both which powerfully affect the fancy. And in my judgment (which
+is not singular in this matter) with as great force as that of any
+ancient or modern poet I ever read. They have generally very retentive
+memories; they see things at a great distance. The unhappiness of their
+education, and their want of converse with foreign nations, deprives
+them of the opportunity to cultivate and beautify their genius, which
+seems to have been formed by nature for great attainments."[1]
+
+The piper was an important factor in Highland society. From the earliest
+period the Highlanders were fond of music and dancing, and the notes of
+the bag-pipe moved them as no other instrument could. The piper
+performed his duty in peace as well as in war. At harvest homes,
+Hallowe'en christenings, weddings, and evenings spent in dancing, he was
+the hero for the occasion. The people took delight in the high-toned
+warlike notes to which they danced, and were charmed with the solemn and
+melancholy airs which filled up the pauses. Withal the piper was a
+humorous fellow and was full of stories.
+
+The harp was a very ancient musical instrument, and was called
+_clarsach_. It had thirty strings, with the peculiarity that the front
+arm was not perpendicular to the sounding board, but turned considerably
+towards the left, to afford a greater opening for the voice of the
+performer, and this construction showed that the accompaniment of the
+voice was a chief province of the harper. Some harps had but four
+strings. Great pains were taken to decorate the instrument. One of the
+last harpers was Roderick Morrison, usually called Rory Dall. He served
+the chief of Mac Leod. He flourished about 1650.
+
+Referring again to Gaelic music it may be stated that its air can
+easily be detected. It is quaint and pathetic, moving one with intervals
+singular in their irregularity. When compared with the common airs among
+the English, the two are found to be quite distinct. The airs to which
+"Scots wha hae," "Auld Langsyne," "Roy's Wife," "O a' the Airts," and
+"Ye Banks and Braes" are written, are such that nothing similar can be
+found in England. They are Scottish. Airs of precisely the same
+character are, however, found among all Keltic races.
+
+No portraiture of a Highlander would be complete without a description
+of his garb. His costume was as picturesque as his native hills. It was
+well adapted to his mode of life. By its lightness and freedom he was
+enabled to use his limbs and handle his arms with ease and dexterity. He
+moved with great swiftness. Every clan had a plaid of its own, differing
+in the combination of its colors from all others. Thus a Cameron, a Mac
+Donald, a Mac Kenzie, etc., was known by his plaid; and in like manner
+the Athole, Glenorchy, and other colors of different districts were
+easily discernible. Besides those of tribal designations, industrious
+housewives had patterns, distinguished by the set, superior quality, and
+fineness of the cloth, or brightness and variety of the colors. The
+removal of tenants rarely occurred, and consequently, it was easy to
+preserve and perpetuate any particular set, or pattern, even among the
+lower orders. The plaid was made of fine wool, with much ingenuity in
+sorting the colors. In order to give exact patterns the women had before
+them a piece of wood with every thread of the stripe upon it. Until
+quite recently it was believed that the plaid, philibeg and bonnet
+formed the ancient garb. The philibeg or kilt, as distinct from the
+plaid, in all probability, is comparatively modern. The truis,
+consisting of breeches and stockings, is one piece and made to fit
+closely to the limbs, was an old costume. The belted plaid was a piece
+of tartan two yards in breadth, and four in length. It surrounded the
+waist in great folds, being firmly bound round the loins with a leathern
+belt, and in such manner that the lower side fell down to the middle of
+the knee joint. The upper part was fastened to the left shoulder with a
+large brooch or pin, leaving the right arm uncovered and at full
+liberty. In wet weather the plaid was thrown loose, covering both
+shoulders and body. When the use of both arms was required, it was
+fastened across the breast by a large bodkin or circular brooch. The
+sporan, a large purse of goat or badger's skin, usually ornamented, was
+hung before. The bonnet completed the garb. The garters were broad and
+of rich colors, forming a close texture which was not liable to wrinkle.
+The kilted-plaid was generally double, and when let down enveloped the
+whole person, thus forming a shelter from the storm. Shoes and stockings
+are of comparatively recent times. In lieu of the shoe untanned leather
+was tied with thongs around the feet. Burt, writing about the year 1727,
+when some innovations had been made, says: "The Highland dress consists
+of a bonnet made of thrum without a brim, a short coat, a waistcoat
+longer by five or six inches, short stockings, and brogues or pumps
+without heels * * * Few besides gentlemen wear the truis, that is, the
+breeches and stockings all of one piece and drawn on together; over this
+habit they wear a plaid, which is usually three yards long and two
+breadths wide, and the whole garb is made of checkered tartan or
+plaiding; this with the sword and pistol, is called a _full dress_, and
+to a well proportioned man with any tolerable air, it makes an agreeable
+figure."[2] The plaid was the undress of the ladies, and to a woman who
+adjusted it with an important air, it proved to be a becoming veil. It
+was made of silk or fine worsted, checkered with various lively colors,
+two breadths wide and three yards in length. It was brought over the
+head and made to hide or discover the face, according to the occasion,
+or the wearer's fancy; it reached to the waist behind; one corner
+dropped as low as the ankle on one side, and the other part, in folds,
+hung down from the opposite arm. The sleeves were of scarlet cloth,
+closed at the ends as man's vests, with gold lace round them, having
+plate buttons set with fine stones. The head-dress was a fine kerchief
+of linen, straight about the head. The plaid was tied before on the
+breast, with a buckle of silver or brass, according to the quality of
+the person. The plaid was tied round the waist with a belt of leather.
+
+The Highlanders bore their part in all of Scotland's wars. An appeal, or
+order, to them never was made in vain. Only a brief notice must here
+suffice. Almost at the very dawn of Scotland's history we find the
+inhabitants beyond the Grampians taking a bold stand in behalf of their
+liberties. The Romans early triumphed over England and the southern
+limits of Scotland. In the year 78 A.D., Agricola, an able and vigorous
+commander, was appointed over the forces in Britain. During the years
+80, 81, and 82, he subdued that part of Scotland south of the friths of
+Forth and Clyde. Learning that a confederacy had been formed to resist
+him at the north, during the summer of 83, he opened the campaign beyond
+the friths. His movements did not escape the keen eyes of the
+mountaineers, for in the night time they suddenly fell upon the Ninth
+Legion at Loch Ore, and were only repulsed after a desperate resistance.
+The Roman army receiving auxiliaries from the south, Agricola, in the
+summer of 84, took up his line of march towards the Grampians. The
+northern tribes, in the meantime, had united under a powerful leader
+whom the Romans called Galgacus. They fully realized that their
+liberties were in danger. They sent their wives and children into places
+of safety, and, thirty thousand strong, waited the advance of the enemy.
+The two armies came together at _Mons Grampius_. The field presented a
+dreadful spectacle of carnage and destruction; for ten thousand of the
+tribesmen fell in the engagement. The Roman army elated by its success
+passed the night in exultation. The victory was barren of results, for,
+after three years of persevering warfare, the Romans were forced to
+relinquish the object of the expedition. In the year 183 the Highlanders
+broke through the northern Roman wall. In 207 the irrepressible people
+again broke over their limits, which brought the emperor Severus,
+although old and in bad health, into the field. Exasperated by their
+resistance the emperor sought to extirpate them because they had
+prevented his nation from becoming the conquerors of Europe. Collecting
+a large body of troops he directed them into the mountains, and marched
+from the wall of Antoninus even to the very extremity of the island; but
+this year, 208, was also barren of fruits. Fifty thousand Romans fell a
+prey to fatigue, the climate, and the desultory assaults of the natives.
+Soon after the entire country north of the Antonine wall, was given up,
+for it was found that while it was necessary for one legion to keep the
+southern parts in subjection two were required to repel the incursions
+of the Gael. Incursions from the north again broke out during the year
+306, when the restless tribes were repelled by Constantius Chlorus. In
+the year 345 they were again repelled by Constans. During all these
+years the Highlanders were learning the art of war by their contact with
+the Romans. They no longer feared the invaders, for about the year 360,
+they advanced into the Roman territories and committed many
+depredations. There was another outbreak about the year 398. Finally,
+about the year 446, the Romans abandoned Britain, and advised the
+inhabitants, who had suffered from the northern tribes, to protect
+themselves by retiring behind and keeping in repair the wall of Severus.
+
+The people were gradually forming for themselves distinct
+characteristics, as well as a separate kingdom confined within the
+Grampian boundaries. This has been known as the kingdom of the Scots;
+but to the Highlander as that of the Gael, or Albanich. The epithets,
+Scots and English, are totally unknown in Gaelic. They call the English
+Sassanachs, the Lowlanders are Gauls, and their own country Gaeldach.
+
+Passing over several centuries and paying no attention to the rapines of
+the Danes and the Norse, we find that the power of the Norwegians, under
+king Haco, was broken at the battle of the Largs, fought October 2d,
+1263. King Alexander III. summoned the Highlanders, who rallied to the
+defence of their country and rendered such assistance as was required.
+The right wing of the Scottish army was composed of the men of Argyle,
+Lennox, Athole, and Galloway, while the left wing was constituted by
+those from Fife, Stirling, Berwick, and Lothian. The center, commanded
+by the king in person, was composed of the men of Ross, Perth, Angus,
+Mar, Mearns, Moray, Inverness, and Caithness.
+
+The conquest of Scotland, undertaken by the English Edwards, culminated
+in the battle of Bannockburn, fought Monday, June 24, 1314, when the
+invaders met with a crushing defeat, leaving thirty thousand of their
+number dead upon the field, or two-thirds as many as there were Scots
+on the field. In this battle the reserve, composed of the men of Argyle,
+Carrick, Kintyre, and the Isles, formed the fourth line, was commanded
+by Bruce in person. The following clans, commanded in person by their
+respective chiefs, had the distinguished honor of fighting nobly:
+Stewart, Macdonald, Mackay, Mackintosh, Macpherson, Cameron, Sinclair,
+Drummond, Campbell, Menzies, Maclean, Sutherland, Robertson, Grant,
+Fraser, Macfarlane, Ross, Macgregor, Munro, Mackenzie, and Macquarrie,
+or twenty-one in all.
+
+In the year 1513, James IV. determined on an invasion of England, and
+summoned the whole array of his kingdom to meet him on the common moor
+of Edinburgh. One hundred thousand men assembled in obedience to the
+command. This great host met the English on the field of Flodden,
+September 9th. The right divisions of James' army were chiefly composed
+of Highlanders. The shock of the mountaineers, as they poured upon the
+English pikemen, was terrible; but the force of the onslaught once
+sustained became spent with its own violence. The consequence was a
+total rout of the right wing accompanied by great slaughter. Of this
+host there perished on the field fifteen lords and chiefs of clans.
+
+During the year 1547, the English, under the duke of Somerset, invaded
+Scotland. The hostile armies came together at Pinkie, September 18th.
+The right and left wings of the Scottish army were composed of
+Highlanders. During the conflict the Highlanders could not resist the
+temptation to plunder, and, while thus engaged, saw the division of
+Angus falling back, though in good order; mistaking this retrograde
+movement for a flight, they were suddenly seized with a panic and ran
+off in all directions. Their terror was communicated to other troops,
+who immediately threw away their arms and followed the Highlanders.
+Everything was now lost; the ground over which the fight lay was as
+thickly strewed with pikes as a floor with rushes; helmets, bucklers,
+swords, daggers, and steel caps lay scattered on every side; and the
+chase beginning at one o'clock, continued till six in the evening with
+extraordinary slaughter.
+
+During the reign of Charles I. civil commotions broke out which shook
+the kingdom with great violence. The Scots were courted by king and
+parliament alike. The Highlanders were devoted to the royal government.
+In the year 1644 Montrose made a diversion in the Highlands. With
+dazzling rapacity, at first only supported by a handful of followers,
+but gathering numbers with success, he erected the royal standard at
+Dumfries. The clans obeyed his summons, and on September 1st, at
+Tippermuir, he defeated the Covenanters, and again on the 12th at the
+Bridge of Dee. On February 2nd, 1645, at Inverlochy, he crushed the
+Argyle Campbells, who had taken up the sword on behalf of Cromwell. In
+rapid succession other victories were won at Auldearn, Alford and
+Kilsyth. All Scotland now appeared to be recovered for Charles, but the
+fruit of all these victories was lost by the defeat at Philiphaugh,
+September 13th, 1645.
+
+Within the brief space of three years. James II., of England, succeeded
+in fanning the revolutionary elements both in England and Scotland into
+a flame which he was powerless to quench. The Highlanders chiefly
+adhered to the party of James which received the name of Jacobites.
+Dundee hastened to the Highlands and around him gathered the Highland
+chiefs at Lochabar. The army of William, under Hugh Mackay, met the
+forces of Dundee at Killiecrankie, July 29th, 1689, where, under the
+spirited leadership of the latter, and the irresistible torrent of the
+Highland charge, the forces of the former were almost annihilated; but
+at the moment of victory Bonnie Dundee was killed by a bullet. No one
+was left who was equal to the occasion, or who could hold the clans
+together, and hence the victory was in reality a defeat.
+
+The exiled Stuarts looked with a longing eye to that crown which their
+stupid folly had forfeited. They seemed fated to bring countless woes
+upon the loyal hearted, brave, self-sacrificing Highlanders, and were
+ever eager to take advantage of any circumstance that might lead to
+their restoration. The accession of George I, in 1714, was an unhappy
+event for Great Britain. Discontent soon pervaded the kingdom. All he
+appeared to care about was to secure for himself and his family a high
+position, which he scarcely knew how to occupy: to fill the pockets of
+his German attendants and his German mistresses; to get away as often
+as possible from his uncongenial islanders whose language he did not
+understand, and to use the strength of Great Britain to obtain petty
+advantages for his German principality. At once the new king exhibited
+violent prejudices against some of the chief men of the nation, and
+irritated without a cause a large part of his subjects. Some believed it
+was a favorable opportunity to reinstate the Stuart dynasty. John
+Erskine, eleventh earl of Mar, stung by studied and unprovoked insults,
+on the part of the king, proceeded to the Highlands and placed himself
+at the head of the forces of the house of Stuart, or Jacobites, as they
+were called. On September 6, 1715, Mar assembled at Aboyne the noblemen,
+chiefs of clans, gentlemen, and others, with such followers as could be
+brought together, and proclaimed James, king of Great Britain. The
+insurrection, both in England and Scotland, began to grow in popularity,
+and would have been a success had there been at the head of affairs a
+strong military man. Nearly all the principal chiefs of the clans were
+drawn into the movement. At Sheriffmuir, the contending forces met,
+Sunday, November 13, 1715. The victory was with the Highlanders, but
+Mar's military talents were not equal to the occasion. The army was
+finally disbanded at Aberdeen, in February, 1716.
+
+The rebellion of 1745, headed by prince Charles Stuart, was the grandest
+exhibition of chivalry, on the part of the Highlanders, that the world
+has ever seen. They were actuated by an exalted sense of devotion to
+that family, which for generations, they had been taught should reign
+over them. At first victory crowned their efforts, but all was lost on
+the disastrous field of Culloden, fought April 16, 1746.
+
+Were it possible it would be an unspeakable pleasure to drop a veil over
+the scene, at the close of the battle of Culloden. Language fails to
+depict the horrors that ensued. It is scarcely within the bounds of
+belief that human beings could perpetrate such atrocities upon the
+helpless, the feeble, and the innocent, without regard to sex or age, as
+followed in the wake of the victors. Highland historians have made the
+facts known. It must suffice here to give a moderate statement from an
+English writer:
+
+   "Quarter was seldom given to the stragglers and fugitives, except to
+   a few considerately reserved for public execution. No care or
+   compassion was shown to their wounded; nay more, on the following day
+   most of these were put to death in cold blood, with a cruelty such as
+   never perhaps before or since has disgraced a British army. Some were
+   dragged from the thickets or cabins where they had sought refuge,
+   drawn out in line and shot, while others were dispatched by the
+   soldiers with the stocks of their muskets. One farm-building, into
+   which some twenty disabled Highlanders had crawled, was deliberately
+   set on fire the next day, and burnt with them to the ground. The
+   native prisoners were scarcely better treated; and even sufficient
+   water was not vouchsafed to their thirst. **** Every kind of havoc
+   and outrage was not only permitted, but, I fear, we must add,
+   encouraged. Military license usurped the place of law, and a fierce
+   and exasperated soldiery were at once judge--jury--executioner. ****
+   The rebels' country was laid waste, the houses plundered, the cabins
+   burnt, the cattle driven away. The men had fled to the mountains, but
+   such as could be found were frequently shot; nor was mercy always
+   granted even to their helpless families. In many cases the women and
+   children, expelled from their homes and seeking shelter in the clefts
+   of the rocks, miserably perished of cold and hunger: others were
+   reduced to follow the track of the marauders, humbly imploring for
+   the blood and offal of their own cattle which had been slaughtered
+   for the soldiers' food! Such is the avowal which historical justice
+   demands. But let me turn from further details of these painful and
+   irritating scenes, or of the ribald frolics and revelry with which
+   they were intermingled--races of naked women on horseback for the
+   amusement of the camp at Fort Augustus."[3]
+
+The author and abettor of these atrocities was the son of the reigning
+monarch.
+
+Not satisfied with the destruction which was carried into the very homes
+of this gallant, brave and generous race of people, the British
+parliament, with a refined cruelty, passed an act that, on and after
+August 1, 1747, any person, man, or boy, in Scotland, who should on any
+pretense whatever wear any part of the Highland garb, should be
+imprisoned not less than six months; and on conviction of second
+offense, transportation abroad for seven years. The soldiers had
+instructions to shoot upon the spot any one seen wearing the Highland
+garb, and this as late as September, 1750. This law and other laws made
+at the same time were unnecessarily severe.
+
+However impartial or fair a traveller may be his statements are not to
+be accepted without due caution. He narrates that which most forcibly
+attracts his attention, being ever careful to search out that which he
+desires. Yet, to a certain extent, dependence must be placed in his
+observations. From certain travellers are gleaned fearful pictures of
+the Highlanders during the eighteenth century, written without a due
+consideration of the underlying causes. The power of the chiefs had been
+weakened, while the law was still impotent, many of them were in exile
+and their estates forfeited, and landlords, in not a few instances,
+placed over the clansmen, who were inimical to their best interests. As
+has been noticed, in 1746 the country was ravaged and pitiless
+oppression followed. Destruction and misery everywhere abounded. To
+judge a former condition of a people by their present extremity affords
+a distorted view of the picture.
+
+Fire and sword, war and rapine, desolation and atrocity, perpetrated
+upon a high-spirited and generous people, cannot conduce to the best
+moral condition. Left in poverty and galled by outrage, wrongs will be
+resorted to which otherwise would be foreign to a natural disposition.
+If the influences of a more refined age had not penetrated the remote
+glens, then a rougher reprisal must be expected. The coarseness, vice,
+rapacity, and inhumanity of the oppressor must of necessity have a
+corresponding influence on their better natures. If to this it be added
+that some of the chiefs were naturally fierce, the origin of the sad
+features could readily be determined. Whatever vices practiced or wrongs
+perpetrated, the example was set before them by their more powerful and
+better conditioned neighbors. Among the crimes enumerated is that some
+of the chiefs increased their scanty incomes by kidnapping boys or men,
+whom they sold as slaves to the American planters. If this be true, and
+in all probability it was, there must have been confederates engaged in
+maritime pursuits. But they did not have far to go for this lesson, for
+this nefarious trade was taught them, at their very doors, by the
+merchants of Aberdeen, who were "noted for a scandalous system of
+decoying young boys from the country and selling them as slaves to the
+planters in Virginia. It was a trade which in the early part of the
+eighteenth century, was carried on to a considerable extent through the
+Highlands; and a case which took place about 1742 attracted much notice
+a few years later, when one of the victims having escaped from
+servitude, returned to Aberdeen, and published a narrative of his
+sufferings, seriously implicating some of the magistracy of the town. He
+was prosecuted and condemned for libel by the local authorities, but the
+case was afterwards carried to Edinburgh. The iniquitous system of
+kidnapping was fully exposed, and the judges of the supreme court
+unanimously reversed the verdict of the Aberdeen authorities and imposed
+a heavy fine upon the provost, the four bailies, and the dean of guild.
+*** An atrocious case of this kind, which shows clearly the state of the
+Highlands, occurred in 1739. Nearly one hundred men, women and children
+were seized in the dead of night on the islands of Skye and Harris,
+pinioned, horribly beaten, and stowed away in a ship bound for America,
+in order to be sold to the planters. Fortunately the ship touched at
+Donaghadee in Ireland, and the prisoners, after undergoing the most
+frightful sufferings, succeeded in escaping."[4]
+
+Under existing circumstances it was but natural that the more
+enterprising, and especially that intelligent portion who had lost their
+heritable jurisdiction, should turn with longing eyes to another
+country. America offered the most inviting asylum. Although there was
+some emigration to America during the first half of the eighteenth
+century, yet it did not fairly set in until about 1760. Between the
+years 1763 and 1775 over twenty thousand Highlanders left their homes to
+seek a better retreat in the forests of America.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: "Description of the Western Islands," pp. 199, 200.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Letters from the North," Vol. II., p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Mahon's "History of England," Vol. III, pp. 308-311.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lecky's "History of England," Vol. II, p. 274.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The name Scotland was never applied to that country, now so designated,
+before the tenth century, but was called Alban, Albania, Albion. At an
+early period Ireland was called Scotia, which name was exclusively so
+applied before the tenth century. Scotia was then a territorial or
+geographical term, while Scotus was a race name or generic term,
+implying people as well as country. "The generic term of _Scoti_
+embraced the people of that race whether inhabiting Ireland or Britain.
+As this term of Scotia was a geographical term derived from the generic
+name of a people, it was to some extent a fluctuating name, and though
+applied at first to Ireland, which possessed the more distinctive name
+of Hibernia, as the principal seat of the race from whom the name was
+derived, it is obvious that, if the people from whom the name was taken
+inhabited other countries, the name itself would have a tendency to pass
+from the one to the other, according to the prominence which the
+different settlements of the race assumed in the history of the world;
+and as the race of the Scots in Britain became more extended, and their
+power more formidable, the territorial name would have a tendency to fix
+itself where the race had become most conspicuous.... The name in its
+Latin form of Scotia, was transferred from Ireland to Scotland in the
+reign of Malcolm the Second, who reigned from 1004 to 1034. The 'Pictish
+Chronicle,' compiled before 997, knows nothing of the name of Scotia as
+applied to North Britain; but Marianus Scotus, who lived from 1028 to
+1081, calls Malcolm the Second 'rex _Scotiae_,' and Brian, king of
+Ireland, 'rex _Hiberniae_.' The author of the 'Life of St. Cadroe,' in
+the eleventh century, likewise applies the name of _Scotia_ to North
+Britain."[5]
+
+A strong immigration early set in from the north of Ireland to the
+western parts of Scotland. It was under no leadership, but more in the
+nature of an overflow, or else partaking of the spirit of adventure.
+This was accelerated in the year 503, when a new colony of Dalriadic
+Scots, under the leadership of Fergus, son of Eric, left Ireland and
+settled on the western coast of Argyle and the adjacent isles. From
+Fergus was derived the line of Scoto-Irish kings, who finally, in 843,
+ascended the Pictish throne.
+
+The inhabitants of Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland were but
+branches of the same Keltic stock, and their language was substantially
+the same. There was not only more or less migrations between the two
+countries, but also, to a greater or less extent, an impinging between
+the people.
+
+Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, is composed of the counties of
+Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan
+and Tyrone. Formerly it was the seat of the O'Neills, as well as the
+lesser septs of O'Donnell, O'Cahan, O'Doherty, Maguire, MacMahon, etc.
+The settlements made by the earlier migrations of the Highlanders were
+chiefly on the coast of Antrim. These settlements were connected with
+and dependent on the Clandonald of Islay and Kintyre. The founder of
+this branch of that powerful family was John Mor, second son of "the
+good John of Islay," who, about the year 1400, married Majory Bisset,
+heiress of the Glens, in Antrim, and thus acquired a permanent footing.
+The family was not only strengthened by settling cadets of its own house
+as tenants in the territory of the Glens, but also by intermarriages
+with the families of O'Neill, O'Donnell, and others. In extending its
+Irish possessions the Clandonald was brought into frequent conflicts and
+feuds with the Irish of Ulster. In 1558 the Hebrideans had become so
+strong in Ulster that the archbishop of Armagh urged on the government
+the advisability of their expulsion by procuring their Irish neighbors,
+O'Donnell, O'Neill, O'Cahan, and others, to unite against them. In 1565
+the MacDonalds suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Shane O'Neill,
+earl of Tyrone. The Scottish islanders still continued to exercise
+considerable power. Sorley Buy MacDonald, a man of great courage, soon
+extended his influence over the adjacent territories, in so much so that
+in 1575-1585, the English were forced to turn their attention to the
+progress of the Scots. The latter having been defeated, an agreement
+was made in which Sorley Buy was granted four districts. His eldest son,
+Sir James MacSorley Buy, or MacDonell of Dunluce, became a strenuous
+supporter of the government of James on his accession to the British
+throne.
+
+In the meantime other forces were at work. Seeds of discontent had been
+sown by both Henry VIII, and his daughter Elizabeth, who tried to force
+the people of Ireland to accept the ritual of the Reformed Church. Both
+reaped abundant fruit of trouble from this ill-advised policy. Being
+inured to war it did not require much fire to be fanned into a flame of
+commotion and discord. Soon after his accession to the English throne,
+James I caused certain estates of Irish nobles, who had engaged in
+treasonable practices, to be escheated to the crown. By this
+confiscation James had at his disposal nearly six counties in Ulster,
+embracing half a million of acres. These lands were allotted to private
+individuals in sections of one thousand, fifteen hundred, and two
+thousand acres, each being required to support an adequate number of
+English or Scottish tenantry. Protestant colonies were transplanted from
+England and Scotland, but chiefly from the latter, with the intent that
+the principles of the Reformation should subdue the turbulent natives.
+The proclamation inviting settlers for Ulster was dated at Edinburgh,
+March 28, 1609. Great care was taken in selecting the emigrants, to
+which the king gave his personal attention. Measures were taken that the
+settlers should be "from the inward parts of Scotland," and that they
+should be so located that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the
+mere Irish." For the most part the people were received from the shires
+of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayre, Galloway, and Dumfries. On account of
+religious persecutions, in 1665, a large additional accession was
+received from Galloway and Ayre. The chief seat of the colonization
+scheme was in the county of Londonderry. The new settlers did not mix
+with the native population to any appreciable extent, especially prior
+to 1741, but mingled freely with the English Puritans and the refugee
+Huguenots. The native race was forced sullenly to retire before the
+colonists. Although the king had expressly forbidden any more of the
+inhabitants of the Western Isles to be taken to Ulster, yet the blood
+of the Highlander, to a great degree, permeated that of the Ulsterman,
+and had its due weight in forming the character of the Scotch-Irish. The
+commotions in the Highlands, during the civil wars, swelled the number
+to greater proportions. The rebellions of 1715 and 1745 added a large
+percentage to the increasing population. The names of the people are
+interesting, both as illustrating their origin, and as showing the
+extraordinary corruptions which some have undergone. As an illustration,
+the proscribed clan MacGregor, may be cited, which migrated in great
+numbers, descendants of whom are still to be found under the names of
+Grier, Greer, Gregor, etc., the _Mac_ in general being dropped;
+MacKinnon becomes McKenna, McKean, McCannon; Mac Nish is McNeice,
+Menees, Munnis, Monies, etc.
+
+The Scotch settlers retained the characteristic traits of their native
+stock and continued to call themselves Scotch, although molded somewhat
+by surrounding influences. They demanded and exercised the privilege of
+choosing their own spiritual advisers, in opposition to all efforts of
+the hierarchy of England to make the choice and support the clergy as a
+state concern.
+
+From the descendants of these people came the Scotch-Irish emigrants to
+America, who were destined to perform an important part on the theatre
+of action by organizing a successful revolt and establishing a new
+government. Among the early emigrants to the New World, although termed
+Scotch-Irish, and belonging to them we have such names as Campbell,
+Ferguson, Graham, McFarland, McDonald, McGregor, McIntyre, McKenzie,
+McLean, McPherson, Morrison, Robertson, Stewart, etc., all of which are
+distinctly Highlander and suggestive of the clans.
+
+On the outbreak of the American Revolution the thirteen colonies
+numbered among their inhabitants about eight hundred thousand Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, or a little more than one-fourth of the entire population.
+They were among the first to become actively engaged in that struggle,
+and so continued until the peace, furnishing fourteen major-generals,
+and thirty brigadier generals, among whom may be mentioned St. Clair,
+McDougall, Mercer, McIntosh, Wayne, Knox, Montgomery, Sullivan, Stark,
+Morgan, Davidson, and others. More than any other one element, unless
+the New England Puritans be excepted, they formed a sentiment for
+independence, and recruited the continental army. To their valor,
+enthusiasm and dogged persistence the victory for liberty was largely
+due. Washington pronounced on them a proud encomium when he declared,
+during the darkest period of the Revolution, that if his efforts should
+fail, then he would erect his standard on the Blue Ridge of Virginia.
+Besides warring against the drilled armies of Britain on the sea coast
+they formed a protective wall between the settlements and the savages on
+the west.
+
+Among the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, nine
+were of this lineage, one of whom, McKean, served continuously in
+Congress from its opening in 1774 till its close in 1783, during a part
+of which time he was its president, and also serving as chief justice of
+Pennsylvania. The chairman of the committee that drafted the
+constitution of the United States, Rutledge, was, by ancestry,
+Scotch-Irish. When the same instrument was submitted, the three states
+first to adopt it were the middle states, or Delaware, Pennsylvania and
+New Jersey, so largely settled by the same class of people.
+
+Turning again specifically to the Scotch-Irish emigrants it may be
+remarked that they had received in the old country a splendid physique,
+having large bones and sound teeth, besides being trained to habits of
+industry. The mass of them were men of intelligence, resolution, energy,
+religious and moral in character. They were a God-fearing,
+liberty-loving, tyrant-hating, Sabbath-keeping, covenant-adhering race,
+and schooled by a discipline made fresh and impressive by the heroic
+efforts at Derry and Enniskillin. Their women were fine specimens of the
+sex, about the medium height, strongly built, with fair complexion,
+light blue or grey eyes, ruddy cheeks, and faces indicating a warm
+heart, intelligence and courage; and possessing those virtues which
+constitute the redeeming qualities of the human race.
+
+These people were martyrs for conscience sake. In 1711 a measure was
+carried through the British parliament that provided that all persons in
+places of profit or trust, and all common councilmen in corporations,
+who, while holding office, were proved to have attended any
+Nonconformist place of worship, should forfeit the place, and should
+continue incapable of public employment till they should depose that for
+a whole year they had not attended a conventicle. A fine of £40 was
+added to be paid to the informer. There were other causes which assisted
+to help depopulate Ulster, among which was the destruction of the woolen
+trade about 1700, when twenty thousand left that province. Many more
+were driven away by the Test Act in 1704, and in 1732. On the failure to
+repeal that act the protestant emigration recommenced which robbed
+Ireland of the bravest defenders of English interests and peopled
+America with fresh blood of Puritanism.
+
+The second great wave of emigration from Ulster occurred between 1771
+and 1773, growing out of the Antrim evictions. In 1771 the leases on the
+estate of the marquis of Donegal, in Antrim, expired. The rents were
+placed at such an exorbitant figure that the demands could not be met. A
+spirit of resentment to the oppressions of the landed proprietors at
+once arose, and extensive emigration to America was the result. In the
+two years that followed the Antrim evictions of 1772, thirty thousand
+protestants left Ulster for a land where legal robbery could not be
+permitted, and where those who sowed the seed could reap the harvest.
+From the ports of the North of Ireland one hundred vessels sailed for
+the New World, loaded with human beings. It has been computed that in
+1773 and during the five preceding years, Ulster, by emigration to the
+American settlements, was drained of one-quarter of the trading cash,
+and a like proportion of its manufacturing population. This oppressed
+people, leaving Ireland in such a temper became a powerful adjunct in
+the prosecution of the Revolution which followed so closely on the
+wrongs which they had so cruelly suffered.
+
+The advent of the first Scotch-Irish clergyman in America, so far as is
+now known, was in 1682, signalled by the arrival of Francis Makemie, the
+father of American Presbyterianism. Almost promptly he was landed in
+jail in New York, charged with the offense of preaching the gospel in a
+private house. Assisted by a Scottish lawyer from Philadelphia (who was
+silenced for his courage), he defended the cause of religious liberty
+with heroic courage and legal ability, and was ultimately acquitted by a
+fearless New York jury. Thus was begun the great struggle for religious
+liberty in America. Among those who afterwards followed were George
+McNish, from Ulster, in 1705, and John Henry, in 1709.
+
+Early in the spring of 1718, Rev. William Boyd arrived in Boston as an
+agent of some hundreds of people who had expressed a desire to come to
+New England should suitable encouragement be offered them. With him he
+brought a brief memorial to which was attached three hundred and
+nineteen names, all but thirteen of which were in a fair and vigorous
+hand. Governor Shute gave such general encouragement and promise of
+welcome, that on August 4, 1718, five small ships came to anchor at the
+wharf in Boston, having on board one hundred and twenty Scotch-Irish
+families, numbering in all about seven hundred and fifty individuals. In
+years they embraced those from the babe in arms to John Young, who had
+seen the frosts of ninety-five winters. Among the clergy who arrived
+were James McGregor, Cornwell, and Holmes.
+
+In a measure these people were under the charge of Governor Shute. He
+must find homes for them. He dispatched about fifty of these families to
+Worcester. That year marked the fifth of its permanent settlement, and
+was composed of fifty log-houses, inhabited by two hundred souls. The
+new comers appear to have been of the poorer and more illiterate class
+of the five ship loads. At first they were welcomed, because needed for
+both civic and military reasons. In September of 1722 a township
+organization was effected, and at the first annual town meeting, names
+of the strangers appear on the list of officers. With these emigrants
+was brought the Irish potato, and first planted in the spring of 1719.
+When their English neighbors visited them, on their departure they
+presented them with a few of the tubers for planting, and the
+recipients, unwilling to show any discourtesy, accepted the same, but
+suspecting a poisonous quality, carried them to the first swamp and
+threw them into the water. The same spring a few potatoes were given to
+a Mr. Walker, of Andover, by a family who had wintered with him. He
+planted them in the ground, and in due time the family gathered the
+"_balls_" which they supposed was the fruit. These were cooked in
+various ways, but could not be made palatable. The next spring when
+plowing the garden, potatoes of great size were turned up, when the
+mistake was discovered. This introduction into New England is the reason
+why the now indispensable succulent is called "Irish potato." This
+vegetable was first brought from Virginia to Ireland in 1565 by
+slave-trader Hawkins, and from there it found its way to New England in
+1718, through the Scotch-Irish.
+
+The Worcester Scotch-Irish petitioned to be released from paying taxes
+to support the prevalent form of worship, as they desired to support
+their own method. Their prayer was contemptuously rejected. Two years
+later, or in 1738, owing to their church treatment, a company consisting
+of thirty-eight families, settled the new town of Pelham, thirty miles
+west of Worcester. The scandalous destruction of their property in
+Worcester, in 1740, caused a further exodus which resulted in the
+establishing the towns of Warren and Blandford, both being incorporated
+in 1741. The Scotch-Irish town of Colerain, located fifty miles
+northwest of Worcester was settled in 1739.
+
+Londonderry, New Hampshire, was settled in April, 1719, forming the
+second settlement, from the five ships. Most of these pioneers were men
+in middle life, robust and persevering. Their first dwellings were of
+logs, covered with bark. It must not be thought that these people,
+strict in their religious conceptions, were not touched with the common
+feelings of ordinary humanity. It is related that when John Morrison was
+building his house his wife came to him and in a persuasive manner said,
+"Aweel, aweel, dear Joan, an' it maun be a log-house, do make it a log
+heegher nor the lave;" (than the rest). The first frame house built was
+for their pastor, James McGregor. The first season they felt it
+necessary to build two strong stone garrison-houses in order to resist
+any attack of the Indians. It is remarkable that in neither Lowell's
+war, when Londonderry was strictly a frontier town, nor in either of the
+two subsequent French and Indian wars, did any hostile force from the
+northward ever approach that town. During the twenty-five years
+preceding the revolution, ten distinct towns of influence, in New
+Hampshire, were settled by emigrants from Londonderry, besides two in
+Vermont and two in Nova Scotia; while families, sometimes singly and
+also in groups, went off in all directions, especially along the
+Connecticut river and over the ridge of the Green Mountains. To these
+brave people, neither the crown nor the colonies appealed in vain. Every
+route to Crown Point and Ticonderoga had been tramped by them time and
+again. With Colonel Williams they were at the head of Lake George in
+1755, and in the battle with Dieskau that followed; they were with Stark
+and lord Howe, under Abercrombie, in the terrible defeat at Ticonderoga
+in 1758; others toiled with Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham; and in
+1777, fought under Stark at Bennington, and against Burgoyne at
+Saratoga.
+
+A part of the emigrants intended for New Hampshire settled in Maine, in
+what is now Portland, Topsham, Bath and other places. Unfortunately soon
+after these settlements were established some of them were broken up by
+Indian troubles, and some of the colonists sought refuge with their
+countrymen at Londonderry, but the greater part removed to
+Pennsylvania,--from 1730 to 1733 about one hundred and fifty families,
+principally of Scotch descent. In 1735, Warren, Maine, was settled by
+twenty-seven families, some of whom were of recent emigration and others
+from the first arrival in Boston in 1718. In 1753 the town received an
+addition of sixty adults and many children brought from Scotland.
+
+The Scotch-Irish settlement at Salem in Washington county, New York,
+came from Monaghan and Ballibay, Ireland. Under the leadership of their
+minister, Rev. Thomas Clark, three hundred sailed from Newry, May 10,
+1764, and landed in New York in July following. On September 30, 1765,
+Mr. Clark obtained twelve thousand acres of the "Turner Grant," and upon
+this land he moved his parishioners, save a few families that had been
+induced to go to South Carolina, and some others that remained in
+Stillwater, New York. The great body of these settlers took possession
+of their lands, which had been previously surveyed into tracts of
+eighty-eight acres each, in the year 1767. The previous year had been
+devoted to clearing the lands, building houses, etc. Among the early
+buildings was a log church, the first religious place of worship erected
+between Albany and Canada. March 2, 1774, the legislature erected the
+settlement into a township named New Perth. This name remained until
+March 7, 1788, when it was changed to Salem.
+
+The Scotch-Irish first settled in Somerset county, New Jersey, early in
+the last century, but not at one time but from time to time.
+
+These early settlers repudiated the name of Irish, and took it as an
+offense to be so called. They claimed, and truly, to be Scotch. The term
+"Scotch-Irish" is quite recent, but has come into general use.
+
+From the three centers, Worcester, Londonderry and Wiscasset, the
+Scotch-Irish penetrated and permeated all New England; Maine the most of
+all, next New Hampshire, then Massachusetts, and in lessening order,
+Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode Island. They were one sort of people,
+belonging to the same grade and sphere of life. In worldly goods they
+were poor, but the majority could read and write, and if possessed with
+but one book that was the Bible, yet greatly esteeming Fox's "Book of
+Martyrs" and Bunyon's "Pilgrim's Progress." Whatever their views, they
+were held in common.
+
+The three doors that opened to the Scotch-Irish emigrant, in the New
+World, were the ports of Boston, Charleston and New Castle, in Delaware,
+the great bulk of whom being received at the last named city, where they
+did not even stop to rest, but pushed their way to their future homes in
+Pennsylvania. No other state received so many of them for permanent
+settlers. Those who landed in New York found the denizens there too
+submissive to foreign dictation, and so preferred Pennsylvania and
+Maryland, where the proprietary governors and the people were in
+immediate contact. Francis Machemie had organized the first Presbyterian
+church in America along the eastern shore of Maryland and in the
+adjoining counties of Virginia.
+
+The wave of Quaker settlements spent its force on the line of the
+Conestoga creek, in Lancaster county. The Scotch and Scotch-Irish
+arriving in great numbers were permitted to locate beyond that line, and
+thus they not only became the pioneers, but long that race so continued
+to be. In 1725, so great had been the wave of emigration into
+Pennsylvania, that James Logan, a native of Armagh, Ireland, but not
+fond of his own countrymen who were not Quakers, declared, "It looks as
+if Ireland were to send all her inhabitants hither; if they continue to
+come they will make themselves proprietors of the province;" and he
+further condemned the bad taste of the people who were forcing
+themselves where they were not wanted. The rate of this invasion may be
+estimated from the rise in population from twenty thousand, in 1701, to
+two hundred and fifty thousand in 1745, which embraced the entire
+population of that colony. Between the years 1729 and 1750, there was an
+annual arrival of twelve thousand, mostly from Ulster. Among the vessels
+that helped to inaugurate this great tide was the good ship "George and
+Ann," which set sail from Ireland on May 9th, 1729, and brought over the
+McDowells, the Irvines, the Campbells, the O'Neills, the McElroys, the
+Mitchells, and their compatriots.
+
+Soon after the emigrants landed at New Castle they found their way along
+the branches of various rivers to the several settlements on the western
+frontier. The only ones known to have come through New York was the
+"Irish settlement" in Allen township, Northampton county, composed
+principally of families from Londonderry, New Hampshire, where, owing to
+the rigid climate, they could not be induced to remain. It grew but
+slowly, and after 1750 most of the descendants passed on towards the
+Susquehanna and down the Cumberland.
+
+As early as 1720 a colony was formed on the Neshaminy, in Bucks County,
+which finally became one of the greatest landmarks of that race. The
+settlements that commenced as early as 1710, at Fagg Manor, at Octorara,
+at New London, and at Brandywine Manor, in Chester County, formed the
+nucleus for subsequent emigration for a period of forty years, when they
+also declined by removals to other sections of the State, and to the
+colonies of the South. Prior to 1730 there were large settlements in
+the townships of Colerain, Pequea, and Leacock, in Lancaster County.
+Just when the pioneers arrived in that region has not been accurately
+ascertained, but some of them earlier than 1720. Within a radius of
+thirty-five miles of Harrisburgh are the settlements of Donegal,
+Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover, founded between 1715 and 1724; from whence
+poured another stream on through the Cumberland Valley, across the
+Potomac, down through Virginia and into the Carolinas and Georgia. The
+valley of the Juniata was occupied in 1749. The settlements in the lower
+part of York County date from 1726. From 1760 to 1770 settlements
+rapidly sprung up in various places throughout Western Pennsylvania.
+Soon after 1767 emigrants settled on the Youghiogheny, the Monongahela
+and its tributaries, and in the years 1770 and 1771, Washington County
+was colonized. Soon after the wave of population extended to the Ohio
+River. From this time forward Western Pennsylvania was characteristically
+Scotch-Irish.
+
+These hardy sons were foremost in the French and Indian Wars. The
+Revolutionary struggle caused them to turn their attention to
+statesmanship and combat,--every one of whom was loyal to the cause of
+independence. The patriot army had its full share of Scotch-Irish
+representation. That thunderbolt of war, Anthony Wayne,[6] hailed from
+the County of Chester. The ardent manner in which the cause of the
+patriots was espoused is illustrated, in a notice of a marriage that
+took place in 1778, in Lancaster County, the contracting parties being
+of the Ulster race. The couple is denominated "very sincere Whigs."
+
+It "was truly a Whig wedding, as there were present many young gentlemen
+and ladies, and not one of the gentlemen but had been out when called on
+in the service of his country; and it was well known that the groom, in
+particular, had proved his heroism, as well as Whigism, in several
+battles and skirmishes. After the marriage was ended, a motion was made,
+and heartily agreed to by all present, that the young unmarried ladies
+should form themselves into an association by the name of the 'Whig
+Association of Unmarried Young Ladies of America,' in which they should
+pledge their honor that they would never give their hand in marriage to
+any gentleman until he had first proved himself a patriot, in readily
+turning out when called to defend his country from slavery, by a
+spirited and brave conduct, as they would not wish to be the mothers of
+a race of slaves and cowards'"[7]
+
+Pennsylvania was the gateway and first resting place, and the source of
+Scotch-Irish adventure and enterprise as they moved west and south. The
+wave of emigration striking the eastern border of Pennsylvania, in a
+measure was deflected southward through Maryland, Virginia, the
+Carolinas, reaching and crossing the Savannah river, though met at
+various points by counter streams of the same race, which had entered
+the continent through Charleston and other southern ports. Leaving
+Pennsylvania and turning southward, the first colony into which the
+stream poured, was Maryland, the settlements being principally in the
+narrow strip which constitutes the western portion, although they never
+scattered all over the colony.
+
+[Illustration: BUILT BY HENRY MCWHORTER IN 1787, AT JANE LEW, WEST
+VIRGINIA, PHOTOGRAPHED IN 1893]
+
+Proceeding southward traces of that race are found in Virginia east of
+the Blue Ridge, in the latter part of the seventeenth and early in the
+eighteenth century. They were in Albemarle, Nelson, Campbell, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Orange counties, and even along the great valley
+west of the Blue Ridge. It was not, however, until the year 1738 that
+they entered the valley in great numbers, and almost completely
+possessed it from the Pennsylvania to the North Carolina line. During
+the French and Indian wars the soldiers of Virginia were mainly drawn
+from this section, and suffered defeat with Washington at the Great
+Meadows, and with Braddock at Fort Duquesne, but by their firmness saved
+the remnant of that rash general's army. In 1774 they won the signal
+victory at Point Pleasant which struck terror into the Indian tribes
+across the Ohio.
+
+The American Revolution was foreshadowed in 1765, when England began her
+oppressive measures regardless of the inalienable and chartered rights
+of the colonists of America. It was then the youthful Scotch-Irishman,
+Patrick Henry, introduced into the Virginia House of Burgesses, the
+resolutions denying the validity of the Act of the British parliament,
+and by Scotch-Irish votes he secured their adoption against the combined
+efforts of the old leaders. At the first call for troops by congress to
+defend Boston, Daniel Morgan at once raised a company from among his own
+people, in the lower Virginia valley, and by a forced march of six
+hundred miles reached the beleaguered city in three weeks. With his men
+he trudged through the wilderness of Maine and appeared before Quebec;
+and later, on the heights of Saratoga, with his riflemen, he poured like
+a torrent upon the ranks of Burgoyne. Through the foresight of Henry, a
+commission was given to George Rogers Clark, in 1778, to lead a secret
+expedition against the northwestern forts. The soldiers were recruited
+from among the Scotch-Irish settlements west of the Blue Ridge. The
+untold hardships, sufferings and final success of this expedition, at
+the Treaty of Peace, in 1783, gave the great west to the United States.
+
+The greater number of the colonists of North Carolina was Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, in so much so as to have given direction to its history.
+There were several reasons why they should be so attracted, the most
+potent being a mild climate, fertile lands, and freedom of religious
+worship. The greatest accession at any one time was that in 1736, when
+Henry McCulloch secured sixty-four thousand acres in Duplin county, and
+settled upon these lands four thousand of his Ulster countrymen. About
+the same time the Scotch began to occupy the lower Cape Fear. Prior to
+1750 they were located in the counties of Granville, Orange, Rowan and
+Mecklenburg, although it is uncertain when they settled between the Dan
+and the Catawba. Braddock's defeat, in 1755, rendered border life
+dangerous, many of the newcomers turning south into North Carolina,
+where they met the other stream of their countrymen moving upward from
+Charleston along the banks of the Santee, Wateree, Broad, Pacolet,
+Ennoree and Saluda, and this continued till checked by the Revolution.
+These people generally were industrious, sober and intelligent, and with
+their advent begins the educational history of the state. Near
+Greensborough, in 1767, was established a classical school, and in 1770,
+in the town of Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, was chartered Queen's
+College, but its charter was repealed by George III. However, it
+continued to flourish, and was incorporated as "Liberty Hall," in 1777.
+The Revolution closed its doors; Cornwallis quartered his troops within
+it, and afterwards burned the buildings.
+
+Under wrongs the Scotch-Irish of North Carolina were the most restless
+of all the colonists. They were zealous advocates for freedom of
+conscience and security against taxation unless imposed by themselves.
+During the administration of acting Governor Miller, they imprisoned the
+president and six members of the council, convened the legislature,
+established courts of justice, and for two years exercised all the
+functions of government; they derided the authority of Governor
+Eastchurch; they imprisoned, impeached, and sent into exile Governor
+Sothel, for his extortions, and successfully resisted the effort of lord
+Granville to establish the Church of England in that colony. In 1731,
+Governor Burrington wrote: "The people of North Carolina are neither to
+be cajoled or outwitted; * * * always behaved insolently to their
+Governors. Some they imprisoned, others they have drove out of the
+country, and at other times set up a government of their own choice."
+In 1765, when a vessel laden with stamp paper arrived, the people
+overawed the captain, who soon sailed away. The officers then adopted a
+regular system of oppression and extortion, and plundered the people at
+every turn of life. The people formed themselves into an association
+"for regulating public grievances and abuse of powers." The royal
+governor, Tryon (the same who later originated the infamous plot to
+poison Washington), raised an army of eleven hundred men, and marched to
+inflict summary punishment on the defiant sons of liberty. On May 16,
+1771, the two forces met on the banks of the Great Alamance. After an
+engagement of two hours the patriots failed. These men were sturdy,
+patriotic members of three Presbyterian churches. On the field of battle
+were their pastors, graduates of Princeton. Tryon used his victory so
+savagely as to drive an increasing stream of settlers over the mountains
+into Tennessee, where they made their homes in the valley of the
+Watauga, and there nurtured their wrongs; but the day of their vengeance
+was rapidly approaching.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF BATTLE FIELD OF ALAMANCE.]
+
+The stirring times of 1775 found the North Carolinians ready for revolt.
+They knew from tradition and experience the monstrous wrongs of tyrants.
+When the people of Mecklenburg county learned in May, 1775, that
+parliament had declared the colonies in a state of revolt, they did not
+wait for the action of congress nor for that of their own provincial
+legislature, but adopted resolutions, which in effect formed a
+declaration of independence.
+
+The power, valor and uncompromising conduct of these men is illustrated
+in their conduct at the battle of King's Mountain, fought October 7,
+1780. It was totally unlike any other in American history, being the
+voluntary uprising of the people, rushing to arms to aid their distant
+kinsmen, when their own homes were menaced by savages. They served
+without pay and without the hope of reward. The defeat of Gates at
+Camden laid the whole of North Carolina at the feet of the British.
+Flushed with success, Colonel Furguson, of the 71st Regiment, at the
+head of eleven hundred men marched into North Carolina and took up his
+position at Gilbert Town, in order to intercept those retreating in that
+direction from Camden, and to crush out the spirit of the patriots in
+that region. Without any concert of action volunteers assembled
+simultaneously, and placed themselves under tried leaders. They were
+admirably fitted by their daily pursuits for the privations they were
+called upon to endure. They had no tents, baggage, bread or salt, but
+subsisted on potatoes, pumpkins and roasted corn, and such venison as
+their own rifles could procure. Their army consisted of four hundred
+men, under Colonel William Campbell, from Washington county, Virginia,
+two hundred and forty were under Colonel Isaac Shelby, from Sullivan
+county, North Carolina, and two hundred and forty men, from Washington
+county, same state, under John Sevier, which assembled at Watauga,
+September 25, where they were joined by Colonel Charles McDowell, with
+one hundred and sixty men, from the counties of Burke and Rutherford,
+who had fled before the enemy to the western waters. While McDowell,
+Shelby and Sevier were in consultation, two paroled prisoners arrived
+from Furguson with the message that if they did not "take protection
+under his standard, he would march his army over the mountains, hang
+their leaders, and lay waste their country with fire and sword." On
+their march to meet the army of Furguson they were for twenty-four hours
+in the saddle. They took that officer by surprise, killed him and one
+hundred and eighty of his men, after an engagement of one hour and five
+minutes, the greater part of which time a heavy and incessant fire was
+kept up on both sides, with a loss to themselves of only twenty killed
+and a few wounded. The remaining force of the enemy surrendered at
+discretion, giving up their camp equipage and fifteen hundred stand of
+arms. On the morning after the battle several of the Royalist (Tory)
+prisoners were found guilty of murder and other high crimes, and hanged.
+This was the closing scene of the battle of King's Mountain, an event
+which completely crushed the spirit of the Royalists, and weakened
+beyond recovery the power of the British in the Carolinas. The
+intelligence of Furguson's defeat destroyed all Cornwallis's hopes of
+aid from those who still remained loyal to Britain's interests. The men
+oppressed by British laws and Tryon's cruelty were not yet avenged, for
+they were with Morgan at the Cowpens and with Greene at Guildford Court
+House, and until the close of the war.
+
+In the settling of South Carolina, every ship that sailed from Ireland
+for the port of Charleston, was crowded with men, women and children,
+which was especially true after the peace of 1763. About the same date,
+within one year, a thousand families came into the state in that wave
+that originated in Pennsylvania, bringing with them their cattle, horses
+and hogs. Lands were allotted to them in the western woods, which soon
+became the most popular part of the province, the up-country population
+being overwhelmingly Scotch-Irish. They brought with them and retained,
+in an eminent degree, the virtues of industry and economy, so peculiarly
+necessary in a new country. To them the state is indebted for much of
+its early literature. The settlers in the western part of the colony,
+long without the aid of laws, were forced to band themselves together
+for mutual protection. The royal governor, Montague, in 1764, sent an
+army against them, and with great difficulty a civil war was averted.
+The division thus created reappeared in 1775, on the breaking out of the
+Revolution. The state suffered greatly from the ravages of Cornwallis,
+who rode roughly over it, although her sons toiled heroically in defence
+of their firesides. The little bands in the east gathered around the
+standard of Marion, and in the north and west around those of Sumter and
+Pickens. They kept alive the flame of liberty in the swamps, and when
+the country appeared to be subdued, it burst forth in electric flashes
+striking and withering the hand of the oppressor. Through the veins of
+most of the patriots flowed Scotch-Irish blood; and to the hands of one
+of this class, John Rutledge, the destinies of the state were committed.
+
+Georgia was sparsely settled at the time of the Revolution. In 1753 its
+population was less than twenty-four hundred. Emigration from the
+Carolinas set in towards North Georgia, bringing many Scotch-Irish
+families. The movement towards the mountain and Piedmont regions of the
+southeast began about 1773. In that year, Governor Wright purchased from
+the Indians that portion of middle Georgia lying between the Oconee and
+the Savannah. The inducements he then offered proved very attractive to
+the enterprising sons of Virginia and the Carolinas, who lived in the
+highlands of those states. These people who settled in Georgia have thus
+been described by Governor Gilmer: "The pretty girls were dressed in
+striped and checked cotton cloth, spun and woven with their own hands,
+and their sweethearts in sumach and walnut-dyed stuff, made by their
+mothers. Courting was done when riding to meeting on Sunday, and walking
+to the spring when there. Newly married couples went to see the old
+folks on Saturday, and carried home on Sunday evening what they could
+spare. There was no _ennui_ among the women for something to do. If
+there had been leisure to read, there were but few books for the
+indulgence. Hollow trees supplied cradles for babies."
+
+A majority of the first settlers of East Tennessee were of Scotch-Irish
+blood, having sought homes there after the battle of Alamance, and hence
+that state became the daughter of North Carolina. The first written
+constitution born of a convention of people on this continent, was that
+at Watauga, in 1772. A settlement of less than a dozen families was
+formed in 1778, near Bledsoe, isolated in the heart of the Chickasaw
+nation, with no other protection than a small stockade enclosure and
+their own indomitable courage. In the early spring of 1779, a little
+colony of gallant adventurers, from the parent line of Watauga, crossed
+the Cumberland mountain, and established themselves near the French
+Lick, and planted a field of corn where the city of Nashville now
+stands. The settlement on the Cumberland was made in 1780, after great
+privations and sufferings on the journey. The settlers at the various
+stations were so harassed by the Indians, incited thereto by British and
+Spanish agents, that all were abandoned except Elatons and the Bluffs
+(Nashville). These people were compelled to go in armed squads to the
+springs, and plowed while guarded by armed sentinels. The Indians, by a
+well planned stratagem, attempted to enter the Bluffs, on April 22d,
+1781. The men in the fort were drawn into an ambush by a decoy party.
+When they dismounted to give battle, their horses dashed off toward the
+fort, and they were pursued by some Indians, which left a gap in their
+lines, through which some whites were escaping to the fort; but these
+were intercepted by a large body of the enemy from another ambush. The
+heroic women in the fort, headed by Mrs. James Robertson, seized the
+axes and idle guns, and planted themselves in the gate, determined to
+die rather than give up the fort. Just in time she ordered the sentry to
+turn loose a pack of dogs which had been selected for their size and
+courage to encounter bears and panthers. Frantic to join the fray, they
+dashed off, outyelling the savages, who recoiled before the fury of
+their onset, thus giving the men time to escape to the fort. So
+overjoyed was Mrs. Robertson that she patted every dog as he came into
+the fort.
+
+So thoroughly was Kentucky settled by the Scotch-Irish, from the older
+colonies, that it might be designated as of that race, the first
+emigrants being from Virginia and North Carolina. It was first explored
+by Thomas Walker in 1747; followed by John Finley, of North Carolina,
+1767; and in 1769, by Daniel Boone, John Stewart, and three others, who
+penetrated to the Kentucky river. By the year 1773, lands were taken up
+and afterwards there was a steady stream, almost entirely from the
+valley and southwest Virginia. No border annals teem with more thrilling
+incidents or heroic exploits than those of the Kentucky hunters, whose
+very name finally struck terror into the heart of the strongest savage.
+The prediction of the Cherokee chief to Boone at the treaty at Watauga,
+ceding the territory to Henderson and his associates, was fully
+verified: "Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine land, but I
+believe you will have much trouble in settling it."
+
+The history of the Scotch-Irish race in Canada, prior to the peace of
+1783, is largely that of individuals. It has already been noted that two
+settlements had been made in Nova Scotia by the emigrants that landed
+from the five ships in Boston harbor. It is recorded that Truro, Nova
+Scotia, was settled in 1762, and in 1756 three brothers from Ireland
+settled in Colchester, same province. If the questions were thoroughly
+investigated it doubtless would lead to interesting results.
+
+It must not be lost sight of that one of the important industrial arts
+brought to America was of untold benefit. Not only did every colony
+bring with them agricultural implements needful for the culture of flax,
+but also the small wheels and the loom for spinning and weaving the
+fibre. Nothing so much excited the interest of Puritan Boston, in 1718,
+as the small wheels worked by women and propelled by the foot, for
+turning the straight flax fibre into thread. Public exhibitions of skill
+in 1719 took place on Boston common, by Scotch-Irish women, at which
+prizes were offered. The advent of the machine produced a sensation, and
+societies and schools were formed to teach the art of making linen
+thread.
+
+The distinctive characteristics which the Scotch-Irish transplanted to
+the new world may be designated as follows: They were Presbyterians in
+their religion and church government; they were loyal to the conceded
+authority to the king, but considered him bound as well as themselves
+to "the Solemn League and Covenant," entered into in 1643, which pledged
+the support of the Reformation and of the liberties of the kingdom; the
+right to choose their own ministers, untrammeled by the civil powers;
+they practiced strict discipline in morals, and gave instruction to
+their youth in schools and academies, and in teaching the Bible as
+illustrated by the Westminster Assembly's catechism. To all this they
+combined in a remarkable degree, acuteness of intellect, firmness of
+purpose, and conscientious devotion to duty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 5: Skene's "Chronicles of the Picts and Scots," p. 77.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Stille, Life of Wayne, p. 5, says he was not Scotch-Irish.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dunlap's "Pennsylvania Packet," June 17, 1778.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE CAUSES THAT LED TO EMIGRATION.
+
+
+The social system of the Highlanders that bound the members of the clan
+together was conducive to the pride of ancestry and the love of home.
+This pride was so directed as to lead to the most beneficial results on
+their character and conduct: forming strong attachments, leading to the
+performance of laudable and heroic actions, and enabling the poorest to
+endure the severest hardships without a murmur, and never complaining of
+what they received to eat, or where they lodged, or of any other
+privation. Instead of complaining of the difference in station or
+fortune, or considering a ready obedience to the call of the chief as a
+slavish oppression, they felt convinced that they were supporting their
+own honor in showing their gratitude and duty to the generous head of
+the family. In them it was a singular and characteristic feature to
+contemplate with early familiarity the prospect of death, which was
+considered as merely a passage from this to another state of existence,
+enlivened by the assured hope that they should meet their friends and
+kindred in a fairer and brighter world than this. This statement may be
+perceived in the anxious care with which they provided the necessary
+articles for a proper and becoming funeral. Even the poorest and most
+destitute endeavored to save something for this last solemnity. It was
+considered to be a sad calamity to be consigned to the grave among
+strangers, without the attendance and sympathy of friends, and at a
+distance from the family. If a relative died away from home, the
+greatest exertions were made to carry the body back for interment among
+the ashes of the forefathers. A people so nurtured could only
+contemplate with despair the idea of being forced from the land of their
+nativity, or emigrating from that beloved country, hallowed by the
+remains of their kindred.
+
+The Highlander, by nature, was opposed to emigration. All his instincts,
+as well as training, led him to view with delight the permanency of home
+and the constant companionship of those to whom he was related by ties
+of consanguinity. Neither was he a creature of conquest, and looked not
+with a covetous eye upon the lands of other nations. He would do battle
+in a foreign land, but the Highlands of Scotland was his abiding place.
+If he left his native glen in order to become a resident elsewhere,
+there must have been a special or overpowering reason. He never
+emigrated through choice. Unfortunately the simplicity of his nature,
+his confiding trust, and love of chief and country, were doomed to
+receive such a jolt as would shake the very fibres of his being, and
+that from those to whom he looked for support and protection. Reference
+here is not made to evictions awful crimes that commenced in 1784, but
+to the change, desolation and misery growing out of the calamity at
+Culloden.
+
+Notwithstanding the peculiar characteristics of the Highlander, there
+would of necessity arise certain circumstances which would lead some,
+and even many, to change their habitation. From the days of the Crusader
+downwards he was more or less active in foreign wars; and coming in
+contact with different nationalities his mind would broaden and his
+sentiment change, so that other lands and other people would be viewed
+in a more favorable light. While this would not become general, yet it
+would follow in many instances. Intercourse with another people,
+racially and linguistically related, would have a tendency to invite a
+closer affiliation. Hence, the inhabitants of the Western Isles had
+almost constant communication, sometimes at war, it is true, but
+generally in terms of amity, with the natives of North Ireland. It is
+not surprising then that as early as 1584, Sorley Buy MacDonald should
+lead a thousand Highlanders, called Redshanks, of the clans or families
+of the MacDonalds, Campbells, and Magalanes, into Ulster, and in time
+intermarry with the Irish, and finally become the most formidable
+enemies of England in her designs of settling that country. Some of the
+leading men were forced to flee on account of being attainted for
+treason, having fought under Dundee in 1689, or under Mar in 1715, and
+after Culloden in 1745 quite a hegira took place, many of whom found
+service in the army of France. Individuals, seeking employment, found
+their way into England before 1724. Although there was a strong movement
+for England from the Lowlands, yet many were from the Highlands, to whom
+was partly due the old proverb, "There never came a fool from Scotland."
+These emigrants, from the Highlands, were principally those having
+trades, who sought to better their condition.
+
+Seven hundred prisoners taken at Preston were sold as slaves to some
+West Indian merchants, which was a cruel proceeding, when it is
+considered that the greater part of these men were Highlanders, who had
+joined the army in obedience to the commands of their chiefs. Wholly
+unfitted for such labor as would be required in the West Indies and
+unacclimated, their fate may be readily assumed. But this was no more
+heartless than the execution in Lancashire of twenty-two of their
+companions.
+
+The specifications above enumerated have no bearing on the emigration
+which took place on a large scale, the consequences of which, at the
+time, arrested the attention of the nation. The causes now to be
+enumerated grew out of the change of policy following the battle of
+Culloden. The atrocities following that battle were both for vengeance
+and to break the military spirit of the Highlanders. The legislative
+enactments broke the nobler spirit of the people. The rights and welfare
+of the people at large were totally ignored, and no provisions made for
+their future welfare. The country was left in a state of commotion and
+confusion resulting from the changes consequent to the overthrow of the
+old system, the breaking up of old relationship, and the gradual
+encroachment of Lowland civilization, and methods of agriculture. While
+these changes at first were neither great nor extensive, yet they were
+sufficient to keep the country in a ferment or uproar. The change was
+largely in the manner of an experiment in order to find out the most
+profitable way of adaptation to the new regime. These experiments
+resulted in the unsettling of old manners, customs, and ideas, which
+caused discontent and misery among the people. The actual change was
+slow; the innovations, as a rule, began in those districts bordering on
+the Lowlands, and thence proceeded in a northwesterly direction.
+
+In all probability the first shock felt by the clansmen, under the new
+order of things, was the abolishing the ancient clan system, and the
+reduction of the chiefs to the condition of landlords. For awhile the
+people failed to realize this new order of affairs, for the gentlemen
+and common people still continued to regard their chief in the same
+light as formerly, not questioning but their obedience to the head of
+their clan was independent of legislative enactment. They were still
+ready to make any sacrifice for his sake, and felt it to be their duty
+to do what they could for his support. They still believed that the
+chief's duty to his people remained unaltered, and he was bound to see
+that they did not want, and to succor them in distress.
+
+The first effects in the change in tribal relations were felt on those
+estates that had been forfeited on account of the chiefs and gentlemen
+having been compelled to leave the country in order to save their lives.
+These estates were entrusted to the management of commissioners who
+rudely applied their powers under the new arrangement of affairs. When
+the chiefs, now reduced to the position of lairds, began to realize
+their condition, and the advantage of making their lands yield them as
+large an income as possible, followed the example of demanding a rent. A
+rental value had never been exacted before, for it was the universal
+belief that the land belonged to the clan in common. Some of the older
+chiefs, then living, held to the same opinion, and among such, a change
+was not perceptible until a new landlord came into possession. The
+gentlemen of the clan and the tacksmen, or large farmers, firmly
+believed that they had as much right to a share of the lands as the
+chief himself. In the beginning the rent was not high nor more than the
+lands would bear; but it was resented by the tacksmen, deeming it a
+wanton injury inflicted in the house of their dearest friend. They were
+hurt at the idea that the chief,--the father of his people--should be
+controlled by such a mercenary idea, and to exercise that power which
+gave him the authority to lease the lands to the highest bidder. This
+policy, which they deemed selfish and unjust, naturally cut them to the
+quick. They and their ancestors had occupied their farms for many
+generations; their birth was as good and their genealogy as old as that
+of the chief himself, to whom they were all blood relations, and whose
+loyalty was unshaken. True, they had no written document, no "paltry
+sheep-skin," as they called it, to prove the right to their farms, but
+such had never been the custom, and these parchments quite a modern
+innovation, and, in former times, before a chief would have tried to
+wrest from them that which had been given by a former chief to their
+fathers, would have bitten out his tongue before he would have asked a
+bond. There can be no doubt that originally when a chief bestowed a
+share of his property upon his son or other near relation, he intended
+that the latter should keep it for himself and his descendants. To these
+tacksmen it was injury enough that an alien government should interfere
+in their domestic relations, but for the chief to turn against them was
+a wound which no balm could heal. Before they would submit to these
+exactions, they would first give up their holdings; which many of them
+did and emigrated to America, taking with them servants and sub-tenants,
+and enticing still others to follow them by the glowing accounts which
+they sent home of their good fortune in the favored country far to the
+west. In some cases the farms thus vacated were let to other tacksmen,
+but in most instances the new system was introduced by letting the land
+directly to what was formerly sub-tenants, or those who had held the
+land immediately from the ousted tacksmen.
+
+There was a class of lairds who had tasted the sweets of southern
+luxuries and who vied with the more opulent, increased the rate of rent
+to such an extent as to deprive the tacksmen of their holdings. This
+caused an influx of lowland farmers, who with their improved methods
+could compete successfully against their less favored northern
+neighbors. The danger of southern luxuries had been foreseen and an
+attempt had been made to provide against it. As far back as the year
+1744, in order to discourage such things, at a meeting of the chiefs of
+the Isle of Skye, Sir Alexander MacDonald of MacDonald, Norman MacLeod
+of MacLeod, John MacKinnon of MacKinnon, and Malcolm MacLeod of Raasay,
+held in Portree, it was agreed to discontinue and discountenance the use
+of brandy, tobacco and tea.
+
+The placing of the land in the hands of aliens was deplored in its
+results as may be seen from the following portrayal given by Buchanan in
+his "Travels in the Hebrides," referring to about 1780:--"At present
+they are obliged to be much more submissive to their tacksmen than ever
+they were in former times to their lairds or lords. There is a great
+difference between that mild treatment which is shown to sub-tenants and
+even scallags, by the old lessees, descended of ancient and honorable
+families, and the outrageous rapacity of those necessitous strangers who
+have obtained leases from absent proprietors, who treat the natives as
+if they were a conquered and inferior race of mortals. In short, they
+treat them like beasts of burden; and in all respects like slaves
+attached to the soil, as they cannot obtain new habitations, on account
+of the combinations already mentioned, and are entirely at the mercy of
+the laird or tacksman. Formerly, the personal service of the tenant did
+not usually exceed eight or ten days in the year. There lives at present
+at Scalpa, in the isle of Harris, a tacksman of a large district, who
+instead of six days' work paid by the sub-tenants to his predecessor in
+the lease, has raised the predial service, called in that and in other
+parts of Scotland, _manerial bondage_, to fifty-two days in the year at
+once; besides many other services to be performed at different though
+regular and stated times; as tanning leather for brogans, making heather
+ropes for thatch, digging and drying peats for fuel; one pannier of peat
+charcoal to be carried to the smith; so many days for gathering and
+shearing sheep and lambs: for ferrying cattle from island to island, and
+other distant places, and several days for going on distant errands: so
+many pounds of wool to be spun into yarn. And over and above all this,
+they must lend their aid upon any unforeseen occurrence whenever they
+are called on. The constant service of two months at once is performed
+at the proper season in making kelp. On the whole, this gentleman's
+sub-tenants may be computed to devote to his service full three days in
+the week. But this is not all: they have to pay besides yearly a certain
+number of cocks, hen, butter, and cheese, called Caorigh-Ferrin, the
+Wife's Portion. This, it must be owned, is one of the most severe and
+rigorous tacksmen descended from the old inhabitants, in all the Western
+Hebrides; but the situation of his sub-tenants exhibits but too faithful
+a picture of the sub-tenants of those places in general, and the exact
+counterpart of such enormous oppression is to be found at
+Luskintire."[8]
+
+The dismissal of retainers kept by the chiefs during feudal times added
+to the discontent. For the protection of the clan it had been necessary
+to keep a retinue of trained warriors. These were no longer necessary,
+and under the changed state of affairs, an expense that could be illy
+afforded. This class found themselves without a vocation, and they would
+sow the seeds of discontent, if they remained in the country. They must
+either enter the army or else go to another country in search of a
+vocation.
+
+Unquestionably the most potent of all causes for emigration was the
+introduction of sheep-farming. That the country was well adapted for
+sheep goes without disputation. Sheep had always been kept in the
+Highlands with the black cattle, but not in large numbers. The lowland
+lessees introduced sheep on a large scale, involving the junction of
+many small farms into one, each of which had been hitherto occupied by a
+number of tenants. This engrossing of farms and consequent depopulation
+was also a fruitful source of discontent and misery to those who had to
+vacate their homes and native glens. Many of those displaced by sheep
+and one or two Lowland shepherds, emigrated like the discontented
+tacksmen to America, and those who remained looked with an ill-will and
+an evil eye on the intruders. Some of the more humane landlords invited
+the oppressed to remove to their estates, while others tried to prevent
+the ousted tenants from leaving the country by setting apart some
+particular spot along the sea-shore, or else on waste land that had
+never been touched by the plow, on which they might build houses and
+have an acre or two for support. Those removed to the coast were
+encouraged to prosecute the fishing along with their agricultural
+labors. It was mainly by a number of such ousted Highlanders that the
+great and arduous undertaking was accomplished of bringing into a state
+of cultivation Kincardine Moss, in Perthshire. At that time, 1767, the
+task to be undertaken was one of stupendous magnitude; but was so
+successfully carried out that two thousand acres were reclaimed which
+for centuries had rested under seven feet of heath and vegetable matter.
+Similarly many other spots were brought into a state of cultivation. But
+this, and other pursuits then engaged in, did not occupy the time of all
+who had been despoiled of their homes.
+
+The breaking up of old habits and customs and the forcible importation
+of those that are foreign must not only engender hate but also cause
+misery. It is the uniform testimony of all travellers, who visited the
+Highlands during the latter half of the eighteenth century, especially
+Pennant, Boswell, Johnson, Newte, and Buchanan, that the condition of
+the country was deplorable. Without quoting from all, let the following
+lengthy extract suffice, which is from Buchanan:
+
+   "Upon the whole, the situation of these people, inhabitants of
+   Britain! is such as no language can describe, nor fancy conceive. If,
+   with great labor and fatigue, the farmer raises a slender crop of
+   oats and barley, the autumnal rains often baffle his utmost efforts,
+   and frustrate all his expectations: and instead of being able to pay
+   an exorbitant rent, he sees his family in danger of perishing during
+   the ensuing winter, when he is precluded from any possibility of
+   assistance elsewhere. Nor are his cattle in a better situation; in
+   summer they pick up a scanty support amongst the morasses or heathy
+   mountains: but in winter, when the grounds are covered with snow, and
+   when the naked wilds afford neither shelter nor subsistence, the few
+   cows, small, lean, and ready to drop down through want of pasture,
+   are brought into the hut where the family resides, and frequently
+   share with them the small stock of meal which had been purchased, or
+   raised, for the family only; while the cattle thus sustained, are
+   bled occasionally, to afford nourishment for the children after it
+   hath been boiled or made into cakes. The sheep being left upon the
+   open heaths, seek to shelter themselves from the inclemency of the
+   weather amongst the hollows upon the lee-side of the mountains, and
+   here they are frequently buried under the snow for several weeks
+   together, and in severe seasons during two months and upwards. They
+   eat their own and each other's wool, and hold out wonderfully under
+   cold and hunger; but even in moderate winters, a considerable number
+   are generally found dead after the snow hath disappeared, and in
+   rigorous seasons few or none are left alive. Meanwhile the steward,
+   hard pressed by letters from Almack's or Newmarket, demands the rent
+   in a tone which makes no great allowance for unpropitious seasons,
+   the death of cattle, and other accidental misfortunes: disguising the
+   feelings of his own breast--his Honor's wants must at any rate be
+   supplied, the bills must be duly negotiated. Such is the state of
+   farming, if it may be so called, throughout the interior parts of the
+   Highlands; but as that country has an extensive coast, and many
+   islands, it may be supposed that the inhabitants of those shores
+   enjoy all the benefits of their maritime situation. This, however, is
+   not the case; those gifts of nature, which in any other commercial
+   kingdom would have been rendered subservient to the most valuable
+   purposes, are in Scotland lost, or nearly so, to the poor natives and
+   the public. The only difference, therefore, between the inhabitants
+   of the interior parts and those of the more distant coasts, consists
+   in this, that the latter, with the labors of the field, have to
+   encounter alternately the dangers of the ocean and all the fatigues
+   of navigation. To the distressing circumstances at home, as stated
+   above, new difficulties and toils await the devoted farmer when
+   abroad. He leaves his family in October, accompanied by his sons,
+   brothers, and frequently an aged parent, and embarks on board a small
+   open boat, in quest of the herring fishery, with no other provisions
+   than oatmeal, potatoes, and fresh water; no other bedding than heath,
+   twigs, or straw, the covering, if any, an old sail. Thus provided, he
+   searches from bay to bay, through turbulent seas, frequently for
+   several weeks together, before the shoals of herring are discovered.
+   The glad tidings serve to vary, but not to diminish his fatigues.
+   Unremitting nightly labor (the time when the herrings are taken),
+   pinching cold winds, heavy seas, uninhabited shores covered with
+   snow, or deluged with rain, contribute towards filling up the measure
+   of his distresses; while to men of such exquisite feelings as the
+   Highlanders generally possess, the scene which awaits him at home
+   does it most effectually. Having disposed of his capture to the
+   Busses, he returns in January through a long navigation, frequently
+   amidst unceasing hurricanes, not to a comfortable home and a cheerful
+   family, but to a hut composed of turf, without windows, doors, or
+   chimney, environed with snow, and almost hid from the eye by its
+   astonishing depth. Upon entering this solitary mansion, he generally
+   finds a part of his family, sometimes the whole, lying upon heath or
+   straw, languishing through want or epidemical disease; while the few
+   surviving cows, which possess the other end of the cottage, instead
+   of furnishing further supplies of milk or blood, demand his immediate
+   attention to keep them in existence. The season now approaches when
+   he is again to delve and labor the ground, on the same slender
+   prospect of a plentiful crop or a dry harvest. The cattle which have
+   survived the famine of the winter, are turned out to the mountains;
+   and, having put his domestic affairs into the best situation which a
+   train of accumulated misfortunes admits of, he resumes the oar,
+   either in quest of herring or the white fishery. If successful in the
+   latter, he sets out in his open boat upon a voyage (taking the
+   Hebrides and the opposite coast at a medium distance) of two hundred
+   miles, to vend his cargo of dried cod, ling, etc., at Greenock or
+   Glasgow. The product, which seldom exceeds twelve or fifteen pounds,
+   is laid out, in conjunction with his companions, upon meal and
+   fishing tackle; and he returns through the same tedious navigation.
+   The autumn calls his attention again to the field; the usual round of
+   disappointment, fatigue, and distress awaits him; thus dragging
+   through a wretched existence in the hope of soon arriving in that
+   country where the weary shall be at rest."[9]
+
+The writer most pitiably laments that twenty thousand of these wretched
+people had to leave their homes and famine-struck condition, and the
+oppression of their lairds, for lands and houses of their own in a
+fairer and more fertile land, where independence and affluence were at
+their command. Nothing but misery and degradation at home; happiness,
+riches and advancement beyond the ocean. Under such a system it would be
+no special foresight to predict a famine, which came to pass in 1770 and
+again in 1782-3. Whatever may be the evils under the clan system, and
+there certainly were such, none caused the oppression and misery which
+that devoted people have suffered since its abolishment. So far as
+contentment, happiness, and a wise regard for interest, it would have
+been better for the masses had the old system continued. As a matter of
+fact, however, those who emigrated found a greater latitude and brighter
+prospects for their descendants.
+
+From what has been stated it will be noticed that it was a matter of
+necessity and not a spirit of adventure that drove the mass of
+Highlanders to America; but those who came, nevertheless, were
+enterprising and anxious to carve out their own fortunes. Before
+starting on the long and perilous journey across the Atlantic they were
+first forced to break the mystic spell that bound them to their native
+hills and glens, that had a charm and an association bound by a sacred
+tie. A venerable divine of a Highland parish who had repeatedly
+witnessed the fond affection of his parishioners in taking their
+departure, narrated how they approached the sacred edifice, ever dear to
+them, by the most hallowed associations, and with tears in their eyes
+kissed its very walls, how they made an emphatic pause in losing sight
+of the romantic scenes of their childhood, with its kirks and cots, and
+thousand memories, and as if taking a formal and lasting adieu,
+uncovered their heads and waived their bonnets three times towards the
+scene, and then with heavy steps and aching hearts resumed their
+pilgrimage towards new scenes in distant climes.[10]
+
+   "Farewell to the land of the mountain and wood,
+     Farewell to the home of the brave and the good,
+   My bark is afloat on the blue-rolling main,
+     And I ne'er shall behold thee, dear Scotland again!
+
+   Adieu to the scenes of my life's early morn,
+     From the place of my birth I am cruelly torn;
+   The tyrant oppresses the land of the free;
+     And leaves but the name of my sires unto me.
+
+   Oh! home of my fathers, I bid thee adieu,
+     For soon will thy hill-tops retreat from my view,
+   With sad drooping heart I depart from thy shore,
+     To behold thy fair valleys and mountains no more.
+
+   'Twas there that I woo'd thee, young Flora, my wife,
+     When my bosom was warm in the morning of life.
+   I courted thy love 'mong the heather so brown,
+     And heaven did I bless when it made thee my own.
+
+   The friends of my early years, where are they now?
+     Each kind honest heart, and each brave manly brow;
+   Some sleep in the churchyard from tyranny free,
+     And others are crossing the ocean with me.
+
+   Lo! now on the boundless Atlantic I stray,
+     To a strange foreign realm I am wafted away,
+   Before me as far as my vision can glance,
+     I see but the wave rolling wat'ry expanse.
+
+   So farewell my country and all that is dear,
+     The hour is arrived and the bark is asteer,
+   I go and forever, oh! Scotland adieu!
+     The land of my fathers no more I shall view."
+
+   --_Peter Crerar._
+
+America was the one great inviting field that opened wide her doors to
+the oppressed of all nations. The Highlanders hastened thither; first in
+small companies, or singly, and afterwards in sufficient numbers to form
+distinctive settlements. These belonged to the better class, bringing
+with them a certain amount of property, intelligent, persevering,
+religious, and in many instances closely related to the chief. Who was
+the first Highlander, and in what year he settled in America, has not
+been determined. It is impossible to judge by the name, because it would
+not specially signify, for as has been noted, Highlanders had gone to
+the north of Ireland, and in the very first migrations of the
+Scotch-Irish, their descendants landed at Boston and Philadelphia. It
+is, however, positively known that individual members of the clans, born
+in the Highlands, and brought up under the jurisdiction of the chiefs,
+settled permanently in America before 1724.[11] The number of these must
+have been very small, for a greater migration would have attracted
+attention. In 1729, there arrived at the port of Philadelphia, five
+thousand six hundred and fifty-five Irish emigrants, and only two
+hundred and sixty-seven English, forty-three Scotch, and three hundred
+and forty-three Germans. Of the forty-three Scotch it would be
+impossible to ascertain how many of them were from the Highlands,
+because all people from Scotland were designated under the one word. But
+if the whole number were of the Gaelic race, and the ratio kept up it
+would be almost insignificant, if scattered from one end of the Colonies
+to the other. After the wave of emigration had finally set in then the
+numbers of small companies would rapidly increase and the ratio would be
+largely augmented.[12]
+
+It is not to be presumed that the emigrants found the New World to be
+all their fancies had pictured. If they had left misery and oppression
+behind them, they were destined to encounter hardships and
+disappointments. A new country, however great may be its attractions,
+necessarily has its disadvantages. It takes time, patience, industry,
+perseverence and ingenuity to convert a wilderness into an abode of
+civilization. Innumerable obstacles must be overcome, which eventually
+give way before the indomitable will of man. Years of hard service must
+be rendered ere the comforts of home are obtained, the farm properly
+stocked, and the ways for traffic opened. After the first impressions of
+the emigrant are over, a longing desire for the old home engrosses his
+heart, and a self-censure for the step he has taken. Time ameliorates
+these difficulties, and the wisdom of the undertaking becomes more
+apparent, while contentment and prosperity rival all other claims. The
+Highlander in the land of the stranger, no longer an alien, grows
+stronger in his love for his new surroundings, and gradually becomes
+just as patriotic for the new as he was for the old country. All its
+civilization, endearments, and progress, become a part of his being. His
+memory, however, lingers over the scenes of his early youth, and in his
+dreams he once more abides in his native glens, and receives the
+blessings of his kind, tender, loving mother. Were it even thus to all
+who set forth to seek their fortunes it would be well; but to hundreds
+who left their homes in fond anticipation, not a single ray of light
+shone athwart their progress, for all was dark and forbidding.
+Misrepresentation, treachery, and betrayal were too frequently
+practiced, and in misery, heart-broken and despondent many dropped to
+rise no more, welcoming death as a deliverer.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 8: Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 42.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Celtic Magazine," Vol. I, p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See Appendix, Note A.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See Appendix, Note B.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE DARIEN SCHEME.
+
+
+The first body of Highlanders to arrive in the New World was as much
+military as civil. Their lines were cast in evil waters, and disaster
+awaited them. They formed a very essential part of a colony that engaged
+in what has been termed the Darien Scheme, which originated in 1695, and
+so mismanaged as to involve thousands in ruin, many of whom had enjoyed
+comparative opulence. Although this project did not materially affect
+the Highlands of Scotland, yet as Highland money entered the enterprise,
+and as quite a body of Highlanders perished in the attempted
+colonization of the isthmus of Panama, more than a passing notice is
+here demanded.
+
+Scottish people have ever been noted for their caution, frugality, and
+prudence, and not prone to engage in any speculation unless based on the
+soundest business principles. Although thus characterized, yet this
+people engaged in the most disastrous speculation on record; established
+by act of the Scottish parliament, and begun by unprecedented
+excitement. The leading cause which impelled the people headlong into
+this catastrophe was the ruination of the foreign trade of Scotland by
+the English Navigation Act of 1660, which provided that all trade with
+the English colonies should be conducted in English ships alone. Any
+scheme plausibly presented was likely to catch those anxious to regain
+their commercial interests, as well as those who would be actuated to
+increase their own interests. The Massacre of Glencoe had no little
+share in the matter. This massacre, which occurred February 13, 1692, is
+the foulest blot in the annals of crime. It was deliberately planned by
+Sir John Dalrymple and others, ordered by king William, and executed by
+Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, in the most treacherous, brutal,
+atrocious, and bloodthirsty manner imaginable, and perpetrated without
+the shadow of a reasonable excuse--infancy and old age, male and female
+alike perished. The bare recital of it is awful; and the barbarity of
+the American savage pales before it. In every quarter, even at court,
+the account of the massacre was received with horror and indignation.
+The odium of the nation rose to a great pitch, and demanded that an
+inquiry be made into this atrocious affair. The appointment of a
+commission was not wrung from the unwilling king until April 29, 1695.
+The commission, as a whole, acted with great fairness, although they put
+the best possible construction on the king's order, and threw the whole
+blame on Secretary Dalrymple. The king was too intimately connected with
+the crime to make an example of any one, although through public
+sentiment he was forced to dismiss Secretary Dalrymple. Not one of those
+actually engaged in the perpetration of the crime were dismissed from
+the army, or punished for the butchery, otherwise than by the general
+hatred of the age in which they lived, and the universal execration of
+posterity. The tide of feeling set in against king William, and before
+it had time to ebb the Darien Scheme was projected. The friends of
+William seized the opportunity to persuade him that some freedom and
+facilities of trade should be granted the Scotch, and that would divert
+public attention from the Glencoe massacre. Secretary Dalrymple also was
+not slow to give it the support of his eloquence and interest, in hopes
+to regain thereby a part of his lost popularity.
+
+The originator of the Darien Scheme was William Paterson, founder of the
+Bank of England, a man of comprehensive views and great sagacity, born
+in Scotland, a missionary in the Indies, and a buccaneer among the West
+India islands. During his roving course of life he had visited the
+isthmus of Panama--then called Darien--and brought away only pleasant
+recollections of that narrow strip of land that unites North and South
+America. On his return to Europe his first plan was the national
+establishment of the Bank of England. For a brief period he was admitted
+as a director in that institution, but it befell to Paterson that others
+possessed of wealth and influence, interposed and took advantage of his
+ideas, and then excluded him from the concern. Paterson next turned his
+thoughts to the plan of settling a colony in America, and handling the
+trade of the Indies and the South Seas. The trade of Europe with the
+remote parts of Asia had been carried on by rounding the Cape of Good
+Hope. Paterson believed that the shorter, cheaper, and more expeditious
+route was by the isthmus of Panama, and, as he believed, that section of
+the country had not been occupied by any of the nations of Europe; and
+as it was specially adapted for his enterprise it should be colonized.
+He averred that the havens were capacious and secure; the sea swarmed
+with turtle; the country so mountainous, that though within nine degrees
+of the equator, the climate was temperate; and yet roads could be easily
+constructed along which a string of mules, or a wheeled carriage might
+in the course of a single day pass from sea to sea. Fruits and a
+profusion of valuable herbs grew spontaneously, on account of the rich
+black soil, which had a depth of seven feet; and the exuberant fertility
+of the soil had not tainted the purity of the atmosphere. As a place of
+residence alone, the isthmus was a paradise; and a colony there could
+not fail to prosper even if its wealth depended entirely on agriculture.
+This, however, would be only a secondary matter, for within a few years
+the entire trade between India and Europe would be drawn to that spot.
+The merchant was no longer to expose his goods to the capricious gales
+of the Antarctic Seas, for the easier, safer, cheaper route must be
+navigated, which was shortly destined to double the amount of trade.
+Whoever possessed that door which opened both to the Atlantic and
+Pacific, as the shortest and least expensive route would give law to
+both hemispheres, and by peaceful arts would establish an empire as
+splendid as that of Cyrus or Alexander. If Scotland would occupy Darien
+she would become the one great free port, the one great warehouse for
+the wealth that the soil of Darien would produce, and the greater wealth
+which would be poured through Darien, India, China, Siam, Ceylon, and
+the Moluccas; besides taking her place in the front rank among nations.
+On all the vast riches that would be poured into Scotland a toll should
+be paid which would add to her capital; and a fabulous prosperity would
+be shared by every Scotchman from the peer to the cadie. Along the
+desolate shores of the Forth Clyde villas and pleasure grounds would
+spring up; and Edinburgh would vie with London and Paris. These glowing
+prospects at first were only partially disclosed to the public, and the
+name of Darien was unpronounced save only to a few of Paterson's most
+confidential friends. A mystery pervaded the enterprise, and only enough
+was given out to excite boundless hopes and desires. He succeeded
+admirably in working up a sentiment and desire on the part of the people
+to become stockholders in the organization. The hour for action had
+arrived; so on June 26, 1695, the Scottish parliament granted a statute
+from the Crown, for creating a corporate body or stock company, by name
+of the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies, with power
+to plant colonies and build forts in places not possessed by other
+European nations, the consent of the inhabitants of the places they
+settled being obtained. The amount of capital was not fixed by charter,
+but it was stipulated that at least one-half the stock must be held by
+Scotchmen resident in Scotland, and that no stock originally so held
+should ever be transferred to any but Scotchmen resident in Scotland. An
+entire monopoly of the trade with Asia, Africa, and America was granted
+for a term of thirty-one years, and all goods imported by the company
+during twenty-one years, should be admitted duty free, except sugar and
+tobacco, unless grown on the company's plantations. Every member and
+servant of the company were privileged against arrest and imprisonment,
+and if placed in durance, the company was authorized to invoke both the
+civil and military power. The Great Seal was affixed to the Act; the
+books were opened; the shares were fixed at £100 sterling each; and
+every man from the Pentland Firth to the Galway Firth who could command
+the amount was impatient to put down his name. The whole kingdom
+apparently had gone mad. The number of shareholders were about fourteen
+hundred. The books were opened February 26, 1696, and the very first
+subscriber was Anne, dutchess of Hamilton. On that day there was
+subscribed £50,400. By the end of March the greater part of the amount
+had been subscribed. On March 5th, a separate book was opened in Glasgow
+and on it was entered £56,325. The books were closed August 3rd of the
+same year, and on the last day of subscriptions there was entered
+£14,125, reaching the total of £400,000, the amount apportioned to
+Scotland. The cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, in their corporate
+capacity, each took £3,000 and Perth £2,000. Of the subscriptions there
+were eight of £3,000 each; eight of £2,000 each; two of £1,500, and one
+each of £1,200 and £1,125; ninety-seven of £1,000 each; but the great
+majority consisted of £100 or £200 each. The whole amount actually paid
+up was £220,000. This may not seem to be a large amount for such a
+country as Scotland, but as already noted, the country had been ruined
+by the English Act of 1660. There were five or six shires which did not
+altogether contain as many guineas and crowns as were tossed about every
+day by the shovels of a single goldsmith in Lombard street. Even the
+nobles had but very little money, for a large part of their rents was
+taken in kind; and the pecuniary remuneration of the clergy was such as
+to move the pity of the most needy, of the present; yet some of these
+had invested their all in hopes that their children might be benefited
+when the golden harvest should come. Deputies in England received
+subscriptions to the amount of £300,000; and the Dutch and Hamburgers
+subscribed £200,000.
+
+Those Highland chiefs who had been considered as turbulent, and are so
+conspicuous in the history of the day have no place in this record of a
+species of enterprise quite distinct from theirs. The houses of Argyle,
+Athol, and Montrose appear in the list, as families who, besides their
+Highland chiefships, had other stakes and interests in the country; but
+almost the only person with a Highland patronymic was John MacPharlane
+of that ilk, a retired scholar who followed antiquarian pursuits in the
+libraries beneath the Parliament House. The Keltic prefix of "Mac" is
+most frequently attached to merchants in Inverness, who subscribed their
+hundred.
+
+It is probable that a list of Highlanders who subscribed stock may be of
+interest in this connection. Only such names as are purely Highland are
+here subjoined with amounts given, and also in the order as they appear
+on the books:
+
+    26 February, 1696:
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                       £600
+    Adam Gordon of Dalphollie                                       500
+    Master James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle
+      of Argyle                                                     500
+    John McPharlane of that ilk                                     200
+    Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown                                400
+    Sir Colin Campbell of Ardkinlass                                500
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, son to Colin Campbell of Soutar
+      houses                                                        400
+
+    27 February, 1696:
+    John Robertson, merchant in Edinburgh                           300
+    Matthew St. Clair, Doctor of Medicine                           500
+    Daniel Mackay, Writer in Edinburgh                              200
+    Mr. Francis Grant of Cullen, Advocate                           100
+    Duncan Forbes of Culloden                                       200
+    Arthur Forbes, younger of Echt                                  200
+    George Southerland, merchant in Edinburgh                       200
+    Kenneth McKenzie of Cromartie                                   500
+    Major John Forbes                                               200
+
+    28 February, 1696:
+    William Robertsone of Gladney                                 1,000
+    Mungo Graeme of Gorthie                                         500
+    Duncan Campbell of Monzie                                       500
+    James Mackenzie, son to the Viscount of Tarbat                1,000
+
+   2 March, 1696:
+    Jerome Robertson, periwig maker, burgess of Edinburgh           100
+
+    3 March 1696:
+    David Robertsone, Vintner in Edinburgh                          200
+    William Drummond, brother to Thomas Drummond of
+      Logie Almond                                                  500
+
+    4 March, 1696:
+    Sir Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss                                  400
+
+    5 March, 1696:
+    James Robertson, tylor in Canonget                              100
+    Sir Thomas Murray of Glendoick                                1,000
+
+    6 March, 1696:
+    Alexander Murray, son to John Murray of Touchadam,
+      and deputed by him                                            300
+
+    7 March 1696:
+    John Gordon, Captain in Lord Stranraer's Regiment               100
+    Samuell McLelland, merchant in Edinburgh                        500
+
+    11 March 1696:
+    Aeneas McLeod, Town-Clerk of Edinburgh, in name and
+      behalfe of George Viscount of Tarbat, and as having
+      commission from him                                         £1000
+
+    17 March, 1696:
+    John Menzies, Advocate                                          200
+    William Menzies, merchant in Edinburgh                         1000
+
+    19 March, 1696:
+    James Drummond, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Mr.
+      John Graham of Aberuthven                                     100
+    Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     200
+    Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     100
+    Daniel McKay, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain
+      Hugh McKay, younger of Borley                                 300
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain
+      Leonard Robertsone of Straloch                                100
+
+    20 March, 1696:
+    Alexander Murray, son to George Murray of Touchadam,
+      deputed by him                                                200
+    Sir Colin Campbell of Aberuchill, one of the Senators of
+      the Colledge of Justice                                       500
+    Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh, deputed
+      by George Robertstone, younger, merchant in Glasgow           100
+    Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh                       100
+    James Gregorie, student                                         100
+    George Earle of Southerland                                    1000
+
+    21 March, 1696:
+    John McFarlane, Writer to the Signet                            200
+
+    23 March, 1696:
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain,
+      deputed by the said Samuell Forbes                           1000
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain        500
+    James Gregory, Professor of Mathematiques in the Colledge
+      of Edinburgh                                                  200
+
+    24 March 1696:
+    Patrick Murray of Livingstoun                                   600
+    Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet, as having
+      deputation from Alexander Gordoun, son to
+      Alexander Gordoun, minister at Inverary                       100
+    William Graham, merchant in Edinburgh                           200
+    David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by Thomas Graeme
+      of Balgowan                                                   600
+    David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by John Drummond
+      of Culqupalzie                                               £600
+
+    25 March, 1696:
+    John Murray of Deuchar                                          800
+    Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun                              400
+    John Sinclair of Stevenstoun                                    400
+
+    26 March, 1696:
+    Helen Drummond, spouse to Colonel James Ferguson as
+      commissionate by him                                          200
+    James Murray of Sundhope                                        100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                        400
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for John Stewart of Dalguis,
+      conform to deputation                                         100
+
+    March 27:
+    Alexander Johnstoune of Elshieshells                            400
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain,
+      conform to one deputation by Captain James
+      Stewart, in Sir John Hill's regiment. Governor of
+      Fort William                                                  100
+    Thomas Forbes of Watertoun                                      200
+    William Ross, merchant in Edinburgh                             100
+    Rachell Johnstoun, relict of Mr. Robert Baylie of Jerviswood    200
+
+    March 28:
+    John Fraser, servitor to Alexander Innes, merchant              100
+    Mr. John Murray, Senior Advocate                                100
+    John Stewart, Writer in Clerk Gibsone's chamber                 100
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     200
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses, (more)                             100
+    James Gordon, Senior, merchant in Aberdeen                      250
+    Thomas Gordon, skipper in Leith                                 100
+    Adam Gordon of Dulpholly                                        500
+    Colin Campbell of Lochlan                                       200
+    Thomas Graeme of Balgowane, by virtue of a deputation
+      from David Graeme of Kilor                                    200
+    Patrick Coutts, merchant in Edinburgh, being deputed by
+      Alexander Robertsone, merchant in Dundie                      200
+    David Drummond, of Cultimalindie                                600
+    John Drummond, brother of David Drummond of Cultimalindie       200
+
+    30 March, 1696:
+    James Marquess of Montrose                                     1000
+    John Murray, doctor of medicine, for Mr. James Murray,
+      Chirurgeon in Perth, conform to a deputation                 £200
+    William Stewart, doctor of medicine at Perth                    100
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, being depute by
+      Helen Steuart, relict of Doctor Murray                        100
+    James Drummond, one of the Clerks to the Bills, being
+      deputed by James Meinzies of Shian                            100
+    Robert Stewart, Junior, Advocate                                300
+    Master Donald Robertsone, minister of the Gospel                100
+    Duncan Campbell of Monzie, by deputation from John
+      Drummond of Culquhalzie                                       100
+    John Marquesse of Athole                                        500
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, deputed by James Murray
+      at Orchart Milne                                              100
+    Thomas Johnstone, merchant in Edinburgh                         100
+    William Meinzies, merchant in Edinburgh                        1000
+    Alexander Forbes of Tolquhon                                    500
+    Robert Murray, merchant in Edinburgh                            200
+    Walter Murray, merchant in Edinburgh                            100
+    Master Arthur Forbes, son of the Laird of Cragivar              100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate                                         100
+    Barbara Fraser, relict of George Stirling, Chirurgeon
+      apothecary in Edinburgh                                       200
+    Alexander Johnston, merchant in Edinburgh                       100
+    Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun, for Charles Sinclair,
+      Advocate, his son                                             100
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Patrick Ogilvie of Balfour    400
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Thomas Robertson,
+      merchant there (i.e. Dundee)                                  125
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by David Drummond,
+      merchant in Dundee                                            100
+    Mrs. Anne Stewart, daughter to the deceased John Stewart
+      of Kettlestoun                                                100
+
+    31 March, 1696:
+    Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarrony                            500
+    William Stewart, clerk to his Majesty's Customs at Leith        100
+    Christian Grierson, daughter to the deceast John Grierson       100
+    Jesper Johnstoune of Waristoun                                  500
+    Alexander Forbes, goldsmith in Edinburgh                        200
+    Master John Campbell, Writer to the Signet                      200
+    Thomas Campbell, flesher in Edinburgh                           200
+    Archibald Earle of Argyll                                      1500
+    James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle of Argyll           200
+    William Johnston, postmaster of Hadingtoun                     £100
+    Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh                                 500
+    Andrew Murray, brother to Sundhope                              100
+    William McLean, master of the Revelles                          100
+    John Cameron, son to the deceast Donald Cameron, merchant
+      in Edinburgh                                                  100
+    David Forbes, Advocate                                          200
+    Captain John Forbes of Forbestoune                              200
+
+    Afternoon:
+    Sir Alexander Monro of Bearcrofts                               200
+    James Gregorie, student of medicine                             100
+    Mungo Campbell of Burnbank                                      400
+    John Murray, junior, merchant in Edinburgh                      400
+    Robert Murray, burges in Edinburgh                              150
+    Dougall Campbell of Sadell                                      100
+    Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet                 200
+    Alexander Finlayson, Writer in Edinburgh                        100
+    John Steuart, Writer in Edinburgh                               100
+    William Robertson, one of the sub-clerks of the Session         100
+    Lady Neil Campbell                                              200
+    Mary Murray, Lady Enterkin, elder                               200
+    Sir George Campbell of Cesnock                                 1000
+
+    7 April:
+    Thomas Robertson of Lochbank                                    400
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Hugh Robertson, Provost of
+      Inverness, conform to deputation                              100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for James McLean, baillie of
+      Invernes, conform to deputation                               100
+    Robert Fraser. Advocate, for John McIntosh, baillie of Invernes,
+      conform to deputation                                         100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander McLeane, merchant
+      of Invernes, conform to deputation                            150
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Robert Rose, late baillie of
+      Invernes, conform to deputation                               140
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander Stewart, skipper
+      at Invernes, conform to deputation                            150
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for William Robertson of Inshes,       100
+
+    9 April, 1696:
+    James Drummond, one of the Clerks of the Bills, for Robert
+      Menzies, in Aberfadie, conform to deputation                  100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by John Menzies of
+      Camock, Advocate                                              200
+    Archibald Sinclair, Advocate                                    100
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh                          £100
+    John Murray, doctor of medicine, for William Murray of
+      Arbony, by virtue of his deputation                           200
+    Colen Campbell of Bogholt                                       100
+    William Gordone, Writer in Edinburgh                            100
+
+    14 Apryle:
+    The said Thomas Halliday, Conform to deputation from
+      William Ogilvie in Todshawhill                                100
+
+    16 Aprill:
+    Patrick Murray, lawful son to Patrick Murray of Killor          100
+    Walter Murray, servitor to George Clerk, junior, merchant
+      in Edinburgh, deputed by Robert Murray of
+      Levelands                                                     150
+    John Campbell, Writer to the Signet, for Alexander Campbell,
+      younger of Calder, conform to deputation                      500
+    Captain James Drummond of Comrie                                200
+
+    April 21:
+    James Cuming, merchant in Edinburgh                             100
+    James Campbell of Kinpout                                       100
+    James Drummond, Under-Clerk to the Bills, depute by
+      Archibald Meinzies of Myln of Kiltney                         100
+    Robert Blackwood, deputed by John Gordon of Collistoun,
+      doctor of medicine                                            100
+    Robert Blackwood, merchant in Edinburgh, deputed by
+      Charles Ogilvy, merchant and late baillie of Montrose         200
+    James Ramsay, writer in Edinburg, commission at by Duncan
+      Campbell of Duneaves                                          100
+    Captain Patrick Murray, of Lord Murray's regiment of foot       100
+
+    May 5, 1696.
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, conform to deputation from
+      Thomas Grahame in Auchterarder                                100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by David Graeme of
+      Jordanstoun                                                   100
+    Samuel McLellan, merchant in Dundee, conform to deputation
+      from William Stewart of Castle Stewart                        100
+
+    May 14, 1696.
+    Andrew Robertsone, chirurgeon in Edinburgh, conform
+      to deputation by George Robertsone, Writer in Dunblane        100
+
+    May 21, 1696.
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for Lodovick Drummond,
+      chamberland to my Lord Drummond                               100
+
+    May 26, 1696.
+    Thomas Drummond of Logie Almond                                £500
+
+    June 2, 1696.
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, by virtue of a deputation from
+      Robert Cuming of Relugas, merchant of Inverness               100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of William Duff of
+      Dyple, merchant of Inverness                                  100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of Alexander Duffe of
+      Drumuire, merchant of Inverness                               100
+
+    June 4, 1696.
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, depute by John Graham, son
+      to John Graham, clerk to the chancellary                      100
+    Adam Drummond of Meginch                                        200
+
+    18.
+    Agnes Campbell, relict of Andrew Anderson, his Majesty's
+      printer                                                       100
+
+    July 10.
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for Dame Margaret Graham,
+      Lady Kinloch                                                  200
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                        200
+    James Menzies of Schian                                         100
+    Mungo Graeme of Garthie                                         200
+
+    21.
+    Sir Alexander Cumyng of Culter                                  200
+
+    31.
+    Mr. George Murray, doctor of physick                            200
+    Patrick Campbell, brother to Monzie                             100
+
+    August 1.
+    James Lord Drummond                                            1000
+
+    Friday, 6 March, 1696.
+    John Drummond of Newtoune                                      1125
+
+    Saturday, 7 March, 1696.
+    John Graham, younger of                                        1000
+    Daniel Campbell, merchant in Glasgow                           1000
+    George Robinsoune, belt-maker in Glasgow                        100
+    John Robinsoune, hammerman in Glasgow                           100
+    John Robertson, junior, merchant in Glasgow                     500
+
+    Munday, 9 March, 1696.
+    Mattheu Cuming, junior, merchant in Glasgow                    1000
+    William Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow                           100
+    Marion Davidson, relict of Mr. John Glen, Minister of the
+      Gospel                                                        100
+    James Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow                            200
+    Thomas Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow                           200
+    George Johnston, merchant in Glasgow                           £200
+    John Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow                              100
+    John Grahame, younger of Dougaldstoun                         1,000
+
+    Tuesday, 10 March, 1696.
+    Neill McVicar, tanner in Glasgow                                100
+    George Buchanan, Maltman in Glasgow                             100
+
+    Saturday, 21 March, 1696.
+    Archibald Cambell, merchant in Glasgow                          100
+
+    Tuesday, 24 March, 1696.
+    John Robertsone, younger, merchant in Glasgow, for Robert
+      Robertsone, second lawfull sone to Umqll James
+      Robertsone, merchant in Glasgow                               100
+
+    Tuesday, March 31, 1696.
+    Mungo Campbell of Nether Place                                  100
+    Hugh Campbell, merchant, son to deceast Sir Hugh Campbell
+      of Cesnock                                                    100
+    Matthew Campbell of Waterhaugh                                  100
+
+    Thursday, Agr the 2d of Aprille.
+    Mungo Campbell, merchant in Ayr                                 100
+    David Fergursone, merchant in Ayr                               100
+
+    Wednesday the 15th day, 1696.
+    Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment             200
+    Captain James Menzies, of Sir John Hill's regiment              100
+    Captain Francis Ferquhar, of Sir John Hill's regiment           100
+
+    Thursday, 16 Aprile, 1696.
+    Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment             200
+
+    Fryday, 17 Aprile.
+    Lieutenant Charles Ross, of Sir John Hill's regiment            100[13]
+
+It is more than probable that some names should not be inserted above,
+as the name Graeme, for it may belong to the clan Graham of the
+Highlands, or else to the debateable land, near Carlisle, which is more
+likely. We know that where they had made themselves adverse to both
+sides, they were forced to emigrate in large numbers. Some of them
+settled near Bangor, in the county of Down, Ireland. How large a per
+cent, of the subscribers who lived in the lowlands, and born out of the
+Highlands, would be impossible to determine. Then names of parties, born
+in the Highlands and of Gaelic blood have undoubtedly been omitted owing
+to change of name. By the change in spelling of the name, it would
+indicate that some had left Ulster where their forefathers had settled,
+and taken up their residence in Scotland. It will also be noticed that
+the clans bordering the Grampians were most affected by the excitement
+while others seemingly did not even feel the breeze.
+
+The Darien Scheme at best was but suppositious, for no experiment had
+been tried in order to forecast a realization of what was expected.
+There was, it is true, a glitter about it, but there were materials
+within the reach of all from which correct data might have been
+obtained. It seems incredible that men of sound judgment should have
+risked everything, when they only had a vague or general idea of
+Paterson's plans. It was also a notorious fact that Spain claimed
+sovereignty over the Isthmus of Panama, and, even if she had not, it was
+unlikely that she would tolerate such a colony, as was proposed, in the
+very heart of her transatlantic dominions. Spain owned the Isthmus both
+by the right of discovery and possession; and the very country which
+Paterson had described in such radiant colors had been found by the
+Castilian settlers to be a land of misery and of death; and on account
+of the poisonous air they had been compelled to remove to the
+neighboring haven of Panama. All these facts, besides others, might
+easily have been ascertained by members of the Company.
+
+As has already been intimated, the Scots alone were not drawn into this
+vortex of wild excitement, and are no more to be held responsible for
+the delusion than some of other nationalities. The English people were
+seized with the dread of Scottish prosperity resulting from the
+enterprise, and England's jealousy of trade at once interfered to crush
+an adventure which seemed so promising. The English East India Company
+instigated a cry, echoed by the city of London, and taken up by the
+nation, which induced their parliament, when it met for the first time,
+after the elections of 1695, to give its unequivocal condemnation to the
+scheme. One peer declared, "If these Scots are to have their way I shall
+go and settle in Scotland, and not stay here to be made a beggar." The
+two Houses of Parliament went up together to Kensington and represented
+to the king the injustice of requiring England to exert her power in
+support of an enterprise which, if successful, must be fatal to her
+commerce and to her finances. William replied in plain terms that he had
+been illy-treated in Scotland, but that he would try to find a remedy
+for the evil which had been brought to his attention. At once he
+dismissed Lord High Commissioner Tweeddale and Secretary Johnston; but
+the Act which had been passed under their management still continued to
+be law in Scotland.
+
+The Darien Company might have surmounted the opposition of the English
+parliament and the East India Company, had not the Dutch East India
+Company--a body remarkable for its monopolizing character--also joined
+in the outcry against the Scottish enterprise; incited thereto by the
+king through Sir Paul Rycaut, the British resident at Hamburg, directing
+him to transmit to the senate of that commercial city a remonstrance on
+the part of king William, accusing them of having encouraged the
+commissioners of the Darien Company; requesting them to desist from
+doing so; intimating that the plan had not the king's support; and a
+refusal to withdraw their countenance from the scheme would threaten an
+interruption to his friendship with the good city of Hamburg. The result
+of this interference was the almost total withdrawal of the Dutch and
+English subscriptions, which was accelerated by the threatened
+impeachment, by the English parliament, of such persons who had
+subscribed to the Company; and, furthermore, were compelled to renounce
+their connection with the Company, besides misusing some native-born
+Scotchmen who had offended the House by subscribing their own money to a
+company formed in their own country, and according to their own laws.
+
+The managers of the scheme, supported by the general public of Scotland,
+entered a strong protest against the king's hostile interference of his
+Hamburg envoy. In his answer the king evaded what he was resolved not to
+grant, and yet could not in equity refuse. By the double dealing of the
+monarch the Company lost the active support of the subscribers in
+Hamburg and Holland.
+
+In spite of the desertion of her English and foreign subscribers the
+Scots, encouraged in their stubborn resolution, and flattered by hopes
+that captivated their imaginations, decided to enter the project alone.
+A stately house in Milne Square, then the most modern and fashionable
+part of Edinburgh, was purchased and fitted up for an office and
+warehouse. It was called the Scottish India House. Money poured faster
+than ever into the coffers of the Company. Operations were actively
+commenced during the month of May, 1696. Contracts were rapidly let and
+orders filled--smith and cutlery work at Falkirk; woollen stockings at
+Aberdeen; gloves and other leather goods at Perth; various metallic
+works, hats, shoes, tobacco-pipes, serges, linen cloth, bobwigs and
+periwigs, at Edinburgh; and for home-spun and home-woven woollen checks
+or tartan, to various parts of the Highlands.
+
+[Illustration: SCOTTISH INDIA HOUSE]
+
+As the means for building ships in Scotland did not then exist, recourse
+was had to the dockyards of Amsterdam and Hamburg. At an expense of
+£50,000 a few inferior ships were purchased, and fitted out as ships of
+war; for their constitution authorized them to make war both by land and
+sea. The vessels were finally fitted out at Leith, consisting of the
+Caledonia, the St. Andrew, the Unicorn, and the Dolphin, each armed with
+fifty guns and two tenders, the Endeavor and Pink, afterwards sunk at
+Darien; and among the commodities stored away were axes, iron wedges,
+knives, smiths', carpenters' and coopers' tools, barrels, guns, pistols,
+combs, shoes, hats, paper, tobacco-pipes, and, as was supposed,
+provisions enough to last eight months. The value of the cargo of the
+St. Andrew was estimated at £4,006. The crew and colonists consisted of
+twelve hundred picked men, the greater part of whom were veterans who
+had served in king William's wars, and the remainder of Highlanders and
+others who had opposed the revolution, and three hundred gentlemen of
+family, desirous of trying their fortunes.
+
+It was on July 26, 1698, that the vessels weighed anchor and put out to
+sea. A wild insanity seized the entire population of Edinburgh as they
+came to witness the embarkation. Guards were kept busy holding back the
+eager crowd who pressed forward, and, stretching out their arms to their
+departing countrymen, clamored to be taken on board. Stowaways, when
+ordered on shore, madly clung to rope and mast, pleading in vain to be
+allowed to serve without pay on board the ships. Women sobbed and gasped
+for breath; men stood uncovered, and with downcast head and choked
+utterance invoked the blessing of the Beneficent Being. The banner of
+St. Andrew was hoisted at the admiral's mast; and as a light wind caught
+the sails, the roar of the vast multitude was heard far down the waters
+of the frith.
+
+The actual destination of the fleet was still a profound secret, save to
+a few. The supreme direction of the expedition was entrusted to a
+council of seven, to whom was entrusted all power, both civil and
+military. The voyage was long and the adventurers suffered much; the
+rations proved to be scanty, and of poor quality; and the fleet, after
+passing the Orkneys and Ireland, touched at Madeira, where those who had
+fine clothes were glad to exchange them for provisions and wines. Having
+crossed the Atlantic, they first landed on an uninhabited islet lying
+between Porto Rico and St. Thomas, which they took possession of in the
+name of their country, and hoisted the white cross of St. Andrew. Being
+warned off for trespassing on the territory of the king of Denmark, and
+having procured the services of an old buccaneer, under whose pilotage
+they departed, on November 1st they anchored close to the Isthmus of
+Panama, having lost fifteen of their number during the voyage. On the
+4th they landed at Acla; founded there a settlement to which they gave
+the name of New St. Andrews; marked out the site for another town and
+called it New Edinburgh. The weather was genial and climate pleasant at
+the time of their arrival; the vegetation was luxuriant and promising;
+the natives were kind; and everything presaged a bright future for the
+fortune-seekers. They cut a canal through the neck of land that divided
+one side of the harbor from the ocean, and there constructed a fort,
+whereon they mounted fifty cannon. On a mountain, at the opposite side
+of the harbor, they built a watchhouse, where the extensive view
+prevented all danger of a surprise. Lands were purchased from the
+Indians, and messages of friendship were sent to the governors of the
+several Spanish provinces. As the amount of funds appropriated for the
+sustenance of the colony had been largely embezzled by those having the
+matter in charge, the people were soon out of provisions. Fishing and
+the chase were now the only sources, and as these were precarious, the
+colonists were soon on the verge of starvation. As the summer drew near
+the atmosphere became stifling, and the exhalations from the steaming
+soil, added to other causes, wrought death among the settlers. The
+mortality rose gradually to ten a day. Both the clergymen who
+accompanied the expedition were dead; one of them, Rev. Thomas James,
+died at sea before the colonists landed, and soon after the arrival Rev.
+Adam Scot succumbed. Paterson buried his wife in that soil, which, as he
+had assured his too credulous countrymen, exhaled health and vigor. Men
+passed to the hospital, and from thence to the grave, and the survivors
+were only kept alive through the friendly offices of the Indians.
+Affairs continued daily to grow worse. The Spaniards on the isthmus
+looked with complacency on the distress of the Scotchmen. No relief, and
+no tidings coming from Scotland, the survivors on June 22, 1699, less
+than eight months after their arrival, resolved to abandon the
+settlement. They re-embarked in three vessels, a weak and hopeless
+company, to sail whithersoever Providence might direct. Paterson, the
+first to embark at Leith, was the last to re-embark at Darien. He begged
+hard to be left behind with twenty or more companions to keep up a show
+of possession, and to await the next arrival from Scotland. His
+importunities were disregarded, and, utterly helpless, he was carried on
+board the St. Andrew, and soon after the vessels stood out to sea. The
+voyage was horrible. It might be compared to the horrors of a slave
+ship.
+
+The ocean kept secret the sufferings on board these pestilential ships
+until August 8th, when the Caledonia, commanded by Captain Robert
+Drummond, drifted into Sandy Hook, New York, having lost one hundred and
+three men since leaving Darien, and twelve more within four days after
+arrival, leaving but sixty-five men on board fit for handling ropes. The
+three ships, on leaving Darien, had three hundred each, including
+officers, crew and colonists. On August 13th, the Unicorn, commanded by
+Captain John Anderson, came into New York in a distressed condition,
+having lost her foremast, fore topmast, and mizzen mast. She lost one
+hundred and fifty men on the way. It appears that Captain Robert
+Pennicuik of the St. Andrew knew of the helpless condition of the
+Unicorn, and accorded no assistance.[14] As might be expected, passion
+was engendered amidst this scene of misery. The squalid survivors, in
+the depths of their misery, raged fiercely against one another. Charges
+of incapacity, cruelty, brutal insolence, were hurled backward and
+forward. The rigid Presbyterians attributed the calamities to the
+wickedness of Jacobites, Prelatists, Sabbath-breakers and Atheists, as
+they denominated some of their fellow-sufferers. The accused parties, on
+the other hand, complained bitterly of the impertinence of meddling
+fanatics and hypocrites. Paterson was cruelly reviled, and was unable to
+defend himself. He sunk into a stupor, and became temporarily insane.
+
+The arrival of the two ships in New York awakened different emotions.
+There certainly was no danger of these miserable people doing any harm,
+and yet their appearance awakened apprehension, on account of orders
+received from the king. After the proclamations which had been issued
+against these miserable fugitives, it became a question of difficulty,
+since the governor of New York was absent in Boston, whether it was
+safe to provide the dying men with harborage and necessary food. Natural
+feelings overcame the difficulty; the more selfish and timid would have
+stood aloof and let fate take its course: there being a sufficient
+number of them to make the more generous feel that their efforts to save
+life were not made without risks. Even putting the most favorable
+construction on the act of the earl of Bellomont, governor of Rhode
+Island, who was appealed to for advice, by the lieutenant governor of
+New York, the colonists were provoked by the actions of those in
+authority. Bellomont, in his report to the Lords of Trade, under date of
+October 20, 1699, states that the sufferers drew up a memorial to the
+lieutenant governor for permission to buy provisions; would not act
+until Bellomont gave his instructions; latter thinks the colonists
+became insolent after being refreshed; and "your Lordships will see that
+I have been cautious enough in my orders to the lieutenant governor of
+New York, not to suffer the Scotch to buy more provisions, than would
+serve to carry them home to Scotland."[15] On October 12th the Caledonia
+set sail from Sandy Hook, made the west coast of Ireland, November 11th,
+and on the 20th of same month anchored in the Sound of Islay, Scotland.
+
+The story of the Unicorn is soon told. "John Anderson, a Scotch
+Presbyterian, who commanded a ship to Darien in the Scottish expedition
+thither and on his return in at Amboy, N. Jersey, & let his ship rot &
+plundered her & with ye plunder bought land."[16]
+
+The St. Andrew parted company with the Caledonia the second day after
+leaving the settlement, and two nights later saw the Unicorn almost
+wholly dismasted, and on the following day was pursued by the Baslavento
+fleet. They put into Jamaica, but were denied assistance, in obedience
+to king William's orders; and a British admiral, Bembo, refused to give
+them some men to assist in bringing the ship to the isle of Port Royal.
+During the voyage to Port Royal, they lost the commander, Captain
+Pennicuik, most of the officers and one hundred and thirty of the men,
+before landing, on August 9, 1699.[17]
+
+The Dolphin, Captain Robert Pincarton, commander, used as a supply and
+trading ship, of fourteen guns, on February 5, 1699, struck a rock and
+ran ashore at Carthagena, the crew seized by the Spaniards, and in irons
+were put in dungeons as pirates. The Spaniards congratulated themselves
+on having captured a few of "the ruffians" who had been the terror and
+curse of their settlements for a century. They were formally condemned
+to death, but British interference succeeded in preventing the sentence
+on the crew from being executed.
+
+On the week following the departure of the expedition from Leith, the
+Scottish parliament met and unanimously adopted an address to the king,
+asking his support and countenance to the Darien colony. Notwithstanding
+this memorial the British monarch ordered the governors of Jamaica,
+Barbadoes and New York to refuse all supplies to the settlers. Up to
+this time the king had partly concealed his policy. No time was lost by
+the East India Companies in bringing every measure to bear in order to
+ruin the colony. To such length did rancor go that the Scotch commanders
+who should presume to enter English ports, even for repairs after a
+storm, were threatened with arrest. In obedience to the king's orders
+the governors issued proclamations, which they attempted strictly to
+enforce; and every species of relief, not only that which countrymen can
+claim of their fellow-subjects, and Christians of their
+fellow-Christians, and such as the veriest criminal has a right to
+demand, was denied the colonists of Darien. On May 12, 1699, there
+sailed from Leith the Olive Branch, Captain William Johnson, commander,
+and the Hopeful, under Captain Alexander Stark, with ample stores of
+provisions, and three hundred recruits, but did not arrive at Darien
+until eight weeks after the departure of the colonists. Finding that the
+settlement had been abandoned, and leaving six of their number, who
+preferred to remain, but were afterwards brought away, the Hopeful
+sailed for Jamaica, where she was seized and condemned as a prize. "The
+Olive Branch was unfortunately blown up at Caledonia" (Darien).[18]
+
+The Spaniards had not only become aggressive by seizing the Dolphin and
+incarcerating the officers and crew, but their government made no
+remonstrance against the invasion of its territory until May 3, 1699,
+when a memorial was presented to William by the Spanish ambassador
+stating that his sovereign looked on the proceedings as a rupture of the
+alliance between the two countries, and as a hostile invasion, and would
+take such measures as he thought best against the intruders. It is
+possible that at this time Spain would not have taken any action
+whatever, if William had pursued a different course; and seeing that the
+colonists had been abandoned and disowned by their own king, as if they
+had been vagabonds or outlaws, the Spaniards, in a manner, felt
+themselves invited to precipitate a crisis, which they accomplished.
+
+In the meantime the directors of the Darien Company were actively
+organizing another expedition and hastily sent out four more
+vessels--the Rising Sun, Captain James Gibson; the Hope, Captain James
+Miller; the Hope of Barrowstouness, Captain Richard Daling; and the Duke
+of Hamilton, Captain Walter Duncan; with thirteen hundred "good men well
+appointed," besides materials of war. This fleet left Greenock August
+18, 1699, but having been delayed by contrary winds, did not leave the
+Bay of Rothsay, Isle of Bute, until Sunday, September 24th. On Thursday,
+November 30, the fleet reached its destination, after considerable
+suffering and some deaths on board. These vessels contained engineers,
+fire-workers, bombardiers, battery guns of twenty-four pounds, mortars
+and bombs. The number of men mentioned included over three hundred
+Highlanders, chiefly from the estate of Captain Alexander Campbell of
+Fonab, most of whom had served under him, in Flanders, in Lorn's
+regiment. During the voyage the Hope was cast away. Captain Miller
+loaded the long boat very deep with provisions, goods and arms, and
+proceeded towards Havana. He arrived safely at Darien.
+
+A large proportion of the second expedition belonged to the military,
+and were organized. Among the Highland officers are noticed the
+following names: Captains Colin Campbell, Thomas McIntosh, James
+Urquhart, Alexander Stewart, ---- Ferquhar, and ---- Grant; Lieutenants
+Charles Stewart, Samuel Johnston, John Campbell and Walter Graham;
+Ensigns Hugh Campbell and Robert Colquhon, and Sergeant Campbell.
+
+The members of this expedition were greatly disappointed on their
+arrival. They fully expected to find a secure fortification, a
+flourishing town, cultivated fields, and a warm reception. Instead they
+found a wilderness; the castle in ruins; the huts burned, and grass
+growing over the ruins. Their hearts sank within them; for this fleet
+had not been fitted out to found a colony, but to recruit and protect
+one already in a flourishing condition. They were worse provided with
+the necessaries of life than their predecessors had been. They made
+feeble attempts to restore the ruins. They constructed a fort on the old
+grounds; and within the ramparts built a hamlet consisting of about
+eighty-five cabins, generally of twelve feet by ten. The work went
+slowly on, without hope or encouragement. Despondency and discontent
+pervaded all ranks. The provisions became scanty, and unfair dealing
+resorted to. There were plots and factions formed, and one malcontent
+hanged. Nor was the ecclesiastical part happily arranged. The provision
+made by the General Assembly was as defective as the provision for the
+temporal wants had been made by the directors of the company. Of the
+four divines, one of them, Alexander Dalgleish, died at sea, on board of
+Captain Duncan's vessel. They were all of the established church of
+Scotland, who had the strongest sympathy with the Cameronians. They were
+at war with almost all the colonists. The antagonisms between priest and
+people were extravagant and fatal. They described their flocks as the
+most profligate of mankind, and declared it was most impossible to
+constitute a presbytery, for it was impossible to find persons fit to be
+ruling elders of a Christian church. This part of the trouble can easily
+be accounted for. One-third of the people were Highlanders, who did not
+understand a word of English, and not one of the pastors knew a word of
+Gaelic; and only through interpreters could they converse with this
+large body of men. It is also more than probable that many of these men,
+trained to war, had more or less of a tendency to fling off every
+corrective band. Both Rev. John Borland and Rev. Alexander Shiels,
+author of the "Hynd let Loose," were stern fanatics who would tolerate
+nothing diverging a shade from their own code of principles. They
+treated the people as persons under their spiritual authority, and
+required of them fastings, humiliations, and long attendance on sermons
+and exhortations. Such pastors were treated with contempt and ignominy
+by men scarcely inclined to bear ecclesiastical authority, even in its
+lightest form. They mistook their mission, which was to give Christian
+counsel, and to lead gently and with dignity from error into rectitude.
+Instead of this they fell upon the flock like irritated schoolmasters
+who find their pupils in mutiny. They became angry and dominative; and
+the more they thus exhibited themselves, the more scorn and contumely
+they encountered. Meanwhile two trading sloops arrived in the harbor
+with a small stock of provisions; but the supply was inadequate; so five
+hundred of the party were ordered to embark for Scotland.
+
+The news of the abandonment of the settlement by the first expedition
+was first rumored in London during the middle of September, 1699.
+Letters giving such accounts had been received from Jamaica. The report
+reached Edinburgh on the 19th, but was received with scornful
+incredulity. It was declared to be an impudent lie devised by some
+Englishmen who could not endure the sight of Scotland waxing great and
+opulent. On October 4th the whole truth was known, for letters had been
+received from New York announcing that a few miserable men, the remains
+of the colony, had arrived in the Hudson. Grief, dismay, and rage seized
+the nation. The directors in their rage called the colonists
+white-livered deserters. Accurate accounts brought the realization of
+the truth that hundreds of families, once in comparative opulence, were
+now reduced almost to beggary, and the flower of the nation had either
+succumbed to hardships, or else were languishing in prisons in the
+Spanish settlements, or else starving in English colonies. The
+bitterness of disappointment was succeeded by an implacable hostility to
+the king, who was denounced in pamphlets of the most violent and
+inflammatory character, calling him a hypocrite, and a deceiver of those
+who had shed their best blood in his cause, and the author of the
+misfortunes of Scotland. Indemnification, redress, and revenge were
+demanded by every mouth, and each hand was ready to vouch for the claim.
+Never had just such a feeling existed in Scotland. It became a useless
+possession to the king, for he could not wring one penny from that
+kingdom for the public service, and, what was more important to him, he
+could not induce one recruit for his continental wars. William continued
+to remain indifferent to all complaints of hardships and petitions of
+redress, unless when he showed himself irritated by the importunity of
+the suppliants, and hurt at being obliged to evade what it was
+impossible for him, with the least semblance of justice to refuse. The
+feeling against William long continued in Scotland. As late as November
+5, 1788, when it was proposed that a monument should be erected in
+Edinburgh to his memory, there appeared in one of the papers an
+anonymous communication ironically applauding the undertaking, and
+proposing as two subjects of the entablature, for the base of the
+projected column, the massacre of Glencoe and the distresses of the
+Scottish colonists in Darien. On the appearance of this article the
+project was very properly and righteously abandoned. The result of the
+Darien Scheme and the cold-blooded policy of William made the Scottish
+nation ripe for rebellion. Had there been even one member of the exiled
+house of Stuart equal to the occasion, that family could then have
+returned to Scotland amid the joys and acclamations of the nation.
+
+Amidst the disasters of the first expedition the directors of the
+company were not unmindful of the fate of those who had sailed in the
+last fleet. These people must be promptly succored. The company hired
+the ship Margaret, commanded by Captain Leonard Robertson, which sailed
+from Dundee, March 9, 1700; but what was of greater importance was the
+commission given to Captain Alexander Campbell of Fonab, under date of
+October 10, 1699, making him a councillor of the company and investing
+him with "the chief and supreme command, both by sea and by land, of all
+ships, men, forts, settlements, lands, possessions, and others
+whatsoever belonging to the said company in any part or parts of
+America,"[19] with instructions to lose no time in taking passage for
+Jamaica, or the Leeward Islands and there secure a vessel, with three or
+four months' provisions for the colony. Arriving at the Barbadoes, he
+then purchased a vessel with a cargo of provisions, and on January 24,
+1700, sailed for Darien, which he reached February 5th, and just in time
+to be of active service; for intelligence had reached the colony that
+fifteen hundred Spaniards lay encamped on the Rio Santa Maria, waiting
+the arrival of an armament of eleven ships, with troops on board,
+destined to attack Ft. St. Andrew. Captain Campbell of Fonab, who had
+gained for himself great reputation in Flanders as an approved warrior,
+resolved to anticipate the enemy, and at once mustering two hundred of
+his veteran troops, accompanied by sixty Indians, marched over the
+mountains, and fell on the Spanish camp by night, and dispersed them
+with great slaughter, with a loss to the colony of nine killed and
+fourteen wounded, among the latter being their gallant commander. The
+Spaniards could not withstand the tumultuous rush of the Highlanders,
+and in precipitate flight left a large number of their dead upon the
+field. The little band, among the spoils, brought back the Spanish
+commander's decoration of the "Golden Fleece." When they recrossed the
+mountains it was to find their poor countrymen blockaded by five Spanish
+men-of-war. Campbell, and others, believing that no inequalities
+justified submission to such an enemy, determined on resistance, but
+soon discovered that resistance was in vain, when they could only depend
+on diseased, starving and broken-hearted men. As the Spaniards would not
+include Captain Campbell in the terms of capitulation, he managed, with
+several companions, dexterously to escape in a small vessel, sailed for
+New York, and from thence to Scotland. The defence of the colony under
+Fonab's genius had been heroic. When ammunition had given out, their
+pewter dishes were fashioned into cannon balls. On March 18, 1700, the
+colonists capitulated on honorable terms. It was a received popular
+opinion in Scotland that none of those who were concerned in the
+surrender ever returned to their native country. So weak were the
+survivors, and so few in numbers, that they were unable to weigh the
+anchor of their largest ship until the Spaniards came to their
+assistance. What became of them? Their melancholy tale is soon told.
+
+The Earl of Bellomont, writing to the Lords of the Admiralty, under
+date, New York, October 15, 1700, says:[20]
+
+   "Some Scotchmen are newly come hither from Carolina that belonged to
+   the ship Rising Sun (the biggest ship they set out for their
+   Caledonia expedition) who tell me that on the third of last month a
+   hurricane happened on that coast, as that ship lay at anchor, within
+   less than three leagues of Charles Town in Carolina with another
+   Scotch ship called the Duke of Hamilton, and three or four others;
+   that the ships were all shattered in pieces and all the people lost,
+   and not a man saved. The Rising Sun had 112 men on board. The Scotch
+   men that are come hither say that 15 of 'em went on shore before the
+   storm to buy fresh provisions at Charles Town by which means they
+   were saved. Two other of their ships they suppose were lost in the
+   Gulph of Florida in the same storm. They came all from Jamaica and
+   were bound hither to take in provisions on their way to Scotland. The
+   Rising Sun had 60 guns mounted and could have carryed many more, as
+   they tell me."
+
+The colonists found a watery grave. No friendly hand nor sympathizing
+tear soothed their dying moments; no clergyman eulogized their heroism,
+self-sacrifice and virtues; no orator has pronounced a panegyric; no
+poet has embalmed their memory in song, and no novelist has taken their
+record for a fanciful story. Since their mission was a failure their
+memory is doomed to rest without marble monument or graven image. To the
+merciful and the just they will be honored as heroes and pioneers.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 13: The Darien Papers, pp. 371-417.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Darien Papers," pp 195, 275.]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. IV,
+p. 591.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 17: "Darien Papers," p. 150.]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Darien Papers," p. 160.]
+
+[Footnote 19: "Darien Papers," p. 176.]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Documents Relating to Colonial History of New York," Vol.
+IV, p. 711.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+
+The earliest, largest and most important settlement of Highlanders in
+America, prior to the Peace of 1783, was in North Carolina, along Cape
+Fear River, about one hundred miles from its mouth, and in what was then
+Bladen, but now Cumberland County. The time when the Highlanders began
+to occupy this territory is not definitely known; but some were located
+there in 1729, at the time of the separation of the province into North
+and South Carolina. It is not known what motive caused the first
+settlers to select that region. There was no leading clan in this
+movement, for various ones were well represented. At the headwaters of
+navigation these pioneers literally pitched their tent in the
+wilderness, for there were but few human abodes to offer them shelter.
+The chief occupants of the soil were the wild deer, turkeys, wolves,
+raccoons, opossums, with huge rattlesnakes to contest the intrusion.
+Fortunately for the homeless immigrant the climate was genial, and the
+stately tree would afford him shelter while he constructed a house out
+of logs proffered by the forest. Soon they began to fell the primeval
+forest, grub, drain, and clear the rich alluvial lands bordering on the
+river, and plant such vegetables as were to give them subsistence.
+
+In course of time a town was formed, called Campbellton, then Cross
+Creek, and after the Revolution, in honor of the great Frenchman, who
+was so truly loyal to Washington, it was permanently changed to
+Fayetteville.
+
+The immigration to North Carolina was accelerated, not only by the
+accounts sent back to the Highlanders of Scotland by the first settlers,
+but particularly under the patronage of Gabriel Johnston, governor of
+the province from 1734 until his death in 1752. He was born in Scotland,
+educated at the University of St. Andrews, where he became professor of
+Oriental languages, and still later a political writer in London. He
+bears the reputation of having done more to promote the prosperity of
+North Carolina than all its other colonial governors combined. However,
+he was often arbitrary and unwise with his power, besides having the
+usual misfortune of colonial governors of being at variance with the
+legislature. He was very partial to the people of his native country,
+and sought to better their condition by inducing them to emigrate to
+North Carolina. Among the charges brought against him, in 1748, was his
+inordinate fondness for Scotchmen, and even Scotch rebels. So great, it
+was alleged, was his partiality for the latter that he showed no joy
+over the king's "glorious victory of Culloden;" and "that he had
+appointed one William McGregor, who had been in the Rebellion in the
+year 1715, a Justice of the Peace during the late Rebellion (1745) and
+was not himself without suspicion of disaffection to His Majesty's
+Government."[21]
+
+The "Colonial Records of North Carolina" contain many distinctively
+Highland names, most of which refer to persons whose nativity was in the
+Scottish Highlands; but these furnish no certain criterion, for
+doubtless some of the parties, though of Highland parents, were born in
+the older provinces, while in later colonial history others belong to
+the Scotch-Irish, who came in that great wave of migration from Ulster,
+and found a lodgment upon the headwaters of the Cape Fear, Pee Dee and
+Neuse. Many of the early Highland emigrants were very prominent in the
+annals of the colony, among whom none were more so than Colonel James
+Innes, who was born about the year 1700 at Cannisbay, a town on the
+extreme northern point of the coast of Scotland. He was a personal
+friend of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, who in 1754 appointed him
+commander-in-chief of all the forces in the expedition to the
+Ohio,--George Washington being the colonel commanding the Virginia
+regiment. He had previously seen some service as a captain in the
+unsuccessful expedition against Carthagenia.
+
+The real impetus of the Highland emigration to North Carolina was the
+arrival, in 1739, of a "shipload," under the guidance of Neil McNeill,
+of Kintyre, Scotland, who settled also on the Cape Fear, amongst those
+who had preceded him. Here he found Hector McNeill, called "Bluff
+Hector," from his residence near the bluffs above Cross Creek.
+
+Neil McNeill, with his countrymen, landed on the Cape Fear during the
+month of September. They numbered three hundred and fifty souls,
+principally from Argyleshire. At the ensuing session of the legislature
+they made application for substantial encouragement, that they might
+thereby be able to induce the rest of their friends and acquaintances to
+settle in the country. While this petition was pending, in order to
+encourage them and others and also to show his good will, the governor
+appointed, by the council of the province, a certain number of them
+justices of the peace, the commissions bearing date of February 28,
+1740. The proceedings show that it was "ordered that a new commission of
+peace for Bladen directed to the following persons: Mathew Rowan, Wm.
+Forbes, Hugh Blaning, John Clayton, Robert Hamilton, Griffeth Jones,
+James Lyon, Duncan Campbel, Dugold McNeil, Dan McNeil, Wm. Bartram and
+Samuel Baker hereby constituting and appointing them Justices of the
+Peace for the said county."[22]
+
+These were the first so appointed. The petition was first heard in the
+upper house of the legislature, at Newbern, and on January 26, 1740, the
+following action was taken:
+
+   "Resolved, that the Persons mentioned in said Petition, shall be free
+   from payment of any Publick or County tax for Ten years next ensuing
+   their Arrival.
+
+   "Resolved, that towards their subsistence the sum of one thousand
+   pounds be paid out of the Publick money, by His Excellency's warrant
+   to be lodged with Duncan Campbell, Dugald McNeal, Daniel McNeal.
+   Coll. McAlister and Neal McNeal Esqrs., to be by them distributed
+   among the several families in the said Petition mentioned.
+
+   "Resolved, that as an encouragement for Protestants to remove from
+   Europe into this Province, to settle themselves in bodys or
+   Townships, That all such as shall so remove into this Province.
+   Provided they exceed forty persons in one body or Company, they shall
+   be exempted from payment of any Publick or County tax for the space
+   of Ten years, next ensuing their Arrival.
+
+   "Resolved, that an address be presented to his Excellency the
+   Governor to desire him to use his Interest, in such manner, as he
+   shall think most proper to obtain an Instruction for giveing
+   encouragement to Protestants from foreign parts, to settle in
+   Townships within this Province, to be set apart for that purpose
+   after the manner, and with such priviledges and advantages, as is
+   practised in South Carolina."[23]
+
+The petition was concurred in by the lower house on February 21st, and
+on the 26th, after reciting the action of the upper house in relation to
+the petition, passed the following:
+
+   "Resolved, That this House concurs with the several Resolves of the
+   Upper House in the abovesd Message Except that relateing to the
+   thousand pounds which this House refers till next Session of Assembly
+   for Consideration."[24]
+
+At a meeting of the council held at Wilmington, June 4, 1740, there were
+presented petitions for patents of lands, by the following persons,
+giving acres and location, as granted:
+
+   Name.                           Acres.           County.
+
+   Thos Clarks                        320           N. Hanover
+   James McLachlan                    160           Bladen
+   Hector McNeil                      300              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    150              "
+   James McAlister                    640              "
+   James McDugald                     640              "
+   Duncan Campbell                     75              "
+   Hugh McCraine                      500              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    320              "
+   Gilbert Pattison                   640              "
+   Rich Lovett                        855           Tyrrel
+   Rd Earl                            108           N. Hanover
+   Jno McFerson                       320           Bladen
+   Duncan Campbell                    300              "
+   Neil McNeil                        150              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    140              "
+   Jno Clark                          320              "
+   Malcolm McNeil                     320              "
+   Neil McNeil                        400              "
+   Arch Bug                           320              "
+
+       Name.                       Acres.           County.
+   Duncan Campbel                     640           Bladen
+   Jas McLachlen                      320              "
+   Murdock McBraine                   320              "
+   Jas Campbel                        640              "
+   Patric Stewart                     320              "
+   Arch Campley                       320              "
+   Dan McNeil                         105 (400) 400    "
+   Neil McNeil                        400              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     320              "
+   Jno Martileer                      160              "
+   Daniel McNeil                      320              "
+   Wm Stevens                         300              "
+   Dan McNeil                         400              "
+   Jas McLachlen                      320              "
+   Wm Speir                           160           Edgecombe
+   Jno Clayton                        100           Bladen
+   Sam Portevint                      640           N. Hanover
+   Charles Harrison                   320              "
+   Robt Walker                        640              "
+   Jas Smalwood                       640              "
+   Wm Faris                           400 640 640      "
+   Richd Carlton                      180           Craven
+   Duncan Campbel                     150           Bladen
+   Neil McNeil                        321              "
+   Alex McKey                         320              "
+   Henry Skibley                      320              "
+   Jno Owen                           200              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     400              "
+   Dougal Stewart                     640              "
+   Arch Douglass                      200           N. Hanover
+   James Murray                       320              "
+   Robt Clark                         200              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     148           Bladen
+   James McLachlen                    320              "
+   Arch McGill                        500              "
+   Jno Speir                          100           Edgecombe
+   James Fergus                       640              "
+   Rufus Marsden                      640              "
+   Hugh Blaning                       320 (surplus land) Bladen
+   Robt Hardy                         400           Beaufort
+   Wm Jones                           354 350             [25]
+
+All the above names, by no means are Highland; but as they occur in the
+same list, in all probability, came on the same ship, and were probably
+connected by kindred ties with the Gaels.
+
+The colony was destined soon to receive a great influx from the
+Highlands of Scotland, due to the frightful oppression and persecution
+which immediately followed the battle of Culloden. Not satisfied with
+the merciless harrying of the Highlands, the English army on its return
+into England carried with it a large number of prisoners, and after a
+hasty military trial many were publicly executed. Twenty-two suffered
+death in Yorkshire; seventeen were put to death in Cumberland; and
+seventeen at Kennington Common, near London. When the king's vengeance
+had been fully glutted, he pardoned a large number, on condition of
+their leaving the British Isles and emigrating to the plantations, after
+having first taken the oath of allegiance.
+
+The collapsing of the romantic scheme to re-establish the Stuart
+dynasty, in which so many brave and generous mountaineers were enlisted,
+also brought an indiscriminate national punishment upon the Scottish
+Gaels, for a blow was struck not only at those "who were out" with
+prince Charles, but also those who fought for the reigning dynasty. Left
+without chief, or protector, clanship broken up, homes destroyed and
+kindred murdered, dispirited, outlawed, insulted and without hope of
+palliation or redress, the only ray of light pointed across the Atlantic
+where peace and rest were to be found in the unbroken forests of North
+Carolina. Hence, during the years 1746 and 1747, great numbers of
+Highlanders, with their families and the families of their friends,
+removed to North Carolina and settled along the Cape Fear river,
+covering a great space of country, of which Cross Creek, or Campbelton,
+now Fayetteville, was the common center. This region received shipload
+after shipload of the harrassed, down-trodden and maligned people. The
+emigration, forced by royal persecution and authority, was carried on by
+those who desired to improve their condition, by owning the land they
+tilled. In a few years large companies of Highlanders joined their
+countrymen in Bladen County, which has since been subdivided into the
+counties of Anson, Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Richmond, Robeson and
+Sampson, but the greater portion established themselves within the
+present limits of Cumberland, with Fayetteville the seat of justice.
+There was in fact a Carolina mania which was not broken until the
+beginning of the Revolution.[26] The flame of enthusiasm passed like
+wildfire through the Highland glens and Western Isles. It pervaded all
+classes, from the poorest crofter to the well-to-do farmer, and even men
+of easy competence, who were according to the appropriate song of the
+day,
+
+   "Dol a dh'iarruidh an fhortain do North Carolina."
+
+Large ocean crafts, from several of the Western Lochs, laden with
+hundreds of passengers sailed direct for the far west. In that day this
+was a great undertaking, fraught with perils of the sea, and a long,
+comfortless voyage. Yet all this was preferable than the homes they
+loved so well; but no longer homes to them! They carried with them their
+language, their religion, their manners, their customs and costumes. In
+short, it was a Highland community transplanted to more hospitable
+shores.
+
+The numbers of Highlanders at any given period can only relatively be
+known. In 1753 it was estimated that in Cumberland County there were one
+thousand Highlanders capable of bearing arms, which would make the whole
+number between four and five thousand,--to say nothing of those in the
+adjoining districts, besides those scattered in the other counties of
+the province.
+
+The people at once settled quietly and devoted their energies to
+improving their lands. The country rapidly developed and wealth began to
+drop into the lap of the industrious. The social claims were not
+forgotten, and the political demands were attended to. It is recorded
+that in 1758 Hector McNeil was sheriff of Cumberland County, and as his
+salary was but £10, it indicates his services were not in demand, and
+there was a healthy condition of affairs.
+
+Hector McNeil and Alexander McCollister represented Cumberland County in
+the legislature that assembled at Wilmington April 13, 1762. In 1764 the
+members were Farquhar Campbell and Walter Gibson,--the former being
+also a member in 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1775, and during this period one
+of the leading men, not only of the county, but also of the legislature.
+Had he, during the Revolution, taken a consistent position in harmony
+with his former acts, he would have been one of the foremost patriots of
+his adopted state; but owing to his vacillating character, his course of
+conduct inured to his discomfiture and reputation.
+
+The legislative body was clothed with sufficient powers to ameliorate
+individual distress, and was frequently appealed to for relief. In quite
+a list of names, seeking relief from "Public duties and Taxes," April
+16, 1762, is that of Hugh McClean, of Cumberland county. The relief was
+granted. This would indicate that there was more or less of a struggle
+in attaining an independent home, which the legislative body desired to
+assist in as much as possible, in justice to the commonwealth.
+
+The Peace of 1763 not only saw the American Colonies prosperous, but
+they so continued, making great strides in development and growth.
+England began to look towards them as a source for additional revenue
+towards filling her depleted exchequer; and, in order to realize this,
+in March, 1765, her parliament passed, by great majorities, the
+celebrated act for imposing stamp duties in America. All America was
+soon in a foment. The people of North Carolina had always asserted their
+liberties on the subject of taxation. As early as 1716, when the
+province, all told, contained only eight thousand inhabitants, they
+entered upon the journal of their assembly the formal declaration "that
+the impressing of the inhabitants or their property under pretence of
+its being for the public service without authority of the Assembly, was
+unwarrantable and a great infringement upon the liberty of the subject."
+In 1760 the Assembly declared its indubitable right to frame and model
+every bill whereby an aid was granted to the king. In 1764 it entered
+upon its journal a peremptory order that the treasurer should not pay
+out any money by order of the governor and council without the
+concurrence of the assembly.
+
+William Tryon assumed the duties of governor March 28, 1765, and
+immediately after he took charge of affairs the assembly was called, but
+within two weeks he prorogued it; said to have been done in consequence
+of an interview with the speaker of the assembly, Mr. Ashe, who, in
+answer to a question by the governor on the Stamp Act, replied, "We will
+fight it to the death." The North Carolina records show it was fought
+even to "the death."
+
+The prevalent excitement seized the Highlanders along the Cape Fear. A
+letter appeared in "The North Carolina Gazette," dated at Cross Creek,
+January 30, 1766, in which the writer urges the people by every
+consideration, in the name of "dear Liberty" to rise in their might and
+put a stop to the seizures then in progress. He asks the people if they
+have "lost their senses and their souls, and are they determined tamely
+to submit to slavery." Nor did the matter end here; for, the people of
+Cross Creek gave vent to their resentment by burning lord Bute in
+effigy.
+
+Just how far statistics represent the wealth of a people may not be
+wholly determined. At this period of the history, referring to a return
+of the counties, in 1767, it is stated that Anson county, called also
+parish of St. George, had six hundred and ninety-six white taxables,
+that the people were in general poor and unable to, support a minister.
+Bladen county, or St. Martin's parish, had seven hundred and ninety-one
+taxable whites, and the inhabitants in middling circumstances.
+Cumberland, or St. David's parish, had eight hundred and ninety-nine
+taxable whites, "mostly Scotch--Support a Presbyterian Minister."
+
+The Colonial Records of North Carolina do not exhibit a list of the
+emigrants, and seldom refer to the ship by name. Occasionally, however,
+a list has been preserved in the minutes of the official proceedings.
+Hence it may be read that on November 4, 1767, there landed at
+Brunswick, from the Isle of Jura, Argyleshire, Scotland, the following
+names of families and persons, to whom were allotted vacant lands, clear
+of all fees, to be taken up in Cumberland or Mecklenburgh counties, at
+their option:
+
+   +-------------------------------+-------------+-------+----------+
+   |                               |  CHILDREN   |       | Acres to |
+   |       NAMES OF FAMILIES       +------+------+ TOTAL |   Each   |
+   |                               | Male |Female|       |  Family  |
+   +-------------------------------+------+------+-------+----------+
+   |Alexander McDougald and wife   |      |   1  |   3   |    300   |
+   |Malcolm McDougald    "   "     |      |   1  |   3   |    300   |
+   |Neill McLean         "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Duncan McLean        "   "     |      |      |   2   |    200   |
+   |Duncan Buea          "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Angus McDougald      "   "     |      |      |   2   |    200   |
+   |Dougald McDougald    "   "     |   3  |   1  |   6   |    640   |
+   |Dougald McDougald    "   "     |   2  |      |   4   |    400   |
+   |John Campbell        "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Archibald Buea       "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Neill Buea                     |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Neill Clark                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McLean                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Angus McDougald                |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McDougald                 |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McDougald               |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McDougald               |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Alexander McDougald            |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McLean                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peter McLean                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Malcolm Buea                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Duncan Buea                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Mary Buea                      |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Nancy McLean                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peggy Sinclair                 |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peggy McDougald                |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Jenny Darach                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McLean                  |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   +-------------------------------+------+------+-------+----------+
+
+These names show they were from Argyleshire, and probably from the Isle
+of Mull, and the immediate vicinity of the present city of Oban.
+
+The year 1771 witnessed civil strife in North Carolina. The War of the
+Regulators was caused by oppression in disproportionate taxation; no
+method for payment of taxes in produce, as in other counties; unfairness
+in transactions of business by officials; the privilege exercised by
+lawyers to commence suits in any court they pleased, and unlawful fees
+extorted. The assembly was petitioned in vain on these points, and on
+account of these wrongs the people of the western districts attempted to
+gain by force what was denied them by peaceable means.
+
+One of the most surprising things about this war is that it was
+ruthlessly stamped out by the very people of the eastern part of the
+province who themselves had been foremost in rebellion against the Stamp
+Act. And, furthermore, to be leaders against Great Britain in less than
+five years from the battle of the Alamance. Nor did they appear in the
+least to be willing to concede justice to their western brethren, until
+the formation of the state constitution, in 1776, when thirteen, out of
+the forty-seven sections, of that instrument embodied the reforms sought
+for by the Regulators.
+
+On March 10, 1771, Governor Tryon apportioned the number of troops for
+each county which were to march against the insurgents. In this
+allotment fifty each fell to Cumberland, Bladen, and Anson counties.
+Farquhar Campbell was given a captain's commission, and two commissions
+in blank for lieutenant and ensign, besides a draft for £150, to be used
+as bounty money to the enlisted men, and other expenses. As soon as his
+company was raised, he was ordered to join, as he thought expedient,
+either the westward or eastward detachment. The date of his orders is
+April 18, 1771. Captain Campbell had expressed himself as being able to
+raise the complement.[27] The records do not show whether or not Captain
+Campbell and his company took an active part.
+
+It cannot be affirmed that the expedition against the Regulators was a
+popular one. When the militia was called out, there arose trouble in
+Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, Pitt and Edgecombe counties, with no troops
+from the Albemarle section. In Bute county where there was a regiment
+eight hundred strong, when called upon for fifty volunteers, all broke
+rank, without orders, declaring that they were in sympathy with the
+Regulators.
+
+The freeholders living near Campbelton on March 13, 1772, petitioned
+Governor Martin for a change in the charter of their town, alleging that
+as Campbelton was a trading town persons temporarily residing there
+voted, and thus the power of election was thrown into their hands,
+because the property owners were fewer in numbers. They desired "a new
+Charter impowering all persons, being Freeholders within two miles of
+the Courthouse of Campbelton or seized of an Estate for their own, or
+the life of any other person in any dwelling-house (such house having a
+stone or brick Chimney thereunto belonging and appendent) to elect a
+Member to represent them in General Assembly. Whereby we humbly conceive
+that the right of election will be lodged with those who only have right
+to Claim it and the purposes for which the Charter was granted to
+encourage Merchants of property to settle there fully answered."[28]
+
+Among the names signed to this petition are those of Neill MacArther,
+Alexr. MacArther, James McDonald, Benja. McNatt, Ferqd. Campbell, and A.
+Maclaine. The charter was granted.
+
+The people of Cumberland county had a care for their own interests, and
+fully appreciated the value of public buildings. Partly by their
+efforts, the upper legislative house, on February 24, 1773, passed a
+bill for laying out a public road from the Dan through the counties of
+Guilford, Chatham and Cumberland to Campbelton. On the 26th same month,
+the same house passed a bill for regulating the borough of Campbelton,
+and erecting public buildings therein, consisting of court house, gaol,
+pillory and stocks, naming the following persons to be commissioners:
+Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell, Richard Lyon, Robert Nelson,
+and Robert Cochran.[29] The same year Cumberland county paid in
+quit-rents, fines and forfeitures the sum of £206.
+
+In September, 1773, a boy named Reynold McDugal was condemned for
+murder. His youthful appearance, looking to be but thirteen, though
+really eighteen years of age, enlisted the sympathy of a great many, who
+petitioned for clemency, which was granted. To this petition were
+attached such Highland names as, Angus Camel, Alexr. McKlarty, James
+McKlarty, Malcolm McBride, Neil McCoulskey, Donald McKeithen, Duncan
+McKeithen, Gilbert McKeithen, Archibald McKeithen, Daniel McFarther,
+John McFarther, Daniel Graham, Malcolm Graham, Malcolm McFarland,
+Murdock Graham, Michael Graham, John McKown, Robert McKown, William
+McKown, Daniel Campbell, John Campbell. Iver McKay, John McLeod, Alexr.
+Graham, Evin McMullan, John McDuffie, William McNeil. Andw. McCleland.
+John McCleland, Wm. McRei, Archd. McCoulsky, James McCoulsky, Chas.
+McNaughton, Jno. McLason.
+
+The Highland clans were fairly represented, with a preponderance in
+favor of the McNeils. They still wore their distinctive costume, the
+plaid, the kilt, and the sporan,--and mingled together, as though they
+constituted but one family. A change now began to take place and rapidly
+took on mammoth proportions. The MacDonalds of Raasay and Skye became
+impatient under coercion and set out in great numbers for North
+Carolina. Among them was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough, and his famous
+wife, the heroine Flora, who arrived in 1774. Allan MacDonald succeeded
+to the estate of Kingsburgh in 1772, on the death of his father, but
+finding it incumbered with debt, and embarrassed in his affairs, he
+resolved in 1773 to go to North Carolina, and there hoped to mend his
+fortunes. He settled in Anson county. Although somewhat aged, he had the
+graceful mien and manly looks of a gallant Highlander. He had jet black
+hair tied behind, and was a large, stately man, with a steady, sensible
+countenance. He wore his tartan thrown about him, a large blue bonnet
+with a knot of black ribbon like a cockade, a brown short coat, a tartan
+waistcoat with gold buttons and gold button holes, a bluish philabeg,
+and tartan hose. At once he took precedence among his countrymen,
+becoming their leader and adviser. The Macdonalds, by 1775, were so
+numerous in Cumberland county as to be called the "Clan Donald," and the
+insurrection of February, 1776, is still known as the "Insurrection of
+the Clan MacDonald."
+
+Little did the late comers know or realize the gathering storm. The
+people of the West Highlands, so remote from the outside world, could
+not apprehend the spirit of liberty that was being awakened in the
+Thirteen Colonies. Or, if they heard of it, the report found no special
+lodgement. In short, there were but few capable of realizing what the
+outcome would be. Up to the very breaking out of hostilities the clans
+poured forth emigrants into North Carolina.
+
+Matters long brewing now began to culminate and evil days grew apace.
+The ruling powers of England refused to understand the rights of
+America, and their king rushed headlong into war. The colonists had
+suffered long and patiently, but when the overt act came they appealed
+to arms. Long they bore misrule. An English king, of his own whim, or
+the favoritism of a minister, or the caprice of a woman good or bad, or
+for money in hand paid, selected the governor, chief justice, secretary,
+receiver-general, and attorney-general for the province. The governor
+selected the members of the council, the associate judges, the
+magistrates, and the sheriffs. The clerks of the county courts and the
+register of deeds were selected by the clerk of pleas, who having bought
+his office in England came to North Carolina and peddled out "county
+rights" at prices ranging from £4 to £40 annual rent per county.
+Scandalous abuses accumulated, especially under such governors as were
+usually chosen. The people were still loyal to England, even after the
+first clash of arms, but the open rupture rapidly prepared them for
+independence. The open revolt needed only the match. When that was
+applied, a continent was soon ablaze, controlled by a lofty patriotism.
+
+The steps taken by the leaders of public sentiment in America were
+prudent and statesmanlike. Continental and Provincial Congresses were
+created. The first in North Carolina convened at Newbern, August 25,
+1774. Cumberland county was represented by Farquhard Campbell and Thomas
+Rutherford. The Second Congress convened at the same place April 30,
+1775. Again the same parties represented Cumberland county, with an
+additional one for Campbelton in the person of Robert Rowan. At this
+time the Highlanders were in sympathy with the people of their adopted
+country. But not all, for on July 3rd, Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough
+went to Fort Johnson, and concerted with Governor Martin the raising of
+a battalion of "the good and faithful Highlanders." He fully calculated
+on the recently settled MacDonalds and MacLeods. All who took part in
+the Second Congress were not prepared to take or realize the logic of
+their position, and what would be the final result.
+
+The Highlanders soon became an object of consideration to the leaders
+on both sides of the controversy. They were numerically strong,
+increasing in numbers, and their military qualities beyond question.
+Active efforts were put forth in order to induce them to throw the
+weight of their decision both to the patriot cause and also to that of
+the king. Consequently emissaries were sent amongst them. The prevalent
+impression was that they had a strong inclination towards the royalist
+cause, and that party took every precaution to cement their loyalty.
+Even the religious side of their natures was wrought upon.
+
+The Americans early saw the advantage of decisive steps. In a letter
+from Joseph Hewes, John Penn, and William Hooper, the North Carolina
+delegates to the Continental Congress, to the members of the Provincial
+Congress, under date of December 1, 1775, occurs the admission that "in
+our attention to military preparations we have not lost sight of a means
+of safety to be effected by the power of the pulpit, reasoning and
+persuasion. We know the respect which the Regulators and Highlanders
+entertain for the clergy; they still feel the impressions of a religious
+education, and truths to them come with irresistible influence from the
+mouths of their spiritual pastors. * * * The Continental Congress have
+thought proper to direct us to employ two pious clergymen to make a tour
+through North Carolina in order to remove the prejudices which the minds
+of the Regulators and Highlanders may labor under with respect to the
+justice of the American controversy, and to obviate the religious
+scruples which Governor Tryon's heartrending oath has implanted in their
+tender consciences. We are employed at present in quest of some persons
+who may be equal to this undertaking."[30]
+
+The Regulators were divided in their sympathies, and it was impossible
+to find a Gaelic-speaking minister, clothed with authority, to go among
+the Highlanders. Even if such a personage could have been found, the
+effort would have been counteracted by the influence of John McLeod,
+their own minister. His sympathies, though not boldly expressed, were
+against the interests of the Thirteen Colonies, and on account of his
+suspicious actions was placed under arrest, but discharged May 11, 1776,
+by the Provincial Congress, in the following order:
+
+"That the Rev. John McLeod, who was brought to this Congress on
+suspicion of his having acted inimical to the rights of America, be
+discharged from his further attendance."[31]
+
+August 23, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed, from among its
+members, Archibald Maclaine, Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell,
+Robert Rowan, Thomas Wade, Alexander McKay, John Ashe, Samuel Spencer,
+Walter Gibson, William Kennon, and James Hepburn, "a committee to confer
+with the Gentlemen who have lately arrived from the Highlands in
+Scotland to settle in this Province, and to explain to them the Nature
+of our Unhappy Controversy with Great Britain, and to advise and urge
+them to unite with the other Inhabitants of America in defence of those
+rights which they derive from God and the Constitution."[32][33]
+
+No steps appear to have been taken by the Americans to organize the
+Highlanders into military companies, but rather their efforts were to
+enlist their sympathies. On the other hand, the royal governor, Josiah
+Martin, took steps towards enrolling them into active British service.
+In a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, under date of June 30, 1775,
+Martin declares he "could collect immediately among the emigrants from
+the Highlands of Scotland, who were settled here, and immoveably
+attached to His Majesty and His Government, that I am assured by the
+best authority I may compute at 3000 effective men," and begs permission
+"to raise a Battalion of a Thousand Highlanders here," and "I would most
+humbly beg leave to recommend Mr. Allen McDonald of Kingsborough to be
+Major, and Captain Alexd. McLeod of the Marines now on half pay to be
+first Captain, who besides being men of great worth, and good character,
+have most extensive influence over the Highlanders here, great part of
+which are of their own names and familys, and I should flatter myself
+that His Majesty would be graciously pleased to permit me to nominate
+some of the Subalterns of such a Battalion, not for pecuniary
+consideration, but for encouragement to some active and deserving young
+Highland Gentlemen who might be usefully employed in the speedy raising
+the proposed Battalion. Indeed I cannot help observing My Lord, that
+there are three of four Gentlemen of consideration here, of the name of
+McDonald, and a Lieutenant Alexd. McLean late of the Regiment now on
+half pay, whom I should be happy to see appointed Captains in such a
+Battalion, being persuaded they would heartily promote and do credit to
+His Majesty's Service."[34]
+
+November 12, 1775, the governor farther reports to the same that he can
+assure "your Lordship that the Scotch Highlanders here are generally and
+almost without exception staunch to Government," and that "Captain
+Alexr. McLeod, a Gentleman from the Highlands of Scotland and late an
+Officer in the Marines who has been settled in this Province about a
+year and is one of the Gentlemen I had the honor to recommend to your
+Lordship to be appointed a Captain in the Battalion of Highlanders, I
+proposed with his Majesty's permission to raise here found his way down
+to me at this place about three weeks ago and I learn from him that he
+is as well as his father in law, Mr. Allan McDonald, proposed by me for
+Major of the intended Corps moved by my encouragements have each raised
+a company of Highlanders since which a Major McDonald who came here some
+time ago from Boston under the orders from General Gage to raise
+Highlanders to form a Battalion to be commanded by Lieut. Coll. Allan
+McLean has made them proposals of being appointed Captains in that
+Corps, which they have accepted on the Condition that his Majesty does
+not approve my proposal of raising a Battallion of Highlanders and
+reserving to themselves the choice of appointments therein in case it
+shall meet with his Majesty's approbation in support of that measure. I
+shall now only presume to add that the taking away those Gentlemen from
+this Province will in a great measure if not totally dissolve the union
+of the Highlanders in it now held together by their influence, that
+those people in their absence may fall under the guidance of some person
+not attached like them to Government in this Colony at present but it
+will ever be maintained by such a regular military force as this
+established in it that will constantly reunite itself with the utmost
+facility and consequently may be always maintained upon the most
+respectable footing."[35]
+
+The year 1775 witnessed the North Carolina patriots very alert. There
+were committees of safety in the various counties; and the Provincial
+Congress began its session at Hillsborough August 21st. Cumberland
+County was represented by Farquhard Campbell, Thomas Rutherford,
+Alexander McKay, Alexander McAlister and David Smith, Campbelton sent
+Joseph Hepburn. Among the members of this Congress having distinctly
+Highland names, the majority of whom doubtless were born in the
+Highlands, if not all, besides those already mentioned, were John
+Campbell and John Johnston from Bertie, Samuel Johnston of Chowan,
+Duncan Lamon of Edgecombe. John McNitt Alexander of Mecklenburg, Kenneth
+McKinzie of Martin, Jeremiah Frazier or Tyrell, William Graham of Tryon,
+and Archibald Maclaine of Wilmington. One of the acts of this Congress
+was to divide the state into military districts and the appointment of
+field officers of the Minute Men. For Cumberland county Thomas
+Rutherford was appointed colonel; Alexander McAlister, lieutenant
+colonel; Duncan McNeill, first major; Alexander McDonald, second major.
+One company of Minute Men was to be raised. This Act was passed on
+September 9th.
+
+As the name of Farquhard Campbell often occurs in connection with the
+early stages of the Revolution, and quite frequently in the Colonial
+Records from 1771 to 1776, a brief notice of him may be of some
+interest. He was a gentleman of wealth, education and influence, and, at
+first, appeared to be warmly attached to the cause of liberty. As has
+been noticed he was a member of the Provincial Congress, and evinced
+much zeal in promoting the popular movement, and, as a visiting member
+from Cumberland county attended the meeting of the Safety Committee at
+Wilmington, on July 20, 1776. When Governor Martin abandoned his palace
+and retreated to Fort Johnston, and thence to an armed ship, it was
+ascertained that he visited Campbell at his residence. Not long
+afterwards the governor's secretary asked the Provincial Congress "to
+give Sanction and Safe Conduct to the removal of the most valuable
+Effects of Governor Martin on Board the Man of War and his Coach and
+Horses to Mr. Farquard Campbell's." When the request was submitted to
+that body, Mr. Campbell "expressed a sincere desire that the Coach and
+Horses should not be sent to his House in Cumberland and is amazed that
+such a proposal should have been made without his approbation or
+privity." On account of his positive disclaimer the Congress, by
+resolution exonerated him from any improper conduct, and that he had
+"conducted himself as an honest member of Society and a friend to the
+American Cause."[36]
+
+He dealt treacherously with the governor as well as with Congress. The
+former, in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, October 16, 1775, says:
+
+   "I have heard too My Lord with infinitely greater surprise and
+   concern that the Scotch Highlanders on whom I had such firm reliance
+   have declared themselves for neutrality, which I am informed is to be
+   attributed to the influence of a certain Mr. Farquhard Campbell an
+   ignorant man who has been settled from childhood in this Country, is
+   an old Member of the Assembly and has imbibed all the American
+   popular principles and prejudices. By the advice of some of his
+   Countrymen I was induced after the receipt of your Lordship's letter
+   No. 16 to communicate with this man on the alarming state of the
+   Country and to sound his disposition in case of matters coming to
+   extremity here, and he expressed to me such abhorence of the
+   violences that had been done at Fort Johnston and in other instances
+   and discovered so much jealousy and apprehension of the ill designs
+   of the Leaders in Sedition here, giving me at the same time so strong
+   assurances of his own loyalty and the good dispositions of his
+   Countrymen that I unsuspecting his dissimulation and treachery was
+   led to impart to him the encouragements I was authorized to hold out
+   to his Majesty's loyal Subjects in this Colony who should stand forth
+   in support of Government which he received with much seeming
+   approbation and repeatedly assured me he would consult with the
+   principles among his Countrymen without whose concurrence he could
+   promise nothing of himself, and would acquaint me with their
+   determinations. From the time of this conversation between us in July
+   I heard nothing of Mr. Campbell until since the late Convention at
+   Hillsborough, where he appeared in the character of a delegate from
+   the County of Cumberland and there, according to my information,
+   unasked and unsolicited and without provocation of any sort was
+   guilty of the base Treachery of promulgating all I had said to him in
+   confidential secrecy, which he had promised sacredly and inviolably
+   to observe, and of the aggravating crime of falsehood in making
+   additions of his own invention and declaring that he had rejected all
+   my propositions."[37]
+
+The governor again refers to him in his letter to the same, dated
+November 12, 1775:
+
+   "From Capt. McLeod, who seems to be a man of observation and
+   intelligence, I gather that the inconsistency of Farquhard Campbell's
+   conduct * * * has proceeded as much from jealousy of the Superior
+   consequence of this Gentleman and his father in law with the
+   Highlanders here as from any other motive. This schism is to be
+   lamented from whatsoever cause arising, but I have no doubt that I
+   shall be able to reconcile the interests of the parties whenever I
+   have power to act and can meet them together."[38]
+
+Finally he threw off the mask, or else had changed his views, and openly
+espoused the cause of his country's enemies. He was seized at his own
+house, while entertaining a party of royalists, and thrown into Halifax
+gaol. A committee of the Provincial Congress, on April 20, 1776;
+reported "that Farquhard Campbell disregarding the sacred Obligations he
+had voluntarily entered into to support the Liberty of America against
+all usurpations has Traitorously and insidiously endeavored to excite
+the Inhabitants of this Colony to take arms and levy war in order to
+assist the avowed enemies thereof. That when a prisoner on his parole of
+honor he gave intelligence of the force and intention of the American
+Army under Col. Caswell to the Enemy and advised them in what manner
+they might elude them."[39]
+
+He was sent, with other prisoners, to Baltimore, and thence, on parole,
+to Fredericktown, where he behaved "with much resentment and
+haughtiness." On March 3, 1777, he appealed to Governor Caswell to be
+permitted to return home, offering to mortgage his estate for his good
+behavior.[40] Several years after the Revolution he was a member of the
+Senate of North Carolina.
+
+The stormy days of discussion, excitement, and extensive preparations
+for war, in 1775, did not deter the Highlanders in Scotland from seeking
+a home in America. On October 21st, a body of one hundred and
+seventy-two Highlanders, including men, women and children arrived in
+the Cape Fear river, on board the George, and made application for lands
+near those already located by their relatives. The governor took his
+usual precautions with them, for in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth,
+dated November 12th, he says:
+
+   "On the most solemn assurances of their firm and unalterable loyalty
+   and attachment to the King, and their readiness to lay down their
+   lives in the support and defence of his Majesty's Government, I was
+   induced to Grant their request on the Terms of their taking such
+   lands in the proportions allowed by his Majesty's Royal Instructions,
+   and subject to all the conditions prescribed by them whenever grants
+   may be passed in due form, thinking it were advisable to attach these
+   people to Government by granting as matter of favor and courtesy to
+   them what I had not power to prevent than to leave them to possess
+   themselves by violence of the King's lands, without owing or
+   acknowledging any obligation for them, as it was only the means of
+   securing these People against the seditions of the Rebels, but
+   gaining so much strength to Government that is equally important at
+   this time, without making any concessions injurious to the rights and
+   interests of the Crown, or that it has effectual power to
+   withhold."[41]
+
+In the same letter is the further information that "a ship is this
+moment arrived from Scotland with upwards of one hundred and thirty
+Emigrants Men, Women and Children to whom I shall think it proper (after
+administering the Oath of Allegiance to the Men) to give permission to
+settle on the vacant lands of the Crown here on the same principles and
+conditions that I granted that indulgence to the Emigrants lately
+imported in the ship George."
+
+Many of the emigrants appear to have been seized with the idea that all
+that was necessary was to land in America, and the avenues of affluence
+would be opened to them. Hence there were those who landed in a
+distressed condition. Such was the state of the last party that arrived
+before the Peace of 1783. There was "a Petition from sundry distressed
+Highlanders, lately arrived from Scotland, praying that they might be
+permitted to go to Cape Fear, in North Carolina, the place where they
+intended to settle," laid before the Virginia convention then being held
+at Williamsburgh, December 14, 1775. On the same day the convention gave
+orders to Colonel Woodford to "take the distressed Highlanders, with
+their families, under his protection, permit them to pass by land
+unmolested to Carolina, and supply them with such provisions as they may
+be in immediate want of."[42]
+
+The early days of 1776 saw the culmination of the intrigues with the
+Scotch-Highlanders. The Americans realized that the war party was in
+the ascendant, and consequently every movement was carefully watched.
+That the Americans felt bitterly towards them came from the fact that
+they were not only precipitating themselves into a quarrel of which they
+were not interested parties, but also exhibited ingratitude to their
+benefactors. Many of them came to the country not only poor and needy,
+but in actual distress.[43] They were helped with an open hand, and
+cared for with kindness and brotherly aid. Then they had not been long
+in the land, and the trouble so far had been to seek redress. Hence the
+Americans felt keenly the position taken by the Highlanders. On the
+other hand the Highlanders had viewed the matter from a different
+standpoint. They did not realize the craftiness of Governor Martin in
+compelling them to take the oath of allegiance, and they felt bound by
+what they considered was a voluntary act, and binding with all the
+sacredness of religion. They had ever been taught to keep their
+promises, and a liar was a greater criminal than a thief. Still they had
+every opportunity afforded them to learn the true status of affairs;
+independence had not yet been proclaimed; Washington was still besieging
+Boston, and the Americans continued to petition the British throne for a
+redress of grievances.
+
+That the action of the Highlanders was ill-advised, at that time, admits
+of no discussion. They failed to realize the condition of the country
+and the insuperable difficulties to overcome before making a junction
+with Sir Henry Clinton. What they expected to gain by their conduct is
+uncertain, and why they should march away a distance of one hundred
+miles, and then be transported by ships to a place they knew not where,
+thus leaving their wives and children to the mercies of those whom they
+had offended and driven to arms, made bitter enemies of, must ever
+remain unfathomable. It shows they were blinded and exhibited the want
+of even ordinary foresight. It also exhibited the reckless indifference
+of the responsible parties to the welfare of those they so successfully
+duped. It is no wonder that although nearly a century and a quarter have
+elapsed since the Highlanders unsheathed the claymore in the pine
+forests of North Carolina, not a single person has shown the hardihood
+to applaud their action. On the other hand, although treated with the
+utmost charity, their bravery applauded, they have been condemned for
+their rude precipitancy, besides failing to see the changed condition of
+affairs, and resenting the injuries they had received from the House of
+Hanover that had harried their country and hanged their relatives on the
+murderous gallows-tree. Their course, however, in the end proved
+advantageous to them; for, after their disastrous defeat, they took an
+oath to remain peaceable, which the majority kept, and thus prevented
+them from being harassed by the Americans, and, as loyal subjects of
+king George, the English army must respect their rights.
+
+Agents were busily at work among the people preparing them for war. The
+most important of all was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough. Early he came
+under the suspicion of the Committee of Safety at Wilmington. On the
+very day, July 3, 1775, he was in consultation with Governor Martin, its
+chairman was directed to write to him "to know from himself respecting
+the reports that circulate of his having an intention to raise Troops to
+support the arbitrary measures of the ministry against the Americans in
+this Colony, and whether he had not made an offer of his services to
+Governor Martin for that purpose."[44]
+
+The influence of Kingsborough was supplemented by that of Major Donald
+MacDonald, who was sent direct from the army in Boston. He was then in
+his sixty-fifth year, had an extended experience in the army. He was in
+the Rising of 1745, and headed many of his own name. He now found many
+of these former companions who readily listened to his persuasions. All
+the emissaries sent represented they were only visiting their friends
+and relatives. They were all British officers, in the active service.
+
+Partially in confirmation of the above may be cited a letter from Samuel
+Johnston of Edenton, dated July 21, 1775, written to the Committee at
+Wilmington:
+
+   "A vessel from New York to this place brought over two officers who
+   left at the Bar to go to New Bern, they are both Highlanders, one
+   named McDonnel the other McCloud. They pretend they are on a visit to
+   some of their countrymen on your river, but I think there is reason
+   to suspect their errand of a base nature. The Committee of this town
+   have wrote to New Bern to have them secured. Should they escape there
+   I hope you will keep a good lookout for them."[45]
+
+The vigorous campaign for 1776, in the Carolinas was determined upon in
+the fall of 1775, in deference to the oft repeated and urgent
+solicitations of the royal governors, and on account of the appeals made
+by Martin, the brunt of it fell upon North Carolina. He assured the home
+government that large numbers of the Highlanders and Regulators were
+ready to take up arms for the king.
+
+The program, as arranged, was for Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet of
+ships and seven corps of Irish Regulars, to be at the mouth of the Cape
+Fear early in the year 1776, and there form a junction with the
+Highlanders and other disaffected persons from the interior. Believing
+that Sir Henry Clinton's armament would arrive in January or early in
+February Martin made preparations for the revolt; for his "unwearied,
+persevering agent," Alexander MacLean brought written assurances from
+the principal persons to whom he had been directed, that between two and
+three thousand men would take the field at the governor's summons. Under
+this encouragement MacLean was sent again into the back country, with a
+commission dated January 10, 1776, authorizing Allan McDonald, Donald
+McDonald, Alexander McLeod, Donald McLeod, Alexander McLean, Allen
+Stewart, William Campbell, Alexander McDonald and Neal McArthur, of
+Cumberland and Anson counties, and seventeen other persons who resided
+in a belt of counties in middle Carolina, to raise and array all the
+king's loyal subjects, and to march them in a body to Brunswick by
+February 15th.[46]
+
+Donald MacDonald was placed in command of this array and of all other
+forces in North Carolina with the rank of brigadier general, with Donald
+MacLeod next in rank. Upon receiving his orders, General MacDonald
+issued the following:
+
+   "_By His Excellency Brigadier-General Donald McDonald, Commander of
+   His Majesty's Forces for the time being, in North Carolina:_
+
+   A MANIFESTO.
+
+   Whereas, I have received information that many of His Majesty's
+   faithful subjects have been so far overcome by apprehension of
+   danger, as to fly before His Majesty's Army as from the most
+   inveterate enemy; to remove which, as far as lies in my power, I have
+   thought it proper to publish this Manifesto, declaring that I shall
+   take the proper steps to prevent any injury being done, either to the
+   person or properties of His Majesty's subjects; and I do further
+   declare it to be my determined resolution, that no violence shall be
+   used to women and children, as viewing such outrages to be
+   inconsistent with humanity, and as tending, in their consequences, to
+   sully the arms of Britons and of Soldiers.
+
+   I, therefore, in His Majesty's name, generally invite every
+   well-wisher to that form of Government under which they have so
+   happily lived, and which, if justly considered, ought to be esteemed
+   the best birth-right of Britons and Americans, to repair to His
+   Majesty's Royal Standard, erected at Cross Creek, where they will
+   meet with every possible civility, and be ranked in the list of
+   friends and fellow-Soldiers, engaged in the best and most glorious of
+   all causes, supporting the rights and Constitution of their country.
+   Those, therefore, who have been under the unhappy necessity of
+   submitting to the mandates of Congress and Committees--those lawless,
+   usurped, and arbitrary tribunals--will have an opportunity, (by
+   joining the King's Army) to restore peace and tranquility to this
+   distracted land--to open again the glorious streams of commerce--to
+   partake of the blessings of inseparable from a regular administration
+   of justice, and be again reinstated in the favorable opinion of their
+   Sovereign.
+
+     Donald McDonald.
+     By His Excellency's command:
+     Kenn. McDonald, P.S."[47]
+
+On February 5th General MacDonald issued another manifesto in which he
+declares it to be his "intention that no violation whatever shall be
+offered to women, children, or private property, to sully the arms of
+Britons or freemen, employed in the glorious and righteous cause of
+rescuing and delivering this country from the usurpation of rebellion,
+and that no cruelty whatever be offered against the laws of humanity,
+but what resistance shall make necessary; and that whatever provisions
+and other necessaries be taken for the troops, shall be paid for
+immediately; and in case any person, or persons, shall offer the least
+violence to the families of such as will join the Royal Standard, such
+persons or persons, may depend that retaliation will be made; the
+horrors of such proceedings, it is hoped, will be avoided by all true
+Christians."[48]
+
+Manifestos being the order of the day, Thomas Rutherford, erstwhile
+patriot, deriving his commission from the Provincial Congress, though
+having alienated himself, but signing himself colonel, also issues one
+in which he declares that this is "to command, enjoin, beseech, and
+require all His Majesty's faithful subjects within the County of
+Cumberland to repair to the King's Royal standard, at Cross Creek, on or
+before the 16th present, in order to join the King's army; otherwise,
+they must expect to fall under the melancholy consequences of a declared
+rebellion, and expose themselves to the just resentment of an injured,
+though gracious Sovereign."[49]
+
+On February 1st General MacDonald set up the Royal Standard at Cross
+Creek, in the Public Square, and in order to cause the Highlanders all
+to respond with alacrity manifestos were issued and other means resorted
+to in order that the "loyal subjects of His Majesty" might take up arms,
+among which nightly balls were given, and the military spirit freely
+inculcated. When the day came the Highlanders were seen coming from near
+and from far, from the wide plantations on the river bottoms, and from
+the rude cabins in the depths of the lonely pine forests, with
+broadswords at their side, in tartan garments and feathered bonnet, and
+keeping step to the shrill music of the bag-pipe. There came, first of
+all, Clan MacDonald with Clan MacLeod near at hand, with lesser numbers
+of Clan MacKenzie, Clan MacRae, Clan MacLean, Clan MacKay, Clan
+MacLachlan, and still others,--variously estimated at from fifteen
+hundred to three thousand, including about two hundred others,
+principally Regulators. However, all who were capable of bearing arms
+did not respond to the summons, for some would not engage in a cause
+where their traditions and affections had no part. Many of them hid in
+the swamps and in the forests. On February 18th the Highland army took
+up its line of march for Wilmington and at evening encamped on the Cape
+Fear, four miles below Cross Creek.
+
+The assembling of the Highland army aroused the entire country. The
+patriots, fully cognizant of what was transpiring, flew to arms,
+determined to crush the insurrection, and in less than a fortnight
+nearly nine thousand men had risen against the enemy, and almost all the
+rest were ready to turn out at a moment's notice. At the very first
+menace of danger, Brigadier General James Moore took the field at the
+head of his regiment, and on the 15th secured possession of Rockfish
+bridge, seven miles from Cross Creek, where he was joined by a recruit
+of sixty from the latter place.
+
+On the 19th the royalists were paraded with a view to assail Moore on
+the following night; but he was thoroughly entrenched, and the bare
+suspicion of such a project was contemplated caused two companions of
+Cotton's corps to run off with their arms. On that day General MacDonald
+sent the following letter to General Moore:
+
+   "Sir: I herewith send the bearer, Donald Morrison, by advice of the
+   Commissioners appointed by his Excellency Josiah Martin, and in
+   behalf of the army now under my command, to propose terms to you as
+   friends and countrymen. I must suppose you unacquainted with the
+   Governor's proclamation, commanding all his Majesty's loyal subject
+   to repair to the King's royal standard, else I should have imagined
+   you would ere this have joined the King's army now engaged in his
+   Majesty's service. I have therefore thought it proper to intimate to
+   you, that in case you do not, by 12 o'clock to-morrow, join the royal
+   standard, I must consider you as enemies, and take the necessary
+   steps for the support of legal authority.
+
+   I beg leave to remind you of his Majesty's speech to his Parliament,
+   wherein he offers to receive the misled with tenderness and mercy,
+   from motives of humanity. I again beg of you to accept the proffered
+   clemency. I make no doubt, but you will show the gentleman sent on
+   this message every possible civilty; and you may depend in return,
+   that all your officers and men, which may fall into our hands shall
+   be treated with an equal degree of respect. I have the honor to be,
+   in behalf of the army, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+     Don. McDonald.
+     Head Quarters, Feb. 19, 1776.
+     His Excellency's Proclamation is herewith enclosed."
+
+Brigadier General Moore's answer:
+
+   "Sir: Yours of this day I have received, in answer to which, I must
+   inform you that the terms which you are pleased to say, in behalf of
+   the army under your command, are offered to us as friends and
+   countrymen, are such as neither my duty or inclination will permit me
+   to accept, and which I must presume you too much of an officer to
+   accept of me. You were very right when you supposed me unacquainted
+   with the Governor's proclamation, but as the terms therein proposed
+   are such as I hold incompatible with the freedom of Americans, it can
+   be no rule of conduct for me. However, should I not hear farther from
+   you before twelve o'clock to-morrow by which time I shall have an
+   opportunity of consulting my officers here, and perhaps Col. Martin,
+   who is in the neighborhood of Cross Creek, you may expect a more
+   particular answer; meantime you may be assured that the feelings of
+   humanity will induce me to shew that civility to such of your people
+   as may fall into our hands, as I am desirous should be observed
+   towards those of ours, who may be unfortunate enough to fall into
+   yours. I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
+
+     James Moore.
+     Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 19, 1776."
+
+General Moore, on the succeeding day sent the following to General
+MacDonald:
+
+   "Sir: Agreeable to my promise of yesterday, I have consulted the
+   officers under my command respecting your letter, and am happy in
+   finding them unanimous in opinion with me. We consider ourselves
+   engaged in a cause the most glorious and honourable in the world, the
+   defense of the liberties of mankind, in support of which we are
+   determined to hazard everything dear and valuable and in tenderness
+   to the deluded people under your command, permit me, Sir, through you
+   to inform them, before it is too late, of the dangerous and
+   destructive precipice on which they stand, and to remind them of the
+   ungrateful return they are about to make for their favorable
+   reception in this country. If this is not sufficient to recall them
+   to the duty which they owe themselves and their posterity inform them
+   that they are engaged in a cause in which they cannot succeed as not
+   only the whole force of this country, but that of our neighboring
+   provinces, is exerting and now actually in motion to suppress them,
+   and which much end in their utter destruction. Desirous, however, of
+   avoiding the effusion of human blood, I have thought proper to send
+   you a test recommended by the Continental Congress, which if they
+   will yet subscribe we are willing to receive them as friends and
+   countrymen. Should this offer be rejected, I shall consider them as
+   enemies to the constitutional liberties of America, and treat them
+   accordingly.
+
+   I cannot conclude without reminding you, Sir, of the oath which you
+   and some of your officers took at Newbern on your arrival to this
+   country, which I imagine you will find is difficult to reconcile to
+   your present conduct. I have no doubt that the bearer, Capt. James
+   Walker, will be treated with proper civilty and respect in your camp.
+
+     I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
+
+     James Moore.
+     Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 20, 1776."
+
+General MacDonald returned the following reply:
+
+   "Sir: I received your favor by Captain James Walker, and observed
+   your declared sentiments of revolt, hostility and rebellion to the
+   King, and to what I understand to be the constitution of the country.
+   If I am mistaken future consequences must determine; but while I
+   continue in my present sentiment, I shall consider myself embarked in
+   a cause which must, in its consequences, extricate this country from
+   anarchy and licentiousness. I cannot conceive that the Scottish
+   emigrants, to whom I imagine you allude, can be under greater
+   obligations to this country than to the King, under whose gracious
+   and merciful government they alone could have been enabled to visit
+   this western region: And I trust, Sir, it is in the womb of time to
+   say, that they are not that deluded and ungrateful people which you
+   would represent them to be. As a soldier in his Majesty's service, I
+   must inform you, if you are to learn, that it is my duty to conquer,
+   if I cannot reclaim, all those who may be hardy enough to take up
+   arms against the best of masters, as of Kings. I have the honor to
+   be, in behalf of the army under my command,
+
+     Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+     Don. McDonald.
+     To the Commanding Officer at Rockfish."[50]
+
+MacDonald realized that he was unable to put his threat into execution,
+for he was informed that the minute-men were gathering in swarms all
+around him; that Colonel Caswell, at the head of the minute men of
+Newbern, nearly eight hundred strong, was marching through Duplin
+county, to effect a junction with Moore, and that his communication with
+the war ships had been cut off. Realizing the extremity of his danger,
+he resolved to avoid an engagement, and leave the army at Rockfish in
+his rear, and by celerity of movement, and crossing rivers at
+unsuspected places, to disengage himself from the larger bodies and fall
+upon the command of Caswell. Before marching he exhorted his men to
+fidelity, expressed bitter scorn for the "base cravens who had deserted
+the night before," and continued by saying:
+
+   "If any amongst you is so faint-hearted as not to serve with the
+   resolution of conquering or dying, this is the time for such to
+   declare themselves."
+
+The speech was answered by a general huzza for the king; but from
+Cotton's corps about twenty laid down their arms. He decamped, with his
+army at midnight, crossed the Cape Fear, sunk his boats, and sent a
+party fifteen miles in advance to secure the bridge over South river,
+from Bladen into Hanover, pushing with rapid pace over swollen streams,
+rough hills, and deep morasses, hotly pursued by General Moore.
+Perceiving the purpose of the enemy General Moore detached Colonels
+Lillington and Ashe to reinforce Colonel Caswell, or if that could not
+be effected, then they were to occupy Widow Moore's Creek bridge.
+
+Colonel Caswell designing the purpose of MacDonald changed his own
+course in order to intercept his march. On the 23rd the Highlanders
+thought to overtake him, and arrayed themselves in the order of battle,
+with eighty able-bodied men, armed with broadswords, forming the center
+of the army; but Colonel Caswell being posted at Corbett's Ferry could
+not be reached for want of boats. The royalists were again in extreme
+danger; but at a point six miles higher up the Black river they
+succeeded in crossing in a broad shallow boat while MacLean and Fraser,
+left with a few men and a drum and a pipe, amused the corps of Caswell.
+
+Colonel Lillington, on the 25th took post on the east side of Moore's
+Creek bridge; and on the next day Colonel Caswell reached the west side,
+threw up a slight embankment, and destroyed a part of the bridge. A
+royalist, who had been sent into his camp under pretext of summoning him
+to return to his allegiance, brought back the information that he had
+halted on the same side of the river as themselves, and could be
+assaulted with advantage. Colonel Caswell was not only a good woodman,
+but also a man of superior ability, and believing he had misled the
+enemy, marched his column to the east side of the stream, removed the
+planks from the bridge, and placed his men behind trees and such
+embankments as could be thrown up during the night. His force now
+amounted to a thousand men, consisting of the Newbern minute-men, the
+militia of Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, and Wake counties, and the
+detachment under Colonel Lillington. The men of the Neuse region, their
+officers wearing silver crescents upon their hats, inscribed with the
+words, "Liberty or Death," were in front. The situation of General
+MacDonald was again perilous, for while facing this army, General Moore,
+with his regulars was close upon his rear.
+
+The royalists, expecting an easy victory, decided upon an immediate
+attack. General MacDonald was confined to his tent by sickness, and the
+command devolved upon Major Donald MacLeod, who began the march at one
+o'clock on the morning of the 27th; but owing to the time lost in
+passing an intervening morass, it was within an hour of daylight when
+they reached the west bank of the creek. They entered the ground without
+resistance. Seeing Colonel Caswell was on the opposite side they reduced
+their columns and formed their line of battle in the woods. Their
+rallying cry was, "King George and broadswords," and the signal for
+attack was three cheers, the drum to beat and the pipes to play. While
+it was still dark Major MacLeod, with a party of about forty advanced,
+and at the bridge was challenged by the sentinel, asking, "Who goes
+there?" He answered, "A friend." "A friend to whom?" "To the king." Upon
+this the sentinels bent their faces down to the ground. Major MacLeod
+thinking they might be some of his own command who had crossed the
+bridge, challenged them in Gaelic; but receiving no reply, fired his own
+piece, and ordered his party to fire also. All that remained of the
+bridge were the two logs, which had served for sleepers, permitting only
+two persons to pass at a time. Donald MacLeod and Captain John Campbell
+rushed forward and succeeded in getting over. The Highlanders who
+followed were shot down on the logs and fell into the muddy stream
+below. Major MacLeod was mortally wounded, but was seen to rise
+repeatedly from the ground, waving his sword and encouraging his men to
+come on, till twenty-six balls penetrated his body. Captain Campbell
+also was shot dead, and at that moment a party of militia, under
+Lieutenant Slocum, who had forded the creek and penetrated a swamp on
+its western bank, fell suddenly upon the rear of the royalists. The loss
+of their leader and the unexpected attack upon their rear threw them
+into confusion, when they broke and fled. The battle lasted but ten
+minutes. The royalists lost seventy killed and wounded, while the
+patriots had but two wounded, one of whom recovered. The victory was
+lasting and complete. The Highland power was thoroughly broken. There
+fell into the hands of the Americans besides eight hundred and fifty
+prisoners, fifteen hundred rifles, all of them excellent pieces, three
+hundred and fifty guns and short bags, one hundred and fifty swords and
+dirks, two medicine chests, immediately from England, one valued at £300
+sterling, thirteen wagons with horses, a box of Johannes and English
+guineas, amounting to about $75,000.
+
+Some of the Highlanders escaped from the battlefield by breaking down
+their wagons and riding away, three upon a horse. Many who were taken
+confessed that they were forced and persuaded contrary to their
+inclinations into the service.[51] The soldiers taken were disarmed, and
+dismissed to their homes.
+
+On the following day General MacDonald and nearly all the chief men were
+taken prisoners, amongst whom was MacDonald of Kingsborough and his son
+Alexander. A partial list of those apprehended is given in a report of
+the Committee of the Provincial Congress, reported April 20th and May
+10th on the guilt of the Highland and Regulator officers then confined
+in Halifax gaol, finding the prisoners were of four different classes,
+viz.:
+
+First, Prisoners who had served in Congress.
+
+Second, Prisoners who had signed Tests or Associations.
+
+Third, Prisoners who had been in arms without such circumstances.
+
+Fourth, Prisoners under suspicious circumstances.
+
+The Highlanders coming under the one or the other of these classes are
+given in the following order:
+
+Farquhard Campbell, Cumberland county.
+Alexander McKay, Capt. of 38 men. Cumberland county.
+Alexander McDonald (Condrach), Major of a regiment.
+Alexander Morrison. Captain of a company of 35 men.
+Alexander MacDonald, son of Kingsborough, a volunteer, Anson county.
+James MacDonald, Captain of a company of 25 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 32 men.
+John MacDonald, Captain of a company of 40 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.
+Murdoch McAskell, Captain of a company of 34 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.
+Angus McDonald, Captain of a company of 30 men.
+Neill McArthur, Freeholder of Cross Creek, Captain of a company of 55 men.
+Francis Frazier, Adjutant to General MacDonald's Army.
+John McLeod, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 35 men.
+John McKinzie, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 43 men.
+Kennith Macdonald, Aide-de-camp to General Macdonald.
+Murdoch McLeod, of Anson county, Surgeon to General Macdonald's Army.
+Donald McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in Captain Morrison's Company.
+Norman McLeod, of Anson county, Ensign in James McDonald's company.
+John McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in James McDonald's company.
+Laughlin McKinnon, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Col.
+Rutherford's corps.
+James Munroe, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Capt. McKay's
+company.
+Donald Morrison, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.
+John McLeod, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.
+Archibald McEachern, Bladen county, Lieutenant to Capt. McArthur's company.
+Rory McKinnen, freeholder Anson county, volunteer.
+Donald McLeod, freeholder Cumberland county, Master to two Regiments,
+  General McDonald's Army.
+Donald Stuart, Quarter Master to Col. Rutherford's Regiment.
+Allen Macdonald of Kingsborough, freeholder of Anson county, Col. Regiment.
+Duncan St. Clair.
+Daniel McDaniel, Lieutenant in Seymore York's company.
+Alexander McRaw, freeholder Anson county, Capt. company 47 men.
+Kenneth Stuart, Lieutenant Capt Stuart's company.
+Collin McIver, Lieutenant Capt. Leggate's company.
+Alexander Maclaine, Commissary to General Macdonald's Army.
+Angus Campbell, Captain company 30 men.
+Alexander Stuart, Captain company 30 men.
+Hugh McDonald, Anson county, volunteer.
+John McDonald, common soldier.
+Daniel Cameron, common soldier.
+Daniel McLean, freeholder, Cumberland county, Lieutenant to Angus
+Campbell's company.
+Malcolm McNeill, recruiting agent for General Macdonald's
+Army, accused of using compulsion.[52]
+
+The following is a list of the prisoners sent from North Carolina to
+Philadelphia, enclosed in a letter of April 22, 1776:
+
+"1 His Excellency Donald McDonald Esqr Brigadier General
+  of the Tory Army and Commander in Chief in North Carolina.
+ 2 Colonel Allen McDonald (of Kingsborough) first in
+  Commission of Array and second in Command
+ 3 Alexander McDonald son of Kingsborough
+ 4 Major Alexander McDonald (Condrack)
+ 5 Capt Alexander McRay
+ 6 Capt John Leggate
+ 7 Capt James McDonald
+ 8 Capt Alexr. McLeod
+ 9 Capt Alexr. Morrison
+10 Capt John McDonald
+11 Capt Alexr. McLeod
+12 Capt Murdoch McAskell
+13 Capt Alexander McLeod
+14 Capt Angus McDonald
+15 Capt Neil McArthur[53]
+16 Capt James Mens of the light horse.
+17 Capt John McLeod
+18 Capt Thos. Wier
+19 Capt John McKenzie
+20 Lieut John Murchison
+21 Kennith McDonald, Aid de Camp to Genl McDonald
+22 Murdock McLeod, Surgeon
+23 Adjutant General John Smith
+24 Donald McLeod Quarter Master
+25 John Bethune Chaplain
+26 Farquhard Campbell late a delegate in the provincial
+Congress--Spy and Confidential Emissary of Governor Martin."[54]
+
+Some of the prisoners were discharged soon after their arrest, by making
+and signing the proper oath, of which the following is taken from the
+Records:
+
+   "Oath of Malcolm McNeill and Joseph Smith. We Malcolm McNeil and
+   Joseph Smith do Solemnly Swear on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty
+   God that we will not on any pretence whatsoever take up or bear Arms
+   against the Inhabitants of the United States of America and that we
+   will not disclose or make known any matters within our knowledge now
+   carrying on within the United States and that we will not carry out
+   more than fifty pounds of Gold & Silver in value to fifty pounds
+   Carolina Currency. So help us God.
+
+                                  Malcolm McNeill,
+     Halifax, 13th Augt, 1776.    Joseph Smith."[55]
+
+The North Carolina Provincial Congress on March 5, 1776, "Resolved, That
+Colonel Richard Caswell send, under a sufficient guard, Brigadier
+General Donald McDonald, taken at the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, to
+the Town of Halifax, and there to have him committed a close prisoner in
+the jail of the said Town, until further orders."[56]
+
+The same Congress, held in Halifax April 5th, "Resolved, That General
+McDonald be admitted to his parole upon the following conditions: That
+he does not go without the limits of the Town of Halifax; that he does
+not directly or indirectly, while a prisoner, correspond with any person
+or persons who are or may be in opposition to American measures, or by
+any manner or means convey to them intelligence of any sort; that he
+take no draft, nor procure them to be taken by any one else, of any
+place or places in which he may be, while upon his parole, that shall
+now, or may hereafter give information to our enemies which can be
+injurious to us, or the common cause of America; but that without
+equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation, he pay the most
+exact and faithful attention to the intent and meaning of these
+conditions, according to the rules and regulations of war; and that he
+every day appear between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock to the
+Officer of the Guard."[57]
+
+On April 11th, the same parole was offered to Allan MacDonald of
+Kingsborough.[58]
+
+The Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, at its session in Philadelphia,
+held May 25, 1776, ordered the Highland prisoners, mentioned on page
+219, naming each one separately to be "safely kept in close confinement
+until discharged by the honorable Congress or this Committee."[59] Four
+days later, General MacDonald addressed a letter to the Continental
+Congress, in which he said,
+
+   "That he was, by a party of horsemen, upon the 28th day of February
+   last, taken prisoner from sick quarters, eight miles from Widow
+   Moor's Creek, where he lay dangerously ill, and carried to Colonel
+   Caswell's camp, where General Moore then commanded, to whom he
+   delivered his sword as prisoner of war, which General Moore was
+   pleased to deliver back in a genteel manner before all his officers
+   then present, according to the rules and customs of war practised in
+   all nations; assuring him at the same time that he would be well
+   treated, and his baggage and property delivered to him, &c. Having
+   taken leave of General Moore and Colonel Caswell, Lieutenant-Colonel
+   Bryant took him under his care; and after rummaging his baggage for
+   papers, &c., conducted him to Newbern, from thence with his baggage
+   to Halifax, where the Committee of Safety there thought proper to
+   commit him to the common jail; his horses, saddles, and pistols, &c.,
+   taken from him, and never having committed any act of violence
+   against the person or property of any man; that he remained in this
+   jail near a month, until General Howe arrived there, who did him the
+   honour to call upon him in jail; and he has reason to think that
+   General Howe thought this treatment erroneous and without a
+   precedent; that upon this representation to the Convention, General
+   McDonald was, by order of the Convention, permitted, upon parole, to
+   the limits of the town of Halifax, until the 25th of April last, when
+   he was appointed to march, with the other gentlemen prisoners,
+   escorted from the jail there to this place. General McDonald would
+   wish to know what crime he has since been guilty of, deserving his
+   being recommitted to the jail of Philadelphia, without his bedding or
+   baggage, and his sword and his servant detained from him. The other
+   gentlemen prisoners are in great want for their blankets and other
+   necessaries.
+
+   Donald McDonald."[60]
+
+The Continental Congress, on September 4th, "Resolved, That the proposal
+made by General Howe, as delivered by General Sullivan, of exchanging
+General Sullivan for General Prescot, and Lord Stirling for
+Brigadier-General, be complied with."[61]
+
+This being communicated to General McDonald he addressed, to the
+Secretary of War the following:
+
+     "Philadelphia Gaol, September 6, 1776.
+     To the Secretary of War:
+
+   General McDonald's compliments to the Secretary of War. He is obliged
+   to him for his polite information, that the Congress have been
+   pleased to agree that Generals Prescott and McDonald shall be
+   exchanged for the Generals Sullivan and Stirling. General McDonald is
+   obliged to the Congress for the reference to the Board of War for his
+   departure: The indulgence of eight or ten days will, he hopes, be
+   sufficient to prepare him for his journey. His baggage will require a
+   cart to carry it. He is not provided with horses--submits it to the
+   Congress and Board how he may be conducted with safety to his place
+   of destination, not doubting his servant will be permitted to go
+   along with him, and that his sword may be returned to him, which he
+   is informed the Commissary received from his servant on the 25th of
+   May last.
+
+   General McDonald begs leave to acquaint the Secretary and the Board
+   of War, for the information of Congress, that when he was brought
+   prisoner from sick quarters to General Moore's camp, at Moore's
+   Creek, upon the 28th of February last, General Moore treated him with
+   respect to his rank and commission in the King of Great Britain's
+   service. He would have given him a parole to return to his sick
+   quarters, as his low state of health required it much at that time,
+   but Colonel Caswell objected thereto, and had him conducted prisoner
+   to Newbern, but gently treated all the way by Colonel Caswell and his
+   officers.
+
+   From Newbern he was conducted by a guard of Horse to Halifax, and
+   committed on his arrival, after forty-five miles journey the last
+   day, in a sickly state of health, and immediately ushered into a
+   common gaol, without bed or bedding, fire or candles, in a cold,
+   long night, by Colonel Long, who did not appear to me to behave like
+   a gentleman. That notwithstanding the promised protection for person
+   and property he had from General Moore, a man called Longfield Cox, a
+   wagonmaster to Colonel Caswell's army, seized upon his horse, saddle,
+   pistols, and other arms, and violently detained the same by refusing
+   to deliver them up to Colonel Bryan, who conducted him to Newbern.
+   Colonel Long was pleased to detain his mare at Halifax when sent
+   prisoner from thence to here. Sorry to dwell so long upon so
+   disagreeable a subject."[62]
+
+This letter was submitted to the Continental Congress on September 7th,
+when it "Resolved, That he be allowed four days to prepare for his
+journey; That a copy of that part of his Letter respecting his treatment
+in North Carolina, be sent to the Convention of that State."[63]
+
+Notwithstanding General Sir William Howe had agreed to make the
+specified exchange of prisoners, yet in a letter addressed to
+Washington, September 21, 1776, he states:
+
+   "The exchange you propose of Brigadier-General Alexander, commonly
+   called Lord Stirling, for Mr. McDonald, cannot take place, as he has
+   only the rank of Major by my commission; but I shall readily send any
+   Major in the enclosed list of prisoners that you will be pleased to
+   name in exchange for him."[64]
+
+As Sir William Howe refused to recognize the rank conferred on General
+McDonald, by the governor of North Carolina, Washington was forced,
+September 23, to order his return, with the escort, to Philadelphia.[65]
+But on the same day addressed Sir William Howe, in which he said:
+
+   "I had no doubt but Mr. McDonald's title would have been
+   acknowledged, having understood that he received his commission from
+   the hands of Governor Martin; nor can I consent to rank him as a
+   Major till I have proper authority from Congress, to whom I shall
+   state the matter upon your representation."[65] That body, on
+   September 30th, declared "That Mr. McDonald, having a commission of
+   Brigadier-General from Governor Martin, be not exchanged for any
+   officer under the rank of Brigadier-General in the service either of
+   the United States or any of them."[66]
+
+On the way from North Carolina to Philadelphia, while resting at
+Petersburg, May 2, 1776, Kingsborough indited the following letter:
+
+   "Sir: Your kind favor I had by Mr. Ugin (?) with the Virginia money
+   enclosed, which shall be paid if ever I retourn with thanks, if not I
+   shall take to order payment. Colonel Eliot who came here to receive
+   the prisoners Confined the General and me under a guard and sentries
+   to a Roome; this he imputes to the Congress of North Carolina not
+   getting Brigadier Lewes (who commands at Williamsburg) know of our
+   being on parole by your permission when at Halifax. If any
+   opportunity afford, it would add to our happiness to write something
+   to the above purpose to some of the Congress here with directions (if
+   such can be done) to forward said orders after us. I have also been
+   depressed of the horse I held, and hath little chance of getting
+   another. To walk on foot is what I never can do the length of
+   Philadelphia. What you can do in the above different affairs will be
+   adding to your former favors. Hoping you will pardon freedom wrote in
+   a hurry. I am with real Esteem and respect
+
+     Honble Sir,
+     Your very obedt. Servt.
+     Allen MacDonald."[67]
+
+June 28, 1776, Allen MacDonald of Kingsborough, was permitted, after
+signing a parole and word of honor to go to Reading, in Berks
+county.[68] At the same time the Committee of Safety
+
+   "Resolved, That such Prisoners from North Carolina as choose, may be
+   permitted to write to their friends there; such letters to be
+   inspected by this Committee; and the Jailer is to take care that all
+   the paper delivered in to the Prisoners, be used in such Letters, or
+   returned him."[68]
+
+The action of the Committee of Safety was approved by the Continental
+Congress on July 9th, by directing Kingsborough to be released on
+parole;[69] and on the 15th, his son Alexander was released on parole
+and allowed to reside with him.
+
+Every attempt to exchange the prisoners was made on the part of the
+Americans, and as they appear to have been so unfortunate as to have no
+one to intercede for them among British officers, Kingsborough was
+permitted to go to New York and effect his own exchange, which he
+succeeded in doing during the month of November, 1777, and then
+proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia.[70]
+
+The Highland officers confined in prison became restive, and on October
+31, 1776, presented a memorial, addressed to the North Carolina members
+of the Continental Congress, which at once met with the approval of
+William Hooper:
+
+   "Gentlemen: After a long separation of eight months from our Families
+   & Friends, We the undersubscribers, Prisoners of war from North
+   Carolina now in Philadelphia Prison, think ourselves justifiable at
+   this period in applying to your Honours for permission to return to
+   our Families; which indulgence we will promise on the Faith & honour
+   of gentlemen not to abuse, by interfering in the present disputes, or
+   aiding or assisting your enemies by word, writing, or action.
+
+   This request we have already laid before Congress who are willing to
+   grant it, provided they shall have your approbation.
+
+   Hoping therefore, that you have no particular intention to distress
+   us more than others whom you have treated with Indulgence, we flatter
+   ourselves that your determinations will prove no obstruction to our
+   Enlargement on the above terms; and have transmitted to you the
+   enclosed Copy of the Resolve of Congress in our favor, which if you
+   countenance; it will meet with the warmest acknowledgement of Gentn.
+
+     Your most obedt. humble Servts.,
+
+     Alexander Morison, Ferqd. Campbell, Alexr. Macleod,
+     Alexr. McKay, James Macdonald, John McDonald, Murdoch
+     Macleod, John Murchison, John Bethune, Neill McArthur, John
+     Smith, Murdo MacCaskill, John McLeod, Alexr. McDonald, Angus
+     McDonald, John Ligett."[71]
+
+It was fully apparent to the Americans that so long as the leaders were
+prisoners there was no danger of another uprising among the Highlanders.
+This was fully tested by earl Cornwallis, who, after the battle of
+Guilford Courthouse, retreated towards the seaboard, stopping on the way
+at Cross Creek[72] hoping then to gain recruits from the Highlanders,
+but very few of whom responded to his call. In a letter addressed to Sir
+Henry Clinton, dated from his camp near Wilmington, April 10, 1781, he
+says:
+
+   "On my arrival there (Cross Creek), I found, to my great
+   mortification, and contrary to all former accounts, that it was
+   impossible to procure any considerable quantity of provisions, and
+   that there was not four days' forage within twenty miles. The
+   navigation of Cape Fear, with the hopes of which I had been flattered
+   was totally impracticable, the distance from Wilmington by water
+   being one hundred and fifty miles, the breadth of the river seldom
+   exceeding one hundred yards, the banks generally high, and the
+   inhabitants on each side almost universally hostile. Under these
+   circumstances I determined to move immediately to Wilmington. By this
+   measure the Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of
+   the upper country, to prove the sincerity of their former professions
+   of friendship. But, though appearances are rather more favorable
+   among them, I confess they are not equal to my expectations."[73]
+
+The Americans did not rest matters simply by confining the officers, but
+every precaution was taken to overawe them, not only by their parole,
+which nearly all implicitly obeyed, but also by armed force, for some
+militia was at once stationed at Cross Creek, which remained there until
+the Provincial Congress, on November 21, 1776, ordered it
+discharged.[74] General Charles Lee, who had taken charge of the
+Southern Department, on June 6, 1776, ordered Brigadier-General Lewis to
+take "as large a body of the regulars as can possibly be spared to march
+to Cross Creek, in North Carolina."[75]
+
+Notwithstanding the fact that many of the Highlanders who had been in
+the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge afterwards engaged in the service
+with the Americans, the community was regarded with suspicion, and that
+not without some cause. On July 28, 1777, it was reported that there
+were movements among the royalists that caused the patriots to be in
+arms and watch the Highlanders at Cross Creek. On August 3rd it was
+again reported that there were a hundred in arms with others coming.[76]
+
+As might be anticipated the poor Highlanders also were subjected to fear
+and oppression. They remained at heart, true to their first love. In
+June, 1776, a report was circulated among them that a company of light
+horse was coming into the settlement, and every one thought he was the
+man wanted, and hence all hurried to the swamps and other fastnesses in
+the forest.[77]
+
+From the poor Highland women, who had lost father, husband, brother in
+battle, or whose menfolk were imprisoned in the gaol at Halifax, there
+arose such a wail of distress as to call forth the attention of the
+Provincial Congress, which at once put forth a proclamation, and ordered
+it translated into the "Erse tongue," in which it was declared that they
+"warred not with those helpless females, but sympathized with them in
+their sorrow," and recommended them to the compassion of all, and to the
+"bounty of those who had aught to spare from their necessities."
+
+One of the remarkable things, and one which cannot be accounted for, is,
+that although the North Carolina Highland emigrants were deeply
+religious, yet no clergyman accompanied them to the shores of America,
+until 1770, when Reverend John McLeod came direct from Scotland and
+ministered to them for some time; and they were entirely without a
+minister prior to 1757, when Reverend James Campbell commenced to preach
+for them, and continued in active work until 1770. He was the first
+ordained minister who took up his abode among the Presbyterian
+settlements in North Carolina. He pursued his labors among the
+outspreading neighborhoods in what are now Cumberland and Robeson
+counties. This worthy man was born in Campbelton, on the peninsula of
+Kintyre, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Of his early history but little is
+known, and by far too little of his pioneer labors has been preserved.
+About the year 1730 he emigrated to America, landing at Philadelphia.
+His attention having been turned to his countrymen on the Cape Fear, he
+removed to North Carolina, and took up his residence on the left bank of
+the above river, a few miles north of Cross Creek. He died in 1781. His
+preaching was in harmony with the tenets of his people, being
+presbyterian. He had three regular congregations on the Sabbath, besides
+irregular preaching, as occasion demanded. For some ten years he
+preached on the southwest side of the river at a place called "Roger's
+meeting-house." Here Hector McNeill ("Bluff Hector") and Alexander
+McAlister acted as elders. About 1758 he began to preach at the
+"Barbacue Church,"--the building not erected until about the year 1765.
+It was at this church where Flora MacDonald worshipped. The first elders
+of this church were Gilbert Clark, Duncan Buie, Archibald Buie, and
+Donald Cameron.
+
+[Illustration: BARBACUE CHURCH, WHERE FLORA MACDONALD WORSHIPPED.]
+
+Another of the preaching stations was at a place now known as "Long
+Street." The building was erected about 1766. The first elders were
+Malcolm Smith, Archibald McKay and Archibald Ray.
+
+There came, in the same ship, from Scotland, with Reverend John McLeod,
+a large number of Highland families, all of whom settled upon the upper
+and lower Little Rivers, in Cumberland county. After several years'
+labor, proving himself a man of genuine piety, great worth, and popular
+eloquence, he left America, with a view of returning to his native land;
+having never been heard of afterwards, it was thought that he found a
+watery grave.
+
+With the exception of the Reverend John McLeod, it is not known that
+Reverend James Campbell had any ministerial brother residing in
+Cumberland or the adjoining counties, who could assist him in preaching
+to the Gaels. Although McAden preached in Duplin county, he was unable
+to render assistance because he was unfamiliar with the language of the
+Highlanders.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. IV, p. 931.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Ibid_, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 23: _Ibid_, p. 490.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid_, p. 533.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Ibid_, p.453.]
+
+[Footnote 26: See Appendix, Note C.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid_, Vol. VIII. p. 708.]
+
+[Footnote 28: _Ibid_, Vol. IX. p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 29: _Ibid_, p. 544.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _Ibid_, Vol. VIII, p. XXIII.]
+
+[Footnote 31: _Ibid_, Vol. X. p. 577.]
+
+[Footnote 32: _Ibid_, p. 173.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See Appendix, Note D.]
+
+[Footnote 34: _Ibid_, p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Ibid_, p. 325.]
+
+[Footnote 36: _Ibid_, p. 190.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Ibid_, p. 266.]
+
+[Footnote 38: _Ibid_, p. 326.]
+
+[Footnote 39: _Ibid_, p. 595.]
+
+[Footnote 40: _Ibid_, Vol. XI. p. 403.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Ibid_, p. 324.]
+
+[Footnote 42: American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV, p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 43: See Appendix, Note E.]
+
+[Footnote 44: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 65.]
+
+[Footnote 45: _Ibid_, p, 117.]
+
+[Footnote 46: American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV. p, 981]
+
+[Footnote 47: _Ibid_, p, 982.]
+
+[Footnote 48: _Ibid_, p. 983.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Ibid_, p. 1129.]
+
+[Footnote 50: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI, pp. 276-279.]
+
+[Footnote 51: _Ibid_, Vol. X, p. 485.]
+
+[Footnote 52: _Ibid_, pp. 594-603.]
+
+[Footnote 53: See Appendix, Note H.]
+
+[Footnote 54: _Ibid_, Vol. XI. p. 294.]
+
+[Footnote 55: _Ibid_, Vol. X. p. 743.]
+
+[Footnote 56: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 69.]
+
+[Footnote 57: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 1317.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _Ibid_, p. 1320.]
+
+[Footnote 59: _Ibid_, Vol. VI, p. 663.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Ibid_, p. 613.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Ibid_, Fifth Series, Vol. II. p. 1330.]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Ibid_, p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Ibid_, p. 1333.]
+
+[Footnote 64: _Ibid_, p. 437.]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Ibid_, p. 464.]
+
+[Footnote 66: _Ibid_, p. 1383]
+
+[Footnote 67: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 295.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Am. Archives, 5th Series, Vol. I. p. 1291.]
+
+[Footnote 69: _Ibid_, p. 1570.]
+
+[Footnote 70: "Letter Book of Captain A. MacDonald," p. 387.]
+
+[Footnote 71: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. X. p. 888.]
+
+[Footnote 72: See Appendix Note F.]
+
+[Footnote 73: "Earl Cornwallis' Answer to Sir Henry Clinton," p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 74: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 927.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 721.]
+
+[Footnote 76: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. pp 546, 555.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Ibid_, p. 829.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN GEORGIA.
+
+
+The second distinctive and permanent settlement of Highland Scotch in
+the territory now constituting the United States of America was that in
+what was first called New Inverness on the Alatamaha river in Georgia,
+but now known as Darien, in McIntosh County. It was established under
+the genius of James Oglethorpe, an English general and philanthropist,
+who, in the year 1728, began to take active legislative support in
+behalf of the debtor classes, which culminated in the erection of the
+colony of Georgia, and incidentally to the formation of a settlement of
+Highlanders.
+
+There was a yearly average in Great Britain of four thousand unhappy men
+immured in prison for the misfortune of being poor. A small debt exposed
+a person to a perpetuity of imprisonment; and one indiscreet contract
+often resulted in imprisonment for life. The sorrows hidden within the
+prison walls of Fleet and Marshalsea touched the heart of Oglethorpe--a
+man of merciful disposition and heroic mind--who was then in the full
+activity of middle life. His benevolent zeal persevered until he
+restored multitudes, who had long been in confinement for debt, and were
+now helpless and strangers in the land of their birth. Nor was this all:
+for them and the persecuted Protestants he planned an asylum in America,
+where former poverty would be no reproach, and where the simplicity of
+piety could indulge in the spirit of devotion without fear of
+persecution or rebuke.
+
+The first active step taken by Oglethorpe, in his benevolent designs was
+to move, in the British House of Commons, that a committee be appointed
+"to inquire into the state of the gaols of the kingdom, and to report
+the same and their opinion thereupon to the House." Of this committee
+consisting of ninety-six persons, embracing some of the first men in
+England, Oglethorpe was made chairman. They were eulogized by Thompson,
+in his poem on Winter, as
+
+   "The generous band,
+   Who, touched with human woe, redressive searched
+   Into the horrors of the gloomy gaol."
+
+In the abodes of crime, and of misfortune, the committee beheld all that
+the poet depicted: "The freeborn Briton to the dungeon chained," and
+"Lives crushed out by secret, barbarous ways, that for their country
+would have toiled and bled." One of Britain's authors was moved to
+indite: "No modern nation has ever enacted or inflicted greater legal
+severities upon insolvent debtors than England."[78]
+
+While the report of the committee did honor to their humanity, yet it
+was the moving spirit of Oglethorpe that prompted efforts to combine
+present relief with permanent benefits, by which honest but unfortunate
+industry could be protected, and the poor enabled to reap the fruit of
+their toils, which now wrung out their lives with bitter and unrequited
+labor. On June 9, 1732, a charter was procured from the king,
+incorporating a body by name and style of the Trustees for Establishing
+the Colony of Georgia in America. Among its many provisions was the
+declaration that "all and every person born within the said province
+shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities of free
+denizens, as if abiding and born within Great Britain." It further
+ordained that there should be liberty of conscience, and free exercise
+of religion to all, except Papists. The patrons, by their own request,
+were restrained from receiving any grant of lands, or any emoluments
+whatever.
+
+The charter had in view the settling of poor but unfortunate people on
+lands now waste and desolate, and also the interposing of the colony as
+a barrier between the French, Spanish and Indians on the south and west
+and the other English colonies on the north. Oglethorpe expressed the
+purpose of the colonizing scheme, in the following language:
+
+   "These trustees not only give land to the unhappy who go thither;
+   but are also empowered to receive the voluntary contributions of
+   charitable persons to enable them to furnish the poor adventurers
+   with all necessaries for the expense of the voyage, occupying the
+   land, and supporting them till they find themselves comfortably
+   settled. So that now the unfortunate will not be obliged to bind
+   themselves to a long servitude to pay for their passage; for they may
+   be carried gratis into a land of liberty and plenty, where they
+   immediately find themselves in possession of a competent estate, in a
+   happier climate than they knew before; and they are unfortunate,
+   indeed, if here they cannot forget their sorrow."[79]
+
+Subsidiary to this it was designed to make Georgia a silk, wine, oil and
+drug-growing colony. It was calculated that the mother country would be
+relieved of a large body of indigent people and unfortunate debtors,
+and, at the same time, assist the commerce of Great Britain, increase
+home industries, and relieve, to an appreciative extent, the impost on
+foreign productions. Extravagant expectations were formed of the
+capabilities of Georgia by the enthusiastic friends of the movement. It
+was to rival Virginia and South Carolina, and at once to take the first
+rank in the list of provinces depending on the British crown. Its
+beauties and greatness were lauded by poets, statesmen and divines. It
+attracted attention throughout Europe, and to that promised land there
+pressed forward Swiss, German, Scotch and English alike. The benevolence
+of England was aroused, and the charities of an opulent nation began to
+flow towards the new plantation. The House of Parliament granted
+£10,000, which was augmented, by private subscription, to £36,000.
+
+Oglethorpe had implicit faith in the enterprise, and with the first
+shipload, on board the Ann, he sailed from Gravesend November 17, 1732,
+and arrived at the bar, outside of the port of Charleston, South
+Carolina, January 13, 1733. Having accepted of a hearty welcome, he
+weighed anchor, and sailed directly for Port Royal; and while his colony
+was landing at Beaufort, he ascended the boundary river of Georgia, and
+selected the site for his chief town on the high bluff, where now is the
+city of Savannah. Having established his town, he then selected a
+commanding height on the Ogeechee river, where he built a fortification
+and named it Fort Argyle, in honor of the friend and patron of his early
+years.
+
+Within a period of five years over a thousand persons had been sent over
+on the Trustee's account; several freeholders, with their servants, had
+also taken up lands; and to them and to others also, settling in the
+province, over fifty-seven thousand acres had been granted. Besides
+forts and minor villages there had been laid out and settled the
+principal towns of Augusta, Ebenezer, Savannah, New Inverness, and
+Frederica. The colonists were of different nationalities, widely variant
+in character, religion and government. There were to be seen the
+depressed Briton from London; the hardy Gael from the Highlands of
+Scotland; the solemn Moravian from Herrnhut; the phlegmatic German from
+Salzburg in Bavaria; the reflecting Swiss from the mountainous and
+pastoral Grisons; the mercurial peasant from sunny Italy, and the Jew
+from Portugal.
+
+The settlements were made deliberately and with a view of resisting any
+possible encroachments of Spain. It was a matter of protection that the
+Highlanders were induced to emigrate, and their assignment to the
+dangerous and outlying district, exposed to Spanish forays or invasions,
+is sufficient proof that their warlike qualities were greatly desired.
+Experience also taught Oglethorpe that the useless poor in England did
+not change their characters by emigration.
+
+In company with a retinue of Indian chiefs, Oglethorpe returned to
+England on board the Aldborough man-of-war, where he arrived on June 16,
+1734, after a passage of a little more than a month. His return created
+quite a sensation; complimentary verses were bestowed upon him, and his
+name was established among men of large views and energetic action as a
+distinguished benefactor of mankind. Among many things that engrossed
+his attention was to provide a bulwark against inroads that might be
+made by savages and dangers from the Spanish settlements; so he turned
+his eyes, as already noted, to the Highlands of Scotland. In order to
+secure a sufficient number of Highlanders a commission was granted to
+Lieutenant Hugh Mackay and George Dunbar to proceed to the Highlands
+and "raise 100 Men free or servants and for that purpose allowed to them
+the free passage of ten servants over and above the 100. They farther
+allowed them to take 50 Head of Women and Children and agreed with Mr.
+Simmonds to send a ship about, which he w'd not do unless they agreed
+for 130 Men Heads certain. This may have led the trust into the mistake
+That they were to raise only 130."[80]
+
+The enterprising commissioners, using such methods as were customary to
+the country, soon collected the required number within the immediate
+vicinity of Inverness. They first enlisted the interest and consent of
+some of the chief gentlemen, and as they were unused to labor, they were
+not only permitted but required also to bring each a servant capable of
+supporting him. These gentlemen were not reckless adventurers, or
+reduced emigrants forced by necessity, or exiled by insolvency and want;
+but men of pronounced character, and especially selected for their
+approved military qualities, many of whom came from the glen of
+Stralbdean, about nine miles distant from Inverness. They were commanded
+by officers most highly connected in the Highlands. Their political
+sympathies were with the exiled house of Stuart, and having been more or
+less implicated in the rising of 1715, they found themselves objects of
+jealousy and suspicion, and thus circumstanced seized the opportunity to
+seek an asylum in America and obtain that unmolested quietude which was
+denied them in their native glens.
+
+These people being deeply religious selected for their pastor, Reverend
+John MacLeod, a native of Skye, who belonged to the Dunvegan family of
+MacLeods. He was well recommended by his clerical brethren, and
+sustained a good examination before the presbytery of Edinburgh,
+previous to his ordination and commission, October 13, 1735. He was
+appointed by the directors of the Society in Scotland for Propagating
+Christian Knowledge (from whom he was to receive his annual stipend of
+£50) "not only to officiate as minister of the Gospel to the Highland
+families going hither," and others who might be inclined to the
+Presbyterian form of worship, but "also to use his utmost endeavors for
+propagating Christian knowledge among natives in the colony."
+
+The Trustees were greatly rejoiced to find that they had secured so
+valuable an acquisition to their colony, and that they could settle such
+a bold and hardy race on the banks of their southern boundary, and thus
+establish a new town on the Florida frontier. The town council of
+Inverness, in order to express their regard for Oglethorpe, on account
+of his kind offers to the Highlanders, conferred on him the honor of a
+burgess of the town, through his proxy, Captain George Dunbar.
+
+Besides the military band, others, among whom were MacKays, Bailies,
+Dunbars, and Cuthberts, applied for large tracts of land to people with
+their own servants; most of them going over themselves to Georgia, and
+finally settling there for life.
+
+Of the Highlanders, some of them paid their passage and that of one out
+of two servants, while others paid passage for their servants and took
+the benefit of the trust passage for themselves. Some, having large
+families, wanted farther assistance for servants, which was acceded to
+by Captain Dunbar, who gave them the passage of four servants, which was
+his right, for having raised forty of the one hundred men. Of the whole
+number the Trustees paid for one hundred and forty-six, some of whom
+became indentured servants to the Trust. On October 20, 1735, one
+hundred and sixty-three were mustered before Provost Hassock at
+Inverness. One of the number ran away before the ship sailed, and two
+others were set on shore because they would neither pay their passage
+nor indent as servants to the Trust.
+
+These pioneers, who were to carve their own fortunes and become a
+defense for the colony of Georgia, sailed from Inverness, October 18,
+1735, on board the Prince of Wales, commanded by Captain George Dunbar,
+one of their own countrymen. They made a remarkably quick trip, attended
+by no accidents, and in January, 1736, sailed into Tybee Road, and at
+once the officer in charge set about sending the emigrants to their
+destination. All who so desired, at their own expense, were permitted to
+go up to Savannah and Joseph's Town. On account of a deficiency in
+boats, all could not be removed at once. Seven days after their arrival
+sixty-one were sent away, and on February 4th forty-six more proceeded
+to their settlement on the Alatamaha,--all of whom being under the
+charge of Hugh MacKay. Thus the advanced station, the post of danger,
+was guarded by a bold and hardy race; brave and robust by nature,
+virtuous by inclination, inured to fatigue and willing to labor:
+
+   "To distant climes, a dreary scene, they go,
+   Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe,
+   Far different these from all that charmed before,
+   The various terrors of that distant shore;
+   Those matted woods where birds forget to sing,
+   But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling;
+   Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crown'd,
+   Where the dark scorpion gathers death around,
+   Where at each step the stranger fears to wake
+   The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake,
+   Where crouching tigers wait their hapless prey,
+   And savage men, more murderous still than they.
+   Far different these from every former scene."
+                                        --Goldsmith.
+
+On their first landing at Savannah, some of the people from South
+Carolina endeavored to discourage them by saying that the Spaniards
+would shoot them as they stood upon the ground where they contemplated
+erecting their homes. "Why then," said the Highlanders in reply, "we
+will beat them out of their fort and shall have houses ready built to
+live in." The spot designated for their town is located twenty miles
+northwest from St. Simons and ten above Frederica, and situated on the
+mainland, close to a branch of the Alatamaha river, on a bluff twenty
+feet high, then surrounded on all sides with woods. The soil is a
+brackish sand. Formerly Fort King George, garrisoned by an independent
+company, stood within a mile and a half of the new town, but had been
+abandoned and destroyed on account of a want of supplies and
+communication with Carolina. The village was called New Inverness, in
+honor of the city they had left in Scotland; while the surrounding
+district was named Darien, on account of the settlement attempted on the
+Isthmus of Darien, in 1698-1701. Under the direction of Hugh MacKay, who
+proved himself to be an excellent officer and a man of executive
+ability, by the middle of February they had constructed a fort
+consisting of two bastions and two half bastions, which was so strong
+that forty men could maintain it against three hundred, and on it placed
+four pieces, which, afterwards was so enlarged as to demand twelve
+cannon; built a guardhouse, storehouse, a chapel, and huts for the
+people. One of the men dying, the rest joined and built a house for the
+widow.
+
+In the meantime Oglethorpe had sailed from London on board the Symonds,
+accompanied by the London Merchant, with additional emigrants, and
+arrived in the Tybee Road a short time after the Highlanders had left.
+He had never met them, and desiring to understand their ways and to make
+as favorable an impression on them as possible, he retained Captain
+Dunbar to go with him to the Highlanders and to instruct him fully in
+their customs. On February 22d he left St. Simons and rowing up the
+Alatamaha after three hours, reached the Highland settlement. Upon
+seeing the boat approaching, the Highlanders marched out to meet him,
+and made a most manly appearance in their plaids, with claymores,
+targets and fire-arms. Captain MacKay invited Oglethorpe to lie in his
+tent, where there was a bed with sheets--a rarity as yet in that part of
+the world. He excused himself, choosing to lie at the guard-fire,
+wrapped in his plaid, for he had on the Highland garb. Captain MacKay
+and the other gentlemen did the same, though the night was cold.
+
+Oglethorpe had previously taken the precaution, lest the Highlanders
+might be apprehensive of an attack by the Spaniards, Indians, or other
+enemies, while their houses were in process of construction, to send
+Captain James McPherson, who commanded the rangers upon the Savannah,
+overland to support them. This troop arrived while Oglethorpe was yet
+present. Soon after they were visited by the Indians, who were attracted
+by their costume, and ever after retained an admiration for them, which
+was enhanced by the Highlanders entering into their wild sports, and
+joining them in the chase. In order to connect the new settlement with
+direct land communication with the other colonists, Oglethorpe, in
+March, directed Hugh MacKay, with a detachment of twelve rangers, to
+conduct Walter Augustin, who ran a traverse line from Savannah by Fort
+Argyle to Darien, in order to locate a roadway.
+
+It was during Oglethorpe's first trip to the Highland settlement that he
+encamped on Cumberland island, and on the extreme western point, which
+commands the passage of boats from the southward, marked out a fort to
+be called St. Andrews, and gave Captain Hugh MacKay orders to build it.
+The work commenced immediately, thirty Highlanders being employed in the
+labor. On March 26th Oglethorpe, visiting the place, was astonished to
+find the fort in such an advanced stage of completion; the ditch was
+dug, the parapet was raised with wood and earth on the land side, and
+the small wood was cleared fifty yards round the fort. This seemed to be
+the more extraordinary because MacKay had no engineer, nor any other
+assistance in that way, except the directions originally given. Besides
+it was very difficult to raise the works, the ground being a loose sand.
+They were forced to lay the trees and sand alternately,--the trees
+preventing the sand from falling, and the sand the wood from fire. He
+returned thanks to the Highlanders and offered to take any of them back
+to their settlement, but all refused so long as there was any danger
+from the Spaniards, in whose vicinity they were now stationed. But two
+of them, having families at Darien, he ordered along with him.
+
+The Highlanders were not wholly engaged in military pursuits, for, to a
+great extent, they were engaged in making their settlement permanent.
+They engaged in the cultivation of Indian corn and potatoes; learned to
+cut and saw timber, and laid out farms upon which they lived. For a
+frontier settlement, constantly menaced, all was accomplished that could
+be reasonably expected. In the woods they found ripe oranges and game,
+such as the wild turkey, buffalo and deer, in abundance. But peace and
+prosperity were not their allotted portion, for their lines were now
+cast in troubled waters. The first year witnessed an appeal to arms and
+a struggle with the Spaniards, which eventually resulted in a disaster
+to the Highlanders. Deeds of heroism were now enacted, fully in keeping
+with the tenor of the race.
+
+The Spaniards, who had their main force at St. Augustine, were more or
+less aggressive, which kept the advanced posts in a state of alarm. John
+Mohr Macintosh, who had seen service in Scotland, was directed by
+Oglethorpe to instruct the Highlanders in their military duty, and under
+his direction they were daily exercised. Hugh MacKay, with a company,
+had been directed to the immediate command of Oglethorpe.
+
+Disputes early arose between the English colonists and the Spaniards
+regarding the frontier line between the two nationalities, and loud
+complaints were made by the latter on account of being harrassed by
+Indians. Oglethorpe took steps to restrain the Indians, and to the
+Spaniards sent friendly messengers, who were immediately seized and
+confined and at once took measures against the colonists. A Spanish
+warship sailed by St. Simon's island and passed Fort St. Andrews, but
+was not fired upon by the Highlanders because she answered their
+signals. She made her way back to St. Augustine when the report gained
+currency that the whole coast was covered with war boats armed with
+cannon. On June 8th the colonists were again threatened by a Spanish
+vessel which came close to Fort St. Andrews before she was discovered;
+but when challenged rowed away with the utmost precipitation. On board
+this boat was Don Ignatio with a detachment of the Spanish garrison, and
+as many boatmen and Indians as the launch could hold. It was at this
+time that a Highland lad named Fraser distinguished himself. Oglethorpe
+in endeavoring to meet the Spaniards by a flag of truce, or else obtain
+a conference with them, but unable to accomplish either, and being about
+to withdraw, saw the boy, whom he had sent forward, returning through
+the woods, driving before him a tall man with a musket on his shoulder,
+two pistols stuck in his girdle, and further armed with both a long and
+short sword. Coming up to Oglethorpe the lad said: "Here, sir; I have
+caught a Spaniard for you." The man was found to have in his possession
+a letter from Oglethorpe's imprisoned messengers which imparted certain
+information that proved to be of great value.
+
+The imprisoned messengers were ultimately released and sent back in a
+launch with commissioners to treat with Oglethorpe. In order to make a
+favorable impression on the Spaniards, the Highlanders, under Ensign
+MacKay, were ordered out. June 19th, Ensign MacKay arrived on board the
+man-of-war Hawk, then just off from Amelia island, with the Highlanders,
+and a detachment of the independent company, in their regimentals, who
+lined one side of the ship, while the Highlanders, with their claymores,
+targets, plaids, etc., did the same on the other side. The commissioners
+were very handsomely entertained on board the war vessel, and after
+dinner messages in writing were exchanged. While this hilarity and peace
+protestations were being indulged, an Indian brought the news that forty
+Spaniards and some Indians had fallen upon a party of the Creek nation
+who, then depending upon the general peace between the Indians, Spanish
+and English, without suspicion, and consequently without guard, were
+surrounded and surprised, several killed and others taken, two of whom,
+being boys, were murdered by dashing out their brains.
+
+To the people of New Iverness the year 1737 does not appear to have been
+a propitious one. Pioneers were compelled to endure hardships of which
+they had little dreamed, and the Highland settlement was no exception to
+the rule. The record preserved for this year is exceedingly meagre and
+consists almost wholly in the sworn statement of Alexander Monroe, who
+deserted the colony in 1740. In the latter year he deposed that at
+Darien, where he arrived in 1736 with his wife and child, he had
+cleared, fenced in and planted five acres of land, built a good house in
+the town, and made other improvements, such as gardening, etc.; that he
+was never able to support his family by cultivation, though he planted
+the said five acres three years and had good crops, and that he never
+heard of any white man being able to gain a living by planting; that in
+1737 the people were reduced to such distress for want of provisions,
+having neither corn, peas, rice, potatoes, nor bread-kind of any sort,
+nor fish, nor flesh of any kind in store; that they were forced to go in
+a body, with John Mohr Macintosh at the head, to Frederica and there
+make a demand on the Trust's agent for a supply; that they were relieved
+by Captain Gascoigne of the Hawk, who spared them two barrels of flour,
+and one barrel of beef; and further, he launches an indictment against
+John Mohr Macintosh, who had charge of the Trust's store at Darien, for
+giving the better class of food to his own hogs while the people were
+forced to take that which was rotten.[81]
+
+While this statement of Monroe may possibly be true in the main, and
+that there was actual suffering, yet it must be borne in mind that the
+Highlanders were there living in a changed condition. The labor,
+climate, soil, products, etc., were all new to them, and to the changed
+circumstances the time had been too short for them to adapt themselves;
+nor is it probable that five acres were enough for their subsistence.
+The feeding of cattle, which was soon after adopted, would give them a
+larger field of industry.
+
+Nor was this all. Inevitable war fell upon the people; for we learn that
+the troop of Highland rangers, under Captain MacKay, held Fort St.
+Andrews "with thirty men, when the Spaniards attempted the invasion of
+this Province with a great number of men in the year 1737."[82] Drawing
+the men away from the settlement would necessarily cause more or less
+suffering and disarrangement of affairs.
+
+The record for the year 1738 is more extensive, although somewhat
+contradictory, and exhibits a strong element of dissention. Oglethorpe
+admitted the difficulties under which the people labored, ascribing them
+to the Spanish alarms, but reports that John Mohr Macintosh, pursuant to
+orders from the Trust, had disposed of a part of the servants to the
+freeholders of Darien, which encouragement had enabled the settlement to
+continue.
+
+"The women were a dead charge to the Trust, excepting a few who mended
+the Cloaths, dressed the Victuals and washed the Linnen of the Trustees
+Men Servants. Some of the Soldiers who were Highlanders desiring to
+marry Women, I gave them leave upon their discharging the Trustees from
+all future Charges arising from them."[83]
+
+The difficulties appear also to have arisen from the fact that the
+freeholders were either unable or else unwilling--which is the more
+likely--to perform manual labor. They labored under the want of a
+sufficient number of servants until they had procured some who had been
+indentured to the Trust for passage from Scotland.
+
+The Reverend John MacLeod, who abandoned the colony in 1741, made oath
+that in the year 1738 they found by experience that the produce from the
+land did not answer the expense of time and labor, and the voice of the
+people of Darien was to abandon their improvements, and settle to the
+northward, where they could be free from the restraints which rendered
+incapable of subsisting themselves and families.[84] The declaration of
+Alexander Monroe is still more explicit:
+
+   "That in December, 1738, the said inhabitants of Darien finding that
+   from their first settling in Georgia, their labors turned to no
+   account, that their wants were daily growing on them, and being weary
+   of apprehension, they came to a resolution to depute two men, chosen
+   from amongst them, to go to Charleston, in South Carolina, and there
+   to make application to the government, in order to obtain a grant of
+   lands to which the whole settlement of Darien to a man were to remove
+   altogether, the said John McIntosh More excepted; but that it being
+   agreed among them, first to acquaint the said Colonel with their
+   intentions, and their reasons for such resolutions, John McIntosh L.
+   (Lynvilge) was employed by the said freeholders to lay the same
+   before him, who returned them an answer 'that they should have credit
+   for provisions, with two cows and three calves, and a breeding mare
+   if they would continue on their plantations.' That the people with
+   the view of these helps, and hoping for the further favor and
+   countenance of the said Colonel, and being loth to leave their little
+   all behind them, and begin the world in a strange place, were willing
+   to make out a livelihood in the colony; but whilst they were in
+   expectation of these things, this deponent being at his plantation,
+   two miles from the town, in Dec., 1738, he received a letter from
+   Ronald McDonald, which was sent by order of the said McIntosh More,
+   and brought to this deponent by William, son of the said McIntosh,
+   ordering him, the said deponent, immediately to come himself, and
+   bring William Monro along with him to town, and advising him that,
+   'if he did so, he would be made a man of, but, that if he did not, he
+   would be ruined forever.' That this deponent coming away without loss
+   of time, he got to the said McIntosh More's house about nine of the
+   clock that night, where he found several of the inhabitants together,
+   and where the said McIntosh More did tell this deponent, 'that if he
+   would sign a paper, which he then offered him, that the said Colonel
+   would give him cattle and servants from time to time, and that he
+   would be a good friend to as many as would sign the said paper, but
+   that they would see what would become of those that would not sign
+   it, for that the people of Savannah would be all ruined, who opposed
+   the said Colonel in it.' That this deponent did not know the contents
+   of the said paper, but seeing that some before him had signed it, his
+   hopes on one side, and fears on the other, made him sign it also.
+   That upon his conversing with some of the people, after leaving the
+   house, he was acquainted with the contents and design of said paper,
+   which this deponent believes to be the petition from the eighteen,
+   which the trustees have printed, and that very night he became
+   sensible of the wrong he had done; and that his conscience did
+   thereupon accuse him, and does yet."[85]
+
+The phrase "being weary of oppression" has reference to the accusation
+against Captain Hugh MacKay, who was alleged to have "exercised an
+illegal power there, such as judging in all causes, directing and
+ordering all things according to his will, as did the said McIntosh
+More, by which many unjust and illegal things were done. That not only
+the servants of the said freeholders of Darien were ordered to be tied
+up and whipt; but also this deponent, and Donald Clark, who themselves
+were freeholders, were taken into custody, and bound with ropes, and
+threatened to be sent to Frederica to Mr. Horton, and there punished by
+him; this deponent, once for refusing to cry 'All's well,' when he was
+an out-sentry, he having before advised them of the danger of so doing,
+lest the voice should direct the Indians to fire upon the sentry, as
+they had done the night before, and again for drumming with his fingers
+on the side of his house, it being pretended that he had alarmed the
+town. That upon account of these, and many other oppressions, the
+freeholders applied to Mr. Oglethorpe for a court of justice to be
+erected, and proper magistrates in Darien, as in other towns in Georgia,
+that they might have justice done among themselves, when he gave them
+for answer, 'that he would acquaint the trustees with it'; but that
+this deponent heard no more of it."[86]
+
+One of the fundamental regulations of the Trustees was the prohibition
+of African slavery in Georgia. However, they had instituted a system of
+servitude which indentured both male and female to individuals, or the
+Trustees, for a period of from four to fourteen years. On arriving in
+Georgia, their services were sold for the term of indenture, or
+apportioned to the inhabitants by the magistrates, as their necessities
+required. The sum which they brought when thus bid off varied from £2 to
+£6, besides an annual tax of £1 for five years to defray the expense of
+their voyage. Negro slavery was agitated in Savannah, and on December 9,
+1738, a petition was addressed to the Trustees, signed by one hundred
+and sixteen, and among other things asked was the introduction of Negro
+slavery. On January 3, 1739, a counter petition was drawn up and signed
+by the Highlanders at Darien. On March 13th the Saltzburghers of
+Ebenezer signed a similar petition in which they strongly disapproved of
+the introduction of slave labor into the colony. Likewise the people of
+Frederica prepared a petition, but desisted from sending it, upon an
+assurance that their apprehensions of the introduction of Negroes were
+entirely needless. Many artifices were resorted to in order to gain over
+the Highlanders and have them petition for Negro slaves. Failing in this
+letters were written to them from England endeavoring to intimidate them
+into a compliance. These counter petitions strengthened the Trustees in
+their resolution. It is a noticeable fact, and worthy of record, that at
+the outbreak of the American Revolution the Highlanders of Darien again
+protested against African slavery.
+
+Those persons dissatisfied with the state of affairs increased in
+numbers and gradually grew more rancorous. It is not supposable that
+they could have bettered the condition under the circumstances.
+Historians have been universal in their praise of Oglethorpe, and in all
+probability no one could have given a better administration. His word
+has been taken without question. He declared that "Darien hath been one
+of the Settlements where the People have been most industrious as those
+of Savannah have been most idle. The Trustees have had several Servants
+there who under the direction of Mr. Moore McIntosh have not only earned
+their bread but have provided the Trust with such Quantities of sawed
+stuff as hath saved them a great sum of money. Those Servants cannot be
+put under the direction of anybody at Frederica nor any one that does
+not understand the Highland language. The Woods fit for sawing are near
+Darien and the Trustees engaged not to separate the Highlanders. They
+are very useful under their own Chiefs and no where else. It is very
+necessary therefore to allow Mr. Mackintosh for the overseeing the
+Trust's Servants at Darien."[87]
+
+That such was the actual condition of affairs in 1739 there is no doubt.
+However, a partial truth may change the appearance. George Philp, who at
+Savannah in 1740, declared that for the same year the people "are as
+incapable of improving their lands and raising produces as the people in
+the northern division, as appears from the very small quantity of Indian
+corn which hitherto had been the chief and almost only produce of the
+province, some few potatoes excepted; and as a proof of which, that he
+was in the south in May last, when the season for planting was over, and
+much less was done at Frederica than in former years; and that the
+people in Darien did inform him, that they had not of their own produce
+to carry to market, even in the year 1739, which was the most plentiful
+year they ever saw there, nor indeed any preceding year; nor had they
+(the people of Darien) bread-kind of their own raising, sufficient for
+the use of their families, from one crop to another, as themselves, or
+some of them, did tell this deponent; and further, the said people of
+Darien were, in May last, repining at their servants being near out of
+their time, because the little stock of money they carried over with
+them was exhausted in cultivation which did not bring them a return; and
+they were thereby rendered quite unable to plant their lands, or help
+themselves any way."[88]
+
+It was one of the agreements made by the Trust that assistance should be
+given the colonists. Hence Oglethorpe speaks of "the £58 delivered to
+Mr. McIntosh at Darien, it was to support the Inhabitants of Darien with
+cloathing and delivered to the Trustees' Store there, for which the
+Individuals are indebted to the Trust. Part of it was paid in discharge
+of service done to the Trustees in building. Part is still due and some
+do pay and are ready to pay."[89]
+
+The active war with Spain commenced by the murder of two unarmed
+Highlanders on Amelia Island, who had gone into the woods for fuel. It
+was November 14, 1739, that a party of Spaniards landed on the island
+and skulked in the woods. Francis Brooks, who commanded a scout boat,
+heard reports of musketry, and at once signaled the fort, when a
+lieutenant's squad marched out and found the murdered Highlanders with
+their heads cut off and cruelly mangled. The Spaniards fled with so much
+precipitation that the squad could not overtake them, though they
+pursued rapidly. Immediately Oglethorpe began to collect around him his
+inadequate forces for the invasion of Florida. In January, 1740, he
+received orders to make hostile movements against Florida, with the
+assurance that Admiral Vernon should co-operate with him. Oglethorpe
+took immediate action, drove in the Spanish outposts and invaded
+Florida, having learned from a deserter that St. Augustine was in want
+of provisions. South Carolina rendered assistance; and its regiment
+reached Darien the first of May, where it was joined by Oglethorpe's
+favorite corps, the Highlanders, ninety strong, commanded by Captain
+John Mohr McIntosh and Lieutenant MacKay. They were ordered, accompanied
+by an Indian force, to proceed by land, at once, to Cow-ford (afterwards
+Jacksonville), upon the St. Johns. With four hundred of his regiment,
+Oglethorpe, on May 3d, left Frederica, in boats, and on the 9th reached
+the Cow-ford. The Carolina regiment and the Highlanders having failed to
+make the expected junction at that point, Oglethorpe, who would brook no
+delay, immediately proceeded against Fort Diego, which surrendered on
+the 10th, and garrisoned it with sixty men under Lieutenant Dunbar. With
+the remainder he returned to the Cow-ford, and there met the Carolina
+regiment and McIntosh's Highlanders. Here Oglethorpe massed nine hundred
+soldiers and eleven hundred Indians, and marched the whole force
+against Fort Moosa, which was built of stone, and situated less than two
+miles from St. Augustine, which the Spaniards evacuated without offering
+resistance. Having burned the gates, and made three breaches in the
+walls, Oglethorpe then proceeded to reconnoitre the town and castle.
+Assisted by some ships of war lying at anchor off St. Augustine bar, he
+determined to blockade the town. For this purpose he left Colonel
+Palmer, with ninety-five Highlanders and fifty-two Indians, at Fort
+Moosa, with instructions to scour the woods and intercept all supplies
+for the enemy; and, for safety, encamp every night at different places.
+This was the only party left to guard the land side. The Carolina
+regiment was sent to occupy a point of land called Point Quartel, about
+a mile distant from the castle; while he himself with his regiment and
+the greater part of the Indians embarked in boats, and landed on the
+Island of Anastatia, where he erected batteries and commenced a
+bombardment of the town. The operations of the beseigers beginning to
+relax, the Spanish commander sent a party of six hundred to surprise
+Colonel Palmer at Fort Moosa. The Spaniards had noted that for five
+nights Colonel Palmer had made Fort Moosa his resting place. They came
+in boats with muffled oars at the dead of night, and landed unheard and
+undiscovered. The Indians, who were relied on by Palmer, were watching
+the land side, but never looked towards the water.
+
+Captain Macintosh had remonstrated with Colonel Palmer for remaining at
+Fort Moosa more than one night, until it produced an alienation between
+them. The only thing then left for MacIntosh was to make his company
+sleep on their arms. At the first alarm they were in rank, and as the
+Spanish infantry approached in three columns they were met with a
+Highland shout.
+
+The contest was unequal, and although the Highlanders rallied to the
+support of MacIntosh, their leader, and fought with desperation, yet
+thirty-six of them fell dead or wounded at the first charge. When
+Colonel Palmer saw the overwhelming force that assaulted his command, he
+directed the rangers without the wall to fly; but, refusing to follow
+them, he paid the debt of his obstinacy with his blood.
+
+The surprise at Fort Moosa led to the failure of Oglethorpe's
+expedition. John Mohr MacIntosh was a prisoner, and as Oglethorpe had no
+officer to exchange for him, he was sent to Spain, where he was detained
+several years--his fate unknown to his family--and when he did return to
+his family it was with a broken constitution and soon to die, leaving
+his children to such destiny as might await them, without friends, in
+the wilds of America, for the one who could assist them--General
+Oglethorpe--was to be recalled, in preparation to meet the Highland
+Rising of 1745, when he, too, was doomed to suffer degradation from the
+duke of Cumberland, and injury to his military reputation.
+
+It was the same regiment of Spaniards that two years later was brought
+from Cuba to lead in all enterprises that again was destined to meet the
+remnant of those Highlanders, but both the scene and the result were
+different. It was in the light of day, and blood and slaughter, but not
+victory awaited them.
+
+The conduct of the eldest son of John Mohr MacIntosh is worthy of
+mention. He was named after his grand uncle, the celebrated Old Borlum
+(General William MacIntosh), who commanded a division of the Highlanders
+in the Rising of 1715. William was not quite fourteen years of age when
+his father left Darien for Florida. He wished to accompany the army, but
+his father refused. Determined not to be thwarted in his purpose, he
+overtook the army at Barrington. He was sent back the next day under an
+armed guard. Taking a small boat, he ferried up to Clarke's Bluff, on
+the south side of the Alatamaha, intending to keep in the rear until the
+troops had crossed the St. Mary's river. He soon fell in with seven
+Indians, who knew him, for Darien had become a great rendezvous for
+them, and were greatly attached to the Highlanders, partly on account of
+their wild manners, their manly sports and their costume, somewhat
+resembling their own. They caressed the boy, and heartily entered into
+his views. They followed the advancing troops and informed him of all
+that transpired in his father's camp, yet carefully concealing his
+presence among them until after the passage of the St. Mary's, where,
+with much triumph, led him to his father and said "that he was a young
+warrior and would fight; that the Great Spirit would watch over his
+life, for he loved young warriors." He followed his father until he saw
+him fall at Fort Moosa, covered with wounds, which so transfixed him
+with horror, that he was not aroused to action until a Spanish officer
+laid hold of his plaid. Light and as elastic as a steel bow, he slipped
+from under his grasp, and made his escape with the wreck of the corps.
+
+Those who escaped the massacre went over in a boat to Point Quartel.
+Some of the Chickasaw Indians, who also had escaped, met a Spaniard, cut
+off his head and presented it to Oglethorpe. With abhorence he rejected
+it, calling them barbarian dogs and bidding them begone. As might be
+expected, the Chickasaws were offended and deserted him. A party of
+Creeks brought four Spanish prisoners to Oglethorpe, who informed him
+that St. Augustine had been reinforced by seven hundred men and a large
+supply of provisions. The second day after the Fort Moosa affair, the
+Carolina[90] regiment deserted, the colonel leading the rout; nor did he
+arrest his flight until darkness overtook him, thirty miles from St.
+Augustine. Other circumstances operating against him, Oglethorpe
+commenced his retreat from Florida and reached Frederica July 10, 1740.
+
+The inhabitants of Darien continued to live in huts that were tight and
+warm. Prior to 1740 they had been very industrious in planting, besides
+being largely engaged in driving cattle for the regiment; but having
+engaged in the invasion of Florida, little could be done at home, where
+their families remained. One writer[91] declared that "the people live
+very comfortably, with great unanimity. I know of no other settlement in
+this colony more desirable, except Ebenezer." The settlement was greatly
+decimated on account of the number killed and taken prisoners at Fort
+Moosa. This gave great discontent on the part of those who already felt
+aggrieved against the Trust.
+
+The discontent among many of the colonists, some of whom were
+influential, again broke out in 1741, some of whom went to Savannah,
+October 7th, to consider the best method of presenting their grievances.
+They resolved to send an agent to England to represent their case to
+the proper authorities, "in order to the effectual settling and
+establishing of the said province, and to remove all those grievances
+and hardships we now labor under." The person selected as agent was
+Thomas Stevens, the son of the president of Georgia, who had resided
+there about four years, and who, it was thought, from his connection
+with the president, would give great weight to the proceedings. Mr.
+Stevens sailed for England on March 26, 1742, presented his petition to
+parliament, which was considered together with the answer of the
+Trustees; which resulted in Mr. Stevens being brought to the bar of the
+House of Commons, and upon his knees, before the assembled counsellors
+of Great Britain, was reprimanded for his conduct, and then discharged,
+on paying his fees.
+
+A list of the people who signed the petition and counter petitions
+affords a good criterion of the class represented at Darien, living
+there before and after the battle of Moosa. Among the complainants may
+be found the names of:
+
+   James Campbell, Thomas Fraser, Patrick Grahame, John Grahame, John
+   McDonald, Peter McKay, Benjamin McIntosh, John McIntosh, Daniel
+   McKay, Farquhar McGuilvery, Daniel McDonald, Rev. John McLeod,
+   Alexander Monro, John McIntire, Owen McLeod, Alexander Rose, Donald
+   Stewart.
+
+It is not certain that all the above were residents of Darien. Among
+those who signed the petition in favor of the Trust, and denominated the
+body of the people, and distinctly stated to be living at Darien, are
+the names of:
+
+   John Mackintosh Moore, John Mackintosh Lynvilge, Ronald McDonald,
+   Hugh Morrison, John McDonald, John Maclean, John Mackintosh, son of
+   L., John Mackintosh Bain, John McKay, Daniel Clark, first, Alexander
+   Clarke, Donald Clark, third, Joseph Burges, Donald Clark, second,
+   Archibald McBain, Alexander Munro, William Munro, John Cuthbert.
+
+During the autumn of 1741, Reverend John McLeod abandoned his Highland
+charge at Darien, went to South Carolina and settled at Edisto. In an
+oath taken November 12, 1741, he represents the people of Darien to be
+in a deplorable condition. Oglethorpe, in his letter to the
+Trustees,[92] evidently did not think Mr. McLeod was the man really fit
+for his position, for he says:
+
+   "We want here some men fit for schoolmasters, one at Frederica and
+   one at Darien, also a sedate and sober minister, one of some
+   experience in the world and whose first heat of youth is over."
+
+The long-threatened invasion of Carolina and Georgia by the Spaniards
+sailed from Havana, consisting of a great fleet, among which were two
+half galleys, carrying one hundred and twenty men each and an
+eighteen-pound gun. A part of the fleet, on June 20th, was seen off the
+harbor of St. Simons, and the next day in Cumberland Sound. Oglethorpe
+dispatched two companies in three boats to the relief of Fort William,
+on Cumberland island, which were forced to fight their way through the
+fire from the Spanish galleys. Soon after thirty-two sail came to anchor
+off the bar, with the Spanish colors flying, and there remained five
+days. They landed five hundred men at Gascoin's bluff, on July 5th.
+Oglethorpe blew up Fort William, spiked the guns and signalled his ships
+to run up to Frederica, and with his land forces retired to the same
+place, where he arrived July 6th. The day following the enemy were
+within a mile of Frederica. When this news was brought to Oglethorpe he
+took the first horse he found and with the Highland company, having
+ordered sixty men of the regiment to follow, he set off on a gallop to
+meet the Spaniards, whom he found to be one hundred and seventy strong,
+including forty-five Indians. With his Indian Rangers and ten
+Highlanders, who outran the rest of the company, he immediately attacked
+and defeated the Spaniards. After pursuing them a mile, he halted his
+troops and posted them to advantage in the woods, leaving two companies
+of his regiment with the Highlanders and Indians to guard the way, and
+then returned to Frederica to await further movements of the enemy.
+Finding no immediate movement on the part of his foes, Oglethorpe, with
+the whole force then at Frederica, except such as were absolutely
+necessary to man the batteries, returned to the late field of action,
+and when about half way met two platoons of his troops, with the great
+body of his Indians, who declared they had been broken by the whole
+Spanish force, which assailed them in the woods; and the enemy were now
+in pursuit, and would soon be upon them. Notwithstanding this
+disheartening report, Oglethorpe continued his march, and to his great
+satisfaction, found that Lieutenants Southerland and MacKay, with the
+Highlanders alone, had defeated the enemy, consisting of six hundred
+men, and killed more of them than their own force numbered. At first the
+Spanish forces overwhelmed the colonists by their superior numbers, when
+the veteran troops became seized with a panic. They made a precipitate
+retreat, the Highlanders following reluctantly in the rear. After
+passing through a defile, Lieutenant MacKay communicated to his friend,
+Lieutenant Southerland, who commanded the rear guard, composed also of
+Highlanders, the feelings of his corps, and agreeing to drop behind as
+soon as the whole had passed the defile. They returned through the brush
+and took post at the two points of the crescent in the road. Four
+Indians remained with them. Scarcely had they concealed themselves in
+the woods, when the Spanish grenadier regiment, the _elite_ of their
+troops, advanced into the defile, where, seeing the footprints of the
+rapid retreat of the broken troops, and observing their right was
+covered by an open morass, and their left, as they supposed, by an
+impracticable wall of brushwood, and a border of dry white sand, they
+stacked their arms and sat down to partake of refreshments, believing
+that the contest for the day was over. Southerland and MacKay, who, from
+their hiding places, had anxiously watched their movements, now from
+either end of the line raised the Highland cap upon a sword, the signal
+for the work of death to begin. Immediately the Highlanders poured in
+upon the unsuspecting enemy a well delivered and most deadly fire.
+Volley succeeded volley, and the sand was soon strewed with the dead and
+the dying. Terror and dismay seized the Spaniards, and making no
+resistance attempted to fly along the marsh. A few of their officers
+attempted, though in vain, to re-form their broken ranks; discipline was
+gone; orders were unheeded; safety alone was sought; and, when, with a
+Highland shout of triumph, the hidden foe burst among them with levelled
+musket and flashing claymore, the panic stricken Spaniards fled in
+every direction; some to the marsh, where they mired and were taken;
+others along the defile, where they were met by the claymore, and still
+others into the thicket, where they became entangled and perished; and a
+few succeeded in escaping to their camp. Barba was taken, though
+mortally wounded. Among the killed were a captain, lieutenant, two
+sergeants, two drummers and one hundred and sixty privates, and a
+captain and nineteen men taken prisoners. This feat of arms was as
+brilliant as it was successful. Oglethorpe, with the two platoons, did
+not reach the scene of action, since called the "Bloody Marsh," until
+the victory was won. To show his sense of the services rendered, he
+promoted the brave young officers who had gained it on the very field of
+their valor. But he rested only for a few minutes, waiting for the
+marines and the reserve of the regiment to come up; and then pursued the
+retreating enemy to within a mile and a half of their camp. During the
+night the foe retreated within the ruins of the fort, and under the
+protection of their cannon. A few days later the Spaniards became so
+alarmed on the appearance of three vessels off the bar that they
+immediately set fire to the fort and precipitately embarked their
+troops, abandoning in their hurry and confusion, several cannon, a
+quantity of military stores, and even leaving unburied some of the men
+who had just died of their wounds.
+
+The massacre of Fort Moosa was more than doubly avenged, and that on the
+same Spanish regiment that was then victorious. On the present occasion
+they had set out from their camp with the determination to show no
+quarter. In the action William MacIntosh, now sixteen years of age, was
+conspicuous. No shout rose higher, and no sword waved quicker than his
+on that day. The tract of land which surrounded the field of action was
+afterwards granted to him.
+
+A brief sketch of Ensign John Stuart will not be out of place in this
+record and connection. During the Spanish invasion he was stationed at
+Fort William, and there gained an honorable reputation in holding it
+against the enemy. Afterwards he became the celebrated Captain Stuart
+and father of Sir John Stuart, the victor over General Ranier, at the
+battle of Maida, in Calabria. In 1757 Captain Stuart was taken prisoner
+at Fort Loudon, in the Cherokee country, and whose life was saved by his
+friend, Attakullakulla. This ancient chief had remembered Captain Stuart
+when he was a young Highland officer under General Oglethorpe, although
+years had rolled away. The Indians were now filled with revenge at the
+treachery of Governor Littleton, of Carolina, on account of the
+imprisonment and death of the chiefs of twenty towns; yet no actions of
+others could extinguish, in this generous and high-minded man, the
+friendship of other years. The dangers of that day, the thousand wiles
+and accidents Captain Stuart escaped from, made him renowned among the
+Indians, and centered on him the affections and confidence of the
+southern tribes. It was the same Colonel John Stuart, of the
+Revolutionary War, who, from Pensacola, directed at will the movements
+of the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Choctaws, against all, save
+Georgia. That state suffered but little from Indian aggression during
+the War for Independence. Nor was that feeling extinct among the Creeks
+for a period of fifty years, or until they believed that the people of
+Oglethorpe had passed away.
+
+The year 1743 opened with fresh alarms of a new invasion, jointly of the
+French and Spanish. The Governor of Cuba offered to invade Georgia and
+Carolina, with ten thousand men, most of whom were then in Havanna.
+Oglethorpe, with his greatly reduced force, was left alone to bear the
+burden of defending Georgia. Believing that a sudden blow would enhance
+his prospects, he took his measures, and accordingly, on Saturday,
+February 26, 1743, the detachment destined for Florida, consisting of a
+portion of the Highlanders, rangers and regulars, appeared under arms at
+Frederica, and on March 9th, landed in Florida. He advanced upon St.
+Augustine, and used every device to decoy them into an ambush; but even
+failed to provoke the garrison. Having no cannon with him, he returned
+to Frederica, without the loss of a man. This expedition was attended
+with great toil, fatigue and privation, but borne cheerfully. A few
+slight eruptive efforts were made, but each party kept its own borders,
+and the slight conflicts in America were lost in the universal
+conflagration in Europe.
+
+The Highlanders had borne more than their share of the burdens of war,
+and had lost heavily. Their families had shared in their privations. The
+majority had remained loyal to Oglethorpe, and proved that in every
+emergency they could be depended on. In later years the losses were
+partially supplied by accessions from their countrymen.
+
+With all the advantages that Georgia offered and the inducements held
+out to emigrants, the growth was very slow. In 1761 the whole number of
+white inhabitants amounted to but sixty-one hundred. However, in 1773,
+or twelve years later, it had leaped to eighteen thousand white and
+fifteen thousand black. The reasons assigned for this increase were the
+great inducements held out to people to come and settle where they could
+get new and good lands at a moderate cost, with plenty of good range for
+cattle, horses and hogs, and where they would not be so pent up and
+confined as in the more thickly settled provinces.
+
+The Macintoshes had ever been foremost, and in the attempt to
+consolidate Georgia with Carolina they were prominent in their
+opposition to the scheme.
+
+Forty years in America had endeared the Highlanders of Darien to the
+fortunes of their adopted country. The children knew of none other, save
+as they heard it from the lips of their parents. Free in their
+inclinations, and with their environments it is not surprising that they
+should become imbued with the principles of the American Revolution.
+Their foremost leader, who gained imperishable renown, was Lachlan
+Macintosh, son of John Mor. His brother, William, also took a very
+active part, and made great sacrifices. At one time he was pursued
+beyond the Alatamaha and his negroes taken from him.
+
+To what extent the Darien Highlanders espoused the cause of Great
+Britain would be difficult to fathom, but in all probability to no
+appreciable extent. The records exhibit that there were some royalists
+there, although when under British sway may have been such as a matter
+of protection, which was not uncommon throughout the Southern States.
+The record is exceedingly brief. On May 20, 1780, Charles McDonald,
+justice of peace for St. Andrew's parish (embracing Darien), signed the
+address to the King. Sir James Wright, royal governor of Georgia,
+writing to lord George Germain, dated February 16, 1782, says:
+
+   "Yesterday my Lord I Received Intelligence that two Partys of about
+   140 in the whole were gone over the Ogechee Ferry towards the
+   Alatamaha River & had been in St. Andrews Parish (a Scotch
+   settlement) & there Murdered 12 or 13 Loyal Subjects."[93]
+
+The Highlanders were among the first to take action, and had no fears of
+the calamities of war. The military spirit of their ancestors showed no
+deterioration in their constitutions. During the second week in January,
+1775, a district congress was held by the inhabitants of St. Andrew's
+Parish (now Darien), at which a series of resolutions were passed,
+embodying, with great force and earnestness, the views of the
+freeholders of that large and flourishing district. These resolutions,
+six in number, expressed first, their approbation of "the unparalleled
+moderation, the decent, but firm and manly, conduct of the loyal and
+brave people of Boston and Massachusetts Bay, to preserve their
+liberty;" their approval of "all the resolutions of the Grand American
+Congress," and their hearty and "cheerful accession to the association
+entered into by them, as the wisest and most moderate measure that could
+be adopted." The second resolution condemned the closing of the land
+offices, to the great detriment of Colonial growth, and to the injury of
+the industrious poor, declaring "that all encouragement should be given
+to the poor of every nation by every generous American." The third,
+animadverted upon the ministerial mandates which prevented colonial
+assemblies from passing such laws as the general exigencies of the
+provinces required, an especial grievance, as they affirmed, "in this
+young colony, where our internal police is not yet well settled." The
+fourth condemned the practice of making colonial officers dependent for
+salaries on Great Britain, "thus making them independent of the people,
+who should support them according to their usefulness and behavior." The
+fifth resolution declares "our disapprobation and abhorrence of the
+unnatural practice of slavery in America," and their purpose to urge
+"the manumission of our slaves in this colony, upon the most safe and
+equitable footing for the masters and themselves." And, lastly, they
+thereby chose delegates to represent the parish in a provincial
+congress, and instruct them to urge the appointment of two delegates to
+the Continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia, in May.
+
+Appended to these resolutions were the following articles of agreement
+or association:
+
+   "Being persuaded that the salvation of the rights and liberties of
+   America depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants in
+   its vigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety,
+   and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and
+   confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government,
+   we, the freemen, freeholders, and inhabitants of the province of
+   Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry
+   to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now
+   acting in the Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner,
+   resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties
+   of religion, honor and love of country, to adopt and endeavor to
+   carry into execution, whatever may be recommended by the Continental
+   Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention that shall be
+   appointed, for the purpose of preserving our Constitution, and
+   opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts
+   of the British Parliament, until a reconciliation between Great
+   Britain and America, on constitutional principles, which we most
+   ardently desire, can be obtained; and that we will in all things
+   follow the advice of our general committee, to be appointed,
+   respecting the purposes, aforesaid, the preservation of peace and
+   good order, and the safety of individuals and private property."
+
+Among the names appended to these resolutions there may be selected such
+as:
+
+   Lach. McIntosh, Charles McDonald, John McIntosh, Samuel McClelland,
+   Jno. McCulloch, William McCullough, John McClelland, Seth McCullough.
+
+On July 4, 1775, the Provincial Congress met at Tondee's Long Room,
+Savannah. Every parish and district was represented. St. Andrew's parish
+sent:
+
+   Jonathan Cochran, William Jones, Peter Tarlin, Lachlan McIntosh,
+   William McIntosh, George Threadcroft, John Wesent, Roderick McIntosh,
+   John Witherspoon, George McIntosh, Allen Stuart, John McIntosh,
+   Raymond Demere.
+
+The resolutions adopted by these hardy patriots were sacredly kept.
+Their deeds, however, partake more of personal narration, and only their
+heroic defense need be mentioned. The following narration should not
+escape special notice:
+
+   "On the last of February, 1776, the Scarborough, Hinchinbroke, St.
+   John, and two large transports, with soldiers, then lying at Tybee,
+   came up the river and anchored at five fathoms. On March 2nd, two of
+   the vessels sailed up the channel of Back river, The Hinchinbroke, in
+   attempting to go round Hutchinson's island, and so come down upon the
+   shipping from above, grounded at the west end of the island, opposite
+   Brampton. During the night there landed from the first vessel,
+   between two and three hundred troops, under the command of Majors
+   Grant and Maitland, and silently marched across Hutchinson's island,
+   and through collusion with the captains were embarked by four A.M.,
+   in the merchant vessels which lay near the store on that island. The
+   morning of the 3rd revealing the close proximity of the enemy caused
+   great indignation among the people. Two companies of riflemen, under
+   Major Habersham, immediately attacked the grounded vessel and drove
+   every man from its deck. By nine o'clock it became known that troops
+   had been secreted on board the merchantmen, which news created
+   intense excitement, and three hundred men, under Colonel McIntosh,
+   were marched to Yamacraw Bluff, opposite the shipping, and there
+   threw up a hasty breastwork, through which they trained three
+   four-pounders to bear upon the vessels. Anxious, however, to avoid
+   bloodshed, Lieutenant Daniel Roberts, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+   Mr. Raymond Demere, of St. Andrew's Parish, solicited, and were
+   permitted by the commanding officer, to go on board and demand a
+   surrender of Rice and his people, who, with his boat's crew, had been
+   forcibly detained. Although, on a mission of peace, no sooner had
+   they reached the vessel, on board of which was Captain Barclay and
+   Major Grant, than they were seized and detained as prisoners. The
+   people on shore, after waiting a sufficient length of time, hailed
+   the vessel, through a speaking-trumpet, and demanded the return of
+   all who were detained on board; but receiving only insulting replies,
+   they discharged two four-pounders at the vessel; whereupon they
+   solicited that the people should send on board two men in whom they
+   most confided, and with them they agreed to negotiate. Twelve of the
+   Rangers, led by Captain Screven, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+   Captain Baker, were immediately rowed under the stern of the vessel
+   and there peremptorily demanded the deputies. Incensed by insulting
+   language, Captain Baker fired a shot, which immediately drew on his
+   boat a discharge of swivels and small arms. The batteries then
+   opened, which was briskly answered for the space of four hours. The
+   next step was to set fire to the vessels, the first being the
+   Inverness, which drifted upon the brig Nelly, which was soon in
+   flames. The officers and soldiers fled from the vessels, in the
+   utmost precipitation across the low marshes and half-drained
+   rice-fields, several being killed by the grape shot played upon them.
+   As the deputies were still held prisoners, the Council of Safety, on
+   March 6th, put under arrest all the members of the Royal Council then
+   in Savannah, besides menacing the ships at Tybee. An exchange was not
+   effected until the 27th."
+
+As already stated, Darien experienced some of the vicissitudes of war.
+On April 18, 1778, a small army, under Colonel Elbert, embarked on the
+galleys Washington, Lee and Bullock, and by 10 o'clock next morning,
+near Frederica, had captured the brigantine Hinchinbroke, the sloop
+Rebecca and a prize brig, which had spread terror on the coast.
+
+In 1779 the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James were erected
+into one county, under the name of Liberty.
+
+In March, 1780, the royal governor, Sir James Wright, attempted to
+re-establish the old government, and issued writs returnable May 5.
+Robert Baillie and James Spalding were returned from St. Andrew's
+parish.
+
+The settlement of Darien practically remained a pure Highland one until
+the close of the Revolution. The people proved themselves faithful and
+loyal to the best interests of the commonwealth, and equal to such
+exigencies as befell them. While disasters awaited them and fierce
+ordeals were passed through, yet fortune eventually smiled upon them.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 78: Graham's "History of United States," Vol. II, p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote 79: "Georgia Historical Collections," Vol. I, p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 80: Oglethorpe's letter to the Trustees, Feb. 13, 1786, in
+"Georgia Hist. Coll.," Vol. III, p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p. 115]
+
+[Footnote 82: _Ibid_, Vol. III, p. 114 Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, May 6,
+1741.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 21, 1738, Georgia Hist.
+Society, Vol. III p. 67.]
+
+[Footnote 84: Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Georgia Hist. Coll. Vol. II, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 86: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 87: Oglethorpe to the Trustees, Oct. 20, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 90.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. II, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 29, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 96.]
+
+[Footnote 90: See Appendix, Note H.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Thomas Jones, dated Savannah, Sept. 18, 1740 Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. I, p. 200.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Dated April 28, 1741. Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p.
+113.]
+
+[Footnote 93: Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p. 370.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CAPTAIN LAUCHLAN CAMPBELL'S NEW YORK COLONY.
+
+
+The fruitful soil of America, together with the prospects of a home and
+an independent living, was peculiarly adapted to awaken noble
+aspirations in the breasts of those who were interested in the welfare
+of that class whose condition needed a radical enlargement. Among this
+class of Nature's noblemen there is no name deserving of more praise
+than that of Lauchlan Campbell. Although his name, as well as the
+migration of his infant colony, has gone out of Islay ken, where he was
+born, yet his story has been fairly well preserved in the annals of the
+province of New York. It was first publicly made known by William Smith,
+in his "History of New York."
+
+Lauchlan Campbell was possessed of a high sense of honor and a good
+understanding; was active, loyal, of a military disposition, and,
+withal, strong philanthropic inclinations. By placing implicit
+confidence in the royal governors of New York, he fell a victim to their
+roguery, deception and heartlessness, which ultimately crushed him and
+left him almost penniless. The story has been set forth in the following
+memorial, prepared by his son:
+
+   "Memorial of Lieutenant Campbell to the Lords of Trade. To the Right
+   Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Trade, &c. Memorial of Lieut.
+   Donald Campbell of the Province of New York Plantation. Humbly
+   Showeth,
+
+   That in the year 1734 Colonel Cosby being then Governor of the
+   Province of New York by and with the advice and assent of his Council
+   published a printed Advertisement for encouraging the Resort of
+   Protestants from Europe to settle upon the Northern Frontier of the
+   said Province (in the route from Fort Edward to Crown Point)
+   promising to each family two hundred acres of unimproved land out of
+   100,000 acres purchased from the Indians, without any fee or expences
+   whatsoever, except a very moderate charge for surveying & liable only
+   to the King's Quit Rent of one shilling and nine pence farthing per
+   hundred acres, which settlement would at that time have been of the
+   utmost utility to the Province & these proposals were looked upon as
+   so advantageous, that they could not fail of having a proper effect.
+
+   That these Proposals in 1737, falling into the hands of Captain
+   Lauchlin Campbell of the Island of Isla, he the same year went over
+   to North America, and passing through the Province of Pennsilvania
+   where he rejected many considerable offers that were made him, he
+   proceeded to New York, where, tho' Governor Cosby was deceased,
+   George Clarke Esqr. then Governor, assured him no part of the lands
+   were as yet granted; importuned him & two or three persons that went
+   over with him to go up and visit the lands, which they did, and were
+   very kindly received and greatly caressed by the Indians. On his
+   return to New York he received the most solemn promises that he
+   should have a thousand acres for every family that he brought over,
+   and that each family should have according to their number from five
+   hundred to one hundred and fifty acres, but declined making any Grant
+   till the Families arrived, because, according to the Constitution of
+   that Government, the names of the settlers were to be inserted in
+   that Grant. Captain Campbell accordingly returned to Isla, and
+   brought from thence at a very large expense, his own Family and
+   Thirty other Families, making in all, one hundred and fifty-three
+   Souls. He went again to visit the lands, received all possible
+   respect and kindness from the Government, who proposed an old Fort
+   Anna to be repaired, to cover the new settlers from the French
+   Indians. At the same time, the People of New York proposed to
+   maintain the people already brought, till Captain Campbell could
+   return and bring more, alledging that it would be for the interest of
+   the Infant Colony to settle upon the lands in a large Body; that,
+   covered by the Fort, and assisted by the Indians, they might be less
+   liable to the Incursions of Enemies.
+
+   That to keep up the spirit of the undertaking, Governor Clarke, by a
+   writing bearing date the 4th day of December, 1738, declared his
+   having promised Captain Campbell thirty thousand acres of land at
+   Wood Creek, free of charges, except the expence of surveying & the
+   King's Quit Rent in consideration of his having already brought over
+   thirty families who according to their respective numbers in each
+   family, were to have from one hundred and fifty to five hundred
+   acres. Encouraged by this declaration, he departed in the same month
+   for Isla, and in August, 1739, brought over Forty Families more, and
+   under the Faith of the said promises made a third voyage, from which
+   he returned in November, 1740, bringing with him thirteen Families
+   the whole making eighty-three Families, composed of Four Hundred and
+   Twenty Three Persons, all sincere and loyal Protestants, and very
+   capable of forming a respectable Frontier for the security of the
+   Province. But after all these perilous and expensive voyages, and
+   tho' there wanted but Seventeen Families to complete the number for
+   which he had undertaken, he found no longer the same countenance or
+   protection but on the contrary it was insinuated to him that he could
+   have no land either for himself or the people, but upon conditions in
+   direct violation of the Faith of Government, and detrimental to the
+   interests of those who upon his assurances had accompanied him into
+   America. The people also were reduced to demand separate Grants for
+   themselves, which upon large promises some of them did, yet more of
+   them never had so much as a foot of land, and many listed themselves
+   to join the Expedition to Cuba.
+
+   That Captain Campbell having disposed of his whole Fortune in the
+   Island of Isla, expended the far greatest part of it from his
+   confidence in these fallacious promises found himself at length
+   constrained to employ the little he had left in the purchase of a
+   small farm seventy miles north of New York for the subsistence of
+   himself and his Family consisting of three sons and three daughters.
+   He went over again into Scotland in 1745, and having the command of a
+   Company of the Argyleshire men, served with Reputation under his
+   Royal Highness the Duke, against the Rebels. He went back to America
+   in 1747 and not longer after died of a broken heart, leaving behind
+   him the six children before mentioned of whom your Memoralist is the
+   eldest, in very narrow and distressed circumstances."
+
+   All these facts are briefly commemorated by Mr. Smith in his History
+   of the Colony of New York, page 179, where are some severe, though
+   just strictures on the behavior of those in power towards him and the
+   families he brought with him, and the loss the Province sustained by
+   such behavior towards them.
+
+   "That at the Commencement of the present War, your Memoralist and
+   both his brothers following their Father's principles in hopes of
+   better Fortune entered into the Army & served in the Forty Second,
+   Forty Eighth and Sixtieth Regiments of Foot during the whole War, at
+   the close of which your Memoralist and his brother George were
+   reduced as Lieutenants upon half pay, and their youngest Brother
+   still continues in the service; the small Farm purchased by their
+   father being the sole support of themselves and three sisters till
+   they were able to provide for themselves in the manner before
+   mentioned, and their sisters are now married & settled in the
+   Province of New York.
+
+   That after the conclusion of the Peace, your Memoralist considering
+   the number of Families dispersed through the Province which came over
+   with his Father, and finding in them a general disposition to settle
+   with him on the lands originally promised them, if they could be
+   obtained, in the month of February, 1763, petitioned Governor
+   Monckton for the said lands but was able only to procure a Grant of
+   ten thousand acres, (for obtaining which, he disbursed in Patent and
+   other fees, the sum of two hundred Guineas), the people in Power
+   alledging that land was now at a far greater value than at the time
+   of your Memoralist's Father's coming into the Province, and even this
+   upon the common condition of settling ten Families upon the said
+   lands and paying a Quit Rent to the Crown. Part however of the People
+   who had promised to settle with your Memoralist in case he had
+   prevailed, were drawn to petition for lands to themselves, which they
+   obtained, tho' they never could get one foot of land before, which
+   provision of lands as your Memoralist apprehends, ought in Equity to
+   be considered as an obligation on the Province to perform, so far as
+   the number of those Families goes, the Conditions stipulated with his
+   Father, as those Families never had come into & consequently could
+   not now be remaining in the Province, if he had not persuaded them to
+   accompany him, & been at a very large expence in transporting them
+   thither.
+
+   That there are still very many of these Families who have no land and
+   would willingly settle with your Memoralist. That there are numbers
+   of non commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Regiments disbanded
+   in North America who notwithstanding His Majesty's gracious
+   Intentions are from many causes too long to trouble your Lordship
+   with at present without any settlement provided for them, and that
+   there are also many Families of loyal Protestants in the Islands and
+   other parts of North Britain which might be induced by reasonable
+   proposals and a certainty of their being fulfilled, to remove into
+   the said Province, which would add greatly to the strength, security
+   and opulence thereof, and be in all respects faithful and serviceable
+   subjects to His Majesty.
+
+   That the premisses considered, particularly the long scene of
+   hardships to which your Memoralist's Family has been exposed, for
+   Twenty Six years, in consideration of his own and his Brothers'
+   services, & the perils to which they have been exposed during the
+   long and fatiguing War, and the Prospect he still has of contributing
+   to the settlement of His Majesty's unimproved country, your
+   Memoralist humbly prays that Your Lordships would direct the
+   Government of New York to grant to him the said One Hundred thousand
+   Acres, upon his undertaking to settle One Hundred or One Hundred and
+   Fifty Families upon the same within the space of Three years or such
+   other Recompence or Relief as upon mature Deliberation on the
+   Hardships and Sufferings which his Father and his Family have for so
+   many years endured, & their merits, in respect to the Province of New
+   York which might be incontestably proved, if it was not universally
+   acknowledged, may in your great Wisdom be thought to deserve.
+
+     And your Memoralist: &c., &c., &c.[94]
+
+     May, 1764."
+
+It was the policy of the home government to settle as rapidly as
+possible the wild lands; not so much for the purpose of benefiting the
+emigrant as it was to enhance the king's exchequer. The royal governors
+apparently held out great inducements to the settlers, but the sequel
+always showed that a species of blackmail or tribute must be paid by the
+purchasers before the lands were granted. The governor was one thing to
+the higher authorities, but far different to those from whom he could
+reap advantage. The seeming disinterested motives may be thus
+illustrated:
+
+Under date of New York, July 26, 1736, George Clarke, lieutenant
+governor of New York, writes to the duke of Newcastle, in which he says,
+it was principally
+
+   "To augment his Majesty's Quit rents that I projected a Scheme to
+   settle the Mohacks Country in this Province, which I have the
+   pleasure to hear from Ireland and Holland is like to succeed. The
+   scheme is to give grants gratis of an hundred thousand acres of land
+   to the first five hundred protestant familys that come from Europe in
+   two hundred acres to a family, these being settled will draw
+   thousands after them, for both the situation and quantity of the Land
+   are much preferable to any in Pensilvania, the only Northern Colony
+   to which the Europeans resort, and the Quit rents less. Governor
+   Cosby sent home the proposals last Summer under the Seal of the
+   Province, and under his and the Council's hands, but it did not reach
+   Dublin till the last day of March; had it come there two months
+   sooner I am assured by a letter which I lately received, directed to
+   Governor Cosby, that we should have had two ships belonging to this
+   place (then lying there) loaded with people but next year we hope to
+   have many both from thence and Germany. When the Mohocks Country is
+   settled we shall have nothing to fear from Canada."[95]
+
+The same, writing to the Lords of Trade, under date of New York, June
+15, 1739, says:
+
+   "The lands whereon the French propose to settle were purchased from
+   Indian proprietors (who have all along been subject to and under the
+   protection of the Crown of England) by one Godfrey Dellius and
+   granted to him by patent under the seal of this province in the year
+   1696, which grant was afterwards resumed by act of Assembly whereby
+   they became vested in the Crown; on part of these lands I proposed to
+   settle some Scotch Highland familys who came hither last year, and
+   they would have been now actually settled there, if the Assembly
+   would have assisted them, for they are poor and want help; however as
+   I have promised them lands gratis, some of them about three weeks ago
+   went to view that part of the Country, and if they like the lands I
+   hope they will accept my offer (if the report of the French designs
+   do not discourage them:) depending upon the voluntary assistance of
+   the people of Albany whose more immediate interest it is to encourage
+   their settlement in that part of the country."[96]
+
+That Captain Campbell would have secured the lands there can be no
+question had he complied with Governor Clarke's demands, although said
+demands were contrary to the agreement. Private faith and public honor
+demanded the fair execution of the project, which had been so expensive
+to the undertaker, and would have added greatly to the benefit of the
+colony. The governor would not make the grant unless he should have his
+fees and a share of the land.
+
+The quit rent in the province of New York was fixed at two shillings six
+pence for every one hundred acres. The fees for a grant of a thousand
+acres were as follows: To the governor, $31.25; secretary of state, $10;
+clerk of the council, $10 to $15; receiver general, $14.37; attorney
+general, $7.50; making a total of about $75, besides the cost of survey.
+This amount does not appear to be large for the number of acres, yet it
+must be considered that land was plenty, but money very scarce. There
+were thousands of substantial men who would have found it exceedingly
+difficult to raise the amount in question.
+
+It is possible that Captain Campbell could not have paid this extortion
+even if he had been so disposed; but being high-spirited, he resolutely
+refused his consent. The governor, still pretending to be very anxious
+to aid the emigrants, recommended the legislature of the province to
+grant them assistance; but, as usual, the latter was at war with the
+governor, and refused to vote money to the Highlanders, which they
+suspected, with good reason, the latter would be required to pay to the
+colonial officers for fees.
+
+Not yet discouraged, Captain Campbell determined to exhaust every
+resource that justice might be done to him. His next step was to appeal
+to the legislature for redress, but it was in vain; then he made an
+application to the Board of Trade, in England, which had the power to
+rectify the wrong. Here he had so many difficulties to contend with that
+he was forced to leave the colonists to themselves, who soon after
+separated. But all his efforts proved abortive.
+
+The petition of Lieutenant Donald Campbell, though courteously
+expressed, and eminently just, was rejected. It was claimed that the
+orders of the English government positively forbade the granting of over
+a thousand acres to any one person; yet that thousand acres was denied
+him.
+
+The injustice accorded to Captain Campbell was more or less notorious
+throughout the province. It was generally felt there had been bad
+treatment, and there was now a disposition on the part of the colonial
+authorities to give some relief to his sons and daughters. Accordingly,
+on November 11, 1763, a grant of ten thousand acres, in the present
+township of Greenwich, Washington county, New York, was made to the
+three brothers, Donald, George and James, their three sisters and four
+other persons, three of whom were also named Campbell.
+
+The final success of the Campbell family in obtaining redress inspired
+others who had belonged to the colony to petition for a similar
+recompense for their hardships and losses. They succeeded in obtaining a
+grant of forty-seven thousand, four hundred and fifty acres, located in
+the present township of Argyle, and a small part of Fort Edward and
+Greenwich, in the same county.
+
+On March 2, 1764, Alexander McNaughton and one hundred and six others of
+the original Campbell emigrants and their descendants, petitioned for
+one thousand acres to be granted to each of them
+
+   "To be laid out in a single tract between the head of South bay and
+   Kingsbury, and reaching east towards New Hampshire and westwardly to
+   the mountains in Warren county. The committee of the council to whom
+   this petition was referred reported May 21, 1764, that the tract
+   proposed be granted, which was adopted, the council specifying the
+   amount of land each individual of the petitioners should receive,
+   making two hundred acres the least and six hundred the most that
+   anyone should obtain. Five men were appointed as trustees, to divide
+   and distribute the land as directed. The same instrument incorporated
+   the tract into a township, to be called Argyle, and should have a
+   supervisor, treasurer, collector, two assessors, two overseers of
+   highways, two overseers of the poor and six constables, to be elected
+   annually by the inhabitants on the first day of May. The patent,
+   similar to all others of that period, was subject to the following
+   conditions:
+
+   An annual quit rent of two shillings and six pence sterling on every
+   one hundred acres, and all mines of gold and silver, and all pine
+   trees suitable for masts for the royal navy, namely, all which were
+   twenty-four inches from the ground, reserved to the crown."[97]
+
+The land thus granted lies in the central part of Washington county,
+with a broken surface in the west and great elevations and ridges in the
+east. The soil is rich and the whole well watered.
+
+The trustees were vested with the power to execute title deeds to such
+of the grantees, should they claim the lands, the first of which were
+issued during the winter and spring of 1764-5 by Duncan Reid, of the
+city of New York, _gentleman_; Peter Middleton, of same city,
+_physician_; Archibald Campbell, of same city, _merchant_; Alexander
+McNaughton,[98] of Orange county, _farmer_; and Neil Gillaspie, of
+Ulster county, _farmer_, of the one part, and the grantees of the other
+part.
+
+While the application for the grant was yet pending, the petitioners
+greatly exalted over their future prospects, evolved a grand scheme for
+the survey of the prospective lands, which should include a stately
+street from the banks of the Hudson river on the east through the tract,
+upon which each family should have a town lot, where he might not only
+enjoy the protection of near neighbors, but also have that companionship
+of which the Highlander is so particularly fond. In the rear of these
+town lots were to be the farms, which in time were to be occupied by
+tenants. The surveyors, Archibald Campbell, of Raritan, New Jersey, and
+Christopher Yates, of Schenectady, who began their labors June 19, 1764,
+were instructed to lay off the land as planned, the street to extend
+from east to west, twenty-four rods wide and extending through the width
+of the grant as near the center as practicable, and to set aside a glebe
+lot for the benefit of the school master and the minister. North and
+south of the street, and bordering on it, the surveyors laid off lots
+running back one hundred and eighty rods, varying in width so as to
+contain from twenty to sixty acres. These lots were numbered, making in
+all one hundred and forty-one, seventy-two being on the south side of
+the street, and the remainder on the north. The farms were also
+numbered, also making one hundred and forty-one.
+
+In the plan no allowance had been made for the rugged nature of the
+country, and consequently the magnificent street was located over hills
+whose proportions prevented its use as a public highway, while some of
+the lots were uninhabitable.
+
+The following is a list of the grantees, the number of the lot and its
+contents being set opposite the name:
+
+   Lot.     Name.                    Acres.
+
+   1.     Catharine Campbell           250
+   2.     Elizabeth Cargill            250
+   3.     Allan McDonald               300
+   4.     Neil Gillaspie               450
+   5.     Mary Campbell                350
+   6.     Duncan McKerwan              350
+   7.     Ann McAnthony                250
+   8.     Mary McGowne                 300
+   9.     Catherine McLean             300
+   10.    Mary Anderson                300
+   11.    Archibald McNeil             300
+   12.    Dougall McAlpine             300
+   13.    David Lindsey                250
+   14.    Elizabeth Campbell           300
+   15.    Ann McDuffie                 350
+   16.    Donald McDougall             300
+   17.    Archibald McGowne            300
+   18.    Eleanor Thompson             300
+
+   Lot.     Name.                    Acres.
+
+   19.     Duncan McDuffie            350
+   20.     Duncan Reid                600
+   21.     John McDuffie              250
+   22.     Dougall McKallor           550
+   23.     Daniel Johnson             350
+   24.     Archibald Campbell         250
+   25.     William Hunter             300
+   26.     Duncan Campbell            300
+   27.     Elizabeth Fraser           200
+   28.     Alexander Campbell         350
+           Glebe lot                  500
+   29.     Daniel Clark               350
+   43.     Elizabeth Campbell         300
+   44.     Duncan McArthur            450
+   45.     John Torrey                300
+   46.     Malcolm Campbell           300
+   47.     Florence McKenzie          200
+   48.     John McKenzie              300
+   49.     Jane Cargill               250
+   50.     John McGowan               300
+   59.     John McEwen                500
+   60.     John McDonald              300
+   61.     James McDonald             400
+   62.     Mary Belton                300
+   72.     Rachael Nevin              300
+   73.     James Cargill              400
+
+Lots 29, 43, 44, 50, and 62 are partly in the present limits of the
+township of Greenwich, and the other lots, from 29 to 73, not above
+enumerated, are wholly in that township and in Salem. The following lots
+are located north of the street:
+
+   Lot.     Name.                   Acres.
+
+   74.     John Cargill               300
+   75.     Duncan McDougall           300
+   76.     Alexander Christie         350
+   77.     Alex. Montgomery           600
+   78.     Marian Campbell            250
+   79.     John Gilchrist             300
+   80.     Agnes McDougall            300
+   81.     Duncan McGuire             500
+   82.     Edward McKallor            500
+   83.     Alexander Gilchrist        300
+   84.     Archibald McCullom         350
+   85.     Archibald McCore           300
+   86.     John McCarter              350
+   87.     Neil Shaw                  600
+   88.     Duncan Campbell            300
+   89.     Roger McNeil               300
+   90.     Elizabeth Ray              200
+   91.     James Nutt                 300
+   92.     Donald McDuffie            350
+   93.     George Campbell            300
+   94.     Jane Widrow                300
+   95.     John McDougall             400
+   96.     Archibald McCarter         300
+   97.     Charles McAllister         300
+   98.     William Graham             300
+   99.     Hugh McDougall             300
+   100.    James Campbell             300
+   101.    George McKenzie            400
+   102.    John McCarter              400
+   103.    Morgan McNeil              250
+   104.    Malcolm McDuffie           550
+   105.    Florence McVarick          300
+   106.    Archibald McEwen           300
+   107.    Neil McDonald              500
+   108.    James Gillis               500
+   109.    Archibald McDougall        450
+   110.    Marian McEwen              200
+   111.    Patrick McArthur           350
+   112.    John McGowne, Jr           250
+   113.    John Shaw, Sr              300
+   114.    Angus Graham               300
+   115.    Edward McCoy               300
+   116.    Duncan Campbell, Jr.       300
+   117.    Jenette Ferguson           250
+   118.    Hugh McEloroy              200
+   119.    Dougall Thompson           400
+
+   Lot.     Name.                     Acres
+
+   120.    Mary Graham                300
+   121.    Robert McAlpine            300
+   122.    Duncan Taylor              600
+   123.    Elizabeth Caldwell         250
+   124.    William Clark              350
+   124.    William Clark              350
+   125.    Barbara McAllister         300
+   126.    Mary Anderson              300
+   127.    Donald McMullin            450
+   130.    John Shaw, Sr              300
+   131.    Duncan Lindsey             300
+   132.    Donald Shaw
+   133.    John Campbell              300
+
+Each of the foregoing had a "street lot," with a corresponding number,
+as before mentioned, which contained one-tenth of the area of the farm
+lots; that is, a lot of two hundred acres had a "street lot" of twenty
+acres, and so on.
+
+Ten lots comprehended between Nos. 127 and 146 are now within the
+township of Fort Edward. The number of these lots and the persons to
+whom granted were as follows, varying in area from 250 to 500 acres:
+
+Lot 128, Duncan Shaw; 129, Alex. McDougall; 134, John McArthur; 135,
+John McIntyre; 136, Catharine McIlfender; 137, Mary Hammel; 138, Duncan
+Gilchrist; 139, John McIntyre; 140, Mary McLeod; 141, David Torrey.
+
+The lots originally belonging to Argyle township, but now forming a part
+of Greenwich, were numbered and allotted as follows:
+
+   Lot.      Name.                   Acres.
+   30.     Angus McDougall            300
+   31.     Donald McIntyre            350
+   32.     Alexander McNachten        600
+   33.     John McCore                300
+   34.     William Fraser             350
+   35.     Mary Campbell              250
+   36.     Duncan Campbell, Sr.       450
+   37.     Neil McFadden              300
+   38.     Mary Torry                 250
+   39.     Margaret McAllister        250
+   40.     Robert Campbell, Jr        450
+   41.     Catharine Shaw             250
+   51.     Charles McArthur           350
+   52.     Duncan McFadden            300
+   53.     Roger Reed                 300
+   54.     John McCarter              300
+   65.     Hugh Montgomery            300
+   66.     Isabella Livingston        250
+   67.     Catharine McCarter         250
+   68.     Margaret Gilchrist         250
+   42.     John McGuire               400
+   43.     Elizabeth McNeil           200
+   44.     Duncan McArthur            450
+   29.     Daniel Clark               250
+   50.     John McGowan, Sr           300
+   55.     Ann Campbell               300
+   56.     Archibald McCullom         350
+   57.     Alexander McArthur         250
+   58.     Alex McDonald              250
+   59.     John McEwen                500
+   62.     Mary Baine                 300
+   63.     Margaret Cargyle           300
+   64.     Neil McEachern             450
+   69      Hannah McEwen              400
+   70.     John Reid                  450
+   71.     Archibald Nevin            350
+
+Many of the grantees immediately took possession of the lands alloted to
+them; but others never took advantage of their claims, which, for a
+time, were left unoccupied, and then passed into the hands of others,
+who generally were left in undisputed possession. This state of affairs,
+in connection with the large size of the lots, had the effect of
+retarding the growth of that district.
+
+Before the arrival of the settlers, a desperado, named Rogers, had taken
+possession of a part of the lands on the Batten Kill. He warned the
+people off, making various threats; but the Highlanders knowing their
+titles were perfect, disregarded the menace, and set about industriously
+clearing up their lands and erecting their houses. One day, when
+Archibald Livingston was away, his wife was forcibly carried off by
+Rogers, and set down outside the limits of the claim, who also proceeded
+to remove the furniture from the premises. He was arrested by Roger
+Reid, the constable, and brought before Alexander McNaughton, the
+justice, which constituted the first civil process ever served in that
+county. Rogers did not submit peaceably to be taken, but defended
+himself with a gun, which Joseph McCracken seized, and in his endeavor
+to wrest it from the hands of the ruffian, he burst the buttons from off
+the waist-bands of his pantaloons, which, as he did not wear suspenders,
+slipped over his feet. The little son of Rogers, fully taking in the
+situation, ran up and bit McCracken, which, however, did not cause him
+to desist from his purpose. Rogers was conveyed to Albany, after which
+all trace of him has been lost.
+
+The township of Argyle, embracing what is now both Argyle and Fort
+Edward, was organized in 1771. The record of the first meeting bears
+date April 2, 1771, and was called for the purpose of regulating laws
+and choosing officers. It was called by virtue of the grant in the
+Argyle patent. The officers elected were: supervisor, Duncan Campbell,
+who continued until 1781, and was then succeeded by Roger Reid; town
+clerk, Archibald Brown, succeeded in 1775 by Edward Patterson, who, in
+turn, was succeeded in 1778 by John McNeil, and he by Duncan Gilchrist,
+in 1780; collector, Roger Reid, succeeded in 1778 by Duncan McArthur,
+and the latter in 1781 by Alexander Gilchrist; assessors, Archibald
+Campbell and Neal Shaw; constables, John Offery, John McNiel;
+poor-masters, James Gilles, Archibald McNiel; road-masters, Duncan
+Lindsey, Archibald Campbell; fence viewers, Duncan McArthur, John
+Gilchrist.
+
+The following extracts from township records are not without interest:
+
+   1772.--"All men from sixteen to sixty years old to work on the roads
+   this year. Fences must be four feet and a half high."
+
+   1776.--"Duncan Reid is to be constable for the south part of the
+   patent and Alexander Gillis for the north part; George Kilmore and
+   James Beatty for masters. John Johnson was chosen a justice of the
+   peace."
+
+   1781.--"Alexander McDougall and Duncan Lindsey were elected tithing
+   men."
+
+In order to make the laws more efficient, on March 12, 1772, the county
+of Charlotte was struck off from Albany, which was the actual beginning
+of the present county of Washington. As Charlotte county had been named
+for the consort of George III. and as his troops had devastated it
+during the Revolution, the title was not an agreeable one, so the state
+legislature on April 2, 1784, changed it to Washington, thus giving it
+the most honored appellation known in the annals of American history.
+
+For several years after 1764 the colony on the east, and in what is now
+Hebron township, was augmented by a number of discharged Highland
+soldiers, mostly of the 77th Regiment, who settled on both sides of the
+line of the township. It is a noticeable fact that in every case these
+settlers were Scotch Highlanders. They had in all probability been
+attracted to this spot partly by the settlement of the colony of Captain
+Lachlan Campbell, and partly by that of the Scotch-Irish at New Perth
+(Salem), which has been noted already in its proper connection. These
+additional settlers took up their claims, owing to a proclamation made
+by the king, in October, 1763, offering land in America, without fees,
+to all such officers and soldiers who had served on that continent, and
+who desired to establish their homes there.
+
+Nothing shows more clearly than this proclamation the lofty position of
+an officer in the British service at that time as compared with a
+private. A field officer received four thousand acres; a captain three
+thousand; a lieutenant, or other subaltern commissioned officer, two
+thousand; a non-commissioned officer, whether sergeant or corporal,
+dropped to two hundred acres, while the poor private was put off with
+fifty acres. Fifty acres of wild land, on the hill-sides of Washington
+County, was not an extravagant reward for seven years' service amidst
+all the dangers and horrors of French and Indian warfare.
+
+Many of these grants were sold by the soldiers to their countrymen.
+Their method of exchange was very simple. The corporal and private would
+meet by the roadside, or at a neighboring ale-house, and after greeting
+each other, the American land would immediately be the subject for
+barter. The private, who may be called Sandy, knew his fifty acres was
+not worth the sea-voyage, while Corporal Donald, having already two
+hundred, might find it profitable to emigrate, provided he could add
+other tracts. After the preliminaries and the haggling had been gone
+through with, Donald would draw out his long leather purse and count
+down the amount, saying:
+
+"There, mon; there's your siller."
+
+The worthy Sandy would then dive into some hidden recess of his garments
+and bring forth his parchment, signed in the name of the king by "Henry
+Moore, baronet, our captain-general and governor-in-chief, in and over
+our province of New York, and the lands depending thereon, in America,
+chancellor and vice-admiral of the same." This document would be
+promptly handed to the purchaser, with the declaration,
+
+"An' there's your land, corporal."
+
+Many of the soldiers never claimed their lands, which were eventually
+settled by squatters, some of whom remained thereon so long that they or
+their heirs became the lawful owners.
+
+The famous controversy concerning the "New Hampshire grants," affected
+the Highland settlers; but the more exciting events of the wrangle took
+place outside the limits of Washington county, and consequently the
+Highland settlement. This controversy, which was carried on with
+acrimonious and warlike contention, arose over New York's officials'
+claim to the possession of all the land north of the Massachusetts line
+lying west of the Connecticut river. In 1751 both the governors of New
+York and New Hampshire presented their respective claims to the
+territory in dispute to the Lords of Trade in London. The matter was
+finally adjusted in 1782, by New York yielding her claim.
+
+In 1771 there were riots near the southern boundary of Hebron township,
+which commenced by the forcible expulsion of Donald McIntire and others
+from their lands, perpetrated by Robert Cochran and his associates. On
+October 29th, same year, another serious riot took place. A warrant was
+issued for the offenders by Alexander McNaughton, justice of the peace,
+residing in Argyle. Charles Hutchison, formerly a corporal in
+Montgomery's Highlanders, testified that Ethan Allen (afterwards
+famous), and eight others, on the above date, came to his residence,
+situated four miles north of New Perth, and began to demolish it.
+Hutchison requested them to stop, but they declared that they would make
+a burnt offering to the gods of this world by burning the logs of that
+house. Allen and another man held clubs over Hutchison's head, ordered
+him to leave the locality, and declared that, in case he returned, he
+should be worse treated. Eight or nine other families were driven from
+their homes, in that locality, at the same time, all of whom fled to New
+Perth, where they were hospitably received. The lands held by these
+exiled families had been wholly improved by themselves. They were driven
+out by Allen and his associates because they were determined that no one
+should build under a New York title east of the line they had
+established as the western boundary.
+
+Bold Ethan Allen was neither to be arrested nor intimidated by a
+constable's warrant. Governor Tryon of New York offered twenty pounds
+reward for the arrest of the rioters, which was as inefficient as
+esquire McNaughton's warrant.
+
+The county of Washington was largely settled by people from the New
+England states. The breaking out of the Revolutionary War found these
+people loyal to the cause of the patriots. The Highland settlements were
+somewhat divided, but the greater part allied themselves with the cause
+of their adopted country. Those who espoused the cause of the king, on
+account of the atrocities committed by the Indians, were forced to flee,
+and never returned save in marauding bands. There were a few, however,
+who kept very quiet, and were allowed to remain unmolested.
+
+There were no distinctive Highland companies either in the British or
+Continental service from this settlement. A company of royalists was
+secretly formed at Fort Edwards, under David Jones (remembered only as
+being the betrothed of the lovely but unfortunate Jane McCrea), and
+these joined the British forces. There were five companies from the
+county that formed the regiment under Colonel Williams, one of which was
+commanded by Captain Charles Hutchison, the Highland corporal whom Ethan
+Allen had mobbed in 1771. In this company of fifty-two men it may be
+reasonably supposed that the greater number were the sons of the
+emigrants of Captain Lauchlan Campbell.
+
+The committee of Charlotte county, in September 21, 1775, recommended to
+the Provincial Congress, that the following named persons, living in
+Argyle, should be thus commissioned: Alexander Campbell, captain; Samuel
+Pain, first lieutenant; Peter Gilchrist, second lieutenant; and John
+McDougall, ensign.
+
+Captain Joseph McCracken, on the arrival of Burgoyne, built a fort at
+New Perth, which was finished on July 26th, and called Salem Fort.
+
+Donald, son of Captain Lauchlan Campbell, espoused the cause of the
+people, but his two brothers sided with the British. Soon after all
+these passed out of the district, and their whereabouts became unknown.
+
+The bitter feelings engendered by the war was also felt in the Highland
+settlement, as may be instanced in the following circumstance preserved
+by S.D.W. Bloodgood:[99]
+
+  "When Burgoyne found that his boats were not safe, and were in fact
+   much nearer the main body of our army than his own, it became
+   necessary to land his provisions, of which he had already been short
+   for many weeks, in order to prevent his being actually starved into
+   submission. This was done under a heavy fire from our troops. On one
+   of these occasions a person by name of Mr.----, well known at Salem,
+   and a foreigner by birth, and who had at the very time a son in the
+   British army, crossed the river at De Ruyter's, with a person by name
+   of McNeil; they went in a canoe, and arriving opposite to the place
+   intended, crossed over to the western bank, on which a redoubt called
+   Fort Lawrence had been placed. They crawled up the bank with their
+   arms in their hands, and peeping over the upper edge, they saw a man
+   in a blanket coat loading a cart. They instantly raised their guns to
+   fire, an action more savage than commendable. At the moment the man
+   turned so as to be more plainly seen, when old M---- said to his
+   companion, 'Now that's my own son Hughy; but I'm dom'd for a' that if
+   I sill not gie him a shot,' He then actually fired at his own son, as
+   the person really proved to be, but happily without effect. Having
+   heard the noise made by their conversation and the cocking of the
+   pieces, which the nearness of his position rendered perfectly
+   practicable, he ran round the cart, and the ball lodged in the felly
+   of the wheel. The report drew the attention of the neighboring
+   guards, and the two marauders were driven from their lurking place.
+   While retreating with all possible speed, McNeil was wounded in the
+   shoulder, and, if alive, carries the wound about with him to this
+   day. Had the ball struck the old Scotchman, it is questionable
+   whether any one would have considered it more than even handed
+   justice commending the chalice to his own lips."
+
+A map of Washington County would show that it was on the war path that
+led to some terrible conflicts related in American history. Occupying a
+part of the territory between the Hudson and the northern lakes, it had
+borne the feet of warlike Hurons, Iroquois, Canadians, New Yorkers, New
+Englanders, French, English, Continentals and Hessians, who proceeded in
+their mission of destruction and vengeance. As the district occupied by
+the Highlanders was close to the line of Burgoyne's march, it
+experienced the realities of war and the tomahawk of the merciless
+savage. How terrible was the work of the ruthless savage, and how
+shocking the fate of those in his pathway, has been graphically related
+by Arthur Reid, a native of the township of Argyle, who received the
+account from an aunt, who was fully cognizant of all the facts. The
+following is a condensed account:
+
+During the latter part of the summer of 1777, a scouting party of
+Indians, consisting of eight, received either a real or supposed injury
+from some white persons at New Perth (now Salem), for which they sought
+revenge. While prowling around the temporary fort, they were observed
+and fired upon, and one of their number killed. In the presence of a
+prisoner, a white man,[100] the remaining seven declared their purpose
+to sacrifice the first white family that should come in their way. This
+party belonged to a large body of Indians which had been assembled by
+General Burgoyne, the British commander, then encamped not far distant
+in a northerly direction from Crown Point. In order to inspire the
+Indians with courage General Burgoyne considered it expedient, in
+compliance with their custom, to give them a war-feast, at which they
+indulged in the most extravagant manoeuvres, gesticulations, and
+exulting vociferations, such as lying in ambush, and displaying their
+rude armored devices, and dancing, and whooping, and screaming, and
+brandishing their tomahawks and scalping knives.
+
+The particular band, above mentioned, was in command of an Iroquois
+chief, who, from his bloodthirsty nature, was called Le Loup, the
+wolf,--bold, fiercely revengeful, and well adapted to lead a party bent
+on committing atrocities. Le Loup and his band left New Perth _en route_
+to the place where the van of Burgoyne's army was encamped. The family
+of Duncan McArthur, consisting of himself, wife and four children, lived
+on the direct route. Approaching the clearing upon which the dwelling
+stood, the Indians halted in order to make preparations for their
+fiendish design. Every precaution was taken, even to enhancing their
+naturally ferocious appearance by painting their faces, necks and
+shoulders with a thick coat of vermilion. The party next moved forward
+with stealthy steps to the very edge of the forest, where again they
+halted in order to mature the final plan of attack.
+
+Fortunately for the McArthur family, on that day, two neighbors had come
+for the purpose of assisting in the breaking of a horse, and, when the
+Indians saw them, and also the three buildings, which they mistook for
+residences, they became disconcerted. They decided as there were three
+men present, and the same number of houses, there must also be three
+families.
+
+The Indians withdrew exasperated, but none the less determined to seek
+vengeance. With elastic step, and in single file they pressed forward,
+and an hour later came to another clearing, in the midst of which stood
+a dwelling, occupied by the family of John Allen, consisting of five
+persons, viz., himself and wife and three children. Temporarily with
+them at the time were Mrs. Allen's sister, two negroes and a negress.
+John Allen was notoriously in sympathy with the purposes of the British
+king. When the Indians stealthily crept to the edge of the clearing they
+observed the white men busily engaged reaping the wheat harvest. They
+decided to wait until the reapers retired for dinner. Their white
+prisoner begged to be spared from witnessing the scene about to be
+enacted. This request was finally granted, and one of the Indians
+remained with him as a guard, while the others went forward to execute
+their purpose.
+
+When the family had become seated at the table the Indians burst upon
+them with a fearful yell. When the neighbors came they found the body of
+John Allen a few rods from the house. Apparently he had escaped through
+a back door, but had been overtaken and shot down. Nearer the house, but
+in the same direction, were the bodies of Mrs. Allen, her sister, and
+the youngest child, all tomahawked and scalped. The other two children
+were found hidden in a bed, but also tomahawked and scalped. One of the
+negroes was found in the doorway, his body gashed and mutilated in a
+horrible manner. From the wounds inflicted on his body it was thought he
+had made a desperate resistance. The position of the remaining two has
+not been distinctly recollected.
+
+George Kilmore, father of Mrs. Allen and owner of the negroes, who lived
+three miles distant, becoming anxious on account of the prolonged
+absence of his daughter and servants, on the Sunday following, sent a
+negro boy on an errand of inquiry. As the boy approached the house, the
+keen-scented horse, which he was riding, stopped and refused to go
+farther. After much difficulty he was urged forward until his rider got
+a view of the awful scene. The news brought by the boy spread rapidly,
+and the terror-stricken families fled to various points for protection,
+many of whom went to Fort Edward. After Burgoyne had been hemmed in, the
+families cautiously returned to their former homes.
+
+From Friday afternoon, July 25th, until Sunday morning following, the
+whereabouts of Le Loup and his band cannot be determined. But on that
+morning they made their appearance on the brow of the hill north of Fort
+Edward, and then and there a shocking tragedy was enacted, which
+thoroughly aroused the people, and formed quite an element in the
+overthrow and surrender of Burgoyne's army. It was the massacre of Miss
+Jane McCrea, a lovely, amiable and intelligent lady. This tragedy at
+once drew the attention of all America. She fell under the blow of the
+savage Le Loup, and the next instant he flung down his gun, seized her
+long, luxuriant hair with one hand, with the other passed the scalping
+knife around nearly the whole head, and, with a yell of triumph, tore
+the beautiful but ghastly trophy from his victim's head.
+
+It is a work of superogation to say that the Highland settlers of Argyle
+were strongly imbued with religious sentiments. That question has
+already been fully commented on. The colony early manifested its
+disposition to build churches where they might worship. The first of
+these houses were humble in their pretensions, but fully in keeping with
+a pioneer settlement in the wilderness. Their faith was the same as that
+promulgated by the Scotch-Irish in the adjoining neighborhood, and were
+visited by the pastor of the older settlement. They do not appear to
+have sustained a regular pastor until after the Peace of 1783.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 94: "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. VII,
+p.630. Should 1763 be read for 1764?]
+
+[Footnote 95: _Ibid_, p.72.]
+
+[Footnote 96: _Ibid_, Vol. VI, p.145.]
+
+[Footnote 97: On record in library at Albany in "Patents," Vol. IV, pp.
+8-17.]
+
+[Footnote 98: See Appendix, Note I.]
+
+[Footnote 99: The Sexagenary, p. 110.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Samuel Standish, who was present at the time of the
+murder of Jane McCrea, and afterwards gave the account to Jared Sparks,
+who records it in his "Life of Arnold." See "Library of American
+Biography," Vol. III, Chap. VII.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT ON THE MOHAWK.
+
+
+Sir William Johnson thoroughly gained the good graces of the Iroquois
+Indians, and by the part he took against the French at Crown Point and
+Lake George, in 1755, added to his reputation at home and abroad. For
+his services to the Crown he was made a baronet and voted £5000 by the
+British parliament, besides being paid £600 per annum as Indian agent,
+which he retained until his death in 1774. He also received a grant of
+one hundred thousand acres of land north of the Mohawk. In 1743 he built
+Fort Johnson, a stone dwelling, on the same side of the river, in what
+is now Montgomery county. A few miles farther north, in 1764, he built
+Johnson Hall, a wooden structure, and there entertained his Indian bands
+and white tenants, with rude magnificence, surrounded by his mistresses,
+both white and red. He had dreams of feudal power, and set about to
+realize it. The land granted to him by the king, he had previously
+secured from the Mohawks, over whom he had gained an influence greater
+than that ever possessed heretofore or since by a white man over an
+Indian tribe. The tract of land thus gained was long known as
+"Kingsland," or the "Royal Grant." The king had bound Sir William to him
+by a feudal tenure of a yearly rental of two shillings and six pence for
+each and every one hundred acres. In the same manner Sir William bound
+to himself his tenants to whom he granted leases. In order to secure the
+greatest obedience he deemed it necessary to secure such tenants as
+differed from the people near him in manners, language, and religion,
+and that class trained to whom the strictest personal dependence was
+perfectly familiar. In all this he was highly favored. He turned his
+eyes to the Highlands of Scotland, and without trouble, owing to the
+dissatisfied condition of the people and their desire to emigrate, he
+secured as many colonists as he desired, all of whom were of the Roman
+Catholic faith. The agents having secured the requisite number,
+embarked, during the month of August, 1773, for America.
+
+A journal of the period states that "three gentlemen of the name of
+Macdonell, with their families, and 400 Highlanders from the counties
+(!) of Glengarry, Glenmorison, Urquhart, and Strathglass lately embarked
+for America, having obtained a grant of land in Albany,"[101]
+
+This extract appears to have been copied from the _Courant_ of August
+28th, which stated they had "lately embarked for America." This would
+place their arrival on the Mohawk some time during the latter part of
+the following September, or first of October. The three gentlemen above
+referred to were Macdonell of Aberchalder, Leek, and Collachie, and also
+another, Macdonell of Scotas. Their fortunes had been shattered in "the
+45," and in order to mend them were willing to settle in America. They
+made their homes in what was then Tryon county, about thirty miles from
+Albany, then called Kingsborough, where now is the thriving town of
+Gloversville. To certain families tracts were allotted varying from one
+hundred to five hundred acres, all subjected to the feudal system.
+
+Having reached the places assigned them the Highlanders first felled the
+trees and made their rude huts of logs. Then the forest was cleared and
+the crops planted amid the stumps. The country was rough, but the people
+did not murmur. Their wants were few and simple. The grain they reaped
+was carried on horseback along Indian trails to the landlord's mills.
+Their women became accustomed to severe outdoor employment, but they
+possessed an indomitable spirit, and bore their hardships bravely, as
+became their race. The quiet life of the people promised to become
+permanent. They became deeply attached to the interests of Sir William
+Johnson, who, by consummate tact soon gained a mastery over them. He
+would have them assemble at Johnson Hall that they might make merry;
+encourage them in Highland games, and invite them to Indian councils.
+Their methods of farming were improved under his supervision; superior
+breeds of stock sought for, and fruit trees planted. But Sir William, in
+reality, was not with them long; for, in the autumn of 1773, he visited
+England, returning in the succeeding spring, and dying suddenly at
+Johnson Hall on June 24th, following.
+
+Troubles were rising beneath all the peaceful circumstances enjoyed by
+the Highlanders, destined to become severe and oppressive under the
+attitude of Johnson's son and son-in-law who were men of far less
+ability and tact than their father. The spirit of democracy penetrated
+the valley of the Mohawk, and open threats of opposition began to be
+heard. The Acts of the Albany Congress of 1774 opened the eyes of the
+people to the possibilities of strength by united efforts. Just as the
+spirit of independence reached bold utterance Sir William died. He was
+succeeded in his title, and a part of his estates by his son John. The
+dreams of Sir William vanished, and his plans failed in the hands of his
+weak, arrogant, degenerate son. Sir John hesitated, temporized, broke
+his parole, fled to Canada, returned to ravage the lands of his
+countrymen, and ended by being driven across the border.
+
+The death of Sir William made Sir John commandant of the militia of the
+Province of New York. Colonel Guy Johnson became superintendent of
+Indian affairs, with Colonel Daniel Claus, Sir William's son-in-law, for
+assistant. The notorious Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) became secretary
+to Guy Johnson. Nothing but evil could be predicated of such a
+combination; and Sir John was not slow to take advantage of his
+position, when the war cloud was ready to burst. As early as March 16,
+1775, decisive action was taken, when the grand jury, judges, justices,
+and others of Tryon county, to the number of thirty-three, among whom
+was Sir John, signed a document, expressive of their disapprobation of
+the act of the people of Boston for the "outrageous and unjustifiable
+act on the private property of the India Company," and of their
+resolution "to bear faith and true allegiance to their lawful Sovereign
+King George the Third."[102] It is a noticeable feature that not one of
+the names of Highlanders appears on the paper. This would indicate that
+they were not a factor in the civil government of the county.
+
+On May 18, 1775, the Committee of Palatine District, Tryon county,
+addressed the Albany Committee of Safety, in which they affirm:
+
+   "This County has, for a series of years, been ruled by one family,
+   the different branches of which are still strenuous in dissuading
+   people from coming into Congressional measures, and even have, last
+   week, at a numerous meeting of the Mohawk District, appeared with all
+   their dependants armed to oppose the people considering of their
+   grievances; their number being so large, and the people unarmed,
+   struck terror into most of them, and they dispersed. We are informed
+   that Johnson-Hall is fortifying by placing a parcel of swivel-guns
+   round the same, and that Colonel Johnson has had parts of his
+   regiment of Militia under arms yesterday, no doubt with a design to
+   prevent the friends of liberty from publishing their attachment to
+   the cause to the world. Besides which we are told that about one
+   hundred and fifty Highlanders, (Roman Catholicks) in and about
+   Johnstown, are armed and ready to march upon the like occasion."[103]
+
+In order to allay the feelings engendered against them Guy Johnson, on
+May 18th, wrote to the Committee of Schenectady declaring "my duty is to
+promote peace,"[104] and on the 20th to the Magistrates of Palatine,
+making the covert threat "that if the Indians find their council fire
+disturbed, and their superintendent insulted, they will take a dreadful
+revenge."[105] The last letter thoroughly aroused the Committee of Tryon
+county, and on the 21st stated, among other things:
+
+   "That Colonel Johnson's conduct in raising fortifications round his
+   house, keeping a number of Indians and armed men constantly about
+   him, and stopping and searching travellers upon the King's highway,
+   and stopping our communication with Albany, is very alarming to this
+   County, and is highly arbitrary, illegal, oppressive, and
+   unwarrantable; and confirms us in our fears, that his design is to
+   keep us in awe, and oblige us to submit to a state of Slavery."[106]
+
+On the 23rd the Albany Committee warned Guy Johnson that his
+interference with the rights of travellers would no longer be
+tolerated.[107] So flagrant had been the conduct of the Johnsons that a
+sub-committee of the city and county of Albany addressed a communication
+on the subject to the Provincial Congress of New York.[108] On June 2nd
+the Tryon County Committee addressed Guy Johnson, in which they affirm
+"it is no more our duty than inclination to protect you in the discharge
+of your province," but will not "pass over in silence the interruption
+which the people of the Mohawk District met in their meeting," "and the
+inhuman treatment of a man whose only crime was being faithful to his
+employers."[109] The tension became still more strained between the
+Johnsons and patriots during the summer.
+
+The Dutch and German population was chiefly in sympathy with the cause
+of America, as were the people generally, in that region, who did not
+come under the direct influence of the Johnsons. The inhabitants deposed
+Alexander White, the Sheriff of Tryon county, who had, from the first,
+made himself obnoxious. The first shot, in the war west of the Hudson,
+was fired by Alexander White. On some trifling pretext he arrested a
+patriot by the name of John Fonda, and committed him to prison. His
+friends, to the number of fifty, went to the jail and released him; and
+from the prison they proceeded to the sheriff's lodgings and demanded
+his surrender. He discharged a pistol at the leader, but without effect.
+Immediately some forty muskets were discharged at the sheriff, with the
+effect only to cause a slight wound in the breast. The doors of the
+house were broken open, and just then Sir John Johnson fired a gun at
+the hall, which was the signal for his retainers and Highland partisans
+to rally in arms. As they could muster a force of five hundred men in a
+short time, the party deemed it prudent to disperse.[110]
+
+The royalists became more open and bolder in their course, throwing
+every impediment in the way of the Safety Committee of Tryon county, and
+causing embarrassments in every way their ingenuity could devise. They
+called public meetings themselves, as well as to interfere with those of
+their neighbors; all of which caused mutual exasperation, and the
+engendering of hostile feelings between friends, who now ranged
+themselves with the opposing parties.
+
+On October 26th the Tryon County Committee submitted a series of
+questions for Sir John Johnson to answer.[111] These questions, with Sir
+John's answers, were embodied by the Committee in a letter to the
+Provincial Congress of New York, under date of October 28th, as follows:
+
+   "As we found our duty and particular reasons to inquire or rather
+   desire Sir John Johnson's absolute opinion and intention of the three
+   following articles, viz:
+
+   1. Whether he would allow that his tenants may form themselves into
+   Companies, according to the regulations of our Continental Congress,
+   to the defence of our Country's cause;
+
+   2. Whether he would be willing himself also to assist personally in
+   the same purpose;
+
+   3. Whether he pretendeth a prerogative to our County Court-House and
+   Jail, and would hinder or interrupt the Committee of our County to
+   make use of the said publick houses for our want and service in our
+   common cause;
+
+   We have, therefore, from our meeting held yesterday, sent three
+   members of our Committee with the aforementioned questions contained
+   in a letter to him directed, and received of Sir John, thereupon, the
+   following answer:
+
+   1. That he thinks our requests very unreasonable, as he never had
+   denied the use of either Court-House or Jail to anybody, nor would
+   yet deny it for the use which these houses have been built for; but
+   he looks upon the Court-House and Jail at Johnstown to be his
+   property till he is paid seven hundred Pounds--which being out of his
+   pocket for the building of the same.
+
+   2. In regard of embodying his tenants into Companies, he never did
+   forbid them, neither should do it, as they may use their pleasure;
+   but we might save ourselves that trouble, he being sure they would
+   not.
+
+   3. Concerning himself he declared, that before he would sign any
+   association, or would lift his hand up against his King, he would
+   rather suffer that his head shall be cut off. Further, he replied,
+   that if we would make any unlawful use of the Jail, he would oppose
+   it; and also mentions that there have many unfair means been used for
+   signing the Association, and uniting the people; for he was informed
+   by credible gentlemen in New-York, that they were obliged to unite,
+   otherwise they could not live there. And that he was also informed,
+   by good authority, that likewise two-thirds of the Canajoharie and
+   German Flatts people have been forced to sign; and, by his opinion,
+   the Boston people are open rebels, and the other Colonies have joined
+   them.
+
+   Our Deputies replied to his expressions of forcing the people to sign
+   in our County; that his authority spared the truth, and it appears by
+   itself rediculous that one-third should have forced two-thirds to
+   sign. On the contrary, they would prove that it was offered to any
+   one, after signing, that the regretters could any time have their
+   names crossed, upon their requests.
+
+   We thought proper to refer these particular inimical declarations to
+   your House, and would be very glad to get your opinion and advice,
+   for our further directions. Please, also, to remember what we
+   mentioned to you in our former letters, of the inimical and provoking
+   behaviour of the tenants of said Sir John, which they still continue,
+   under the authority of said Sir John."[112]
+
+The attitude of Sir John had become such that the Continental Congress
+deemed it best, on December 30th to order General Schuyler "to take the
+most speedy and effective measures for securing the said Arms and
+Military Stores, and for disarming the said Tories, and apprehending
+their chiefs."[113] The action of Congress was none too hasty; for in a
+letter from Governor William Tryon of New York to the earl of Dartmouth,
+under date of January 5, 1776, he encloses the following addressed to
+himself:
+
+   "Sir: I hope the occasion and intention of this letter will plead my
+   excuse for the liberty I take in introducing to your Excellency the
+   bearer hereof Captain Allen McDonell who will inform you of many
+   particulars that cannot at this time with safety be committed to
+   writing. The distracted & convulsed State this unhappy country is now
+   worked up to, and the situation that I am in here, together with the
+   many Obligations our family owe to the best of Sovereigns induces me
+   to fall upon a plan that may I hope be of service to my country, the
+   propriety of which I entirely submit to Your Excellency's better
+   judgment, depending on that friendship which you have been pleased to
+   honour me with for your advice on and Representation to his Majesty
+   of what we propose. Having consulted with all my friends in this
+   quarter, among whom are many old and good Officers, most of whom have
+   a good deal of interests in their respective neighborhoods, and have
+   now a great number of men ready to compleat the plan--We must however
+   not think of stirring till we have a support, & supply of money,
+   necessaries to enable us to carry our design into execution, all of
+   which Mr. McDonell who will inform you of everything that has been
+   done in Canada that has come to our knowledge. As I find by the
+   papers you are soon to sail for England I despair of having the
+   pleasure to pay my respect to you but most sincerely wish you an
+   Agreeable Voyage and a happy sight of Your family & friends. I am.
+
+     Your Excellency's most obedient
+     humble Servant,
+     John Johnson."[114]
+
+General Schuyler immediately took active steps to carry out the orders
+of Congress, and on January 23, 1776, made a very lengthy and detailed
+report to that body.[115] Although he had no troops to carry into
+execution the orders of Congress, he asked for seven hundred militia,
+yet by the time he reached Caughnawaga, there were nearly three thousand
+men, including the Tryon county militia. Arriving at Schenectady, he
+addressed, on January 16th, a letter to Sir John Johnson, requesting him
+to meet him on the next day, promising safe conduct for him and such
+person as might attend him. They met at the time appointed sixteen miles
+beyond Schenectady, Sir John being accompanied by some of the leading
+Highlanders and two or three others, to whom General Schuyler delivered
+his terms. After some difficulty, in which the Mohawk Indians figured as
+peacemakers, Sir John Johnson and Allan McDonell (Collachie) signed a
+paper agreeing "upon his word and honor immediately deliver up all
+cannon, arms, and other military stores, of what kind soever, which may
+be in his own possession," or that he may have delivered to others, or
+that he knows to be concealed; that "having given his parole of honour
+not to take up arms against America," "he consents not to go to the
+westward of the German-Flats and Kingsland (Highlanders') District," but
+to every other part to the southward he expects the privilege of going;
+agreed that the Highlanders shall, "without any kind of exception,
+immediately deliver up all arms in their possession, of what kind
+soever," and from among them any six prisoners may be taken, but the
+same must be maintained agreeable to their respective rank.
+
+[Illustration: Johnson Hall.]
+
+On Friday the 19th General Schulyer marched to Johnstown, and in the
+afternoon the arms and military stores in Sir John's possession were
+delivered up. On the next day, at noon, General Schuyler drew his men up
+in the street, "and the Highlanders, between two and three hundred,
+marched to the front, where they grounded their arms;" when they were
+dismissed "with an exhortation, pointing out the only conduct which
+could insure them protection." On the 21st, at Cagnuage, General
+Schuyler wrote to Sir John as follows:
+
+   "Although it is a well known fact that all the Scotch (Highlanders)
+   people that yesterday surrendered arms, had not broadswords when they
+   came to the country, yet many of them had, and most of them were
+   possessed of dirks; and as none have been given up of either, I will
+   charitably believe that it was rather inattention than a wilful
+   omission. Whether it was the former or the latter must be ascertained
+   by their immediate compliance with that part of the treaty which
+   requires that all arms, of what kind soever, shall be delivered up.
+
+   After having been informed by you, at our first interview, that the
+   Scotch people meant to defend themselves, I was not a little
+   surprised that no ammunition was delivered up, and that you had none
+   to furnish them with. These observations were immediately made by
+   others as well as me. I was too apprehensive of the consequences
+   which might have been fatal to those people, to take notice of it on
+   the spot. I shall, however, expect an eclaircissement on this
+   subject, and beg that you and Mr. McDonell will give it me as soon as
+   may be."
+
+Governor Tryon reported to the earl of Dartmouth, February 7th, that
+General Schuyler "marched to Johnson Hall the 24th of last month, where
+Sr John had mustered near Six hundred men, from his Tenants and
+neighbours, the majority highlanders, after disarming them and taking
+four pieces of artillery, ammunition and many Prisoners, with 360
+Guineas from Sr John's Desk, they compelled him to enter into a Bond in
+1600 pound Sterling not to aid the King's Service, or to remove within a
+limited district from his house."[116]
+
+The six of the chiefs of the Highland clan of the McDonells made
+prisoners were, Allan McDonell, sen. (Collachie), Allan McDonell, Jur.,
+Alexander McDonell, Ronald McDonell, Archibald McDonell, and John
+McDonell, all of whom were sent to Reading, Pennsylvania, with their
+three servants, and later to Lancaster.[117]
+
+Had Sir John obeyed his parole, it would have saved him his vast
+estates, the Highlanders their homes, the effusion of blood, and the
+savage cruelty which his leadership engendered. Being incapable of
+forecasting the future, he broke his parole of honor, plunged headlong
+into the conflict, and dragged his followers into the horrors of war.
+General Schuyler wrote him, March 12, 1776, stating that the evidence
+had been placed in his hands that he had been exciting the Indians to
+hostility, and promising to defer taking steps until a more minute
+inquiry could be made he begged Sir John "to be present when it was
+made," which would be on the following Monday.
+
+Sir John's actions were such that it became necessary to use stringent
+measures. General Schuyler, on May 14th, issued his instructions to
+Colonel Elias Dayton, who was to proceed to Johnstown, "and give notice
+to the Highlanders, who live in the vicinity of the town, to repair to
+it; and when any number are collected there, you will send off their
+baggage, infirm women and children, in wagons." Sir John was to be taken
+prisoner, carefully guarded and brought to Albany, but "he is by no
+means to experience the least ill-treatment in his own person, or those
+of his family."[118] General Schuyler had previously written (May 10th)
+to Sir John intimating that he had "acted contrary to the sacred
+engagements you lay under to me, and through me to the publick," and
+have "ordered you a close prisoner, and sent down to Albany."[119] The
+reason assigned for the removal of the Highlanders as stated by General
+Schuyler to Sir John was that "the elder Mr. McDonald (Allan of
+Collachie), a chief of that part of the clan of his name now in Tryon
+County, has applied to Congress that those people with their families
+may be moved from thence and subsisted."[120] To this Sir John replied
+as follows:
+
+   "Johnson Hall, May 18, 1776.
+
+   Sir: On my return from Fort Hunter yesterday, I received your letter
+   by express acquainting me that the elder Mr. McDonald had desired to
+   have all the clan of his name in the County of Tryon, removed and
+   subsisted. I know none of that clan but such as are my tenants, and
+   have been, for near two years supported by me with every necessary,
+   by which means they have contracted a debt of near two thousand
+   pounds, which they are in a likely way to discharge, if left in
+   peace. As they are under no obligations to Mr. McDonald, they refuse
+   to comply with his extraordinary request; therefore beg there may be
+   no troops sent to conduct them to Albany, otherwise they will look
+   upon it as a total breach of the treaty agreed to at Johnstown. Mrs.
+   McDonald showed me a letter from her husband, written since he
+   applied to the Congress for leave to return to their families, in
+   which he mentions that he was told by the Congress that it depended
+   entirely upon you; he then desired that their families might be
+   brought down to them, but never mentioned anything with regard to
+   moving my tenants from hence, as matters he had no right to treat of.
+   Mrs. McDonald requested that I would inform you that neither herself
+   nor any of the other families would choose to go down.
+
+     I am, sir, your very humble servant,
+     John Johnson."[121]
+
+Colonel Dayton arrived at Johnstown May 19th, and as he says, in his
+report to General John Sullivan, he immediately sent "a letter to Sir
+John Johnson, informing him that I had arrived with a body of troops to
+guard the Highlanders to Albany, and desired that he would fix a time
+for their assembling. When these gentlemen came to Johnson Hall they
+were informed by Lady Johnson that Sir John Johnson had received General
+Schuyler's letter by the express; that he had consulted the Highlanders
+upon the contents, and that they had unanimously resolved not to deliver
+themselves as prisoners, but to go another way, and that Sir John
+Johnson had determined to go with them. She added that, that if they
+were pursued they were determined to make an opposition, and had it in
+their power, in some measure."[122]
+
+The approach of Colonel Dayton's command caused great commotion among
+the inhabitants of Johnstown and vicinity. Sir John determined to
+decamp, take with him as many followers as possible, and travel through
+the woods to Canada. Lieutenant James Gray, of the 42nd Highlanders,
+helped to raise the faithful bodyguard, and all having assembled at the
+house of Allen McDonell of Collachie started through the woods. The
+party consisted of three Indians from an adjacent village to serve as
+guides, one hundred and thirty Highlanders, and one hundred and twenty
+others.[123] The appearance of Colonel Dayton was more sudden than Sir
+John anticipated. Having but a brief period for their preparation, the
+party was but illy prepared for their flight. He did not know whether or
+not the royalists were in possession of Lake Champlain, therefore the
+fugitives did not dare to venture on that route to Montreal; so they
+were obliged to strike deeper into the forests between the headwaters of
+the Hudson and the St. Lawrence. Their provisions soon were exhausted;
+their feet soon became sore from the rough travelling; and several were
+left in the wilderness to be picked up and brought in by the Indians who
+were afterwards sent out for that purpose. After nineteen days of great
+hardships the party arrived in Montreal in a pitiable condition, having
+endured as much suffering as seemed possible for human nature to
+undergo.
+
+Sir John Johnson and his Highlanders, unwittingly, paid the Highest
+possible compliment to the kindness and good intentions of the patriots,
+when they deserted their families and left them to face the foe. When
+the flight was brought to the attention of General Schuyler, he wrote to
+Colonel Dayton, May 27, in which he says:
+
+   "I am favored with a letter from Mr. Caldwell, in which he suggests
+   the propriety of suffering such Highlanders to remain at their
+   habitations as have not fled. I enter fully into his idea; but
+   prudence dictates that this should be done under certain
+   restrictions. These people have been taught to consider us in
+   politicks in the same light that Papists consider Protestants in a
+   religious relation, viz: that no faith is to be kept with either. I
+   do not, therefore, think it prudent to suffer any of the men to
+   remain, unless a competent number of hostages are given, at least
+   five out of a hundred, on condition of being put to death if those
+   that remain should take up arms, or in any wise assist the enemies of
+   our country. A small body of troops * * may keep them in awe; but if
+   an equal body of the enemy should appear, the balance as to numbers,
+   by the junction of those left, would be against us. I am, however, so
+   well aware of the absurdity of judging with precision in these
+   matters at the distance we are from one another, that prudence
+   obliges me to leave these matters to your judgment, to act as
+   circumstances may occur."[124]
+
+Lady Johnson, wife of Sir John, was taken to Albany and there held as a
+hostage until the following December when she was permitted to go to New
+York, then in the hands of the British. Nothing is related of any of the
+Highlanders being taken at that time to Albany, but appear to have been
+left in peaceable possession of their lands.
+
+As might have been, and perhaps was, anticipated, the Highland
+settlement became the source of information and the base of supplies for
+the enemy. Spies and messengers came and went, finding there a welcome
+reception. The trail leading from there and along the Sacandaga and
+through the Adirondack woods, soon became a beaten path from its
+constant use. The Highland women gave unstintingly of their supplies,
+and opened their houses as places of retreat. Here were planned the
+swift attacks upon the unwary settlers farther to the south and west.
+Agents of the king were active everywhere, and the Highland homes became
+one of the resting places for refugees on their way to Canada. This
+state of affairs could not be concealed from the Americans, who, none
+too soon, came to view the whole neighborhood as a nest of treason.
+Military force could not be employed against women and children (for
+from time to time nearly all the men had left), but they could be
+removed where they would do but little harm. General Schuyler discussed
+the matter with General Herkimer and the Tryon County Committee, when it
+was decided to remove of those who remained "to the number of four
+hundred." A movement of this description could not be kept a secret,
+especially when the troops were put in motion. In March, 1777, General
+Schuyler had permitted both Alexander and John MacDonald to visit their
+families. Taking the alarm, on the approach of the troops, in May, they
+ran off to Canada, taking with them the residue of the Highlanders,
+together with a few of the German neighbors. The journey was a very long
+and tedious one, and very painful for the aged, the women, and the
+children. They were used to hardships and bore their sufferings without
+complaint. It was an exodus of a people, whose very existence was almost
+forgotten, and on the very lands they cleared and cultivated there is
+not a single tradition concerning them.
+
+From papers still in existence, preserved in Series B, Vol. 158, p. 351,
+of the Haldeman Papers, it would appear that some of the families,
+previous to the exodus, had been secured, as noted in the two following
+petitions, both written in either 1779 or 1780, date not given although
+first is simply dated "27th July," and second endorsed "27th July":
+
+   "To His Excellency General Haldimand, General and Commander in Chief
+   of all His Majesty's Forces in Canada and the Frontiers thereof,
+
+   The memorial of John and Alexander Macdonell, Captains in the King's
+   Royal Regiment of New York, humbly sheweth,
+
+   That your Memorialist, John Macdonell's, family are at present
+   detained by the rebels in the County of Tryon, within the Province of
+   New York, destitute of every support but such as they may receive
+   from the few friends to Government in said quarters, in which
+   situation they have been since 1777.
+
+   And your Memorialist, Alexander Macdonell, on behalf of his brother,
+   Captain Allan Macdonell, of the Eighty-Fourth Regiment: that the
+   family of his said brother have been detained by the Rebels in and
+   about Albany since the year 1775, and that unless it was for the
+   assistance they have met with from Mr. James Ellice, of Schenectady,
+   merchant, they must have perished.
+
+   Your Memorialists therefore humbly pray Your Excellency will be
+   graciously pleased to take the distressed situation of said families
+   into consideration, and to grant that a flag be sent to demand them
+   in exchange, or otherwise direct towards obtaining their releasement,
+   as Your Excellency in your wisdom shall see fit, and your
+   Memorialists will ever pray as in duty bound.
+
+     John Macdonell,
+     Alexander Macdonell."
+
+   "To the Honourable Sir John Johnson, Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of
+   the King's Royal Regiment of New York.
+
+   The humbel petition of sundry soldiers of said Regiment sheweth,--
+
+   That your humble petitioners, whose names are hereunto subscribed,
+   have families in different places of the Counties of Albany and
+   Tryon, who have been and are daily ill-treated by the enemies of
+   Government.
+
+   Therefore we do humbly pray that Your Honour would be pleased to
+   procure permission for them to come to Canada,
+
+   And your petitioners will ever pray.
+
+   John McGlenny, Thomas Ross. Alexander Cameron, Frederick Goose, Wm.
+   Urchad (Urquhart?), Duncan McIntire, Andrew Mileross, Donald
+   McCarter, Allen Grant, Hugh Chisholm, Angus Grant, John McDonald,
+   Alex. Ferguson, Thomas Taylor, William Cameron, George Murdoff,
+   William Chession (Chisholm), John Christy, Daniel Campbell, Donald
+   Ross, Donald Chissem, Roderick McDonald, Alexander Grant."
+
+   The names and number of each family intended in the written
+   petition:--
+
+         Name of Family         Consisting of             No
+     1, Duncan McIntyre's   Wife, Sister and Child         3
+     2, John Christy's      Wife and 3 Children            4
+     3, George Mordoffs       "  and 6   "                 7
+     4, Daniel Campbell's     "  and 5   "                 6
+     5, Andrew Milross'     Wife                           1
+     6, William Urghad's    Wife and 3   "                 4
+     7, Donald McCarter's     "  and 3   "                 4
+     8, Donald Ross'          "  and 1  Child              2
+     9, Allan Grant's         "  and 1  Child              2
+    10, William Chissim's     "  and 1   "                 2
+    11, Donald Chissim's      "  and 2  Children           3
+    12, Hugh Chissim's        "  and 5   "                 6
+    13, Roderick McDonald's   "  and 4   "                 5
+    14, Angus Grant's         "  and 5   "                 6
+    15, Alexander Grant's     "  and 4   "                 5
+    16, Donald Grant's        "  and 4   "                 5
+    17, John McDonald's     Wife                           1
+    18, John McGlenny's       "  and 2   "                 3
+    19, Alexander Ferguson's  "  and 5   "                 6
+    20, Thomas Ross'          "  and 4   "                 5
+    21, Thomas Taylor's       "  and 1  Child              2
+    22, Alexander Cameron's   "  and 3  Children           4
+    23, William Cameron's     "  and 3   "                 4
+    24, Frederick Goose's     "  and 4   "                 5
+
+Mrs. Helen MacDonell, wife of Allan, the chief, was apprehended and sent
+to Schenectady, and in 1780 managed to escape, and made her way to New
+York. Before she was taken, and while her husband was still a prisoner
+of war, she appears to have been the chief person who had charge of the
+settlement, after the men had fled with Sir John Johnson. A letter of
+hers has been preserved, which is not only interesting, but throws some
+light on the action of the Highlanders. It is addressed to Major Jellis
+Fonda, at Caughnawaga.
+
+   "Sir: Some time ago I wrote you a letter, much to this purpose,
+   concerning the Inhabitants of this Bush being made prisoners. There
+   was no such thing then in agitation as you was pleased to observe in
+   your letter to me this morning. Mr. Billie Laird came amongst the
+   people to give them warning to go in to sign, and swear. To this they
+   will never consent, being already prisoners of General Schuyler. His
+   Excellency was pleased by your proclamation, directing every one of
+   them to return to their farms, and that they should be no more
+   troubled nor molested during the war. To this they agreed, and have
+   not done anything against the country, nor intend to, if let alone.
+   If not, they will lose their lives before being taken prisoners
+   again. They begged the favour of me to write to Major Fonda and the
+   gentlemen of the committee to this purpose. They blame neither the
+   one nor the other of you gentlemen, but those ill-natured fellows
+   amongst them that get up an excitement about nothing, in order to
+   ingratiate themselves in your favour. They were of very great hurt to
+   your cause since May last, through violence and ignorance. I do not
+   know what the consequences would have been to them long ago, if not
+   prevented. Only think what daily provocation does.
+
+   Jenny joins me in compliments to Mrs. Fonda.
+
+     I am, Sir, Your humble servant, Callachie, 15th March, 1777. Helen
+     McDonell."[125]
+
+Immediately on the arrival of Sir John Johnson in Montreal, with his
+party who fled from Johnstown, he was commissioned a Colonel in the
+British service. At once he set about to organize a regiment composed of
+those who had accompanied him, and other refugees who had followed their
+example. This regiment was called the "King's Royal Regiment of New
+York," but by Americans was known as "The Royal Greens," probably
+because the facings of their uniforms were of that color. In the
+formation of the regiment he was instructed that the officers of the
+corps were to be divided in such a manner as to assist those who were
+distressed by the war; but there were to be no pluralities of
+officers,--a practice then common in the British army.
+
+In this regiment, Butler's Rangers, and the Eighty-Fourth, or Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment also then raised, the Highland gentlemen who
+had, in 1773, emigrated to Tryon county, received commissions, as well
+as those who had previously had joined the ranks. After the war proper
+returns of the officers were made, and from these the following tables
+have been extracted. The number of private soldiers of the same name are
+in proportion.
+
+          "FIRST BATTALION KING'S ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK.
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+  Rank |      NAME         |Place of|Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|       |
+------------------------------------|-------|-----------------------------
+Captain|Alexander Macdonell|Scotland| 8 yrs.|200 acres of land in fee
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |        |       |  simple, under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson, at yearly annual
+       |                   |        |       |  rent of £6 per 100.
+Captain|Angus Macdonell    |Scotland|25 yrs.|Ensign in 60th Regt., 8th
+       |                   |        |       |  July, 1760; Lieut. in
+       |                   |        |       |  do. Dec 27, 1770; sold
+       |                   |        |       |  out on account of bad
+       |                   |        |       |  health, May 22, 1775.
+       |                   |        |       |  Had no lands.
+Captain|John Macdonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had landed property, 500
+       |       (Scotas)    |        |       |  acres, purchased and
+       |                   |        |       |  began to improve in
+       |                   |        |       |  April, 1774.
+Captain|Archibald Macdonell|Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant; had no lands.
+       |       (Leek)      |        |       |
+Captain|Allen Macdonell    |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had 200 acres in fee
+Lieut  |       (Leek)      |        |       |  simple, under Sir John,
+       |                   |        |       |  at £6 per 100 acres.
+Lieut  |Hugh Macdonell     |Scotland| 7 yrs.|Son of Captain Macdonell
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |        |       |
+Ensign |Miles Macdonell    |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Son of Captain John
+       |       (Scotas)    |        |       |  Macdonell.
+==========================================================================
+
+        SECOND BATTALION KING'S ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+  Rank |   NAME            |Place of|Service|    REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|       |
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+Captain|James Macdonell    |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held ---- acres in fee simple,
+       |                   |        |       |  under Sir John, at
+       |                   |        |       |  £6 per 100 acres.
+Lieut  |Ronald Macdonell   |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Farmer.
+       |       (Leek)      |        |       |
+==========================================================================
+
+CORPS OF BUTLER'S RANGERS, COMMANDED BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
+                        JOHN BUTLER
+-------|-------------------|---------|-------|----------------------------
+  Rank |     NAME          |Place of |Service|    REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|------|----------------------------
+Captain|John Macdonell     |Inverness-|9 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |                   |Scotland  |      |  Highlanders in 1773,
+       |                   |          |      |  settled in Tryon County,
+       |                   |          |      |  near Johnstown, in
+       |                   |          |      |  the Province of New
+       |                   |          |      |  York; entered His
+       |                   |          |      |  Majesty's Service as a
+       |                   |          |      |  Subaltern Officer, June
+       |                   |          |      |  14, 1775, in the 84th
+       |                   |          |      |  or Royal Highland
+       |                   |          |      |    Emigrants.
+First  |                   |          |      |
+Lieut. |Alexander Macdonell|Inverness-|7 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |    (Collachie)    |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |                   |Scotland  |      |  Highland Emigrants in
+       |                   |          |      |  1773, settled in Tryon
+       |                   |          |      |  County, near Johnstown,
+       |                   |          |      |  in the Province
+       |                   |          |      |  of New York; entered
+       |                   |          |      |  His Majesty's Service
+       |                   |          |      |  as a Volunteer in the
+       |                   |          |      |  84th or Royal Highland
+       |                   |          |      |  Emigrants.
+Second |                   |          |      |
+Lieut. |Chichester         |Inverness-|6 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |  Macdonell        |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |Scotland  |      |  Highland Emigrants in
+       |                   |          |      |  1773, and settled near
+       |                   |          |      |  Johnstown; entered
+       |                   |          |      |  His Majesty's Service
+       |                   |          |      |  as a Volunteer in the
+       |                   |          |      |  King's Royal Regiment
+       |                   |          |      |  of New York in
+       |                   |          |      |  the year 1778.
+=======|===================|==========|======|============================
+         EIGHTY-FOURTH OR ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANT REGIMENT
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+  Rank |     NAME          | Place of |Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   | Nativity |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+Captain|Allan Macdonell    |          |       |Prisoner at Lancaster in
+       |   (Collachie)     |          |       |  Pennsylvania.
+Lieut. |Ronald Macdonell   |          |40 yrs.|
+Lieut. |Arch'd Macdonell   |          | 8 yrs.|
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+
+                       SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+  Rank |  NAME             |Place of  |Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity  |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+Lieut  |Angus Macdonell    |          |       |                     "[126]
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+
+In the month of January, following his flight into Canada, Sir John
+Johnson found his way into the city of New York. From that time he
+became one of the most bitter and virulent foes of his countrymen
+engaged in the contest, and repeatedly became the scourge of his former
+neighbors--in all of which his Highland retainers bore a prominent part.
+In savage cruelty, together with Butler's Rangers, they outrivalled
+their Indian allies. The aged, the infirm, helpless women, and the
+innocent babe in the cradle, alike perished before them. In all this the
+MacDonells were among the foremost. Such warfare met the approval of the
+British Cabinet, and officers felt no compunction in relating their
+achievements. Colonel Guy Johnson writing to lord George Germain,
+November 11, 1779, not only speaks of the result of his conference with
+Sir John Johnson, but further remarks that "there appeared little
+prospect of effecting anything beyond harrassing the frontiers with
+detached partys."[127] In all probability none of the official reports
+related the atrocities perpetrated under the direction of the minor
+officers.
+
+Although "The Royal Greens" were largely composed of the Mohawk
+Highlanders, and especially all who decamped from Johnstown with Sir
+John Johnson, and Butler's Rangers had a fair percentage of the same, it
+is not necessary to enter into a detailed account of their achievements,
+because neither was essentially Highlanders. Their movements were not
+always in a body, and the essential share borne by the Highlanders have
+not been recorded in the papers that have been preserved. Individual
+deeds have been narrated, some of which are here given.
+
+The Royal Greens and Butler's Rangers formed a part of the expedition
+under Colonel Barry St. Leger that was sent against Fort Schuyler in
+order to create a diversion in favor of General Burgoyne's army then on
+its march towards Albany. In order to relieve Fort Schuyler (Stanwix)
+General Herkimer with a force of eight hundred was dispatched and, on
+the way, met the army of St. Leger near Oriskany, August 6, 1777. On the
+3rd St. Leger encamped before Fort Stanwix, his force numbering sixteen
+hundred, eight hundred of whom were Indians. Proper precautions were not
+taken by General Herkimer, while every advantage was enforced by his
+wary enemy. He fell into an ambuscade, and a desperate conflict ensued.
+During the conflict Colonel Butler attempted a _ruse-de guerre_, by
+sending, from the direction of the fort, a detachment of The Royal
+Greens, disguised as American troops, in expectation that they might be
+received as reenforcements from the garrison. They were first noticed by
+Lieutenant Jacob Sammons, who at once notified Captain Jacob Gardenier;
+but the quick eye of the latter had detected the ruse. The Greens
+continued to advance until hailed by Gardenier, at which moment one of
+his own men observing an acquaintance in the opposing ranks, and
+supposing them to be friends, ran to meet him, and presented his hand.
+The credulous fellow was dragged into their lines and notified that he
+was a prisoner.
+
+"He did not yield without a struggle; during which Gardenier, watching
+the action and the result, sprang forward, and with a blow from his
+spear levelled the captor to the dust and liberated his man. Others of
+the foe instantly set upon him, of whom he slew the second and wounded
+the third. Three of the disguised Greens now sprang upon him, and one of
+his spurs becoming entangled in their clothes, he was thrown to the
+ground. Still, contending, however, with almost super-human strength,
+both of his thighs were transfixed to the earth by the bayonets of two
+of his assailants, while the third presented a bayonet to his breast, as
+if to thrust him through. Seizing the bayonet with his left hand, by a
+sudden wrench he brought its owner down upon himself, where he held him
+as a shield against the arms of the others, until one of his own men,
+Adam Miller, observing the struggle, flew to the rescue. As the
+assailants turned upon their new adversary, Gardenier rose upon his
+seat; and although his hand was severely lacerated by grasping the
+bayonet which had been drawn through it, he seized his spear lying by
+his side, and quick as lightning planted it to the barb in the side of
+the assailant with whom he had been clenched. The man fell and
+expired--proving to be Lieutenant McDonald, one of the loyalist
+officers from Tryon county."[128]
+
+This was John McDonald, who had been held as a hostage by General
+Schuyler, and when permitted to return home, helped run off the
+remainder of the Highlanders to Canada, as previously noticed. June 19,
+1777, he was appointed captain Lieutenant in The Royal Greens.[129]
+During the engagement thirty of The Royal Greens fell near the body of
+McDonald. The loss of Herkimer was two hundred killed, exclusive of the
+wounded and prisoners. The royalist loss was never given, but known to
+be heavy. The Indians lost nearly a hundred warriors among whom were
+sachems held in great favor. The Americans retained possession of the
+field owing to the sortie made by the garrison of Fort Schuyler on the
+camp of St. Leger. On the 22nd St. Leger receiving alarming reports of
+the advance of General Arnold suddenly decamped from before Fort
+Schuyler, leaving his baggage behind him. Indians, belonging to the
+expedition followed in the rear, tomahawking and scalping the
+stragglers; and when the army did not run fast enough, they accelerated
+the speed by giving their war cries and fresh alarms, thus adding
+increased terror to the demoralized troops. Of all the men that Butler
+took with him, when he arrived in Quebec he could muster but fifty. The
+Royal Greens also showed their numbers greatly decimated.
+
+Among the prisoners taken by the Americans was Captain Angus McDonell of
+The Royal Greens.[130] For greater security he was transferred to the
+southern portion of the State. On October 12th following, at Kingston,
+he gave the following parole to the authorities:
+
+   "I, Angus McDonell, lieutenant in the 60th or Royal American
+   regiment, now a prisoner to the United States of America and enlarged
+   on my parole, do promise upon my word of honor that I will continue
+   within one mile of the house of Jacobus Hardenburgh, and in the town
+   of Hurley, in the county of Ulster; and that I will not do any act,
+   matter or thing whatsoever against the interests of America; and
+   further, that I will remove hereafter to such place as the governor
+   of the state of New York or the president of the Council of Safety
+   of the said state shall direct, and that I will observe this my
+   parole until released, exchanged or otherwise ordered.
+
+   Angus McDonell."
+
+[Illustration: The Valley of the Wyoming.]
+
+The following year Captain Angus McDonald and Allen McDonald, ensign in
+the same company were transferred to Reading, Pennsylvania. The former
+was probably released or exchanged for he was with the regiment when it
+was disbanded at the close of the War. What became of the latter is
+unknown. Probably neither of them were Sir John Johnson's tenants.
+
+The next movement of special importance relates to the melancholy story
+of Wyoming, immortalized in verse by Thomas Campbell in his "Gertrude of
+Wyoming." Towards the close of June 1778 the British officers at Niagara
+determined to strike a blow at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania. For this
+purpose an expedition of about three hundred white men under Colonel
+John Butler, together with about five hundred Indians, marched for the
+scene of action. Just what part the McDonells took in the Massacre of
+Wyoming is not known, nor is it positive any were present; but belonging
+to Butler's Rangers it is fair to assume that all such participated in
+those heartrending scenes which have been so often related. It was a
+terrible day and night for that lovely valley, and its beauty was
+suddenly changed into horror and desolation. The Massacre of Wyoming
+stands out in bold relief as one of the darkest pictures in the whole
+panorama of the Revolution.
+
+While this scene was being enacted, active preparations were pushed by
+Alexander McDonald for a descent on the New York frontiers. It was the
+same Alexander who has been previously mentioned as having been
+permitted to return to the Johnstown settlement, and then assisted in
+helping the remaining Highland families escape to Canada. He was a man
+of enterprise and activity, and by his energy he collected three hundred
+royalists and Indians and fell with great fury upon the frontiers.
+Houses were burned, and such of the people as fell into his hands were
+either killed or made prisoners. One example of the blood thirsty
+character of this man is given by Sims, in his "Trappers of New York,"
+as follows:
+
+   "On the morning of October 25, 1781, a large body of the enemy under
+   Maj. Ross, entered Johnstown with several prisoners, and not a little
+   plunder; among which was a number of human scalps taken the afternoon
+   and night previous, in settlements in and adjoining the Mohawk
+   valley; to which was added the scalp of Hugh McMonts, a constable,
+   who was surprised and killed as they entered Johnstown. In the course
+   of the day the troops from the garrisons near and militia from the
+   surrounding country, rallied under the active and daring Willett, and
+   gave the enemy battle on the Hall farm, in which the latter were
+   finally defeated with loss, and made good their retreat into Canada.
+   Young Scarsborough was then in the nine months' service, and while
+   the action was going on, himself and one Crosset left the Johnstown
+   fort, where they were on garrison duty, to join in the fight, less
+   than two miles distant. Between the Hall and woods they soon found
+   themselves engaged. Crosset after shooting down one or two, received
+   a bullet through one hand, but winding a handkerchief around it he
+   continued the fight under cover of a hemlock stump. He was shot down
+   and killed there, and his companion surrounded and made prisoner by a
+   party of Scotch (Highlanders) troops commanded by Captain McDonald.
+   When Scarsborough was captured, Capt. McDonald was not present, but
+   the moment he saw him he ordered his men to shoot him down. Several
+   refused; but three, shall I call them men? obeyed the dastardly
+   order, and yet he possibly would have survived his wounds, had not
+   the miscreant in authority cut him down with his own broadsword. The
+   sword was caught in its first descent, and the valiant captain drew
+   it out, cutting the hand nearly in two."[131]
+
+This was the same McDonald who, in 1779, figured in the battle of the
+Chemung, together with Sir John and Guy Johnson and Walter N. Butler.
+
+Just what part the Mohawk Highlanders, if any, had in the Massacre of
+Cherry Valley on October 11, 1778, may not be known. The leaders were
+Walter N. Butler, son of Colonel John Butler, who was captain of a
+company of Rangers, and the monster Brant.
+
+Owing to the frequent depredations made by the Indians, the Royal
+Greens, Butler's Rangers, and the independent company of Alexander
+McDonald, upon the frontiers, destroying the innocent and helpless as
+well as those who might be found in arms, Congress voted that an
+expedition should be sent into the Indian country. Washington detached a
+division from the army under General John Sullivan to lay waste that
+country. The instructions were obeyed, and Sullivan did not cease until
+he found no more to lay waste. The only resistance he met with that was
+of any moment was on August 29, 1779, when the enemy hoping to ambuscade
+the army of Sullivan, brought on the battle of Chemung, near the present
+site of Elmira. There were about three hundred royalists under Colonel
+John Butler and Captain Alexander McDonald, assisting Joseph Brant who
+commanded the Indians. The defeat was so overwhelming that the royalists
+and Indians, in a demoralized condition sought shelter under the walls
+of Fort Niagara.
+
+The lower Mohawk Valley having experienced the calamities of border wars
+was yet to feel the full measures of suffering. On Sunday, May 21,
+1780, Sir John Johnson with some British troops, a detachment of Royal
+Greens, and about two hundred Indians and Tories, at dead of night fell
+unexpectedly on Johnstown, the home of his youth. Families were killed
+and scalped, the houses pillaged and then burned. Instances of daring
+and heroism in withstanding the invaders have been recorded.
+
+Sir John's next achievement was in the fall of the same year, when he
+descended with fire and sword into the rich settlements along the
+Schoharie. He was overtaken by the American force at Klock's Field and
+put to flight.
+
+Sir John Johnson with the Royal Greens, principally his former tenants
+and retainers, appear to have been especially stimulated with hate
+against the people of their former homes who did not sympathize with
+their views. In the summer of 1781 another expedition was secretly
+planned against Johnstown, and executed with silent celerity. The
+expedition consisted of four companies of the Second battalion of Sir
+John's regiment of Royal Greens, Butler's Rangers and two hundred
+Indians, numbering in all about one thousand men, under the command of
+Major Ross. He was defeated at the battle of Johnstown on October 25th.
+The army of Major Ross, for four days in the wilderness, on their
+advance had been living on only a half pound of horse flesh per man per
+day; yet they were so hotly pursued by the Americans that they were
+forced to trot off a distance of thirty miles before they
+stopped,--during a part of the distance they were compelled to sustain a
+running fight. They crossed Canada Creek late in the afternoon, where
+Walter N. Butler attempted to rally the men. He was shot through the
+head by an Oneida Indian, who was with the Americans. When Captain
+Butler fell his troops fled in the utmost confusion, and continued their
+flight through the night. Without food and even without blankets they
+had eighty miles to traverse through the dreary and pathless wilderness.
+
+On August 6, 1781, Donald McDonald, one of the Highlanders who had fled
+from Johnstown, made an attempt upon Shell's Bush, about four miles
+north of the present village of Herkimer, at the head of sixty-six
+Indians and Tories. John Christian Shell had built a block-house of his
+own, which was large and substantial, and well calculated to withstand
+a seige. The first story had no windows, but furnished with loopholes
+which could be used to shoot through by muskets. The second story
+projected over the first, so that the garrison could fire upon an
+advancing enemy, or cast missiles upon their heads. The owner had a
+family of six sons, the youngest two were twins, and only eight years
+old. Most of his neighbors had taken refuge in Fort Dayton; but this
+settler refused to leave his home. When Donald McDonald and his party
+arrived at Shell's Bush his brother with his sons were at work in the
+field; and the children, unfortunately were so widely separated from
+their father, as to fall into the hands of the enemy.
+
+   "Shell and his other boys succeeded in reaching their castle, and
+   barricading the ponderous door. And then commenced the battle. The
+   besieged were well armed, and all behaved with admirable bravery; but
+   none more bravely than Shell's wife, who loaded the pieces as her
+   husband and sons discharged them. The battle commenced at two
+   o'clock, and continued until dark. Several attempts were made by
+   McDonald to set fire to the castle, but without success, and his
+   forces were repeatedly driven back by the galling fire they received.
+   McDonald at length procured a crow-bar and attempted to force the
+   door; but while thus engaged he received a shot in the leg from
+   Shell's Blunderbuss, which put him _hors du combat_. None of his men
+   being sufficiently near at the moment to rescue him, Shell, quick as
+   lightning, opened the door, and drew him within the walls a prisoner.
+   The misfortune of Shell and his garrison was, that their ammunition
+   began to run low; but McDonald was very amply provided, and to save
+   his own life, he surrendered his cartridges to the garrison to fire
+   upon his comrades. Several of the enemy having been killed and others
+   wounded, they now drew off for a respite. Shell and his troops,
+   moreover, needed a little breathing time; and feeling assured that,
+   so long as he had the commanding officer of the beseigers in his
+   possession, the enemy would hardly attempt to burn the citadel, he
+   ceased firing. He then went up stairs, and sang the hymn which was a
+   favorite of Luther during the perils and afflictions of the Great
+   Reformer in his controversies with the Pope. While thus engaged the
+   enemy likewise ceased firing. But they soon after rallied again to
+   the fight, and made a desperate effort to carry the fortress by
+   assault. Rushing up to the walls, five of them thrust the muzzles of
+   their guns through the loopholes, but had no sooner done so, than
+   Mrs. Shell, seizing an axe, by quick and well directed blows ruined
+   every musket thus thrust through the walls, by bending the barrels.
+   A few more well-directed shots by Shell and his sons once more drove
+   the assailants back. Shell thereupon ran up to the second story, just
+   in the twilight, and calling out to his wife with a loud voice,
+   informed her that Captain Small was approaching from Fort Dayton with
+   succors. In yet louder notes he then exclaimed--'Captain Small march
+   your company round upon this side of the house. Captain Getman, you
+   had better wheel your men off to the left, and come up upon that
+   side.' There were of course no troops approaching; but the directions
+   of Shell were given with such precision, and such apparent
+   earnestness and sincerity, that the stratagem succeeded, and the
+   enemy immediately fled to the woods, taking away the twin-lads as
+   prisoners. Setting the best provisions they had before their
+   reluctant guest. Shell and his family lost no time in repairing to
+   Fort Dayton, which they reached in safety--leaving McDonald in the
+   quiet possession of the castle he had been striving to capture in
+   vain. Some two or three of McDonald's Indians lingered about the
+   premises to ascertain the fate of their leader; and finding that
+   Shell and his family had evacuated the post, ventured in to visit
+   him. Not being able to remove him, however, on taking themselves off,
+   they charged their wounded leader to inform Shell, that if he would
+   be kind to him, (McDonald,) they would take good care of his
+   (Shell's) captive boys. McDonald was the next day removed to the fort
+   by Captain Small, where his leg was amputated; but the blood could
+   not be stanched, and he died within a few hours. The lads were
+   carried away into Canada. The loss of the enemy on the ground was
+   eleven killed and six wounded. The boys, who were rescued after the
+   war, reported that they took twelve of their wounded away with them,
+   nine of whom died before they arrived in Canada. McDonald wore a
+   silver-mounted tomahawk, which was taken from him by Shell. It was
+   marked by thirty scalp-notches, showing that few Indians could have
+   been more industrious than himself in gathering that description of
+   military trophies."[132]
+
+The close of the Revolution found the First Battalion of the King's
+Regiment of New York stationed at Isle aux Noix and Carleton Island with
+their wives and children to the number of one thousand four hundred and
+sixty-two. The following is a list of the officers of both Battalions at
+the close of the War:
+
+"RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE FIRST BATTALION, KING'S ROYAL
+                       REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |  NAMES            |Place of|  of   |        REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Lt     |Sir John Johnson   |America | 8 yrs.|Succeeded his father, the late
+Col    |     Bart          |        |       |  Sir Wm. Johnson, as a
+Com    |                   |        |       |  Maj. Gen. of the Northern
+Lt     |                   |        |       |  Dis. of the Prov. of New
+       |                   |        |       |  York; was in possession
+       |                   |        |       |  of nearly 200,000 acres of
+       |                   |        |       |  valuable land, lost in
+                           |        |       |  consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Maj    |James Gray         |Scotland|26 yrs.|Ensign in Lord London's
+       |                   |        |       |  Regt., 1745; Lieut, and
+       |                   |        |       |  Capt. in ye 42nd till after
+       |                   |        |       |  taking the Havannah, at
+       |                   |        |       |  which time he sold out.
+       |                   |        |       |  Had some landed property,
+       |                   |        |       |  part of which is secured
+       |                   |        |       |  to his son, ye remnant
+       |                   |        |       |  lost in consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Capt   |Angus McDonell     |Scotland|25 yrs.|Ensign in 60th Regt. July
+       |                   |        |       |  8th, 1760; Lieut, in same
+       |                   |        |       |  regt., 27th Dec., 1770.
+       |                   |        |       |  Sold out on account of bad
+       |                   |        |       |  state of health, 22nd May,
+       |                   |        |       |  1775. Had no lands.
+Capt   |John Munro         |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had considerable landed
+       |                   |        |       |  property, lost in
+       |                   |        |       |  consequence of ye Rebellion,
+       |                   |        |       |  and served in last war in
+       |                   |        |       |  America.
+Capt   |Patrick Daly       |Ireland | 9 yrs.|Lieut, in the 84th Regt. at
+       |                   |        |       |  the Siege of Quebec,
+       |                   |        |       |  1775-76.
+Capt   |Richard Duncan     |Scotland|13 yrs.|Five years Ensign in the
+       |                   |        |       |  56th Regiment.
+Capt   |Sam'l. Anderson    |America | 8 yrs.|Had landed property, and
+       |                   |        |       |  served in last war in
+       |                   |        |       |  America.
+Capt   |John McDonell      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had landed property, 500
+       |                   |        |       |  acres, purchased and began
+       |                   |        |       |  to improve in April
+       |                   |        |       |  1774.
+Capt   |Alex McDonell      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|200 acres of land in fee
+       |                   |        |       |  simple under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson. Bart., ye annual
+       |                   |        |       |  rent of £6 per 100
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+"RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE FIRST BATTALION, KING'S ROYAL
+                       REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------+-------+------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |   NAMES           |Place of|  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Capt   |Arch. McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant. No lands.
+Capt   |Allan McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 200 acres of land under
+Lt     |                   |        |       |  Sir John Johnson, at £6
+       |                   |        |       |  per 100.
+Lt     |Mal. McMartin      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 100 acres of land under
+       |                   |        |       |  Sir John Johnson, at £6.
+Lt     |Peter Everett      |America | 7 yrs.|Had some landed property.
+Lt     |John Prentiss      |America | 9 yrs.|A volunteer at the Siege of
+       |                   |        |       |  Quebec, 1775-76.
+Lt     |Hugh McDonell      |Scotland| 7 yrs.|Son of Capt. McDonell.
+Lt     |John F. Holland    |America | 5 yrs.|Son of Major Holland,
+       |                   |        |       |  Surveyor-General,
+       |                   |        |       |  Province of Quebec.
+Lt     |William Coffin     |America | 3 yrs.|Son of Mr. Coffin, merchant,
+       |                   |        |       |  late of Boston.
+Lt     |Jacob Farrand      |America | 7 yrs.|Nephew to Major Gray.
+Lt     |William Claus      |America | 7 yrs.|Son of Col. Claus, deputy
+       |                   |        |       |  agent Indian Affairs.
+Lt     |Hugh Munro         |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. John Munro.
+Lt     |Joseph Anderson    |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. Sam'l Anderson.
+Lt     |Thomas Smith       |Ireland | 4 yrs.|Son of Dr. Smith.
+Ens    |John Connolly      |Ireland | 2 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens    |Jacob Glen         |America | 3 yrs.|Son of John Glen, Esq., of
+       |                   |        |       |  Schenectady. Had
+       |                   |        |       |  considerable landed
+       |                   |        |       |  property.
+Ens    |Miles McDonell     |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Son of Capt. John McDonell.
+Ens    |Eben'r Anderson    |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. Sam'l. Anderson.
+Ens    |Duncan Cameron     |Scotland|14 yrs.|In service last war preceding
+       |                   |        |       |  this one.
+Ens    |John Mann          |America | 8 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens    |Francis McCarthy   |Ireland |28 yrs.|Formerly Sergeant in the
+       |                   |        |       |  34th Regiment.
+Ens    |John Valentine     |America |24 yrs.|18 years in 55th and 62nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Regiments.
+Ch'p   |John Doty          |America | 8 yrs.|Formerly minister of the
+       |                   |        |       |  Gospel at Schenectady.
+Adjt   |James Valentine    |Ireland | 4 yrs.|Son of Ens John Valentine.
+Q.M.   |Isaac Mann         |America | 8 yrs.|Merchant.
+Surg.  |Charles Austin     |England |22 yrs.|14 years in hospital work.
+M'te   |James Stewart      |Scotland|14 yrs.|Surgeon's mate in the 42nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Regt. the war before last.
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+    "RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE SECOND BATTALION, KING'S
+                    ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------+-------+------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |  NAMES            |Place of|  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Maj.   |Robert Leake       |England | 7 yrs.|Had some landed property,
+       |                   |        |       |  etc., lost in consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Capt.  |Thos. Gummesell    |England | 8 yrs.|Formerly Merchant in New
+       |                   |        |       |  York.
+Capt.  |Jacob Maurer       |Foreign'r|28 yrs|Served in ye army in the
+       |                   |        |       |  60th Regt., from 1756 to
+       |                   |        |       |  1763, afterwards in the
+       |                   |        |       |  Quarter-Master General's
+       |                   |        |       |  Dept.
+Capt.  | Wm. Morrison      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Was lieut., 19th June, 1776,
+       |                   |        |       |  in 1st Batt.; Capt., 15th
+       |                   |        |       |  Nov., 1781, in the 2nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Batt.
+Capt.  |James McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 200 acres of land in fee
+       |                   |        |       |  simple, under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson, at £6 per 100.
+Capt.  |Geo. Singleton     |Ireland | 8 yrs.|Formerly merchant.
+Capt.  |Wm. Redf'd Crawford|America | 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Capt.  |---- Byrns         |Ireland | 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Capt.  |---- Lepscomb      |England | 7 yrs.|Midshipman Royal Navy.
+Capt.  |---- McKenzie      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Lt.    |Patrick Langan     |Ireland | 7 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Lt.    |Walter Sutherland  |Scotland|10 yrs.|Soldier and non-commissioned
+       |                   |        |       |  officer in 26th Regt;
+       |                   |        |       |  ensign, 17th Oct., 1779, in
+       |                   |        |       |  1st Batt., lieut., Nov.,
+       |                   |        |       |  1781, in 2nd Batt.
+Lt.    |William McKay      |Scotland|15 yrs.|7 years volunteer and
+       |                   |        |       |  sergeant in 21st Regt.
+Lt.    |Neal Robertson     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant.
+Lt.    |Henry Young        |America | 8 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |John Howard        |Ireland |18 yrs.|Farmer; served 6 years last
+       |                   |        |       |  war, from 1755 to 1761, as
+       |                   |        |       |  soldier and
+       |                   |        |       |  non-commissioned officer
+       |                   |        |       |  in 28th Regt.
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+   "RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE SECOND BATTALION, KING'S
+               ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."--Continued.
+-------|-------------------|---------+-------+-----------------------------
+       |                   |         |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |     NAMES         |Place of |  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity |Service|
+-------|-------------------|---------|-------|-----------------------------
+Lt.    |Jeremiah French    |America  | 7 yrs.| Farmer.
+Lt.    |Phil. P. Lansingh  |America  | 4 yrs.|High Sheriff, Chariot County.
+Lt.    |Hazelt'n Spencer   |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |Oliver Church      |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |William Fraser     |Scotland | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |Christian Wher     |Foreign'r| 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |Alex. McKenzie     |N.Britain| 4 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |Ron. McDonell      |N.Britain| 3 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |---- Hay           |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of Gov. Hay at Detroit.
+Ens.   |Samuel McKay       |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+Ens.   |Timothy Thompson   |America  | 3 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens.   |John McKay         |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+Ens.   |---- Johnson       |Ireland  | 2 yrs.|Nephew of the late Sir Wm.
+       |                   |         |       |  Johnson, Bart.
+Ens.   |---- Crawford      |America  | 4 yrs.|Son of Capt. Crawford.
+Ch'p   |John Stuart        |America  | 3 yrs.|Missionary for the Mohawk
+       |                   |         |       |  Indians at Fort Hunter.
+Adjt.  |---- Fraser        |Scotland |10 yrs.|7 years soldier and
+       |                   |         |       |  non-commissioned officer in
+       |                   |         |       |  34th Regiment.
+Q.M.   |---- Dies          |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Surg.  |R. Kerr            |Scotland | 8 yrs.|Assistant Surgeon.[133]
+=======+===================+=========+=======+=============================
+
+The officers and men of the First Battalion, with their families,
+settled in a body in the first five townships west of the boundary line
+of the Province of Quebec, being the present townships of Lancaster,
+Charlottenburgh, Cornwall, Osnabruck and Williamsburgh; while those of
+the Second Battalion went farther west to the Bay of Quinte, in the
+counties of Lennox and Prince Edward. Each soldier received a
+certificate entitling him to land; of which the following is a copy:
+
+   "His Majesty's Provincial Regiment, called the King's Royal Regiment
+   of New York, whereof Sir John Johnson, Knight and Baronet is
+   Lieutenant-Colonel, Commandant.
+
+   These are to certify that the Bearer hereof, Donald McDonell, soldier
+   in Capt. Angus McDonell's Company, of the aforesaid Regiment, born in
+   the Parish of Killmoneneoack, in the County of Inverness, aged
+   thirty-five years, has served honestly and faithfully in the said
+   regiment Seven Years; and in consequence of His Majesty's Order for
+   Disbanding the said Regiment, he is hereby discharged, is entitled,
+   by His Majesty's late Order, to the Portion of Land allotted to each
+   soldier of His Provincial Corps, who wishes to become a Settler in
+   this Province. He having first received all just demands of Pay,
+   Cloathing, &c., from his entry into the said Regiment, to the Date of
+   his Discharge, as appears from his Receipt on the back hereof.
+
+   Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Montreal, this twenty-fourth
+   Day of December, 1783.
+
+   John Johnson."
+
+   "I, Donald McDonell, private soldier, do acknowledge that I have
+   received all my Cloathing, Pay, Arrears of Pay, and all Demands
+   whatsoever, from the time of my Inlisting in the Regiment and Company
+   mentioned on the other Side to this present Day of my Discharge, as
+   witness my Hand this 24th day of December, 1783.
+
+   Donald McDonell."[134]
+
+There appears to have been some difficulty in according to the men the
+amount of land each should possess, as may be inferred from the petition
+of Colonel John Butler on behalf of The Royal Greens and his corps of
+Rangers. The Order in Council, October 22 1788 allowed them the same as
+that allotted to the members of the Royal Highland Emigrants.[135]
+Ultimately each soldier received one hundred acres on the river front,
+besides two hundred at a remote distance. If married he was entitled to
+fifty acres more, an additional fifty for every child. Each child, on
+coming of age, was entitled to a further grant of two hundred acres.
+
+It is not the purpose to follow these people into their future homes,
+for this would be later than the Peace of 1783. Let it suffice to say
+that their lands were divided by lot, and into the wilderness they went,
+and there cleared the forests, erected their shanties out of round logs,
+to a height of eight feet, with a room not exceeding twenty by fifteen
+feet.
+
+These people were pre-eminently social and attached to the manners and
+customs of their fathers. In Scotland the people would gather in one of
+their huts during the long winter nights and listen to the tales of
+Ossian and Fingal. So also they would gather in their huts and listen to
+the best reciter of tales. Often the long nights would be turned into a
+recital of the sufferings they endured during their flight into Canada
+from Johnstown; and also of their privations during the long course of
+the war. It required no imagination to picture their hardships, nor was
+it necessary to indulge in exaggeration. Many of the women, through the
+wilderness, carried their children on their backs, the greater part of
+the distance, while the men were burdened with their arms and such goods
+as were deemed necessary. They endured perils by land and by water; and
+their food often consisted of the flesh of dogs and horses, and the
+roots of trees. Gradually some of these story tellers varied their tale,
+and, perhaps, believed in the glosses.
+
+A good story has gained extensive currency, and has been variously told,
+on Donald Grant. He was born at Crasky, Glenmoriston, Scotland, and was
+one of the heroes who sheltered prince Charles in the cave of Corombian,
+when wandering about, life in hand, after the battle of Culloden, before
+he succeeded in effecting his escape to the Outer Hebrides. Donald, with
+others, settled in Glengarry, a thousand acres having been allotted to
+him. This old warrior, having seen much service, knew well the country
+between Johnstown and Canada. He took charge of one of the parties of
+refugees in their journey from Schenectady to Canada. Donald lived to a
+good old age and was treated with much consideration by all, especially
+those whom he had led to their new homes. It was well known that he
+could spin a good story equal to the best. As years went on, the number
+of Donald's party rapidly increased, as he told it to open-mouthed
+listeners, constantly enlarging on the perils and hardships of the
+journey. A Highland officer, who had served in Canada for some years,
+was returning home, and, passing through Glengarry, spent a few days
+with Alexander Macdonell, priest at St. Raphael's. Having expressed his
+desire to meet some of the veterans of the war, so that he might hear
+their tales and rehearse them in Scotland, that they might know how
+their kinsmen in Canada had fought and suffered for the Crown, the
+priest, amongst others, took him to see old Donald Grant. The
+opportunity was too good to be lost, and Donald told the general in
+Gaelic the whole story, omitting no details; giving an account of the
+number of men, women and children he had brought with him, their perils
+and their escapes, their hardships borne with heroic devotion; how, when
+on the verge of starvation, they had boiled their moccasins and eaten
+them; how they had encountered the enemy, the wild beasts and Indians,
+beaten all off and landed the multitude safely in Glengarry. The General
+listened with respectful attention, and at the termination of the
+narrative, wishing to say something pleasant, observed: "Why, dear me,
+Donald, your exploits seem almost to have equalled even those of Moses
+himself when leading the children of Israel through the Wilderness from
+Egypt to the Land of Promise." Up jumped old Donald. "Moses," exclaimed
+the veteran with an unmistakable air of contempt, and adding a double
+expletive that need not here be repeated, "Compare ME to Moses! Why,
+Moses took forty years in his vain attempts to lead his men over a much
+shorter distance, and through a mere trifling wilderness in comparison
+with mine, and he never did reach his destination, and lost half his
+army in the Red Sea. I brought my people here without the loss of a
+single man."
+
+It has been noted that the Highlanders who settled on the Mohawk, on the
+lands of Sir William Johnson, were Roman Catholics. Sir William, nor his
+son and successor, Sir John Johnson, took any steps to procure them a
+religious teacher in the principles of their faith. They were not so
+provided until after the Revolution, and then only when they were
+settled on the lands that had been allotted to them. In 1785, the people
+themselves took the proper steps to secure such an one,--and one who was
+able to speak the Gaelic, for many of them were ignorant of the English
+language. In the month of September, 1786, the ship "McDonald," from
+Greenock, brought Reverend Alexander McDonell, Scotus, with five hundred
+emigrants from Knoydart, who settled with their kinsfolk in Glengarry,
+Canada.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 101: Gentleman's Magazine, Sept. 30, 1773.]
+
+[Footnote 102: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. II. p. 151.]
+
+[Footnote 103: _Ibid_, p. 637.]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Ibid_, p. 638.]
+
+[Footnote 105: _Ibid_, p. 661.]
+
+[Footnote 106: _Ibid_, p. 665.]
+
+[Footnote 107: _Ibid_, p. 672.]
+
+[Footnote 108: _Ibid_, p. 712.]
+
+[Footnote 109: _Ibid_, p. 880.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Stone's Life of Brant, Vol. I, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 111: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III. p. 1194.]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Ibid_, p. 1245.]
+
+[Footnote 113: _Ibid_, p. 1963.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 651.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. IV, pp. 818-829.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 668.]
+
+[Footnote 117: See Appendix, Note J.]
+
+[Footnote 118: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 119: _Ibid_, p. 643.]
+
+[Footnote 120: _Ibid_, p. 642.]
+
+[Footnote 121: _Ibid_, p. 644.]
+
+[Footnote 122: _Ibid_, p. 511.]
+
+[Footnote 123: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 683.]
+
+[Footnote 124: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI. p. 647.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Sir John Johnson's Orderly Book, p. LXXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry in Canada, p. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 779.]
+
+[Footnote 128: Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. I, p. 238.]
+
+[Footnote 129: Johnson's Orderly Book, p. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 130: _Ibid_, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 131: _Ibid_, p. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. II, p. 164.]
+
+[Footnote 133: Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry, p. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 134: _Ibid_, p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 135: See Appendix, Note K.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE GLENALADALE HIGHLANDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
+
+
+Highlanders had penetrated into the wilds of Ontario, Nova Scotia and
+Prince Edward Island before they had formed any distinctive settlements
+of their own. Some of these belonged to the disbanded regiments, but the
+bulk had come into the country, either through the spirit of adventure,
+or else to better their condition, and establish homes that would be
+free from usurpation, oppression, and persecution. It cannot be said
+that any portion of Canada, at that period, was an inviting field. The
+Highland settlement that bears the honor of being the first in British
+North America is that on Prince Edward Island, on the north coast at the
+head of Tracadie Bay, almost due north of Charlottetown. This settlement
+was due to John Macdonald, Eighth of Glenaladale, of the family of
+Clanranald.
+
+John Macdonald was but a child at the date of the battle of Culloden.
+When of sufficient age he was sent to Ratisbon, Germany, to be educated,
+where he went through a complete course in the branches of learning as
+taught in the seminary. Returning to his country he was considered to be
+one of the most finished and accomplished gentlemen of his generation.
+But events led him to change his prospects in life. In 1770 a violent
+persecution against the Roman Catholics broke out in the island of South
+Uist. Alexander Macdonald, First of Boisdale, also of the house of
+Clanranald, abandoned the religion of his forbears, and like all new
+converts was over zealous for his new found faith, and at once attempted
+to compel all his tenants to follow his example. After many acts of
+oppression, he summoned all his tenants to hear a paper read to them in
+their native tongue, containing a renunciation of their religion, and a
+promise, under oath, never more to hold communication with a catholic
+priest. The alternative was to sign the paper or lose their lands and
+homes. At once the people unanimously decided to starve rather than
+submit. The next step of Boisdale was to take his gold headed cane and
+drive his tenants before him, like a flock of sheep, to the protestant
+church. Boisdale failed to realize that conditions had changed in the
+Highlands; but, even if his methods had smacked of originality, he would
+have been placed in a far better light. To attempt to imitate the
+example of another may win applause, but if defeated contempt is the
+lot.
+
+The history of _Creideamh a bhata bhuidhe_, or the religion of the
+yellow stick, is such an interesting episode in West Highland story as
+not to be out of place in this connection. Hector MacLean, Fifth of
+Coll, who held the estates from 1559 to 1593, became convinced of the
+truths of the principles of the Reformation, and decided that his
+tenants should think likewise. He passed over to the island of Rum, and
+as his tenants came out of the Catholic church he held his cane straight
+out and said in Gaelic,--"Those who pass the stick to the Kirk are very
+good tenants, and those who go on the other side may go out of my
+island." This stick remained in the family until 1868, when it
+mysteriously disappeared. Mrs. Hamilton Dundas, daughter of Hugh,
+Fifteenth of Coll, in a letter dated March 26, 1898, describing the
+stick says, "There was the crest on the top and initials either H. McL.
+or L. McL. in very flourishing writing engraved on a band or oval below
+the top. It was a polished, yellow brown malacca stick, much taller than
+an ordinary walking stick. I seem to recollect that it had two gold
+rimmed eyelet holes for a cord and tassle."
+
+John Macdonald of Glenaladale, having heard of the proceedings, went to
+visit the people, and was so touched by their pitiable condition, that
+he formed the resolution of expatriating himself, and going off at their
+head to America. He sold out his estates to his cousin Alexander
+Macdonald of Borrodale, and before the close of 1771, he purchased a
+tract of forty thousand acres on St. John's Island (now Prince Edward
+Island), to which he took out about two hundred of his persecuted fellow
+catholics from South Uist, in the year 1772.
+
+Whatever may have been the trials endured by these people, what ship
+they sailed in, how the land was allotted, if at all given to the
+public, has not come under the author's observation. Certain facts
+concerning Glenaladale have been advertised. His first wife was Miss
+Gordon of Baldornie, and his second, Marjory Macdonald of Ghernish, and
+had issue, Donald who emigrated with him, William, drowned on the coast
+of Ireland, John, Roderick and Flora. He died in 1811, and was buried on
+the Island at the Scotch Fort.
+
+Glenaladale early took up arms against the colonists, and having raised
+a company from among his people, he became a Captain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, or 84th. That he was a man of energy and pluck will
+appear from the following daring enterprise. During the Revolution, an
+American man-of-war came to the coast of Nova Scotia, near a port where
+Glenaladale was on detachment duty, with a small portion of his men. A
+part of the crew of the warship having landed for the purpose of
+plundering the people, Glenaladale, with his handful of men, boarded the
+vessel, cut down those who had been left in charge, hoisted sail, and
+brought her as a prize triumphantly into the harbor of Halifax. He there
+got a reinforcement, marched back to his former post, and took the whole
+crew, composed of Americans and French. As regards his military virtues
+and abilities Major John Small, of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to which he was attached, writing to the English
+government, said of him,--
+
+   "The activity and unabating zeal of Captain John Macdonald of
+   Glenaladale in bringing an excellent company into the field is his
+   least recommendation, being acknowledged by all who know his rank in
+   his Majesty's service."
+
+Slight information may be gained of his connection with the Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment from the "Letter-Book" of Captain Alexander
+McDonald, of the same regiment. In embodying that regiment he was among
+the very earliest and readiest. Just why he should have exhibited so
+much feeling against the Americans whose country he had never seen and
+who had never harmed him in the least, does not appear. Captain
+McDonald, writing from Halifax, September 1, 1775, to Colonel Allan
+MacLean, says,--
+
+   "What Men that are on the Island of St. Johns (Prince Edward's) are
+   already Engaged with Glenaladall who is now here with me, also young
+   Mcdonald, with whom he came, he will Write to you by this opportunity
+   and from the Contents of his Letter I will Leave you to Judge what
+   sort of a Man he is."
+
+By the same letter, "young Mcdonald" had been sent "to ye Island of St.
+John," unquestionably for the purpose of raising the Highlanders. His
+great zeal is revealed in a letter from Captain Alexander McDonald to
+Major Small, dated at Halifax, November 15, 1775:
+
+   "Mr. McDonald of Glenaladale staid behind at Newfoundland and by the
+   Last accounts from him he and one Lt Fizgerald had Six and thirty
+   men. I dont doubt by this time his having as many more, he is
+   determined to make out his Number Cost what it will, and I hope you
+   will make out a Commission in his brother Donald's name, * * * poor
+   Glenaladall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of him since a
+   small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his having Six &
+   thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost He is unavoidably ruined
+   in his Means."
+
+The last reference is in a letter to Colonel Allan MacLean, dated at
+Halifax June 5, 1776:
+
+   "Glen a la Del is an Ornament to any Corps that he goes into and if
+   the Regiment is not established it had been telling him 300 Guineas
+   that he had never heard of it. On Account of his Affairs upon the
+   Island of St. John's and in Scotland where he was preparing to go to
+   settle his Business when he received the Proposals."
+
+The British government offered Glenaladale the governorship of Prince
+Edward Island, but owing to the oath of allegiance necessary at the
+time, he, being a catholic, was obliged to decline the office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT IN PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+
+   "What noble courage must their hearts have fired,
+   How great the ardor which their souls inspired,
+   Who leaving far beyond their native plain
+   Have sought a home beyond the western main;
+   And braved the perils of thestormy seas
+   In search of wealth, of freedom, and of ease.
+   Oh, none can tell, but those who sadly share,
+   The bosom's anguish, and its wild despair,
+   What dire distress awaits the hardy bands,
+   That venture first on bleak and desert lands;
+   How great the pain, the danger and the toil
+   Which mark the first rude culture of the soil.
+   When looking round, the lonely settler sees
+   His home amid a wilderness of trees;
+   How sinks his heart in those deep solitudes,
+   Where not a voice upon his ear intrudes;
+   Where solemn silence all the waste pervades,
+   Heightening the horror of its gloomy shades;
+   Save where the sturdy woodman's strokes resound
+   That strew the fallen forest on the ground."
+                                --_H. Goldsmith_.
+
+The second settlement of Highlanders in British America was at Pictou,
+Nova Scotia. The stream of Scottish emigration which flowed in after
+years, not only over the county of Pictou, but also over the greater
+portion of eastern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and
+even the upper provinces of Canada, was largely due to this settlement;
+for these emigrants, in after years, communicated with their friends and
+induced them to take up their abode in the new country. The stream once
+started did not take long to deepen and widen.
+
+A company of gentlemen, the majority of whom lived in Philadelphia,
+received a grant of land in Nova Scotia. Some of the shares passed into
+the hands of the celebrated Dr. John Witherspoon and John Pagan, a
+merchant of Greenock, Scotland. These two men appear to have jointly
+been engaged in promoting emigration to the older colonies. Pagan owned
+a ship called _Hector_, which was engaged in carrying passengers across
+the Atlantic. In 1770 she landed Scottish emigrants in Boston. In order
+to carry out the original obligations of the grant, the proprietors
+offered liberal inducements for the settlement of it. An agent, named
+John Ross, was employed, with whom it was agreed that each settler
+should have a free passage from Scotland, a farm, and a year's free
+provisions. Ross sailed for Scotland on board the Hector, and on his
+arrival proceeded to the Highlands, where he painted in glowing colors a
+picture of the land and the advantages offered. The Highlanders knew
+nothing of the difficulties awaiting them in a land covered over with a
+dense unbroken forest, and, tempted by the prospect of owning splendid
+farms, they were imposed upon, and many agreed to cast their lot on the
+western side of the Atlantic. The Hector was the vessel that should
+convey them, with John Spears as master, James Orr being first mate, and
+John Anderson second. The vessel called first at Greenock, where three
+families and five young men were taken on board. From there she sailed
+for Lochbroom, in Rossshire, where she received thirty-three families
+and twenty-five single men, having all told about two hundred souls.
+
+On July 1, 1773, this band bade adieu to friends, home, and country and
+started for a land they knew naught of. But few had ever crossed the
+ocean. Just as the ship was starting a piper named John McKay came on
+board who had not paid his passage; the captain ordered him ashore, but
+the strains of the national instrument so affected those on board that
+they interceded to have him allowed to accompany them, and offered to
+share their own rations with him, in exchange for his music, during the
+passage. Their request was granted, and his performance aided in no
+small degree to cheer the pilgrims in their long voyage of eleven weeks,
+in a miserable hulk, across the Atlantic. The band of emigrants kept up
+their spirits, as best they could, by song, pipe music, dancing,
+wrestling, and other amusements, during the long and painful voyage. The
+Hector was an old Dutch ship, and a slow sailer. It was so rotten that
+the passengers could pick the wood out of the sides with their fingers.
+They met with a severe gale off the Newfoundland coast, and were driven
+back so far that it required two weeks to recover the lost distance. The
+accommodations on board were wretched and the provisions of inferior
+quality. Small-pox and dysentery broke out among the passengers.
+Eighteen, most of whom were children, died and were committed to the
+deep. The former disease was brought on board by a mother and child,
+both of whom lived to an advanced age. Owing to the voyage being
+prolonged, the stock of provisions and water became low; the remnant of
+food left consisted mostly of salt meat, which, with the scarcity of
+water, added greatly to their sufferings. The oatcake, carried by them,
+became mouldy, so that much of it was thrown away before they thought
+such a long passage was before them; but, fortunately for them, Hugh
+Macleod, more prudent than the rest, gathered into a bag these despised
+scraps, and during the last few days of the voyage, all were glad to
+avail themselves of this refuse food.
+
+At last, all the troubles and dangers of the voyage having been
+surmounted, on September 15th, the Hector dropped anchor, opposite where
+the town of Pictou now stands. Previous to the arrival of the vessel,
+the sparsely inhabited country had been somewhat disturbed by the
+Indians. Word had been received that the Hector was on the way to that
+region with Highland emigrants. The whites warned the Indians that the
+Highlanders were coming--the same men they had seen at the taking of
+Quebec. When the Hector appeared, according to the fashion of that time,
+her sides were painted in imitation of gunports, which induced the
+impression that she was a man-of-war. Though the Highland dress was then
+proscribed at home, this emigrant band, carefully preserving and fondly
+cherishing the national costume, carried it along with them, and, in
+celebration of their arrival, many of the younger men donned themselves
+in their kilts, with _Sgian Dubh_ and the claymore. Just as the vessel
+dropped anchor, the piper blew up his pipes with might and main, and its
+thrilling sounds then first startling the denizens of the endless
+forest, caused the Indians to fly in terror, and were not again seen
+there for quite an interval. After the terror of the Indians had
+subsided, they returned to cultivate the friendship of the Highlanders,
+and proved to be of great assistance. From them they learned to make and
+use snowshoes, to call moose, and acquired the art of woodcraft. Often
+too from them they received provisions. They never gave them any
+trouble, and generally showed real kindness.
+
+The first care of the emigrants was to provide for the sick. The wife of
+Hugh Macleod had just died of smallpox, and the body was sent ashore and
+buried. Several were sick, and others dying. The resident settlers did
+all within their power to alleviate the sufferers; and with the supply
+of fresh provisions most of the sick rapidly recovered, but some died on
+board the vessel.
+
+However great may have been the expectation of these poor creatures on
+the eve of their leaving Scotland, their hopes almost deserted them by
+the sight that met their view as they crowded on the deck of the vessel
+to see their future homes. The primeval forest before them was unbroken,
+save a few patches on the shore between Brown's Point and the head of
+the harbor, which had been cleared by the few people who had preceded
+them. They were landed without the provisions promised them, and without
+shelter of any kind, and were only able, with the help of the earlier
+settlers, to erect camps of the rudest and most primitive description,
+to shelter their sick, their wives and children from the elements. Their
+feelings of disappointment were most bitter, when they compared the
+actual facts with the free farms and the comfort promised them by the
+emigration agent. Although glad to be freed from the pest-house of the
+ship, yet they were so overcome by their disappointment that many of
+them sat down and wept bitterly. The previous settlers could not promise
+food for one-third of those who had arrived on board the Hector, and
+what provisions were there soon became exhausted, and the season was too
+late to raise another crop. To make matters still worse, they were sent
+three miles into the forest, so that they could not even take advantage,
+with the same ease, of any fish that might be caught in the harbor.
+These men were unskilled, and the work of cutting down the gigantic
+trees, and clearing up the land appeared to them to be a hopeless task.
+They were naturally afraid of the Indians and the wild beasts; and
+without roads or paths through the forest, they were frightened to move,
+doubtful about being lost in the wilderness.
+
+Under circumstances, such as above narrated, it is not surprising that
+the people refused to settle on the company's land. In consequence of
+this, when the supplies did arrive, the agents refused to give them any.
+To add still further to the difficulties, there arose a jealously
+between them and the older settlers; Ross quarrelled with the company,
+and ultimately he left the newcomers to their fate. The few who had a
+little money with them bought food of the agents, while others, less
+fortunate, exchanged clothing for provisions; but the majority had
+absolutely nothing to buy with; and what little the others could
+purchase was soon devoured. Driven to extremity they insisted on having
+the supplies that had been sent to them. They were positively refused,
+and now determined on force in order to save the colony from starvation.
+Donald McDonald and Colin Douglass went to the store seized the agents,
+tied them, took their guns from them, which they hid at a distance. Then
+they carefully measured the articles, took account of what each man
+received, that the same might be paid for, in case they should ever
+become able. They then left, leaving behind them Roderick McKay, a man
+of great energy and determination, a leader among them, who was to
+liberate the agents--Robert Patterson and Dr. Harris--as soon as the
+others could get to a safe distance, when he released them and informed
+them where their guns might be found, and then got out of the way
+himself.
+
+Intelligence was at once dispatched to Halifax that the Highlanders were
+in rebellion, from whence orders were sent to Captain Thomas Archibald
+of Truro, to march his company of militia to Pictou to suppress and
+pacify the rebels; but to his honor, be it said, he pointedly refused,
+and made reply, "I will do no such thing; I know the Highlanders, and if
+they are fairly treated there will be no trouble with them." Correct
+representations of the case were sent to Halifax, and as lord William
+Campbell, whose term as governor had just expired, was still there, and
+interesting himself on behalf of the colony as his countrymen, he
+secured orders for the provisions. Robert Patterson, in after years,
+admitted that the Highlanders, who had arrived in poverty, paid him
+every farthing with which he had trusted them, notwithstanding the fact
+that they had been so badly treated.
+
+Difficulties hemming them in on every hand, with rigorous winter
+approaching, the majority removed to Truro, and places adjacent, to
+obtain by their labor food for their families. A few settled at
+Londonderry, some went to Halifax, and still others to Windsor and
+Cornwallis. In, these settlements, the fathers, mothers, and even the
+children were forced to bind themselves, virtually as slaves, that they
+might have subsistence. Those who remained,--seventy in number--lived in
+small huts, covered over only with the bark and branches of trees to
+shelter them from the bitter cold of winter, enduring incredible
+hardships. To procure food for their families, they must trudge eighty
+miles to Truro, through cold and snow and a trackless forest, and there
+obtaining a bushel or two of potatoes, and a little flour, in exchange
+for their labor, they had to return, carrying the supply either on their
+backs, or else dragging it behind them on handsleds. The way was beset
+with dangers such as the climbing of steep hills, the descending of high
+banks, crossing of brooks on the trunk of a single tree, the sinking in
+wet or boggy ground, and the camping out at night without shelter. Even
+the potatoes with which they were supplied were of an inferior grade,
+being soft, and such as is usually fed to cattle. Sometimes the cold was
+so piercing that the potatoes froze to their backs.
+
+Many instances have been related of the privations of this period, some
+of which are here subjoined. Hugh Fraser, after having exhausted every
+means of procuring food for his family, resorted to the expedient of
+cutting down a birch tree and boiling the buds, which he gave them to
+eat. He then went to a heap, where one of the first settlers had buried
+some potatoes, and took out some, intending to inform the owner. Before
+he did so, some of the neighbors maliciously reported him, but the
+proprietor simply remarked that he thanked God he had them there for the
+poor old man's family. On another occasion when the father and eldest
+son had gone to Truro for provisions, everything in the shape of food
+being exhausted, except an old hen, which the mother finally killed, for
+the younger children. She boiled it in salt water for the benefit of the
+salt, with a quantity of herbs, the nature of which she was totally
+ignorant. A few days later the hen's nest was found with ten eggs in it.
+Two young men set off for Halifax, so weak from want of food, that they
+could scarcely travel, and when they reached Gay's River, were nearly
+ready to give up. However they saw there a fine lot of trout, hanging by
+a rod, on a bush. They hesitated to take them, thinking they might
+belong to the Indians who would overtake and kill them. They therefore
+left them, but returned, when the pains of hunger prevailed. Afterwards
+they discovered that they had been caught by two sportsmen, neither of
+whom would carry them. Alexander Fraser, then only sixteen, carried his
+sister on his back to Truro, while the only food he had for the whole
+journey was the tale of an eel. On another occasion the supply of
+potatoes, which had been brought a long distance for seed and planted,
+were dug up by the family and some of the splits eaten. The remembrance
+of these days sank deep into the minds of that generation, and long
+after, the narration of the scenes and cruel hardships through which
+they had to pass, beguiled the winter's night as they sat by their
+comfortable firesides.
+
+During the first winter, the first death among the emigrants was a child
+of Donald McDonald, and the first birth was a son of Alexander Fraser,
+named David, afterwards Captain Fraser. When the following spring opened
+they set to work to improve their condition. They sought out suitable
+spots on which to settle, judging the land by the kind and variety of
+trees produced. They explored the different rivers, and finding the soil
+near their banks to be the most fertile, and capable of being more
+easily improved than the higher lands, they settled upon it.
+Difficulties were thrown in the way of getting their grant. The first
+grant obtained was to Donald Cameron, who had been a soldier in the
+Fraser Highlanders at the taking of Quebec. His lot was situated at the
+Albion Mines. This grant is dated February 8, 1775, and besides the
+condition of the king's quit rent, contains the following:
+
+   "That the grantee, his heirs or assigns, shall clear and work, within
+   three years, three acres for every fifty granted, in that part of the
+   land which he shall judge most convenient and advantageous, or clear
+   and drain three acres of swampy or sunken ground, or drain three
+   acres of marsh, if any such be within the bounds of this grant, or
+   put and keep on his lands, within three years from the date hereof,
+   three neat cattle, to be continued upon the land until three acres
+   for every fifty be fully cleared and improved. But if no part of the
+   said tract be fit for present cultivation, without manuring and
+   improving the same, then this grantee, his heirs and assigns shall be
+   obliged, within three years from the date hereof, to erect on some
+   part of said land a dwelling house, to contain twenty feet in length
+   by sixteen feet in breadth, and to put on said land three neat cattle
+   for every fifty acres, or if the said grantee, his heirs or assigns,
+   shall, within three years, after the passing of this grant, begin to
+   employ thereon, and so continue to work for three years then next
+   ensuing, in digging any stone quarry or any other mine, one good and
+   able hand for every one hundred acres of such tract, it shall be
+   accounted a sufficient seeding, planting, cultivation and
+   improvement, and every three acres which shall be cleared and worked
+   as aforesaid; and every three acres which shall be cleared and
+   drained as aforesaid, shall be accounted a sufficient seeding,
+   planting cultivation and improvement, to save for ever from
+   forfeiture fifty acres in every part of the tract hereby granted."
+
+All were not so fortunate as to secure their grants early. As late as
+January 22, 1781, in a petition to the government, they complained that
+a grant had been often promised but never received; but finally, on
+August 26, 1783, the promise was fulfilled. It contains the names of
+forty-four persons, some of whom were not passengers on board the
+Hector; conveying the lands on which they were located, the size of the
+lots being regulated by the number in the family. The following is a
+list of grantees, with the number of acres received and notices of
+situation of their lots:
+
+ON WEST RIVER: David Stewart, 300 acres; John McKenzie, 500; Hugh
+Fraser, 400; William McLellan,--; James McDonald, 200; James McLellan,
+100; Charles Blaikie, 300, and in another division 250 acres, 550 in
+all; Robert Patterson, 300, and in an after division 500 in all; James
+McCabe, 300; Alex. Cameron,--.
+
+ON MIDDLE RIVER, EAST SIDE: Alex. Fraser, 100 acres; Alex. Ross, Jr.,
+100; John Smith, 350; Robert Marshall, 350; James McCulloch, 240; Alex.
+Ross, 300; Alex. Fraser, Jr., 100; John Crockett, 500; Simon Fraser,
+500; Donald McDonald, 350; David Urquhart, 250; Kenneth Fraser, 450;
+James McLeod, 150.
+
+ON EAST RIVER, EAST SIDE: Walter Murray, 280 acres, and 70 acres in
+after division; James McKay, 70; Donald McKay, Jr., 80; John Sutherland,
+180, and 70 in after division; Rod. McKay, Sr., 300, and in after
+division, 50; James Hays,--; Hugh McKay, 100; Alex. McKay, 100; Heirs of
+Donald McLellan, 260; Hugh Fraser, 400, and in after division, 100; Wm.
+McLeod, 80; John McLellan, 200; Thomas Turnbull, 220, in after division,
+180; Wm. McLeod, 210, and in after division, 60; Alex. McLean,--; Colin
+McKenzie, 370.
+
+ON EAST RIVER, WEST SIDE: Donald Cameron, 100 acres; James Grant, 400;
+Colin McKay, 400; Wm. McKay, 550; Donald Cameron, 100; Donald McKay,
+Sr., 450; Donald Cameron, a gore lot; Anthony Culton, 500.
+
+The following is a list of passengers that arrived on board the Hector,
+originally drawn up, about 1837, by William McKenzie, Loch Broom, Nova
+Scotia:
+
+SHIPPED AT GLASGOW: a Mr. Scott and family; George Morrison and family,
+from Banff, settled on west side of Barnys River; John Patterson,
+prominent in the settlement; George McConnell, settled on West River;
+Andrew Main and family, settled at Noel; Andrew Wesley; Charles Fraser,
+settled at Cornwallis; John Stewart.
+
+FROM INVERNESSHIRE: Wiliam McKay, wife and four children, settled on
+East River; Roderick McKay, wife and daughter, settled on East River;
+Colin McKay and family, on East River; Hugh Fraser, wife and three
+children, on McLellans Brook; Donald Cameron and family, on East River;
+Donald McDonald, wife and two children, on Middle River; Colin Douglass,
+wife and three children, two of the latter lost on the Hector, on Middle
+River; Hugh Fraser and family, on West River; Alex. Fraser, wife and
+five children; James Grant and family, East River; Donald Munroe,
+settled in Halifax, and Donald Mc----.
+
+FROM LOCH BROOM: John Ross, Agent, history unknown; Alexander Cameron,
+wife and two children, settled at Loch Broom; Alex. Ross and wife,
+advanced in life; Alex Ross and Family, on Middle River; Colin McKenzie
+and Family, on East River; John Munroe and family; Kenneth McRitchie and
+family; William McKenzie, at Loch Broom; John McGregor; John McLellan,
+on McLellans Brook; William McLellan, on West River; Alexander McLean,
+East River; Alexander Falconer, Hopewell; Donald McKay, East River;
+Archibald Chisholm, East River; Charles Matheson; Robert Sim, removed to
+New Brunswick; Alexander McKenzie and Thomas Fraser, From
+Sutherlandshire; Kenneth Fraser and family, Middle River; William Fraser
+and family; James Murray and family, Londonderry; David Urquhart and
+family, Londonderry; Walter Murray and family, Merigomish; James McLeod
+and wife, Middle River; Hugh McLeod, wife, and three daughters, the wife
+died as the vessel arrived, West River; Alexander McLeod, wife, and
+three sons, one of the last died in the harbor, and the father drowned
+in the Shubenacadie; John McKay and family, Shubenacadie; Philip McLeod
+and family; Donald McKenzie and family, Shubenacadie(?); Alexander
+McKenzie and family; John Sutherland and family; William Matheson, wife
+and son, first settled at Londonderry, then at Rogers Hill; Donald
+Grant; Donald Graham; John McKay, piper; William McKay, worked for an
+old settler named McCabe, and took his name; John Sutherland, first at
+Windsor, and then on Sutherland river; Angus McKenzie, first at Windsor,
+and finally on Green Hill.
+
+Some interesting facts have been gathered concerning the history of
+these emigrants, Roderick McKay, who took up land on the East River, was
+born in Beauly, and before leaving his native country gained a local
+admiration by rescuing some whiskey from the officers who had seized it,
+and for the offence was lodged in jail in Inverness. He soon ingratiated
+himself into the good graces of the jailer, and had no difficulty in
+sending him for some ale and whiskey. The jailer returning, advanced
+into the cell with both hands full. Roderick stepped behind him, passed
+out the door, locked it, and brought off the key. In Halifax he added to
+his reputation. An officer was paying some attention to a female inmate
+of his house which did not meet the approbation of Roderick, and meeting
+them together upbraided him for his conduct, when the latter drew his
+sword and struck him a cruel blow on the head. Telling the officer he
+would meet him within an hour, he had his wound dressed, and securing a
+stick stood before his antagonist. The officer again drew his sword and
+in the melee, Roderick disarmed him and well repaid him for his cowardly
+assault. Alexander Fraser, who settled on Middle River, although too
+young to serve in the Rising of the Forty Five had three brothers at
+Culloden, of whom two were killed. He was in comfortable circumstances,
+when he left what he thought was a Saxon oppression, which determined
+him to seek freedom in America. His horses and cart were seized by
+gaugers, with some whiskey which they were carrying, and taken to
+Inverness. During the night, the stable boy, a relative of Fraser, took
+out the horses and cart, and driving across country delivered them to
+the owner, who lost no time in taking them to another part of the
+country and disposed of them. He was the last to engage a passage in the
+Hector. Alexander Cameron who gave the name to Loch Broom, after that of
+his native parish was not quite eighteen at the Rising of the Forty
+Five. His brothers followed prince Charles, and he was drawn by the
+crowd that followed the prince to Culloden. When he returned to his
+charge, it was to meet an angry master who attempted to chastize him.
+Cameron ran with his master in pursuit. The latter finding him too
+nimble, stooped down to pick up a stone to throw at him, and in doing so
+wounded himself with his dirk in the leg, so that he was obliged to
+remain some time in hiding, lest he should be taken as having been at
+Culloden, by the soldiers who were scouring the country, killing any
+wounded stragglers from the field. The eldest son of James Grant who
+settled on East River, did not emigrate with the family, but is
+believed to have emigrated afterwards, and was the grandfather of
+General U.S. Grant.
+
+As has already been intimated, amidst all the discouragements and
+disappointments, the Highlanders used every means in their power to
+supply the wants of their families. They rapidly learned from the
+Indians and their neighbors. The former taught them the secrets of the
+forests and they soon became skilled in hunting the moose, and from the
+latter they became adepts in making staves, which were sent in small
+vessels to the older colonies, and in exchange were supplied with
+necessaries. But the population rather decreased, for a return made
+January 1, 1775, showed the entire population to be but seventy-eight,
+consisting of twenty-three men, fourteen women, twenty-one boys and
+twenty-girls. The produce raised in 1775, was two hundred and sixty-nine
+bushels of wheat, thirteen of rye, fifty-six of peas, thirty-six of
+barley, one hundred of oats, and three hundred and forty pounds of flax.
+The farm stock consisted of thirteen oxen, thirteen cows, fifteen young
+neat cattle, twenty-five sheep and one swine. They manufactured
+seventeen thousand feet of boards. While the improvement was somewhat
+marked, the supply was not sufficient; and the same weary journeys must
+be taken to Truro for necessaries. The moose, and the fish in the
+rivers, gave them a supply of meat, and they soon learned to make sugar
+from the sap of the maple tree. They learned to dig a large supply of
+clams in the autumn, heap the same on the shore, and cover with sand.
+
+Scarcely had these people become able to supply themselves, when they
+were again tried by the arrival of a class poorer than themselves.
+Inducements having been held out by the proprietors of Prince Edward
+Island to parties in Scotland, to settle their land, John Smith and
+Wellwood Waugh, living at Lockerbie, in Dumfriesshire, sold out their
+property and chartered a small vessel to carry thither their families,
+and all others that would accompany them. They arrived at Three Rivers,
+in the year 1774, followed by others a few months later. They commenced
+operations on the Island with fair prospects of success, when they were
+almost overwhelmed by a plague of mice. These animals swarmed
+everywhere, consuming everything eatable, even to the potatoes in the
+ground; and for eighteen months the settlers experienced all the
+miseries of a famine, having for several months only what lobsters or
+shell-fish they could gather on the sea-shore. The winter brought them
+to such a state of weakness that they were unable to convey food a
+reasonable distance, even when they had means to buy it. In this
+pitiable condition they heard that the Pictou people were beginning to
+prosper and had provisions to spare. They sent one of their number David
+Stewart to make inquiry. One of the settlers, who had come from one of
+the older colonies, brought with him some negro slaves, and when the
+messenger arrived had just returned from Truro to sell one of them, and
+brought home with him some provisions, the proceeds of the sale of the
+negro. The agent was cheerful in spite of his troubles; and withal was
+something of a wag. On his return to the Island the people gathered
+around him to hear the news. "What kind of a place is Pictou?" inquired
+one. "Oh, an awful place. Why, I was staying with a man who was just
+eating the last of his nigger;" and as the people were reduced
+themselves they did not hesitate to believe the tale. Receiving correct
+information, fifteen of the families went to Pictou, where, for a time,
+they fared little better, but afterwards became prosperous and happy.
+Had it not been for a French settlement a few miles distant the people
+of Lockerbie would have perished during the winter. For supplies,
+principally of potatoes, they exchanged the clothing they had brought
+from Scotland, until they barely had enough for themselves. John Smith
+who was one of the leaders removed to Truro, and Waugh left the Island
+for Pictou, having only a bucket of clams to support his family on the
+way.
+
+The American Revolution effected that distant colony. The people had
+received most of the supplies from the States, which was paid for in
+fish, fur, and lumber. This trade was at once cut off and the people, at
+first, felt it severely. Even salt could only be obtained by boiling
+down sea water. The selection of Halifax as the chief depot for the
+British navy promoted the business interests for that region of
+country. As large sums of money were expended there, the district shared
+in the prosperity. While prices for various kinds of lumber rapidly
+increased, and the Pictou colony was greatly advantaged thereby, still
+they found it difficult to obtain British goods, of which they were in
+need until 1779, when John Patterson went to Scotland and purchased a
+supply. The War had the effect to divide the colony of Pictou. Not only
+the Highlanders but all others from Scotland were loyally attached to
+the British government; while the earlier settlers, who were from the
+States, were loyally attached to the American cause, with the exception
+of Robert Patterson. Although the Americans were so situated as to be
+unable to take up arms, yet they manifested their sympathy in harmless
+ways, as in the refusal of tea, and the more permanent method of naming
+their sons after those who were prominent in the theatre of war. At
+times the feeling became quite violent, in so much so that the circular
+addressed to the magistrates in the Province was sent to Pictou,
+requiring these officers "to be watchful and attentive to the behaviour
+of the people in your county, and that you will apprehend any person or
+persons who shall be guilty of any opposition to the King's authority
+and Government, and send them properly guarded to Halifax." The
+inhabitants were not only required to take the oath of allegiance, but
+the magistrates were compelled to send a list of all who so complied as
+well as those who refused. Robert Patterson, who had been made a
+magistrate in 1774, was very zealous in carrying out this order. He even
+started for Halifax, intending to get copies of the oath required, for
+the purpose of imposing it on the inhabitants. When he reached Truro one
+of the Archibalds discovered his mission and presenting a pistol, used
+its persuasive influence to induce him immediately to return home. So
+officious did Patterson become that his sons several times were obliged
+to hide him in the woods, taking him to Fraser's Point for that purpose.
+
+Many occurrences relating to the War effected the Province, the County
+of Pictou, and indirectly the Highlanders, though not in a marked
+degree. The first special occurrence, was probably during the spring of
+1776, when an American privateer captured a vessel at Merigomish, loaded
+with a valuable cargo of West India produce. The vessel was immediately
+got to sea. The news of the capture was immediately circulated, and
+presuming the privateer would enter the harbor of Pictou, the
+inhabitants collected with every old musket and fowling piece to resist
+the enemy.--The next incident was the capture of Captain Lowden's vessel
+in the harbor in 1777, variously reported to have been the work of
+Americans from Machias, Maine, and also by Americans from Pictou and
+Truro. In all probability the latter were in the plot. The vessel had
+been loading with timber for the British market. The captain was invited
+to the house of Wellwood Waugh, and went without suspicion, leaving the
+vessel in charge of the mate. During the visit he was surrounded and
+informed that he was a prisoner, and commanded to deliver up his arms.
+In the meantime an armed party proceeded to the vessel, which was easily
+secured. As the crew came on deck they were made prisoners and confined
+in the forecastle. Some of the captors took a boat belonging to the ship
+and went to the shop of Roderick McKay some distance up East River, and
+plundered it of tools, iron, &c. In the meantime Roderick and his
+brother Donald had boarded the vessel and were also made prisoners. When
+night came the captors celebrated the event by a carousal. When well
+under the influence of liquor, Roderick proposed to his brother to take
+the ship, the plan being to make a sudden rush up the cabin stairs to
+the deck; that he would seize the sentry and pitch him overboard, while
+Donald should stand with an axe over the companionway and not allow any
+of them to come up. Donald was a quiet, peaceable man, and opposed to
+the effusion of blood and refused to take part in the scheme. The McKays
+were released and the vessel sailed for Bay Verte, not knowing that the
+Americans had retired from the place. The vessel fell into the hands of
+a man-of-war, and the captors took to the woods, where, it is supposed,
+many of them perished. All of Waugh's goods were seized, by the officers
+of the war-vessel, and sold, and he was forced to leave. This affair
+caused the American sympathizers to leave the settlement moving
+eastward, and without selling their farms.
+
+American privateers were frequently off the coast, but had little effect
+on Pictou. One of the passengers of the Hector who had removed to
+Halifax and there married, came to Pictou by land, but sent his baggage
+on a vessel. She was captured and he lost all. A privateer came into the
+harbor, the alarm was given, and the people assembled to repel the
+invader. An American living in the settlement, went on board the vessel
+and urged the commander to leave because there were only a few Scotch
+settlers commencing in the woods, and not yet possessing anything worth
+taking away. In consequence of his representations the vessel put out to
+sea.--The wreck of the Malignant excited some attention at Pictou, near
+the close of the war. She was a man-of-war bound to Quebec, and late in
+the fall was wrecked at a place since known as Malignant Cove. The crew
+came to Pictou and staid through the winter, being provided for through
+the efforts of Robert Patterson.
+
+The cause of the greatest alarm during the War was a large gathering of
+Indians at Fraser's Point in 1779. In that year some Indians, in the
+interest of the Americans, having plundered the inhabitants at
+Miramichi, a British man-of-war seized sixteen of them of whom twelve
+were carried to Quebec as hostages, and from there, afterwards, brought
+to Halifax. Several hundred Indians, for quite a number of days were in
+council, the design of which was believed to join in the war against the
+English. The settlers were greatly alarmed, but the Indians quietly
+dispersed. Most of the Highlanders that emigrated on board the Hector
+were very ignorant. Only a few could read and books among them were
+unknown. The Lockerbie settlers were much more intelligent in religion
+and in everything else. They brought with them from Scotland a few
+religious books, some of which were lost on Prince Edward Island, but
+those preserved were carefully read. In 1779 John Patterson brought a
+supply of books from Scotland, among which was a lot of the New England
+Primer, which was distributed among the young.
+
+The people were all religiously inclined, and some very devout. All were
+desirous of religious ordinances. They would meet at the regular hour on
+the Sabbath, Robert Marshall holding what was called a religious
+teaching for the English, and Colin Douglass doing the same in Gaelic.
+The exercises consisted of praise, prayer and the reading of the
+Scriptures and religious books. They were visited once or twice by
+Reverend David Smith of Londonderry, and Reverend Daniel Cock of Truro
+came among them several times. As the people considered themselves under
+the ministry of the latter, they went on foot to Truro to be present at
+his communions, and carried their children thither on their backs to be
+baptized by him. These people had so little English that they could
+scarcely understand any sermon in that language. This may be judged from
+an incident that occurred some years later. A Highlander, living in
+Truro, attended Mr. Cock's service. The latter one day took for his text
+the words, "Fools make a mock of sin." The former bore the sermon
+patiently, but said afterward, "Mr. Cock's needn't have talked so about
+moccasins; Mr. McGregor wore them many a time."
+
+The people were also visited by itinerant preachers, the most important
+of whom was Henry Alline. In his journal, under date of July 25, 1782,
+he says:
+
+"Got to a place called Picto, where I had no thought of making any stay,
+but finding the spirit to attend my preaching, I staid there thirteen
+days and preached in all the different parts of the settlement, I found
+four Christians in this place, who were greatly revived and rejoiced
+that the Gospel was sent among them."--Reverend James Bennet, missionary
+of the Church of England, in 1775, visited the eastern borders of the
+Province, and in 1780 visited Pictou and Tatamagouche, and on his return
+lost his way in the woods.
+
+The Peace of 1783 brought in an influx of settlers mostly from the
+Highlands, with some who had served in the Revolution against the
+Americans. This added strength gave more solidity to the settlement.
+Although considerable prosperity had been attained the added numbers
+brought increased wealth. Among the fresh arrivals came Reverend James
+McGregor, in 1786, and under his administration the religious tone was
+developed, and the state of society enhanced.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+FIRST HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The conflict known as THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, which began in 1754,
+forced the English colonies to join in a common cause. The time had come
+for the final struggle between France and England for colonial supremacy
+in America. The principal cause for the war was brought on by the
+conflicting territorial claims of the two nations. Mutual encroachments
+were made by both parties on the other's territory, in consequence of
+which both nations prepared for war. The English ministry decided to
+make their chief efforts against the French in that quarter where the
+aggressions took place, and for this purpose dispatched thither two
+bodies of troops. The first division, of which the 42nd Highlanders
+formed a part, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir James
+Abercromby, set sail in March, 1756, and landed in June following.
+
+The Highland regiments that landed in America and took part in the
+conflict were the 42nd or Royal Highland Regiment, but better known as
+"The Black Watch" (_Am Freiceadan Dubh_), the 77th or Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and the Old 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.
+
+The Black Watch, so called from the sombre appearance of their dress was
+embodied, as the 43rd Regiment, May, 1740, having been composed largely
+of the independent companies raised in 1729. When Oglethorpe's regiment,
+the 42nd was reduced in 1749, the Black Watch received its number, which
+ever since, it has retained. From 1749 to 1756 the regiment was
+stationed in Ireland, and between them and the inhabitants of the
+districts, where quartered, the utmost cordiality existed. Previous to
+the departure of the regiment from Ireland to America, officers with
+parties had been sent to Scotland for recruits. So successful were
+they, that in the month of June, seven hundred embarked at Greenock for
+America. The officers of the regiment were as follows:
+
+===================================================================================
+ Rank  | NAME              | Commission  | Rank   |    NAME          |Commission
+-------+-------------------+-------------+--------+------------------+-------------
+Colonel|Lord John Murray   |Apr. 25, 1745|Lieut.  |John Graham       |Jan. 25, 1756
+Lieut. |                   |             |Lieut.  |Hugh McPherson    | "   26, 1756
+Colonel|Francis Grant      |Dec. 17, 1755|Lieut.  |Alexander Turnbull| "   27, 1756
+Major  |Duncan Campbell,   |Dec. 17, 1755|Lieut.  |Alexander Campbell| "   28, 1756
+       |  Inveraw          |             |Lieut.  |Alexander McIntosh| "   29, 1756
+Capt   |Gordon Graham      |June 3, 1752 |Lieut.  |James Gray        | "   30, 1756
+Capt   |John Read          |     do.     |Lieut.  |William Baillie   | "   31, 1756
+Capt   |John McNeile       |Dec. 16, 1752|Lieut.  |Hugh Arnott       |Apr.  9, 1756
+Capt   |Alan Campbell      |Mar. 15, 1755|Lieut.  |John Sutherland   | "   10, 1756
+Capt   |Thomas Graeme      |Feb. 16, 1756|Lieut.  |John Small        | "   11, 1756
+       |  Duchray          |             |Ensign  |Archibald Campbell|May   5, 1756
+Capt   |James Abercromby   |     do.     |Ensign  |James Campbell    |Jan. 24, 1756
+       |  Son of Glassa    |             |Ensign  |Archibald Lamont  | "   25, 1756
+Capt   |John Campbell      |Apr. 9, 1756 |Ensign  |Duncan Campbell   | "   26, 1756
+Capt.  |  Strachur         |             |Ensign  |George McLagan    | "   27, 1756
+Lieut. |John Campbell, sr  |Feb. 16, 1756|Ensign  |Patrick Balneaves | "   28, 1756
+Lieut. |William Grant      |May 22, 1746 |Ensign  |Patrick Stuart    | "   29, 1756
+Lieut. |Robert Gray        |Aug. 7, 1747 |Ensign  |Norman McLeod     | "   30, 1756
+Lieut. |John Campbell      |May 16, 1748 |Ensign  |George Campbell   | "   31, 1756
+Lieut. |George Farquharson |Mar. 29, 1750|Ensign  |Donald Campbell   | May  5, 1756
+Lieut. |Colin Campbell     |Feb. 9, 1751 |Chaplain|Adam Ferguson     |Apr. 30, 1746
+Lieut. |James Campbell     |June 3, 1752 |Adjutant|James Grant       |June 26, 1751
+Lieut. |Sir James Cockburn,|Mar. 15, 1755|Q.M.    |John Graham       |Feb. 19, 1756
+       |  B't.             |             |Surgeon |David Hepburn     |June 26, 1751
+Lieut. |Kenneth Tolme      |Jan. 23, 1756|        |                  |
+Lieut. |James Grant        | "   24, 1756|        |                  |
+===================================================================================
+
+The regiment known as Montgomery's Highlanders (77th) took its name from
+its commander, Archibald Montgomery, son of the earl of Eglinton. Being
+very popular among the Highlanders, Montgomery very soon raised the
+requisite body of men, who were formed into thirteen companies of one
+hundred and five rank and file each; making in all fourteen hundred and
+sixty effective men, including sixty-five sergeants and thirty pipers
+and drummers. The Colonel's commission was dated January 4, 1757, and
+those of the other officers one day later than his senior in rank. They
+are thus recorded:
+
+Lieut.-Colonel commanding, Archibald Montgomery; majors, James Grant of
+Ballindalloch and Alexander Campbell; captains, John Sinclair, Hugh
+Mackenzie, John Gordon, Alexander Mackenzie, William Macdonald, George
+Munro, Robert Mackenzie, Allan Maclean, James Robertson, Allan Cameron;
+captain-lieut., Alexander Mackintosh; lieutenants, Charles Farquharson,
+Nichol Sutherland, Donald Macdonald, William Mackenzie, Robert
+Mackenzie, Henry Munro, Archibald Robertson, Duncan Bayne, James Duff,
+Colin Campbell, James Grant, Alexander Macdonald, Joseph Grant, Robert
+Grant, Cosmo Martin, John Macnab, Hugh Gordon, Alexander Macdonald,
+Donald Campbell, Hugh Montgomery, James Maclean, Alexander Campbell,
+John Campbell, James Macpherson, Archibald Macvicar; ensigns: Alexander
+Grant, William Haggart, Lewis Houston, Ronald Mackinnon, George Munro,
+Alexander Mackenzie, John Maclachlane, William Maclean, James Grant,
+John Macdonald, Archibald Crawford, James Bain, Allan Stewart; chaplain:
+Henry Munro; adjutant: Donald Stewart; quarter-master: Alexander
+Montgomery; surgeon: Allan Stewart.
+
+The regiment embarked at Greenock for Halifax immediately on its
+organization.
+
+Fraser's Highlanders, or the 78th Regiment was organized by Simon
+Fraser, son of the notorious lord Lovat who was executed by the English
+government for the part he acted in the Rising of the Forty-five.
+Although his estates had been seized by the Crown, and not possessing a
+foot of land, so great was the influence of clanship, that in a few
+weeks he raised eight hundred men, to whom were added upwards of six
+hundred more by the gentlemen of the country and those who had obtained
+commissions. In point of the number of companies and men, the battalion
+was precisely the same as Montgomery's Highlanders. The list of
+officers, whose commissions are dated January 5, 1757, is as follows:
+
+Lieut.-col. commandant: Simon Fraser; majors: James Clephane and John
+Campbell of Dunoon; captains: John Macpherson, brother of Cluny, John
+Campbell of Ballimore; Simon Fraser of Inverallochy, Donald Macdonald,
+brother of Clanranald, John Macdonell of Lochgarry, Alexander Cameron of
+Dungallon, Thomas Ross of Culrossie, Thomas Fraser of Strui, Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthel, Sir Henry Seton of Abercorn and Culbeg, James
+Fraser of Belladrum; capt.-Lieut.: Simon Fraser; lieutenants: Alexander
+Macleod, Hugh Cameron, Ronald Macdonell, son of Keppoch, Charles
+Macdonell, from Glengarry, Roderick Macneil of Barra, William Macdonell,
+Archibald Campbell, son of Glenlyon, John Fraser of Balnain, Hector
+Macdonald, brother of Boisdale, Allan Stewart, son of Innernaheil, John
+Fraser, Alexander Macdonald, son of Boisdale, Alexander Fraser,
+Alexander Campbell of Aross, John Douglas, John Nairn, Arthur Rose,
+Alexander Fraser, John Macdonell of Leeks, Cosmo Gordon, David Baillie,
+Charles Stewart, Ewen Cameron, Allan Cameron, John Cuthbert, Simon
+Fraser, Archibald Macallister, James Murray, Alexander Fraser, Donald
+Cameron, son of Fassifern; ensigns: John Chisolm, Simon Fraser, Malcolm
+Fraser, Hugh Fraser, Robert Menzies, John Fraser of Errogie, James
+Mackenzie, Donald Macneil, Henry Munro, Alexander Gregorson, Ardtornish,
+James Henderson, John Campbell; chaplain: Robert Macpherson; adjutant:
+Hugh Fraser; quarter-master: John Fraser; surgeon: John Maclean.
+
+   "The uniform of the regiment was the full Highland dress with musket
+   and broadsword, to which many of the soldiers added the dirk at their
+   own expense, and a purse of badger's or otter's skin. The bonnet was
+   raised or cocked on one side, with a slight bend inclining down to
+   the right ear, over which were suspended two or more black feathers.
+   Eagle's or hawk's feathers were usually worn by the gentlemen, in the
+   Highlands, while the bonnets of the common people were ornamented
+   with a bunch of the distinguishing mark of the clan or district. The
+   ostrich feathers in the bonnets of the soldiers were a modern
+   addition of that period."[136]
+
+The regiment was quickly marched to Greenock, where it embarked, in
+company with Montgomery's Highlanders, and landed at Halifax in June
+1757, where it remained till it formed a junction with the expedition
+against Louisbourg. The regiment was quartered between Canada and Nova
+Scotia till the conclusion of the war. On all occasions they sustained a
+uniform character for unshaken firmness, incorruptible probity and a
+strict regard to their duties. The men were always anxious to conceal
+their misdemeanors from the _Caipal Mohr_, as they called the chaplain,
+from his large size.
+
+When The Black Watch landed in New York they attracted much notice,
+particularly on the part of the Indians, who, on the march of the
+regiment to Albany, flocked from all quarters to see strangers, whom,
+from the somewhat similarity of dress, they believed to be of the same
+extraction with themselves, and therefore considered them to be
+brothers.
+
+During the whole of 1756 the regiment remained inactive in Albany. The
+winter and spring of 1757 they were drilled and disciplined for
+bush-fighting and sharpshooting, a species of warfare then necessary and
+for which they were well fitted, being in general good marksmen, and
+expert in the management of their arms.
+
+[Illustration: HIGHLAND OFFICER]
+
+In the month of June, 1757, lord Loudon, who had been appointed
+commander-in-chief of the army in North America, with the 22d, 42d,
+44th, 48th, 2d and 4th battalions of the 60th, together with six hundred
+Rangers, making in all five thousand and three hundred men, embarked for
+Halifax, where his force was increased to ten thousand and five hundred
+men by the addition of five regiments lately arrived from England, which
+included Fraser's and Montgomery's Highlanders. When on the eve of his
+departure for an attack on Louisburg, information was received that the
+Brest fleet, consisting of seventeen sail of the line, besides frigates,
+had arrived in the harbor of that fortress. Letters, which had been
+captured in a vessel bound from Louisburg to France, revealed that the
+force was too great to be encountered. Lord Loudon abandoned the
+enterprise and soon after returned to New York taking with him the
+Highlanders and four other regiments.
+
+By the addition of three new companies and the junction of seven hundred
+recruits "The Black Watch" or 42nd, was now augmented to upwards of
+thirteen hundred men, all Highlanders, for at that period, none others
+were admitted.
+
+During the absence of lord Loudon, Montcalm, the French commander, was
+very active, and collecting all his disposable forces, including
+Indians, and a large train of artillery, amounting in all to more than
+eight thousand men, laid siege to Fort William Henry, under the command
+of Colonel Munro. Some six miles distant was Fort Edward, garrisoned by
+four thousand men under General Webb. The siege was conducted with great
+vigor and within six days Colonel Munro surrendered, conditioned on not
+serving again for eighteen months, and allowed to march out of the fort
+with their arms and two field pieces. As soon as they were without the
+gate the Indians fell upon them and committed all sorts of outrages and
+barbarities,--the French being unable to restrain them.
+
+Thus terminated the campaign of 1757 in America, undistinguished by any
+act which might compensate for the loss of territory or the sacrifice of
+lives. With an inferior force the French had been successful at every
+point, and besides having obtained complete control of Lakes George and
+Champlain, the destruction of Oswego gave the dominion of those lakes,
+which are connected with the St. Lawrence, to the Mississippi, thus
+opening a direct communication between Canada and the southwest.
+
+Lord Loudon having been recalled, the command of the army again devolved
+on General James Abercromby. Determined to wipe off the disgrace of
+former campaigns, the new ministry, which had just come into power,
+fitted out, in 1758, a great naval and military force consisting of
+fifty-two thousand men. To the military staff were added Major-General
+Amherst, and Brigadier-General's Wolfe, Townsend and Murray. Three
+expeditions were proposed: the first to renew the attempt on Louisburg;
+the second directed against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the third
+against Fort du Quesne.
+
+General Abercromby took command, in person, of the expedition against
+Ticonderoga, with a force of fifteen thousand three hundred and ninety
+men, of whom over six thousand were regulars, the rest being
+provincials, besides a train of artillery. Among the regulars must be
+reckoned the 42 Highlanders. Ticonderoga, situated on a point of land
+between Lake George and Lake Champlain is surrounded on three sides by
+water, and on one-half of the fourth by a morass. The remaining part of
+the fort was protected by high entrenchments, supported and flanked by
+three batteries, and the whole front of that which was accessible
+intersected by deep traverses, and blocked up with felled trees, with
+their branches turned outwards, and their points sharpened.
+
+On July 5th the army struck their tents at daybreak, and in nine hundred
+small boats and one hundred and thirty-five whale-boats, with artillery
+mounted on rafts, embarked on Lake George. The fleet in stately
+procession, bright with banners and cheered by martial music, moved down
+the beautiful lake, beaming with hope and pride. The solemn forests were
+broken by the echoes of the happy soldiery. There was no one to molest
+them, and victory was their one desire. Over the broader expanse they
+passed to the first narrows, witnessing the mountains rising from the
+water's edge, the dark forest, and the picturesque loveliness of the
+scene. Long afterwards General John Stark recounted that when they had
+halted at Sabbathday Point at twilight, lord Howe, reclining in his tent
+on a bearskin, and bent on winning a hero's name, questioned him closely
+as to the position of Ticonderoga and the fittest modes of attack.
+
+After remaining five hours at their resting place, the army, an hour
+before midnight, moved once more down the lake, and by nine the next
+morning, disembarked on the west side, in a cove sheltered by a point
+which still keeps the name of Lord Howe. The troops were formed into two
+parallel columns and marched on the enemy's advanced posts, which were
+abandoned without a shot. The march was continued in the same order, but
+the guides proving ignorant, the columns came in contact, and were
+thrown into confusion. A detachment of the enemy which had also become
+bewildered in the woods, fell in with the right column, at the head of
+which was lord Howe, and during the skirmish which ensued, Howe was
+killed. Abercromby ordered the army to march back to the landing place.
+
+Montcalm, ever alert, was ready to receive the English army. On July 6th
+he called in all his parties, and when united amounted to two thousand
+eight hundred French and four hundred and fifty Canadians. On the 7th
+the whole army toiled incredibly in strengthening their defenses. On the
+same evening De Levi returned from the projected expedition against the
+Mohawks, bringing with him four hundred chosen men. On the morning of
+the 8th, the drums of the French beat to arms, that the troops, now
+thirty-six hundred and fifty in number, might know their stations and
+resume their work.
+
+The strongest regiment in the army of Abercrombie was the 42nd
+Highlanders, fully equipped, in their native dress. The officers wore a
+narrow gold braiding round their tunics, all other lace being laid aside
+to make them less conspicuous to the French and Canadian riflemen. The
+sergeants wore silver lace on their coats, and carried the Lochaber axe,
+the head of which was fitted for hewing, hooking or spearing an enemy,
+or such other work as might be found before the ramparts of Ticonderoga.
+Many of the men had been out in the Rising of the Forty-five.
+
+When Abercrombie received information from some prisoners that De Levi
+was about to reinforce Montcalm, he determined, if possible to strike a
+blow before a junction could be effected. Report also having reached him
+that the entrenchments were still unfinished, and might be assaulted
+with prospects of success, he immediately made the necessary
+dispositions for attack. The British commander, remaining far behind
+during the action, put the army in motion, on the 8th, the regulars
+advancing through the openings of the provincials, and taking the lead.
+The pickets were followed by the grenadiers, supported by the battalions
+and reserve, which last consisted of the Highlanders and 55th regiment,
+advanced with great alacrity towards the entrenchments, which they found
+much more formidable than they expected. As the British advanced,
+Montcalm, who stood just within the trenches, threw off his coat for the
+sunny work of the July afternoon, and forbade a musket to be fired until
+he had given the order. When the British drew very near, in three
+principal columns, to attack simultaneously the left, the center, and
+the right, they became entangled among the rubbish and broken into
+disorder by clambering over logs and projecting limbs. The quick eye of
+Montcalm saw the most effective moment had come, and giving the word of
+command, a sudden and incessant fire of swivels and small arms mowed
+down brave officers and men by hundreds. The intrepidity of the English
+made the carnage terrible. With the greatest vivacity the attacks were
+continued all the afternoon. Wherever the French appeared to be weak,
+Montcalm immediately strengthened them. Regiment after regiment was
+hurled against the besieged, only to be hurled back with the loss of
+half their number.
+
+The Scottish Highlanders, held in the reserve, from the very first were
+impatient of the restraint; but when they saw the column fall back,
+unable longer to control themselves, and emulous of sharing the danger,
+broke away and pushed forward to the front, and with their broadswords
+and Lochaber axes endeavored to cut through the abattis and
+chevaux-de-frize. For three hours the Highlanders struggled without the
+least appearance of discouragement. After a long and deadly struggle
+they penetrated the exterior defences and reached the breastwork; having
+no scaling ladders, they attempted to gain the summit by mounting on
+each others shoulders and partly by fixing their feet in holes they made
+with their swords, axes and bayonets in the face of the work, but no
+sooner did a man appear on top than he was hurled down by the defending
+troops. Captain John Campbell, with a few men, at length forced their
+way over the breastwork, but were immediately dispatched with the
+bayonet.
+
+While the Highlanders and grenadiers were fighting without faltering and
+without confusion on the French left, the columns which had attacked the
+center and right, at about five o'clock, concentrated themselves at a
+point between the two; but De Levi advanced from the right and Montcalm
+brought up the reserve. At six the two parties nearest the water turned
+desperately against the center, and being repulsed, made a last effort
+on the left, where, becoming bewildered, the English fired on an
+advanced party of their own, producing hopeless dejection.
+
+The British general, during the confusion of battle cowered safely at
+the saw-mills, and when his presence was needed to rally the fugitives,
+was nowhere to be found. The second in command, unable to seize the
+opportunity, gave no commands. The Highlanders persevered in their
+undertaking and did not relinquish their labors until they received the
+third order to retreat, when they withdrew, unmolested, and carrying
+with them the whole of their wounded.
+
+The loss sustained by the 42nd was as follows: eight officers, nine
+sergeants and two hundred and ninety-seven men killed; and seventeen
+officers, ten sergeants and three hundred and six soldiers wounded. The
+officers killed were Major Duncan Campbell of Inveraw, Captain John
+Campbell, Lieutenants George Farquharson, Hugh MacPherson, William
+Baillie, and John Sutherland; Ensigns Patrick Stewart of Bonskied and
+George Rattray. The wounded were Captains Gordon Graham, Thomas Graham
+of Duchray, John Campbell of Strachur, James Stewart of Urrad, James
+Murray; Lieutenants James Grant, Robert Gray, John Campbell of Melford,
+William Grant, John Graham, brother of Duchray, Alexander Campbell,
+Alexander Mackintosh, Archibald Campbell, David Miller, Patrick
+Balneaves; and Ensigns John Smith and Peter Grant.
+
+The intrepid conduct of the Highlanders, in the storming of Ticonderoga,
+was made the topic of universal panegyric throughout the whole of Great
+Britain, the public prints teeming with honorable mention of, and
+testimonies to their bravery. Among these General Stewart copies[137]
+the two following:
+
+   "With a mixture of esteem, grief and envy (says an officer of the
+   55th, lord Howe's regiment), I consider the great loss and immortal
+   glory acquired by the Scots Highlanders in the late bloody affair.
+   Impatient for orders, they rushed forward to the entrenchments, which
+   many of them actually mounted. They appeared like lions, breaking
+   from their chains. Their intrepidity was rather animated than damped
+   by seeing their comrades fall on every side. I have only to say of
+   them, that they seemed more anxious to revenge the cause of their
+   deceased friends, than careful to avoid the same fate. By their
+   assistance, we expect soon to give a good account of the enemy and of
+   ourselves. There is much harmony and friendship between us." "The
+   attack (says Lieutenant William Grant of the 42nd) began a little
+   past one in the afternoon, and, about two, the fire became general on
+   both sides, which was exceedingly heavy, and without any
+   intermission, insomuch that the oldest soldier present never saw so
+   furious and incessant a fire. The affair at Fontenoy was nothing to
+   it. I saw both. We labored under insurmountable difficulties. The
+   enemy's breastwork was about nine or ten feet high, upon the top of
+   which they had plenty of wall pieces fixed, and which was well lined
+   in the inside with small arms. But the difficult access to their
+   lines was what gave them the fatal advantage over us. They took care
+   to cut down monstrous large oak trees, which covered all the ground
+   from the foot of their breastwork about the distance of a cannon shot
+   every way in their front. This not only broke our ranks, and made it
+   impossible for us to keep our order, but put it entirely out of our
+   power to advance till we cut our way through. I have seen men behave
+   with courage and resolution before now, but so much determined
+   bravery can hardly be equalled in any part of the history of ancient
+   Rome. Even those that were mortally wounded cried aloud to their
+   companions, not to mind or lose a thought upon them, but to follow
+   their officers, and to mind the honor of their country. Nay, their
+   ardor was such, that it was difficult to bring them off. They paid
+   dearly for their intrepidity. The remains of the regiment had the
+   honor to cover the retreat of the army, and brought off the wounded,
+   as we did at Fontenoy. When shall we have so fine a regiment again? I
+   hope we shall be allowed to recruit."
+
+The English outnumbered the French four-fold, and with their artillery,
+which was near at hand, could have forced a passage. "Had I to besiege
+Ticonderoga," said Montcalm, "I would ask for but six mortars and two
+pieces of artillery." But Abercrombie, that evening, hurried the army to
+the landing place, with such precipitancy, that but for the alertness of
+Colonel Bradstreet, it would at once have rushed in a mass into the
+boats. On the morning of the 9th the army embarked and Abercrombie did
+not rest until he had placed the lake between himself and Montcalm, and
+even then he sent the artillery and ammunition to Albany for safety.
+
+The expedition against Louisburg, under Major-General Jeffrey Amherst,
+set sail from Halifax on May 28, 1758. It was joined by the fleet under
+Admiral Boscawen. The formidable armament consisted of twenty-five sail
+of the line, eighteen frigates, and a number of bomb and fire ships,
+with the Royals, 15th, 17th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 45th, 47th, 48th,
+58th, the 2d and 3d battalions of the 60th, 78th Highlanders, and New
+England Rangers,--in all, thirteen thousand and nine men. On June 2nd
+the vessels anchored in Garbarus Bay, seven miles from Louisburg. The
+garrison, under the Chevalier Ducour, consisted of twenty-five hundred
+regulars, six hundred militia, and four hundred Canadians and Indians.
+The harbor was protected by six ships of the line and five frigates,
+three of the latter being sunk at its mouth. The English ships were six
+days on the coast before a landing could be attempted, on account of a
+heavy surf continually rolling with such violence, that no boat could
+approach the shore. The violence of the surf having somewhat abated, a
+landing was effected on June 8th. The troops were disposed for landing
+in three divisions. That on the left, which was destined for the real
+attack, commanded by Brigadier General Wolfe, was composed of the
+grenadiers and light infantry, and the 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.
+While the boats containing this division were being rowed ashore, the
+other two divisions on the right and center, commanded by Brigadier
+Generals Whitmore and Lawrence, made a show of landing, in order to
+divide and distract the enemy. The landing place was occupied by two
+thousand men entrenched behind a battery of eight pieces of cannon and
+swivels. The enemy wisely reserved their fire till the boats were close
+to the shore, and then directed their discharge of cannon and musketry
+with considerable execution. The surf aided the fire. Many of the boats
+were upset or dashed to pieces on the rocks, and numbers of the men were
+killed or drowned before land was reached. Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert of the Highlanders, Lieutenant Nicholson of Amherts,
+and thirty-eight men were killed. Notwithstanding the great
+disadvantages, nothing could stop the troops when led by such a general
+as Wolfe. Some of the light infantry and Highlanders were first ashore,
+and drove all before them. The rest followed, and soon pursued the enemy
+to a distance of two miles, when they were checked by the cannonading
+from the town.
+
+In this engagement the French lost seventeen pieces of cannon, two
+mortars, and fourteen swivels, besides seventy-three prisoners. The
+cannonading from the town enabled Wolfe to prove the range of the
+enemy's guns, and to judge of the exact distance at which he might make
+his camp for investing the town. The regiments then took post at the
+positions assigned them. For some days operations went on slowly. The
+sea was so rough that the landing of stores from the fleet was much
+retarded; and it was not until the 11th that the six pounder field
+pieces were landed. Six days later a squadron was fairly blown out to
+sea by the tempest. By the 24th the chief engineer had thirteen
+twenty-four pounders in position against the place. The first operation
+was to secure a point called Lighthouse Battery, the guns from which
+could play upon the ships and on the batteries on the opposite side of
+the harbor. On the 12th this point was captured by Wolfe at the head of
+his gallant Fraser's and flank companies, with but little loss. On the
+25th, the fire from this post silenced the island battery immediately
+opposite. An incessant fire, however, was kept up from the other
+batteries and shipping of the enemy. On July 9th the enemy made a sortie
+on General Lawrence's brigade, but were quickly repulsed. In this
+affair, the earl of Dundonald was killed. There were twenty other
+casualities. The French captain who led the attack, with seventeen of
+his men, was also killed. On the 16th, Wolfe pushed forward some
+grenadiers and Highlanders, and took possession of the hills in front of
+the Lighthouse battery, where a lodgement was made under a fire from the
+town and the ships. On the 21st one of the French ships was set on fire
+by a bombshell and blew up, and the fire being communicated to two
+others, they were burned to the water's edge. The fate of the town was
+now almost decided, the enemy's fire nearly silenced and the
+fortifications shattered to the ground. All that now remained in the
+reduction was to get possession of the harbor, by taking or burning the
+two ships of the line which remained. For this purpose the admiral, on
+the night of July 25th sent six hundred seamen in boats, with orders to
+take, or burn, the two ships of the line that remained in the harbor,
+resolving if they succeeded to send in some of his larger vessels to
+bombard the town. This enterprise was successfully executed by the
+seamen under Captains Laforey and Balfour, in the face of a terrible
+fire of cannon and musketry. One of the ships was set on fire and the
+other towed off. On the 26th the town surrendered; the garrison and
+seamen amounted to five thousand six hundred and thirty-seven, besides
+one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon, eighteen mortars, seven
+thousand five hundred stand of arms, eleven colors, and eleven ships of
+war. The total loss of the English army and fleet, during the siege
+amounted to five hundred and twenty-five. Besides Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert the Highlanders lost Lieutenant J. Alexander Fraser
+and James Murray, killed; Captain Donald MacDonald, Lieutenant Alexander
+Campbell (Barcaldine) and John MacDonald, wounded; and sixty-seven rank
+and file killed and wounded.
+
+The third expedition was against Fort du Quesne, undertaken by Brigadier
+General John Forbes. Although the point of attack was less formidable
+and the enemy inferior in numbers to those at either Ticonderoga or
+Louisburg, yet the difficulties were greater, owing to the great extent
+of country to be traversed, through woods without roads, over mountains
+and through almost impassable morasses. The army consisted of six
+thousand two hundred and thirty-eight men, composed of Montgomery's
+Highlanders, twelve hundred and eighty-four strong, five hundred and
+fifty-five of the Royal Americans, and four thousand four hundred
+provincials. Among the latter were the two Virginia regiments, nineteen
+hundred strong, under the command of Washington. Yet vast as were the
+preparations of the army, Forbes never would have seen the Ohio had it
+not been for the genius of Washington, although then but twenty-six
+years of age. The army took up its line of march from Philadelphia in
+July, and did not reach Raystown until the month of September, when they
+were still ninety miles distant from Fort du Quesne. It was Washington's
+earnest advice that the army should advance with celerity along
+Braddock's road; but other advice prevailed, and the army commemorated
+its march by moving slowly and constructing a new route to the Ohio.
+Thus the summer was frittered away. While Washington's forces joined the
+main army, Boquet was detached with two thousand men to take post at
+Loyal Hanna, fifty miles in advance. Here intelligence was received that
+the French garrison consisted of but eight hundred men, of whom three
+hundred were Indians. The vainglory of Boquet, without the consent or
+knowledge of his superior officer urged him to send forward a party of
+four hundred Highlanders and a company of Virginians, under Major James
+Grant to reconnoitre. Major Grant divided his troops, and when near the
+fort, advanced with pipes playing and drums beating, as if he was on a
+visit to a friendly town. The enemy did not wait to be attacked, but
+instantly marched out of their works and invited the conflict. The
+Highlanders threw off their coats and charged sword in hand. At first
+the French gave way, but rallied and surrounded the detachment on all
+sides. Being concealed in the thick foliage, their heavy and destructive
+fire could not be returned with any effect. Major Grant was taken in an
+attempt to force into the woods, where he observed the thickest of the
+fire. On losing their commander, and so many officers killed and
+wounded, the Highlanders dispersed, and were only saved from utter ruin
+by the provincials. Only one hundred and fifty of the Highlanders
+succeeded in making their way back to Loyal Hanna.
+
+In this battle, fought September 14, 1758, two hundred and thirty-one
+Highlander's were killed and wounded. The officers killed were Captain
+William Macdonald and George Munro; Lieutenants Alexander Mackenzie,
+William Mackenzie; Robert Mackenzie, Colin Campbell, and Alexander
+Macdonald; and the wounded were Captain Hugh Mackenzie, Lieutenants
+Alexander Macdonald, Archibald Robertson, Henry Munro, and Ensigns John
+Macdonald and Alexander Grant.
+
+General Forbes did not reach Loyal Hanna until November 5th, and there a
+council of war determined that no farther advance should be made for
+that season. But Washington had plead that owing to his long intimacy
+with these woods, and his familiarity with the difficulties and all the
+passes should be allowed the responsibility of commanding the first
+party. This having been denied him, he prevailed on the commander to be
+allowed to make a second advance. His brigade was of provincials, and
+they toiled cheerfully by his side, infusing his own spirit into the men
+he commanded. Over the hills white with snow, his troops poorly fed and
+poorly clothed toiled onward. His movements were rapid: on November 15th
+he was at Chestnut Ridge; and the 17th at Bushy Run. As he drew near
+Fort du Quesne, the disheartened garrison, about five hundred in number,
+set fire to the fort, and by the light of the conflagration, descended
+the Ohio. On the 25th Washington could point out to the army the
+junction of the rivers, and entering the fortress, they planted the
+British colors on the deserted ruins. As the banner of England floated
+over the Ohio, the place was with one voice named Pittsburg, in honor of
+the great English premier William Pitt.
+
+The troops under Washington were accompanied by a body of Highlanders.
+On the morning of November 25th, the army advanced with the provincials
+in the front. They entered upon an Indian path. "Upon each side of which
+a number of stakes, with the bark peeled off, were stuck into the earth,
+and upon each stake was fixed the head and kilt of a Highlander who had
+been killed or taken prisoner at Grant's defeat. The provincials, being
+front, obtained the first view of these horrible spectacles, which it
+may readily be believed, excited no kindly feelings in their breasts.
+They passed along, however, without any manifestation of their violent
+wrath. But as soon as the Highlanders came in sight of the remains of
+their countrymen, a slight buzz was heard in their ranks, which rapidly
+swelled and grew louder and louder. Exasperated not only by the
+barbarous outrages upon the persons of their unfortunate fellow soldiers
+who had fallen only a few days before, but maddened by the insult which
+was conveyed by the exhibition of their kilts, and which they well
+understood, as they had long been nicknamed the 'petticoat warriors' by
+the Indians, their wrath knew no bounds. Directly a rapid and violent
+tramping was heard, and immediately the whole corps of the Highlanders,
+with their muskets abandoned, and broad swords drawn, rushed by the
+provincials, foaming with rage, and resembling, as Captain Craighead
+coarsely expressed it, 'mad boars engaged in battle,' swearing vengeance
+and extermination upon the French troops who had permitted such
+outrages. Their march was now hastened--the whole army moved forward
+after the Highlanders, and when they arrived somewhere about where the
+canal now passes, the Fort was discovered to be in flames, and the last
+of the boats, with the flying Frenchmen, were seen passing down the Ohio
+by Smoky Island. Great was the disappointment of the exasperated
+Highlanders at the escape of the French, and their wrath subsided into a
+sullen and relentless desire for vengeance."[138]
+
+The Highlanders passed the winter of 1758 in Pittsburg, and in May
+following marched to the assistance of General Amherst in his
+proceedings at Ticonderoga, Crown Point and the Lakes.
+
+Before the heroic action of The Black Watch at Ticonderoga was known in
+England, a warrant was issued conferring upon the regiment the title of
+Royal, so that it became known also by the name of 42d Royal Highland
+Regiment, and letters were issued to raise a second battalion. So
+successful were the recruiting officers that within three months, seven
+companies, each one hundred and twenty men strong were embodied at Perth
+in October 1758. Although Highlanders only were admitted, yet two
+officers, anxious to obtain commissions, enlisted eighteen Irishmen,
+several of whom were O'Donnels, O'Lachlans, O'Briens, &c. The O was
+changed to Mac, and the Milesians passed muster as true Macdonels,
+Maclachlans, and Macbriars, without being questioned.
+
+The second battalion immediately embarked at Greenock for the West
+Indies, under the convoy of the Ludlow Castle; and after the reduction
+of Guadaloupe, it was transferred to New York, and in July, 1759, was
+combined with the first battalion, in order to engage in the operations
+then projected against the French settlements in Canada. General Wolfe
+was to proceed up the St. Lawrence and besiege Quebec. General Amherst,
+who had succeeded Abercromby as commander-in-chief, was to attempt the
+reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then effect a junction
+with General Wolfe before Quebec. Brigadier General John Prideaux was to
+proceed against the French fort near the falls of Niagara, the most
+important post of all French America.
+
+The army first put in motion was that under Amherst, which assembled at
+Fort Edward on June 19th. It included the 42nd and Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and when afterwards joined by the second battalion of the
+42nd, numbered fourteen thousand five hundred men. On the 21st, preceded
+by The Black Watch the army moved forward and encamped on Lake George,
+where, during the previous year, the army rested prior to the attack on
+Ticonderoga. Considerable time was spent in preparations for assaulting
+this formidable post, but on seeing the preparations made by the English
+generals for a siege, the French set fire to the magazines and
+buildings, and retired to Crown Point.
+
+The plan of campaign on the part of the French appeared to have been to
+embarrass Amherst by retarding the advance of his army, but not to
+hazard any considerable engagement, nor to allow themselves to be so
+completely invested as to cut off all retreat. The main object of their
+tactics was so to delay the advance of the English that the season for
+action on the Lakes would pass away without showing any decisive
+advantage on the part of the invaders, whilst their own forces could be
+gradually concentrated, and thus arrest the progress of Amherst down the
+St. Lawrence.
+
+On taking possession of Ticonderoga, which effectually covered the
+frontiers of New York, General Amherst proceeded to repair the
+fortifications; and, while superintending this work, was indefatigable
+in preparing batteaux and other vessels for conveying his troops, and
+obtaining the superiority on the Lakes. Meanwhile the French abandoned
+Crown Point and retired to Isle aux Noix, on the northern extremity of
+Lake Champlain. General Amherst moved forward and took possession of the
+fort which the French had abandoned, and the second battalion of the
+42nd was ordered up. Having gained a naval superiority on Lake Champlain
+the army went into winter quarters at Crown Point.
+
+The main undertaking of the campaign was the reduction of Quebec, by far
+the most difficult operation, where General Wolfe was expected to
+perform an important part with not more than seven thousand effective
+men. The movement commenced at Sandy Hook, Tuesday May 8, 1759 when the
+expedition set sail for Louisburg, under convoy of the Nightingale, the
+fleet consisting of about twenty-eight sail, the greater part of which
+was to take in the troops from Nova Scotia, and the rest having on board
+Fraser's Highlanders. They arrived at Louisburg on the 17th. and there
+remained until June 4th, when the fleet again set sail, consisting of
+one hundred and fifty vessels, twenty-two of which were ships of the
+line. They entered the St. Lawrence on the 13th, and on the 23rd
+anchored near Isle aux Coudres. On the 26th, the whole armament arrived
+off the Isle of Orleans, and the next day disembarked. Montcalm depended
+largely on the natural position of the city of Quebec for defence,
+although he neglected nothing for his security. Every landing-place was
+intrenched and protected. At midnight on the 28th a fleet of fireships
+came down the tide, but was grappled by the British soldiers and towed
+them free of the shipping. Point Levi, on the night of the 29th was
+occupied, and batteries constructed, from which red-hot balls were
+discharged, demolishing the lower town of Quebec and injuring the upper.
+But the citadel and every avenue from the river to the cliff were too
+strongly entrenched for an assault.
+
+General Wolfe, enterprising, daring, was eager for battle. Perceiving
+that the eastern bank of the Montmorenci was higher than the position of
+Montcalm, on July 9th he crossed the north channel and encamped there;
+but not a spot on the line of the Montmorenci was left unprotected by
+the vigilant Montcalm. General Wolfe planned that two brigades should
+ford the Montmorenci at the proper time of the tide, while Monckton's
+regiments should cross the St. Lawrence in boats from Point Levi. The
+signal was given and the advance made in the face of shot and shell.
+Those who got first on shore, not waiting for support, ran hastily
+towards the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder that they
+could not again come into line. Wolfe was compelled to order a retreat.
+Intrepidity and discipline could not overcome the heavy fire of a well
+protected enemy. In that assault, which occurred on July 31st, Wolfe
+lost four hundred in killed.
+
+General Murray was next sent with twelve hundred men, above the town, to
+destroy the French ships and open communication with General Amherst.
+They learned that Niagara had surrendered and that Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point had been abandoned. But General Wolfe looked in vain for General
+Amherst. The commander-in-chief, opposed by no more than three thousand
+men, was loitering at Crown Point; nor was even a messenger received
+from him. The heroic Wolfe was left to struggle alone against odds and
+difficulties which every hour made more appalling. Everyone able to bear
+arms was in the field fighting for their homes, their language, and
+their religion. Old men of seventy and boys of fifteen fired at the
+English detachments from the edges of the woods.
+
+The feeble frame of General Wolfe, disabled by fever, began to sink
+under the fearful strain. He laid before his chief officers three
+desperate methods of attacking Montcalm, all of which they opposed, but
+proposed to convey five thousand men above the town, and thus draw
+Montcalm from his intrenchments. General Wolfe acquiesced and prepared
+to carry it into effect. On the 5th and 6th of September he marched the
+army from Point Levi, and embarked in transports, resolving to land at
+the point that ever since has borne his name, and take the enemy by
+surprise. Every officer knew his appointed duty, when at one o'clock on
+the morning of the 13th, about half the army glided down with the tide.
+When the cove was reached, General Wolfe and the troops with him leaped
+ashore, and clambered up the steep hill, holding by the roots and boughs
+of the maple, spruce and ash trees, that covered the declivity, and with
+but little difficulty dispersed the picket which guarded the height. At
+daybreak General Wolfe, with his battalions, stood on the plains of
+Abraham. When the news was carried to Montcalm, he said, "They have at
+last got to the weak side of this miserable garrison; we must give
+battle, and crush them before mid-day." Before ten o'clock the two
+opposing armies were ranged in each other's presence. The English, five
+thousand strong, were all regulars, perfect in discipline, terrible in
+their fearless enthusiasm, and commanded by a man whom they obeyed with
+confidence and admiration. Montcalm had but five weak battalions of two
+thousand men, mingled with disorderly peasantry. The French with three
+and the English with two small pieces of artillery cannonaded each other
+for nearly an hour.
+
+Montcalm led the French army impetuously to the attack. The
+ill-disciplined companies broke by their precipitation and the
+unevenness of the ground, fired by platoons without unity. The English
+received the shock with calmness, reserving their fire until the enemy
+were within forty yards, when they began a regular, rapid firing.
+Montcalm was everywhere, braving dangers, though wounded, cheered others
+by his example. The Canadians flinching from the hot fire, gave way when
+General Wolfe placing himself at the head of two regiments, charged with
+bayonets. General Wolfe was wounded three times, the third time
+mortally. "Support me," he cried to an officer near him; "let not my
+brave fellows see me drop." He was carried to the rear. "They run, they
+run," cried the officer on whom he leaned. "Who run?" asked Wolfe, as
+his life was fast ebbing. "The French," replied the officer, "give way
+everywhere." "What," cried the dying hero, "do they run already? Go, one
+of you, to Colonel Burton; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed
+to Charles River to cut off the fugitives." "Now, God be praised, I die
+happy," were the last words he uttered. The heroic Montcalm, struck by a
+musket ball, continued in the engagement, till attempting to rally a
+body of fugitive Canadians, was mortally wounded. On September 17th, the
+city surrendered.
+
+The rapid sketch thus given does not represent the part taken by
+Fraser's Highlanders. Fortunately Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser kept a
+journal, and from it the following is gleaned: June 30th, the
+Highlanders with Kennedy's or the 43rd, crossed the river and joined the
+15th, or Amhersts', with some Rangers, marched to Point Levi, having
+numerous skirmishes on the way. Captain Campbell posted his company in
+St. Joseph's church, and there fired a volley upon an assaulting party.
+On Sunday, July 1st, the regiment was cannonaded by some floating
+batteries, losing four killed and eight wounded. On the 9th, before
+daylight, the Highlanders struck tents at Point Levi, and marched out of
+sight of the town. On the 11th three men were wounded by the fire of the
+great guns from the city. On the 21st, it was reported that fourteen
+privates of Fraser's Highlanders were wounded by the Royal Americans,
+having, in the dark, mistaken them for the enemy. On the night of July
+24th, Colonel Fraser, with a detachment of about three hundred and fifty
+men of his regiment, marched down the river, in order to take up such
+prisoners and cattle as might be found. Lieutenant Alexander Fraser,
+Jr., returned to the camp with the information that Colonel Fraser had
+been wounded by a shot from some Canadians in ambush; and the same shot
+wounded Captain MacPherson; both of whom returned that day to camp. On
+the 27th the detachment returned bringing three women and one man
+prisoners, and almost two hundred cattle. July 31st Fraser's and
+Amherst's regiments embarked in boats at Point Levi and landed on the
+Montmorenci, where, on that day, General Wolfe fought the battle of
+Beauport Flats, in which he lost seven hundred killed and wounded. His
+retreat was covered by the Highlanders, without receiving any hurt,
+although exposed to a battery of two cannons which kept a very brisk
+fire upon them. The regiment went to the island of Orleans, and on
+August 1st to Point Levi. On Wednesday, August 15th, Captain John
+MacDonell, seven subalterns, eight sergeants, eight corporals and one
+hundred and forty-four men of Fraser's regiment, crossed from Point
+Levi to the Island of Orleans and lodged in the church of St. Peter's,
+and the next day marched to the east end of the island, and on the 17th
+crossed to St. Joachim, where they met with slight resistance. They
+fortified the Priest's house, and were not reinforced until the 23rd,
+and then all marched to attack the village, which was captured, with "a
+few prisoners taken, all of whom the barbarous Captain Montgomery, who
+commanded us, ordered to be butchered in a most inhuman and cruel
+manner.... After this skirmish we set about burning the houses with
+great success, setting all in flames till we came to the church of St.
+Anne's, where we put up for this night, and were joined by Captain Ross,
+with about one hundred and twenty men of his company." The work of
+devastation continued the following day, until the forces reached Ange
+Gardien. August 28, Captain MacDonell with Captain Ross took post at
+Chateau Richer. September 1st, Chateau Richer was burned, and the force
+marched to Montmorenci, burning all the houses on the way. On the 2nd
+the Highlanders returned to their camp at Point Levi. Captain Alexander
+Cameron of Dungallon died on the 3rd. On the 4th Captain Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthell arrived with a fourteenth company to the regiment.
+On the 6th a detachment of six hundred Highlanders with the 15th and
+43rd regiments, marched five miles above Point Levi and then crossed the
+river in crowded vessels, but for several days remained mostly on board
+the ships. On September 17th, the Highlanders landed at Wolfe's Cove,
+with the rest of the army, and were soon on the plains of Abraham. When
+the main body of the French commenced to retreat "our regiment were then
+ordered by Brigadier General Murray to draw their swords and pursue
+them; which I dare say increased their panic but saved many of their
+lives. * * * In advancing we passed over a great many dead and wounded
+(French regulars mostly) lying in the front of our regiment, who,--I
+mean the Highlanders--to do them justice behaved extremely well all day,
+as did the whole of the army. After pursuing the French to the very
+gates of the town, our regiment was ordered to form fronting the town,
+on the ground whereon the French formed first. At this time the rest of
+the army came up in good order. General Murray having then put himself
+at the head of our regiment ordered them to face to the left and march
+thro' the bush of wood, towards the General Hospital, when they got a
+great gun or two to play upon us from the town, which however did no
+damage, but we had a few men killed and officers wounded by some
+skulking fellows, with small arms, from the bushes and behind the houses
+in the suburbs of St. Louis and St. John's. After marching a short way
+through the bush, Brigadier Murray thought proper to order us to return
+again to the high road leading from Porte St. Louis, to the heights of
+Abraham, where the battle was fought, and after marching till we got
+clear of the bushes, we were ordered to turn to the right, and go along
+the edge of them towards the bank at the descent between us and the
+General Hospital, under which we understood there was a body of the
+enemy who, no sooner saw us, than they began firing on us from the
+bushes and from the bank; we soon dispossessed them from the bushes, and
+from thence kept firing for about a quarter of an hour on those under
+cover of the bank; but, as they exceeded us greatly in numbers, they
+killed and wounded a great many of our men, and killed two officers,
+which obliged us to retire a little, and form again, when the 58th
+Regiment with the 2nd Battalion of Royal Americans having come up to our
+assistance, all three making about five hundred men, advanced against
+the enemy and drove them first down to the great meadow between the
+hospital and town and afterwards over the river St. Charles. It was at
+this time and while in the bushes that our regiment suffered most;
+Lieutenant Roderick, McNeill of Barra, and Alexander McDonell, and John
+McDonell, and John McPherson, volunteer, with many of our men, were
+killed before we were reinforced; and Captain Thomas Ross having gone
+down with about one hundred men of the 3rd Regiment to the meadow, after
+the enemy, when they were out of reach, ordered me up to desire those on
+the height would wait till he would come up and join them, which I did,
+but before Mr. Ross could get up, he unfortunately was mortally wounded.
+* * * We had of our regiment three officers killed and ten wounded, one
+of whom Captain Simon Fraser, afterwards died. Lieutenant Archibald
+Campbell was thought to have been mortally wounded, but to the surprise
+of most people recovered, Captain John McDonell thro' both thighs;
+Lieut. Ronald McDonell thro' the knee; Lieutenant Alexander Campbell
+thro' the leg; Lieutenant Douglas thro' the arm, who died of this wound
+soon afterwards; Ensign Gregorson, Ensign McKenzie and Lieutenant
+Alexander Fraser, all slightly, I received a contusion in the right
+shoulder or rather breast, before the action become general, which
+pained me a good deal, but it did not disable me from my duty then, or
+afterwards.
+
+The detachment of our regiment consisted, at our marching from Point
+Levi, of six hundred men, besides commissioned and non commissioned
+officers; but of these, two officers and about sixty men were left on
+board for want of boats, and an officer and about thirty men left at the
+landing place; besides a few left sick on board, so that we had about
+five hundred men in the action. We suffered in men and officers more
+than any three regiments in the field. We were commanded by Captain John
+Campbell; the Colonel and Captain McPherson having been unfortunately
+wounded on the 25th July, of which they were not yet fully recovered. We
+lay on our arms all the night of the 13th September."
+
+On the 14th the Highlanders pitched their tents on the battlefield,
+within reach of the guns of the town. On the following; day they were
+ordered to camp near the wood, at a greater distance from the town.
+Here, within five hundred yards of the town, they commenced to make
+redoubts. After the surrender of Quebec the Highlanders marched into the
+city and there took up their quarters. On February 13, 1760, in an
+engagement with the French at Point Levi, Lieutenant McNeil was killed,
+and some of the soldiers wounded. March 18th Captain Donald McDonald,
+with some detachments, in all five hundred men, attacked the French
+posts at St. Augustin, and without loss took eighty prisoners, and that
+night returned to Quebec.
+
+Scurvy, occasioned by salt provisions and cold, made fierce work in the
+garrison, and in the army scarce a man was free from it. On April 30th a
+return of Fraser's Highlanders, in the garrison at Quebec, showed three
+hundred and fourteen fit for duty, five hundred and eighty sick, and one
+hundred and six dead since September 18, 1759.
+
+April 27th, the French under De Levi, in strong force advanced against
+the English, the latter being forced to withdraw within the walls of
+Quebec. Fraser's Highlanders was one of the detachments sent to cover
+the retreat of the army, which was effected without loss. At half-past
+six, the next morning General Murray marched out and formed his army on
+the heights of Abraham. The left wing was under Colonel Simon Fraser
+composed of the Highlanders, the 43rd, and the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers. The
+Highlanders were exposed to a galling fire from the bushes in front and
+flank and were forced to fall back; and every regiment made the best of
+its way into the city. The British loss was two hundred and fifty-seven
+killed and seven hundred and sixty-one wounded.
+
+The Highlanders had about four hundred men in the field, nearly one-half
+of whom had that day, of their own accord, come out of the hospital.
+Among the killed were Captain Donald Macdonald, Lieutenant Cosmo Gordon
+and fifty-five non-commissioned officers, pipers and privates; their
+wounded were Colonel Fraser, Captains John Campbell of Dunoon, Alexander
+Fraser, Alexander MacLeod, Charles Macdonell; Lieutenants Archibald
+Campbell, son of Glenlyon, Charles Stewart, Hector Macdonald, John
+Macbean, Alexander Fraser, senior, Alexander Campbell, John Nairn,
+Arthur Rose, Alexander Fraser, junior, Simon Fraser, senior, Archibald
+McAlister, Alexander Fraser, John Chisholm, Simon Fraser, junior,
+Malcolm Fraser, and Donald McNeil; Ensigns Henry Munro, Robert Menzies,
+Duncan Cameron, of Fassifern, William Robertson, Alexander Gregorson and
+Malcolm Fraser, and one hundred and twenty-nine non-commissioned
+officers and privates.
+
+Lieutenant Charles Stewart, engaged in the Rising of the Forty-Five, in
+Stewart of Appin's regiment, was severely wounded at Culloden. As he lay
+in his quarters after the battle on the heights of Abraham, speaking to
+some brother officers on the recent actions, he exclaimed, "From April
+battles, and Murray generals, good Lord deliver me!" alluding to his
+wound at Culloden, where the vanquished blamed lord George Murray for
+fighting on the best field in the country for regular troops, cavalry
+and artillery; and likewise alluding to his present wound, and to
+General Murray's conduct in marching out of a garrison to attack an
+enemy, more than treble his numbers, in an open field, where their whole
+strength could be brought to act. No time was lost in repeating to the
+general what the wounded officer had said; but Murray, who was a man of
+humor and of a generous mind, on the following morning called on his
+subordinate, and heartily wished him better deliverance in the next
+battle, when he hoped to give him occasion to pray in a different
+manner.
+
+On the night of the battle De Levi opened trenches within six hundred
+yards of the walls of the city, and proceeded to besiege the city, while
+General Murray made preparations for defence. On May 1st the largest of
+the English blockhouses accidentally blew up, injuring Captain Cameron.
+On the 17th the French suddenly abandoned their entrenchments. Lord
+Murray pursued but was unable to overtake them. He formed a junction, in
+September with General Amherst.
+
+General Amherst had been notified of the intended siege of Quebec by De
+Levi; but only persevered in the tardy plans which he had formed. Canada
+now presented no difficulties only such as General Amherst might create.
+The country was suffering from four years of scarcity, a disheartened,
+starving peasantry, and the feeble remains of five or six battalions
+wasted by incredible hardships. Colonel Haviland proceeded from Crown
+Point and took the deserted fort at Isle aux Noix. Colonel Haldimand,
+with the grenadiers, light infantry and a battalion of The Black Watch,
+took post at the bottom of the lake. General Amherst led the main body
+of ten thousand men by way of Oswego; why, no one can tell. The labor of
+going there was much greater than going direct to Montreal. After
+toiling to Oswego, he proceeded cautiously down the St. Lawrence,
+treating the people humanely, and without the loss of life, save while
+passing the rapids, he met, on September 7th, the army of lord Murray
+before Montreal, the latter on his way up from Quebec, intimidated the
+people and amused himself by burning villages and harrying Canadians. On
+the 8th Colonel Haviland joined the forces. Thus the three armies came
+together in overwhelming strength, to take an open town of a few hundred
+inhabitants who were ready to surrender on the first appearance of the
+English.
+
+The Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders remained in America until the
+close of the year 1761. The officers were Lieutenant Colonel Francis
+Grant; Majors, Gordon Graham and John Reid; Captains, John McNeil, Allan
+Campbell, Thomas Graeme, James Stewart, James Murray, Thomas Stirling,
+William Murray, John Stuart, Alexander Reid, William Grant, David
+Haldane, Archibald Campbell, John Campbell, Kenneth Tolmie, William
+Cockburne; Captain-Lieutenant, James Grant; Lieutenants, John Graham,
+Alexander Turnbull, Alexander McIntosh, James Gray, John Small,
+Archibald Campbell, James Campbell, Archibald Lamont, David Mills, Simon
+Blair, David Barclay, Alexander Mackay, Robert Menzies, Patrick
+Balneaves, John Campbell, senior, John Robertson, John Grant, George
+Leslie, Duncan Campbell, Adam Stuart, George Grant, James McIntosh, John
+Smith, Peter Grant, Simon Fraser, Alexander Farquharson, John Campbell,
+junior, William Brown, Thomas Fletcher, Elbert Herring, John Leith,
+Archibald Campbell, Alexander Donaldson, Archibald Campbell, Patrick
+Sinclair, John Gregor, Lewis Grant, Archibald Campbell, John Graham,
+Allan Grant, Archibald McNab; Ensigns, Charles Menzies, John Charles St.
+Clair, Neil McLean, Thomas Cunison, Alexander Gregor, William Grant,
+George Campbell, Nathaniel McCulloch, Daniel Robertson, John Sutherland,
+Charles Grant, Samuel Stull, James Douglass, Thomas Scott, Charles
+Graham, James Robertson, Patrick Murray, Lewis Grant; Chaplain, Lauchlan
+Johnston; Adjutants, Alexander Donaldson, John Gregor; Quarter-Masters,
+John Graham, Adam Stewart; Surgeons, David Hepburn, Robert Drummond.
+
+At the close of the year 1761 The Black Watch, with ten other regiments,
+among which was Montgomery's Highlanders, embarked for Barbadoes, there
+to join an armament against Martinique and Havanna. After the surrender
+of Havanna, the first battalion of the 42nd, and Montgomery's
+Highlanders embarked for New York, which they reached in the end of
+October, 1762. Before leaving Cuba, all the men of the second battalion
+of the 42nd, fit for service were consolidated with the first, and the
+remainder shipped to Scotland, where they were reduced the following
+year.
+
+The 42nd, or The Black Watch was stationed at Albany till the summer of
+1763 when they, with a detachment of Montgomery's Highlanders and
+another of the 60th, under command of Colonel Henry Boquet, were sent to
+the relief of Fort Pitt, then besieged by the Indians. This expedition
+consisting of nine hundred and fifty-six men, with its convoy, reached
+Fort Bedford, July 25, 1763. The whole country in that region was
+aroused by the depredations of the Indians. On the 28th Boquet moved his
+army out of Fort Bedford and marched to Fort Ligonier, where he left his
+train, and proceeded with pack-horses. Before them lay a dangerous
+defile, several miles in length, commanded the whole distance by high
+and craggy hills. On August 5th, when within half a mile of Bushy-Run,
+about one o'clock in the afternoon, after a harrassing march of
+seventeen miles, they were suddenly attacked by the Indians; but two
+companies of the 42nd Highlanders drove them from their ambuscade. When
+the pursuit ceased, the savages returned. These savages fought like men
+contending for their homes, and their hunting grounds. To them it was a
+crisis which they were forced to meet. Again the Highlanders charged
+them with fixed bayonets; but as soon as they were driven from one post
+they appeared at another, and at last entirely surrounded the English,
+and would have entirely cut them off had it not been for the cool
+behavior of the troops and the good manoeuvering of the commander.
+Night came on, and the English remained on a ridge of land, commodious
+for a camp, except for the total want of water. The next morning the
+army found itself still in a critical position. If they advanced to give
+battle, then their convoy and wounded would fall a prey to the enemy; if
+they remained quiet, they would be picked off one by one, and thus
+miserably perish. Boquet took advantage of the resolute intrepidity of
+the savages by feigning a retreat. The red men hurried to the charge,
+when two companies concealed for the purpose fell upon their flank;
+others turned and met them in front; and the Indians yielding to the
+irresistible shock, were utterly routed.
+
+The victory was dearly bought, for Colonel Boquet, in killed and
+wounded, in the two days action, lost about one-fourth of his men, and
+almost all his horses. He was obliged to destroy his stores, and was
+hardly able to carry his wounded. That night the English encamped at
+Bushy Run, and four days later were at Fort Pitt. In the skirmishing and
+fighting, during the march, the 42nd, or The Black Watch, lost
+Lieutenants John Graham and James Mackintosh, one sergeant and
+twenty-six rank and file killed; and Captain John Graham of Duchray,
+Lieutenant Duncan Campbell, two serjeants, two drummers, and thirty rank
+and file, wounded. Of Montgomery's Highlanders one drummer and five
+privates were killed; and Lieutenant Donald Campbell and volunteer John
+Peebles, three serjeants and seven privates wounded.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BLOCK HOUSE, FORT DUQUESNE.]
+
+The 42nd regiment passed the winter at Fort Pitt, and during the summer
+of 1764, eight companies were sent with the army of Boquet against the
+Ohio Indians. After a harrassing warfare the Indians sued for peace.
+Notwithstanding the labors of a march of many hundred miles among dense
+forests, during which they experienced the extremes of heat and cold,
+the Highlanders did not lose a single man from fatigue or exhaustion.
+The army returned to Fort Pitt in January, 1765, during very severe
+weather. Three men died of sickness, and on their arrival at Fort Pitt
+only nineteen men were under the surgeon's charge. The regiment was now
+in better quarters than it had been for years. It was greatly reduced
+in numbers, from its long service, the nature and variety of its
+hardships, amidst the torrid heat of the West Indies, the rigorous
+winters of New York and Ohio, and the fatalities on the field of battle.
+
+The regiment remained in Pennsylvania until the month of July, 1767,
+when it embarked at Philadelphia for Ireland. Such of the men who
+preferred to remain in America were permitted to join other regiments.
+These volunteers were so numerous, that, along with those who had been
+previously sent home disabled, and others discharged and settled in
+America, the regiment that returned was very small in proportion of that
+which had left Scotland.
+
+The 42nd Royal Highlanders, or The Black Watch, made a very favorable
+impression in America. The _Virginia Gazette_, July 30, 1767, published
+an article from which the following extracts have been taken:
+
+   "Last Sunday evening, the Royal Highland Regiment embarked for
+   Ireland, which regiment, since its arrival in America, has been
+   distinguished for having undergone most amazing fatigues, made long
+   and frequent marches through an unhospitable country, bearing
+   excessive heat and severe cold with alacrity and cheerfulness,
+   frequently encamping in deep snow, such as those that inhabit the
+   interior parts of this province do not see, and which only those who
+   inhabit the most northern parts of Europe can have any idea of,
+   continually exposed in camp and on their marches to the alarms of a
+   savage enemy, who, in all their attempts, were forced to fly. * * *
+   And, in a particular manner, the freemen of this and the neighboring
+   provinces have most sincerely to thank them for that resolution and
+   bravery with which they, under Colonel Boquet, and a small number of
+   Royal Americans, defeated the enemy, and ensured to us peace and
+   security from a savage foe; and, along with our blessings for these
+   benefits, they have our thanks for that decorum in behavior which
+   they maintained during their stay in this city, giving an example
+   that the most amiable behavior in civil life is no way inconsistent
+   with the character of the good soldier; and for their loyalty,
+   fidelity, and orderly behavior, they have every wish of the people
+   for health, honor, and a pleasant voyage."
+
+The loss sustained by the regiment during the seven years it was
+employed in America and the West Indies was as follows:
+
+                   |    KILLED             ||      WOUNDED
+                   |--------------------------------------------------
+                   | F | C | S | S | D | P || F | C | S | S | D | P
+                   | e | a | u | e | r | r || e | a | u | e | r | r
+                   | d.| p | b | r | u | i || d.| p | b | r | u | i
+                   | O | t | a | j | m | v || O | t | a | j | m | v
+                   | f | a | l | e | m | a || f | a | l | e | m | a
+                   | f | i | t | a | e | t || f | i | t | a | e | t
+                   | i | n | e | n | r | e || i | n | e | n | r | e
+                   | c | s | r | t | s | s || c | s | r | t | s | s
+                   | e |   | n | s |   |   || e |   | n | s |   |
+                   | r |   | s |   |   |   || r |   | s |   |   |
+                   | s |   |   |   |   |   || s |   |   |   |   |
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Ticonderoga,      |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   July 7, 1758    | 1 | 1 | 6 | 9 |   |267||   | 5 | 12| 10|   |306
+ Martinique,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   January, 1759   |   |   |   |   |   | 8 ||   |   | 1 | 2 |   | 22
+ Guadeloupe,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  February and     |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  March, 1759      |   |   | 1 | 1 |   | 25||   |   | 4 | 3 |   |57
+ General Amherst's |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Expedition to    |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  the Lakes, July  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  and August, 1759 |   |   |   |   |   | 3 ||   |   |   | 1 |   | 4
+ Martinique,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  January and      |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  February, 1762   |   | 1 | 1 | 1 |   | 12|| 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 |72
+ Havanna, June     |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  and July, 1762,  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  both battalions. |   |   |   |   | 1 | 3 ||   |   |   |   | 1 | 4
+ Expedition under  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+ Colonel Boquet,   |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  August, 1763     |   | 1 | 1 | 1 |   | 26||   | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30
+ Second Expedition |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  under Boquet,    |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  in 1764 and 1765 |   |   |   |   |   |  7||   |   |   | 1 |   | 9
+ Total in the Seven|   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Years War        | 1 | 3 | 9 | 12| 1 |381|| 1 | 7 | 25| 22| 4 |504
+
+Comparing the loss sustained by the 42nd in the field with that of other
+corps, it has generally been less than theirs, except at the defeat at
+Ticonderoga. The officers who served in the corps attributed the
+comparative loss to the celerity of their attack and the use of the
+broadsword, which the enemy could never withstand.
+
+Of the officers who were in the regiment in 1759 seven rose to be
+general officers, viz., Francis Grant of Grant, John Reid of Strathloch,
+Allan Campbell of Glenure, James Murray, son of lord George Murray, John
+Campbell of Strachur, Thomas Stirling of Ardoch, and John Small. Those
+who became field officers were, Gordon Graham, Duncan Campbell of
+Inneraw, Thomas Graham of Duchray, John Graham his brother, William
+Murray of Lintrose, William Grant, James Abercromby of Glassa, James
+Abercromby junior, Robert Grant, James Grant, Alexander Turnbull of
+Strathcathro, Alexander Donaldson, Thomas Fletcher of Landertis, Donald
+Robertson, Duncan Campbell, Alexander Maclean and James Eddington. A
+corp of officers, respectable in their persons, character and rank in
+private society, was of itself sufficient to secure esteem and lead a
+regiment where every man was a soldier.
+
+It has already been noticed that in the spring of 1760, the thought of
+General Amherst was wholly engrossed on the conquest of Canada. He was
+appealed to for protection against the Cherokees who were committing
+cruelties, in their renewed warfare against the settlements. In April he
+detached, from the central army, that had conquered Ohio, Colonel
+Montgomery with six hundred Highlanders of his own regiment and six
+hundred Royal Americans to strike a blow at the Cherokees and then
+return. The force embarked at New York, and by the end of April was in
+Carolina. At Ninety-six, near the end of May, the army was joined by
+many gentlemen of distinction, as volunteers, besides seven hundred
+Carolina rangers, which constituted the principal strength of the
+country. On June 1st, the army crossed Twelve-mile River; and leaving
+their tents standing on advantageous ground, at eight in the evening
+moved onward through the woods to surprise Estatoe, about twenty miles
+from the camp. On the way Montgomery surprised Little Keowee and put
+every man to the sword, sparing only women and children. Early the next
+morning they reached Estatoe only to find it abandoned, except by a few
+who could not escape. The place was reduced to ashes, as was Sugar Town,
+and every other settlement in the lower nation destroyed. For years, the
+half-charred rafters of their houses might be seen on the desolate
+hill-sides. "I could not help pitying them a little," wrote Major Grant;
+"their villages were agreeably situated; their houses neatly built;
+there were everywhere astonishing magazines of corn, which were all
+consumed." The surprise in every town was almost equal, for the whole
+was the work of only a few hours; the Indians had no time to save what
+they valued most; but left for the pillagers money and watches, wampum
+and furs. About sixty Cherokees were killed; forty, chiefly women and
+children, were made prisoners; but the warriors had generally escaped to
+the mountains.
+
+Meanwhile Fort Prince George had been closely invested, and Montgomery
+marched to its relief. From this place he dispatched two friendly chiefs
+to the middle settlements, to offer terms of peace, and orders were sent
+to Fort London to bring about accommodations for the upper towns. The
+Indians would not listen to any overtures, so Montgomery was constrained
+to march against them. The most difficult part of the service was now to
+be performed; for the country to be passed through was covered by dark
+thickets, numerous deep ravines, and high river banks; where a small
+number of men might distress and even wear out the best appointed army.
+
+Colonel Montgomery began his march June 24, 1760, and at night encamped
+at the old town of Oconnee. The next evening he arrived at the
+War-Woman's Creek; and on the 20th, crossed the Blue Mountains, and made
+his encampment at the deserted town of Stecoe. The army trod the rugged
+defiles, which were as dangerous as men had ever penetrated, with
+fearless alacrity, and the Highlanders were refreshed by coming into the
+presence of the mountains. "What may be Montgomery's fate in the
+Cherokee country," wrote Washington, "I cannot so readily determine. It
+seems he has made a prosperous beginning, having penetrated into the
+heart of the country, and he is now advancing his troops in high health
+and spirits to the relief of Fort Loudon. But let him be wary. He has a
+crafty, subtle enemy to deal with, that may give him most trouble when
+he least expects it."[139]
+
+The morning of the 27th found the whole army early on the march to the
+town of Etchowee, the nearest of the Cherokee settlements, and eighteen
+miles distant. When within five miles of the town, the army was attacked
+in a most advantageous position for the Indians. It was a low valley, in
+which the bushes were so thick that the soldiers could see scarcely
+three yards before them; and through this valley flowed a muddy river,
+with steep clay banks. Captain Morrison, in command of a company of
+rangers, was in the advance. When he entered the ravine, the Indians
+emerged from their ambush, and, raising the war-whoop, darted from
+covert to covert, at the same time firing at the whites. Captain
+Morrison was immediately shot down, and his men closely engaged. The
+Highlanders and provincials drove the enemy from their lurking-places,
+and, returning to their yells three huzzas and three waves of their
+bonnets and hats, they chased them from height and hollow. The army
+passed the river at the ford; and, protected by it on their right, and
+by a flanking party on the left, treading a path, at times so narrow as
+to be obliged to march in Indian file, fired upon from both front and
+rear, they were not collected at Etchowee until midnight; after a loss
+of twenty killed and seventy-six wounded. Of these, the Highlanders had
+one Serjeant, and six privates killed, and Captain Sutherland,
+Lieutenants Macmaster and Mackinnon, and Assistant-Surgeon Munro, and
+one Serjeant, one piper, and twenty-four rank and file wounded.
+
+   "Several soldiers of this (Montgomery's) and other regiments fell
+   into the hands of the Indians, being taken in an ambush. Allan
+   Macpherson, one of these soldiers, witnessing the miserable fate of
+   several of his fellow-prisoners, who had been tortured to death by
+   the Indians, and seeing them preparing to commence the same
+   operations upon himself, made signs that he had something to
+   communicate. An interpreter was brought. Macpherson told them, that,
+   provided his life was spared for a few minutes, he would communicate
+   the secret of an extraordinary medicine, which, if applied to the
+   skin, would cause it to resist the strongest blow of a tomahawk, or
+   sword, and that, if they would allow him to go to the woods with a
+   guard, to collect the plants proper for this medicine, he would
+   prepare it, and allow the experiment to be tried on his own neck by
+   the strongest and most expert warrior among them. This story easily
+   gained upon the superstitious credulity of the Indians, and the
+   request of the Highlander was instantly complied with. Being sent
+   into the woods, he soon returned with such plants as he chose to pick
+   up. Having boiled these herbs, he rubbed his neck with their juice,
+   and laying his head upon a log of wood, desired the strongest man
+   among them to strike at his neck with his tomahawk, when he would
+   find he could not make the smallest impression. An Indian, levelling
+   a blow with all his might, cut with such force, that the head flew
+   off to a distance of several yards. The Indians were fixed in
+   amazement at their own credulity, and the address with which the
+   prisoner had escaped the lingering death prepared for him; but,
+   instead of being enraged at this escape of their victim, they were
+   so pleased with his ingenuity that they refrained from inflicting
+   farther cruelties on the remaining prisoners."[140]
+
+Only for one day did Colonel Montgomery rest in the heart of the
+Alleghanies. On the following night, deceiving the Indians by kindling
+lights at Etchowee, the army retreated, and, marching twenty-five miles,
+never halted, till it came to War-Woman's Creek. On the 30th, it crossed
+the Oconnee Mountain, and on July 1st reached Fort Prince George, and
+soon after returned to New York.
+
+The retreat of Colonel Montgomery was the knell of the famished Fort
+London, situated on the borders of the Cherokee country. The garrison
+was forced to capitulate to the Indians, who agreed to escort the men in
+safety to another fort. They were, however, made the victims of
+treachery; for the day after their departure a body of savages waylaid
+them, killed some, and captured others, whom they took back to Fort
+Loudon.
+
+The expedition of Montgomery but served to inflame the Indians. July
+11th the General Assembly represented their inability to prevent the
+ravages made by the savages on the back settlements, and by unanimous
+vote entreated the lieutenant governor "to use the most pressing
+instances with Colonel Montgomery not to depart with the king's troops,
+as it might be attended with the most pernicious consequences."
+Montgomery, warned that he was but giving the Cherokees room to boast
+among the other tribes, of their having obliged the English army to
+retreat, not only from the mountains, but also from the province,
+shunned the path of duty, and leaving four companies of the Royal Scots,
+sailed for Halifax by way of New York, coldly writing "I cannot help the
+people's fears." Afterwards, in the House of Commons, he acted as one
+who thought the Americans factious in peace and feeble in war.
+
+In 1761 the Montgomery Highlanders were in the expedition against
+Dominique, and the following year against Martinique and Havanna. At the
+end of October were again in New York. Before the return of the six
+companies to New York, the two companies that had been sent against the
+Indians in 1761, were sent, with a small force, to retake St. John's,
+New Foundland, which was occupied by a French force. The English army
+consisted of the flank companies of the Royals, a detachment of the
+45th, two companies of Fraser's Highlanders, a small party of
+provincials, besides Montgomery's. The army landed on September 12,
+1762, seven miles northward of St. John's. On the 17th the French
+surrendered. Of Montgomery's Highlanders, Captain Mackenzie and four
+privates were killed, and two privates wounded. After this service the
+two companies joined the regiment at New York and there passed the
+winter. As already noticed a detachment was with Colonel Boquet to the
+relief of Fort Pitt in 1763. After the termination of hostilities an
+offer was made to the officers and men either to settle in America, or
+return to their own country. Those who remained obtained a grant of land
+in accordance to their rank.[141]
+
+The following table shows the number of killed and wounded of
+Montgomery's Highlanders during the war:--
+
+======================================================================
+                                |  KILLED       ||      WOUNDED
+                                |-------------------------------------
+                                | O | S |D &| R || O | S |D &| R
+                                | f | e |r  | a || f | e |r  | a
+                                | f | r |u P| n || f | r |u P| n
+                                | i | j |m i| k || i | j |m i| k
+                                | c | e |m p| & || c | e |m p| &
+                                | e | a |e e| F || e | a |e e| F
+                                | r | n |r r| i || r | n |r r| i
+                                | s | t |s s| l || s | t |s s| l
+                                |   | s |   | e ||   | s |   | e
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Fort du Quesne, Sept. 11, 1758  | 7 | 3 | 2 | 92|| 9 | 7 | 3 | 201
+Little Keowe, June 1, 1760      |   |   |   |  2||   |   |   |
+Etchowee, June 27, 1760         |   | 2 |   |  6|| 4 | 1 | 1 |  24
+Martinique, 1761                | 1 |   |   |  4|| 1 | 1 |   |  26
+Havanna, 1762                   | 1 |   |   |  2||   |   |   |   6
+St. John's, September, 1762     | 1 |   |   |  4||   |   |   |   2
+On Passage to West Indies       | 1 |   |   |   ||   |   |   |
+                                --------------------------------------
+Total during the war           |11 | 5 | 2 |110|| 14| 9 | 4 |259
+======================================================================
+
+After the surrender of Montreal, Fraser's Highlanders were not called
+into action, until the fall of 1762, when the two companies were with
+the expedition under Colonel William Amherst, against St. John's,
+Newfoundland. In this service Captain Macdonell was mortally wounded,
+three rank and file killed, and seven wounded. At the conclusion of the
+war, a number of the officers and men having expressed a desire to
+remain in America, had their wishes granted, and an allowance of land
+granted them. The rest returned to Scotland and were discharged.
+
+The following is a return of the killed and wounded of Fraser's
+Highlanders during the war from 1756 to 1763:--
+
+======================================================================
+                   |    KILLED             ||      WOUNDED
+                   |--------------------------------------------------
+                   | F | C | S | S | D | R || F | C | S | S | D | R
+                   | d | a | u | e | r | a || d | a | u | e | r | a
+                   | . | p | b | r | u | n || . | p | b | r | u | n
+                   | O | t | a | j | m | k || O | t | a | j | m | k
+                   | f | a | l | e | m |   || f | a | l | e | m |
+                   | f | i | t | a | e | & || f | i | t | a | e | &
+                   | i | n | e | n | r |   || i | n | e | n | r |
+                   | c | s | r | t | s | F || c | s | r | t | s | F
+                   | e |   | n | s |   | i || e |   | n | s |   | i
+                   | r |   | s |   |   | l || r |   | s |   |   | l
+                   | s |   |   |   |   | e || s |   |   |   |   | e
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+Louisburg,         |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   July 1758       |   | 1 | 3 |   |   | 17||   | 1 |  2|   |   | 41
+Montmorency,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   Sept. 2, 1759   |   |   | 2 |   | 1 | 18|| 1 | 2 | 3 |   |   | 85
+Heights of Abraham,|   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Sept 13, 1769    |   | 1 | 2 | 1 |   | 14||   | 2 | 8 | 7 |   |131
+Quebec, April, 1760|   | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 51|| 1 | 4 |22 |10 |   |119
+St. John's, Sept.  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  1762             |   | 1 |   |   |   |  3||   |   |   |   |   |  7
+                   ---------------------------------------------------
+ Total during
+   the war         |   | 4 |10 |  4| 2 |103|| 2 | 9 | 35| 17|   |383
+
+Whatever may be said of the 42nd, or The Black Watch, concerning its
+soldierly bearing may also be applied to both Montgomery's and Fraser's
+regiments. Both officers and men were from the same people, having the
+same manners, customs, language and aspirations. The officers were from
+among the best families, and the soldiers respected and loved those who
+commanded them.
+
+For three years after the fall of Montreal the war between France and
+England lingered on the ocean. The Treaty of Paris was signed February
+10, 1763, which gave to England all the French possessions in America
+eastward of the Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville, and
+thence through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico.
+Spain, with whom England had been at war, at the same time ceded East
+and West Florida to the English Crown. France was obliged to cede to
+Spain all that vast territory west of the Mississippi, known as the
+province of Louisiana. The Treaty deprived France of all her possessions
+in North America. To the genius of William Pitt must be ascribed the
+conquest of Canada and the deprivation of France of her possessions in
+the New World.
+
+The acquisition of Canada, by keen sighted observers, was regarded as a
+source of danger to England. As early as the year 1748, the Swedish
+traveller Kalm, having described in vivid language the commercial
+oppression under which the colonists were suffering, added these
+remarkable words:
+
+   "I have been told, not only by native Americans, but by English
+   emigrants publicly, that within thirty or fifty years the English
+   colonies in North America may constitute a separate state entirely
+   independent of England. But as this whole country towards the sea is
+   unguarded, and on the frontier is kept uneasy by the French, these
+   dangerous neighbors are the reason why the love of these colonies for
+   their metropolis does not utterly decline. The English government
+   has, therefore, reason to regard the French in North America as the
+   chief power which urges their colonies to submission."[142]
+
+On the definite surrender of Canada, Choiseul said to those around him,
+"We have caught them at last"; his eager hopes anticipating an early
+struggle of America for independence. The French ministers consoled
+themselves for the Peace of Paris by the reflection that the loss of
+Canada was a sure prelude to the independence of the colonies.
+Vergennes, the sagacious and experienced ambassador, then at
+Constantinople, a grave, laborious man, remarkable for a calm temper and
+moderation of character, predicted to an English traveller, with
+striking accuracy, the events that would occur. "England," he said,
+"will soon repent of having removed the only check that could keep her
+colonies in awe. They stand no longer in need of her protection. She
+will call on them to contribute towards supporting the burdens they have
+helped to bring on her, and they will answer by striking off all
+dependence."
+
+It is not to be presumed that Englishmen were wholly blind to this
+danger. There were advocates who maintained that it would be wiser to
+restore Canada and retain Guadaloupe, with perhaps Martinico and St.
+Lucia. This view was supported with distinguished ability in an
+anonymous paper, said to have been written by William Burke, the friend
+and kinsman of the great orator. The views therein set forth were said
+to have been countenanced by lord Hardwicke. The tide of English opinion
+was, however, very strongly in the opposite direction.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 136: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 66.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. I, p. 289.]
+
+[Footnote 138: The Olden Time, Vol. I, p. 181.]
+
+[Footnote 139: Spark's Writings of Washington, Vol. II, p. 332.]
+
+[Footnote 140: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 61.]
+
+[Footnote 141: See Appendix, Note L.]
+
+[Footnote 142: Pinkerton's Travels, Vol. XIII.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+SCOTCH HOSTILITY TO AMERICA.
+
+
+The causes which led to the American Revolution have been set forth in
+works pertaining to that event, and fully amplified by those desiring to
+give a special treatise on the subject. Briefly to rehearse them, the
+following may be pointed out: The general cause was the right of
+arbitrary government over the colonies claimed by the British
+parliament. So far as the claim was concerned as a theory, but little
+was said, but when it was put in force an opposition at once arose. The
+people had long been taught to act and think upon the principle of
+eternal right, which had a tendency to mould them in a channel that
+looked towards independence. The character of George III. was such as to
+irritate the people. He was stubborn and without the least conception of
+human rights; nor could he conceive of a magnanimous project, or
+appreciate the value of civil liberty. His notions of government were
+despotic, and around him, for advisers, he preferred those as
+incompetent and as illiberal as himself. Such a king could not deal with
+a people who had learned freedom, and had the highest conceptions of
+human rights. The British parliament, composed almost entirely of the
+ruling class, shared the views of their master, and servilely did his
+bidding, by passing a number of acts destructive of colonial liberty.
+The first of these was a strenuous attempt to enforce in 1761 THE
+IMPORTATION ACT, which gave to petty constables the authority to enter
+any and every place where they might suspect goods upon which a duty had
+not been levied. In 1763 and 1764 the English ministers attempted to
+enforce the law requiring the payment of duties on sugar and molasses.
+In vain did the people try to show that under the British constitution
+taxation and representation were inseparable. Nevertheless English
+vessels were sent to hover around American ports, and soon succeeded in
+paralyzing the trade with the West Indies.
+
+The close of the French and Indian war gave to England a renewed
+opportunity to tax America. The national debt had increased from
+£52,092,238 in 1727 to £138,865,430 in 1763. The ministers began to urge
+that the expenses of the war ought to be borne by the colonies. The
+Americans contended, that they had aided England as much as she had
+aided them; that the cession of Canada had amply remunerated England for
+all her losses; and, further, the colonies did not dread the payment of
+money, but feared that their liberties might be subverted. Early in
+March 1765, the English parliament, passed the celebrated STAMP ACT,
+which provided that every note, bond, deed, mortgage, lease, licence,
+all legal documents of every description, every colonial pamphlet,
+almanac, and newspaper, after the first day of the following November,
+should be on paper furnished by the British government, the stamp cost
+being from one cent to thirty dollars. When the news of the passage of
+this act was brought to America the excitement was intense, and action
+was resolved on by the colonies. The act was not formally repealed until
+March 18, 1766. On June 29, 1767, another act was passed to tax America.
+On October 1, 1768, seven hundred troops, sent from Halifax, marched
+with fixed bayonets into Boston, and quartered themselves in the State
+House. In February 1769 parliament declared the people of Massachusetts
+rebels, and the governor was directed to arrest those deemed guilty of
+treason, and send them to England for trial. In the city of New York, in
+1770, the soldiers wantonly cut down a liberty pole, which had for
+several years stood in the park. The most serious affray occurred on
+March 5th, in Boston between a party of citizens and some soldiers, in
+which three citizens were shot down and several wounded. This massacre
+inflamed the city with a blaze of excitement. On that day lord North
+succeeded in having all the duties repealed except that on tea; and that
+tax, in 1773, was attempted to be enforced by a stratagem. On the
+evening of December 16th, the tea, in the three tea-ships, then in
+Boston harbor, was thrown overboard, by fifty men disguised as Indians.
+Parliament, instead of using legal means, hastened to find revenge. On
+March 31, 1774, it was enacted that Boston port should be closed.
+
+The final act which brought on the Revolution was the firing upon the
+seventy minute men, who were standing still at Lexington, by the English
+soldiers under Major Pitcairn, on April 19, 1775, sixteen of the
+patriots fell dead or wounded. The first gun of the Revolution fired the
+entire country, and in a few days Boston was besieged by the militia
+twenty thousand strong. Events passed rapidly, wrongs upon wrongs were
+perpetrated, until, finally, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of
+Independence was published to the world. By this act all hope of
+reconciliation was at an end. Whatever concessions might be made by
+England, her own acts had caused an impassable gulf.
+
+America had done all within her power to avert the impending storm. Her
+petitions had been spurned from the foot of the English throne. Even the
+illustrious Dr. Franklin, venerable in years, was forced to listen to a
+vile diatribe against him delivered by the coarse and brutal Wedderburn,
+while members of the Privy Council who were present, with the single
+exception of lord North, "lost all dignity and all self-respect. They
+laughed aloud at each sarcastic sally of Wedderburn. 'The indecency of
+their behaviour,' in the words of Shelburne, 'exceeded, as is agreed on
+all hands, that of any committee of elections;' and Fox, in a speech
+which he made as late as 1803, reminded the House how on that memorable
+occasion 'all men tossed up their hats and clapped their hands in
+boundless delight at Mr. Wedderburn's speech.'"[143]
+
+George III., his ministers and his parliament hurled the country
+headlong into war, and that against the judgment of her wisest men, and
+her best interests. To say the least the war was not popular in England.
+The wisest statesmen in both Houses of Parliament plead for
+reconciliation, but their efforts fell on callous ears. The ruling class
+was seized with the one idea of humbling America. They preferred to
+listen to such men as Major James Grant,--the same who allowed his men,
+(as has been already narrated) to be scandalously slaughtered before
+Fort du Quesne, and had made himself offensive in South Carolina under
+Colonel Montgomery. This braggart asserted, in the House of Commons,
+"amidst the loudest cheering, that he knew the Americans very well, and
+was certain they would not fight; 'that they were not soldiers and
+never could be made so, being naturally pusillanimous and incapable of
+discipline; that a very slight force would be more than sufficient for
+their complete reduction'; and he fortified his statement by repeating
+their peculiar expressions, and ridiculing their religious enthusiasm,
+manners and ways of living, greatly to the entertainment of the
+house."[144]
+
+The great Pitt, then earl of Chatham, in his famous speech in January
+1775, declared:
+
+   "The spirit which resists your taxation in America is the same that
+   formerly opposed loans, benevolences, and ship-money in England. * *
+   * This glorious spirit of Whiggism animates three millions in America
+   who prefer poverty with liberty to gilded chains and sordid
+   affluence, and who will die in defence of their rights as freemen. *
+   * * For myself, I must declare that in all my reading and
+   observation--and history has been my favorite study; I have read
+   Thucydides, and have studied and admired the master states of the
+   world--that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom
+   of conclusion under such a complication of difficult circumstances,
+   no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the General
+   Congress at Philadelphia. * * * All attempts to impose servitude upon
+   such men, to establish despotism over such a mighty continental
+   nation, must be vain, must be fatal. We shall be forced ultimately to
+   retreat. Let us retreat while we can, not when we must."
+
+In accordance with these sentiments Chatham withdrew his eldest son from
+the army rather than suffer him to be engaged in the war. Lord
+Effingham, finding his regiment was to serve against the Americans,
+threw up his commission and renounced the profession for which he had
+been trained and loved, as the only means of escaping the obligation of
+fighting against the cause of freedom. Admiral Keppel, one of the most
+gallant officers in the British navy, expressed his readiness to serve
+against the ancient enemies of England, but asked to be released from
+employment against the Americans. It is said that Amherst refused to
+command the army against the Americans. In 1776 it was openly debated in
+parliament whether British officers ought to serve their sovereign
+against the Americans, and no less a person then General Conway leaned
+decidedly to the negative, and compared the case to that of French
+officers who were employed in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Just
+after the battle of Bunker Hill, the duke of Richmond declared in
+parliament that he "did not think that the Americans were in rebellion,
+but that they were resisting acts of the most unexampled cruelty and
+oppression." The Corporation of London, in 1775, drew up an address
+strongly approving of the resistance of the Americans, and similar
+addresses were expressed by other towns. A great meeting in London, and
+also the guild of merchants in Dublin, returned thanks to lord Effingham
+for his recent conduct. When Montgomery fell at the head of the American
+troops before Quebec, he was eulogized in the British parliament.
+
+The merchants of Bristol, September 27, 1775, held a meeting and passed
+resolutions deprecating the war, and calling upon the king to put a stop
+to it. The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Livery of London, September 29th,
+issued an address to the Electors of Great Britain, against carrying on
+the war. A meeting of the merchants and traders of London was held
+October 5th, and moved an address to the king "relative to the unhappy
+dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies," and that he
+should "cause hostilities to cease." The principal citizens,
+manufacturers and traders of the city of Coventry, October 10th,
+addressed the sovereign beseeching him "to stop the effusion of blood,
+to recommend to your Parliament to consider, with all due attention, the
+petition from America lately offered to be presented to the throne." The
+mayor and burgesses of Nottingham, October 20th, petitioned the king in
+which they declared that "the first object of our desires and wishes is
+the return of peace and cordial union with our American
+fellow-subjects," and humbly requested him to "suspend those
+hostilities, which, we fear, can have no other than a fatal issue." This
+was followed by an address of the inhabitants of the same city, in which
+the king was asked to "stay the hand of war, and recall into the bosom
+of peace and grateful subjection your American subjects, by a
+restoration of those measures which long experience has shown to be
+productive of the greatest advantages to this late united and
+flourishing Empire." The petition of the free burgesses, traders and
+inhabitants of Newcastle-upon-Tyne declared that "in the present
+unnatural war with our American brethren, we have seen neither
+provocation nor object; nor is it, in our humble apprehension, consonant
+with the rights of humanity, sound policy, or the Constitution of our
+Country." A very great majority of the gentlemen, clergy and freeholders
+of the county of Berks signed an address, November 7th, to the king in
+which it was declared that "the disorders have arisen from a complaint
+(plausible at least) of one right violated; and we can never be brought
+to imagine that the true remedy for such disorders consists in an attack
+on all other rights, and an attempt to drive the people either to
+unconstitutional submission or absolute despair." The gentlemen,
+merchants, freemen and inhabitants of the city of Worcester also
+addressed the king and besought him to adopt such measures as shall
+"seem most expedient for putting a stop to the further effusion of
+blood, for reconciling Great Britain and her Colonies, for reuniting the
+affections of your now divided people, and for establishing, on a
+permanent foundation, the peace, commerce, and prosperity of all your
+Majesty's Dominions."
+
+It is a fact, worthy of special notice, that in both England and Ireland
+there was a complete absence of alacrity and enthusiasm in enlisting for
+the army and navy. This was the chief reason why George III. turned to
+the petty German princes who trafficked in human chattels. There people
+were seized in their homes, or while working the field, and sold to
+England at so much per head. On account of the great difficulty in
+England in obtaining voluntary recruits for the American war, the
+press-gang was resorted to, and in 1776, was especially fierce. In less
+than a month eight hundred men were seized in London alone, and several
+lives were lost in the scuffles that took place. The press-gang would
+hang about the prison-gates, and seize criminals whose sentences had
+expired and force them into the army.
+
+"It soon occurred to the government that able-bodied criminals might be
+more usefully employed in the coercion of the revolted colonists, and
+there is reason to believe that large numbers of criminals of all but
+the worst category, passed at this time into the English army and navy.
+In estimating the light in which British soldiers were regarded in
+America, and in estimating the violence and misconduct of which British
+soldiers were sometimes guilty, this fact must not be forgotten." In
+Ireland criminals were released from their prisons on condition of
+enlisting in the army or navy.[145]
+
+The regular press-gang was not confined to England, and it formed one of
+the grievances of the American colonists. One of the most terrible riots
+ever known in New England, was caused, in 1747, by this nefarious
+practice, under the sanction of Admiral Knowles. An English vessel was
+burnt, and English officers were seized and imprisoned by the crowd; the
+governor was obliged to flee to the castle; the sub-sheriffs were
+impounded in the stocks; the militia refused to act against the people;
+and the admiral was compelled to release his captives. Resistance, in
+America, was shown in many subsequent attempts to impress the people.
+
+The king and his ministers felt it was necessary to sustain the acts of
+parliament in the American war by having addresses sent to the king
+upholding him in the course he was pursuing. Hence emissaries were sent
+throughout the kingdom who cajoled the ignorant into signing such
+papers. The general sentiment of the people cannot be estimated by the
+number of addresses for they were obtained by the influence of the
+ministers of state. Every magistrate depending upon the favor of the
+crown could and would exert his influence as directed. Hence there were
+numerous addresses sent to the king approving the course he was bent
+upon. When it is considered that the government had the advantage of
+more than fifty thousand places and pensions at its disposal, the
+immense lever for securing addresses is readily seen. From no section of
+the country, however, were these addresses so numerous as from Scotland.
+
+It is one of the most singular things in history that the people of
+Scotland should have been so hostile to the Americans, and so forward in
+expressing their approbation of the attitude of George III. and his
+ministers. The Americans had in no wise ever harmed them or crossed
+their path. The emigrants from Scotland had been received with open arms
+by the people. If any had been mistreated, it was by the appointees of
+the crown. With scarcely an exception the whole political
+representation in both Houses of Parliament supported lord North, and
+were bitterly opposed to the Americans. Lecky has tried to soften the
+matter by throwing the blame on the servile leaders who did not
+represent the real sentiment of the people:
+
+   "Scotland, however, is one of the very few instances in history, of a
+   nation whose political representation was so grossly defective as not
+   merely to distort but absolutely to conceal its opinions. It was
+   habitually looked upon as the most servile and corrupt portion of the
+   British Empire; and the eminent liberalism and the very superior
+   political qualities of its people seem to have been scarcely
+   suspected to the very eve of the Reform Bill of 1832. That something
+   of that liberalism existed at the outbreak of the American war, may,
+   I think, be inferred from the very significant fact that the
+   Government were unable to obtain addresses in their favor either from
+   Edinburgh or Glasgow. The country, however, was judged mainly by its
+   representatives, and it was regarded as far more hostile to the
+   American cause than either England or Ireland."[146]
+
+A very able editor writing at the time has observed:
+
+   "It must however be acknowledge, that an unusual apathy with respect
+   to public affairs, seemed to prevail with the people, in general, of
+   this country; of which a stronger proof needs not to be given, that
+   than which will probably recur to every body's memory, that the
+   accounts of many of the late military actions, as well as of
+   political procedings of no less importance, were received with as
+   much indifference, and canvassed with as much coolness and unconcern,
+   as if they had happened between two nations with whom they were
+   scarcely connected. We must except from all these observations, the
+   people of North Britain (Scotland), who, almost to a man, so far as
+   they could be described or distinguished under any particular
+   denomination, not only applauded, but proffered life and fortune in
+   support of the present measures."[147]
+
+The list of addresses sent from Scotland to the king against the
+Colonies is a long one,--unbroken by any remonstrance or correction. It
+embraces those sent by the provost, magistrates, and common (or town)
+council of Aberbrothock, Aberdeen, Annan, Ayr, Burnt-Island, Dundee,
+Edinburgh, Forfar, Forres, Inverness, Irvine, Kirkaldy, Linlithgow,
+Lochmaben, Montrose, Nairn, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and
+Stirling; by the magistrates and town council of Brechine, Inverary, St.
+Andrews, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Kirkcudbright, Kirkwall, and Paisley; by the
+magistrates, town council and all the principal inhabitants of Fortrose;
+by the provost, magistrates, council, burgesses and inhabitants of
+Elgin; by the chief magistrates of Dunfermline, Inverkeithing and
+Culross; by the magistrates, common council, burgesses, and inhabitants
+of Dumfries; by the lord provost, magistrates, town council and deacons
+of craft of Lanark; by the magistrates, incorporated societies, and
+principal inhabitants of the town and port of Leith; by the principal
+inhabitants of Perth; by the gentlemen, clergy, merchants,
+manufacturers, incorporated trades and principal inhabitants of Dundee;
+by the deacon convenier, deacons of fourteen incorporated trades and
+other members of trades houses of Glasgow; by the magistrates, council
+and incorporations of Cupar in Fife, and Dumbarton; by the freeholders
+of the county of Argyle and Berwick; by the noblemen, gentlemen and
+freeholders of the counties of Aberdeen and Fife; by the noblemen,
+gentlemen, freeholders and others of the county of Linlithgow; by the
+noblemen and gentlemen of the county of Roxburgh; by the noblemen,
+justices of the peace, freeholders, and commissioners of supply of the
+counties of Perth and Caithness; by the noblemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of the land-tax of the counties of Banff
+and Elgin; by the freeholders and justices of the peace of the county of
+Dumbarton; by the gentlemen, justices of the peace, clergy, freeholders
+and committee of supply of the county of Clackmanan; by the gentlemen,
+justices of the peace and commissioners of land tax of the counties of
+Kincardine, Lanark and Renfrew; by the freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the counties of Kinross and Orkney;
+by the justices of the peace, freeholders and commissioners of land tax
+of the county of Peebles; by the gentlemen, freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn; by the
+gentlemen, heretors, freeholders and clergy of the counties of Ross and
+Cromarty; by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; by the
+ministers and elders of the provincial synod of Angus and Mearns; also
+of the synod of Glasgow and Ayr; by the provincial synod of Dumfries,
+and by the ministers of the presbytery of Irvine.
+
+The list ascribes but eight of the addresses to the Highlands. This does
+not signify that they were any the less loyal to the pretensions of
+George III. The probability is that the people generally stood ready to
+follow their leaders, and these latter exerted themselves against the
+colonists. The addresses that were proffered, emanating from the
+Highlands, in chronological order, may be thus summarized: The
+freeholders of Argyleshire, on October 17, 1775, met at Inverary with
+Robert Campbell presiding, and through their representative in
+Parliament, Colonel Livingston, presented their "humble Address" to the
+king, in which they refer to their predecessors who had "suffered early
+and greatly in the cause of liberty" and now judge it incumbent upon
+themselves "to express our sense of the blessings we enjoy under your
+Majesty's mild and constitutional Government; and, at the same time, to
+declare our abhorrence of the unnatural rebellion of our deluded
+fellow-subjects in America, which, we apprehend, is encouraged and
+fomented by several discontented and turbulent persons at home." They
+earnestly desire that the measures adopted by parliament may be
+"vigorously prosecuted;" "and we beg leave to assure your Majesty, that,
+in support of such measures, we are ready to risk our lives and
+fortunes."
+
+The address of the magistrates, town council, and all the principal
+inhabitants of Fortrose, is without date, but probably during the month
+of October of the same year. They met with Colonel Hector Munro, their
+representative in parliament, presiding, and addressing the king
+declared their "loyal affection" to his person; are "filled with a just
+sense of the many blessings" they enjoy, and "beg leave to approach the
+throne, and express our indignation at, and abhorrence of, the measures
+adopted by our unhappy and deluded fellow-subjects in America, in direct
+opposition to law and justice, and to every rational idea of
+civilization;" "with still greater indignation, if possible, we behold
+this rebellious disposition, which so fatally obtains on the other side
+of the Atlantic, fomented and cherished by a set of men in Great
+Britain;" that the "deluded children may quickly return to their duty,"
+and if not, "we hope your Majesty will direct such vigorous, speedy, and
+effectual measures to be pursued, as may bring them to a due sense of
+their error."
+
+The provost, magistrates and town council of Nairn met November 6, 1775,
+and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as his "most faithful
+subjects" and it was their "indispensable duty" to testify their
+"loyalty and attachment;" they were "deeply sensible of the many
+blessings" they enjoyed; they viewed with "horror and detestation" the
+"audacious attempts that have been made to alienate the affections of
+your subjects." "Weak as our utmost efforts may be deemed, and limited
+our powers, each heart and hand devoted to your service will, with the
+most ardent zeal, contribute in promoting such measures as may be now
+thought necessary for re-establishing the violated rights of the British
+Legislature, and bringing back to order and allegiance your Majesty's
+deluded and unhappy subjects in America."
+
+On the same day, the same class of men at Inverness made their address
+as "dutiful and loyal subjects," and declared "the many blessings" they
+enjoyed; and expressed their "utmost detestation and abhorrence of that
+spirit of rebellion which has unhappily broke forth among your Majesty's
+subjects in America," and "the greatest sorrow we behold the seditious
+designs of discontented and factious men so far attended with success as
+to seduce your infatuated and deluded subjects in the colonies from
+their allegiance and duty," and they declared their "determined
+resolution of supporting your Majesty's Government, to the utmost of our
+power, against all attempts that may be made to disturb it, either at
+home or abroad."
+
+The following day, or November 7th, the gentlemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn, met in
+the city of Nairn, and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign,"
+declaring themselves the "most dutiful and loyal subjects," and it was
+their "indispensable duty" "to declare our abhorrence of the present
+unnatural rebellion carried on by many of your infatuated subjects in
+America." "With profound humility we profess our unalterable attachment
+to your Majesty's person and family, and our most cordial approbation
+of the early measures adopted for giving a check to the first dawnings
+of disobedience. This county, in the late war, sent out many of its sons
+to defend your Majesty's ungrateful colonies against the invasion of
+foreign enemies, and they will now, when called upon, be equally ready
+to repel all the attempts of the traitorous and disaffected, against the
+dignity of your crown, and the just rights of the supreme Legislature of
+Great Britain."
+
+The gentlemen, heretors, freeholders, and clergy of the Counties of Ross
+and Cromarty assembled at Dingwall, November 23, 1775, and also
+addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as the "most faithful and
+loyal subjects," acknowledging "the protection we are blessed with in
+the enjoyment of our liberties," it is "with an inexpressible concern we
+behold many of our fellow-subjects in America, incited and supported by
+factions and designing men at home," and that "we shall have no
+hesitation in convincing your rebellious and deluded subjects in
+America, that with the same cheerfulness we so profusely spilled our
+blood in the last war, in defending them against their and our natural
+enemies, we are now ready to shed it, if necessary, in bringing them
+back to a just sense of their duty and allegiance to your Majesty, and
+their subordination to the Mother Country."
+
+The magistrates and town council of Inverary met on November 28, 1775,
+and to their "Most Gracious Sovereign" they were also the "most dutiful
+and loyal subjects," and further "enjoyed all the blessings of the best
+Government the wisdom of man ever devised, we have seen with
+indignation, the malignant breath of disappointed faction, by
+prostituting the sacred sounds of liberty, too successful in blowing the
+sparks of a temporary discontent into the flames of a rebellion in your
+Majesty's Colonies, that we from our souls abhor;" and they desired to
+be applied "such forcive remedies to the affected parts, as shall be
+necessary to restore that union and dependency of the whole on the
+legislative power."
+
+At Thurso, December 6, 1775, there met the noblemen, gentlemen,
+freeholders, justices of the peace and commissioners of supply of the
+county of Caithness, and in an address to their
+
+"Most Gracious Sovereign" declared themselves also to be the "most
+dutiful and loyal subjects;" they approved the "lenient measures" which
+had hitherto been taken in America by parliament, "and that they will
+support with their lives and fortunes, the vigorous exertions which they
+forsee may soon be necessary to subdue a rebellion premeditated,
+unprovoked, and that is every day becoming more general, untainted by
+the vices that too often accompany affluence, our people have been
+inured to industry, sobriety, and, when engaged in your Majesty's
+service, have been distinguished for an exact obedience to discipline,
+and a faithful discharge of duty; and we hope, if called forth to action
+in one combined corps, it will be their highest ambition to merit a
+favorable report to your Majesty from their superior officers. At the
+same time, it is our most ardent prayer to Almighty God, that the eyes
+of our deluded fellow-subjects in America may soon be opened, to see
+whether it is safe to trust in a Congress unconstitutionally assembled,
+in a band of officers unconstitutionally appointed, or in a British King
+and Parliament whose combined powers have indeed often restrained the
+licentiousness, but never invaded the rational liberties of mankind."
+
+A survey of the addresses indicates that they were composed by one
+person, or else modelled from the same formula. All had the same source
+of inspiration. This, however, does not militate against the moral
+effect of those uttering them. So far as Scotland is concerned, it must
+be regarded as a fair representation of the sentiment of the people.
+While only an insignificant part of the Highlands gave their humble
+petitions, yet the subsequent acts must be the criterion from which a
+judgment must be formed.
+
+It is possible that some of the loyal addresses were accelerated by the
+prohibition placed on Scotch emigration to America. Early in September,
+1775, Henry Dundas, lord-advocate for Scotland, urged the board of
+customs to issue orders to all inferior custom houses enjoining them to
+grant no clearances for America of any ship which had more than the
+common complement of hands on board. On September 23, 1775, Archibald
+Cockburn, sheriff deputy of Edinburgh, issued the following order:
+
+   "Whereas a letter[148] was received by me some time ago, from His
+   Majesty's Advocate for Scotland, intimating that, on account of the
+   present rebellion in America, it was proper a stop should be put for
+   the present to emigrations to that Country, and that the necessary
+   directions were left at the different sea-ports in Scotland to that
+   purpose; I think it my duty, in obedience to his Lordship's
+   requisition contained in that letter, to take this publick method of
+   notifying to such of the inhabitants within my jurisdiction, if any
+   such there be, who have formed resolutions to themselves of leaving
+   this Country, and going in quest of settlements in America, that they
+   aught not to put themselves to the unnecessary trouble and expense of
+   preparing for a removal of their habitations, which they will not, so
+   far as it lies in my power to prevent, be permitted to effectuate."
+
+The British government had every assurance of the undivided support of
+all Scotland in its attempt to subjugate America. It also put a strong
+dependence in enlisting in the army such Highlanders as had emigrated,
+and especially those who had belonged to the 42nd, Fraser's, and
+Montgomery's regiments, but remained in the country after the peace of
+1763. This alone would make a very unfavorable impression on the minds
+of Americans. But when to this is added the efforts of British officers
+to organize the emigrants from the Highlands into a special regiment, as
+early as November, 1775, the rising of the Highlanders both in North
+Carolina and on the Mohawk, the enlisting of emigrants on board vessels
+before landing and sailing by Boston to join their regiments at Halifax,
+and on the passage listening to the booming of the cannon at Bunker
+Hill; and the further fact that both the 42nd and Fraser's Highlanders
+were ordered to embark at Greenock for America, five days before the
+battle of Lexington, it is not a matter of surprise that a strong
+resentment should be aroused in the breasts of many of the most devoted
+to the cause of the Revolution.
+
+The feeling engendered by the acts of Scotland towards those engaged in
+the struggle for human liberty crops out in the original draft of the
+Declaration of Independence as laid before Congress July 1, 1776. In the
+memorable paper appeared the following sentence: "At this very time,
+too, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over, not only
+soldiers of our common blood, but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to
+invade and destroy us." The word "Scotch" was struck out, on motion of
+Dr. John Witherspoon, himself a native of Scotland; and subsequently the
+whole sentence was deleted.
+
+The sentence was not strictly true, for there were thousands of
+Americans of Scotch ancestry, but principally Lowland. There were also
+thousands of Americans, true to the principles of the Revolution, of
+Highland extraction. If the sentence had been strictly true, it would
+have served no purpose, even if none were alienated thereby. But, the
+records show that in the American army there were men who rendered
+distinguished services who were born in the Highlands; and others, from
+the Lowlands, rendered services of the highest value in their civil
+capacities.
+
+The armies of the Colonies had no regiments or companies composed of
+Highland Scotch, or even of that extraction, although their names abound
+scattered through a very large percentage of the organized forces. The
+only effort[149] which appears to have been made in that direction rests
+on two petitions by Donald McLeod. The first was directed to the
+Committee for the City and County of New York, dated at New York, June
+7, 1775:
+
+   "That your petitioner, from a deep sense of the favors conferred on
+   himself, as well as those shown to many of his countrymen when in
+   great distress after their arrival into this once happy city, is
+   moved by a voluntary spirit of liberty to offer himself in the manner
+   and form following, viz: That your said petitioner understands that a
+   great many Companies are now on foot to be raised for the defence of
+   our liberties in this once happy land, which he thinks to be a very
+   proper maxim for the furtherance of our rights and liberty; that your
+   said petitioner (although he has nothing to recommend himself but the
+   variety of calling himself a Highlander, from North-Britain) flatters
+   himself that if this honorable Committee were to grant him a
+   commission, under their hand and seal, that he could, without
+   difficulty, raise one hundred Scotch Highlanders in this City and the
+   neighboring Provinces, provided they were to be put in the Highland
+   dress, and under pay during their service in defence of our
+   liberties. Therefore, may it please your Honors to take this petition
+   under your serious consideration; and should your Honors think proper
+   to confer the honor upon him as to have the command of a Highland
+   Company, under the circumstances proposed, your petitioner assures
+   you that no person shall or will be more willing to accept of the
+   offer than your humble petitioner."
+
+On the following day Donald McLeod sent a petition, couched in the
+following language to the Congress for the Colony of New York:
+
+   "That yesterday your said petitioner presented a petition before this
+   honorable body, and as to the contents of which he begs leave to give
+   reference. That since, a ship arrived from Scotland, with a number of
+   Highlanders passengers. That your petitioner talked to them this
+   morning, and after informing them of the present state of this as
+   well as the neighboring Colonies, they all seemed to be very desirous
+   to form themselves into companies, with the proviso of having liberty
+   to wear their own country dress, commonly called the Highland habit,
+   and moreover to be under pay for the time they are in the service for
+   the protection of the liberties of this once happy country, but by
+   all means to be under the command of Highland officers, as some of
+   them cannot speak the English language. That the said Highlanders are
+   already furnished with guns, swords, pistols, and Highland dirks,
+   which, in case of occasion, is very necessary, as all the above
+   articles are at this time very difficult to be had. Therefore may it
+   please your Honors to take all and singular the premises under your
+   serious and immediate consideration; and as your petitioner wants an
+   answer as soon as possible, he further prays that as soon as they
+   think it meet, he may be advised. And your petitioner, is in duty
+   bound, shall ever pray."
+
+This petition was presented during the formative state of the army, and
+when the colonies were in a state of anarchy. Congress had not yet
+assumed control of the army, although on the very eve of it. With an
+empire to found and defend, the continental Congress had not at its
+disposal a single penny. When Washington was offered the command of the
+army there was little to bring out the unorganized resources of the
+country. At the very time of Donald McLeod's petition, the provincial
+congress of New York was engaged with the distracted state of its own
+commonwealth. Order was not brought out of chaos until the strong hand
+and great energy of Washington had been felt.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 143: Lecky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 151.]
+
+[Footnote 144: Bancroft's History United States, Vol. VI, p. 136;
+American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. I, p. 1543.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Leeky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 346]
+
+[Footnote 146: History of England, Vol. IV, p. 338.]
+
+[Footnote 147: Annual Register, 1776, p. 39.]
+
+[Footnote 148: See Appendix, Note M.]
+
+[Footnote 149: See Appendix, Note N.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+The great Pitt, in his famous eulogy on the Highland regiments,
+delivered in 1766, in Parliament, said: "I sought for merit wherever it
+could be found. It is my boast that I was the first minister who looked
+for it, and found it, in the mountains of the north. I called it forth,
+and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men; men who,
+when left by your jealousy, became a prey to the artifices of your
+enemies, and had gone nigh to have overturned the State, in the war
+before the last. These men, in the last war, were brought to combat on
+your side; they served with fidelity, as they fought with valor, and
+conquered for you in every quarter of the world."
+
+
+ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANT REGIMENT.
+
+These same men were destined to be brought from their homes and help
+swell the ranks of the oppressors of America. The first attempt made was
+to organize the Highland regiments in America. The MacDonald fiasco in
+North Carolina and the Highlanders of Sir John Johnson have already been
+noticed. But there were other Highlanders throughout the inhabited
+districts of America, who had emigrated, or else had belonged to the
+42nd, Fraser's or Montgomery's Highlanders. It was desired to collect
+these, in so far as it was possible, and organize them into a distinct
+regiment. The supervision of this work was given to Colonel Allan
+MacLean of Torloisk, Mull, an experienced officer who had seen hard
+service in previous wars. The secret instructions given by George III.
+to William Tryon, governor of New York, is dated April 3, 1775:
+
+   "Whereas an humble application hath been made to us by Allen McLean
+   Eqre late Major to our 114th Regiment, and Lieut Col: in our Army
+   setting forth, that a considerable number of our subjects, who have,
+   at different times, emigrated from the North West parts of North
+   Britain, and have transported themselves, with their families, to New
+   York, have expressed a desire, to take up Lands within our said
+   Province, to be held of us, our heirs and successors, in fee simple;
+   and whereas it may be of public advantage to grant lands in manner
+   aforesaid to such of the said Emigrants now residing within our said
+   province as may be desirous of settling together upon some convenient
+   spot within the same. It is therefore our Will and pleasure, that
+   upon application to you by the said Allen McLean, and upon his
+   producing to you an Association of the said Emigrants to the effect
+   of the form hereunto annexed, subscribed by the heads of the several
+   families of which such Emigrants shall consist, you do cause a proper
+   spot to be located and surveyed in one contiguous Tract within our
+   said Province of New York, sufficient in quantity for the
+   accommodation of such Emigrants, allowing 100 acres to each head of a
+   family, and 500 acres for every other person of which the said family
+   shall consist; and it is our further will and pleasure that when the
+   said Lands shall have been located as aforesaid, you do grant the
+   same by letters patent under the seal of our said Province unto the
+   said Allen Maclean, in trust, and upon the conditions, to make
+   allotments thereof in Fee Simple to the heads of Families, whose
+   names, together with the number of persons in each family, shall have
+   been delivered in by him as aforesaid, accompanied with the said
+   association, and it is Our further will and pleasure that it be
+   expressed in the said letters patent, that the lands so to be granted
+   shall be exempt from the payment of quit-rents for 20 years from the
+   date thereof, with a proviso however that all such parts of the said
+   Tracts as shall not be settled in manner aforesaid within two years
+   from the date of the grant shall revert to us, and be disposed of in
+   such manner as we shall think fit; and it is our further will and
+   pleasure, that neither yourself, nor any other of our Officers,
+   within our said Province, to whose duty it may appertain to carry
+   these our orders into execution do take any Fee or reward for the
+   same, and that the expense of surveying and locating any Tract of
+   Land in the manner and for the purpose above mentioned be defrayed
+   out of our Revenue of Quit rents and charged to the account thereof.
+   And we do hereby, declare it to be our further will and pleasure,
+   that in case the whole or any part of the said Colonists, fit to bear
+   Arms, shall be hereafter embodied and employed in Our service in
+   America, either as Commission or non Commissioned Officers or private
+   Men, they shall respectively receive further grants of Land from us
+   within our said province, free of all charges, and exempt from the
+   payment of quit rents for 20 years, in the same proportion to their
+   respective Ranks, as is directed and prescribed by our Royal
+   Proclamation of the 7th of October 1763 in regard to such officers
+   and soldiers as were employed in our service during the last War."
+
+This paltry scheme concocted to raise men for the royal cause could have
+but very little effect. The Highlanders, it proposed to reach, were
+scattered, and the work proposed must be done secretly and with
+expedition. To raise the Highlanders required address, a number of
+agents, and necessary hardships. Armed with the warrant Colonel Maclean
+and some followers preceded to New York and from there to Boston, where
+the object of the visit became known through a sergeant by name of
+McDonald who was trying to enlist "men to join the King's Troops; they
+seized him, and on his examination found that he had been employed by
+Major Small for this Purpose; they sent him a Prisoner into Connecticut.
+This has raised a violent suspicion against the Scots and Highlanders
+and will make the execution of Coll Maclean's Plan more difficult."[150]
+
+The principal agents engaged with Colonel Maclean in raising the new
+regiment were Major John Small and Captain Alexander McDonald. The
+latter met with much discouragement and several escapes. His
+"Letter-Book" is a mine of information pertaining to the regiment. As
+early as November 15, 1775, he draws a gloomy picture of the straits of
+the Macdonalds on whom so much was relied by the English government. "As
+for all the McDonalds in America they may Curse the day that was born as
+being the means of Leading them to ruin from my Zeal and attachment for
+government poor Glanaldall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of
+him since a small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his
+having Six & thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost he is
+unavoidably ruined in his Means all those up the Mohawk river will be
+tore to pieces and those in North Carolina the same so that if
+Government will Not Consider them when Matters are Settled I think they
+are ill treated."[151]
+
+The commissions of Colonel Maclean, Major John Small and Captain
+William Dunbar bear date of June 13, 1775, and all the other captains
+one day later.
+
+The regiment raised was known as the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment
+and was composed of two battalions, the first of which was commanded by
+Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean, and was composed of Highland emigrants
+in Canada, and the discharged men of the 42nd, of Fraser's and
+Montgomery's Highlanders who had settled in North America after the
+peace of 1763. Great difficulty was experienced in conveying the troops
+who had been raised in the back settlements to their respective
+destinations. This battalion made the following return of its officers:
+
+Isle Aux Noix, 15th April, 1778.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Rank         |   NAMES                      |Former Rank in the Army
+-------------+------------------------------+-------------------------
+Lieut.-Col   |Allan McLean                  |Lieutenant-Colonel
+Major        |Donald McDonald               |
+Captain      |William Dunbar                |Capt. late 78th Regt
+             |John Nairne                   |
+             |Alexander Fraser              |Lieut. late 78th Regt
+             |George McDougall              |Lieut. 60th Regt
+             |Malcolm Fraser                |Lieut. late 8th Regt
+             |Daniel Robertson              |Lieut. 42nd Regt
+             |George Laws                   |
+Lieutenant   |Neil McLean, (prisoner)       |Lieut. 7th Regt
+             |John McLean                   |Ensign late 114th Regt
+             |Alexander Firtelier           |
+             |Lachlan McLean                |
+             |Fran. Damburgess, (prisoner)  |Ensign, 21 Nov. 1775
+             |David Cairns                  |Ensign, 1st June 1775
+             |Don. McKinnon                 |Ensign, 20th Nov. 1775
+             |Ronald McDonald               |Ensign, 14th June 1775
+             |John McDonell                 |Ensign, 14th June 1775
+             |Alexander Stratton, (prisoner)|
+             |Hector McLean                 |
+Ensign       |Ronald McDonald               |
+             |Archibald Grant               |
+             |David Smith                   |
+             |George Darne                  |
+             |Archibald McDonald            |
+             |William Wood                  |
+-------------+------------------------------+-------------------------
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Rank      |   NAMES                      |  Former Rank in the Army
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------
+ Ensign      | John Pringle                 |
+   "         | Hector McLean, (prisoner)    |
+ Chaplain    | John Bethune                 |
+ Adjutant    | Ronald McDonald              |
+ Qr. Master  | Lachlan McLean               |
+ Surgeon     | James Davidson               |
+ Surg's Mate | James Walker                 |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------
+
+The second battalion was commanded by Major John Small, formerly of the
+42nd, and then of the 21st regiment, which was raised from emigrants
+arriving in the colonies and discharged Highland soldiers who had
+settled in Nova Scotia. Each battalion was to consist of seven hundred
+and fifty men, with officers in proportion. In speaking of the raising
+of the men Captain Alexander McDonald, in a letter to General Sir
+William Howe, under date of Halifax, November 30, 1775, says:
+
+   "Last October was a year when I found the people of America were
+   determind on Rebellion, I wrote to Major Small desiring he would
+   acquaint General Gage that I was ready to join the Army with a
+   hundred as good men as any in America, the General was pleased to
+   order the Major to write and return his Excellency's thanks to me for
+   my Loyalty and spirited offers of Service, but that he had not power
+   at that time to grant Commissions or raise any troops; however the
+   hint was improved and A proposal was Sent home to Government to raise
+   five Companies and I was in the meantime ordered to ingeage as many
+   men as I possibly Could, Accordingly I Left my own house on Staten
+   Island this same day year and travelled through frost snow & Ice all
+   the way to the Mohawk river, where there was two hundred Men of my
+   own Name, who had fled from the Severity of their Landlords in the
+   Highlands of Scotland, the Leading men of whom most Cheerfully agreed
+   to be ready at a Call, but the affair was obliged to be kept a
+   profound Secret till it was Known whether the government approved of
+   the Scheme and otherwise I could have inlisted five hundred men in a
+   months time, from thence I proceeded straight to Boston to know for
+   Certain what was done in the affair when General Gage asur'd me that
+   he had recommended it to the Ministry and did not doubt of its
+   Meeting with approbation. I Left Boston and went home to my own
+   house and was ingeaging as Many men as I Could of those that I
+   thought I could intrust but it was not possible to keep the thing
+   Long a Secret when we had to make proposals to five hundred men; in
+   the Mean time Coll McLean arrived with full power from Government to
+   Collect all the Highlanders who had Emigrated to America Into one
+   place and to give Every man the hundred Acres of Land and if need
+   required to give Arms to as many men as were Capable of bearing them
+   for His Majesty's Service. Coll McLean and I Came from New York to
+   Boston to know how Matters would be Settled by Genl Gage: it was then
+   proposed and Agreed upon to raise twenty Companies or two Battalions
+   Consisting of one Lt Colonl Commandant two Majors and Seventeen
+   Captains, of which I was to be the first or oldest Captain and was
+   confirmed by Coll McLean under his hand Writeing."[152]
+
+At the time of the beginning of hostilities a large number of
+Highlanders were on their way from Scotland to settle in the colonies.
+In some instances the vessels on which were the emigrants, were boarded
+from a man-of-war before their arrival. In some families there is a
+tradition that they were captured by a war vessel. Those who did arrive
+were induced partly by threats and partly by persuasion to enlist for
+the war, which they were assured would be of short duration. These
+people were not only in poverty, but many were in debt for their
+passage, and they were now promised that by enlisting their debts should
+be paid, they should have plenty of food as well as full pay for their
+services, besides receiving for each head of a family two hundred acres
+of land and fifty more for each child, while, in the event of refusal,
+there was presented the alternative of going to jail to pay their debts.
+The result of the artifices used can be no mystery. Under such
+conditions most of the able-bodied men enlisted, in some instances
+father and son serving together. Their wives and children were sent to
+Halifax, hearing the cannon of Bunker Hill on their passage.
+
+These enlistments formed a part of the Battalion under Major
+Small,--five companies of which remained in Nova Scotia during the war,
+and the remaining five joining Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis to
+the southward. That portion of which remained in Nova Scotia, was
+stationed at Halifax, Windsor, and Cumberland, and were distinguished by
+their uniform good behavior.
+
+The men belonging to the first battalion were assembled at Quebec. On
+the approach of the American army by Lake Champlain, Colonel Maclean was
+ordered to St. Johns with a party of militia, but got only as far as St.
+Denis, where he was deserted by his men. When Quebec was threatened by
+the American army under Colonel Arnold, Colonel Maclean with his
+regiment consisting of three hundred and fifty men, was at Sorel, and
+being forced to decamp from that place, by great celerity of movement,
+evaded the army of Colonel Arnold and passed into Quebec with one
+hundred of his regiment. He arrived just in time, for the citizens were
+about to surrender the city to the Americans. On Colonel Maclean's
+arrival, November 13, 1775, the garrison consisted only of fifty men of
+the Fusiliers and seven hundred militia and seamen. There had also just
+landed one hundred recruits of Colonel Maclean's corps from
+Newfoundland, which had been raised by Malcolm Fraser and Captain
+Campbell. Also, at the same time, there arrived the frigate Lizard, with
+£20,000 cash, all of which put new spirits into the garrison. The
+arrival of the veteran Maclean greatly diminished the chances of Colonel
+Arnold. Colonel Maclean now bent his energies towards saving the town;
+strengthened every point; enthused the lukewarm, and by emulation kept
+up a good spirit among them all. When General Carleton, leaving his army
+behind him, arrived in Quebec he found that Colonel Maclean had not only
+withstood the assaults of the Americans but had brought order and system
+out of chaos. In the final assault on the last day of the year, when the
+brave General Montgomery fell, the Highlanders were in the midst of the
+fray.
+
+Many of the Americans were captured at this storming of Quebec. One of
+them narrates that "January 4th, on the next day, we were visited by
+Colonel Maclean, an old man, attended by other officers, for a peculiar
+purpose, that is, to ascertain who among us were born in Europe. We had
+many Irishmen and some Englishmen. The question was put to each; those
+who admitted a British birth, were told they must serve his majesty in
+Colonel Maclean's regiment, a new corps, called the emigrants. Our poor
+fellows, under the fearful penalty of being carried to Britain, there to
+be tried for treason, were compelled by necessity, and many of them did
+enlist."[153]
+
+Such men could hardly prove to be reliable, and it can be no
+astonishment to read what Major Henry Caldwell, one of the defenders of
+Quebec says of it:
+
+   "Of the prisoners we took, about 100 of them were Europeans, chiefly
+   from Ireland; the greatest part of them engaged voluntarily in Col.
+   McLean's corps, but about a dozen of them deserting in the course of
+   a month, the rest were again confined, and not released till the
+   arrival of the Isis, when they were again taken into the corps."[154]
+
+Colonel Arnold despairing of capturing the town by assault, established
+himself on the Heights of Abraham, with the intention of cutting off
+supplies and blockading the town. In this situation he reduced the
+garrison to great straits, all communication with the country being cut
+off. He erected batteries and made several attempts to get possession of
+the lower town, but was foiled at every point by the vigilance of
+Colonel Maclean. On the approach of spring, Colonel Arnold, despairing
+of success, raised the siege.
+
+The battalion remained in the province of Canada during the war, and was
+principally employed in small, but harrassing enterprises. In one of
+these, Captain Daniel Robertson, Lieutenant Hector Maclean, and Ensign
+Archibald Grant, with the grenadier company, marched twenty days through
+the woods with no other direction than the compass, and an Indian guide.
+The object being to surprise a small post in the interior, which was
+successful and attained without loss. By long practice in the woods the
+men had become very intelligent and expert in this kind of warfare.
+
+The reason why this regiment was not with the army of General Burgoyne,
+and thus escaped the humiliation of the surrender at Saratoga, has been
+stated by that officer in the following language: that he proposed to
+leave in Canada "Maclean's Corps, because I very much apprehend
+desertions from such parts of it as are composed of Americans, should
+they come near the enemy. In Canada, whatsoever may be their
+disposition, it is not so easy to effect it."[155]
+
+Notwithstanding the conduct of Colonel Allan Maclean at the siege of
+Quebec and his great zeal in behalf of Britain his corps was not yet
+recognized, though he had at the outset been promised establishment and
+rank for it. He therefore returned to England where he arrived on
+September 1, 1776, to seek justice for himself and men. They were not
+received until the close of 1778, when the regiment was numbered the
+84th, at which time Sir Henry Clinton was appointed its Colonel, and the
+battalions ordered to be augmented to one thousand men each. The uniform
+was the full Highland garb, with purses made of raccoons' instead of
+badger's skins. The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men
+a half basket sword.
+
+"On a St. Andrew's day a ball was given by the officers of the garrison
+in which they were quartered to the ladies in the vicinity. When one of
+the ladies entered the ball-room, and saw officers in the Highland
+dress, her sensitive delicacy revolted at what she though an indecency,
+declaring she would quit the room if these were to be her company. This
+occasioned some little embarrassment. An Indian lady, sister of the
+Chief Joseph Brant, who was present with her daughters, observing the
+bustle, inquired what was the matter, and being informed, she cried out,
+'This must be a very indelicate lady to think of such a thing; she shows
+her own arms and elbows to all the men, and she pretends she cannot look
+at these officers' bare legs, although she will look at my husband's
+bare thighs for hours together; she must think of other things, or she
+would see no more shame in a man showing his legs, than she does in
+showing her neck and breast.' These remarks turned the laugh against the
+lady's squeamish delicacy, and the ball was permitted to proceed without
+the officers being obliged to retire."[156]
+
+With every opportunity offered the first battalion to desert, in
+consequence of offers of land and other inducements held out by the
+Americans, not one native Highlander deserted; and only one Highlander
+was brought to the halberts during the time they were embodied.
+
+The history of the formation of the two battalions is dissimilar; that
+of the second was not attended with so great difficulties. In the
+formation of the first all manner of devices were entered into, and
+various disguises were resorted to in order to escape detection. Even
+this did not always protect them.
+
+"It is beyond the power of Expression to give an Idea of the expence &
+trouble our Officers have Undergone in these expeditions into the
+Rebellious provinces. Some of them have been fortunate enough to get off
+Undiscovered--But Many have been taken abused by Mobs in an Outragious
+manner & cast into prisons with felons, where they have Suffered all the
+Evils that revengeful Rage ignorance Bigotry & Inhumanity could
+inflict--There has been even Skirmishes on such Occasions.***** It was
+an uncommon Exertion in one of our Offrs. to make his Escape with forty
+highlanders from the Mohawk river to Montreal havg. had nothing to eat
+for ten days but their Dogs & herbs & in another to have on his private
+Credit & indeed ruin, Victualled a Considerable Number of Soldiers he
+had engaged in hopes of getting off with them to Canada, but being at
+last taken & kept in hard imprisonmt for near a year by the Rebels to
+have effected his escape & Collecting his hundred men to have brot them
+thro' the Woods lately from near Abany to Canada."[157]
+
+Difficulties in the formation of the regiment and placing it on the
+establishment grew out of the opposition of Governor Legge, and from
+him, through General Gage transmitted to the ministry, when all
+enlistments, for the time being were prohibited. The officers, from the
+start had been assured that the regiment should be placed on the
+establishment, and each should be entitled to his rank and in case of
+reduction should go on half pay. The officers should consist of those on
+half pay who had served in the last war, and had settled in America.
+When the regiment had been established and numbered, through the
+exertions of Colonel Maclean the ranks were rapidly filled, and the
+previous difficulties overcome.
+
+The winter of 1775-1776, was very severe on the second battalion.
+Although stationed in Halifax they were without sufficient clothing or
+proper food, or pay, and the officer in charge--Captain Alexander
+McDonald--without authority to draw money, or a regular warrant to
+receive it. In January "the men were almost stark naked for want of
+clothing," and even bare-footed. The plaids and Kilmarnocks could not be
+had. As late as March 1st there was "not a shoe nor a bit of leather to
+be had in Halifax for either love or money," and men were suffering from
+their frosted feet. "The men made a horrid and scandalous appearance on
+duty, insulted and despised by the soldiers of the other corps." In
+April 1778, clothing that was designed for the first battalion, having
+been consigned to Halifax, was taken by Captain McDonald and distributed
+to the men of the second. Out of this grew an acrimonious
+correspondence. Of the food, Captain McDonald writes:
+
+   "We are served Served Since prior to September last with Flower that
+   is Rank poison at lest Bread made of Such flower--The Men of our
+   Regiment that are in Command at the East Battery brought me a Sample
+   of the fflower they received for a Months provision, it was exactly
+   like Chalk & as Sower as Vinegarr I asked the Doctors opinion of it
+   who told me it was Sufficient to Destroy all the Regiment to eatt
+   Bread made of Such fflower; it is hard when Mens Lives are So
+   precious and so much wanted for the Service of their King and
+   country, that they Should thus wantonly be Sported with to put money
+   in the pocket of any individuall."[158]
+
+It appears to have been the policy to break up the second battalion and
+have it serve on detached duty. Hence a detachment was sent to
+Newfoundland, another to Annapolis, at Cumberland, Fort Howe, Fort
+Edward, Fort Sackville and Windsor, but rallying at Halifax as the
+headquarters--to say nothing of those sent to the Southern States. No
+wonder Captain McDonald complains, "We have absolutely been worse used
+than any one Regiment in America and has done more duty and Drudgery of
+all kinds than any other Bn. in America these thre Years past and it is
+but reasonable Just and Equitable that we should now be Suffered to Join
+together at least as early as possible in the Spring and let some Other
+Regimt relieve the difft. posts we at present Occupy."[159]
+
+But it was not all garrison duty. Writing from Halifax, under date of
+July 13th, 1777, Captain McDonald says:
+
+   "Another Attempt has been made from New England to invade this
+   province wch. is also defeated by a detachmt from our Regt & the
+   Marines on board of Captn Hawker. Our Detachmt went on board of him
+   here & he having a Quick passage to the River St John's wch. divides
+   Nova Scotia from New England & where the Rebells were going to take
+   post & Rebuild the old fort that was there the last War. Immediately
+   on Captn Hawker's Arrival there Our men under the Commd. of Ensn. Jno
+   McDonald & the Marines under that of a Lieut were landed & Engaged
+   the Enemy who were abt. a hundred Strong & after a Smart firing &
+   some killed & wounded on both Sides the Rebells ran with the greatest
+   precipitation & Confusion to their boats. Some of our light Armed
+   vessells pursued them & I hope before this time they are either taken
+   or starving in the Woods."[160]
+
+Whatever may be said of the good behavior of the men of the second
+battalion, there were three at least whom Captain McDonald describes as
+"rascales." He also gives the following severe rebuke to one of the
+officers:
+
+     "Halifax 16th Febry 1777
+     Mr. Jas. McDonald.
+
+   I am sorry to inform you that every Accot I receive from Windsor is
+   very unfavorable in regard to you. Your Cursed Carelessness &
+   slovenlyness about your own Body and your dress Nothing going on but
+   drinking Calybogus Schewing Tobacco & playing Cards in place of that
+   decentness & Cleanliness that all Gentlemen who has the least Regard
+   for themselves & Character must & does observe. I am afraid from your
+   Conduct that you will be no Credit or honor to the Memories of those
+   Worthies from whom you are descended & if you have no regard for them
+   or your self I need not expect you'll be at any pains to be of Any
+   Credit to me for anything I can do for you. I am about Giving you
+   Rank agreeable to Col. McLean's plan & on Accot. of your having bro't
+   more men to the Regimt. than either Mr. Fitz Gerd. or Campbell You
+   are to be the Second in Command at that post Lt. Fitz Ger'd. the
+   third & Campbell the fourth. And I hope I shall never have Occasion
+   to write to you in this Manner again. I beg you will begin now to
+   mend your hand to write & learn to keep Accots. that you may be able
+   to do Some thing like an officer if ever you expect to make a figure
+   in the Army You must Change your plan & lay yr. money out to Acquire
+   such Accomplishm'ts befitting an officer rather than Tobacco,
+   Calybogus and the Devil knows what. I am tired of Scolding of you, so
+   will say no more."[161]
+
+But little has been recorded of the five companies of the second
+battalion that joined Sir Henry Clinton and lord Cornwallis. The company
+called grenadiers was in the battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina,
+fought September 8, 1781. This was one of the most closely contested
+battles of the Revolution, in which the grenadier company was in the
+thickest and severest of the fight. The British army, under Colonel
+Alexander Stuart, of the 3rd regiment was drawn up in a line extending
+from Eutaw creek to an eighth of a mile southward. The Irish Buffs
+(third regiment) formed the right; Lieutenant Colonel Cruger's Loyalists
+the center; and the 63rd and 64th regiments the left. Near the creek was
+a flank battalion of infantry and the grenadiers, under Major
+Majoribanks, partially covered and concealed by a thicket on the bank of
+the stream. The Americans, under General Greene, having routed two
+advanced detachments, fell with great spirit on the main body. After the
+battle had been stubbornly contested for some time, Major Majoribank's
+command was ordered up, and terribly galled the American flanks. In
+attempting to dislodge them, the Americans received a terrible volley
+from behind the thicket. Soon the entire British line fell back, Major
+Majoribanks covering the movement. They abandoned their camp, destroyed
+their stores and many fled precipitately towards Charleston, while Major
+Majoribanks halted behind the palisades of a brick house. The American
+soldiers, in spite of the orders of General Greene and the efforts of
+their officers began to pillage the camp, instead of attempting to
+dislodge Major Majoribanks. A heavy fire was poured upon the Americans
+who were in the British camp, from the force that had taken refuge in
+the brick house, while Major Majoribanks moved from his covert on the
+right. The light horse or legion of Colonel Henry Lee, remaining under
+the control of that officer, followed so closely upon those who had fled
+to the house that the fugitives in closing the doors shut out two or
+three of their own officers. Those of the legion who had followed to the
+door seized each a prisoner, and interposing him as a shield retreated
+beyond the fire from the windows. Among those captured was Captain
+Barre, a brother of the celebrated Colonel Barre of the British
+parliament, having been seized by Captain Manning. In the terror of the
+moment Barre began to recite solemnly his titles: "I am Sir Henry Barre
+deputy adjutant general of the British army, captain of the 52nd
+regiment, secretary of the commandant at Charleston--" "Are you indeed?"
+interrupted Captain Manning; "you are my prisoner now, and the very man
+I was looking for; come along with me." He then placed his titled
+prisoner between him and the fire of the enemy, and retreated.
+
+The arrest of the Americans by Major Majoribanks and the party that had
+fled into the brick house, gave Colonel Stuart an opportunity to rally
+his forces, and while advancing, Major Majoribanks poured a murderous
+fire into the legion of Colonel Lee, which threw them into confusion.
+Perceiving this, he sallied out seized the two field pieces and ran them
+under the windows of the house. Owing to the crippled condition of his
+army, and the shattering of his cavalry by the force of Major
+Majoribanks, General Greene ordered a retreat, after a conflict of four
+hours. The British repossessed the camp, but on the following day
+decamped, abandoning seventy-two of their wounded. Considering the
+numbers engaged, both parties lost heavily. The Americans had one
+hundred and thirty rank and file killed, three hundred and eighty-five
+wounded, and forty missing. The loss of the British, according to their
+own report, was six hundred and ninety-three men, of whom eighty-five
+were killed.
+
+At the conclusion of the war the transports bearing the companies were
+ordered to Halifax, where the men were discharged; but, owing to the
+violence of the weather, and a consequent loss of reckoning, they made
+the island of Nevis and St. Kitt's instead of Halifax. This delayed the
+final reduction till 1784. In the distant quarters of the first
+battalion, they were forgotten. By their agreement they should have been
+discharged in April 1783, but orders were not sent until July 1784.
+
+It is possible that a roll of the officers of the second battalion may
+be in existence. The following names of the officers are preserved in
+McDonald's "Letter-Book":
+
+Major John Small, commandant; Captains Alexander McDonald, Duncan
+Campbell, Ronald McKinnon, Murdoch McLean, Alexander Campbell, John
+McDonald and Allan McDonald; Lieutenants Gerald Fitzgerald, Robert
+Campbell, James McDonald and Lachlan McLean; Ensign John Day; chaplain,
+Doctor Boynton.
+
+The uniform of the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment was the full
+Highland garb, with purses made of raccoon's instead of badger's skins.
+The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men a half basket
+sword, as previously stated.
+
+At the conclusion of the war grants of land were given to the officers
+and men, in the proportion of five thousand acres to a field officer,
+three thousand to a captain, five hundred to a subaltern, two hundred to
+a serjeant and one hundred to each soldier. All those who had settled in
+America previous to the war, remained, and took possession of their
+lands, but many of the others returned to Scotland. The men of Major
+Small's battalion went to Nova Scotia, where they settled a township,
+and gave it the name of Douglas, in Hants County; but a number settled
+on East River.
+
+The first to come to East River, of the 84th, was big James Fraser, in
+company with Donald McKay and fifteen of his comrades, and took up a
+tract of three thousand four hundred acres extending along both sides of
+the river. Their discharges are dated April 10, 1784, but the grant
+November 3, 1785. About the same time of the occupation of the East
+River, in Pictou County, the West Branch was occupied by men of the same
+regiment; the first of whom were David McLean and John Fraser.
+
+The settlers of East Branch, or River, of the 84th, on the East side
+were Donald Cameron, a native of Urquhart, Scotland; served eight years;
+possessed one hundred and fifty acres; his son Duncan served two years
+as a drummer boy in the regiment. Alexander Cameron, one hundred acres.
+Robert Clark, one hundred acres. Finlay Cameron, four hundred. Samuel
+Cameron, one hundred acres. James Fraser, a native of Strathglass, three
+hundred and fifty acres. Peter Grant, James McDonald, Hugh McDonald, one
+hundred acres.
+
+On the west side of same river: James Fraser, one hundred acres. Duncan
+McDonald, one hundred acres. John McDonald, two hundred and fifty acres.
+Samuel Cameron, three hundred acres. John Chisholm, sen., three hundred
+acres. John Chisholm, jun., two hundred acres. John McDonald, two
+hundred and fifty acres.
+
+Those who settled at West Branch and other places on East River were,
+William Fraser, from Inverness, three hundred and fifty acres. John
+McKay, three hundred acres. John Robertson, four hundred and fifty.
+William Robertson, two hundred acres. John Fraser, from Inverness, three
+hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, from Inverness, two hundred acres. Thomas
+McKinzie, one hundred acres. David McLean, a sergeant in the army, five
+hundred acres. Alexander Cameron, three hundred acres. Hector McLean,
+four hundred acres. John Forbes, from Inverness, four hundred acres.
+Alexander McLean, five hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, Jun., one hundred
+acres. James McLellan, from Inverness, five hundred acres. Donald
+Chisholm, from Strathglass, three hundred and fifty acres. Robert Dundas
+(four hundred and fifty acres), Alexander Dunbar (two hundred acres),
+and William Dunbar, (three hundred acres), all three brothers, from
+Inverness, and of the 84th regiment. James Cameron, 84th regiment, three
+hundred acres. John McDougall, two hundred and fifty acres. John
+Chisholm, three hundred acres. Donald Chisholm, Jun., from Inverness,
+four hundred acres. Robert Clark, 84th, one hundred acres. Donald Shaw,
+from Inverness, three hundred acres. Alexander McIntosh, from Inverness,
+five hundred acres, and John McLellan, from Inverness, one hundred
+acres. Of the grantees of the West Branch, those designated from
+Inverness, were from the parish of Urquhart and served in the 84th, as
+did also those so specified. It is more than probable that all the
+others were not in the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment, or even served
+in the war.
+
+The members of the first, or Colonel MacLean's battalion settled in
+Canada, many of whom at Montreal, where they rallied around their
+chaplain, John Bethune. This gentleman acted as chaplain of the
+Highlanders in North Carolina, and was taken prisoner at the battle of
+Moore's Creek Bridge. After remaining a prisoner for about a year, he
+was released, and made his way to Nova Scotia and for some time resided
+at Halifax. He received the appointment of chaplain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrant regiment. He received a grant of three thousand acres,
+located in Glengarry, and having a growing family to provide for, each
+of whom was entitled to two hundred acres, he removed to Williamstown,
+then the principal settlement in Glengarry. Besides his allotment of
+land, he retired from the army on half pay. In his new home he ever
+maintained an honorable life.
+
+
+FORTY-SECOND OR ROYAL HIGHLAND REGIMENT.
+
+The 42nd, or Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders, left America in 1767,
+and sailed direct for Cork, Ireland. In 1775 the regiment embarked at
+Donaghadee, and landed at Port Patrick, after an absence of thirty-two
+years from Scotland. From Port Patrick it marched to Glasgow. Shortly
+after its arrival in Glasgow two companies were added, and all the
+companies were augmented to one hundred rank and file, and when
+completed numbered one thousand and seventy-five men, including
+serjeants and drummers.
+
+Hitherto the officers had been entirely Highlanders and Scotch. Contrary
+to the remonstrances of lord John Murray, the lord lieutenant of Ireland
+succeeded in admitting three English officers into the regiment,
+Lieutenants Crammond, Littleton, and Franklin, thus cancelling the
+commissions of Lieutenants Grant and Mackenzie. Of the soldiers nine
+hundred and thirty-one were Highlanders, seventy-four Lowland Scotch,
+five English, one Welsh and two Irish.
+
+On account of the breaking out of hostilities the regiment was ordered
+to embark for America. The recruits were instructed in the use of the
+firelock, and, from the shortness of the time allowed, were even drilled
+by candle-light. New arms and accoutrements were supplied to the men,
+and the Colonel, at his own expense, furnished them with broad swords
+and pistols.
+
+April 14, 1776, the Royal Highlanders, in conjunction with Fraser's
+Highlanders, embarked at Greenock to join an expedition under General
+Howe against the Americans. After some delay, both regiments sailed on
+May 1st under the convoy of the Flora, of thirty-two guns, and a fleet
+of thirty-two ships, the Royal Highlanders being commanded by Colonel
+Thomas Stirling of Ardoch. Four days after they had sailed, the
+transports separated in a gale of wind. Some of the scattered transports
+of both regiments fell in with General Howe's army on their voyage from
+Halifax; and others, having received information of this movement,
+followed the main body and joined the army at Staten Island.
+
+When Washington took possession of Dorchester heights, on the night of
+March 4, 1776, the situation of General Howe, in Boston, became
+critical, and he was forced to evacuate the city with precipitation. He
+left no cruisers in Boston bay to warn expected ships from England that
+the city was no longer in his possession. This was very fortunate for
+the Americans, for a few days later several store-ships sailed into the
+harbor and were captured. The Scotch fleet also headed that way, and
+some of the transports, not having received warning, were also taken in
+the harbor, but principally of Fraser's Highlanders. By the last of
+June, about seven hundred and fifty Highlanders belonging to the Scotch
+fleet, were prisoners in the hands of the Americans.
+
+The Royal Highlanders lost but one of their transports, the Oxford, and
+at the same time another transport in company with her, having on board
+recruits for Fraser's Highlanders, in all two hundred and twenty men.
+They were made prizes of by the Congress privateer, and all the
+officers, arms and ammunition were taken from the Oxford, and all the
+soldiers were placed on board that vessel with a prize crew of ten men
+to carry her into port. In a gale of wind the vessels became separated,
+and then the carpenter of the Oxford formed a party and retook her, and
+sailed for the Chesapeake. On June 20th, they sighted Commodore James
+Barron's vessel, and dispatched a boat with a sergeant, one private and
+one of the men who were put on board by the Congress to make inquiry.
+The latter finding a convenient opportunity, informed Commodore Barren
+of their situation, upon which he boarded and took possession of the
+Oxford, and brought her to Jamestown. The men were marched to
+Williamsburgh, Virginia, where every inducement was held out to them to
+join the American cause. When the promise of military promotion failed
+to have an effect, they were then informed that they would have grants
+of fertile land, upon which they could live in happiness and freedom.
+They declared they would take no land save what they deserved by
+supporting the king. They were then separated into small parties and
+sent into the back settlements; and were not exchanged until 1778, when
+they rejoined their regiments.
+
+Before General Sir William Howe's army arrived, or even any vessels of
+his fleet, the transport Crawford touched at Long Island. Under date of
+June 24, 1776, General Greene notified Washington that "the Scotch
+prisoners, with their baggage, have arrived at my Quarters." The list of
+prisoners are thus given:
+
+   "Forty second or Royal Highland Regiment: Captain John Smith and
+   Lieutenant Robert Franklin. Seventy-first Regiment: Captain Norman
+   McLeod and lady and maid; Lieutenant Roderick McLeod; Ensign Colin
+   Campbell and lady; Surgeon's Mate, Robert Boyce; John McAlister,
+   Master of the Crawford transport; Norman McCullock, a passenger: two
+   boys, servants; McDonald, servant to Robert Boyce; Shaw, servant to
+   Captain McLeod. Three boys, servants, came over in the evening."[162]
+
+General Howe, on board the frigate Greyhound, arrived in the Narrows,
+from Halifax, on June 25th, accompanied by two other ships-of-war. He
+came in advance of the fleet that bore his army, in order to consult
+with Governor Tryon and ascertain the position of affairs at New York.
+For three or four days after his arrival armed vessels kept coming, and
+on the twenty-ninth the main body of the fleet arrived, and the troops
+were immediately landed on Staten Island. General Howe was soon after
+reinforced by English regulars and German mercenaries, and at about the
+same time Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Parker, with their broken forces
+came from the south and joined them. Before the middle of August all the
+British reinforcements had arrived at Staten Island and General Howe's
+army was raised to a force of thirty thousand men. On August 22nd, a
+large body of troops, under cover of the guns of the Rainbow, landed
+upon Long Island. Soon after five thousand British and Hessian troops
+poured over the sides of the English ships and transports and in small
+boats and galleys were rowed to the Long Island shore, covered by the
+guns of the Phoenix, Rose and Greyhound. The invading force on Long
+Island numbered fifteen thousand, well armed and equipped, and having
+forty heavy cannon.
+
+The three Highland battalions were first landed on Staten Island, and
+immediately a grenadier battalion was formed by Major Charles Stuart.
+The staff appointments were taken from the Royal Highlanders. The three
+light companies also formed a battalion in the brigade under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Abercromby. The grenadiers were remarkable for
+strength and height, and considered equal to any company in the army.
+The eight battalion companies were formed into two temporary battalions,
+the command of one was given to Major William Murray, and that of the
+other to Major William Grant. These small battalions were brigaded under
+Sir William Erskine, and placed in the reserve, with the grenadiers and
+light infantry of the army, under command of lord Cornwallis.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling, from the moment of landing, was active in
+drilling the 42d in the methods of fighting practiced in the French and
+Indian war, in which he was well versed. The Highlanders made rapid
+progress in this discipline, being, in general, excellent marksmen.
+
+It was about this time that the broadswords and pistols received at
+Glasgow were laid aside. The pistols were considered unnecessary, except
+in the field. The broadswords retarded the men when marching by getting
+entangled in the brushwood.
+
+The reserve of Howe's army was landed first at Gravesend Bay, and being
+moved immediately forward to Flat Bush, the Highlanders and a corps of
+Hessians were detached to a little distance, where they encamped. The
+whole army encamped in front of the villages of Gravesend and Utrecht. A
+woody range of hills, which intersected the country from east to west,
+divided the opposing armies.
+
+General Howe resolved to bring on a general action and make the attack
+in three divisions. The right wing under General Clinton seized, on the
+night of August 26th, a pass on the heights, about three miles from
+Bedford. The main body pushed into the level country which lay between
+the hills and the lines of General Israel Putnam. Whilst these movements
+were in process, Major-General Grant of Ballindalloch, with his brigade,
+supported by the Royal Highlanders from the reserve, was directed to
+march from the left along the coast to the Narrows, and make an attack
+in that quarter. At nine o'clock, on the morning of the 22nd, the right
+wing having reached Bedford, attacked the left of the American army,
+which, after a short resistance, quitted the woody grounds, and in
+confusion retired to their lines, pursued by the British troops, Colonel
+Stuart leading with his battalion of Highland grenadiers. When the
+firing at Bedford was heard at Flat Bush, the Hessians advanced, and,
+attacking the center of the American army, drove them through the woods,
+capturing three cannon. Previously, General Grant, with the left of the
+army, commenced the attack with a cannonade against the Americans under
+lord Stirling. The object of lord Stirling was to defend the pass and
+keep General Grant in check. He was in the British parliament when Grant
+made his speech against the Americans, and addressing his soldiers said,
+in allusion to the boasting Grant that he would "undertake to march from
+one end of the continent to the other, with five thousand men." "He may
+have his five thousand men with him now--we are not so many--but I think
+we are enough to prevent his advancing further on his march over the
+continent, than that mill-pond," pointing to the head of Gowanus bay.
+This little speech had a powerful effect, and in the action showed how
+keenly they felt the insult. General Grant had been instructed not to
+press an attack until informed by signal-guns from the right wing.
+These signals were not given until eleven o'clock, at which time lord
+Stirling was hemmed in. When the truth flashed upon him he hurled a few
+of his men against lord Cornwallis, in order to keep him at bay while a
+part of his army might escape. Lord Cornwallis yielded, and when on the
+point or retreating received large reinforcements which turned the
+fortunes of the day against the Americans. General Grant drove the
+remains of lord Stirling's army before him, which escaped across Gowanus
+creek, by wading and swimming.
+
+The victorious troops, made hot and sanguinary by the fatigues and
+triumphs of the morning, rushed upon the American lines, eager to carry
+them by storm. But the day was not wholly lost. Behind the entrenchments
+were three thousand determined men who met the advancing British army by
+a severe cannonade and volleys of musketry. Preferring to win the
+remainder of the conquest with less bloodshed, General Howe called back
+his troops to a secure place in front of the American lines, beyond
+musket shot, and encamped for the night.
+
+During the action Washington hastened over from New York to Brooklyn and
+galloped up to the works. He arrived there in time to witness the
+catastrophe. All night he was engaged in strengthening his position; and
+troops were ordered from New York. When the morning dawned heavy masses
+of vapor rolled in from the sea. At ten o'clock the British opened a
+cannonade on the American works, with frequent skirmishes throughout the
+day. Rain fell copiously all the afternoon and the main body of the
+British kept their tents, but when the storm abated towards evening,
+they commenced regular approaches within five hundred yards of the
+American works. That night Washington drew off his army of nine thousand
+men, with their munitions of war, transported them over a broad ferry to
+New York, using such consummate skill that the British were not aware of
+his intention until next morning, when the last boats of the rear guard
+were seen out of danger.
+
+The American loss in the battle of Long Island did not exceed sixteen
+hundred and fifty, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. General Howe
+stated his own loss to have been, in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
+three hundred and sixty-seven. The loss of the Highlanders was,
+Lieutenant Crammond and nine rank and file wounded, of the 42d; and
+three rank and filed killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file
+wounded, of the 71st regiment.
+
+In a letter to lord George Germaine, under date of September 4, 1776,
+lord Dunmore says:
+
+   "I was with the Highlanders and Hessians the whole day, and it is
+   with the utmost pleasure I can assure your lordship that the ardour
+   of both these corps on that day must have exceeded his Majesty's most
+   sanguine wish."[163]
+
+Active operations were not resumed until September 15th, when the
+British reserve, which the Royal Highlanders had rejoined after the
+action at Brooklyn, crossed the river in flat boats from Newtown creek,
+and landed at Kip's bay covered by a severe cannonade from the
+ships-of-war, whose guns played briskly upon the American batteries.
+Washington, hearing the firing, rode with speed towards the scene of
+action. To him a most alarming spectacle was presented. The militia had
+fled, and the Connecticut troops had caught the panic, and ran without
+firing a gun, when only fifty of the British had landed. Meeting the
+fugitives he used every endeavor to stop their flight. In vain their
+generals tried to rally them; but they continued to flee in the greatest
+confusion, leaving Washington alone within eighty yards of the foe. So
+incensed was he at their conduct that he cast his chapeau to the ground,
+snapped his pistols at several of the fugitives, and threatened others
+with his sword. So utterly unconscious was he of danger, that he
+probably would have fallen had not his attendants seized the bridle of
+his horse and hurried him away to a place of safety. Immediately he took
+measures to protect his imperilled army. He retreated to Harlem heights,
+and sent an order to General Putnam to evacuate the city instantly. This
+was fortunately accomplished, through the connivance of Mrs. Robert
+Murray. General Sir William Howe, instead of pushing forward and
+capturing the four thousand troops under General Putnam, immediately
+took up his quarters with his general officers at the mansion of Robert
+Murray, and sat down for refreshments and rest. Mrs. Murray knowing the
+value of time to the veteran Putnam, now in jeopardy, used all her art
+to detain her uninvited guests. With smiles and pleasant conversation,
+and a profusion of cakes and wine, she regaled them for almost two
+hours. General Putnam meanwhile receiving his orders, immediately
+obeyed, and a greater portion of his troops, concealed by the woods,
+escaped along the Bloomingdale road, and before being discovered had
+passed the encampment upon the Ineleberg. The rear-guard was attacked by
+the Highlanders and Hessians, just as a heavy rain began to fall; and
+the drenched army, after losing fifteen men killed, and three hundred
+made prisoners, reached Harlem heights.
+
+   "This night Major Murray was nearly carried off by the enemy, but
+   saved himself by his strength of arm and presence of mind. As he was
+   crossing to his regiment from the battalion which he commanded, he
+   was attacked by an American officer and two soldiers, against whom he
+   defended himself for some time with his fusil, keeping them at a
+   respectful distance. At last, however, they closed upon him, when
+   unluckily his dirk slipped behind, and he could not, owing to his
+   corpulence, reach it. Observing that the rebel (American) officer had
+   a sword in his hand, he snatched it from him, and made so good use of
+   it, that he compelled them to fly, before some men of the regiment,
+   who had heard the noise, could come up to his assistance. He wore the
+   sword as a trophy during the campaign."[164]
+
+On the 16th the light infantry was sent out to dislodge a party of
+Americans who had taken possession of a wood facing the left of the
+British. Adjutant-General Reed brought information to Washington that
+the British General Leslie was pushing forward and had attacked Colonel
+Knowlton and his rangers. Colonel Knowlton retreated, and the British
+appeared in full view and sounded their bugles. Washington ordered three
+companies of Colonel Weedon's Virginia regiment, under Major Leitch, to
+join Knowlton's rangers, and gain the British rear, while a feigned
+attack should be made in front. The vigilant General Leslie perceived
+this, and made a rapid movement to gain an advantageous position upon
+Harlem plains, where he was attacked upon the flank by Knowlton and
+Leitch. A part of Leslie's force, consisting of Highlanders, that had
+been concealed upon the wooded hills, now came down, and the entire
+British body changing front, fell upon the Americans with vigor. A short
+but severe conflict ensued. Major Leitch, pierced by three balls, was
+borne from the field, and soon after Colonel Knowlton was brought to the
+ground by a musket ball. Their men fought on bravely, contesting every
+foot of the ground, as they fell back towards the American camp. Being
+reinforced by a part of the Maryland regiments of Griffiths and
+Richardson, the tide of battle changed. The British were driven back
+across the plain, hotly pursued by the Americans, till Washington,
+fearing an ambush, ordered a retreat.
+
+In the battle of Harlem the British loss was fourteen killed, and fifty
+officers and seventy men wounded. The 42nd, or Royal Highlanders lost
+one sergeant and three privates killed, and Captains Duncan Macpherson
+and John Mackintosh, Ensign Alexander Mackenzie (who died of his
+wounds), and three sergeants, one piper, two drummers, and forty-seven
+privates wounded.
+
+This engagement caused a temporary pause in the movements of the
+British, which gave Washington an opportunity to strengthen both his
+camp and army. The respite was not of long duration for on October 12th,
+General Howe embarked his army in flat-bottomed boats, and on the
+evening of the same day landed at Frogsneck, near Westchester; but on
+the next day he re-embarked his troops and landed at Pell's Point, at
+the mouth of the Hudson. On the 14th he reached the White Plains in
+front of Washington's position. General Howe's next determination was to
+capture Fort Washington, which cut off the communication between New
+York and the continent, to the eastward and northward of Hudson river,
+and prevented supplies being sent him by way of Kingsbridge. The
+garrison consisted of over two thousand men under Colonel Magaw. A
+deserter informed General Howe of the real condition of the garrison and
+the works on Harlem Heights. General Howe was agreeably surprised by the
+information, and immediately summoned Colonel Magaw to surrender within
+an hour, intimating that a refusal might subject the garrison to
+massacre. Promptly refusing compliance, he further added: "I rather
+think it a mistake than a settled resolution in General Howe, to act a
+part so unworthy of himself and the British nation." On November 16th
+the Hessians, under General Knyphausen, supported by the whole of the
+reserve under earl Percy, with the exception of the 42nd, who were to
+make a feint on the east side of the fort, were to make the principal
+attack. Before daylight the Royal Highlanders embarked in boats, and
+landed in a small creek at the foot of the rock, in the face of a severe
+fire. Although the Highlanders had discharged the duties which had been
+assigned them, still determined to have a full share in the honors of
+the day, resolved upon an assault, and assisted by each other, and by
+the brushwood and shrubs which grew out of the crevices of the rocks,
+scrambled up the precipice. On gaining the summit, they rushed forward,
+and drove back the Americans with such rapidity, that upwards of two
+hundred, who had no time to escape, threw down their arms. Pursuing
+their advantage, the Highlanders penetrated across the table of the
+hill, and met lord Percy as he was coming up on the other side. By
+turning their feint into an assault, the Highlanders facilitated the
+success of the day. The result was that the Americans surrendered at
+discretion. They lost in killed and wounded one hundred and about
+twenty-seven hundred prisoners. The loss of the British was twenty
+killed and one hundred and one wounded; that of the Royal Highlanders
+being one sergeant and ten privates killed, and Lieutenants Patrick
+Graeme, Norman Macleod, and Alexander Grant, and for sergeants and
+sixty-six rank and file, wounded.
+
+The hill, up which the Highlanders charged, was so steep, that the ball
+which wounded Lieutenant Macleod, entering the posterior part of his
+neck, ran down on the outside of his ribs, and lodged in the lower part
+of his back. One of the pipers, who began to play when he reached the
+point of a rock on the summit of the hill, was immediately shot, and
+tumbled from one piece of rock to another till he reached the bottom.
+Major Murray, being a large and corpulent man, could not attempt the
+steep assent without assistance. The soldiers eager to get to the point
+of duty, scrambled up, forgetting the position of Major Murray, when he,
+in a supplicating tone cried, "Oh soldiers, will you leave me!" A party
+leaped down instantly and brought him up, supporting him from one ledge
+of rocks to another till they got him to the top.
+
+The next object of General Howe was to possess Fort Lee. Lord
+Cornwallis, with the grenadiers, light infantry, 33rd regiment and Royal
+Highlanders, was ordered to attack this post. But on their approach the
+fort was hastily abandoned. Lord Cornwallis, re-enforced by the two
+battalions of Fraser's Highlanders, pursued the retreating Americans,
+into the Jerseys, through Elizabethtown, Neward and Brunswick. In the
+latter town he was ordered to halt, where he remained for eight days,
+when General Howe, with the army, moved forward, and reached Princeton
+in the afternoon of November 17th.
+
+The army now went into winter quarters. The Royal Highlanders were
+stationed at Brunswick, and Fraser's Highlanders quartered at Amboy.
+Afterwards the Royal Highlanders were ordered to the advanced posts,
+being the only British regiment in the front, and forming the line of
+defence at Mt. Holly. After the disaster to the Hessians at Trenton, the
+Royal Highlanders were ordered to fall back on the light infantry at
+Princeton.
+
+Lord Cornwallis, who was in New York at the time of the defeat of the
+Hessians, returned to the army and moved forward with a force consisting
+of the grenadiers, two brigades of the line, and the two Highland
+regiments. After much skirmishing in advance he found Washington posted
+on some high ground beyond Trenton. Lord Cornwallis declaring "the fox
+cannot escape me," planned to assault Washington on the following
+morning. But while he slept the American commander, marched to his rear
+and fell upon that part of the army left at Princeton. Owing to the
+suddenness of Washington's attacks upon Trenton and Princeton and the
+vigilance he manifested the British outposts were withdrawn and
+concentrated at Brunswick where lord Cornwallis established his
+headquarters.
+
+The Royal Highlanders, on January 6, 1777 were sent to the village of
+Pisquatua on the line of communication between New York and Brunswick
+by Amboy. This was a post of great importance, for it kept open the
+route by which provisions were sent for the forces at Brunswick. The
+duty was severe and the winter rigorous. As the homes could not
+accommodate half the men, officers and soldiers sought shelter in barns
+and sheds, always sleeping in their body-clothes, for the Americans gave
+them but little quietude. The Americans, however, did not make any
+regular attack on the post till May 10th, when, at four in the morning,
+the divisions of Generals Maxwell and Stephens, attempted to surprise
+the Highlanders. Advancing with great caution they were not preceived
+until they rushed upon the pickets. Although the Highlanders were
+surprised, they held their position until the reserve pickets came to
+their assistance, when they retired disputing every foot, to afford the
+regiment time to form, and come to their relief. Then the Americans were
+driven back with precipitation, leaving upwards of two hundred men, in
+killed and wounded. The Highlanders, pursuing with eagerness, were
+recalled with great difficulty. On this occasion the Royal Highlanders
+had three sergeants and nine privates killed; and Captain Duncan
+Macpherson, Lieutenant William Stewart, three sergeants, and thirty-five
+privates wounded.
+
+   "On this occasion, Sergeant Macgregor, whose company was immediately
+   in the rear of the picquet, rushed forward to their support, with a
+   few men who happened to have their arms in their hands, when the
+   enemy commenced the attack. Being severely wounded, he was left
+   insensible on the ground. When the picquet was overpowered, and the
+   few survivors forced to retire, Macgregor, who had that day put on a
+   new jacket with silver lace, having besides, large silver buckles in
+   his shoes, and a watch, attracted the notice of an American soldier,
+   who deemed him a good prize. The retreat of his friends not allowing
+   him time to strip the sergeant on the spot, he thought the shortest
+   way was to take him on his back to a more convenient distance. By
+   this time Macgregor began to recover; and, perceiving whither the man
+   was carrying him, drew his dirk, and, grasping him by the throat,
+   swore that he would run him through the breast, if he did not turn
+   back and carry him to the camp. The American, finding this argument
+   irresistible, complied with the request, and, meeting Lord Cornwallis
+   (who had come up to the support of the regiment when he heard the
+   firing) and Colonel Stirling, was thanked for his care of the
+   sergeant; but he honestly told him, that he only conveyed him thither
+   to save his own life. Lord Cornwallis gave him liberty to go
+   whithersoever he chose."[165]
+
+Summer being well advanced, Sir William Howe made preparations for
+taking the field. The Royal Highlanders, along with the 13th, 17th, and
+44th regiments were put under the command of General Charles Gray.
+Failing to draw Washington from his secure position at Middlebrook,
+General Howe resolved to change the seat of war, and accordingly
+embarked thirty-six battalions of British and Hessians, and sailed for
+the Chesapeake. Before the embarkation, the Royal Highlanders received
+one hundred and seventy recruits from Scotland, who, as they were all of
+the best description, more than supplied the loss that had been
+sustained.
+
+After a tedious voyage the army, on August 24th, landed at Elk Ferry. It
+did not begin the march until September 3rd, for Philadelphia. In the
+meantime Washington marched across the country and took up a position at
+Red Clay Creek, but having his headquarters at Wilmington. His effective
+force was about eleven thousand men while that of General Howe was
+eighteen thousand strong.
+
+The two armies met on September 11th, and fought the battle of
+Brandywine. During the battle, lord Cornwallis, with four battalions of
+British grenadiers and light infantry, the Hessian grenadiers, a party
+of the 71st Highlanders, and the third and fourth brigades, made a
+circuit of some miles, crossed Jefferis' Ford without opposition, and
+turned short down the river to attack the American right. Washington,
+being apprised of this movement, detached General Sullivan, with all the
+force he could spare, to thwart the design. General Sullivan, having
+advantageously posted his men, lord Cornwallis was obliged to consume
+some time in forming a line of battle. An action then took place, when
+the Americans were driven through the woods towards the main army.
+Meanwhile General Knyphausen, with his division, made demonstrations for
+crossing at Chad's Ford, and as soon as he knew from the firing of
+cannon that lord Cornwallis had succeeded, he crossed the river and
+carried the works of the Americans. The approach of night ended the
+conflict. The Americans rendezvoused at Chester, and the next day
+retreated towards Philadelphia, and encamped near Germantown.
+
+The British had fifty officers killed and wounded and four hundred and
+thirty-eight rank and file. The battalion companies of the 42nd being in
+the reserve, sustained no loss, as they were not brought into action;
+but of the light company, which formed part of the light brigade, six
+privates were killed, and one sergeant and fifteen privates wounded.
+
+On the night of September 20th, General Gray was detached with the 2nd
+light infantry and the 42nd and 44th regiments to cut off and destroy
+the corps of General Wayne. They marched with great secrecy and came
+upon the camp at midnight, when all were asleep save the pickets and
+guards, who were overpowered without causing an alarm. The troops then
+rushed forward, bayoneted three hundred and took one hundred Americans
+prisoners. The British loss was three killed and several wounded.
+
+On the 26th the British army took peaceable possession of Philadelphia.
+In the battle of Germantown, fought on the morning of October 4, 1777,
+the Highlanders did not participate.
+
+The next enterprise in which the 42nd was engaged was under General
+Gray, who embarked with that regiment, the grenadiers and the light
+infantry brigade, for the purpose of destroying a number of privateers,
+with their prizes at New Plymouth. On September 5, 1778, the troops
+landed on the banks of the Acushnet river, and having destroyed seventy
+vessels, with all the cargoes, stores, wharfs, and buildings, along the
+whole extent of the river, the whole were re-embarked the following day
+and returned to New York.
+
+The British army during the Revolutionary struggle took the winter
+season for a period of rest, although engaging more or less in marauding
+expeditions. On February 25, 1779, Colonel Stirling, with a detachment
+consisting of the light infantry of the Guards and the 42nd, was ordered
+to attack a post at Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, which was taken
+without opposition. In April following the Highland regiment was
+employed on an expedition to the Chesapeake, to destroy the stores and
+merchandise at Portsmouth, in Virginia. They were again employed with
+the Guards and a corps of Hessians in another expedition under General
+Mathews, which sailed on the 30th, under the convoy of Sir George
+Collier, in the Reasonable, and several ships of war, and reached their
+destination on May 10th, when the troops landed on the glebe on the
+western bank of Elizabeth. After fulfilling the object of the expedition
+they returned to New York in good time for the opening of the campaign,
+which commenced by the capture, on the part of the British, of Verplanks
+and Stony Point. A garrison of six hundred men, among whom were two
+companies of Fraser's Highlanders, took possession of Stony Point.
+Washington planned its capture which was executed by General Wayne. Soon
+after General Wayne moved against Verplanks, which held out till the
+approach of the light infantry and the 42nd, then withdrew his forces
+and evacuated Stony Point. Shortly after, Colonel Stirling was appointed
+aide-de-camp to the king, when the command of the 42nd devolved on Major
+Charles Graham, to whom was entrusted the command of the posts of Stony
+Point and Verplanks, together with his own regiment, and a detachment of
+Fraser's Highlanders, under Major Ferguson. This duty was the more
+important, as the Americans surrounded the posts in great numbers, and
+desertion had become so frequent among a corps of provincials, sent as a
+reinforcement, that they could not be trusted on any military duty,
+particularly on those duties which were most harassing. In the month of
+October these posts were withdrawn and the regiment sent to Greenwich,
+near New York.
+
+The winter of 1779 was the coldest that had been known for forty years;
+and the troops, although in quarters, suffered more from that
+circumstance than in the preceding winter when in huts. But the
+Highlanders met with a misfortune that greatly grieved them, and which
+tended to deteriorate, for several years, the heretofore irreproachable
+character of the Royal Highland Regiment. In the autumn of this year a
+draft of one hundred and fifty men, recruits raised principally from the
+refuse of the streets of London and Dublin, was embarked for the
+regiment by orders from the inspector-general at Chatham. These men were
+of the most depraved character, and of such dissolute habits, that
+one-half of them were unfit for service; fifteen died in the passage,
+and seventy-five were sent to the hospital from the transport as soon as
+they disembarked. The infusion of such immoral ingredients must
+necessarily have a deleterious effect. General Stirling made a strong
+remonstrance to the commander-in-chief, in consequence of which these
+men were removed to the 26th regiment, in exchange for the same number
+of Scotchmen. The introduction of these men into the regiment dissolved
+the charm which, for nearly forty years, had preserved the Highlanders
+from contamination. During that long period there were but few
+courts-martial, and, for many years, no instance of corporal punishment
+occurred.
+
+With the intention of pushing the war with vigor, the new
+commander-in-chief, Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Sir William
+Howe, in May, 1778, resolved to attack Charleston, the capital of South
+Carolina. Having left General Knyphausen in command at New York, General
+Clinton with his army set sail December 26, 1779. Such was the severity
+of the weather, however, that, although the voyage might have been
+accomplished in ten days, it was February 11, 1780, before the troops
+disembarked on John's Island, thirty miles from Charleston. So great
+were the impediments to be overcome, and so cautious was the advance of
+the general, that it was March 29th before they crossed the Ashley
+river. The following day they encamped opposite the American lines.
+Ground was broken in front of Charleston on April 1st. General Lincoln,
+who commanded the American forces, had strengthened the place in all its
+defences, both by land and water, in such a manner as to threaten a
+siege that would be both tedious and difficult. When General Clinton,
+anticipating the nature of the works he desired to capture, sent for the
+Royal Highlanders and Queen's Rangers to join him, which they did on
+April 18th, having sailed from New York on March 31st. The siege
+proceeded in the usual way until May 12th, when the garrison surrendered
+prisoners of war. The loss of the British forces on this occasion
+consisted of seventy-six killed and one hundred and eighty-nine
+wounded; and that of the 42nd, Lieutenant Macleod and nine privates
+killed, and Lieutenant Alexander Grant and fourteen privates wounded.
+
+After Sir Henry Clinton had taken possession of Charleston, the 42nd and
+light infantry were ordered to Monck's Corner as a foraging party, and,
+returning on the 2nd, they embarked June 4th for New York, along with
+the Grenadiers and Hessians. After being stationed for a time on Staten
+Island, Valentine's Hill, and other stations in New York, went into
+winter quarters in the city. About this time one hundred recruits were
+received from Scotland, all young men, in the full vigor of health, and
+ready for immediate service. From this period, as the regiment was not
+engaged in any active service during the war, the changes in encampments
+are too trifling to require notice.
+
+On April 28, 1782, Major Graham succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy of
+the Royal Highland Regiment, and Captain Walter Home of the fusileers
+became major.
+
+While the regiment was stationed at Paulus Hook several of the men
+deserted to the Americans. This unprecedented and unlooked for event
+occasioned much surprise and various causes were ascribed for it; but
+the prevalent opinion was that the men had received from the 26th
+regiment, and who had been made prisoners at Saratoga, had been promised
+lands and other indulgences while prisoners to the Americans. One of
+these deserters, a man named Anderson, was soon afterwards taken, tried
+by court-martial, and shot. This was the first instance of an execution
+in the regiment since the mutiny of 1743. The regiment remained at
+Paulus Hook till the conclusion of the war, when the establishment was
+reduced to eight companies of fifty men each. The officers of the ninth
+and tenth companies were not put on half-pay, but kept as
+supernumeraries to fill up vacancies as they occurred in the regiment. A
+number of the men were discharged at their own request, and their places
+supplied by those who wished to remain in the country, instead of going
+home with their regiments. These were taken from Fraser's and
+Macdonald's Highlanders, and from the Edinburgh and duke of Hamilton's
+regiments.
+
+The 42nd left New York for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on October 22, 1783,
+where they remained till the year 1786, when the battalion embarked and
+sailed for Cape Breton, two companies being detached to the island of
+St. John. In the month of August, 1789, the regiment embarked for
+England, and landed in Portsmouth in October. In May, 1790, they arrived
+in Glasgow.
+
+During the American Revolutionary War the loss of the Royal Highlanders
+was as follows:
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                                   |Killed  ||Wounded
+                                                   |--------||---------
+                                                   |O |S |DR||O |S |DR
+                                                   |f |e |ra||f |e |ra
+                                                   |f |r |un||f |r |un
+                                                   |i |j |mk||i |j |mk
+                                                   |c |e |m ||c |e |m
+                                                   |e |a |ea||e |a |ea
+                                                   |r |n |rn||r |n |rn
+                                                   |s |t |sd||s |t |sd
+                                                   |  |s |  ||  |s |
+                                                   |  |  |aF||  |  |aF
+                                                   |  |  |ni||  |  |ni
+                                                   |  |  |dl||  |  |dl
+                                                   |  |  | e||  |  | e
+---------------------------------------------------+--+--+--++--+--+---
+1776, August 22nd and 27th, Long Island, including |  |  |  ||  |  |
+the battle of Brooklyn                             |  |  | 5|| 1| 1|19
+September 16th, York Island Supporting             |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Light Infantry                                     | 1| 1| 3|| 3| 3|47
+November 16th, Attack on Fort Washington           |  | 1|10|| 3| 4|66
+December 22nd, At Black Horse, on the              |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Delaware                                           |  |  | 1||  | 1| 6
+1777, February 13th, At Amboy, Grenadier           |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Company                                            |  |  | 3||  | 3|17
+May 10th, Piscataqua, Jerseys                      |  | 3| 9|| 2| 3|30
+September 11th, Battle of Brandywine               |  |  | 6||  | 1|15
+October 5th, Battle of Germantown, the             |  |  |  ||  |  |
+light company                                      |  | 1|  ||  |  | 4
+1778, March 22nd, Foraging parties, Jerseys        |  |  |  ||  |  | 4
+June 28th, Battle of Monmouth, Jerseys             |  | 2|20|| 1| 1|17
+1779, February 26th, Elizabethtown, Jerseys        |  |  |  ||  |  | 9
+1780, April and May to 12th, Siege of Charleston   | 1|  |12|| 1|  |14
+March 16th, Detachment sent to forage from         |  |  |  ||  |  |
+New York to the Jerseys                            |  |  |  || 1|  | 3
+1781, September and October. Yorktown, in          |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Virginia, light company                            |  | 1| 5||  |  | 6
+                                                   |__|__|__||__|__|__
+TOTAL                                              | 2| 9|74||12|17|257
+=======================================================================
+
+
+FRASER'S HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The breaking out of hostilities in America in 1775 determined the
+English government to revive Fraser's Highlanders. Although
+disinherited of his estates Colonel Fraser, through the influence of
+clan feeling, was enabled to raise twelve hundred and fifty men in 1757,
+it was believed, since his estates had been restored in 1772, he could
+readily raise a strong regiment. So, in 1775, Colonel Fraser received
+letters for raising a Highland regiment of two battalions. With ease he
+raised two thousand three hundred and forty Highlanders, who were
+marched up to Stirling, and thence to Glasgow in April, 1776. This corps
+had in it six chiefs of clans besides himself. The regiment consisted of
+the following nominal list of officers:
+
+
+FIRST BATTALION.
+
+Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Sir William Erskine
+of Torry; Majors: John Macdonell of Lochgarry and Duncan Macpherson of
+Cluny; Captains: Simon Fraser, Duncan Chisholm of Chisholm, Colin
+Mackenzie, Francis Skelly, Hamilton Maxwell, John Campbell, Norman
+Macleod of Macleod, Sir James Baird of Saughtonhall and Charles Cameron
+of Lochiel; Lieutenants: Charles Campbell, John Macdougall, Colin
+Mackenzie, John Nairne, William Nairne, Charles Gordon, David Kinloch,
+Thomas Tause, William Sinclair, Hugh Fraser, Alexander Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Dougald Campbell, Robert Macdonald, Alexander Fraser, Roderick
+Macleod, John Ross, Patrick Cumming, and Thomas Hamilton; Ensigns:
+Archibald Campbell, Henry Macpherson, John Grant, Robert Campbell, Allan
+Malcolm, John Murchison, Angus Macdonell, Peter Fraser; Chaplain: Hugh
+Blair, D.D.; Adjutant: Donald Cameron; Quarter-Master: David Campbell;
+Surgeon: William Fraser.
+
+
+SECOND BATTALION.
+
+Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Archibald Campbell;
+Majors: Norman Lamont and Robert Menzies; Captains: Angus Mackintosh of
+Kellachy, Patrick Campbell, Andrew Lawrie, Aeneas Mackintosh of
+Mackintosh, Charles Cameron, George Munro, Boyd Porterfield and Law
+Robert Campbell; Lieutenants: Robert Hutchison, Alexander Sutherland,
+Archibald Campbell, Hugh Lamont, Robert Duncanson, George Stewart,
+Charles Barrington Mackenzie, James Christie, James Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Archibald Balnevis, Dougald Campbell, Lodovick Colquhoun, John
+Mackenzie, Hugh Campbell, John Campbell, Arthur Forbes, Patrick
+Campbell, Archibald Maclean, David Ross, Robert Grant and Thomas Fraser;
+Ensigns: William Gordon, Charles Main, Archibald Campbell, Donald
+Cameron, Smollet Campbell, Gilbert Waugh, William Bain, and John Grant;
+Chaplain: Malcolm Nicholson; Adjutant: Archibald Campbell;
+Quarter-Master: J. Ogilvie; Surgeon: Colin Chisholm.
+
+At the time Fraser's Regiment, or the 71st, was mustered in Glasgow,
+there were nearly six thousand Highlanders in that city, of whom three
+thousand, belonging to the 42nd, and 71st, were raised and brought from
+the North in ten weeks. More men had come up than were required. When
+the corps marched for Greenock, these were left behind. So eager were
+they to engage against the Americans that many were stowed away, who had
+not enlisted. On none of the soldiers was there the appearance of
+displeasure at going.
+
+Sometime after the sailing of the fleet it was scattered by a violent
+gale, and several of the single ships fell in with, and were scattered
+by, American privateers. A transport having Captain, afterward Sir
+Aeneas Mackintosh, and his company on board, with two six pounders, made
+a resolute defence against a privateer with eight guns, till all the
+ammunition was expended, when they bore down with the intention of
+boarding; but, the privateer not waiting to receive the shock, set sail,
+the transport being unable to follow.
+
+As has been previously noticed, General Howe, on evacuating Boston, did
+not leave a vessel off the harbor to warn incoming British ships. Owing
+to this neglect, the transport with Colonel Archibald Campbell and Major
+Menzies on board sailed into Boston Harbor. The account of the capture
+of this transport and others is here subjoined by the participants.
+Captain Seth Harding, commander of the Defence, in his report to
+Governor Trumbull, under date of June 19, 1776, said:
+
+   "I sailed on Sunday last from Plymouth. Soon after we came to sail, I
+   heard a considerable firing to the northward. In the evening fell in
+   with four armed schooners near the entrance of Boston harbor, who
+   informed me they had been engaged with a ship and brig, and were
+   obliged to quit them. Soon after I came up into Nantasket Roads,
+   where I found the ship and brig at anchor. I immediately fell in
+   between the two, and came to anchor about eleven o'clock at night. I
+   hailed the ship, who answered, from Great Britain. I ordered her to
+   strike her colors to America. They answered me by asking, What brig
+   is that? I told them the Defence. I then hailed him again, and told
+   him I did not want to kill their men; but have the ship I would at
+   all events, and again desired them to strike; upon which the Major
+   (since dead) said, Yes, I'll strike, and fired a broadside upon me,
+   which I immediately returned, upon which an engagement begun, which
+   continued three glasses, when the ship and brig both struck. In this
+   engagement I had nine wounded, but none killed. The enemy had
+   eighteen killed, and a number wounded. My officers and men behaved
+   with great bravery; no man could have outdone them. We took out of
+   the above vessels two hundred and ten prisoners, among whom is
+   Colonel Campbell, of General Frazer's Regiment of Highlanders. The
+   Major was killed.
+
+   Yesterday a ship was seen in the bay, which came towards the entrance
+   of the harbor, upon which I came to sail, with four schooners in
+   company. We came up with her, and took her without any engagement.
+   There were on board about one hundred and twelve Highlanders. As
+   there are a number more of the same fleet expected every day, and the
+   General here urges my stay, I shall tarry a few days, and then
+   proceed for New London. My brig is much damaged in her sails and
+   rigging."
+
+Colonel Campbell made the following report to Sir William Howe, dated at
+Boston, June 19, 1776:
+
+   "Sir: I am sorry to inform you that it has been my unfortunate lot to
+   have fallen into the hands of the Americans in the middle of Boston
+   harbor; but when the circumstances which have occasioned this
+   disaster are understood, I flatter myself no reflection will arise to
+   myself or my officers on account of it. On the 16th of June the
+   George and Annabella transports, with two companies of the
+   Seventy-First Regiment of Highlanders, made the land off Cape Ann,
+   after a passage of seven weeks from Scotland, during the course of
+   which we had not the opportunity of speaking to a single vessel that
+   could give us the smallest information of the British troops having
+   evacuated Boston. On the 17th, at daylight, we found ourselves
+   opposite to the harbor's mouth at Boston; but, from contrary winds,
+   it was necessary to make several tacks to reach it. Four schooners
+   (which we took to be pilots, or armed vessels in the service of his
+   Majesty, but which were afterwards found to be four American
+   privateers, of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty men
+   each) were bearing down upon us at four o'clock in the morning. At
+   half an hour thereafter two of them engaged us, and about eleven
+   o'clock the other two were close alongside. The George transport (on
+   board of which were Major Menzies and myself, with one hundred and
+   eight of the Second Battalion, the Adjutant, the Quartermaster, two
+   Lieutenants, and five volunteers, were passengers) had only six
+   pieces of cannon to oppose them; and the Annabella (on board of which
+   was Captain McKenzie, together with two subalterns, two volunteers,
+   and eighty-two private men of the First Battalion) had only two
+   swivels for her defence. Under such circumstances, I thought it
+   expedient for the Annabella to keep ahead of the George, that our
+   artillery might be used with more effect and less obstruction. Two of
+   the privateers having stationed themselves upon our larboard quarter
+   and two upon our starboard quarter, a tolerable cannonade ensued,
+   which, with very few intermissions, lasted till four o'clock in the
+   evening, when the enemy bore away, and anchored in Plymouth harbor.
+   Our loss upon this occasion was only three men mortally wounded on
+   board the George, one killed and one man slightly wounded on board
+   the Annabella. As my orders were for the port of Boston, I thought it
+   my duty, at this happy crisis, to push forward into the harbor, not
+   doubting I should receive protection either from a fort or some ship
+   of force stationed there for the security of our fleet.
+
+   Towards the close of the evening we perceived the four schooners that
+   were engaged with us in the morning, joined by the brig Defence, of
+   sixteen carriage-guns, twenty swivels, and one hundred and seventeen
+   men, and a schooner of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty
+   men, got under way and made towards us. As we stood up for Nantasket
+   Road, an American battery opened upon us, which was the first serious
+   proof we had that there could scarcely be many friends of ours at
+   Boston; and we were too far embayed to retreat, especially as the
+   wind had died away, and the tide of flood not half expended. After
+   each of the vessels had twice run aground, we anchored at George's
+   Island, and prepared for action; but the Annabella by some
+   misfortune, got aground so far astern of the George we could expect
+   but a feeble support from her musketry. About eleven o'clock four of
+   the schooners anchored right upon our bow, and one right astern of
+   us. The armed brig took her station on our starboard side, at the
+   distance of two hundred yards, and hailed us to strike the British
+   flag. Although the mate of our ship and every sailor on board (the
+   Captain only excepted) refused positively to fight any longer, I have
+   the pleasure to inform you that there was not an officer,
+   non-commissioned officer, or private man of the Seventy-First but
+   what stood to their quarters with a ready and cheerful obedience. On
+   our refusing to strike the British flag, the action was renewed with
+   a good deal of warmth on both sides, and it was our misfortune, after
+   the sharp combat of an hour and a half, to have expended every shot
+   that we had for our artillery. Under such circumstances, hemmed in as
+   we were with six privateers, in the middle of an enemy's harbor,
+   beset with a dead calm, without the power of escaping, or even the
+   most distant hope of relief, I thought it became my duty not to
+   sacrifice the lives of gallant men wantonly in the arduous attempt of
+   an evident impossibility. In this unfortunate affair Major Menzies
+   and seven private soldiers were killed, the Quartermaster and twelve
+   private soldiers wounded. The Major was buried with the honors of war
+   at Boston.
+
+   Since our captivity, I have the honor to acquaint you that we have
+   experienced the utmost civility and good treatment from the people of
+   power at Boston, insomuch, sir, that I should do injustice to the
+   feelings of generosity did I not make this particular information
+   with pleasure and satisfaction. I have now to request of you that, so
+   soon as the distracted state of this unfortunate controversy will
+   admit, you will be pleased to take an early opportunity of settling a
+   cartel for myself and officers.
+
+   I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient
+   and most humble servant,
+
+        Archibald Campbell,
+     Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment.
+
+   P.S. On my arrival at Boston I found that Captain Maxwell, with the
+   Light-Infantry of the first battalion of the Seventy-First Regiment,
+   had the misfortune to fall into the hands of some other privateers,
+   and were carried into Marblehead the 10th instant. Captain Campbell,
+   with the Grenadiers of the second battalion, who was ignorant, as we
+   were, of the evacuation of Boston, stood into the mouth of this
+   harbor, and was surrounded and taken by eight privateers this
+   forenoon.
+
+   In case of a cartel is established, the following return is, as near
+   as I can effect, the number of officers, non-commissioned officers,
+   and private men of the Seventy-First Regiment who are
+   prisoners-of-war at and in the neighborhood of Boston:
+
+   The George transport: Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell;
+   Lieutenant and Adjutant Archibald Campbell; Lieutenant Archibald
+   Balneaves; Lieutenant Hugh Campbell; Quartermaster William Ogilvie;
+   Surgeon's Mate, David Burns; Patrick McDougal, private, and acting
+   Sergeant-Major; James Flint, volunteer; Dugald Campbell, ditto;
+   Donald McBane, John Wilson, three Sergeants, four corporals, two
+   Drummers, ninety private men.
+
+   The Annabella transport: Captain George McKinzie; Lieutenant Colin
+   McKinzie; Ensign Peter Fraser; Mr. McKinzie and Alexander McTavish,
+   volunteers; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two Drummers, eighty-one
+   private men.
+
+   Lord Howe transport: Captain Lawrence Campbell; Lieutenant Robert
+   Duncanson; Lieutenant Archibald McLean; Lieutenant Lewis Colhoun;
+   Duncan Campbell, volunteer; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two
+   Drummers, ninety-six private men.
+
+   Ann transport: Captain Hamilton Maxwell; Lieutenant Charles Campbell;
+   Lieutenant Fraser; Lieutenant----; four Sergeants, four Corporals,
+   two Drummers, ninety-six private men.
+
+        Archibald Campbell,
+     Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment."[166]
+
+On account of the treatment received by General Charles Lee, a prisoner
+in the hands of Sir William Howe, and the covert threat of condign
+punishment on the accusation of treason, Congress resolved, January 6,
+1777, that "should the proffered exchange of General Lee, for six
+Hessian field-officers, not be accepted, and the treatment of him as
+aforementioned be continued, then the principles of retaliation shall
+occasion first of the said Hessian field-officers, together with
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, or any other officers that are or
+may be in our possession, equivalent in number or quality, to be
+detained, in order that the same treatment, which general Lee shall
+receive, may be exactly inflicted upon their persons."
+
+In consequence of this act Colonel Campbell was thrown into Concord
+gaol. On February 4th he addressed a letter to Washington giving a
+highly colored account of his severe treatment, making it equal to that
+inflicted upon the most atrocious criminals; and for the reasons he was
+so treated declaring that "the first of this month, I was carried and
+lodged in the common gaol of Concord, by an order of Congress, through
+the Council of Boston, intimating for a reason, that a refusal of
+General Howe to give up General Lee for six field-officers, of whom I
+was one, and the placing of that gentleman under the charge of the
+Provost at New York, were the motives of their particular ill treatment
+of me."
+
+Washington, on February 28, 1777, wrote to the Council of Massachusetts
+remonstrating with them and directing Colonel Campbell's enlargement, as
+his treatment was not according to the resolve of Congress. The
+following day he wrote Colonel Campbell stating that he imagined there
+would be a mitigation of what he now suffered. At the same time
+Washington wrote to the Congress on the impolicy of so treating Colonel
+Campbell, declaring that he feared that the resolutions, if adhered to,
+might "produce consequences of an extensive and melancholy nature." On
+March 6th he wrote to the president of Congress reaffirming his position
+on the impolicy of their attitude towards Colonel Campbell. To the same
+he wrote May 28th stating that "notwithstanding my recommendation,
+agreeably to what I conceived to be the sense of Congress,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell's treatment continues to be such as cannot
+be justified either on the principles of generosity or strict
+retaliation; as I have authentic information, and I doubt not you will
+have the same, that General Lee's situation is far from being rigorous
+or uncomfortable." To Sir William Howe, he wrote June 10th, that
+"Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field-officers, will be
+detained till you recognise General Lee as a prisoner of war, and put
+him on the footing of claim. * * * The situation of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell, as represented by you, is such as I neither wished nor
+approve. Upon the first intimation of his complaints, I wrote upon the
+subject, and hoped there would have been no further cause of uneasiness.
+That, gentleman, I am persuaded, will do me the justice to say, he has
+received no ill treatment at my instance. Unnecessary severity and every
+species of insult I despise, and, I trust, none will ever have just
+reason to censure me in this respect." At this time Colonel Campbell was
+not in the gaol but in the jailer's house. On June 2d Congress ordered
+that Colonel Campbell and the five Hessian officers should be treated
+"with kindness, generosity, and tenderness, consistent with the safe
+custody of their persons."
+
+Congress finally decided that General Prescott, who had been recently
+captured, should be held as a hostage for the good treatment of General
+Lee, and Washington was authorized to negotiate an exchange of
+prisoners.
+
+March 10, 1778, in a letter addressed to Washington by Sir William Howe,
+he concludes as follows:
+
+   "When the agreement was concluded upon to appoint commissioners to
+   settle a general exchange, I expected there would have been as much
+   expedition used in returning Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the
+   Hessian field-officers, as in returning Major-General Prescott, and
+   that the cartel might have been finished by the time of the arrival
+   of General Lee. If, however, there should be any objection to General
+   Prescott's remaining at New York, until the aforementioned officers
+   are sent in, he shall, to avoid altercation, be returned upon
+   requisition."
+
+To this Washington replied:
+
+     "Valley Forge, 12 March, 1778.
+
+   Sir:--Your letter of the 10th came to hand last night. The meeting of
+   our commissioners cannot take place till the time appointed in my
+   last.
+
+   I am not able to conceive on what principle it should be imagined,
+   that any distinction, injurious to Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and
+   the Hessian field officers, still exists. That they have not yet been
+   returned on parole is to be ascribed solely to the remoteness of
+   their situation. Mr. Boudinot informs me, that he momentarily expects
+   their arrival, in prosecution of our engagement. You are well aware,
+   that the distinction originally made, with respect to them, was in
+   consequence of your discrimination to the prejudice of General Lee.
+   On your receding from that discrimination, and agreeing to a mutual
+   releasement of officers on parole, the difficulty ceased, and General
+   Prescott was sent into New York, in full expectation, that General
+   Lee would come out in return. So far from adhering to any former
+   exception, I had particularly directed my commissary of prisoners to
+   release Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, in lieu of Lieutenant Colonel
+   Ethan Allen."
+
+It was not, however, until May 5, 1778 that Washington succeeded in
+exchanging Colonel Campbell for Colonel Ethan Allen.[167] His
+imprisonment did not have any effect on his treatment of those who
+afterwards fell into his hands.
+
+The death of Major Menzies was an irreparable loss to the corps, for he
+was a man of judgment and experience, and many of the officers and all
+the sergeants and soldiers totally inexperienced. Colonel Campbell was
+experienced as an engineer, but was a stranger to the minor and interior
+discipline of the line. But when it is considered that the force opposed
+to Fraser's regiment was also undisciplined, the duty and responsibility
+became less arduous.
+
+The greater part of the 71st safely landed towards the end of July, 1776
+on Staten Island and were immediately brought to the front. The
+grenadiers were placed in the battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
+Stuart, and the light infantry in Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Abercromby's
+brigade; the other companies were formed into three small battalions in
+brigades, under Sir William Erskine, then appointed Brigadier-General.
+In this manner, and, as has been noticed, without training, these men
+were brought into action at Brooklin. Nine hundred men of the 42nd,
+engaged on this occasion, were as inexperienced as those of the 71st,
+but they had the advantage of the example of three hundred old soldiers,
+on which to form their habits, together with officers of long
+experience.
+
+The first proof of their capacity, energy and steadfastness was at the
+battle of Brooklin, where they fully met the expectations of their
+commander. They displayed great eagerness to push the Americans to
+extremities, and to compel them to abandon their strong position.
+General Howe, desiring to spare their lives, called them back. The loss
+sustained by this regiment, in the engagement was three rank and file
+killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file wounded.
+
+The regiment passed the winter at Amboy, and in the skirmishing warfare
+of the next campaign was in constant employment, particularly so in the
+expeditions against Willsborough and Westfield, with which the
+operations for 1777 commenced. Immediately afterwards the army embarked
+for the Chesapeake. In the battle of Brandywine, a part of the 71st was
+actively engaged, and the regiment remained in Pennsylvania until
+November, when they embarked for New York. Here they were joined by two
+hundred recruits who had arrived from Scotland in September. These men
+along with one hundred more recovered from the hospital, formed a small
+corps under Captain Colin Mackenzie and acted as light infantry in an
+expedition up the North river to create a diversion in favor of General
+Burgoyne's movements. This corps led a successful assault on Fort
+Montgomery on October 6th, in which they displayed great courage.
+Captain Mackenzie's troops led the assault, and although so many were
+recruits, it was said that they exhibited conduct worthy of veterans.
+
+In the year 1778, the 71st regiment accompanied lord Cornwallis on an
+expedition into the Jerseys, distinguished by a series of movements and
+countermovements. Stewart says that on the excursion into the Jerseys "a
+corps of cavalry, commanded by the Polish count Pulaski, were surprised
+and nearly cut to pieces by the light infantry under Sir James
+Baird."[168] This must refer to the expedition against Little Egg
+Harbor, on the eastern coast of New Jersey, which was a noted place of
+rendezvous for American privateers. The expedition was commanded by
+Captain Patrick Ferguson, many of whose troops were American royalists.
+They failed in their design, but made extensive depredations on both
+public and private property. A deserter from count Pulaski's command
+informed Captain Ferguson that a force had been sent to check these
+ravages and was now encamped twelve miles up the river. Captain Ferguson
+proceeded to surprise the force, and succeeded. He surrounded the houses
+at night in which the unsuspecting infantry were sleeping, and in his
+report of the affair said:
+
+   "It being a night-attack, little quarter, of course, could be given;
+   so there were only five prisoners!"
+
+He had butchered fifty of the infantry on the spot, when the approach of
+count Pulaski's horse caused him to make a rapid retreat to his boats,
+and a flight down the river.[169] Such expeditions only tended to arouse
+the Americans and express the most determined hatred towards their
+oppressors. They uttered vows of vengeance which they sought in every
+way to execute.
+
+An expedition consisting of the Highlanders, two regiments of Hessians,
+a corps of provincials, and a detachment of artillery, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, sailed from Sandy Hook, November
+29, 1778, and after a stormy passage reached the Savannah river by the
+end of December. The 1st battalion of the 71st, and the light infantry,
+under the immediate command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, landed,
+without opposition a short distance below the town of Savannah. Captain
+Cameron, without delay, advanced to attack the American advanced posts,
+when he and three of his men were killed by a volley. The rest instantly
+charged and drove the Americans back on the main body, drawn up in a
+line on an open plain in the rear of the town. The disembarkation, with
+the necessary arrangements for an attack was soon completed. At that
+time Savannah was an open town, without any natural strength, save that
+of the woods which covered both sides. Colonel Campbell formed his
+troops in line, and detached Sir James Baird with the light infantry
+through a narrow path, to get round the right flank of the Americans,
+while the corps, which had been Captain Cameron's, was sent round the
+left. The main army in front made demonstrations to attack. The
+Americans were so occupied with the main body that they did not perceive
+the flanking movements, and were thus easily surrounded. When they
+realized the situation they fled in great confusion. The light infantry
+closing in upon both flanks of the retreating Americans, they greatly
+suffered, losing upwards of one hundred killed and five hundred wounded
+and prisoners, with a British loss of but four soldiers killed and five
+wounded. The town then surrendered and the British took possession of
+all the shipping, stores, and forty-five cannon.
+
+Flushed with success Colonel Campbell made immediate preparations to
+advance against Augusta, situated in the interior about one hundred and
+fifty miles distant. No opposition was manifested, and the whole
+province of Georgia, apparently submitted. Colonel Campbell established
+himself in Augusta, and detached Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, with two
+hundred men to the frontiers of Georgia. Meanwhile General Prevost,
+having arrived at Savannah from Florida, assumed command. Judging the
+ground occupied to be too extensive, he ordered Augusta evacuated and
+the lines narrowed. This retrograde movement emboldened the Americans
+and they began to collect in great numbers, and hung on the rear of the
+British, cutting off stragglers, and frequently skirmishing with the
+rear guard. Although uniformly maintaining themselves, this retreat
+dispirited the royalists (commonly called tories), and left them
+unprotected and unwilling to render assistance.
+
+It appears that the policy of General Prevost was not to encourage the
+establishing of a provincial militia, so that the royalists were left
+behind without arms or employment, and the patriots formed bands and
+traversed the country without control. To keep these in check, inroads
+were made into the interior, and in this manner the winter months
+passed. Colonel Campbell, who had acted on a different system, obtained
+leave of absence and embarked for England, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel
+Maitland in command of the 71st regiment.
+
+The regiment remained inactive till the month of February 1779, when it
+was employed in an enterprise against Brier Creek, forty miles below
+Augusta, a strong position defended by upwards of two thousand men,
+besides one thousand occupied in detached stations. In front was a deep
+swamp, rendered passable only by a narrow causeway, and on each flank
+thick woods nearly impenetrable, but the position was open to the rear.
+In order to dislodge the Americans from this position Lieutenant-Colonel
+Duncan Macpherson, with the first battalion of the Highlanders, was
+directed to march upon the front of the position; whilst Colonel Prevost
+and Lieutenant Colonels Maitland and Macdonald, with the 2d battalion of
+the Highlanders, the light infantry, and a detachment of provincials,
+were ordered to attempt the rear by a circuitous route of forty-nine
+miles. Notwithstanding the length of the march through a difficult
+country, the movements were so well regulated, that in ten minutes after
+Colonel Macpherson appeared at the head of the causeway in front,
+Colonel Maitland's fire was heard in the rear, and Sir James Baird, with
+the light infantry rushed through the openings in the swamp on the left
+flank. The attack was made on March 3rd. The Americans under General
+Ashe were completely surprised. The entire army was lost by death,
+captivity and dispersion. On this occasion one fourth of General
+Lincoln's army was destroyed. The loss of the Highlanders being five
+soldiers killed, and one officer and twelve rank and file wounded.
+
+General Prevost was active and next determined to invade South Carolina.
+Towards the close of April he crossed the Savannah river, with the
+troops engaged at Brier's Creek, and a large body of royalists and Creek
+Indians, and made slow marches towards Charleston. In the meantime
+General Lincoln had been active and recruited vigorously, and now
+mustered five thousand men under his command. Whilst General Prevost
+marched against General Lincoln's front, the former ordered the 71st to
+make a circuitous march of several miles and attack the rear. Guided by
+a party of Creek Indians the Highlanders entered a woody swamp at eleven
+o'clock at night, in traversing which they were frequently up to the
+shoulders in the swamp. They emerged from the woods the next morning at
+eight o'clock with their ammunition destroyed. They were now within a
+half mile of General Lincoln's rear guard which they attacked and drove
+from their position without sustaining loss. Reaching Charleston on May
+11th General Prevost demanded instantly its surrender, but a dispatch
+from General Lincoln notified the people that he was coming to their
+relief. General Prevost, fearing that General Lincoln would cut off his
+communication with Savannah, commenced his retreat towards that city, at
+midnight, along the coast. This route exposed his troops to much
+suffering, having to march through unfrequented woods, salt water
+marshes and swamps. Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost, the Quartermaster-General,
+and a man of the name of Macgirt, and a person under his orders, had gone
+on a foraging expedition, and were not returned from their operations; and
+in order to protect them Colonel Maitland, with a battalion of Highlanders
+and some Hessians, was placed in a hastily constructed redoubt at Stono
+Ferry, ten miles below Charleston. On June 20th these men were attacked by
+a part of General Lincoln's force. When their advance was reported,
+Captain Colin Campbell, with four officers and fifty-six men, was sent
+out to reconnoitre. A thick wood covered the approach of the Americans till
+they reached a clear field on which Captain Campbell's party stood.
+Immediately he attacked the Americans and a desperate resistance ensued;
+all the officers and non-commissioned officers of the Highlanders fell,
+seven soldiers alone remaining on their feet. It was not intended that
+the resistance should be of such a nature, but most of the men had been
+captured in Boston Harbor, and had only been recently exchanged, and
+this being their first appearance before an enemy, and thought it was
+disgraceful to retreat when under fire. When Captain Campbell fell he
+directed his men to make the best of their way to the redoubt; but they
+refused to obey, and leave their officers on the field. The Americans,
+at this juncture ceased firing, and the seven soldiers carried their
+officers along with them, followed by such as were able to walk. The
+Americans advanced on the redoubts with partial success. The Hessians
+having got into confusion in the redoubt, which they occupied, the
+Americans forced an entrance, but the 71st having driven back those who
+attacked their redoubt, Colonel Maitland was enabled to detach two
+companies of Highlanders to the support of the Hessians. The Americans
+were instantly driven out of the redoubt at the point of the bayonet,
+and while preparing for another attempt, the 2d battalion of Highlanders
+came up, when despairing of success they retreated at all points,
+leaving many killed and wounded.
+
+The resistance offered by Captain Campbell afforded their friends in the
+redoubts time to prepare, and likewise to the 2d battalion in the island
+to march by the difficult and circuitous route left open for them. The
+delay in the 2d battalion was also caused by a want of boats. Two
+temporary ferry-boats had been established, but the men in charge ran
+away as soon as the firing began. The Americans opened a galling fire on
+the men as they stood on the banks of the river. Lieutenant Robert
+Campbell plunged into the water and swam across, followed by a few
+soldiers, returned with the boats, and thus enabled the battalion to
+cross over to the support of their friends. Five hundred and twenty
+Highlanders and two hundred Hessians successfully resisted all the
+efforts of the Americans twelve hundred strong, and this with a trifling
+loss in comparison to the service rendered. When the Americans fell
+back, the whole garrison sallied out, but the light troops covered the
+retreat so successfully, that all the wounded were brought off. In
+killed and wounded the Americans lost one hundred and forty-six and one
+hundred and fifty missing. The British loss was three officers and
+thirty-two soldiers killed and wounded. Three days afterwards, the
+foraging party having returned, the British evacuated Stono Ferry, and
+retreated from island to island, until they reached Beaufort, on Port
+Royal, where Colonel Maitland was left with seven hundred men, while
+General Prevost, with the main body of the army, continued his difficult
+and harrassing march to Savannah.
+
+In the month of September 1779, the count D'Estaing arrived on the coast
+of Georgia with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two fifty gun ships,
+seven frigates, and transports, with a body of troops on board for the
+avowed purpose of retaking Savannah. The garrison consisted of two
+companies of the 16th regiment, two of the 60th, one battalion of
+Highlanders, and one weak battalion of Hessians; in all about eleven
+hundred effective men. The combined force of French and Americans was
+four thousand nine hundred and fifty men. While General Lincoln and his
+force were approaching the French effected a landing at Beuley and
+Thunderbolt, without opposition. General McIntosh urged count D'Estaing
+to make an immediate assault upon the British works. This advice was
+rejected, and count D'Estaing advanced within three miles of Savannah
+and demanded an unconditional surrender to the king of France. General
+Prevost asked for a truce until next day which was granted, and in the
+meanwhile twelve hundred white men and negroes were employed in
+strengthening the fortifications and mounting additional ordnance. This
+truce General Lincoln at once perceived was fatal to the success of the
+beseigers, for he had ascertained that Colonel Maitland, with his
+troops, was on his way from Beaufort, to reinforce General Prevost, and
+that his arrival within twenty-four hours, was the object which was
+designed by the truce. Colonel Maitland, conducted by a negro fisherman,
+passed through a creek with his boats, at high water, and concealed by a
+fog, eluded the French, and entered the town on the afternoon of
+September 17th. His arrival gave General Prevost courage, and towards
+evening he sent a note to count D'Estaing, bearing a positive refusal to
+capitulate. All energies were now bent towards taking the town by
+regular approaches. Ground was broken on the morning of September 23rd,
+and night and day the besiegers plied the spade, and so vigorously was
+the work prosecuted, that in the course of twelve days fifty-three
+cannon and fourteen mortars were mounted. During these days two sorties
+were made. The morning of September 24th, Major Colin Graham, with the
+light company of the 16th regiment, and the two Highland battalions,
+dashed out, attacked the besiegers, drove them from their works, and
+then retired with the loss of Lieutenant Henry Macpherson of the 71st,
+and three privates killed, and fifteen wounded. On September 27th, Major
+Macarthur, with the pickets of the Highlanders advanced with such
+caution and address, that, after firing a few rounds, the French and
+Americans, mistaking their object, commenced a fire on each other, by
+which they lost fifty men; and, in the meantime Major Macarthur retired.
+These sorties had no effect on the general operations.
+
+On the morning of October 4th, the batteries having been all completed
+and manned, a terrible bombardment was opened upon the British works and
+the town. The French frigate Truite also opened a cannonade. Houses were
+shattered, men, women and children were killed or maimed, and terror
+reigned. Day and night the cannonade was continued until the 9th.
+Victory was within the grasp of the besiegers, when count D'Estaing
+became impatient and determined on an assault. Just before dawn on the
+morning of the 9th four thousand five hundred men of the combined armies
+moved to the assault, in the midst of a dense fog and under cover of a
+heavy fire from the batteries. They advanced in three columns, the
+principal one commanded by count D'Estaing in person, assisted by
+General Lincoln; another column by count Dillon. The left column taking
+a great circuit got entangled in a swamp, and, being exposed to the guns
+of the garrison, was unable to advance. The others made the advance in
+the best manner, but owing to the fire of the batteries suffered
+severely. Many entered the ditch, and even ascended and planted the
+colors on the parapet, where several were killed. Captain Tawse, of the
+71st, who commanded the redoubt, plunged his sword into the first man
+who mounted, and was himself shot dead by the man who followed. Captain
+Archibald Campbell then assumed the command, and maintained his post
+till supported by the grenadiers of the 60th, when the assaulting column
+being attacked on both sides, was completely broken, and driven back
+with such expedition, that a detachment of the 71st, ordered by Colonel
+Maitland to hasten and assist those who were so hard pressed by superior
+numbers, could not overtake them. The other columns, seeing the
+discomfiture of the principal attack, retired without any further
+attempt.
+
+It is the uniform testimony of those who have studied this siege that if
+count D'Estaing had immediately on landing made the attack, the garrison
+must have succumbed. General Lincoln, although his force was greatly
+diminished by the action just closed, wished to continue the siege; but
+count D'Estaing resolved on immediate departure. General Lincoln was
+indignant, but concealed his wrath; and being too weak to carry on the
+siege alone, he at last consented to abandon it.
+
+The French loss, in killed and wounded, was six hundred and thirty-seven
+men, and the American four hundred and fifty-seven. The British lost one
+captain, two subalterns, four sergeants, and thirty-two soldiers,
+killed; and two captains, two sergeants, two drummers, and fifty-six
+soldiers, wounded. Colonel Maitland was attacked with a bilious disease
+during the siege and soon after died. The British troops had been sickly
+before Savannah was attacked; but the soldiers were reanimated, and
+sickness, in a manner, was suspended, during active operations. But when
+the Americans withdrew, and all excitement had ceased, sickness returned
+with aggravated violence, and fully one fourth the men were sent to the
+hospital.
+
+While these operations were going on in Georgia and South Carolina a
+disaster overtook the grenadiers of the 71st who were posted at Stony
+Point and Verplanks, in the state of New York. Washington planned the
+attack on Stony Point and deputed General Wayne to execute it. So
+secretly was the whole movement conducted, that the British garrison was
+unsuspicious of danger. At eight o'clock, on the evening of July 15,
+1779, General Wayne took post in a hollow, within two miles of the fort
+on Stony Point, and there remained unperceived until midnight, when he
+formed his men into two columns, Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury leading one
+division and Major Stewart the other. At the head of each was a forlorn
+hope of twenty men. Both parties were close upon the works before they
+were discovered. A skirmish with the pickets at once ensued, the
+Americans using the bayonet only. In a few moments the entire works were
+manned, and the Americans were compelled to press forward in the face of
+a terrible storm of grape shot and musket balls. Over the ramparts and
+into the fort both columns pushed their way. At two o'clock the morning
+of the 16th, General Wayne wrote to Washington:
+
+   "The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours. The officers
+   and men behaved like men who were determined to be free."
+
+The British lost nineteen soldiers killed, and one captain, two
+subalterns, and seventy two soldiers, wounded; and, in all, including
+prisoners, six hundred. The principal part of this loss fell upon the
+picket, commanded by Lieutenant Cumming of the 71st, which resisted one
+of the columns till almost all of the men of the picket, were either
+killed or wounded, Lieutenant Cumming being among the latter. The
+Americans lost fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded.
+
+The force which had so ably defended Savannah remained there in quarters
+during the winter of 1779 and 1780. In the month of March 1780, Sir
+Henry Clinton arrived before Charleston with a force from New York,
+which he immediately invested and rigorously pushed the siege. The chief
+engineer, Captain Moncrieff was indefatigable, and being fearless of
+danger, was careless of the lives of others. Having served two years
+with the 71st, and believing it would gratify the Highlanders to select
+them for dangerous service, he generally applied for a party of that
+corps for all exposed duties.
+
+After the surrender of Charleston, on May 12, 1780, to the army under
+Sir Henry Clinton, the British forces in the southern states were placed
+under the command of lord Cornwallis. The 71st composed a part of this
+army, and with it advanced into the interior. In the beginning of June,
+the army amounting to twenty-five hundred, reached Camden, a central
+place fixed upon for headquarters. The American general, Horatio Gates,
+having, in July, assembled a force marched towards Camden. The people
+generally were in arms and the British officers perplexed. Major
+Macarthur who was at Cheraw to encourage the royalists, was ordered to
+fall back towards Camden. Lord Cornwallis, seeing the gathering storm
+hastily left Charleston and joined lord Rawdon at Camden, arriving there
+on August 13th. Both generals of the opposing forces on the night of
+August 15th moved towards each other with the design of making an
+attack. The British troops consisted of the 23d and 33d regiments, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Webster; Tarleton's legion; Irish volunteers; a part
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton's North Carolina Regiment; Bryan's corps
+of royalists, under lord Rawdon, with two six and two three pounders
+commanded by Lieutenant McLeod; and the 71st regiment. Camden was left
+in the care of Major Macarthur, with the sick and convalescents.
+
+Both armies were surprised, and each fired at the same moment, which
+occurred at three o'clock on the morning of August 16th. Both generals,
+ignorant of each other's force, declined general action, and lay on
+their arms till morning. When the British army formed in line of battle,
+the light infantry of the Highlanders, and the Welsh fusileers were on
+the right; the 33d regiment and the Irish volunteers occupied the
+center; the provincials were on the left, with the marshy ground in
+their front. While the army was thus forming, Captain Charles Campbell,
+who commanded the Highland light companies on the right, placed himself
+on the stump of an old tree to reconnoitre, and observing the Americans
+moving as with the intention of turning his flank, leaped down, and
+giving vent to an oath, called to his men, "Remember you are light
+infantry; remember you are Highlanders: Charge!" The attack was rapid
+and irresistible, and being made before the Americans had completed
+their movement by which they were to surround the British right, they
+were broken and driven from the field, prior to the beginning of the
+battle in other parts of the line. When the battle did commence the
+American center gained ground. Lord Cornwallis opened his center to the
+right and left, till a considerable space intervened, and then directed
+the Highlanders to move forward and occupy the vacant space. When this
+was done, he cried out, "My brave Highlanders, now is your time." They
+instantly rushed forward accompanied by the Irish volunteers and the
+33d, and penetrated and completely overthrew the American column.
+However the American right continued to advance and gained the ground on
+which the Highlanders had been placed originally as a reserve. They gave
+three cheers for victory; but the smoke clearing up they saw their
+mistake. A party of Highlanders turning upon them, the greater part
+threw down their arms, while the remainder fled in all directions. The
+victory was complete. The loss of the British was one captain, one
+subaltern, two sergeants, and sixty-four soldiers killed; and two field
+officers, three captains, twelve subalterns, thirteen sergeants, and two
+hundred and thirteen soldiers wounded. The Highlanders lost Lieutenant
+Archibald Campbell and eight soldiers killed; and Captain Hugh Campbell,
+Lieutenant John Grant, two sergeants, and thirty privates wounded. The
+loss of the Americans was never ascertained, but estimated at seven
+hundred and thirty two.
+
+General Sumter, with a strong corps, occupied positions on the Catawba
+river, which commanded the road to Charleston, and from which lord
+Cornwallis found it necessary to dislodge him. For this purpose Colonel
+Tarleton was sent with the cavalry and a corps of light infantry, under
+Captain Charles Campbell of the 71st regiment. The heat was excessive;
+many of the horses failed on the march, and not more than forty of the
+infantry were together in front, when, on the morning of the 18th, they
+came in sight of Fishing Creek, and on their right saw the smoke at a
+short distance. The sergeant of the advanced guard halted his party and
+then proceeded to ascertain the cause of the smoke. He saw the
+encampment, with arms piled, but a few sentinels and no pickets. He
+returned and reported the same to Captain Campbell who commanded in
+front. With his usual promptness Captain Campbell formed as many of the
+cavalry as had come up, and with the party of Highland infantry, rushed
+forward, and directing their route to the piled arms, quickly secured
+them and surprised the camp. The success was complete; a few were
+killed; nearly five hundred taken prisoners, and the rest dispersed. But
+the victory was dampened by the loss of the gallant Captain Campbell,
+who was killed by a random shot.
+
+These partial successes were soon counterbalanced by defeats of greater
+importance. From what had been of great discouragement, the Americans
+soon rallied, and threatened the frontiers of South Carolina, and on
+October 7th overthrew Major Ferguson at King's Mountain, who sustained a
+total loss of eleven hundred and five men, out of eleven hundred and
+twenty-five. At the plantation of Blackstocks, November 20th, Colonel
+Tarleton, with four hundred of his command, engaged General Sumter, when
+the former was driven off with a loss of ninety killed, and about one
+hundred wounded. The culminating point of these reverses was the battle
+of the Cowpens.
+
+A new commander for the southern department took charge of the American
+forces, in the person of Major-General Nathaniel Greene, who stood, in
+military genius, second only to Washington, and who was thoroughly
+imbued with the principles practiced by that great man. Lord Cornwallis,
+the ablest of the British tacticians engaged in the American Revolution,
+found more than his equal in General Greene. He had been appointed to
+the command of the Southern Department, by Washington, on October 30,
+1780, and immediately proceeded to the field of labor, and on December
+3rd, took formal command of the army, and was exceedingly active in the
+arrangement of the army, and in wisely directing its movements. His
+first arrangement was to divide his army into two detachments, the
+larger of which, under himself was to be stationed opposite Cheraw Hill,
+on the east side of the Pedee river, about seventy miles to the right of
+the British army, then at Winnsborough. The other, composed of about one
+thousand troops, under General Daniel Morgan, was placed some fifty
+miles to the left, near the junction of Broad and Parcolet rivers.
+Colonel Tarleton was detached to disperse the little army of General
+Morgan, having with him, the 7th or Fusileers, the 1st battalion of
+Fraser's Highlanders, or 71st, two hundred in number, a detachment of
+the British Legion, and three hundred cavalry. Intelligence was
+received, on the morning of January 17, 1781, that General Morgan was
+drawn up in front on rising ground. The British were hastily formed,
+with the Fusileers, the Legion, and the light infantry in front, and the
+Highlanders and cavalry forming the reserve. As soon as formed the line
+was ordered to advance rapidly. Exhausted by running, it received the
+American fire at the distance of thirty or forty paces. The effect was
+so great as to produce something of a recoil. The fire was returned; and
+the light infantry made two attempts to charge, but were repulsed with
+loss. The Highlanders next were ordered up, and rapidly advancing in
+charge, the American front line gave way and retreated through an open
+space in the second line. This manoeuvre was made without interfering
+with the ranks of those who were now to oppose the Highlanders, who ran
+in to take advantage of what appeared to them to be a confusion of the
+Americans. The second line threw in a fire upon the 71st, when within
+forty yards which was so destructive that nearly one half their number
+fell; and those who remained were so scattered, having run a space of
+five hundred yards at full speed, that they could not be united to form
+a charge with the bayonet. They did not immediately fall back, but
+engaged in some irregular firing, when the American line pushed forward
+to the right flank of the Highlanders, who now realized that there was
+no prospect of support, and while their number was diminishing that of
+their foe was increasing. They first wavered, then began to retire, and
+finally to run. This is said to have been the first instance of a
+Highland regiment running from an enemy.[170] This repulse struck a
+panic into those whom they left in the rear, and who fled in the
+greatest confusion. Order and command were lost, and the rout became
+general. Few of the infantry escaped, and the cavalry saved itself by
+putting their horses to full speed. The Highlanders reformed in the
+rear, and might have made a soldier-like retreat if they had been
+supported.
+
+The battle of the Cowpens was disastrous in its consequences to the
+British interests, as it inspired the Americans with confidence. Colonel
+Tarleton had been connected with frequent victories, and his name was
+associated with that of terror. He was able on a quick dash, but by no
+means competent to cope with the solid judgment and long experience of
+General Morgan. The disposition of the men under General Morgan was
+judicious; and the conduct of Colonels Washington and Howard, in
+wheeling and manoeuvering their corps, and throwing in such
+destructive volleys on the Highlanders, would have done credit to any
+commander. To the Highlanders the defeat was particularly unfortunate.
+Their officers were perfectly satisfied with the conduct of their men,
+and imputing the disaster altogether to the bad dispositions of Colonel
+Tarleton, made representations to lord Cornwallis, not to be employed
+again under the same officer, a request with which compliance was made.
+This may be the reason that Colonel Tarleton gives them no credit in his
+"History of the Campaigns," published in 1787. He admits his loss to
+have been three hundred killed and wounded and near four hundred
+prisoners.[171]
+
+After the battle of the Cowpens lord Cornwallis with increased exertions
+followed the main body of the Americans under General Greene, who
+retreated northward. The army was stripped of all superfluous baggage.
+The two battalions of the 71st now greatly reduced, were consolidated
+into one, and formed in a brigade with the 33d and Welsh Fusileers. Much
+skirmishing took place on the march, when, on March 16th, General Greene
+believing his army sufficiently strong to withstand the shock of battle
+drew up his force at Guilford Court House, in three lines.
+
+The British line was formed of the German regiment of De Bos, the
+Highlanders, and guards, under General Leslie, on the right; and the
+Welsh Fusileers, 33d regiment, and second battalion of guards, under
+General Charles O'Hara, on the left; the cavalry was in the rear
+supported by the light infantry of the guards and the German Yagers. At
+one o'clock the battle opened. The Americans, covered by a fence in
+their front, maintained their position with confidence, and withheld
+their fire till the British line was within forty paces, when a
+destructive fire was poured into Colonel Webster's brigade, killing and
+wounding nearly one-third. The brigade returned the fire, and rushed
+forward, when the Americans retreated on the second line. The regiment
+of De Bos and the 33d met with a more determined resistance, having
+retreated and advanced repeatedly before they succeeded in driving the
+Americans from the field. In the meantime, a party of the guards pressed
+on with eagerness, but were charged on their right flank by a body of
+cavalry which broke their line. The retreating Americans seeing the
+effect of this charge, turned and recommenced firing. The Highlanders,
+who had now pushed round the flank, appeared on a rising ground in rear
+of the left of the enemy, and, rushing forward with shouts, made such an
+impression on the Americans, that they immediately fled, abandoning
+their guns and ammunition.
+
+This battle, although nominally a victory for the British commander, was
+highly beneficial to the patriots. Both armies displayed consummate
+skill. Lord Cornwallis on the 19th decamped, leaving behind him between
+seventy and eighty of his wounded soldiers, and all the American
+prisoners who were wounded, and left the country to the mercy of his
+enemy. The total loss of the British was ninety-three killed, and four
+hundred and eleven wounded. The Highlanders lost Ensign Grant, and
+eleven soldiers killed, and four sergeants and forty-six soldiers
+wounded. It was long a tradition, in the neighborhood, that many of the
+Highlanders, who were in the van, fell near the fence, from behind which
+the North Carolinians rose and fired.
+
+The British army retreated in the direction of Cross Creek, the
+Americans following closely in the rear. At Cross Creek, the heart of
+the Highland settlement in North Carolina, lord Cornwallis had hoped to
+rest his wearied army, a third of whom was sick and wounded and was
+obliged to carry them in wagons, or on horseback. The remainder were
+without shoes and worn down with fatigue. Owing to the surrounding
+conditions, the army took up its weary march to Wilmington, where it was
+expected there would be supplies, of which they were in great need. Here
+the army halted from April 17th to the 26th, when it proceeded on the
+route to Petersburg, in Virginia, and to form a junction with General
+Phillips, who had recently arrived there with three thousand men. The
+march was a difficult one. Before them was several hundred miles of
+country, which did not afford an active friend. No intelligence could be
+obtained, and no communication could be established. On May 25th the
+army reached Petersburg, where the united force amounted to six thousand
+men. The army then proceeded to Portsmouth, and when preparing to cross
+the river at St. James' Island, the Marquis de Lafayette, ignorant of
+their number, with two thousand men, made a gallant attack. After a
+sharp resistance he was repulsed, and the night approaching favored his
+retreat. After this skirmish the British army marched to Portsmouth, and
+thence to Yorktown, where a position was taken on the York river on
+August 22nd.
+
+From the tables given by lord Cornwallis, in his "Answer to the
+Narrative of Sir Henry Clinton"[172] the following condition of the 71st
+at different periods on the northward march, is extracted:
+
+ January 15, 1781, 1st Battalion    249  2nd Battalion 237 Light Company 69
+ February 1, 1781,    "             ---     "          234      ----
+ March 1,    1781,    "             ---     "          212      ----
+ April 1,    1781,    "             ---     "          161      ----
+ May 1,      1781, Two Battalions   175
+ June 1,     1781, Second Battalion 164
+ July 1,     1781,     "    "       161
+ August 1,   1781,     "    "       167
+ Sept. 1,    1781,     "    "       162
+ Oct. 1,     1781,     "    "       160
+
+The encampment at Yorktown was formed on an elevated platform, nearly
+level, on the bank of the river, and of a sandy soil. On the right of
+the position, extended from the river, a ravine of about forty feet in
+depth, and more than one hundred yards in breadth; the center was formed
+by a horn-work of entrenchments; and an extensive redoubt beyond the
+ravine on the right, and two smaller redoubts on the left, also advanced
+beyond the entrenchments, constituted the principal defences of the
+camp.
+
+On the morning of September 28, 1781, the combined French and American
+armies, twelve thousand strong, left Williamsburg by different roads,
+and marched towards Yorktown, and on the 30th the allied armies had
+completely invested the British works. Batteries were erected, and
+approaches made in the usual manner. During the first four days the fire
+was directed against the redoubt on the right, which was reduced to a
+heap of sand. On the left the redoubts were taken by storm and the guns
+turned on the other parts of the entrenchments. One of these redoubts
+had been manned by some soldiers of the 71st. Although the defence of
+this redoubt was as good and well contested as that of the others, the
+regiment thought its honor so much implicated, that a petition was drawn
+up by the men, and carried by the commanding officer to lord Cornwallis,
+to be permitted to retake it. The proposition was not acceded to, for
+the siege had reached such a stage that it was not deemed necessary.
+
+Among the incidents related of the Highlanders during the siege, is that
+of a soliloquy, overheard by two captains, of an old Highland gentleman,
+a lieutenant, who, drawing his sword, said to himself, "Come, on,
+Maister Washington, I'm unco glad to see you; I've been offered money
+for my commission, but I could na think of gangin' hame without a sight
+of you. Come on."[173]
+
+The situation of the besieged daily grew more critical, the whole
+encampment was open to assault, and exposed to a constant and enfilading
+fire. In this dilemma lord Cornwallis resolved to decamp with the elite
+of his army, by crossing the river and leaving a small force to
+capitulate. The first division embarked and some had reached the
+opposite shore at Gloucester Point, when a violent storm of wind
+rendered the passage dangerous, and the attempt was consequently
+abandoned. The British army then surrendered to Washington, and the
+troops marched out of their works on October 20th.
+
+The loss of the garrison was six officers, thirteen sergeants, four
+drummers and one hundred and thirty-three rank and file killed; six
+officers, twenty-four sergeants, eleven drummers, and two hundred and
+eighty-four wounded. Of these the 71st lost Lieutenant Thomas Fraser and
+nine soldiers killed; three drummers and nineteen soldiers wounded. The
+whole number surrendered by capitulation was a little more than seven
+thousand making a total loss of about seven thousand eight hundred. Of
+the arms and stores there were seventy-five brass, and one hundred and
+sixty iron cannon; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four muskets;
+twenty-eight regimental standards; a large quantity of cannon and
+musket-balls, bombs, carriages, &c., &c. The military chest contained
+nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie.
+
+Thus ended the military service of an army, proud and haughty, that had,
+within a year marched and counter-marched nearly two thousand miles, had
+forded streams, some of them in the face of an enemy, had fought two
+pitched battles and engaged in numerous skirmishes. With all their
+labors and achievements, they accomplished nothing of real value to the
+cause they represented.
+
+Fraser's Highlanders remained prisoners until the conclusion of
+hostilities. During their service their character was equal to their
+courage. Among them disgraceful punishments were unknown. When prisoners
+and solicited by the Americans to join their standard and settle among
+them, not one of them broke the oath he had taken, a virtue not
+generally observed on that occasion, for many soldiers joined the
+Americans. On the conclusion of hostilities the 71st was released,
+ordered to Scotland, and discharged at Perth in 1783.
+
+
+SEVENTY-FOURTH OR ARGYLE HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The particulars of the 74th or Argyle Highlanders, and the 76th, or
+Macdonald's Highlanders, are but slightly touched upon by Colonel David
+Stewart of Garth, in his "Sketches of the Highlanders," by Dr. James
+Browne, in his "History of the Highlands," and by John S. Keltie, in his
+"History of the Scottish Highlands." Even Lieutenant-General Samuel
+Graham, who was a captain in the 76th, in his "Memoirs," gives but a
+slight account of his regiment. So a very imperfect view can only be
+expected in this narration.
+
+The 74th or Argyle Highlanders was raised by Colonel John Campbell of
+Barbreck, who had served as captain and major of Fraser's Highlanders in
+the Seven Years' War. In the month of December 1777 letters of service
+were granted to him, and the regiment was completed in May 1778. In this
+regiment were more Lowlanders, than in any other of the same description
+raised during that period. All the officers, except four, were
+Highlanders, while of the soldiers only five hundred and ninety were of
+the same country, the others being from Glasgow, and the western
+districts of Scotland. The name of Campbell mustered strong; the three
+field-officers, six captains, and fourteen subalterns, being of that
+name. Among the officers was the chief of the Macquarries, being
+sixty-two years of age when he entered the army in 1778.
+
+The regiment mustering nine hundred and sixty, rank and file, embarked
+at Greenock in August, and landed at Halifax in Nova Scotia, where it
+remained garrisoned with the 80th and the 82d regiments; the whole being
+under the command of Brigadier-General Francis Maclean. In the spring of
+1779, the grenadier company, commanded by Captain Ludovick Colquhoun of
+Luss, and the light company by Captain Campbell of Bulnabie, were sent
+to New York, and joined the army immediately before the siege of
+Charleston.
+
+In June of the same year, the battalion companies, with a detachment of
+the 82d regiment, under the command of Brigadier-General Maclean,
+embarked from Halifax, and took possession of Penobscot, with the
+intention of establishing a post there. Before the defences were
+completed, a hostile fleet from Boston, with two thousand troops on
+board, under Brigadier-General Solomon Lovell, appeared in the bay, and
+on July 28th effected a landing on a peninsula, where the British were
+erecting a fort, and immediately began to construct batteries for a
+regular siege. These operations were frequently interrupted by sallies
+of parties from the fort. General Maclean exerted himself to the utmost
+to strengthen his position, and not only kept the Americans in check,
+but preserved communication with the shipping, which they endeavored to
+cut off. Both parties kept skirmishing till August 13th, when Sir George
+Collier appeared in the bay, with a fleet intended for relief of the
+post. This accession of strength disconcerted the Americans, and
+completely destroyed their hopes, so that they quickly decamped and
+retired to their boats. Being unable to re-embark all the troops, those
+who remained, along with the sailors of several vessels which had run
+aground in the hurry of escaping, formed themselves into a body, and
+endeavored to penetrate through the woods. In the course of this attempt
+they ran short of provisions, quarrelled among themselves, and, coming
+to blows, fired on each other till their ammunition was expended.
+Upwards of sixty men were killed and wounded; the rest dispersed through
+the woods, numbers perishing before they could reach an inhabited
+country.
+
+The conduct of General Maclean and his troops met with approbation. In
+his dispatch, giving an account of the attack and defeat of his foes, he
+particularly noticed the exertions and zeal of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Alexander Campbell of the 74th. The loss of this regiment was two
+sergeants, and fourteen privates killed, and seventeen rank and file
+wounded.
+
+General Maclean returned to Halifax with the detachment of the 82d,
+leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Campbell of Monzie with the 74th at
+Penobscot, where they remained till the termination of hostilities, when
+they embarked for England. They landed at Portsmouth whence they marched
+for Stirling, and, after being joined by the flank companies, were
+reduced in the autumn of 1783.
+
+
+SEVENTY-SIXTH OR MACDONALD'S HIGHLANDERS.
+
+In the month of December 1777, letters of service were granted to lord
+Macdonald to raise a regiment in the Highlands and Isles. On his
+recommendation Major John Macdonell of Lochgarry was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel commandant of the regiment. The regiment was
+numbered the 76th, but called Macdonald's Highlanders. Lord Macdonald
+exerted himself in the formation of the regiment, and selected the
+officers from the families of the Macdonalds of Glencoe, Morar,
+Boisdale, and others of his own clan, and likewise from those of others,
+as Mackinnon, Fraser of Culduthel, Cameron of Callart, &c. A body of
+seven hundred and fifty Highlanders was raised. The company of Captain
+Bruce was principally raised in Ireland; and Captains Cunningham of
+Craigend, and Montgomery Cunningham, as well as Lieutenant Samuel
+Graham, raised their men in the low country. These amounted to nearly
+two hundred men, and were kept together in two companies; while Bruce's
+company formed a third. In this manner each race was kept distinct. The
+whole number, including non-commissioned officers and men, amounted to
+one thousand and eighty-six. The recruits assembled at Inverness, and in
+March 1778 the regiment was reported complete. The men on their arrival
+were attested by a justice of the peace, and received the king's bounty
+of five guineas. As Major John Macdonell, who had been serving in
+America in the 71st or Fraser's Highlanders, was taken prisoner, on his
+passage home from that country, the command devolved on Captain
+Donaldson, of the 42d or Royal Highland Regiment. Under this officer the
+regiment was formed, and a code of regulations established for the
+conduct of both officers and men.
+
+Soon after its formation the 76th was sent to Fort George where it
+remained a year. It so happened that few of the non-commissioned
+officers who understood the drill were acquainted with the Gaelic
+language, and as all words of command were given in English, the
+commander directed that neither officers nor non-commissioned officers
+ignorant of the former language should endeavor to learn it. The
+consequence was that the Highlanders were behind-hand in being drilled,
+as they had, besides other duties, to acquire a new language. But the
+Highlanders took uncommon pains to learn their duties, and so exact were
+they in the discharge of them that upon one occasion, Colonel Campbell,
+the lieutenant-governor, was seized and made prisoner by the sentry
+posted at his own door, because the man conceived a trespass had been
+committed on his post, nor would the sentinel release the colonel until
+the arrival of the corporal of the guard.
+
+In March 1779 the regiment was removed to Perth, and from there marched
+to Burnt Island, where they embarked on the 17th. Major Donaldson's
+health not permitting him to go abroad, the command devolved on lord
+Berridale, second major, who accompanied them to New York, where they
+landed in August. The fleet sailed from the Firth of Forth for
+Portsmouth, and in a short time anchored at Spithead. While waiting
+there for the assembling of a fleet with reinforcements of men and
+stores for the army in America, an order was received to set sail for
+the island of Jersey, as the French had made an attempt there. But the
+French having been repulsed before the 70th reached Jersey, the regiment
+returned to Portsmouth, and proceeded on the voyage to America, and
+arrived in New York on August 27th.
+
+On the arrival of the regiment in New York the flank companies were
+attached to the battalion of that description. The battalion companies
+remained between New York and Staten Island till February 1781, when
+they embarked with a detachment of the army, commanded by General
+Phillips, for Virginia. The light company, being in the 2d battalion of
+light infantry, also formed a part of the expedition. The grenadiers
+remained at New York.
+
+This year, lord Berridale, on the death of his father, became earl of
+Caithness, and being severely wounded at the siege of Charleston, soon
+after returned to Scotland. The command of the 70th regiment devolved on
+Major Needham, who had purchased Major Donaldson's commission.
+
+General Phillips landed at Portsmouth, in Virginia, in March. A number
+of boats had been constructed under the superintendence of General
+Benedict Arnold, for the navigation of the rivers, most of them
+calculated to hold one hundred men. Each boat was manned by a few
+sailors, and was fitted with a sail as well as oars. Some of them
+carried a piece of ordnance in their bows. In these boats the light
+infantry, and detachments of the 76th and 80th regiments, with the
+Queen's Rangers, embarked, leaving the remainder of the 76th, with other
+troops, to garrison Portsmouth. The detachment of the 76th which
+embarked consisted of one major, three captains, twelve subalterns, and
+three hundred men, under Major Needham. The troops proceeded up the
+James river destroying warlike stores, shipping, barracks, foundaries
+and private property. After making many excursions the troops marched to
+Bermuda Hundreds, opposite City Point, where they embarked, on May 2d;
+but receiving orders from lord Cornwallis, returned and entered
+Petersburg on May 10th.
+
+When the 76th regiment found themselves with an army which had been
+engaged in the most incessant and fatiguing marches through difficult
+and hostile countries, they considered themselves as inferiors and as
+having done nothing which could enable them to return to their own
+country. They were often heard murmuring among themselves, lamenting
+their lot, and expressing the strongest desire to signalize themselves.
+This was greatly heightened when visited by men of Fraser's Highlanders.
+The opportunity presented itself, and their behavior proved they were
+good soldiers. On the evening of July 6th, the Marquis de Lafayette
+pushed forward a strong corps, forced the pickets, and drew up in front
+of the British lines. The pickets in front of the army that morning
+consisted of twenty men of the 70th and ten of the 80th. When the attack
+on the pickets commenced, they were reinforced by fifteen Highlanders.
+The pickets defended the post till every man was either killed or
+wounded.
+
+A severe engagement took place between the contending armies, the weight
+of which was sustained on the part of the British by the left of Colonel
+Dundas's brigade, consisting of the 76th and 80th, and it so happened
+that while the right of the line was covered with woods they were drawn
+up in an open field, and exposed to the attack of the Americans with a
+chosen body of troops. The 76th being on the left, and lord Cornwallis,
+coming up in rear of the regiment, gave the word to charge, which was
+immediately repeated by the Highlanders, who rushed forward with
+impetuosity, and instantly decided the contest. The Americans retired,
+leaving their cannon and three hundred men killed and wounded behind
+them.
+
+Soon after this affair lord Cornwallis ordered a detachment of four
+hundred chosen men of the 76th to be mounted on such horses as could be
+procured and act with the cavalry. Although four-fifths of the men had
+never before been on horseback, they were mounted and marched with
+Tarleton's Legion. After several forced marches, far more fatiguing to
+the men than they had ever performed on foot, they returned heartily
+tired of their new mode of travelling. No other service was performed by
+the 76th until the siege and surrender of Yorktown. During the siege,
+while the officers of this regiment were sitting at dinner, the
+Americans opened a new battery, the first shot from which entered the
+mess-room, killed Lieutenant Robertson on the spot, and wounded
+Lieutenant Shaw and Quartermaster Barclay. It also struck Assistant
+Commissary General Perkins, who happened to dine there that day.
+
+The day following the surrender of lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown (October
+20th), the British prisoners moved out in two divisions, escorted by
+regiments of militia; one to the direction of Maryland, the other, to
+which the 76th belonged, moved to the westward in Virginia for
+Winchester. On arriving at their cantonment, the officers were lodged in
+the town on parole, and the soldiers were marched several miles off to a
+cleared spot in the woods, on which stood a few log huts, some of them
+occupied by prisoners taken at the Cowpens. From Winchester the regiment
+was removed to Lancaster in Pennsylvania. After peace was declared they
+embarked for New York, sailed thence for Scotland, and were disbanded in
+March 1784 at Stirling Castle.
+
+This regiment maintained a very high standard for their behavior. Thefts
+and other crimes, implying moral turpitude, were totally unknown. There
+were only four instances of corporal punishment inflicted on the
+Highlanders of the regiment, and these were for military offences. Moral
+suasion and such coercion as a father might use towards his children
+were deemed sufficient to keep them in discipline or self-restraint.
+
+In the year 1775, George III. resolved to humble the thirteen colonies.
+In the effort put forth he created a debt of £121,267,993, with an
+annual charge of £5,088,336, besides sacrificing thousands of human
+lives, and causing untold misery; and, at last, weary of the war, on
+July 25, 1782, he issued a warrant to Richard Oswald, commissioning him
+to negotiate a peace. The definite articles of peace were signed at
+Paris, September 3, 1783. Then the United States of America took her
+position among the nations of the earth. George III. and his ministers
+had exerted themselves to the utmost to subjugate America. Besides the
+troops raised in the British Isles there were of the German mercenaries
+twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. The mercenaries and
+British troops were well armed, clothed and fed. But the task undertaken
+was a gigantic one. It would have required a greater force than that
+sent to America to hold and garrison the cities alone. The fault was not
+with the army, the navy, or the commanding officers. The impartial
+student of that war will admit that the army fought well, likewise the
+navy, and the generals and admirals were skilled and able in the art of
+war. The British foreign office was weak. Nor was this all. The
+Americans had counted the cost. They were singularly fortunate in their
+leader. Thirty-nine years after his death, lord Brougham wrote of
+Washington that he was "the greatest man of our own or of any age. * * *
+This eminent person is presented to our observation clothed in
+attributes as modest, as unpretending, as little calculated to strike or
+to astonish, as if he had passed unknown through some secluded region of
+private life. But he had a judgment sure and sound; a steadiness of mind
+which never suffered any passion or even any feeling to ruffle its calm;
+a strength of understanding which worked rather than forced its way
+through all obstacles,--removing or avoiding rather than over-leaping
+them. His courage, whether in battle or in council, was as perfect as
+might be expected from this pure and steady temper of soul. A perfectly
+just man, with a thoroughly firm resolution never to be misled by others
+any more than by others over-awed; never to be seduced or betrayed, or
+hurried away by his own weaknesses or self-delusions, and more than by
+other men's arts, nor ever to be disheartened by the most complicated
+difficulties any more than to be spoilt on the giddy heights of
+fortune--such was this great man,--whether we regard him sustaining
+alone the whole weight of campaigns, all but desperate, or gloriously
+terminating a just warfare by his resources and his courage."[174]
+
+The British generals proved themselves unable to cope with this great
+and good man. More than six thousand five hundred Highlanders left their
+homes amidst the beautiful scenery of their native land, crossed a
+barrier of water three thousand miles in width, that they might fight
+against such a man and the cause he represented. Their toils, sacrifices
+and sufferings were in vain. Towards them Washington bore good will.
+Forgetting the wrongs they had done, he could write of them:
+
+   "Your idea of bringing over Highlanders appears to be a good one.
+   They are a hardy, industrious people, well calculated to form new
+   settlements, and will, in time, become valuable citizens."[175]
+
+War is necessarily cruel and barbarous; and yet there were innumerable
+instances of wanton cruelty during the American Revolution. No instances
+of this kind have been recorded against the soldiers belonging to the
+Highland regiments. There were cruelties perpetrated by those born in
+the Highlands of Scotland, but they were among those settled by Sir
+William Johnson on the Mohawk and afterwards joined either Butler's
+Rangers or else Sir John Johnson's regiment. Even this class was few in
+numbers.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 150: Governor Golden to Earl of Dartmouth. New York Docs.
+Relating to Colonial History, Vol. VIII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 151: Letter Book, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 152: _Ibid_, p. 223.]
+
+[Footnote 153: Henry's Campaign Against Quebec, 1775, p. 136.]
+
+[Footnote 154: Invasion of Canada 1775, p. 14.]
+
+[Footnote 155: State of the Expedition, p. VI.]
+
+[Footnote 156: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 186.]
+
+[Footnote 157: Letter-Book, p. 856.]
+
+[Footnote 158: _Ibid_, p. 303.]
+
+[Footnote 159: _Ibid_, p. 472.]
+
+[Footnote 160: _ibid_, p. 350.]
+
+[Footnote 161: _Ibid_, p. 330.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 1055.]
+
+[Footnote 163: _Ibid_, Series V. Vol. II, p. 159.]
+
+[Footnote 164: Stewart's Sketches, Vol. I, p. 360.]
+
+[Footnote 165: _Ibid_, p. 867]
+
+[Footnote 166: Am. Archives, Series 4, Vol. VI, p. 982.]
+
+[Footnote 167: For Correspondence see Spark's Washington's Writings,
+Vols. IV, V.]
+
+[Footnote 168: Sketches, Vol. II, p. 97.]
+
+[Footnote 169: Lossing's Washington and American Republic, Vol. II, p.
+643.]
+
+[Footnote 170: Stewart's Sketches, Vol. II, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 171: History of Campaigns, p. 218.]
+
+[Footnote 172: Pages 53, 77, 137.]
+
+[Footnote 173: Memoir of General Graham, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 174: Edinburg Review, October, 1838; Collected Contributions,
+Vol. I, p. 344.]
+
+[Footnote 175: Letter to Robert Sinclair, May 6,1792. Spark's Writings
+of Washington, Vol. XII, p. 304.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS WHO SERVED IN AMERICA IN THE INTERESTS OF
+GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+If the list of distinguished Highlanders who served in America in the
+interests of Great Britain was confined to those who rose to eminence
+while engaged in said service, it certainly would be a short one. If
+amplified to those who performed feats of valor or rendered valuable
+service, then the list would be long. The measure of distinction is too
+largely given to those who have held prominent positions, or else
+advanced in military rank. In all probability the names of some have
+been overlooked, although care has been taken in finding out even those
+who became distinguished after the American Revolution. The following
+biographical sketches are limited to those who were born in the
+Highlands of Scotland:
+
+
+GENERAL SIR ALAN CAMERON, K.C.B.
+
+Sir Alan Cameron of the Camerons of Fassifern, known in the Highlands as
+Ailean an Earrachd, almost a veritable giant, was born in Glen Loy,
+Lochaber, about the year 1745. In early manhood, having fought a duel
+with a fellow clansman, he fled to the residence of his mother's
+brother, Maclean of Drimnim, who, in order to elude his pursuers, turned
+him over to Maclean of Pennycross. Having oscillated between Morvern and
+Mull for a period of two years, he learned that another relative of his
+mother's, Colonel Allan Maclean of Torloisk, was about to raise a
+regiment for the American war. He embarked for America, and was kindly
+received by his relative who made him an officer in the 84th or Highland
+Emigrant regiment. During the siege of Quebec, he was taken prisoner and
+sent to Philadelphia, where he was kept for two years, but finally
+effected his escape, and returned to his regiment. Being unfit for
+service, in 1780, he returned to England on sick leave. In London he
+courted the only heir of Nathaniel Philips, and eloping with her they
+were married at Gretna Green. Soon after he received an appointment on
+the militia staff of one of the English counties. In 1782 he was elected
+a member of the Highland Society of London. In August 1793 Alan was
+appointed major-commandant, and preceded to Lochaber to raise a
+regiment, which afterwards was embodied as the 79th, or Cameron
+Highlanders. Not unmindful of his brother-officers of the Royal Highland
+Emigrant Regiment, he named two of his own, and five officers of the
+Clan Maclean. The regiment in January 1794 numbered one thousand, which
+advanced Alan to the lieutenant-colonelcy. The regiment was then
+embarked for Flanders to reinforce the British and Austrians against the
+French. It was in the disastrous retreat to Westphalia, and lost two
+hundred men. From thence it was sent to the Isle of Wight, and Colonel
+Cameron was ordered to recruit his regiment to the extent of its losses
+in Flanders. The regiment was sent to the island of Martinique, and in
+less than two years, from the unhealthy location, it was reduced to less
+than three hundred men. But few of the men ever returned to Scotland.
+Colonel Cameron having been ordered to recruit for eight hundred men,
+fixed his headquarters at Inverness. Within less than nine months after
+his return from Martinique he produced a fresh body of seven hundred and
+eighty men. In 1798 he was ordered with his regiment to occupy the
+Channel Islands. He was severely wounded at Alkmaar. Colonel Cameron was
+sent to help drive the French out of Egypt. From Egypt he was
+transferred to Minorca and from there to England. He took part in the
+capture of the Danish fleet--a neutral power--and entered Copenhagen.
+Soon after the battle of Vimiera, Alan was made a brigadier and
+commandant of Lisbon. He was in command of a brigade at Oporto when that
+city was besieged. He was twice wounded at the battle of Talavera. After
+a military career covering a period of thirty-six years, on account of
+ill-health, he resigned his position in the army, and for several years
+was not able to meet his friends. He died at Fulham, April 9, 1828.
+
+
+GENERAL SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, K.B.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL.]
+
+Sir Archibald Campbell second son of James Campbell of Inverneil was
+born at Inverneil on August 21, 1739. By special recommendation of Mr.
+Pitt he received, in 1757, a captain's commission in Fraser's
+Highlanders, and served throughout the campaign in North America, and
+was wounded at the taking of Quebec in 1758. On the conclusion of the
+war he was transferred to the 29th regiment, and afterwards major and
+lieutenant-colonel in the 42nd or Royal Highlanders, with which he
+served in India until 1773, when he returned to Scotland, and was
+elected to Parliament for the Stirling burgs in 1774. In 1775 he was
+selected as lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd battalion of Fraser's
+Highlanders. He was captured on board the George transport, in Boston
+Harbor June 17, 1776, and remained a prisoner until May 5, 1778, when he
+was exchanged for Colonel Ethan Allen. He was then placed in command of
+an expedition against the State of Georgia, which was successful. He was
+superseded the following year by General Augustine Prevost. Disagreeing
+with the policy adopted by that officer in regard to the royalist
+militia, Colonel Campbell returned to England, on leave. In 1779 he
+married Amelia, daughter of Allan Ramsay, the artist. November 20, 1782,
+he was promoted major-general, and the following month commissioned
+governor of Jamaica. His vigilance warded off attacks from the French,
+besides doing all in his power in sending information, supplies and
+reinforcements to the British forces in America. For his services, on
+his return to England, he was invested a knight of the Bath, on
+September 30, 1785. The same year he was appointed governor and
+commander-in-chief at Madras. On October 12, 1787, he was appointed
+colonel of the 74th Highlanders, which had been raised especially for
+service in India. In 1789 General Campbell returned to England, and at
+once was re-elected to Parliament for the Stirling burghs. He died March
+31, 1791, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+JOHN CAMPBELL OF STRACHUR.
+
+John Campbell was appointed lieutenant in Loudon's Highlanders in June
+1745; served throughout the Rising of 1745-6; made the campaign in
+Flanders in 1747, in which year he became a captain; and at the peace of
+1748 went on half pay. In 1756 he was called into active service and
+joined the 42nd. He was wounded at Ticonderoga, and on his recovery was
+appointed major of the 17th foot. February 1762, he became a
+lieutenant-colonel in the army, and commanded his regiment in the
+expedition against Martinico and Havanna. He became lieutenant-colonel
+of the 57th foot, May 1, 1773, and returned to America on the breaking
+out of the Revolution. On February 19, 1779 he was appointed
+major-general; colonel of his regiment November 2, 1780, and commanded
+the British forces in West Florida, where he surrendered Pensacola to
+the Spaniards, May 10, 1781; became lieutenant-general in 1787, and
+general January 26, 1797. General Campbell died August 28, 1806.
+
+
+LORD WILLIAM CAMPBELL.
+
+Lord William Campbell was the youngest son of the 4th duke of Argyle. He
+entered the navy, and became a captain August 20, 1762, when he was put
+in command of the Nightingale, of twenty guns. In May 1763, he married
+Sarah, daughter of Ralph Izard, of Charleston, South Carolina, and in
+1764, was elected to represent Argyleshire in parliament. On November
+27, 1766 he became governor of Nova Scotia, whose affairs he
+administered until 1773, when he was transferred to the government of
+South Carolina, in which province he arrived in June 1775, during the
+sitting of the first Provincial Congress, which presented him a
+congratulatory address, but he refused to acknowledge that body. For
+three months after his arrival he was undisturbed, though indefatigable
+in fomenting opposition to the popular measures; but in September,
+distrustful of his personal safety, and leaving his family behind, he
+retired on board the Tamar sloop-of-war, where he remained, although
+invited to return to Charleston. Lady Campbell was treated with great
+respect, but finally went on board the vessel, and was landed at
+Jamaica. In the attack on the city of Charleston, in June 1776, under
+Sir Henry Clinton, lord Campbell served as a volunteer on board the
+Bristol, on which occasion he received a wound that ultimately proved
+mortal. Presumably he returned with the fleet and died September 5,
+1778.
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER
+
+Brigadier Simon Fraser was the tenth son of Alexander Fraser, second of
+Balnain. The lands of Balnain had been acquired from Hugh, tenth lord of
+Lovat, by Big Hugh, grandfather of Simon. Alexander was in possession
+of the lands as early as 1730, and for his first wife had Jane, daughter
+of William Fraser, eighth of Foyers, by whom he had issue six sons and
+one daughter. In 1716 he married Jean, daughter of Angus, tenth
+Mackintosh of Kyllachy, by whom he had issue five sons and three
+daughters, Simon being the fourth son, and born May 26th, 1729.
+
+[Illustration: GENL FRASER.]
+
+In all probability it would be a difficult task to determine the date of
+General Fraser's first commission in the British army owing to the fact
+that no less than eight Simon Frasers appear in the Army List of 1757,
+six of whom belonged to Fraser's Highlanders. The subsequent commissions
+may positively be traced as follows: In the 78th Foot, lieutenant
+January 5, 1757, captain-lieutenant September 27, 1758, captain April
+22, 1759; major in the army March 15, 1761; in the 24th Foot, major
+February 8, 1762, and lieutenant-colonel July 14, 1768. January 10,
+1776, General Carleton appointed him to act as a brigadier till the
+king's pleasure could be known, which in due time was confirmed. His
+last commission was that of colonel in the army, being gazetted July 22,
+1777. He served in the Scots Regiment in the Dutch service and was
+wounded at Bergen ap-Zoon in 1747. He was with his regiment in the
+expedition against Louisburg in 1758 and accompanied General Wolfe to
+Quebec in 1759, and was the officer who answered the hail of the enemy's
+sentry in French and made him believe that the troops who surprised the
+Heights of Abraham were the Regiment de la Rhine.
+
+After the fall of Quebec, for a few years he did garrison duty at
+Gibraltar. Through the interest of the marquis of Townshend, who
+appointed him his aide-de-camp in Ireland, he was selected as
+quartermaster-general to the troops then stationed in that country.
+While in Ireland he was selected by General Burgoyne as one of his
+commanders for his expedition against the Americans. On April 5, 1776,
+he embarked with the 24th Foot, and arrived in Quebec on the 28th of the
+following May. He commanded the light brigade on General Burgoyne's
+campaign, and was thus ever in advance, rendering throughout the most
+efficient services, and had the singular good fortune to increase his
+reputation. He assisted in driving the Americans out of Canada, and
+defeated them in the battle of Three Rivers, followed by that of
+Hubbardton, July 7, 1777. Had his views prevailed, the blunder of
+sending heavy German dismounted dragoons to Bennington, and the
+consequent disaster would never have been committed.
+
+The career of this dauntless hero now rapidly drew near to its close. Up
+to the battle of Bennington almost unexampled success had attended the
+expedition of Burgoyne. The turning point had come. The battle of
+Bennington infused the Americans with a new and indomitable spirit; the
+murder, by savages, of the beautiful Miss Jane MacRae aroused the
+passions of war; the failure of Sir Henry Clinton to co-operate with
+General Burgoyne; the rush of the militia to the aid of General Gates,
+and the detachment of Colonel Morgan's riflemen by Washington from his
+own army to the assistance of the imperiled north, all conspired to turn
+the tide of success, and invite the victorious army to a disaster,
+rendered famous in the annals of history.
+
+On September 13, the British army crossed the Hudson, by a bridge of
+rafts with the design of forming a junction with Sir Henry Clinton at
+Albany. The army was in excellent order and in the highest spirits, and
+the perils of the expedition seemed practically over. The army marched a
+short distance along the western bank of the Hudson, and on the 14th
+encamped on the heights of Saratoga, distant about sixteen miles from
+Albany. On the 19th a battle was fought between the British right wing
+and a strong body of Americans. In this action the right column was led
+by General Fraser, who, on the first onset, wheeled his troops and
+forced Colonel Morgan to give way. Colonel Morgan was speedily
+re-enforced, when the action became general. When the battle appeared to
+be in the grasp of the British, and just as General Fraser and Colonel
+Breymann were preparing to follow up the advantage, they were recalled
+by General Burgoyne and reluctantly forced to retreat. Both Generals
+Fraser and Riedesel (commander of the Brunswick contingent) bitterly
+criticised the order, and in plain terms informed General Burgoyne that
+he did not know how to avail himself of his advantage. The next day
+General Burgoyne devoted himself to the laying out of a fortified camp.
+The right wing was placed under the command of General Fraser. The
+situation now began to grow critical. Provisions became scarce. October
+5th a council of war was held, and the advice of both Generals Fraser
+and Riedesel was to fall back immediately to their old position beyond
+the Batten Kil. General Burgoyne finally determined on a reconnaissance
+in force. So, on the morning of October 7th, with fifteen hundred men,
+accompanied by Generals Fraser, Riedesel and Phillips, the division
+advanced in three columns towards the left wing of the American
+position. In advance of the right wing, General Fraser had command of
+five hundred picked men. The Americans fell upon the British advance
+with fury, and soon a general battle was engaged in. Colonel Morgan
+poured down like a torrent from the ridge that skirted the flanking
+party of General Fraser, and forced the latter back; and then by a
+rapid movement to the left fell upon the flank of the British right with
+such impetuosity that it wavered. General Fraser noticing the critical
+situation of the center hurried to its succor the 24th Regiment. Dressed
+in full uniform, General Fraser was conspicuously mounted on an iron
+grey horse. He was all activity and vigilance, riding from one part of
+the division to another, and animated the troops by his example. At a
+critical point, Colonel Morgan, who, with his riflemen was immediately
+opposite to General Fraser's corps, perceiving that the fate of the day
+rested upon that officer, called a few of his sharpshooters aside, among
+whom was the famous marksman, Timothy Murphy, men on whose precision of
+aim he could rely, and said to them, "That gallant officer yonder is
+General Fraser; I admire and respect him, but it is necessary for our
+good that he should die. Take you station in that cluster of bushes and
+do your duty." A few moments later, a rifle ball cut the crouper of
+General Fraser's horse, and another passed through the horse's mane.
+General Fraser's aid, calling attention to this, said: "It is evident
+that you are marked out for particular aim; would it not be prudent for
+you to retire from this place?" General Fraser replied, "My duty forbids
+me to fly from danger." The next moment he fell wounded by a ball from
+the rifle of Timothy Murphy, and was carried off the field by two
+grenadiers. After he was wounded General Fraser told his friends "that
+he saw the man who shot him, and that he was a rifleman posted in a
+tree." From this it would appear that after Colonel Morgan had given his
+orders Timothy Murphy climbed into the forks of a neighboring tree.
+
+General Burgoyne's surgeons were reported to have said had not General
+Fraser's stomach been distended by a hearty breakfast he had eaten just
+before going into action he would doubtless have recovered from his
+wound.
+
+Upon the fall of General Fraser, dismay seized the British. A retreat
+took place exactly fifty-two minutes after the first shot was fired.
+General Burgoyne left the cannon on the field, except two howitzers,
+besides sustaining a loss of more than four hundred men, and among them
+the flower of his officers. Contemporary military writers affirmed that
+had General Fraser lived the British would have made good their retreat
+into Canada. It is claimed that he would have given such advice as would
+have caused General Burgoyne to have avoided the blunders which finally
+resulted in his surrender.
+
+The closing scene of General Fraser's life has been graphically
+described by Madame Riedesel, wife of the German general. It has been
+oft quoted, and need not be here repeated. General Burgoyne has
+described the burial scene with his usual felicity of expression and
+eloquence.
+
+Burgoyne was not unmindful of the wounded general. He was directing the
+progress of the battle, and it was not until late in the evening that he
+came to visit the dying man. A tender scene took place between him and
+General Fraser. The latter was the idol of the army and upon him General
+Burgoyne placed most reliance. The spot where General Fraser lies buried
+is on an elevated piece of ground commanding an extensive view of the
+Hudson, and a great length of the interval on either side. The grave is
+marked by a tablet placed there by an American lady.
+
+The American reader has a very pleasant regard for the character of
+General Fraser. His kindly disposition attracted men towards him. As an
+illustration of the humane disposition the following incident, taken
+from a rare work, may be cited: "Two American officers taken at
+Hubbardstown, relate the following anecdote of him. He saw that they
+were in distress, as their continental paper would not pass with the
+English; and offered to loan them as much as they wished for their
+present convenience. They took three guineas each. He remarked to
+them--Gentlemen take what you wish--give me your due bills and when we
+reach Albany, I trust to your honor to take them up; for we shall
+doubtless overrun the country, and I shall, probably, have an
+opportunity of seeing you again.'" As General Fraser fell in battle,
+"the notes were consequently never paid; but the signers of them could
+not refrain from shedding tears at the fate of this gallant and generous
+enemy."[176]
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER OF LOVAT.
+
+General Simon Fraser, thirteenth of Lovat, born October 19, 1726, was
+the son of the notorious Simon, twelfth lord Lovat, who was executed in
+1747. With six hundred of his father's vassals he joined prince Charles
+before the battle of Falkirk, January 17, 1746, and was one of the
+forty-three persons included in the act of attainder of June 4, 1746.
+Having surrendered to the government he was confined in Edinburgh Castle
+from November,
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIMON FRASER OF LOVAT.]
+
+1746, to August 15, 1747, when he was allowed to reside in Glasgow
+during the king's pleasure. He received a full pardon in 1750, and two
+years later entered as an advocate. At the commencement of the seven
+years' war, by his influence with his clan, without the aid of land or
+money he raised eight hundred recruits in a few weeks, in which as many
+more were shortly added. His commission as colonel was dated January 5,
+1757. Under his command Fraser's Highlanders went to America, where he
+was at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and in the expedition under
+General Wolfe against Quebec, where he was wounded at Montmorenci. He
+was again wounded at Sillery, April 28, 1760. In 1762 he was a
+brigadier-general in the British force sent to Portugal; in the
+Portuguese army he held the temporary rank of major-general, and in 1768
+a lieutenant-general. In 1771 he was a major-general in the British
+army. By an act of parliament, on the payment of £20,983, all his
+forfeited lands, lordships, &c., were restored to him, on account of the
+military services he had rendered the country. On the outbreak of the
+American Revolution General Fraser raised another regiment of two
+battalions, known as Fraser's Highlanders or 71st, but did not accompany
+the regiment. When, in Canada, in 1761, he was returned to parliament,
+and thrice re-elected, representing the constituency of the county of
+Inverness until his death, which occurred in Downing Street, London,
+February 8, 1782.
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER.
+
+Lieutenant-General Simon Fraser, son of a tacksman, born in 1738, was
+senior of the Simon Frasers serving as subalterns in Fraser's
+Highlanders in the campaign in Canada in 1759-1761. He was wounded at
+the battle of Sillery, April 28, 1760, and three years later was placed
+on half-pay as a lieutenant. In 1775 he raised a company for the 71st or
+Fraser's Highlanders; became senior captain and afterwards major of the
+regiment, with which he served in America in the campaigns of 1778-1781.
+In 1793 he raised a Highland regiment which was numbered 133rd foot or
+Fraser's Highlanders, which after a brief existence, was broken up and
+drafted into other corps. He became a major-general in 1795, commanded a
+British force in Portugal in 1797-1800. In 1802 he became
+lieutenant-general, and for several years second in command in Scotland,
+in which country he died March 21, 1813.
+
+
+GENERAL JAMES GRANT OF BALLINDALLOCH.
+
+General James Grant was born in 1720, and after studying law obtained a
+commission in the army in 1741, and became captain in the Royal Scots,
+October 24, 1744. General Grant served with his regiment in Flanders and
+in Ireland, and became major in Montgomery's Highlanders, with which he
+went to America in 1757. In the following year he was surprised before
+Fort Duquesne, and lost a third of his command in killed, wounded and
+missing, besides being captured himself with nineteen of his officers.
+He became lieutenant-colonel of the 40th foot in 1760, and governor of
+East Florida. In May, 1761, he led an expedition against the Cherokee
+Indians, and defeated them in the battle of Etchoe. On the death of his
+nephew he succeeded to the family estate; became brevet-colonel in 1772;
+in 1773 was returned to parliament for Wick burghs, and the year after
+for Sutherlandshire; and in 1775 was appointed colonel of the 55th
+foot. As a brigadier, in 1776, he went to America with the reinforcement
+under Sir William Howe; commanded two brigades at the battle of Long
+Island, Brandywine and Germantown. In May, 1778, was unsuccessful in his
+attempt to cut off the marquis de Lafayette on the Schuylkill. In
+December, 1778, he captured St. Lucia, in the West Indies. In 1777, he
+became major-general, in 1782 lieutenant-general, and in 1796 general;
+and, in succession became governor of Dumbarton and Stirling Castles. In
+1787, 1790, 1796, and 1801, he was again returned to parliament for
+Sutherlandshire. He was noted for his love of good living, and in his
+latter years was immensely corpulent. He died at Ballindalloch April 13,
+1806.
+
+
+GENERAL ALLAN MACLEAN OF TORLOISK.
+
+General Allan Maclean, son of Torloisk, Island of Mull, was born there
+in 1725, and began his military career in the service of Holland, in the
+Scots brigade. At the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1747, a portion of the
+brigade cut its way with great loss through the French. Lieutenants
+Allan and Francis Maclean, having been taken prisoners, were carried
+before General Lowendahl, who thus addressed them: "Gentlemen, consider
+yourselves on parole. If all had conducted themselves as your brave
+corps have done, I should not now be master of Bergen-op-Zoom." January
+8, 1756, Allan became lieutenant in the 62nd regiment, and on July 8,
+1758, was severely wounded at Ticonderoga. He became captain of an
+independent company, January 16, 1759, and was present at the surrender
+of Niagara, where he was again dangerously wounded. Returning to Great
+Britain, he raised the 114th foot or Royal Highland Volunteers, of which
+he was appointed major commandant October 18, 1761. The regiment being
+reduced in 1763, Major Maclean went on half-pay. He became
+lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and early in 1775 devised a
+colonization scheme which brought him to America, landing in New York of
+that year. At the outbreak of the Revolution he identified himself with
+the British king; was arrested in New York; was released by denying he
+was taking a part in the dispute; thence went to the Mohawk, and on to
+Canada, where he began to set about organizing a corps, which became the
+nucleus of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Of this regiment Major Allan
+was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first battalion which he had
+raised. On the evidence of American prisoners taken at Quebec, Colonel
+Maclean resorted to questionable means to recruit his regiment. All
+those of British birth who had been captured were given permission to
+join the regiment or else be carried to England and tried for treason.
+But these enforced enlistments proved of no value. Quebec unquestionably
+would have fallen into the hands of General Arnold had not Colonel
+Maclean suddenly precipitated himself with a part of his corps into the
+beleaguered city. Had Quebec fallen, Canada would have become a part of
+the United States. To Colonel Allan Maclean Great Britain owes the
+possession of Canada. During the prolonged siege Colonel Maclean
+suffered an injury to his leg, whereby he partially lost the use of it
+during the remainder of his life. On May 11, 1776, Colonel Maclean was
+appointed adjutant-general of the army, which he held until June 6,
+1777, when he became brigadier-general, and placed in command at
+Montreal. As dangers thickened around General Burgoyne, General Maclean
+was ordered, October 20th, with the 31st and his battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to Chimney Point, but the following month was
+ordered to Quebec. He left Quebec July 27, 1776, for England, in order
+to obtain rank and establishment for his regiment which had been
+promised. He returned to Canada, arriving in Quebec May 28, 1777. In
+1778 he again went to England and made a personal appeal to the king in
+behalf of his regiment, which proved successful. May 1, 1779, he sailed
+from Spithead and arrived at Quebec on August 16th. He became colonel in
+the army November 17, 1780, and in the winter of 1782 had command from
+the ports at Oswegatchie to Michilimackinac. Soon after the peace of
+1783, General Maclean retired from the service. He married Janet,
+daughter of Donald Maclean of Brolass, and died without issue, in
+London, in March, 1797. From the contents of many letters directed to
+John Maclean of Lochbuie, it is to be inferred that he died in
+comparative poverty. His correspondence during his command of the
+Highland Emigrants is among the Haldimand MSS, in the British Museum.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ALLAN MACLEAN, BART.]
+
+General Allan Maclean of Torloisk has been confused by some
+writers--notably by General Stewart in his "Sketches of the Highlands"
+and Dr. James Brown in his "History of the Highlands and Highland
+Clans"--with Sir Allan Maclean, twenty-second chief of his clan. Sir
+Allan served in different parts of the globe. The first notice of his
+military career is as a captain under the earl of Drumlanrig in the
+service of Holland. July 16, 1757, he became a captain in Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and June 25, 1762, major in the 119th foot or the Prince's
+Own. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and died
+on Inch Kenneth, December 10, 1783. He married Anna, daughter of Hector
+Maclean of Coll. Dr. Samuel Johnson visited him during his tour of the
+Hebrides, and was so delighted with the baronet and his amiable
+daughters that he broke out into a Latin sonnet.
+
+
+GENERAL FRANCIS MACLEAN.
+
+General Francis Maclean, of the family of Blaich, as soon as he was able
+to bear arms, obtained a commission in the same regiment with his
+father; was at the defence of Bergen-op Zoom in 1747, and was detained
+prisoner in France for some time; was appointed captain in the 2nd
+battalion of the 42nd Highlanders on its being raised in October, 1758.
+At the capture of the island of Guadaloupe, he was severely wounded, but
+owing to his gallant conduct was promoted to the rank of major, and
+appointed governor of the island of Marie Galante. In January, 1761, he
+exchanged into the 97th regiment, and April 13, 1762, was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel in the army. In the war in Canada, he commanded a
+body of troops under General Wolfe, and participated in the capture of
+Montreal. He was sent, in 1762, to aid the Portuguese against the
+combined attack of France and Spain, and was made commander of Almeida,
+a fortified town on the Spanish frontier, which he held for several
+years; and on being promoted to the rank of major-general, was nominated
+to the government of Estremadura and the city of Lisbon. On leaving
+Portugal in 1778, the king presented him with a handsomely mounted
+sword, and the queen gave him a valuable diamond ring. On his return to
+England--having been gazetted colonel of the 82nd foot, December 16,
+1777--he was immediately dispatched with a corps of the army for
+America, and appointed to the government of Halifax in Nova Scotia,
+where he held the rank of brigadier-general. During the month of June,
+1779, with a part of his army, General Maclean repaired to the
+Penobscot, and there proceeded to erect defenses. The American army
+under General Lovell, from Boston, appeared in the bay on July 28th, and
+began to erect batteries for a siege. Commodore Sir George Collier,
+August 13th, entered the bay with a fleet and raised the siege. General
+Maclean returned to Halifax, where he died, May 4, 1781, in the
+sixty-fourth year of his age, and unmarried.
+
+
+GENERAL JOHN SMALL.
+
+General John Small was born in Strathardale in Athole, in the year 1726,
+and entered the army early in life, his first commission being in the
+Scotch Brigade. He obtained an ensigncy in 1747, and was on half-pay in
+1756, when appointed lieutenant in the 42nd Highlanders on the eve of
+its departure for America. He accompanied the regiment in 1759 in the
+expedition to northern New York, and in 1760 went down from Oswego to
+Montreal. In 1762 he served in the expedition to the West Indies, and on
+August 6th of the same year was promoted to a company. On the reduction
+of the regiment in 1763, Captain Small went on half-pay until April,
+1765, when he was appointed to a company in the 21st or Royal North
+British Fusileers, which soon after was sent to America. With this
+regiment he continued until 1775, when he received a commission to raise
+a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia. Having raised the 2nd battalion
+of the Royal Highland Emigrants, he was appointed major commandant, with
+a portion of which he joined the army with Sir Henry Clinton at New York
+in 1779, and in 1780, became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In 1782
+he was quartered on Long Island. November 18, 1790, he was appointed
+colonel in the army, and in 1794, lieutenant-governor of the island of
+Guernsey; he was promoted to the rank of major-general October 3, 1794,
+and died at Guernsey on March 17, 1796, in the seventieth year of his
+age.
+
+
+FLORA MACDONALD.
+
+No name in the Scottish Highlands bears such a charm as that of Flora
+Macdonald. Her praise is frequently sung, sketches of her life
+published, and her portrait adorns thousands of homes. While her
+distinction mainly rests on her efforts in behalf of the luckless prince
+Charles, after the disastrous battle of Culloden; yet, in reality, her
+character was strong, and she was a noble type of womanhood in her
+native isle.
+
+[Illustration: FLORA MACDONALD.]
+
+Flora Macdonald--or "Flory," as she always wrote her name, even in her
+marriage contract--born in 1722, was a daughter of Ranald Macdonald,
+tacksman of Milton, in South Uist, an island of the Hebrides. Her father
+died when she was about two years old, and when six years old she was
+deprived of the care of her mother, who was abducted and married by Hugh
+Macdonald of Armadale in Skye. Flora remained in Milton with her brother
+Angus till her thirteenth year, when she was taken into the mansion of
+the Clanranalds, where she became an accomplished player on the spinet.
+In 1739 she went to Edinburgh to complete her studies where, until 1745,
+she resided in the family of Sir Alexander Macdonald of the Isles.
+While on a visit to the Clanranalds in Benbecula, prince Charles Edward
+arrived there after the battle of Culloden in 1746. She enabled the
+prince to escape to Skye. For this she was arrested and thrown into the
+Tower of London. On receiving her liberty, in 1747, she stayed for a
+time in the house of Lady Primrose, where she was visited by many
+persons of distinction. Before leaving London she was presented with
+£1500. On her return to Scotland she was entertained at Monkstadt in
+Skye, at a banquet, to which the principal families were invited.
+November 6, 1750, she married Allan Macdonald, younger of Kingsburgh. At
+first they resided at Flodigarry; but on the death of her father-in-law
+they went in 1772 to Kingsburgh. Here she was visited, in 1773, by the
+celebrated Samuel Johnson. Her husband, oppressed by debts, was caught
+in that great wave of emigration from the Highlands to America. In the
+month of August, 1774, leaving her two youngest children with friends at
+home, Flora, her husband and older children, sailed in the ship Baliol,
+from Campbelton, Kintyre, for North Carolina. Flora's fame had preceded
+her to that distant country, and her departure from Scotland having
+become known to her countrymen in Carolina, she was anxiously expected
+and joyfully received on her arrival. Demonstrations on a large scale
+were made to welcome her to America. Soon after her landing, a largely
+attended ball was given in her honor at Wilmington. On her arrival at
+Cross Creek she received a truly Highland welcome from her old neighbors
+and kinsfolk, who had crossed the Atlantic years before her. The strains
+of the Piobaireachd, and the martial airs of her native land, greeted
+her on her approach to the capital of the Scottish settlement. Many
+families of distinction pressed upon her to make their dwellings her
+home, but she respectfully declined, preferring a settled place of her
+own. As the laird of Kingsburgh intended to become a planter, he left
+his family in Cross Creek until he could decide upon a location. The
+house in which they lived during this period was built immediately on
+the brink of the creek, and for many years afterwards was known as
+"Flora Macdonald's house." Northwest of Cross Creek, a distance of
+twenty miles, is a hill about six hundred feet in height, now called
+Cameron's hill, but then named Mount Pleasant. Around and about this
+hill, in 1775, many members of the Clan Macdonald had settled, all of
+whom were of near kin to the laird and lady of Kingsburgh. Hard by are
+the sources of Barbeque Creek, and not many miles down that stream stood
+the old kirk, where the clansmen worshipped, and where Flora inscribed
+her name on the membership roll.
+
+Mount Pleasant stands in the very midst of the pinery region, and from
+it in every direction stretches the great pine forest. Near this center
+Allan Macdonald of Kingsburgh purchased of Caleb Touchstone a plantation
+embracing five hundred and fifty acres on which were a dwelling house
+and outhouses which were more pretentious than was then customary among
+Highland settlers. The sum paid, as set forth in the deed, was four
+hundred and sixty pounds. Here Flora established herself, that with her
+family she might spend the rest of her days in peace and quiet. But the
+times were not propitious. There was commotion which soon ended in a
+long and bitter war. Even this need not have materially disturbed the
+family had not Kingsburgh precipitated himself into the conflict,
+needlessly and recklessly. With blind fatuity he took the wrong side in
+the controversy; and even then by the exercise of patience might have
+overcome the effects of his folly. Before Flora and her family were
+settled in America the storm gave its ominous rumble. When Governor
+Martin, who had deserted his post and fled to an armed cruiser in the
+mouth of the Cape Fear river, issued his proclamation, Allan Macdonald
+was among the first to respond. The war spirit of Flora was stirred
+within her, and she partook of the enthusiasm of her husband. According
+to tradition, when the Highlanders gathered around the standard Flora
+made them an address in their own Gaelic tongue that excited them to the
+highest pitch of warlike enthusiasm. With the due devotion of an
+affectionate wife, Flora followed her husband for several days, and
+encamped one night with him in a dangerous place, on the brow of
+Haymount, near the American forces. For a time she refused to listen to
+her husband's entreaties to return home, for he thought his life was
+enough to be in jeopardy. Finally when the army took up its march with
+banners flying and martial music, she deemed it time to retrace her
+steps, and affectionately embraced her husband, her eyes dimmed with
+tears as she breathed an earnest prayer to heaven for his safe and
+speedy return to his family and home. But alas! she never saw him again
+in America.
+
+The rebellion of the Highlanders in North Carolina, which ended in a
+fiasco, has already been narrated. Flora was soon aroused to the fact
+that the battle was against them, and her husband and one son were
+confined in Halifax jail. It appears that even she was brought before
+the Committee of Safety, where she exhibited a "spirited behavior."[177]
+Sorrows, indeed, had accumulated rapidly upon her: a severe typhus fever
+attacked the younger members of the family and two of her children died,
+a boy and a girl aged respectively eleven and thirteen, and her
+daughter, Fanny, was still in precarious health, from the dregs of a
+recent fever. By the advice of her imprisoned husband she resolved to
+return to her native country. Fortunately for her she secured the favor
+and good offices of Captain Ingram, an American officer, who promised to
+assist her. He furnished her with a passport to Wilmington, and from
+thence she found her way to Charleston, from which port she sailed to
+her native land, in 1779. In this step she was partly governed by the
+state of health of her daughter Fanny. Crossing the Atlantic with none
+of her family but Fanny--her five sons and son-in-law actively engaged
+in the war--the Scottish heroine met with the last of her adventures.
+The vessel in which she sailed engaged a French privateer, and during
+the conflict her left arm was broken. So, in after years, she truthfully
+said that she had served both the House of Stuart and the House of
+Hanover, but had been worsted in the cause of each. For some time she
+resided at Milton, where her brother built her a cottage: but on the
+return of her husband they again settled at Kingsburgh, where she died
+March 5, 1790.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 176: Memoir General Stark, 1831, p. 252.]
+
+[Footnote 177: Captain Alexander McDonald's Letter-Book, p. 387.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICAN INTERESTS
+
+
+The attitude of the Highlanders during the Revolutionary War was not of
+such a nature as to bring them prominently into view in the cause of
+freedom. Nor was it the policy of the American statesmen to cater to
+race distinctions and prejudices. They did not regard their cause to be
+a race war. They fought for freedom without regard to their origin,
+believing that a just Providence would smile upon their efforts. Many
+nationalities were represented in the American army. Men left their
+homes in the Old World, purposely to engage in the cause of
+Independence, some of whom gained immortal renown, and will be
+remembered with honor by generations yet unborn. As has been already
+noted, there were natives of the Highlands of Scotland, who had made
+America their home and imbibed the principles of political liberty, and
+early identified themselves with the cause of their adopted country. The
+lives of some of these patriots are herewith imperfectly sketched.
+
+
+GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. ALEXANDER MCDOUGALL.]
+
+There are few names in the annals of the American Revolution upon which
+one can linger with more satisfaction than that of the gallant and
+true-hearted Alexander McDougall. As early as August 20, 1775,
+Washington wrote to General Schuyler concerning him: his "zeal is
+unquestionable."[178] Writing to General McDougall, May 23, 1777,
+Washington says: "I wish every officer in the army could appeal to His
+own heart and find the same principles of conduct, that I am persuaded
+actuate you."[179] The same writing to Thomas Jefferson, August 1,
+1786, lamented the brave "soldier and disinterested patriot," and
+exclaimed, "Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall."[180]
+
+Alexander McDougall was born in the island of Islay in Scotland, in
+1731, being the son of Ranald McDougall, who emigrated to the province
+of New York in 1735. The father purchased a small farm near the city of
+New York, and there peddled milk, in which avocation he was assisted by
+his son, who never was ashamed of the employment of his youth. Alexander
+was a keen observer of passing events and took great interest in the
+game of politics. With vigilance he watched the aggressive steps of the
+royal government; and when the Assembly, in the winter of 1769, faltered
+in its opposition to the usurpations of the crown and insulted the
+people by rejecting a proposition authorizing the vote by ballot, and by
+entering on the favorable consideration of a bill of supplies for troops
+quartered in the city to overawe the inhabitants, he issued an address,
+under the title of "A Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the
+Colony," in which he contrasted the Assembly with the legislative bodies
+in other parts of the country, and held up their conduct to unmitigated
+and just indignation. The bold and deserved rebuke was laid before the
+house by its speaker, and, with the exception of Philip Schuyler, every
+member voted that it was "an infamous and seditious libel." A
+proclamation for the discovery of the author was issued by the governor,
+and it being traced to Alexander McDougall, he was arrested in February,
+1770, and refusing to give bail was committed to prison by order of
+chief justice Horsmanden. As he was being carried to prison, clearly
+reading in the signs about him the future of the country, he exclaimed,
+"I rejoice that I am the first sufferer for liberty since the
+commencement of our glorious struggle." During the two months of his
+confinement he was overrun with visitors. He poured forth continued
+appeals to the people, and boldly avowed his revolutionary opinions. In
+every circle his case was the subject of impassioned conversation, and
+in an especial manner he became the idol of the masses. A packed jury
+found an indictment against him, and on December 20th he was arraigned
+at the bar of the Assembly on the same charge, on which occasion he was
+defended by George Clinton, afterwards the first governor of the State
+of New York. In the course of the following month a writ of habeas
+corpus was sued out, but without result, and he was not liberated until
+March 4, 1771, when the assembly was prorogued. When the Assembly
+attempted to extort from him a humiliating recantation, he undauntingly
+answered their threat, that "rather than resign my rights and privileges
+as a British subject, I would suffer my right hand to be cut off at the
+bar of the house." When set at liberty he entered into correspondence
+with the master-spirits in all parts of the country; and when the
+celebrated meetings in the fields were held, on July 6, 1774,
+preparatory to the election of the New York delegates to the First
+General Congress, he was called to preside, and resolutions prepared by
+him were adopted, pointing out the mode of choosing deputies, inveighing
+against the Boston Port Bill, and urging upon the proposed congress the
+prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. In March
+1775, he was a member of the Provincial Convention, and was nominated as
+one of the candidates for the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but
+was not elected. In the same year he received a commission as colonel of
+the 1st New York regiment, and on August 9, 1776, was created
+brigadier-general. On the evening of the 29th of the same month he was
+selected by Washington to superintend the embarkation of the troops from
+Brooklyn; was actively engaged on Chatterton's Hill and in various
+places in New Jersey; and when General William Heath, in the spring of
+1777, left Peekskill to assume the command of the eastern department, he
+succeeded that officer, but was compelled, by a superior force under Sir
+William Howe, to retreat from the town, after destroying a considerable
+supply of stores, on March 23rd. After the battle of Germantown, in
+which he participated, Washington, writing to the president of Congress,
+under date of October 7, 1777, says:
+
+"I cannot however omit this opportunity of recommending General
+McDougall to their notice. This gentleman, from the time of his
+appointment as brigadier, from his abilities, military knowledge, and
+approved bravery, has every claim to promotion."[181]
+
+On the 20th of the same month he was commissioned major-general. On
+March 16, 1778, he was directed to assume the command of the different
+posts on the Hudson, and, with activity, pursued the construction of the
+fortifications in the Highlands, and, after the flight of General
+Arnold, was put in command of West Point, October 5, 1780. Near the
+close of that year he was called upon by New York to repair to Congress
+as one of their representatives. It was a critical moment, and
+Washington urged his acceptance of the post; accordingly he took his
+seat in the Congress the next January. Congress having organized an
+executive department, in 1781, General McDougall was appointed Minister
+of Marine. He did not remain long in Philadelphia, for his habits,
+friendships, associations and convictions of duty recalled him to the
+camp. The confidence felt in his integrity and good judgment by all
+classes in the service, was such, that when the army went into winter
+quarters at Newburgh, in 1783, he was chosen at the head of the
+delegation to Congress to represent their grievances. The same year,
+after the close of the war, he was elected to represent the Southern
+District in the senate of New York and continued a member of that body
+until his death, which occurred in the city of New York June 8, 1786. At
+the time of his decease, General McDougall was president of the Bank of
+New York. In politics he adhered to the Hamilton party.
+
+
+GENERAL LACHLAN M'INTOSH.
+
+The history of the emigration of John Mohr McIntosh to Georgia, and the
+settlement upon the Alatamaha, where now stands the city of Darien, has
+already been recorded. The second son of John Mohr was Lachlan, born
+near Raits in Badenoch, Scotland, March 17, 1725, and consequently was
+eleven years old at the time he emigrated to America. As has been
+already noted John Mohr McIntosh was captured by the Spaniards at Fort
+Moosa, carried to Spain, and after several years, returned in broken
+health.
+
+Both Lachlan and his elder brother William were placed as cadets in the
+regiment by General Oglethorpe. When General Oglethorpe made his final
+preparations for his return to England, the two young brothers were
+found hid away in the hold of another vessel, for they had heard of the
+attempts then being made by prince Charles to regain the throne of his
+ancestors, and they hoped to regain something that the family of Borlam
+had lost, of which they were members. General Oglethorpe had the two
+boys brought to his cabin; he spoke to them of the friendship he had
+entertained for their father, of the kindness he had shown to
+themselves, of the hopelessness of every attempt of the house of Stuart,
+of their own folly in engaging in this wild and desperate struggle, of
+his own duty as an officer of the house of Brunswick; but if they would
+go ashore, their secret should be his. He received their pledge and they
+never saw him again.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL LACHLAN MCINTOSH.]
+
+At that time the means of education in Georgia were limited, yet under
+his mother's care Lachlan McIntosh was well instructed in English,
+mathematics and other branches necessary for future military use.
+Lachlan sought the promising field of enterprise in Charleston, South
+Carolina, where the fame of his father's gallantry and misfortunes
+secured to him a kind reception from Henry Laurens, afterwards president
+of Congress, and the first minister of the United States to Holland. In
+the house of that patriot he remained several years, and contracted
+friendships that lasted while he lived, with some of the leading
+citizens of the southern colonies. Having adopted the profession of
+surveyor, and married, he returned to Georgia, where he acquired a wide
+and honorable reputation. On account of his views concerning certain
+lands between the Alatamaha and St. Mary's rivers which did not coincide
+with those of Governor Wright of Georgia, it afforded the latter a
+pretence, for a long and deliberate opposition to the interests of
+Lachlan McIntosh, which gradually schooled him for the approaching
+conflict between England and her American colonies. When that event
+began to dawn upon the people every eye in Georgia was turned to General
+McIntosh as the leader of whatever force that province might bring into
+the struggle. When, therefore, the revolutionary government was
+organized and an order was made for raising a regiment was adopted,
+Lachlan McIntosh was made colonel commandant; and when the order was
+issued for raising three other regiments, in September, 1776, he was
+immediately appointed brigadier-general commandant. About this time
+Button Gwinnett was elected governor, who had been an unsuccessful
+competitor for the command of the troops. He was a man unrestrained by
+any honorable principles, and used his official authority in petty
+persecutions of General McIntosh and his family. The general bore all
+this patiently until his opponent ceased to be governor, when he
+communicated to him the opinion he entertained of his conduct. He
+received a challenge, and in a duel wounded him mortally. General
+McIntosh now applied, through his friend Colonel Henry Laurens, for a
+place in the Continental army, which was granted, and with his staff was
+invited to join the commander-in-chief. He soon won the confidence of
+Washington, and for a long time was placed in his front, while watching
+the superior forces of Sir William Howe in Philadelphia.
+
+While the army was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the attention of
+the government was called to the exposed condition of the western
+frontier, upon which the British was constantly exciting the Indians to
+the most terrible atrocities. It was determined that General McIntosh
+should command an expedition against the Indians on the Ohio. In a
+letter to the President of Congress, dated May 12, 1778, Washington
+says:
+
+"After much consideration upon the subject, I have appointed General
+McIntosh to command at Fort Pitt, and in the western country, for which
+he will set out as soon as he can accommodate his affairs. I part with
+this gentleman with much reluctance, as I esteem him an officer of great
+worth and merit, and as I know his services here are and will be
+materially wanted. His firm disposition and equal justice, his assiduity
+and good understanding, added to his being a stranger to all parties in
+that quarter, pointed him out as a proper person."[182]
+
+With a reinforcement of five hundred men General McIntosh marched to
+Fort Pitt, of which he assumed the command, and in a short time he gave
+repose to all western Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the spring of 1779,
+he completed arrangements for an expedition against Detroit, but in
+April was recalled by Washington to take part in the operations proposed
+for the south, where his knowledge of the country, added to his stirling
+qualities, promised him a useful field. He joined General Lincoln in
+Charleston, and every preparation in their power was made for the
+invasion of Georgia, then in possession of the British, as soon as the
+French fleet under count D'Estaing should arrive on the coast. General
+McIntosh marched to Augusta, took command of the advance of the troops,
+and proceeding down to Savannah, drove in all the British outposts.
+Expecting to be joined by the French, he marched to Beauly, where count
+D'Estaing effected a landing on September 12th, 13th, and 14th, and on
+the 15th was joined by General Lincoln. General McIntosh pressed for an
+immediate attack, but the French admiral refused. In the very midst of
+the siege the French fleet put to sea, leaving Generals Lincoln and
+McIntosh to retreat to Charleston, where they were besieged by an
+overwhelming force under Sir Henry Clinton, to whom the city was
+surrendered on May 12, 1780. With this event the military life of
+General McIntosh closed. He was long detained a prisoner of war, and
+when finally released, retired with his family to Virginia, where he
+remained until the British troops were driven from Savannah. Upon his
+return to Georgia, he found his personal property wasted and his real
+estate much diminished in value. From that time to the close of his
+life, in a great measure, he lived in retirement and comparative
+poverty until his death, which took place at Savannah, February 20,
+1806.
+
+
+GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.]
+
+The life of Major General Arthur St. Clair was a stormy one, full of
+disappointments, shattered hopes, and yet honored and revered for the
+distinguished and disinterested services he performed. He was a near
+relative of the then earl of Roslin, and was born in 1734, in the town
+of Thurso, Caithness in Scotland. He inherited the fine personal
+appearance and manly traits of the St. Clairs. After graduating at the
+University of Edinburgh, he entered upon the study of medicine under the
+celebrated Doctor William Hunter of London; but receiving a large sum of
+money from his mother's estate in 1757, he changed his purpose and
+sought adventures in a military life, and the same year entered the
+service of the king of Great Britain, as ensign in the 60th or Royal
+American Regiment of Foot. In May of the succeeding year he was with
+General Amherst before Louisburg. Gathered there were men soon to become
+famous among whom were Wolfe, Montcalm, Murray and Lawrence. For gallant
+conduct Arthur St. Clair received a lieutenant's commission, April 17,
+1759, and was with General Wolfe in that brilliant struggle before
+Quebec, in September of the same year, and soon after was made a
+captain. In 1760 he married at Boston, Miss Phoebe Bayard, with a
+fortune of £40,000, which added to his own made him a man of wealth. On
+April 16. 1762 he resigned his commission in the army, and soon after
+led a colony of Scotch settlers to the Ligonier Valley, in
+Pennsylvania, where he purchased for himself one thousand acres of land.
+Improvements everywhere sprang up under his guiding genius. He held
+various offices, among which was member of the Proprietory Council of
+Pennsylvania, and colonel of militia. The mutterings which preceded the
+American Revolution were early heard in the beautiful valley of the
+Ligonier. Colonel St. Clair was not slow to take action, and espoused
+the cause of the patriots with all the intensity of his character, and
+never, even for a moment, swerved in the cause. He was destined to
+receive the enduring friendship of Washington, La Fayette, Hamilton,
+Schuyler, Wilson, Reed, and others of the most distinguished patriots of
+the Revolution. Early in the year 1776, he resigned his civil offices,
+and led the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment in the invasion of Canada, and on
+account of the remarkable skill there displayed in saving from capture
+the army of General Sullivan, he received the rank of brigadier-general,
+August 6, 1776. He claimed to have pointed out the Quaker road to
+Washington on the night before the battle of Princeton. On account of
+his meritorious services in that battle, he was made a major-general,
+February 19, 1777. On the advance of General Burgoyne, who now
+threatened the great avenue from the north, General St. Clair was placed
+in command of Ticonderoga. Discovering that he could not hold the
+position, with great reluctance he ordered the fort evacuated. A great
+clamor was raised against him, especially in the New England States, and
+on account of this he was suspended, and a court-martial ordered.
+Retaining the confidence of Washington he was a volunteer aid to that
+commander at the battle of Brandywine. In September 1778, the
+court-martial acquitted him of all the charges. He was on the
+court-martial that condemned Major John Andre, adjutant-general of the
+British army, as a spy, who had been actively implicated in the treason
+of Benedict Arnold, and soon after was placed in command of West Point.
+He assisted in quelling the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line, and shared
+in the crowning glory of the Revolution, the capture of the British army
+under lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Soon afterwards General St. Clair
+retired to private life, but his fellow-citizens soon determined
+otherwise. In 1783 he was on the board of censors for Pennsylvania, and
+afterwards chosen vendue-master of Philadelphia; in 1786 was elected a
+member of Congress, and in 1787 was president of that body, which at
+that time, was the highest office in America. In 1788 he was elected
+governor of the North West Territory, which imposed upon him the duty of
+governing, organizing, and bringing order out of chaos, over that region
+of country. In 1791, Washington made him commander-in-chief of the army,
+and in the autumn, with an ill-appointed force, set out, under the
+direct orders from Henry Knox, then Secretary of War, on an expedition
+against the Indians, but met with an overwhelming defeat on November
+4th. The disaster was investigated by Congress, and the general was
+justly exonerated from all blame. He resigned his commission as general
+in 1792, but continued in office as governor until 1802, when he was
+summarily dismissed by Thomas Jefferson, then president. In poverty he
+retired to a log-house which overlooked the valley he had once owned. In
+vain he pressed his claims against the government for the expenditures
+he had made during the Revolution, in aid of the cause. In 1812 he
+published his "Narrative." In 1813 the legislature of Pennsylvania
+granted him an annuity of $400, and finally the general government gave
+him a pension of $60 per month. He died at Laural Hill, Pennsylvania,
+August 31, 1818, from injuries received by being thrown from a wagon.
+
+Years afterwards Judge Burnet wrote, declaring him to have been
+"unquestionably a man of superior talents, of extensive information, and
+of great uprightness of purpose, as well as suavity of manners. * * * He
+had been accustomed from infancy to mingle in the circles of taste and
+refinement, and had acquired a polish of manners, and a habitual respect
+for the feelings of others, which might be cited as a specimen of
+genuine politeness."[183]
+
+In 1870 the State of Ohio purchased the papers of General St. Clair, and
+in 1882 these were published in two volumes, containing twelve hundred
+and seventy pages.
+
+
+SERGEANT DONALD M'DONALD
+
+The lives of men who have won a great name on the field of battle throw
+a glamor over themselves which is both interesting and fascinating; and
+those treading the same path but cut off in their career are forgotten.
+However, the American Revolution affords many acts of heroism performed
+by those who did not command armies, some of whom performed many acts
+worthy of record. Perhaps, among the minor officers none had such a
+successful run of brilliant exploits as Sergeant Macdonald, many of
+which are sufficiently well authenticated. Unfortunately the essential
+particulars relating to him have not been preserved. The warlike deeds
+which he exhibited are recorded in the "Life of General Francis Marion"
+by General Horry, of Marion's brigade, and Weems. Just how far Weems
+romanced may never be known, but in all probability what is related
+concerning Sergeant Macdonald is practically true, save the shaping up
+of the story.
+
+Sergeant Macdonald is represented to have been a son of General Donald
+Macdonald, who headed the Highlanders in North Carolina, and met with an
+overwhelming defeat at Moore's Creek Bridge. The son was a remarkably
+stout, red-haired young Scotsman, cool under the most trying
+difficulties, and brave without a fault. Soon after the defeat and
+capture of his father he joined the American troops and served under
+General Horry. One day General Horry asked him why he had entered the
+service of the patriots. In substance he made the following reply:
+
+"Immediately on the misfortune of my father and his friends at the Great
+Bridge, I fell to thinking what could be the cause; and then it struck
+me that it must have been owing to their own monstrous ingratitude.
+'Here now,' said I to myself, 'is a parcel of people, meaning my poor
+father and his friends, who fled from the murderous swords of the
+English after the massacre at Culloden. Well, they came to America, with
+hardly anything but their poverty and mournful looks. But among this
+friendly people that was enough. Every eye that saw us, had pity; and
+every hand was reached out to assist. They received us in their houses
+as though we had been their own unfortunate brothers. They kindled high
+their hospitable fires for us, and spread their feasts, and bid us eat
+and drink and banish our sorrows, for that we were in a land of
+friends. And so indeed, we found it; for whenever we told of the woeful
+battle of Culloden, and how the English gave no quarter to our
+unfortunate countrymen, but butchered all they could overtake, these
+generous people often gave us their tears, and said, O! that we had been
+there to aid with our rifles, then should many of these monsters have
+bit the ground.' They received us into the bosoms of their peaceful
+forests, and gave us their lands and their beauteous daughters in
+marriage, and we became rich. And yet, after all, soon as the English
+came to America, to murder this innocent people, merely for refusing to
+be their slaves, then my father and friends, forgetting all that the
+Americans had done for them, went and joined the British, to assist them
+to cut the throats of their best friends! Now,' said I to myself, 'if
+ever there was a time for God to stand up to punish ingratitude, this
+was the time.' And God did stand up; for he enabled the Americans to
+defeat my father and his friends most completely. But, instead of
+murdering the prisoners as the English had done at Culloden, they
+treated us with their usual generosity. And now these are the people I
+love and will fight for as long as I live."
+
+The first notice given of the sergeant was the trick which he played on
+a royalist. As soon as he heard that Colonel Tarleton was encamped at
+Monk's Corner, he went the next morning to a wealthy old royalist of
+that neighborhood, and passing himself for a sergeant in the British
+corps, presented Colonel Tarleton's compliments with the request that he
+would send him one of his best horses for a charger, and that he should
+not lose by the gift.
+
+"Send him one of my finest horses!" cried the old traitor with eyes
+sparkling with joy. "Yes, Mr. Sergeant, that I will, by gad! and would
+send him one of my finest daughters too, had he but said the word. A
+good friend of the king, did he call me, Mr. Sergeant? yes, God save his
+sacred majesty, a good friend I am indeed, and a true. And, faith, I am
+glad too, Mr. Sergeant, that colonel knows it. Send him a charger to
+drive the rebels, hey? Yes, egad will I send him one, and as proper a
+one too as ever a soldier straddled. Dick! Dick! I say you Dick!"
+
+"Here, massa, here! here Dick!"
+
+"Oh, you plaguey dog! so I must always split my throat with bawling,
+before I can get you to answer hey?"
+
+"High, massa, sure Dick always answer when he hear massa hallo!"
+
+"You do, you villain, do you? Well then run! jump, fly, you rascal, fly
+to the stable, and bring me out Selim, my young Selim! do you hear? you
+villain, do you hear?"
+
+"Yes, massa, be sure!"
+
+Then turning to the sergeant he went on:
+
+"Well, Mr. Sergeant, you have made me confounded glad this morning, you
+may depend. And now suppose you take a glass of peach; of good old
+peach, Mr. Sergeant? do you think it would do you any harm?"
+
+"Why, they say it is good of a rainy morning, sir," replied the
+sergeant.
+
+"O yes, famous of a rainy morning, Mr. Sergeant! a mighty antifogmatic.
+It prevents you the ague, Mr. Sergeant; and clears a man's throat of the
+cobwebs, sir."
+
+"God bless your honor!" said the sergeant as he turned off a bumper.
+
+Scarcely had this conversation passed when Dick paraded Selim; a proud,
+full-blooded, stately steed, that stepped as though he were too lofty to
+walk upon the earth. Here the old man brightening up, broke out again:
+
+"Aye! there, Mr. Sergeant, there is a horse for you! isn't he, my boy?"
+
+"Faith, a noble animal, sir," replied the sergeant.
+
+"Yes, egad! a noble animal indeed; a charger for a king, Mr. Sergeant!
+Well, my compliments to Colonel Tarleton; tell him I've sent him a
+horse, my young Selim, my grand Turk, do you hear, my son of thunder?
+And say to the colonel that I don't grudge him either, for egad! he's
+too noble for me, Mr. Sergeant. I've no work that's fit for him, sir; no
+sir, if there's any work in all this country that's good enough for him
+but just that which he is now going on; the driving the rebels out of
+the land."
+
+He had Selim caparisoned with his elegant new saddle and holsters, with
+his silver-mounted pistols. Then giving Sergeant Macdonald a warm
+breakfast, and loaning him his great coat, he sent him off, with the
+promise that he would, the next morning, come and see how Colonel
+Tarleton was pleased with Selim. Accordingly he waited on the English
+colonel, told him his name with a smiling countenance; but, to his
+mortification received no special notice. After partially recovering
+from his embarrassment he asked Colonel Tarleton how he liked his
+charger.
+
+"Charger, sir?" said the colonel.
+
+"Yes, sir, the elegant horse I sent you yesterday."
+
+"The elegant horse you sent me, sir?"
+
+"Yes, sir, and by your sergeant, sir, as he called himself."
+
+"An elegant horse! and by my sergeant? Why really, sir, I-I-I don't
+understand all this."
+
+"Why, my dear, good sir, did you not send a sergeant yesterday with your
+compliments to me, and a request that I would send you my very best
+horse for a charger, which I did?"
+
+"No, sir, never!" replied the colonel; "I never sent a sergeant on any
+such errand. Nor till this moment did I ever know that there existed on
+earth such a being as you."
+
+The old man turned black in the face; he shook throughout; and as soon
+as he could recover breath and power of speech, he broke out into a
+torrent of curses, enough to make one shudder at his blasphemy. Nor was
+Colonel Tarleton much behind him when he learned what a valuable animal
+had slipped through his hands.
+
+When Sergeant Macdonald was asked how he could reconcile the taking of
+the horse he replied:
+
+"Why, sir, as to that matter, people will think differently; but for my
+part I hold that all is fair in war; and besides, sir, if I had not
+taken him Colonel Tarleton, no doubt, would have got him. And then, with
+such a swift strong charger as this he might do us as much harm as I
+hope to do to them."
+
+Harm he did with a vengeance; for he had no sense of fear; and for
+strength he could easily drive his sword through cap and skull of an
+enemy with irresistible force. He was fond of Selim, and kept him to the
+top of his metal; Selim was not much his debtor; for, at the first
+glimpse of a red-coat, he would paw, and champ his iron bit with rage;
+and the moment of command, he was off among them like a thunderbolt. The
+gallant Highlander never stopped to count the number, but would dash
+into the thickest of the fight, and fall to hewing and cutting down like
+an uncontrollable giant.
+
+General Horry, when lamenting the death of his favorite sergeant said
+that the first time he saw him fight was when the British held
+Georgetown; and with the sergeant the two set out alone to reconnoitre.
+The two concealed themselves in a clump of pines near the road, with the
+enemy's lines in full view. About sunrise five dragoons left the town
+and dashed up the road towards the place where the heroes were
+concealed. The face of Sergeant Macdonald kindled up with the joy of
+battle. "Zounds, Macdonald," said General Horry, "here's an odds against
+us, five to two." "By my soul now captain," he replied, "and let 'em
+come on. Three are welcome to the sword of Macdonald." When the dragoons
+were fairly opposite, the two, with drawn sabres broke in upon them like
+a tornado. The panic was complete; two were immediately overthrown, and
+the remaining three wheeled about and dashed for the town, applying the
+whip and spur to their steeds. The sergeant mounted upon the
+swift-footed Selim out-distanced his companion, and single-handed cut
+down two of the foe. The remaining one would have met a like fate had
+not the guns of the fort protected him. Although quickly pursued by the
+relief, the sergeant had the address to bring off an elegant horse of
+one of the dragoons whom he had killed.
+
+A day or two after the victory of General Marion over Colonel Tynes,
+near the Black river, General Horry took Captain Baxter, Lieutenant
+Postell and Sergeant Macdonald, with thirty privates, to see if some
+advantage could not be gained over the enemy near the lines of
+Georgetown. While partaking of a meal at the house of a planter, a
+British troop attempted to surprise them. The party leaped to their
+saddles and were soon in hot pursuit of the foe. While all were
+excellently mounted, yet no horse could keep pace with Selim. He was the
+hindmost when the race began, but with widespread nostrils, long
+extended neck, and glaring eyeballs, he seemed to fly over the course.
+Coming up with the enemy Sergeant Macdonald drew his claymore, and
+rising on his stirrups, with high-uplifted arm, he waved it three times
+in circles over his head, and then with terrific force brought it down
+upon the fleeing dragoon. One of the British officers snapped his pistol
+at him, but before he could try another the sergeant cut him down.
+Immediately after, at a blow apiece, three more dragoons were brought to
+the earth by the resistless claymore. Of the twenty-five, not a man
+escaped, save one officer, who struck off at right angles, for a swamp,
+which he gained, and so cleared himself. So frightened was Captain
+Meriot, the British officer, that his hair, from a bright auburn,
+before night, had turned gray.
+
+[Illustration: SERGEANT MACDONALD AND COLONEL GAINEY.]
+
+On the following day General Horry encountered one third of Colonel
+Gainey's men, and in the encounter the latter lost one half his men who
+were in the action. In the conflict, as usual the sergeant performed
+prodigies of valor. Later in the day Colonel Gainey's regiment again
+commenced the attack, when Sergeant Macdonald made a dash for the
+leader, in full confidence of getting a gallant charger. Colonel Gainey
+proved to have been well mounted; but the sergeant, regarding but the
+one enemy passed all others. He afterwards said he could have slain
+several in the charge, but wished for no meaner object than their
+leader. Only one, who threw himself in the way, became his victim, whom
+he shot down as they went at full speed along the Black river road. When
+they reached the corner of Richmond fence, the sergeant had gained so
+far upon his enemy, as to be able to plunge his bayonet into his back.
+The steel parted from the gun, and, with no time to extricate it,
+Colonel Gainey rushed into Georgetown, with the weapon still
+conspicuously showing how close and eager had been the charge, and how
+narrow the escape. The wound was not fatal.
+
+On another occasion General Marion ordered Captain Withers to take
+Sergeant Macdonald, with four volunteers, and search out the intentions
+of the enemy in Georgetown. On the way they stopped at a wayside house
+and drank too much brandy. Sergeant Macdonald, feeling the effects of
+the potion, with a red face, reined up Selim, and drawing his claymore,
+began to pitch and prance about, cutting and slashing the empty air, and
+cried out, "Huzza, boys! let's charge!" Then clapping spurs to their
+steeds these six men, huzzaing and flourishing their swords, charged at
+full tilt into a town garrisoned by three hundred British. The enemy
+supposing this was the advance guard of General Marion, fled to their
+redoubts; but all were not fortunate enough to reach that haven, for
+several were overtaken and cut down in the streets, among whom was a
+sergeant-major, who fell from a back-handed stroke of a claymore dealt
+by Sergeant Macdonald. Out of the town the young men galloped without
+receiving any injury.
+
+Not long after the above incident, the sergeant, as usual employing
+himself in watching the movements of the British, climbed up into a
+bushy tree, and thence, with a musket loaded with pistol bullets, fired
+at the guard as they passed by; of whom he killed one man and badly
+wounded Lieutenant Torquano; then sliding down the tree, mounted Selim,
+and was soon out of harm's was. Repassing the Black river he left his
+clothes behind him, which were seized by the enemy. He sent word to
+Colonel Watson if he did not immediately send back his clothes, he would
+kill eight of his men to compensate for them. He felt it was a point of
+honor that he should recover his clothes. Colonel Watson greatly
+irritated by a late defeat, was furious at the audacious message. He
+contemptuously ordered the messenger to return; but some of his
+officers, aware of the character of the sergeant, urged that the
+clothes might be returned to the partisan, as he would positively keep
+his word. Colonel Watson yielded, and when the messenger returned to the
+sergeant, he said, "You may now tell Colonel Watson that I will kill but
+four of his men."
+
+The last relation of Sergeant Macdonald, as given by General Peter
+Horry, is in reference to Captains Snipes and McCauley, with the
+sergeant and forty men, having surprised and cut to pieces a large party
+of the enemy near Charleston.
+
+Sergeant Macdonald did not live to reap the fruit of his labors, or even
+to see his country free. He was killed at the siege of Fort Motte, May
+12, 1781. In this fort was stationed a British garrison of one hundred
+and fifty men under Captain McPherson, which had been reinforced by a
+small force of dragoons sent from Charleston with dispatches for lord
+Rawdon. General Marion, with the assistance of Colonel Henry Lee, laid
+siege to the fortress, which was compelled to surrender, owing to the
+burning of the mansion in the center of the works. Mrs. Rebecca Motte,
+the lady that owned the mansion, furnished the bow and arrows used to
+carry the fire to the roof of the building. Nathan Savage, a private in
+the ranks of General Marion's men, winged the arrow with the lighted
+torch. The British did not lose a man, and General Marion lost two of
+his bravest,--Lieutenant Cruger and Sergeant Macdonald. His resting
+place is unknown. No monument has been erected to his memory; but his
+name will endure so long as men shall pay respect to heroism and
+devotion to country.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 178: Spark's Washington's Writings, Vol. III, p. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 179: _Ibid_, Vol. IV, p. 430.]
+
+[Footnote 180: _Ibid_, Vol. IX, p. 186.]
+
+[Footnote 181: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 85.]
+
+[Footnote 182: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 361.]
+
+[Footnote 183: Notes on the North-Western Territory, p. 378]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Since the publication of "Scotch Highlanders in America," I have secured
+the following complete list of the officers of the 2nd Battalion of the
+84th or Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment, from hon. Aeneas A. MacDonald,
+Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He also has a complete list of the
+enlisted men. The original document is in private hands in St. John,
+N.B.
+
+
+LIST OF OFFICERS OF 2ND BATTALION OF ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANTS.
+
+Muster of January 21st, 1778, at Halifax 2nd Battalion of His Majesty's
+Young Royal Highland Regiment of Foot whereof the Honble Lieut. Genl.
+Thomas Gage is Colonel in Chief.
+
+_1st Company_, Major Commandant, John Small, Commissioned June 13th,
+1715, and April 8th, 1777; Captain Lieutenant, John MacLean,
+Commissioned April 9th, 1776; Ensign, Lauchlan McQuarrie, Commissioned
+April 9th, 1776; Chaplain, Revd Alexr McKenzie, Commissioned July 12th,
+1776, Absent by leave, Revd Doctr Brinston officiating; Adjutant, Hector
+MacLean, Commissioned April 25th, 1776; Quarter Master, Angus Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Surgeon, George Fr. Boyd, Commissioned May
+8th, 1776; Surgeon's Mate, Donald Cameron, Commissioned Oct 25th, 1776.
+3 Sergeants 3 Corporals 2 Drummers and 46 Privates.
+
+_2nd Company_, Captain, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775:
+Lieutenant, Gerald Fitzgerald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; On
+recruiting service in Newfoundland; Ensign, Kenneth Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and 38
+Privates.
+
+_3rd Company_, Captain, Duncan Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Thomas Lunden, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Christr
+Seaton, Commissioned April 9th, 1777. 8 non-commissioned officers and 48
+Privates.
+
+_4th Company_, Captain, Ronald McKinnon, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenants, Robert Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, and James
+McDonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and
+50 Privates.
+
+_5th Company_, Captain, Alexr Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Absent on Comr in Chief's leave; Lieutenant, Samuel Bliss, Commissioned
+June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Joseph Hawkins, Commissioned Decr 25th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.
+
+_6th or Grenadier Company_, Captain, Murdoch McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Recruiting; Lieutenants, Lauchlin McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Charles McDonald, Commissioned May 18th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.
+
+_7th Company_, Captain, Neil McLean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Serving with the Army in Canada and under orders to join; Lieutenant,
+Hugh Frazier, Commissioned Feby 27th, 1776, Prisoner with the Rebels;
+Ensign, John Macdonald, Commissioned Octr 7th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned
+officers and 32 Privates.
+
+_8th Company_, Captain, Allen Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with Rebels; Lieutenant, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Prisoner with Rebels; Ensign, Alexr Maclean, Commissioned
+Decr 25th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.
+
+_9th Company_, Captain, John Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Alexr McDonell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, Prisoner with
+the Rebels; Ensign, James Robertson, Commissioned Oct 30th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.
+
+_10th Company_, Captain, Allan Macdonnell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with the Rebels; Lieutenant, John Macdonnell, Major Genl
+Massey's leave; Ensign, Hector Maclean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 40 Privates.
+
+At this Muster the 3rd or Captain Duncan Campbell's Company and the 5th
+or Captain Alexr Campbell's Company could not have been present as the
+Muster Rolls of these Companies, while containing the list of Officers
+and Men, are not completed and not signed by the officers or by the
+Deputy Officer taking the Muster. The 5th Company was in Newfoundland at
+the time and the 3rd probably there also.
+
+At a Muster of the Regiment held at Halifax on 2nd of September 1778 the
+Regiment appears as His Majesty's Royal Highland Regiment of Emigrants.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+FIRST EMIGRANTS TO AMERICA.
+
+Parties bearing Highland names were in America and the West Indies
+during the seventeenth century, none of whom may have been born north of
+the Grampians. The records fail to give us the details. It has been
+noted that on May 15, 1635, Henri Donaldson left London for Virginia on
+the Plaine Joan, the master of which was Richard Buckam. On May 28,
+1635, Melaskus McKay was transported from the same port and to the same
+place, on board the Speedwell, Jo. Chappell, master. Dowgall Campbell
+and his wife Mary were living in Barbadoes, September 1678, as was also
+Patric Campel, in August 1679. Malcum Fraser was physician on board the
+Betty, that carried seventy-five "convicted rebells," one of whom was a
+woman, in 1685, sailed from Port Weymouth for the Barbadoes, and there
+sold into slavery. Many persons by name of Morgan also left various
+English ports during that century, but as they occur in conjunction with
+that of Welsh names it is probable they were from the same country.
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+LETTER OF DONALD MACPHERSON.
+
+Communication between the two countries was difficult and uncertain,
+which would inevitably, in a short time, stop friendly correspondence.
+More or less effort was made to keep up old friendships. The friends in
+the New World did not leave behind them their love for the Highlands,
+for home, for father and mother. The following curious letter has been
+preserved from Donald MacPherson, a young Highland lad, who had been
+sent to Virginia with Captain Toline, and was born near the house of
+Culloden where his father lived, and addressed to him. It was written
+about 1727:
+
+   "Portobago in Marilante, 2 June, 17--.
+Teer Lofen Kynt Fater:
+
+Dis is te lat ye ken, dat I am in quid healt, plessed be Got for dat,
+houpin te here de lyk frae yu, as I am yer nane sin, I wad a bine ill
+leart gin I had na latten yu ken tis, be kaptin Rogirs skep dat geangs
+te Innernes, per cunnan I dinna ket sika anither apertunti dis towmen
+agen. De skep dat I kam in was a lang tym o de see cumin oure heir, but
+plissis pi Got for a'ting wi a kepit our heels unco weel, pat Shonie
+Magwillivray dat hat ay sair heet. Dere was saxty o's a'kame inte te
+quintry hel a lit an lim an nane o's a'dyit pat Shonie Magwillivray an
+an otter Ross lad dat kam oure wi's an mai pi dem twa wad a dyit gintey
+hed bitten at hame. Pi mi fait I kanna kamplin for kumin te dis quintry,
+for mestir Nicols, Lort pliss hem, pat mi till a pra mestir, dey ca him
+Shon Bayne, an hi lifes in Marylant in te rifer Potomak, he nifer gart
+mi wark ony ting pat fat I lykit mi sel: de meast o a' mi wark is
+waterin a pra stennt hors, and pringin wyn an pread ut o de seller te mi
+mestir's tebil. Sin efer I kam til him I nefer wantit a pottle o petter
+ele nor isi m a' Shon Glass hous, for I ay set toun wi de pairns te
+dennir. Mi mestir seys til mi, fan I kon speek lyk de fouk hier dat I
+sanna pe pidden di nating pat gar his plackimors wurk, for de fyt fouk
+dinna ise te wurk pat te first yeer aftir dey kum in te de quintry. Tey
+speek a' lyk de sogers in Inerness. Lofen fater, fan de sarvants hier he
+deen wi der mestirs, dey grou unco rich, an its ne wonter for day mak a
+hantil o tombako; and des sivites anahels and de sheries an de pires
+grou in de wuds wantin tyks apout dem, De Swynes te ducks and durkies
+geangs en de wuds wantin mestirs. De tombako grous shust lyk de dockins
+en de bak o de lairts yart an de skeps dey kum fra ilka place an bys dem
+an gies a hantel o silder an gier for dem. Mi nane mestir kam til de
+quintry a sarfant an weil I wot hi's nou wort mony a susan punt. Fait ye
+mey pelive mi de pirest plantir hire lifes amost as weil as de lairt o
+Collottin. Mai pi fan mi tim is ut I wel kom hem an sie yu pat not for
+de fust nor de neest yeir til I gater somtig o mi nane, for I fan I ha
+dun wi mi mestir, hi maun gi mi a plantashon te set mi up, its de
+quistium hier in dis quintry; an syn I houp te gar yu trink wyn insteat
+o tippeni in Innerness. I wis I hat kum our hier twa or tri yiers seener
+nor I dit, syn I wad ha kum de seener hame, pat Got bi tanket dat I kam
+sa seen as I dit. Gin yu koud sen mi owr be ony o yur Innesness skeps,
+ony ting te mi, an it war as muckle clays as mak a quelt it wad, mey pi,
+gar mi meistir tink te mere o mi. It's tru I ket clays eneu fe him bat
+out ting fe yu wad luck weel an pony, an ant plese Got gin I life, I sal
+pey yu pack agen. Lofen fater, de man dat wryts dis letir for mi is van
+Shames Macheyne, hi lifes shust a myl fe mi, hi hes pin unko kyn te mi
+sin efer I kam te de quintrie. Hi wes porn en Petic an kom our a sarfant
+fe Klesgou an hes peen hes nane man twa yeirs, an has sax plockimors
+wurkin til hem alrety makin tombako ilka tay. Heil win hem, shortly an
+a' te geir dat he hes wun hier an py a lerts kip at hem. Luck dat yu
+duina forket te vryt til mi ay, fan yu ket ony occashion: Got Almichte
+plis yu Fater an a de leve o de hous, for I hana forkoten nane o yu, nor
+dinna yu forket mi, for plise Got I sal kum hem wi gier eneuch te di yu
+a' an mi nane sel guid. I weit yu will be veri vokie, fan yu sii yur
+nane sins fesh agen, for I heive leirt a hautle hevens sin I sau yu an I
+am unco buick leirt.
+
+   A tis fe yur lofen an Opetient Sin,
+     Tonal Mackaferson.
+
+Directed--For Shames Mackaferson neir te Lairt o Collottin's hous, neir
+Innerness en de Nort o Skotlan."[184]
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+EMIGRATION DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+The emigration from the Highlands to America was so pronounced that the
+Scottish papers, notably the "Edinburgh Evening Courant," the
+"Caledonian Mercury," and the "Scots Magazine," made frequent reference
+and bemoan its prevalence. It was even felt in London, for the
+"Gentleman's Magazine" was also forced to record it. While all these
+details may not be of great interest, yet to obtain a fair idea of this
+movement, some record will be of service.
+
+The "Scots Magazine," for September 1769, records that the ship Molly
+sailed from Islay on August 21st of that year full of passengers to
+settle in North Carolina; which was the third emigration from Argyle
+"since the close of the late war." A subsequent issue of the same paper
+states that fifty-four vessels full of emigrants from the Western
+Islands and other parts of the Highlands sailed for North Carolina,
+between April and July 1770, conveying twelve hundred emigrants. Early
+in 1771, according to the "Scots Magazine," there were five hundred
+emigrants from Islay, and the adjacent Islands, preparing to sail in the
+following summer for America "under the conduct of a gentleman of wealth
+and merit whose predecessors resided in Islay for many centuries past."
+The paper farther notes that "there is a large colony of the most
+wealthy and substantial people in Skye making ready to follow the
+example of the Argathelians in going to the fertile and cheap lands on
+the other side of the Atlantic ocean. It is to be dreaded that these
+migrations will prove hurtful to the mother country; and therefore its
+friends ought to use every proper method to prevent them." These Skye
+men to the number of three hundred and seventy, in due time left for
+America. The September issue states that "several of them are people of
+property who intend making purchases of land in America. The late great
+rise of the rents in the Western Islands of Scotland is said to be the
+reason of this emigration."
+
+The "Scots Magazine" states that the ship Adventure sailed from Loch
+Erribol, Sunday August 17, 1772, with upwards of two hundred emigrants
+from Sutherlandshire for North Carolina. There were several emigrations
+from Sutherlandshire that year. In June eight families arrived in
+Greenock, and two other contingents--one of one hundred and the other of
+ninety souls--were making their way to the same place en route to
+America. The cause of this emigration they assign to be want of the
+means of livelihood at home, through the opulent graziers engrossing the
+farms, and turning them into pasture. Several contributions have been
+made for these poor people in towns through which they passed.
+
+During the year 1773, emigrants from all parts of the Highlands sailed
+for America. The "Courant" of April 3, 1773, reports that "the unlucky
+spirit of emigration" had not diminished, and that several of the
+inhabitants of Skye, Lewis, and other places were preparing to emigrate
+to America during the coming summer "and seek for the sustenance abroad
+which they allege they cannot find at home." In its issue for July 3,
+1773, the same paper states that eight hundred people from Skye were
+then preparing to go to North Carolina and that they had engaged a
+vessel at Greenock to carry them across the Atlantic. In the issue of
+the same paper for September 15th, same year, appears the gloomy
+statement that the people of Badenoch and Lochaber were in "a most
+pitiful situation for want of meal. They were reduced to live on blood
+which they draw from their cattle by repeated bleedings. Need we wonder
+to hear of emigrations from such a country." On September 1, 1773,
+according to the "Courant," a ship sailed from Fort William for America
+with four hundred and twenty-five men, women, and children, all from
+Knoydart, Lochaber, Appin, Mamore, and Fort William. "They were the
+finest set of fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at
+least £6000 sterling in ready cash with them; so that by this
+emigration the country is not only deprived of its men, but likewise of
+its wealth. The extravagant rents started by the landlords is the sole
+cause given for this spirit of emigration which seems to be only in its
+infancy." On September 29, 1773, the "Courant," after stating that there
+were from eight to ten vessels chartered to convey Highland emigrants
+during that season across the Atlantic, adds: "Eight hundred and forty
+people sailed from Lewis in July. Alarmed with this Lord Fortrose, their
+master, came down from London about five weeks ago to treat with the
+remainder of his tenants. What are the terms they asked of him, think
+you? 'The land at the old rents; the augmentation paid for three years
+backward to be refunded; and his factor to be immediately dismissed.'"
+The "Courant" added that unless these terms were conceded the island of
+Lewis would soon be an uninhabited waste. Notwithstanding the visit of
+lord Fortrose, emigration went on. The ship Neptune with one hundred and
+fifty emigrants from Lewis arrived in New York on August 23, 1773; and,
+according to the "Scots Magazine," between seven hundred and eight
+hundred emigrants sailed from Stornoway for America on June 23rd, of the
+same year.
+
+The "Courant" for September 25, 1773, in a communication from Dornoch,
+states that on the 10th of that month there sailed from Dornoch Firth,
+the ship Nancy, with two hundred and fifty emigrants from
+Sutherlandshire for New York. The freight exceeded 650 guineas. In the
+previous year a ship from Sutherlandshire paid a freight of 650 guineas.
+
+In October 1773, three vessels with seven hundred and seventy-five
+emigrants from Moray, Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness, sailed from
+Stromness for America.
+
+The "Courant" for November 10, 1773, records that fifteen hundred people
+had left the county of Sutherland for America within the two preceding
+years. The passage money cost £3 10s each, and it was computed that on
+an average every emigrant brought £4 with him. "This amounts to £7500,
+which exceeds a year's rent of the whole county."
+
+The "Gentleman's Magazine" for June 30, 1775, states that "four vessels,
+containing about seven hundred emigrants, have sailed for America from
+Port Glasgow and Greenock, in the course of the present month, most of
+them from the north Highlands." The same journal for September 23rd,
+same year, says, "The ship Jupiter from Dunstaffnage Bay, with two
+hundred emigrants on board, chiefly from Argyleshire, set sail for North
+Carolina. They declare the oppressions of their landlords are such that
+they can no longer submit to them."
+
+The perils of the sea did not deter them. Tales of suffering must have
+been heard in the glens. Some idea of these sufferings and what the
+emigrants were sometimes called upon to endure may be inferred from the
+following:
+
+"In December (1773), a brig from Dornock, in Scotland, arrived at New
+York, with about 200 passengers, and lost about 100 on the
+passage."[185]
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+APPEAL TO THE HIGHLANDERS LATELY ARRIVED FROM SCOTLAND.
+
+   Williamsburgh, November 23, 1775.
+
+"FRIENDS AND COUNTRYMEN:--A native of the same island, and on the same
+side of the Tweed with yourselves, begs, for a few moments, your serious
+attention. A regard for your happiness, and the security of your
+posterity, are the only motives that could have induced me to occupy
+your time by an epistolary exhortation. How far I may fall short of the
+object I have thus in view, becomes me not to surmise. The same claim,
+however, has he to praise (though, perhaps, never equally rewarded) who
+endeavors to do good, as he who has the happiness to effect his purpose.
+I hope, therefore, no views of acquiring popular fame, no partial or
+circumstantial motives, will be attributed to me for this attempt. If
+this, however, should be the case, I have the consolation to know that I
+am not the first, of many thousands, who have been censured unjustly.
+
+I have been lately told that our Provincial Congress have appointed a
+Committee to confer with you, respecting the differences which at
+present subsist between Great Britain and her American Colonies; that
+they wish to make you their friends, and treat with you for that
+purpose; to convince you, by facts and argumentation, that it is
+necessary that every inhabitant of this Colony should concur in such
+measures as may, through the aid of a superintending Providence, remove
+those evils under which this Continent is at present depressed.
+
+The substance of the present contest, as far as my abilities serve me to
+comprehend it, is, simply, whether the Parliament of Great Britain shall
+have the liberty to take away your property without your consent. It
+seems clear and obvious to me that it is wrong and dangerous they should
+have such a power; and that if they are able to carry this into
+execution, no man in this Country has any property which he may safely
+call his own. Adding to the absurdity of a people's being taxed by a
+body of men at least three thousand miles distant, we need only observe
+that their views and sentiments are opposite to ours, their manners of
+living so different that nothing but confusion, injustice, and
+oppression could possibly attend it. If ever we are justly and
+righteously taxed, it must be by a set of men who, living amongst us,
+have an interest in the soil, and who are amenable to us for all their
+transactions.
+
+It was not to become slaves you forsook your native shores. Nothing
+could have buoyed you up against the prepossessions of nature and of
+custom, but a desire to fly from tyranny and oppression. Here you found
+a Country with open arms ready to receive you; no persecuting landlord
+to torment you; none of your property exacted from you to support court
+favorites and dependants. Under these circumstances, your virtue and
+your interest were equally securities for the uprightness of your
+conduct; yet, independent of these motives, inducements are not wanting
+to attach you to the cause of liberty. No people are better qualified
+than you, to ascertain the value of freedom. They only can know its
+intrinsick worth who have had the misery of being deprived of it.
+
+From the clemency of the English Nation you have little to expect; from
+the King and his Ministers still less. You and your forefathers have
+fatally experienced the malignant barbarity of a despotick court. You
+cannot have forgot the wanton acts of unparalleled cruelty committed
+during the reign of Charles II. Mercy and justice were then strangers to
+your land, and your countrymen found but in the dust a sanctuary from
+their distresses. The cries of age, and the concessions of youth, were
+uttered but to be disregarded; and equally with and without the
+formalities of law, were thousands of the innocent and deserving ushered
+to an untimely grave. The cruel and unmerited usage given to the Duke of
+Argyle, in that reign, cannot be justified or excused. No language can
+paint the horrors of this transaction; description falters on her way,
+and, lost in the labyrinth of sympathy and wo, is unable to perform the
+duties of her function. This unhappy nobleman had always professed
+himself an advocate for the Government under which he lived, and a
+friend to the reigning monarch. Whenever he deviated from these
+principles, it must have been owing to the strong impulses of honor, and
+the regard he bore to the rights of his fellow-creatures. 'It were
+endless, as well as shocking, (says an elegant writer,) to enumerate all
+the instances of persecution, or, in other words, of absurd tyranny,
+which at this time prevailed in Scotland. Even women were thought proper
+objects on whom they might exercise their ferocious and wanton
+dispositions; and three of that sex, for refusing to sign some test
+drawn up by tools of Administration, were devoted, without the solemnity
+of a trial, to a lingering and painful death.'
+
+I wish, for the sake of humanity in general and the royal family in
+particular, that I could throw a veil over the conduct of the Duke of
+Cumberland after the last rebellion. The indiscriminate punishments
+which he held out equally to the innocent and the guilty, are facts of
+notoriety much to be lamented. The intention may possibly, in some
+measure, excuse, though nothing can justify the barbarity of the
+measure.
+
+Let us, then, my countrymen, place our chief dependence on our virtue,
+and, by opposing the standard of despotism on its first appearance,
+secure ourselves against those acts in which a contrary conduct will
+undoubtedly plunge us. I will venture to say, that there is no American
+so unreasonable as even to wish you to take the field against your
+friends from the other side of the Atlantick. All they expect or desire
+from you is, to remain neutral, and to contribute your proportion of the
+expenses of the war. This will be sufficient testimony of your
+attachment to the cause they espouse. As you participate of the
+blessings of the soil, it is but reasonable that you should bear a
+proportionate part of the disadvantages attending it.
+
+To the virtuous and deserving among the Americans, nothing can be more
+disagreeable than national reflections; they are, and must be, in the
+eyes of every judicious man, odious and contemptible, and bespeak a
+narrowness of soul which the virtuous are strangers to. Let not, then,
+any disrespectful epithets which the vulgar and illiterate may throw
+out, prejudice you against them; and endeavor to observe this general
+rule, dictated at least by humanity, 'that he is a good man who is
+engaged in a good cause.'
+
+Your enemies have said you are friends to absolute monarchy and
+despotism, and that you have offered yourselves as tools in the hands of
+Administration, to rivet the chains forging for your brethren in
+America. I hope and think my knowledge of you authorizes the assertion
+that you are friends to liberty, and the natural and avowed enemies of
+tyranny and usurpation. All of you, I doubt not, came into the Country
+with a determined resolution of finishing here your days; nor dare I
+doubt but that, fired with the best and noblest species of human
+emulation, you would wish to transmit to the rising generation that best
+of all patrimonies, the legacy of freedom.
+
+Private views, and offers of immediate reward, can only operate on base
+and unmanly minds. That soul in which the love of liberty ever dwelt
+must reject, with honest indignation, every idea of preferment, founded
+on the ruins of a virtuous and deserving people. I would have you look
+up to the Constitution of Britain as the best and surest safeguard to
+your liberties. Whenever an attempt is made to violate its fundamental
+principles, every effort becomes laudable which may tend to preserve its
+natural purity and perfection.
+
+The warmest advocates for Administration have candor sufficient to admit
+that the people of Great Britain have no right to tax America. If they
+have not, for what are they contending? It will, perhaps, be answered,
+for the dignity of Government. Happy would it be for those who advance
+this doctrine to consider, that there is more real greatness and genuine
+magnanimity in acknowledging an error, than in persisting in it.
+Miserable must that state be, whose rulers, rather than give up a little
+punctilio, would endanger the lives of thousands of its subjects in a
+quarrel, the injustice and impropriety of which is universally
+acknowledged. If the Americans wish for anything more than is set forth
+in the address of the last Congress to the King and people of Great
+Britain--if independence is their aim--by removing their real
+grievances, their artificial ones (if any they should avow) will soon
+appear, and with them will their cause be deserted by every friend to
+limited monarchy, and by every well-wisher to the interests of America.
+I have endeavored, in this uncultivated home-spun essay, to avoid
+prolixity as much as possibly I could. I have aimed at no flowers of
+speech, no touches of rhetorick, which are too often made use of to
+amuse, and not to instruct or persuade the understanding. I have no
+views but your good, and the credit of the Country from whence you came.
+
+In case Government should prevail, and be able to tax America without
+the least show of representation, it would be to me a painful reflection
+to think, that the children of the land to which I owe my existence,
+should have been the cause of plunging millions into perpetual bondage.
+
+If we cannot be of service to the cause, let us not be an injury to it.
+Let us view this Continent as a country marked out by the great God of
+nature as a receptacle for distress, and where the industrious and
+virtuous may range in the fields of freedom, happy under their own fig
+trees, freed from a swarm of petty tyrants, who disgrace countries the
+most polished and civilized, and who more particularly infest that
+region from whence you
+
+Scotius Americanus."[186]
+
+
+NOTE E.
+
+INGRATITUDE OF THE HIGHLANDERS.
+
+"Brigadier-General Donald McDonald was in rebellion in the year 1745,
+against his lawful sovereign, and headed many of the same clan and name,
+who are now his followers. These emigrants, from the charity and
+benevolence of the Assembly of North-Carolina, received large pecuniary
+contributions, and, to encourage them in making their settlements, were
+exempted from the payment of taxes for several years. It is a fact, that
+numbers of that ungrateful people, who have been lately in arms, when
+they arrived in Carolina, were without the necessaries of life--their
+passage even paid by the charitable contributions of the inhabitants.
+They have since, under every encouragement that the Province of
+North-Carolina could afford them, acquired fortunes very rapidly, and
+thus they requite their benefactor.--Virginia Gazette."[187]
+
+
+NOTE F.
+
+WERE THE HIGHLANDERS FAITHFUL TO THEIR OATH TAKEN BY THE AMERICANS?
+
+General David Stewart, the faithful and admiring historian of the
+Highlanders, makes the following strange statements that need
+correction, especially in the view that the Highlander had a very high
+regard for his oath: After the battle of Guilford Court House "the
+British retired southward in the direction of Cross Creek, the Americans
+following close in the rear; but nothing of consequence occurred. Cross
+Creek, a settlement of emigrant Highlanders, had been remarkable for its
+loyalty from the commencement of the war, and they now offered to bring
+1,500 men into the field, to be commanded by officers from the line, to
+find clothing and subsistence for themselves, and to perform all duties
+whether in front, flanks, or rear; and they required nothing but arms
+and ammunition. This very reasonable offer was not received, but a
+proposition was made to form them into what was called a provincial
+corps of the line. This was declined by the emigrant Highlanders, and
+after a negotiation of twelve days, they retired to their settlements,
+and the army marched for Wilmington, where they expected to find
+supplies, of which they now stood in great need.
+
+There was among these settlers a gentleman of the name of Macneil, who
+had been an officer in the Seven Years' War. He joined the army with
+several followers, but soon took his leave, having been rather sharply
+reprimanded for his treatment of a republican family. He was a man of
+tall stature, and commanding aspect, and moved, when he walked among his
+followers, with all the dignity of a chieftain of old. Retaining his
+loyalty, although offended with the reprimand, he offered to surprise
+the republican garrison, the governor, and council, assembled at
+Willisborough. He had three hundred followers, one-half of them old
+country Highlanders, the other half born in America, and the off-spring
+of Highlanders. The enterprise was conducted with address, and the
+governor, council, and garrison, were secured without bloodshed, and
+immediately marched off for Wilmington, Macneil and his party travelling
+by night, and concealing themselves in swamps and woods by day. However,
+the country was alarmed, and a hostile force collected. He proceeded in
+zig-zag directions, for he had a perfect knowledge of the country, but
+without any provisions except what chance threw in his way. When he had
+advanced two-thirds of the route, he found the enemy occupying a pass
+which he must open by the sword, or perish in the swamps for want of
+food. At this time he had more prisoners to guard than followers. 'He
+did not secure his prisoners by putting them to death;' but, leaving
+them under a guard of half his force on whom he could least depend, he
+charged with the others sword in hand through the pass, and cleared it
+of the enemy, but was unfortunately killed from too great ardor in the
+pursuit. The enemy being dispersed, the party continued their march
+disconsolate for the loss of their leader; but their opponents again
+assembled in force, and the party were obliged to take refuge in the
+swamps, still retaining their prisoners. The British commander at
+Wilmington, hearing of Macneil's enterprise, marched out to his support,
+and kept firing cannon, in expectation the report would reach them in
+the swamps. The party heard the reports, and knowing that the Americans
+had no artillery, they ventured out of the swamps towards the quarter
+whence they heard the guns, and meeting with Major (afterwards Sir
+James) Craig, sent out to support them, they delivered over their
+prisoners half famished with hunger, and lodged them safely in
+Wilmington. Such partizans as these are invaluable in active
+warfare."[188]
+
+Dr. James Browne, who follows Stewart very closely, gives[189] the first
+paragraph of the above quotation, but makes no reference to the exploit
+of Macneil. Keltie who copies almost literally from Dr. Browne, also
+gives[190] the first paragraph, but no reference to the second.
+
+General Stewart gives no clue as to the source of his information. If
+the number of Highlanders reported to have offered their services under
+such favorable conditions was true, lord Cornwallis was not in a
+position to refuse. He had been and still was on a very fatiguing
+campaign. His army was not only worn down but was greatly decimated by
+the fatigues of a long and harrassing march, and the results of two
+pitched battles. In his letter to Sir Henry Clinton,[191] already
+quoted, not a word of this splendid relief is intimated. From lord
+Cornwallis' statement he must have made scarcely a stop at Cross Creek,
+in his flight from Guilford Court House to Wilmington. He says that at
+Cross Creek "there was not four days' forage within twenty miles"; that
+he "determined to move immediately to Wilmington," and that "the
+Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of the upper
+country, to prove the sincerity of their friendship."[192] This would
+amount to positive proof that the Highlanders did not offer their
+services. The language of lord Cornwallis to lord George Germain, under
+date of Wilmington, North Carolina, April 18th, 1781, is even stronger:
+"The principal reasons for undertaking the Winter's Campaign were, the
+difficulty of a defensive War in South Carolina, & the hopes that our
+friends in North Carolina, who were said to be very numerous, would make
+good their promises of assembling & taking an Active part with us, in
+endeavouring to re-establish His Majesty's Government. Our experience
+has shown that their numbers are not so great as had been represented
+and that their friendship was only passive; For we have received little
+assistance from them since our arrival in the province, and altho' I
+gave the _strongest & most pulick assurances_ that after refitting &
+depositing our Sick and Wounded, I _should return to the upper Country_,
+not above two hundred have been prevailed upon to follow us either as
+Provincials or Militia." Colonel Tarleton, the principal officer under
+lord Cornwallis, observes: "Notwithstanding the cruel persecution the
+inhabitants of Cross creek had constantly endured for their partiality
+to the British, they yet retained great zeal for the interest of the
+royal army. All the flour and spirits in the neighborhood were
+collected and conveyed to camp, and the wounded officers and soldiers
+were supplied with many conveniences highly agreeable and refreshing to
+men in their situation. After some expresses were dispatched to lord
+Rawdon, to advertise him of the movements of the British and Americans,
+and some wagons were loaded with provisions, earl Cornwallis resumed his
+march for Wilmington."[193] Not a word is said of the proposed
+reinforcement by the Highlanders. Stedman, who was an officer under lord
+Cornwallis, and was with him in the expedition, says:[194] "Upon the
+arrival of the British commander at Cross Creek, he found himself
+disappointed in all his expectations: Provisions were scarce: Four days'
+forage not to be procured within twenty miles; and the communication
+expected to be opened between Cross Creek and Wilmington, by means of
+the river, was found to be impracticable, the river itself being narrow,
+its banks high, and the inhabitants, on both sides, for a considerable
+distance, inveterately hostile. Nothing therefore now remained to be
+done but to proceed with the army to Wilmington, in the vicinity of
+which it arrived on the seventh of April. The settlers upon Cross Creek,
+although they had undergone a variety of persecutions in consequence of
+their previous unfortunate insurrections, still retained a warm
+attachment to their mother-country, and during the short stay of the
+army amongst them, all the provisions and spirits that could be
+collected within a convenient distance, were readily brought in, and the
+sick and wounded plentifully supplied with useful and comfortable
+refreshments." Again he says (page 348): "Lord Cornwallis was greatly
+disappointed in his expectations of being joined by the loyalists. Some
+of them indeed came within the lines, but they only remained a few
+days." Nothing however occurs concerning Highland enlistments or their
+desire so to engage with the army. General Samuel Graham, then an
+officer in Fraser's Highlanders, in his "Memoirs," though speaking of
+the march to Cross Creek, is silent about Highlanders offering their
+services. Nor is it at all likely, that, in the sorry plight the British
+army reached Cross Creek in, the Highlanders would unite, especially
+when the outlook was gloomy, and the Americans were pressing on the
+rear.
+
+As to the exploit of Macneil, beyond all doubt, that is a confused
+statement of the capture of Governor Burke, at Hillsboro, by the
+notorious Colonel David Fanning. This was in September 1781. His report
+states, "We killed 15 of the rebels, and wounded 20; and took upwards of
+200 prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his Council, and part of
+the Continental Colonels, several captains and subalterns, and 71
+continental soldiers out of a church." Colonel Fanning was a native of
+Wake County, North Carolina, and had no special connection with the
+Highlanders; but among his followers were some bearing Highland names.
+The majority of his followers, who were little better than highway
+robbers, had gathered to his standard as the best representative of the
+king in North Carolina, after the defeat at Moore's Creek.
+
+There is not and never has been a Willisborough in North Carolina. There
+is a Williamsboro in Granville county, but has never been the seat of
+government even for a few days. Hillsboro, practically, was the capital
+in 1781.
+
+The nearest to an organization of Highlanders, after Moore's Creek, was
+Hamilton's Loyal North Carolina regiment; but this was made up of
+refugees from over all the state.
+
+It is a fact, according to both history and tradition, that after the
+battle of Moore's Creek, the Highlanders as a race were quiet. The blow
+at Moore's Creek taught them a needed lesson, and as an organization
+gave no more trouble. Whatever numbers, afterwards entered the British
+service, must have been small, and of little consequence.
+
+
+NOTE G.
+
+MARVELLOUS ESCAPE OF CAPTAIN MCARTHUR.
+
+The following narration I find in the "Celtic Magazine," vol. I.
+1875-76, pp. 209-213 and 241-245. How much of it is true I am unable to
+discover. Undoubtedly the writer, in some parts, draws on his
+imagination. Unfortunately no particulars are given concerning either
+the previous or subsequent life of Captain McArthur. We are even
+deprived of the knowledge of his Christian name, and hence cannot
+identify him with the same individual mentioned in the text.
+
+Upon the defeat of the Highlanders at Moore's Creek, "Captain McArthur
+of the Highland Regiment of Volunteers, was apprehended and committed to
+the county jail in the town of Cross-Creek. But the gallant officer
+determined to make a death grasp for effecting his escape, and happily
+for him the walls of his confinement were not of stone and mortar. In
+his lonely prison, awaiting his fate, and with horrid visions of death
+haunting him, he summons up his muscular strength and courage, and with
+incredible exertion he broke through the jail by night, and once more
+enjoyed the sweets of liberty. Having thus made his escape he soon found
+his way to the fair partner of his joys and sorrows. It needs hardly be
+said that her astonishment was only equalled by her raptures of joy.
+She, in fact, became so overpowered with the unexpected sight that she
+was for the moment quite overcome, and unable to comply with the
+proposal of taking an immediate flight from the enemy's country. She
+soon, however, regains her sober senses, and is able to grasp the
+reality of the situation, and fully prepared with mental nerve and
+courage to face the scenes of hardship and fatigue which lay before
+them. The thought of flight was, indeed, a hazardous one. The journey to
+the sea board was far and dangerous; roads were miserably constructed,
+and these, for the most part, had to be avoided; unbroken forests,
+immense swamps, and muddy creeks were almost impassable barriers; human
+habitations were few and far between, and these few could scarcely be
+looked to as hospitable asylums; enemies would be on the lookout for the
+capture of the 'Old Tory,' for whose head a tempting reward had been
+offered; and withal, the care of a tender infant lay heavy upon the
+parental hearts, and tended to impede their flight. Having this sea of
+troubles looming before them, the imminent dangers besetting their path,
+you can estimate the heroism of a woman who was prepared to brave them
+all. But when you further bear in mind that she had been bred in the
+ease and delicate refinements of a lairdly circle at home, you can at
+once conceive the hardships to be encountered vastly augmented, and the
+moral heroism necessary for such an undertaking to be almost incredible,
+finding its parallel only in the life of her famous countrywoman, the
+immortal 'Flora.' Still, life is dear, and a desperate attempt must be
+made to preserve it--she is ready for any proposal. So off they start at
+the dead hour of midnight, taking nothing but the scantiest supply of
+provisions, of which our heroine must be the bearer, while the hardy
+sire took his infant charge in his folded plaid over one shoulder, with
+the indispensable musket slung over the other. Thus equipped for the
+march, they trudge over the heavy sand, leaving the scattered town of
+Cross-Creek behind in the distance, and soon find themselves lost to all
+human vision in the midst of the dense forest. There is not a moment to
+lose; and onward they speed under cover of night for miles and miles,
+and for a time keeping the main road to the coast. Daylight at length
+lightened their path, and bright sunrays are pouring through the forest.
+But that which had lightened the path of the weary fugitives had, at the
+same time, made wonderful disclosures behind. The morning light had
+revealed to the astonished gaze of the keeper of the prison the flight
+of his captive. The consternation among the officials is easily
+imagined. A detachment of cavalry was speedily dispatched in pursuit; a
+handsome reward was offered for the absconded rebel, and a most
+barbarous punishment was in reserve for him in the event of his being
+captured. With a knowledge of these facts, it will not be matter of
+surprise that the straits and perplexities of a released captive had
+already commenced. Who can fancy their terror when the noise of cavalry
+in the distance admonished them that the enemy was already in hot
+pursuit, and had taken the right scent. What could they do! Whither
+could they fly? They dart off the road in an instant and began a race.
+But alas, of what use, for the tall pines of the forest could afford no
+shelter or concealment before the pursuers could reach the spot. In
+their extremity they change their course, running almost in the face of
+the foe. They rush into the under brush covert of a gum pond which
+crossed the road close by, and there, in terrible suspense, awaited
+their fate, up to the knees in water. In a few moments the equestrians,
+in full gallop, are within a gunshot of them. But on reaching the pond
+they slacken their speed, and all at once came to a dead halt! Had they
+already discovered their prey? In an instant their fears were relieved
+on this score. From their marshy lair they were able, imperfectly, to
+espy the foe, and they saw that the cause of halting was simply to water
+their panting steeds. They could also make out to hear the enemy's
+voice, and so far as they could gather, the subject was enough to
+inspire them with terror, for the escaped prisoner was evidently the
+exciting topic. Who could mistake the meaning of such detached phrases
+and epithets as these--'Daring fellow,' 'Scotch dog,' 'British slup,'
+and 'Steel fix him.' And who can realize the internal emotion of him
+whom they immediately and unmistakably concerned? But the fates being
+propitious, the posse of cavalry resumed their course, first in a slow
+pace, and afterwards in a lively canter, until they were out of sight
+and out of hearing.
+
+This hair-breadth escape admonished our hero that he must shift his
+course and avoid the usual route of communication with the coast. The
+thought struck him, that he would direct his course towards the Cape
+Fear river, which lay some ten miles to the right; feeling confident, at
+the same time, that his knowledge of the water in early days could now
+be made available, if he could only find something in the shape of a
+boat. And, besides, he saw to his dismay that his fair partner in
+travel, however ardent in spirit, could not possibly hold out under the
+hardships incident to the long journey at first meditated. For the Cape
+Fear river then they set off; and after a wearisome march, through swamp
+and marsh, brush and brier, to the great detriment of their scanty
+wardrobe and danger of life and limb, they reached the banks of that
+sluggish stream before the sun had set, foot sore and dispirited,
+exhausted and downcast. But what is their chance of a boat now? Alas,
+not even the tiniest craft could be seen. There is nothing for it but to
+camp in the open air all night and try to refresh their weary limbs and
+await to see what luck the following morn had in store. Fortunately for
+them the climate was warm, too much so indeed, as they had found, to
+their great discomfort, during the day that was now past. In their
+present homeless situation, however, it was rather opportune; and there
+was nothing to fear, unless from the effects of heavy dew, or the
+expected invasion of snakes and mosquitoes. But for these there was a
+counteracting remedy. The thick foliage of a stately tree afforded ample
+protection from dew, while a blazing fire, struck from the musket flint,
+defied the approach of any infesting vermin or crawling reptiles, and
+also answered the needed purpose of setting to rights their hosiery
+department which had suffered so much during the day. Here they are snug
+and cozy, under the arching canopy, which nature had provided, and
+prepared to do fair justice to the scanty viands and refreshments in
+their possession, before betaking themselves to their nocturnal slumbers
+which nature so much craved. But can we take leave of our pilgrims for
+the night without taking a glance at the innocent babe as it lay upon
+the folded plaid in blissful ignorance of the cares and anxieties which
+racked the parental breast. The very thought of its sweet face and
+throbbing little heart as it breathed in unconscious repose under the
+open canopy of heaven, was enough to entwine a thousand new chords of
+affection around the heart of its keepers, like the clasping ivy around
+the tree which gave them shelter, and to nerve them anew, for its sake,
+for the rough and perilous journey upon which they had entered. The fond
+mother imprints a kiss upon its cheek, and moistens it with tears of
+mingled joy and grief, and clasping it to her bosom is instantly
+absorbed in the sweet embrace of Morpheus. The hardy sire, it was
+agreed, would keep the first watch and take his rest in turn, the latter
+part of the night. He is now virtually alone, in deep and pensive
+meditation. He surveys with tender solicitude his precious charge, which
+was dearer to him than his own life, and for whose sake he would risk
+ten lives. He paces the sward during the night watches. He meditates his
+plans for the following day. He deliberates and schemes how he can take
+advantage of the flowing sheet of water before him, for the more easy
+conveyance of his precious belongings. The mode of travel hitherto
+adopted, he saw, to be simply impossible. The delay involved might be
+ruinous to his hopes. With these cogitations he sat down, without
+bringing any plan to maturity. He gazed at the burning embers as if in a
+reverie, and as he gazed he thought he had seen, either by actual vision
+or by the 'second sight,' in which he was a firm believer, the form of a
+canoe with a single sable steersman coming to his rescue. He felt
+tempted to communicate the vision to his sleeping partner; but, thinking
+it unkind to disturb her slumbers, he desists from his resolution,
+reclines on the ground, and without intending it, he falls fast asleep.
+But imagine his astonishment and alarm when he came to consciousness, to
+find that he had slept for three full hours without interruption. He
+could hardly realize it, the interval seemed like an instant. However,
+all was well; his wife and babe were still enjoying unbroken rest, and
+no foe had discovered their retreat; and withal, the gladsome light of
+day is now breaking in around them and eclipsing the glare of the
+smouldering embers. Up starts our hero much refreshed and invigorated,
+and exulting in surprising buoyancy of spirit for running the race of
+the new day now ushering in. He withdraws a gunshot from the camp: and
+what does he descry in the grey dawn but, apparently, a small skiff with
+a single rower crossing the river towards them, but a short distance
+down the stream. The advancing light of day soon confirmed his hopes. He
+at once started in the direction of the skiff, having armed himself with
+his loaded musket, and resolved to get possession of it by fair means or
+by foul. A few minutes brought him to the spot, and to his great
+astonishment he found himself in the undisputed possession of the object
+of his wishes, a tiny little canoe drawn up on the beach. In connection
+with the night's vision he would have positively declared that there was
+something supernatural in the affair, but having marked the bare
+footprints of its late occupant on the muddy soil, and heard the
+rustling of leaves in the distance, calling attention to the woolly head
+of its owner getting out of sight through the bush, and making his way
+for a neighboring plantation. He could explain the event upon strict
+natural principles. The happy coincidence, however, filled him with
+emotions of joy, in so readily securing the means of an earlier and more
+expeditious transit. He retraces his steps and joins his little circle,
+and in joyous ecstacy relates to his sympathetic spouse, just aroused
+from her long slumbers, the tenor of his lucky adventure. There is now
+no time to lose. The crimson rays of the rising sun peering through a
+dense morning atmosphere and a dense forest, are reflected upon the
+surface of the stream to which they are about to commit their fortune,
+and admonish them to be off. They break their fast upon the remnants of
+the dry morsels with which they last appeased their hunger. This
+dispatched, they hasten to the beach, and speedily embark, seating
+themselves with the utmost caution in the narrow hull, which good luck
+and Sambo had placed at their disposal, and with less apprehension of
+danger from winds and waves than from the angry billows of human
+passion. A push from the shore and the voyage is fairly and auspiciously
+begun, the good lady seated in the prow in charge of the tender object
+of her unremitting care, and giving it the shelter of her parasol from
+the advancing rays of the sun, and the skilful Palinurus himself
+squatted in the stern, with a small paddle in his hand, giving alternate
+strokes, first to the right and then to the left, and thus, with the aid
+of the slow current propelling his diminutive barque at the rate of
+about six knots an hour, and enjoying the simultaneous pleasure of
+'paddling his own canoe.' Onward they glide, smoothly and pleasantly,
+over the unruffled water, the steersman taking occasional rests from his
+monotonous strokes, while having the satisfaction of noting some
+progress by the flow of the current. Thus, hours passed away without the
+occurrence of anything worth noting, except the happy reflection that
+their memorable encampment was left several leagues in the distance. But
+lo! here is the first interruption to their navigation! About the hour
+of noon a mastless hull is seen in the distance. Their first impulse was
+fear, but this was soon dispelled on discovering it to be a flat or
+'pole boat,' without sail or rigging, used for the conveyance of
+merchandise to the head of navigation, and propelled by long poles which
+the hardy craftsmen handled with great dexterity. It was, in fact, the
+steamer of the day, creating upon its arrival the same stir and bustle
+that is now caused by its more agreeable and efficient substitute, the
+'Flora Macdonald.' The sight of this advancing craft, however, suggested
+the necessity of extreme caution, and of getting out of its way for a
+time. The Highland royalist felt greatly tempted to wait and hail the
+crew, whom he felt pretty sure to be his own friendly countrymen, and
+who, like their sires, in the case of prince Charlie, thirty years
+before, would scorn to betray their brother Celt, even for the gold of
+Carolina. Still, like the royal outlaw in his wanderings, he also deemed
+it more prudent to conceal his whereabouts even from his most
+confidential friends. He at once quits the river, and thus for a good
+while suspends his navigation. He takes special precaution to secure his
+little transport by drawing it a considerable distance from the water, a
+feat which required no great effort. The party stroll out of the way,
+and up the rising beach, watching for a time the tardy movement of the
+'flat.' Tired of this they continue their slow ramble further into the
+interior, in hopes, at the same time, of making some accidental
+discovery by which to replenish their commissariat, which was quite
+empty, and made their steps faint and feeble, for it was now
+considerably past noon. As 'fortune favors the brave' they did succeed
+in making a discovery. They saw 'the opening' of a small plantation in
+the forest, an event which, in Carolina, is hailed with immense
+satisfaction by those who chance to lose their way in the woods, as
+suggestive of kindness and hospitality. Nothing short of such a
+treatment would be expected by our adventurers as a matter of course, if
+they could only afford to throw themselves upon the hospitality of
+settlers. In their situation, however, they must take their bearings
+with anxious circumspection, and weigh the consequences of the
+possibility of their falling into the hands of foes. But here, all of a
+sudden, their path is intercepted by the actual presence of a formidable
+foe. One of the pursuers? No, but one equally defiant. It is a huge
+serpent of the 'Whip snake' species, which never gives way, but always
+takes a bold and defiant stand. It took its stand about fifty yards
+ahead, ready for battle, its head, and about a yard of its length, in
+semi-erect posture, and displaying every sign of its proverbial enmity
+to Adam's race. It has no poison, but its mode of attack is still more
+horrible, by throwing itself with electric speed in coils around its
+antagonist, tight as the strongest cord, and lashing with a yard of its
+tail, till it puts its combatant to death. Knowing its nature, the
+assailed levels his piece, and in an instant leaves the assailant
+turning a thousand somersaults until its strength is spent, and, is at
+last, wriggling on the ground.
+
+The discharge of the musket was the signal to those within hearing that
+somebody was about. It awakened to his senses an old negro, the honest
+'Uncle Ned,' and brought him to the edge of the 'clearing,' in order to
+satisfy his curiosity, and to see if it was 'old Massa' making an
+unceremonious visit to the farm of which Ned was virtually overseer. Our
+disconsolate party could not avoid an interview even if they would. They
+summoned their courage and affected to feel at ease. And truly they
+might, for Ned, like the class to which he belonged, would never dream
+of asking impertinent questions of any respectable white man, his known
+duty being to answer, not to ask, questions. Our weary party invited
+themselves to 'Uncle Ned's' cabin, which stood in the edge of the
+clearing close by, and turned out to be a tidy log cottage. The
+presiding divinity, of its single apartment was our kind hostess, 'Aunt
+Lucy,' Ned's better half, who felt so highly charmed and flattered by
+the visit of such distinguished guests that she scarcely knew what she
+was saying or doing. She dropt her lighted pipe on the floor, hustled
+and scraped and curtsied to the gentle lady over and over, and caressed
+the beautiful little 'Missie' with emotions which bordered on
+questionable kindness. This ovation over, our hungry guests began to
+think of the chief object of their visit--getting something in the shape
+of warm luncheon--and with this in view they eyed with covetous interest
+the large flock of fine plump pullets about the door. There was fine
+material for a feast to begin with. The hint was given to 'Aunt Lucy,'
+and when that aged dame became conscious of the great honor thus to be
+conferred upon her, she at once set to work in the culinary department
+with a dexterity and skill of art which is incredible to those who are
+ignorant of the great speciality of negresses. There was sudden havoc
+among the poultry, and fruit and vegetables found their way from the
+corn field in abundant variety to the large chimney place. Meanwhile the
+captain shouldered his piece and brought, from an adjacent thicket, two
+large fox squirrels to add to the variety of the feast, extorting from
+the faithful Ned the flattering compliment 'b' gollies, Boss, you is the
+best shot I ever see'd.' Preparation is rapidly advancing, and so is the
+appetite of the longing expectants. But such preparation was not the
+work of a moment, especially, from the scantiness of Lucy's cooking
+utensils. So the guests thought they would withdraw for a time in order
+to relieve the busy cook of all ceremony, and at the same time relieve
+themselves of the uncomfortable reflection of three blazing fires in the
+chimney place. After partaking of a few slices of a delicious
+water-melon, they retired to the shade of a tree in the yard, and there
+enjoyed a most refreshing nap. In due course the sumptuous meal is
+ready; the small table is loaded with a most substantial repast, the
+over plus finding a receptacle upon the board floor of the apartment,
+which was covered with white sand. It is needless to say that the guests
+discharged their duty with great gusto, notwithstanding the absence of
+any condiments, save pepper and salt, in their case hunger being the
+best sauce. Who but an epicure could grumble at the repast before them?
+What better than stewed fowls and squirrels, boiled rice, Indian hoe
+cake and yams smoking hot from the ashes, squashes, pumpkin pies and
+apple dumpling, and all this followed by a course of fruit, peaches and
+apples, musk and water-melons, all of a flavor and size inconceivable by
+any but the inhabitants of the sunny climes which brought them to
+maturity. Her ladyship could not help making the contrast with a
+service of fruit upon an extra occasion in her home circle, which cost
+several golden guineas, and yet was not to be compared with that
+furnished for the merest trifle by these sable purveyors--so much for
+the sun rays of the latitude. There was, however, the absence of any
+beverage stronger than water, not even tea, a name which the humble
+hostess scarcely comprehended. But a good substitute was readily
+presented, in the form of strong coffee, without cream or sugar. It was
+now drawing late in the afternoon, and our party refreshed and delighted
+with their adventure, must begin to retrace their steps towards the
+canoe. The reckoning was soon settled. A few shillings, the idex of the
+late regime of George in the colony, more than satisfied all demands,
+and surpassed all expectations. But the fair visitor was not content,
+without leaving an additional, and more pleasant memento. She took a
+beautiful gold ring, bearing the initials B.J.C., and placed it upon the
+swarthy finger of 'Aunt Lucy,' with many thanks and blessings for her
+kindness, on that eventful occasion. This kindly expression was heartily
+reciprocated by the negress, and responded by a flood of tears from her
+eyes, and a volley of blessings from her lips. The party bade a final
+adieu to their entertainers, and they had to veto their pressing offer
+of escorting them to the river. Off they went, leaving the aged couple
+gazing after them, and lost in amazement as to who they could be, or
+whither they were going, and all the more astonished that the mysterious
+visitors had supplied themselves with such a load of the leavings of the
+repast.
+
+The navigation was at length resumed, and onward they glide as before,
+without the sight of anything to obstruct their course. Their prosperous
+voyaging continued till about midnight, for they resolved to continue
+their course during the whole night, unless necessity compelled them to
+do otherwise. Long before this hour, the mother and child resigned
+themselves to sleep, which was only interrupted by occasional starts,
+while the indefatigable steersman watched his charge, and plied his
+vocation with improving expertness. At this hour again, in the dim light
+of the crescent moon, a second 'pole boat' was discovered making towards
+them, but which they easily avoided by rowing to the opposite side of
+the river, thus continuing their course, and escaping observation. In
+passing the 'flat' an animated conversation was overheard among the
+hands, from which it was easily gathered that the escape of the rebel
+was the engrossing topic in the town of Wilmington, the place of their
+departure, and towards which the rebel himself was now finding his way
+as fast as the tide and paddle could carry him. At present, however, he
+felt no cause of alarm. One of the hands speaking in vulgar English
+accent was heard to depone, 'By George if I could only get that prize
+I'd be a happy man, and would go back to old h-England.' To this base
+insinuation a threatening proof was administered by other parties, who
+replied in genuine Gaelic idiom and said, 'It's yourself that would need
+to have the face and the conscience, the day you would do that;' and
+they further signified their readiness to render any assistance to their
+brave countryman should opportunity offer. Those parties were readily
+recognized from their accent to be no other than Captain McArthur's
+intimate acquaintances, Sandie McDougall and Angus Ray, and who were so
+well qualified from their known strength and courage to render most
+valuable assistance in any cause in which their bravery might be
+enlisted. If he only gave them the signal of his presence they would
+instantly fly into his service and share his fate. However, it was
+deemed the wisest course to pass on, and not put their prowess to the
+test. Hours had now passed in successful progress without notice or
+interruption; and they are at long last approaching Wilmington, their
+seaport, but a considerable distance from the mouth of the river. The
+question is how are they to pass it, whether by land or water, for it is
+now approaching towards day. What is to be done must be done without a
+moment's delay. It is at length resolved to hazard the chance of passing
+it by canoe rather than encountering the untried perils of a dismal
+swamp. The daring leader puts his utmost strength to the test, striking
+the water right and left with excited vigor. His feeling is 'now or
+never'; for he knew this to be the most critical position of his whole
+route; unless he could get past it before break of day his case was
+hopeless. The dreaded town is at length in view, engendering fear and
+terror, but not despair. Several large crafts are seen lying at the
+wharf, and lights are reflected from adjacent shipping offices. Two
+small boats are observed crossing the river, and in rather uncomfortable
+proximity. With these exceptions the inhabitants are evidently in the
+enjoyment of undisturbed repose, and quite unconscious of the phenomenon
+of such a notorious personage passing their doors with triumphant
+success. Scarcely a word was heard, it was like a city of the dead. Who
+can imagine the internal raptures of our lucky hero, on leaving behind
+him, in the distance, that spot upon which his fate was suspended, and
+in having the consciousness that he is now not far from the goal of
+safety. Even now there are signals which cheer his heart. He begins
+already to inhale the ocean breeze, and from that he derives an
+exhilirating sensation such as he had not experienced for many years. He
+gets the benefit of the ocean tide, fortunately, in his favor, and
+carrying his little hull upon its bosom at such a rate as to supersede
+the use of the paddle except in guiding the course. The ocean wave,
+however, is scarcely so favorable. It rocks and rolls their frail abode
+in such a way as to threaten to put a sad finish to the successful
+labors of the past. There is no help for it but to abandon the canoe a
+few miles sooner than intended. There is, however, little cause for
+complaint, for they can now see their way clear to their final terminus,
+if no untoward circumstance arises. They leave the canoe on the beach,
+parting with it forever, but not without a sigh of emotion, as if
+bidding farewell to a good friend. But the paddle they cling to as a
+memento of its achievements, the operator remarking--'It did me better
+service than any sword ever put into my hand.' A few miles walk from the
+landing, which is on the southern shore of the estuary, and they are in
+sight of a small hamlet, which lies upon the shore. And what is more
+inspiring of hope and courage, they are in sight of a vessel of
+considerable tonnage, lying at anchor off the shore, and displaying the
+British flag, floating in the morning breeze, evidently preparing to
+hoist sail. Now is their chance. This must be their ark of safety if
+they are ever to escape such billows of adversity as they have been
+struggling with for some days past. To get on board is that upon which
+their hearts are set, and all that is required in order to defy all
+enemies and pursuers. Not thinking that there is anything in the wind,
+in this pretty hamlet, they make straight for the vessel, but they go
+but a few paces in that direction before another crisis turns up.
+Enemies are still in pursuit. A small body of men, apparently under
+commission, are observed a short distance beyond the hamlet as if
+anticipating the possibility of the escaped prisoner making his way to
+the British ship. Nor is the surmise groundless, as the signal proves.
+In their perplexity the objects of pursuit have to lie in ambush and
+await the course of events. Their military pursuers are now wending
+their way in the opposite direction until they are almost lost to view.
+Now is the time for a last desperate effort. They rush for the shore,
+and there accost a sallow lank-looking boatman followed by a negro, on
+the lookout for custom, in their marine calling. A request is made for
+their boat and services, for conveyance to the ship. At first the man
+looks suspicious and sceptical, but on expostulation that there was the
+utmost necessity for an interview with the captain before sailing, and
+important dispatches to be sent home, and a hint given that a fee for
+services in such a case was of no object, he at once consents; the ferry
+boat is launched, and in a few minutes the party are off from the shore.
+But the military party observing these movements begin to retrace their
+steps in order to ascertain what all this means, and who the party are.
+They put to their heels and race towards the shore as fast as their feet
+can carry them. They feel tantalised to find that they have been
+sleeping at their post, and that the very object of their search is now
+halfway to the goal of safety. They signal and halloo with all their
+might, but getting no answer they fire a volley of shot in the direction
+of the boat. This has no effect, except for an instant, to put a stop to
+the rowing. The boatman gets alarmed as he now more than guesses who the
+noted passenger is, and he signifies his determination to put back and
+avoid the consequences that may be fatal to himself. The hero puts a
+sudden stop to further parley. He flings a gold sovereign to the swarthy
+rower, commands him simply to fulfil his promise, but to refund the
+balance of change upon their return from the ship--'he must see the
+captain before sailing.' To enforce his command the sturdy Highlander,
+who was more than a match for the two, took up his loaded musket and
+intimated what the consequences would be if they refused to obey orders.
+This had the desired effect. The rowers pulled with might and main, and
+in a few minutes the passengers were left safe and sound on board the
+gallant ship, and surrounded by a sympathising and hospitable crew. The
+fugitives were at last safe, despite rewards and sanguine pursuers. But
+their situation they could scarcely realize, their past life seemed more
+like a dream than a reality. Our brave heroine was again quite overcome.
+The reaction was too much for her nerves. In being led to the cabin she
+would have fallen prostrate on the deck had she not been supported. And
+who can wonder, in view of her fatigues and privations, her hair-breadth
+escapes and mental anxieties. But she survived it all. Sails are now
+hoisted to the favoring breeze, anchor weighed, and our now rejoicing
+pilgrims bade a lasting farewell to the ever memorable shores of
+Carolina. In care of the courteous commander they, in due time, reached
+their island home in the Scottish Highlands, and there lived to a good
+old age in peace and contentment. They had the pleasure of seeing the
+tender object of their solicitude grow up to womanhood, and afterwards
+enjoying the blessings of married life. And the veteran officer himself
+found no greater pleasure in whiling away the hours of his repose than
+in rehearsing to an entranced auditory, among the stirring scenes of the
+American Revolution, the marvellous story of his own fate: the principal
+events of which are here hurriedly and imperfectly sketched from a
+current tradition among his admiring countrymen in the two
+hemispheres."--_John Darroch._
+
+
+NOTE H.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+There was no distinctively Highland settlement in South Carolina,
+although there was quite an influx of emigrants of this class into the
+province. Efforts were made to divert the Highlanders into the new
+settlements. As early as 1716 Governor Daniel informed the Assembly that
+he had bought thirty of the Highland Scots rebels at £30 per head, for
+whom the London agent had petitioned, and requested power to purchase
+more. This purchase was sanctioned by the Assembly, but wished no more
+"till we see how these behave themselves." On August 4th another issue
+of £15000 in bills was authorized to be stamped to pay for these Scots,
+who were to be employed as soldiers in defending the province.
+
+Inducements were held out to the Highlanders, who had left their homes
+after the battle of Culloden, to settle in South Carolina. The "High
+Hills of Santee," which lie between Lynche's creek and the Wateree, in
+what is now Sumter County, were designed for them. The exiles, however,
+baffled by contrary winds, were driven into the Cape Fear, and from
+thence a part of them crossed and settled higher up, in what is now
+Darlington County, the rest having taken up their abode in North
+Carolina.
+
+The war fever engendered by the Revolution was exhibited by these
+people, some of whom, at least, took up arms against their adopted
+country. October 31, 1776, at Charleston, South Carolina, the following,
+who had been taken prisoners by the navy, signed their parole, which
+also stipulated that they should go to Salisbury, North Carolina:
+
+Dun McNicol, Cap. R.H.E., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Dun MacDougall,
+Walter Cunningham, Angus Cameron, Laughlin McDonald, Hector McQuary,
+Alexr. Chisholm.
+
+"We also undertake for Neal McNicol, James Fraser, Alexr. McDonald &
+David Donaldson, that they shall be on the same footing with
+ourselves."[195]
+
+"Jany 28. 177.
+
+These are to certify that Duncan Nicol, Hugh Fraser, Alex. Chisholm,
+Angs. Cameron, Lach. MacDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham.
+Duncan MacDougall. Alen. McDonald, David Donaldson, Jas. Fraser. Niel
+McNicol--prisoners of war from the neighboring state of South Carolina
+have been on Parole in this town and within ten miles Y. of for upwards
+of ten weeks--during which time they have behaved themselves agreeable
+to their Parole and that they are now removed to Halifax by order of the
+commanding officer of the District, in order to be forwarded to the
+northward agreeable to order of Congress.
+
+(Signed) Duncan McNicol, Capt., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Alex.
+McDonald, James Fraser, David Donaldson, Niel McNicol, Alex Chisholm,
+Angus Cameron, Lach McDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham,
+Privates, Dun, McDougall, Ensign.
+
+N.B. The Parole of the prisoners of war above mentd was sent to the
+Congress at Halifax, at their last sitting. They are now sent under the
+direction of Capt. Martin Fifer--Certified by orders of Committee at
+Salisbury this 28 Jan'y, 1777.
+
+    (Signed) May Chambers, Chr. Com."[196]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 184: Burt's Letters from the North of Scotland, Vol. I, p.
+198.]
+
+[Footnote 185: Holmes' Annals of America, Vol. II, p. 183.]
+
+[Footnote 186: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III, p. 1649.]
+
+[Footnote 187: _Ibid_, Vol. IV, p. 983.]
+
+[Footnote 188: Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 189: History of the Highland Clans, Vol. IV, p. 274.]
+
+[Footnote 190: History of the Highland Clans, Vol. II, p. 473.]
+
+[Footnote 191: See page 141.]
+
+[Footnote 192: Cornwallis' Letter to Sir Henry Clinton, April 10, 1781.]
+
+[Footnote 193: Campaigns of 1780-1781, p. 281.]
+
+[Footnote 194: History of the American War, Vol. II, p. 352.]
+
+[Footnote 195: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 830.]
+
+
+NOTE I.
+
+ALEXANDER MCNAUGHTON.
+
+Miss Jennie M. Patten of Brush, Colorado, a descendant of Alexander
+McNaughton, in a letter dated Feb. 20th, 1900, gives some very
+interesting facts, among which may be related that at the close of the
+Revolution all of the Highland settlers of Washington county would have
+been sent to Canada, had it not been for Hon. Edward Savage, son-in-law
+of Alexander McNaughton, who had been an officer in the Revolutionary
+army, and had sufficient influence to prevent his wife's relatives and
+friends being sent out of the country on account of their tory
+proclivities. They considered that they had sworn allegiance to the
+king, and considered themselves perjured persons if they violated their
+oath. This idea appeared to be due from the fact that the land given to
+them was in "the name of the king." From this the colonists thought the
+land was given to them by the king.
+
+The colonists did not all come to Washington county to occupy the land
+allotted to them, for some remained where they had settled after the
+collapse of Captain Campbell's scheme, but those who did settle in
+Argyle were related either by blood, or else by marriage.
+
+Alexander McNaughton came to America in 1738, accompanied by his wife,
+Mary McDonald, and his children, John, Moses, Eleanor and Jeannette.
+They first settled at a place called Kaket, where they lived several
+years, when they removed up the river to Tappan, and there continued
+until the grant was made in Argyle. Alexander McNaughton died at the
+home of his son-in-law, Edward Savage, near Salem, and was buried on the
+land that had been granted him. The first to be interred in the old
+Argyle cemetery was the daughter Jeannette. The wife. Mary, died on the
+way home from Burgoyne's camp. The children of the colonists were loyal
+Americans, although many of the colonists had been carried to the
+British camp for protection.
+
+
+NOTE J.
+
+ALLAN MCDONALD'S COMPLAINT TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+   "Philadelphia, March 25, 1776.
+
+Sir: It is now several weeks since the Scotch inhabitants in and about
+Johnstown, Tryon County, have been required by General Schuyler to
+deliver up their arms; and that each and all of them should parade in
+the above place, that he might take from this small body six prisoners
+of his own nomination. The request was accordingly complied with, and
+five other gentlemen with myself were made prisoners of. As we are not
+conscious of having acted upon any principle that merits such severe
+proceedings from Congress, we cannot help being a good deal surprised at
+such treatment; but are willing to attribute this rather to malicious,
+ill-designing people, than to gentlemen of so much humanity and known
+character as the Congress consists of. The many difficulties we met with
+since our landing on this Continent, (which is but very lately,)
+burdened with women and children, we hope merit a share in their
+feeling; and that they would obtain the surest conviction, before we
+were removed from our families; as, by a separation of the kind, they
+are rendered destitute, and without access to either money or credit.
+This is the reason why you will observe, in the article of capitulation
+respecting the Scotch, that they made such a struggle for having their
+respective families provided for in their absence. The General declared
+he had no discretionary power to grant such, but that he would represent
+it, as he hoped with success, to Congress; and in this opinion two other
+gentlemen present supported him. The request is so just in itself that
+it is but what you daily grant to the meanest of your prisoners. As we
+cannot, we do not claim it by any agreement. Though, by a little
+attention to that part of the capitulation, you will observe that we
+were put in the hope and expectation of having them supported in their
+different situations.
+
+As to ourselves, we are put into a tavern, with the proper allowance of
+bed and board. This is all that is necessary so far. But what becomes of
+the external part of the body? This requires its necessaries, and
+without the decent part of such, a gentleman must be very intolerable to
+himself and others. I know I need not enter so minutely in representing
+those difficulties to Congress or you, as your established character and
+feelings will induce you to treat us as gentlemen and prisoners, removed
+from all means of relief for ourselves or families, but that of
+application to Congress. I arrived here last night in order to have the
+honor of laying those matters personally, or in writing, before you and
+them. Shall accordingly expect to be honored with an answer.
+
+   I am, most respectfully, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
+
+     Allan McDonald."[197]
+
+
+NOTE K.
+
+THE GLENGARRY SETTLERS.
+
+Major General D. McLeod, of the Patriot Army, Upper Canada, in his
+"Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada," published in 1841,
+adds the following interesting statements: "Gen. Howe, the then
+commander in chief of the British forces in North America, on hearing
+that the Scots in Virginia had joined the continentals, and were among
+the most active of the opposers of British domination, despatched Sir
+John Johnstone to the Scots settlement on the Mohawk--Captain James
+Craig, afterwards Governor of Lower Canada, and Lieut. Donald Cameron of
+the Regulars, to other parts, to induce the Highlanders to join the
+Royal Standard, and to convince them, that their interest and safety
+depended on their doing so.
+
+They persuaded the uninstructed Highlanders, that the rebels had neither
+money, means, nor allies; that it was impossible they could for any
+length of time, withstand the mighty power and means of Great Britain;
+that their property would be confiscated, and apportioned to the
+royalists who should volunteer to reduce them to subjection. The
+Highlanders having duly weighed these circumstances, came to the
+conclusion, that the Americans would, like the Scots, in 1746 be
+ultimately overpowered;--that it was therefore to their interest, as
+they would not be permitted to remain neutral, to join the British
+standard.
+
+The greater part of them volunteered under the command of Sir. J.
+Johnstone, and served faithfully with him until the peace of 1783. On
+the exchange of the ratification of peace, these unfortunate
+Highlanders, saw themselves once more bereft of house and home. The
+reward of their loyalty, and attachment to British supremacy, after
+fighting the battles of England for seven long and doubtful years, and
+sacrificing their all, was finally, an ungenerous abandonment by the
+British government of their interests, in not securing their property
+and personal safety in the treaty of peace. The object for which their
+services were required, not being accomplished, they were
+unceremoniously left to shift for themselves in the lower Province,
+among a race of people, whose language they did not understand, and
+whose manners and habits of life were quite dissimilar to their own.
+Col. McDonald, a near kinsman of the chief of that name, and who had,
+also, taken an active part in the royal army, during the revolution,
+commiserating their unfortunate condition, collected them together, and
+in a friendly manner, in their own native language, informed them, that
+if it were agreeable to their wishes, he would forthwith apply to the
+governor for a tract of land in the upper Province, where they might
+settle down in a body; and where, as they spoke a language different to
+that of the natives, they might enjoy their own society, and be better
+able to assist each other.
+
+This, above all things, was what they wished for, and they therefore
+received the proposal with gratitude. Without much further delay, the
+Colonel proceeded to the Upper Province, pitched upon the eastern part
+of the eastern District; and after choosing a location for himself,
+directed his course to head quarters--informed the Governor of his plans
+and intentions, praying him to confirm the request of his countrymen,
+and prevent their return to the United States. The governor approved of
+his design, and promised every assistance. Satisfied that all was done,
+that could be reasonably expected, the Colonel lost no time, in
+communicating the result of his mission to his expectant countrymen; and
+they, in a short time afterwards, removed with him to their new
+location. The Highlanders, not long after, proposed to the Colonel as a
+mark of their approbation for his services, to call the settlement
+Glengarry, in honor of the chief of his clan, by which name it is
+distinguished to this day. It may be proper, to remember, in this place,
+that many of these were the immediate descendants of the proscribed
+Highlanders of 1715, and not a few the descendants of the relatives of
+the treacherously murdered clans of Glencoe (for their faithful and
+incorruptible adherence to the royal family of Stuart,) by king William
+the 3d, of Bloody memory, the Dutch defender of the English christian
+tory faith. But by far the major part, were the patriots of 1745,--the
+gallant supporters of the deeply lamented prince Charles Edward, and
+who, as before stated, had sought refuge in the colonies, from the
+British dungeons and bloody scaffolds.
+
+It was not, therefore, their attachment to the British crown, nor their
+love of British institutions, that induced them to take up arms against
+the Americans; but their fears that the insurrection, would prove as
+disastrous to the sons of Liberty, as the Rebellion and the fatal field
+of Culloden had been to themselves; and that if any of them were found
+in the ranks of the discontented, they would be more severely dealt with
+in consequence of their former rebellion. Their chagrin was great
+indeed, especially, when they compared their former comfortable
+circumstances, in the state of New York, with their present miserable
+condition; and particularly, when they reflected how foolishly they had
+permitted themselves to be duped, out of their once happy homes by the
+promises of a government, which they knew from former experience, to be
+as false and treacherous, as it was cruel and over-bearing. They settled
+down, but with no very friendly feelings towards a government which had
+allured them to their ruin, and which at last, left them to their own
+resources, after fighting their battles for eight sanguinary years. Nor
+are their descendants, at this day, remarkable for either their loyalty,
+or attachment, to the reigning family. These were the first settlers of
+Glengarry. It is a singular circumstance, that, nearly all the
+Highlanders, who fought for liberty and independence, and who remained
+in the U.S., afterwards became rich and independent, while on the other
+hand, with a very few exceptions, every individual, whether American or
+European, who took up arms against the revolution, became blighted in
+his prospects," (pp. 33-36).
+
+Having mentioned in particular Butler's Rangers the following from
+Lossing's "Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812," may be of some
+interest: "Some of Butler's Rangers, those bitter Tory marauders in
+Central New York during the Revolution, who in cruelty often shamed
+Brant and his braves, settled in Toronto, and were mostly men of savage
+character, who met death by violence. Mr. John Ross knew a Mr. D----,
+one of these Rangers, who, when intoxicated, once told him that 'the
+sweetest steak he ever ate was the breast of a woman, which he cut off
+and broiled,'" (p. 592).
+
+
+NOTE TO CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The method of warfare carried on by Sir John Johnson and his adherents
+did not sway the lofty mind of Washington, as may be illustrated in the
+following narration furnished the author by Rev. Dr. R. Cameron,
+grandson of Alexander Cameron, who was a direct descendant of Donald
+Dubh of Lochiel. This Alexander Cameron came to America in 1773, and on
+the outbreak of the Revolution enlisted as a private under Sir John
+Johnson. Three times he was taken prisoner and condemned to be executed
+as a spy. How he escaped the first time is unknown. The second time, the
+wife of the presiding officer at the court-martial, informed him in
+Gaelic that he would be condemned, and assisted him in dressing him in
+her own clothes, and thus escaped to the woods. The third time, his
+mother, Mary Cameron of Glennevis, rode all the way from Albany to
+Valley Forge on horseback and personally plead her cause before
+Washington. Having listened to her patiently, the mighty chief replied:
+"Mrs. Cameron, I will pardon your son for your sake, but you must
+promise me that you will take him to Canada at once, or he will be
+shot." The whole family left for Canada.
+
+
+NOTE L.
+
+MORAVIAN INDIANS.
+
+It is now scarcely known that one company of Montgomery's Highlanders
+took part in the attempted expatriation of the Christian Indians--better
+known as Moravian Indians--in Pennsylvania. Owing to an attack made by
+savages, in 1763, against a Scotch-Irish settlement, those of that
+nationality at Paxton became bitterly inflamed against the Moravian
+Indians and determined upon their extermination. As these Indians were
+harmless and never engaged in strife, they appealed to the governor of
+Pennsylvania for protection. These people, then living at Nazareth, Nain
+and Bethlehem, under the decree of the Council and the Assembly, were
+ordered by Governor Penn to be disarmed and taken to Philadelphia.
+Although their arms were the insignia of their freedom, yet these they
+surrendered to Sheriff Jennings, and on the eighth of November the
+procession moved towards Philadelphia. On their arrival in Philadelphia
+they were ordered to the "British Barracks," which had been erected soon
+after Braddock's defeat. At this time several companies of Montgomery's
+Highlanders were there quartered. On the morning of the eleventh, the
+first three wagons, filled with women and children, passed in at the
+gate. This movement aroused the Highlanders, and seizing their muskets,
+they rushed tumultuously together, stopped the rest of the wagons, and
+threatened to fire among the cowering women and children in the yard if
+they did not instantly leave. Meanwhile a dreadful mob gathered around,
+the Indians, deriding, reviling, and charging them with all the outrages
+committed by the savages, threatening to kill them on the spot. From ten
+o'clock until three these Indians, with the missionaries, endured every
+abuse which wild frenzy and ribald vulgarity could clothe in words. In
+the midst of this persecution some Quakers braved the danger of the mob
+and taking the Indians by the hand gave them words of encouragement.
+During all this tumult the Indians remained silent, but considered "what
+insult and mockery our Savior had suffered on their account."
+
+The soldiers persisting in their refusal to allow the Moravian Indians
+admission, after five hours, the latter were marched through the city,
+thousands following them with great clamor, to the outskirts, where the
+mob dispersed. The Indians were from thence conveyed to Province Island.
+
+The Scotch-Irish of Paxton next turned their attention to a party of
+peaceable Indians who had long lived quietly among white people in the
+small village of Canestoga, near Lancaster, and on the fourteenth of
+December attacked and murdered fourteen of them in their huts. The rest
+fled to Lancaster and for protection were lodged in the work-house, a
+strong building and well secured. They were followed by the miscreants
+who broke into the building, and though the Indians begged their lives
+on their knees, yet all were cruelly murdered and their mangled remains
+thrown into the court-yard.
+
+The assassins became emboldened by many hundreds from Paxton and other
+parts of the county of Lancaster joining their number, and planned to
+set out for Philadelphia, and not rest until all the Indians were
+massacred. While these troubles were brewing the Moravian Indians
+celebrated the Lord's Supper at the commencement of the year 1764, and
+renewed their covenant to show forth his death in his walk and
+conversation.
+
+In order to protect them the government determined to send them out of
+the colony and place them under the care of Sir William Johnson, in New
+York, as the Indians had expressed their desire to be no longer detained
+from their families.[198] On January 4, 1764, the Moravian Indians
+numbering about one hundred and forty persons,[199] were placed under
+the convoy of Captain James Robertson, of Montgomery's Highlanders, and
+seventy Highlanders, for New York City. The Highlanders "behaved at
+first very wild and unfriendly, being particularly troublesome to the
+young women by their profane conversation, but were persuaded by degrees
+to conduct themselves with more order and decency." On arriving at
+Amboy, one of the soldiers exclaimed: "Would to God, all the white
+people were as good Christians, as these Indians."
+
+The Indians were not allowed to enter New York, but were returned to
+Philadelphia under a guard of one hundred and seventy men from General
+Gage's army, commanded by Captain Schloffer, one party leading the van,
+and the other bringing up the rear. Captain Robertson and his
+Highlanders passed over to New York.[200]
+
+
+NOTE M.
+
+HIGHLANDERS REFUSED LANDS IN AMERICA.
+
+"To the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council,
+
+The Humble Petition of James Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle
+of Sky and Normand Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate. The Reverend Mr. William Macqueen and
+Alexander Macdonald of the said Island of Sky and county of Inverness
+
+Most Humbly Sheweth
+
+That your petitioners having had in view to form a settlement to
+themselves and Families in your Majesty's Province in North Carolina
+have for some time been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging
+Servants and disposing of their effects in this country.
+
+And being now ready to embark and carry their intentions into Execution.
+
+They most humbly pray your Majesty will be graciously pleased to Grant
+unto your petitioners Forty thousand Acres of Land in the said province
+of North Carolina upon the Terms and Conditions it has been usual to
+give such Grants or as to your Majesty shall seem proper,
+
+   "And your petitioners shall ever pray,
+     Jas Macdonald,
+     Normand Macdonald."[201]
+
+   "To the Right Honble the Lords of the Committee of his Majesty's most
+   Honble Privy Council for Plantation Affairs.
+     Whitehall 21st of June 1771.
+
+My Lords,
+
+In obedience to His Majesty's Order in Council, dated June 14th, 1771,
+we have taken into consideration, the humble Petition of James
+Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle of Sky and Normand Macdonald
+of Slate in the said Island for themselves and on behalf of Hugh
+Macdonald, Edmund Macqueen, John Belton and Alexander Macqueen of Slate
+the Reverend Mr William Macqueen and Alexander Macdonald of the said
+Isle of Sky and County of Inverness, setting forth that the Petitioners
+having had in view to form a Settlement to themselves and their Families
+in His Majesty's province of North Carolina, have for some time been
+making dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants and disposing
+of their effects in this Country and being now ready to embark and carry
+their said intention into execution, the Petitioners humbly pray, that
+His Majesty will be pleased to grant them forty thousand Acres of Land
+in the said Province upon the terms and conditions it hath been usual to
+grant such Lands. Whereupon We beg leave to report to your Lordships,
+
+That the emigration of inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the
+American Colonies is a circumstance which in our opinion cannot fail to
+lessen the strength and security and to prejudice the landed Interest
+and Manufactures of these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this
+emigration hath of late years prevailed renders it an object well
+deserving the serious attention of government.
+
+Upon the ground of this opinion We have thought it necessary in Cases
+where we have recommended Grants of Land in America, to be made to
+persons of substance and ability in this Kingdom, to propose amongst
+other conditions, that they should be settled by foreign Protestants;
+and therefore We can on no account recommend to your Lordships to advise
+His Majesty to comply with the prayer of a Petition, founded on a
+resolution taken by a number of considerable persons to abandon their
+settlements in this Kingdom and to pass over into America, with their
+Families and Dependants in a large Body and which therefore holds out a
+Plan that we think, instead of meriting the Encouragement, ought rather
+to receive the discountenance of government.
+
+   We are My Lords &c.
+     Hillsborough
+     Ed: Eliot
+     John Roberts
+     Wm Fitzherbert."[202]
+
+"At the Court of St James's the 19th day of June 1772. Present The
+King's most Excellent Majesty in Council.
+
+Whereas there was this day read at the Board a Report from the Right
+Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Council for plantation affairs
+Dated the 17th of this Instant in the words following viz,
+
+Your Majesty having been pleased by your order in council of the 14th
+June 1771, to refer to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations
+the humble petition of James Macdonald Merchant of Portrie in the Isle
+of Sky and Norman Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate and Reverend Mr Wm Macqueen and Alexander
+Macdonald of the said Isle of Sky and County of Inverness setting forth
+that the petitioners have had in view to form a settlement to themselves
+and their families in your Majesty's Province of North Carolina have for
+sometime been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants
+and disposing of their Effects in this Country and being now ready to
+embark and carry their said intention into execution the petitioners
+humbly pray that your Majesty will be pleased to grant them Forty
+thousand acres of Land in the said Province upon the terms and
+conditions it hath been usual to grant such Lands. The said Lords
+Commissioners have reported to this Committee "that the emigration of
+the Inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the American Colonies is
+a circumstance which in their opinion cannot fail to lessen the strength
+and security and to prejudice the landed Interest and manufactures of
+these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this emigration has of late
+years prevailed renders it an object well deserving the serious
+attention of Government that upon the Ground of this opinion they have
+thought it necessary in cases where they have recommended Grants of Land
+in America to be made to persons of substance and ability in this
+Kingdom to propose amongst other conditions that they should be settled
+by foreign protestants and therefore the said Lords Commissioners can on
+no account recommend to this committee to advise your Majesty to comply
+with the prayer of a petition founded on a resolution taken by a number
+of considerable persons to abandon their settlements in this Kingdom and
+to pass over to America with their Families and Dependants in a large
+body and which therefore holds out a plan that they think instead of
+meeting the encouragement ought rather to receive the discouragement of
+Government. The Lords of the Committee this day took the said
+Representation and petition into consideration and concurring in opinion
+with the said Lord Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do agree
+humbly to report as their opinion to your Majesty that the said Petition
+of the said James and Norman Macdonald ought to be dismissed.
+
+His Majesty taking the said Report into consideration was pleased with
+the advise of his Privy Council to approve thereof and to order as it is
+hereby ordered that the said Petition of the said James and Norman
+Macdonald be and it is hereby dismissed this board."[203]
+
+
+NOTE N.
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES STEWART COMMISSIONED TO RAISE A COMPANY OF HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The Records of the New York Convention of July 25, 1775, contain the
+following:
+
+"The Committee appointed to take into consideration and report the most
+proper mode for employing in the service of this State Mr. James
+Stewart, late Lieutenant in Colonel Livingston's Regiment, delivered in
+their Report, which was read; and the same being read, paragraph by
+paragraph, and amended, was agreed to, and is in the words following, to
+wit:
+
+_Resolved_, That the said James Stewart is desiring a Captain's
+Commission in the service of this State, and that a Warrant be
+immediately given to him to raise a Company with all possible despatch.
+
+That the said Company ought to consist of Scotch Highlanders, or as many
+of them as possible, and that they serve during the war, unless sooner
+discharged by this Convention, or a future Legislature of this State.
+
+That the said Company shall consist of one Captain, one Lieutenant, one
+Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Drum, one Fife, and not less
+than sixty-two Privates.
+
+That a Bounty of fifteen dollars be allowed to each Non-Commissioned
+Officer and Private.
+
+That they be entitled to Continental Pay and Rations, and subject to the
+Continental Articles of War, till further orders from this Convention or
+a future Legislature of this State.
+
+That the said James Stewart shall not receive pay as a Captain until he
+shall have returned to this Convention, or a future Legislature of this
+State, a regular muster roll, upon oath, of thirty able-bodied men, duly
+inlisted.
+
+That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to advance to the said
+James Stewart £144, in order to enable him to advance the bounty to
+those he may inlist taking his receipt to account for the same to the
+Treasurer of this State.
+
+That as soon as the said James Stewart shall have returned to this
+Convention, or a future Legislature of this State, a regular muster-roll
+of thirty able-bodied men, duly inlisted, certifying that the said men
+have been mustered, in the presence of a person to be appointed by the
+Chairman of the Committee of the City and County of Albany, or of a
+person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of the City and
+County of New York, that then, and not before, the said James Stewart
+shall be authorized to draw upon the Chairman of the Committee of the
+City and County of Albany for the further sum of £100 in order that he
+may be enabled to proceed in his inlistment, giving his receipt to
+account for the same to the Treasurer of this State; and that when the
+said James Stewart shall have been duly inlisted and mustered, in the
+presence of a person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of
+the City and County of Albany, the whole of his Company, or as many as
+he can inlist, and then he shall be entitled to receive of the said
+Chairman of the County Committee the remaining proportion of bounty due
+to the non-commissioned officers and privates which he shall have
+inlisted.
+
+That if the said James Stewart shall not be able to complete the
+inlistment of this Company, that he shall make a report of the same,
+with all dispatch, to the President of this Convention, or to a future
+Legislature, who will either order his Commission to issue, or make such
+further provision for his trouble in recruiting as the equity of the
+case shall require.
+
+That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to remit into the hands
+of John Barclay, Esquire, of the City of Albany, the sum of £288, on or
+before the last day of December next, in order to enable him to make
+unto the said James Stewart the disbursements aforesaid.
+
+That the said James Stewart shall be authorized to engage to each man
+the sum of 7s. per week, billeting money, till such time as further
+provision is made for the subsistence of his recruits.
+
+That the said Company, when raised, shall be either employed as an
+independent Company, or incorporated into any Battallion as to this
+Convention, or to a future proper authority of this State, shall appear
+advisable."[204]
+
+There is no evidence that this action of the Convention terminated in
+any thing tangible. There was a James Stewart, captain of the third
+company, in the Fifth regiment of the New York Line, and while there was
+a large percentage in that regiment bearing Highland names, yet Captain
+Stewart's company had but five. It is not to be assumed that the two
+names represented the same person.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 196: _Ibid_, Vol. XI, p. 370.]
+
+[Footnote 197: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 495.]
+
+[Footnote 198: Colonial Records of Penna., Vol. IX, p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 199: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 200: See Loskiel's Hist. Indian Mission, Book II, Chapter XVI.
+Schweinitz's Life of Zeisberger, Chap, XV.]
+
+[Footnote 201: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. VIII, p. 620.]
+
+[Footnote 202: _Ibid_, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 203: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. IX, p. 303.]
+
+[Footnote 204: American Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. I, p. 1441.]
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Adams, Comfort A., 46 Streator ave. Cleveland, O.
+Alabama Polytechnic Institute Library. Auburn, Ala.
+Alexander, M. J, Lilac St, E.E.  Pittsburg, Pa.
+Alexander, William H., 302 South 31st St. Omaha, Neb.
+Allread, Hon. J.I., Attorney-at-Law, Greenville, O.
+Ammons, Mrs. Harriet McL., Franklin, O.
+Bain, James, Jr., Public Library, Toronto, Ont.
+Bedford, Miss Florence E., Springboro, O.
+Boston Athenæum, Boston, Mass.
+Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick, Me.
+Brown, William, Bookseller, Edinburgh. Scot. (4 copies).
+Buchanan, Charles J., 79 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y.
+Butte Free Public Library, Butte, Mont.
+Cameron, Mrs. Angus, La Crosse, Wis.
+Cameron, Rev. Robert, D.D., 487 Hope St., Providence, R.I.
+Camp, Mrs. B.H., Brookfield, Conn.
+Campbell, A.A., Pharmacist, 235 Rondo St., St Paul, Minn.
+Campbell, E.K., Attorney-at-Law, Birmingham, Ala.
+Campbell, J.D., General Solicitor, P. & R. Railway, Wyncote, Pa.
+Campbell, Mrs. Mary C., 2 Congress St., Hartford. Conn.
+Campbell, Rev. Clement C., Hartford, Wis.
+Carnegie Free Library, Braddock, Pa.
+Carnegie Library, Allegheny, Pa.
+Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+Carruthers, David, New York City.
+Casselman, Prof. A.C., 36 St. James ave., Toronto, Ont.
+Chisholm, W.P., M.D., Brockton, Mass.
+Colquhoun, Sir James of Luss, Bart., (2 copies)
+Colwell, Irving S., Bookseller, Auburn, N.Y.
+Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
+Cowan, George, Edinburgh, Scot.
+Cowles, Dr. Edward, Supt. McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass.
+Craig, Allen, Mauch Chunk, Pa.
+Cumming, J. McGregor, 1 East 39th St., New York City.
+Cushing & Co., Booksellers, Baltimore, Md.
+Day, Prof. Alfred, Day's School of Shorthand, Cleveland, O.
+Deacon, Edward, Bridgeport, Conn.
+Davenport, Benjamin Rush, 83 Halsey, Cleveland, O.
+Drake, R. Ingalton, Bookseller, Eton.
+Douglas, Percy, 1002 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. (2 copies).
+Drummond, Josiah H., Attorney-at-Law, Portland, Me.
+Duncan, Rev. Herman C., S.T.D., Alexandria, La.
+Fairbanks, Rev. Edward T., St Johnsbury. Vt.
+Ferguson, Henry, 123 Vernon St., Hartford, Conn.
+Ferguson, S.P., Blue Hill Observatory, Hyde Park, Mass.
+Fiske, Prof. John, LL. D., 22 Berkeley St., Cambridge, Mass.
+Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass.
+Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles of Drummond, LL. D., F.S.A. Scot.
+Free Public Library, Newark, N.J.
+Free Public Library, Paterson, N.J.
+Free Public Library, Salt Lake City, Utah
+Free Public Library, St. Joseph, Mo.
+Free Public Library, Worcester, Mass.
+Goulden & Curry, Booksellers, Tunbridge Wells.
+Graham, Geo. S., 509 Crozer Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
+G.P. Putnam's Sons, Publishers & Booksellers, New York City.
+Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harris, Joseph S., 168 School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Herrick, L.C., M.D., 106 E. Broad St., Columbus, O.
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Howard, A. McLean, Toronto, Ont.
+Humphrey, Geo. P., Bookseller, Rochester, N.Y.
+Huntington, Geo., Librarian Carleton College, Northfield, Minn.
+Indianapolis Public Library, Indianapolis, Ind.
+Indiana University Library, Bloomington, Ind.
+James Prendergast Free Library, Jamestown, N.Y.
+Johnston, John., Banker, Milwaukee, Wis.
+Kenan, Spalding, M.D., Darien, Ga.
+Leggat Brothers, Booksellers. New York City.
+Little, Brown & Co., Booksellers, Boston, Mass. (2 copies).
+Macdonald, Aeneas A., Barrister-at-Law, Charlottetown, P.E.I.
+Macdonald, Alexander, Town Clerk, Govan, Glasgow, Scot.
+Macdonald, John Archibald, Traccadie Cross, P.E.I.
+MacInnis, Rev. J.M., Hallock, Minn.
+Mackay, John, C.E., J.P., Hereford. Scot. (2 copies).
+Maclean, Alex. C., M.D., 346 S.W. Temple St., Salt Lake City, Utah.
+MacLean, Archibald, M.D., Sarnia, Ont.
+Maclean, Arthur A., 712 People's Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.
+MacLean, Daniel., P.O. Box 65, Durango, Colo.
+MacLean, Donald, M.D., LL. D., 821 Woodward ave., Detroit, Mich.
+Maclean, K.T., Thomasville, Ga.
+Maclean, Malcolm, P.M., Walkerton, Ont.
+MacLean, R.E., Wells Delta Co., Mich.
+MacLean, Rev. James T., Oakryn, Pa.
+Macleod, Norman, Bookseller, Edinburgh.
+MacRae, Capt. Donald, Wilmington. N.C.
+MacRae, Prof. Jas. C., Dean of Law School, Chapel Hill, N.C.
+McAdam, Judge David, New York City.
+McCarrell, Hon. Sam'l J.M., Attorney-at-Law, Harrisburg, Pa.
+McClain, E.L., Greenfield, O.
+McClain, Robert A., No. 9 Central Square, Youngstown, O.
+McClean, Miss Abby M., 208 Melrose St., Melrose Highlands, Mass.
+McClellan, Prof. H.B., Prin. Sayre Female Inst. Lexington, Ky.
+McCook, Colonel John J., 120 Broadway, New York City.
+McCook, J.J., New York City.
+McCook, Rev. Henry C., D.D., The Manse, 3700 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa.
+McCorvey, Prof. Thomas Chalmers, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
+McCowan, Prof. J.S., 12 N. 2nd St., Marshalltown, Iowa.
+McCulloch, H.M., Presho, N.Y.
+McDonald, M.G., Rome, Ga.
+McDonald, Wm., 51 Lancaster St., Albany, N.Y.
+McGee, Prof. W.J., Bureau Am. Ethnology, Washington, D.C.
+McGlauflin, Rev. W.H., D.D., 243 Baker St., Atlanta, Ga.
+McGrew, Hon. J.C., Kingwood, West Va.
+McIlhenny, John, 1339 Cherry St., Philadelphia. Pa.
+McIntosh, William Swinton, Darien, Ga.
+McIver, Mrs. G.W., 1611 Larkin St., San Francisco, Calif.
+McKeithen, N.A., Aberdeen, N.C.
+McKenzie, Alexander A., Hanover, N.H.
+McLane, James, Franklin, O.
+McLaughlin, Rev. D.N., Chester, S.C.
+McLaren, Rt. Rev. W.E., D.D., D.C.L., Chicago, Ill.
+McLean, Angus W., Attorney-at-Law, Lumberton, N.C.
+McLean, Col. Hugh H., Barrister, St. John, N.B.
+McLean, David, Danbury, Conn.
+McLean, Harry D., Souris, P.E.I.
+McLean, Hon. Donald, Counselor-at-Law, 27 William St., New York City.
+McLean, John, Danbury, Conn.
+McLean, John, M.D., 3 111th St., Pullman, Chicago, Ill.
+McLean, Mrs. C.B., Winebiddle Ave., & Harriet St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+McLean, Prof. Andrew C., Oneida St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+McLean, Rev. J.C., St. Georges, P.E.I.
+McLean, Rev. J.K., D.D. Pres't Pacific Theol. Seminary, Oakland, Calif.
+McLean, Wm., Albion, Neb.
+McLeod, Hugh M., Attorney-at-Law, Wausa, Neb.
+McMillan, Rev. D.J., D.D., New York City.
+McNeill, John, New York City.
+McNeill, Malcolm, Lake Forest, Ill.
+McQueen, Joseph P., Attorney-at-Law, Eutaw, Ala.
+Mercantile Library, Astor Place, New York City.
+Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Mo.
+Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn.
+Mitchell Library, Glasgow, Scot.
+Monroe, Prof. Will S., State Normal School, Westfield, Mass.
+Montgomery, D.B., Owensville. Ind.
+Montgomery, H.P., Attorney-at-Law, Georgetown, Ky.
+Morey, Hon. H.L., Attorney-at-Law, Hamilton, O.
+Munro, David A., New York City.
+Munro, Rev. G.A., Milford, Neb.
+Munro, Rev. John J., 894 Forest ave., New York City.
+Munro, Robert F., New York City.
+New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, N.H.
+New Harmony Working Men's Institute, New Harmony, Ind.
+New York Historical Society, New York City.
+New York Public Library, New York City.
+Nickerson, Sereno D., Masonic Temple, Boston. Mass.
+Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society, Columbus, O.
+Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
+Pardoe, Avern, Legislative Librarian, Toronto, Ont.
+Patten, Miss Jennie M., Brush, Colo.
+Patten, James A., 51-53 Board of Trade, Chicago. Ill. (3 copies).
+Peoria Public Library, Peoria, Ill.
+Preston & Rounds Co., Booksellers, Providence, R.I.
+Public Library and Reading Room, Bridgeport, Conn.
+Public Library, Cincinnati, O.
+Public Library, Chicago, Ill.
+Public Library, Detroit, Mich.
+Public Library, Milwaukee, Wis.
+Reid, Wm. M., Kansas City, Mo.
+Robertson, Major G.C., of Widmerpool.
+Robertson, R.S., Attorney-at-Law, Fort Wayne, Ind.
+Ross, A.W., Columbia, B.C.
+Selby, Prof. J.L., Greenville, O.
+Slocum, Chas. E., M.D., Ph. D., Defiance, O.
+Smith, Mrs. J. Morgan, Birmingham, Ala.
+State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
+State Library, Columbus, O.
+State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.
+Stewart, John A., New York City.
+St. Paul Book and Stationary Co., St. Paul, Minn.
+Stuart, Henry C., Custom House, New York City.
+Syracuse Central Library, Syracuse. N.Y.
+The Bowen-Merrill Co., Booksellers, Indianapolis, Ind. (2 copies).
+The John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill.
+The Robert Clarke Co., Booksellers, Cincinnati, O.
+Thomson, Hon. Wm., Judge Judicial District, Burlingame, Kan.
+Thomson, William, New York City.
+University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
+Vaughn, Wm. J., Nashville, Tenn.
+War Department Library, Washington, D.C.
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+Wilkinson, Mrs. Henry W., 168 Bowen St., Providence, R.I.
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+Wilson, Mrs. Obed J., 378 Lafayette ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.
+Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, D.D., LL. D., Oberlin, O.
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, by J.P. Maclean, Ph.D.
+    </title>
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account of the Settlements of
+Scotch Highlanders in America, by J. P. MacLean
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America
+
+Author: J. P. MacLean
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2008 [EBook #25879]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTCH HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Graeme Mackreth and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of
+public domain works from the University of Michigan Digital
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="Culloden"  />
+<a id="illus01" name="illus01"></a>
+</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'> <i>Painted by Capt<sup>n</sup>. W M<sup>c</sup>Kenzie</i> BATTLE OF CULLODEN.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>An Historical Account</h2>
+
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+
+<h1>Settlements of Scotch Highlanders</h1>
+
+<h5>IN</h5>
+
+<h1>America</h1>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Prior to the Peace of 1783</span></h2>
+
+<h5>TOGETHER WITH NOTICES OF</h5>
+
+<h2>Highland Regiments</h2>
+
+<h5>AND</h5>
+
+<h2>Biographical Sketches</h2>
+
+<h5>BY</h5>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">J.P. Maclean, Ph.D.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p class='center'>Life Member Gaelic Society of Glasgow, and Clan MacLean Association of
+Glasgow; Corresponding Member Davenport Academy of Sciences, and Western
+Reserve Historical Society; Author of History of Clan MacLean, Antiquity
+of Man, The Mound Builders, Mastodon, Mammoth and Man, Norse Discovery
+of America, Fingal's Cave, Introduction Study St. John's Gospel, Jewish
+Nature Worship, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 5em;"><small><i>ILLUSTRATED</i>.</small></p>
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 5em;"><small><span class="smcap">THE HELMAN-TAYLOR COMPANY, Cleveland.</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">JOHN MACKaY, Glasgow.</span><br />
+
+1900.</small></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="arms"  />
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Highland Arms.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 5em;"><span class="smcap">To</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Colonel Sir Fitzroy Donald MacLean</span>, Bart., C.B.,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>President of The Highland Society of London,</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>An hereditary Chief, honored by his Clansmen at home and abroad, on
+account of the kindly interest he takes in their welfare, as well as
+everything that relates to the Highlands, and though deprived of an
+ancient patrimony, his virtues and patriotism have done honor to the
+Gael, this Volume is</p>
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-bottom: 10em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Respectfully dedicated by the</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;"><span class="smcap">Author</span>.</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"There's sighing and sobbing in yon Highland forest;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">There's weeping and wailing in yon Highland vale,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And fitfully flashes a gleam from the ashes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Of the tenantless hearth in the home of the Gael.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">There's a ship on the sea, and her white sails she's spreadin',</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">A' ready to speed to a far distant shore;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">She may come hame again wi' the yellow gowd laden,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">But the sons of Glendarra shall come back no more.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The gowan may spring by the clear-rinnin' burnie,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">The cushat may coo in the green woods again.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The deer o' the mountain may drink at the fountain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Unfettered and free as the wave on the main;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">But the pibroch they played o'er the sweet blooming heather</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Is hushed in the sound of the ocean's wild roar;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The song and the dance they hae vanish'd thegither,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">For the maids o' Glendarra shall come back no more."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>An attempt is here made to present a field that has not been
+preoccupied. The student of American history has noticed allusions to
+certain Scotch Highland settlements prior to the Revolution, without any
+attempt at either an account or origin of the same. In a measure the
+publication of certain state papers and colonial records, as well as an
+occasional memoir by an historical society have revived what had been
+overlooked. These settlements form a very important and interesting
+place in the early history of our country. While they may not have
+occupied a very prominent or pronounced position, yet their exertions in
+subduing the wilderness, their activity in the Revolution, and the wide
+influence exercised by the descendants of these hardy pioneers, should,
+long since, have brought their history and achievements into notice.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement in North Carolina, embracing a wide extent of territory,
+and the people numbered by the thousands, should, ere this, have found a
+competent exponent. But it exists more as a tradition than an actual
+colony. The Highlanders in Georgia more than acted their part against
+Spanish encroachments, yet survived all the vicissitudes of their
+exposed position. The stay of the Highlanders on the Mohawk was very
+brief, yet their flight into Canada and final settlement at Glengarry
+forms a very strange episode in the history of New York. The heartless
+treatment of the colony of Lachlan Campbell by the governor of the
+province of New York, and their long delayed recompense stands without a
+parallel, and is so strange and fanciful, that long since it should have
+excited the poet or novelist. The settlements in Nova Scotia and Prince
+Edwards Island, although scarcely commenced at the breaking out of the
+Revolution, are more important in later events than those chronicled in
+this volume.</p>
+
+<p>The chapters on the Highlands, the Scotch-Irish, and the Darien scheme,
+have sufficient connection to warrant their insertion.</p>
+
+<p>It is a noticeable fact that notwithstanding the valuable services
+rendered by the Highland regiments in the French and Indian war, but
+little account has been taken by writers, except in Scotland, although
+General David Stewart of Garth, as early as 1822, clearly paved the way.
+Unfortunately, his works, as well as those who have followed him, are
+comparatively unknown on this side the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>I was led to the searching out of this phase of our history, not only by
+the occasional allusions, but specially from reading works devoted to
+other nationalities engaged in the Revolution. Their achievements were
+fully set forth and their praises sung. Why should not the oppressed
+Gael, who sought the forests of the New World, struggled in the
+wilderness, and battled against foes, also be placed in his true light?
+If properly known, the artist would have a subject for his pencil, the
+poet a picture for his praises, and the novelist a strong background for
+his romance.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland, O., October, 1898.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Highlanders of Scotland</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Division of Scotland&mdash;People of the
+Highlands&mdash;Language&mdash;Clanship&mdash;Chiefs
+Customs&mdash;Special
+Characteristics&mdash;Fiery-Cross&mdash;Slogan&mdash;Mode of Battle
+Forays&mdash;Feasts&mdash;Position of
+Woman&mdash;Marriage&mdash;Religious Toleration
+Superstitions&mdash;Poets&mdash;Pipers&mdash;Cave of
+Coire-nan-Uriskin&mdash;The Harp&mdash;Gaelic
+Music&mdash;Costume&mdash;Scotland's Wars&mdash;War with
+Romans&mdash;Battle of
+Largs&mdash;Bannockburn&mdash;Flodden&mdash;Pinkie&mdash;Wars of
+Montrose&mdash;Bonnie Dundee&mdash;Earl of Mar&mdash;Prince Charles
+Stuart&mdash;Atrocities in the Wake of Culloden&mdash;Uncertainty of
+Travellers' Observations&mdash;Kidnapping Emigration
+</p>
+<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Scotch-Irish in America</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Origin of the name of Scotland&mdash;Scoto-Irish&mdash;Ulster&mdash;Clandonald&mdash;Protestant
+Colonies in Ireland&mdash;Corruption of Names&mdash;Percentage of in
+Revolution&mdash;Characteristics&mdash;Persecuted&mdash;Emigration from Ulster&mdash;First
+Scotch-Irish Clergyman in America&mdash;Struggle for Religious Liberty
+Settlement at Worcester&mdash;History of the Potato&mdash;Pelham&mdash;Warren and
+Blandford&mdash;Colerain&mdash;Londonderry&mdash;Settlements in Maine&mdash;New York&mdash;New
+Jersey&mdash;Pennsylvania&mdash;The Revolution&mdash;Maryland&mdash;Virginia&mdash;Patrick
+Henry&mdash;Daniel Morgan&mdash;George Rogers Clark&mdash;North Carolina&mdash;Battle
+of King's Mountain&mdash;South Carolina&mdash;Georgia&mdash;East Tennessee&mdash;Kentucky
+Canada&mdash;Industrial Arts&mdash;Distinctive Characteristics
+</p>
+
+<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Causes that Led to Emigration</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Results of Clanship&mdash;Opposed to Emigration&mdash;Emigration to Ulster
+Expatriation of 7000&mdash;Changed Condition of Highlanders&mdash;Lands Rented
+Dissatisfaction&mdash;Luxurious Landlords&mdash;Action of Chiefs in Skye&mdash;Deplorable
+State of Affairs&mdash;Sheep-Farming&mdash;Improvements&mdash;Buchanan's
+Description&mdash;Famine&mdash;Class of Emigrants&mdash;America&mdash;Hardships and
+Disappointments                                                          </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Darien Scheme</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+First Highlanders in America&mdash;Disastrous Speculation&mdash;Ruinous
+Legislation&mdash;Massacre of Glencoe&mdash;Darien Scheme Projected&mdash;William
+Paterson&mdash;Fabulous Dreams&mdash;Company Chartered&mdash;Scotland Excited
+Subscriptions&mdash;List of Subscribers&mdash;Spanish Sovereignty over
+Darien&mdash;English Jealousy and Opposition&mdash;Dutch East India Company&mdash;King
+William's Duplicity&mdash;English and Dutch Subscriptions Withdrawn&mdash;Great
+Preparations&mdash;Purchase of Ships&mdash;Sailing of First Expedition&mdash;Settlement
+of St. Andrews&mdash;Great Sufferings&mdash;St. Andrews Abandoned&mdash;The Caledonia and
+Unicorn Arrive at New York&mdash;Recriminations&mdash;The St. Andrews&mdash;The
+Dolphin&mdash;King Refuses Supplies&mdash;Relief Sent&mdash;Spaniards Aggressive&mdash;Second
+Expedition&mdash;Highlanders&mdash;Disappointed Expectations&mdash;Discordant
+Clergy&mdash;How News was Received in Scotland&mdash;Give Vent to Rage&mdash;King
+William's Indifference&mdash;Campbell of Fonab&mdash;Escape&mdash;Capitulation of Darien
+Colony&mdash;Ships Destroyed&mdash;Final End of Settlers  </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Highlanders in North Carolina</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+On the Cape Fear&mdash;Town Established&mdash;Highlanders Patronized&mdash;Arrival
+of Neil McNeill&mdash;Action of Legislature&mdash;List of Grantees&mdash;Wave of
+Emigration&mdash;Represented in Legislature&mdash;Colony Prosperous&mdash;Stamp
+Act&mdash;Genius of Liberty&mdash;Letter to Highlanders&mdash;Emigrants from Jura&mdash;Lands
+Allotted&mdash;War of Regulators&mdash;Campbelton Charter&mdash;Public Road&mdash;Public
+Buildings at Campbelton&mdash;Petition for Pardon&mdash;Highland Costume&mdash;Clan
+Macdonald Emigration&mdash;Allan Macdonald of Kingsborough&mdash;American
+Revolution&mdash;Sale of Public Offices&mdash;Attitude of Patriots&mdash;Provincial
+Congress&mdash;Highlanders Objects of Consideration&mdash;Reverend John
+McLeod&mdash;Committee to Confer with Highlanders&mdash;British Confidence&mdash;Governor
+Martin&mdash;Provincial Congress of 1775&mdash;Farquhard Campbell&mdash;Arrival of the
+George&mdash;Other Arrivals&mdash;Oaths Administered&mdash;Distressed Condition&mdash;Petition
+to Virginia Convention&mdash;War Party in the Ascendant&mdash;American
+Views&mdash;Highlanders Fail to Understand Conditions&mdash;Reckless Indifference
+of Leaders&mdash;General Donald Macdonald&mdash;British Campaign&mdash;Governor
+Martin Manipulates a Revolt&mdash;Macdonald's Manifesto&mdash;Rutherford's
+Manifesto&mdash;Highlanders in Rebellion&mdash;Standard at Cross Creek&mdash;March
+for Wilmington&mdash;Country Alarmed&mdash;Correspondence&mdash;Battle of Moore's
+Creek Bridge&mdash;Overthrow of Highlanders&mdash;Prescribed Parole&mdash;Prisoners
+Address Congress&mdash;Action of Sir William Howe&mdash;Allan Macdonald's Letter&mdash;On
+Parole&mdash;Effects His Exchange&mdash;Letter to Members of Congress&mdash;Cornwallis
+to Clinton&mdash;Military at Cross Creek&mdash;Women Protected&mdash;Religious Status</p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Highlanders in Georgia</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+English Treatment of Poor&mdash;Imprisonment for Debt&mdash;Oglethorpe's
+Philanthropy&mdash;Asylum Projected&mdash;Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia&mdash;Selects
+the Site of Savannah&mdash;Fort Argyle&mdash;Colonists of Different
+Nationalities&mdash;Towns Established&mdash;Why Highlanders were Selected&mdash;Oglethorpe
+Returns to England&mdash;Highland Emigrants&mdash;Character of&mdash;John
+Macleod&mdash;Founding of New Inverness&mdash;Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia&mdash;Visits
+the Highlanders&mdash;Fort St. Andrews&mdash;Spaniards Aggressive&mdash;Messengers
+Imprisoned&mdash;Spanish Perfidy&mdash;Suffering and Discontent in 1737&mdash;Dissension
+Increases&mdash;Removal Agitated&mdash;African Slavery Prohibited&mdash;Petition and
+Counter Petition&mdash;Highlanders Oppose African Slavery&mdash;Insufficient Produce
+Raised&mdash;Murder of Unarmed Highlanders&mdash;Florida Invaded&mdash;St. Augustine
+Blockaded&mdash;Massacre of Highlanders at Fort Moosa&mdash;Failure of
+Expedition&mdash;Conduct of William MacIntosh&mdash;Indians and Carolinians
+Desert&mdash;Agent Reprimanded by Parliament&mdash;Clansmen at Darien&mdash;John MacLeod
+Abandons His Charge&mdash;Georgia Invaded&mdash;Highlanders Defeat the Enemy&mdash;Battle
+of Bloody Marsh&mdash;Spaniards Retreat&mdash;Ensign Stewart&mdash;Oglethorpe
+Again Invades Florida&mdash;Growth of Georgia&mdash;Record in Revolution&mdash;Resolutions
+Assault on British War Vessels&mdash;Capture  of&mdash;County of Liberty&mdash;Settlement
+Remained Highland                                                       </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Captain Lachlan Campbell's New York Colony</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Lachlan Campbell&mdash;Donald Campbell's Memorial&mdash;Motives Controlling
+Royal Governors&mdash;Governor Clarke to Duke of Newcastle&mdash;Same to
+Lords of Trade&mdash;Efforts of Captain Campbell&mdash;Memorial Rejected&mdash;Redress
+Obtained&mdash;Grand Scheme&mdash;List of Grantees&mdash;A Desperado&mdash;Township
+of Argyle&mdash;Records of&mdash;Change of Name of County&mdash;Highland Soldiers
+Occupy Lands&mdash;How Allotted&mdash;Selling Land Warrants&mdash;New Hampshire
+Grants&mdash;Ethan Allan&mdash;Revolution&mdash;An Incident&mdash;Indian Raid&mdash;Massacre
+of Jane McCrea&mdash;Religious Sentiment                                     </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Highland Settlement on the Mohawk</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Sir William Johnson&mdash;Highlanders Preferred&mdash;Manner of Life&mdash;Changed
+State of Affairs&mdash;Sir John Johnson&mdash;Highlanders not Civic Officers&mdash;Sir
+John Johnson's Movements Inimical&mdash;Tryon County Committee
+to Provincial Congress&mdash;Action of Continental Congress&mdash;Sir John to
+Governor Tryon&mdash;Action of General Schuyler&mdash;Sir John's Parole&mdash;Highlanders
+Disarmed&mdash;Arms Retained&mdash;Highland Hostages&mdash;Instructions for Seizing
+Sir John&mdash;Sir John on Removal of Highlanders&mdash;Flight of Highlanders
+to Canada&mdash;Great Sufferings&mdash;Lady Johnson a Hostage&mdash;Highland Settlement
+a Nest of Treason&mdash;Exodus of Highland Women&mdash;Some Families
+Detained&mdash;Letter of Helen McDonell&mdash;Regiment Organized&mdash;Butler's
+Rangers&mdash;Cruel Warfare&mdash;Fort Schuyler Besieged&mdash;Battle of Oriskany&mdash;Heroism
+of Captain Gardenier&mdash;Parole of Angus McDonald&mdash;Massacre of
+Wyoming&mdash;Bloodthirsty Character of Alexander McDonald&mdash;Indian
+Country Laid Waste&mdash;Battle of Chemung&mdash;Sir John Ravages Johnstown&mdash;Visits
+Schoharie with Fire and Sword&mdash;Flight from Johnstown&mdash;Exploit
+of Donald McDonald&mdash;Shell's Defence&mdash;List of Officers of Sir John Johnson's
+Regiment&mdash;Settlement in Glengarry&mdash;Allotment of Lands&mdash;Story of
+Donald Grant&mdash;Religious Services Established                            </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Glenaladale Highlanders of Prince Edward Island</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Highlanders in Canada&mdash;John Macdonald&mdash;Educated in Germany&mdash;Religious
+Oppression&mdash;Religion of the Yellow-Stick&mdash;Glenaladale Becomes
+Protector&mdash;Emigration&mdash;Company Raised Against Americans&mdash;Capture of
+American Vessel&mdash;Estimate of Glenaladale&mdash;Offered Governorship of
+Prince Edward Island                                                    </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Highland Settlement in Pictou, Nova Scotia</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Emigration to Nova Scotia&mdash;Ship Hector&mdash;Sails from Lochbroom&mdash;Great
+Sufferings and Pestilence&mdash;Landing of Highlanders&mdash;Frightening of
+Indians&mdash;Bitter Disappointment&mdash;Danger of Starvation&mdash;False Reports&mdash;Action
+of Captain Archibald&mdash;Truro Migration&mdash;Hardships&mdash;Incidents of
+Suffering&mdash;Conditions of Grants of Land&mdash;Hector's Passengers&mdash;Interesting
+Facts Relative to Emigrants&mdash;Industries&mdash;Plague of Mice&mdash;American
+Revolution&mdash;Divided Sentiment&mdash;Persecution of American Sympathizers
+Highlanders Loyal to Great Britain&mdash;Americans Capture a
+Vessel&mdash;Privateers&mdash;Wreck of the Malignant Man-of-War&mdash;Indian
+Alarm&mdash;Itinerant Preachers&mdash;Arrival of Reverend James McGregor   </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">First Highland Regiments in America</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Cause of French and Indian War&mdash;Highlanders Sent to America&mdash;The
+Black Watch&mdash;Montgomery's Highlanders&mdash;Fraser's Highlanders&mdash;Uniform
+of&mdash;Black Watch at Albany&mdash;Lord Loudon at Halifax&mdash;Surrender of
+Fort William Henry&mdash;Success of the French&mdash;Defeat at Ticonderoga&mdash;Gallant
+Conduct of Highlanders&mdash;List of Casualties&mdash;Expedition Against
+Louisburg&mdash;Destruction French Fleet&mdash;Capture of Louisburg&mdash;Expedition
+Against Fort Du Quesne&mdash;Defeat of Major Grant&mdash;Washington&mdash;Name
+Fort Changed to Fort Pitt&mdash;Battalions of 42nd United&mdash;Amherst Possesses
+Ticonderoga&mdash;Army at Crown Point&mdash;Fall of Quebec&mdash;Journal of Malcolm
+Fraser&mdash;Movements of Fraser's Highlanders&mdash;Battle of Heights of
+Abraham&mdash;Galling Fire Sustained by Highlanders&mdash;Anecdote of General
+Murray&mdash;Retreat of French&mdash;Officers of the Black Watch&mdash;Highland Regiments
+Sail for Barbadoes&mdash;Return to New York&mdash;Black Watch Sent to
+Pittsburg&mdash;Battle of Bushy Run&mdash;Black Watch Sent Against Ohio Indians&mdash;Goes
+to Ireland&mdash;Impressions of in America&mdash;Table of Losses&mdash;Montgomery
+Highlanders Against the Cherokees&mdash;Battle with Indians&mdash;Allan
+Macpherson's Tragic Death&mdash;Retreat from Indian Country&mdash;Return to
+New York&mdash;Massacre at Fort Loudon&mdash;Surrender of St. Johns&mdash;Tables of
+Casualties&mdash;Acquisition of French Territory a Source of Danger          </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Scotch Hostility Towards America</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Causes of American Revolution&mdash;Massacre at Lexington&mdash;Insult to
+Franklin&mdash;England Precipitates War&mdash;Americans Ridiculed&mdash;Pitt's Noble
+Defence&mdash;Attitude of Eminent Men&mdash;Action of Cities&mdash;No Enthusiasm in
+Enlistments in England and Ireland&mdash;The Press-Gang&mdash;Enlistment of
+Criminals&mdash;Sentiment of People of Scotland&mdash;Lecky's Estimate&mdash;Addresses
+Upholding the King&mdash;Summary of Highland Addresses&mdash;Emigration
+Prohibited&mdash;Resentment Against Highlanders&mdash;Shown in Original
+Draft of Declaration of Independence&mdash;Petitions of Donald Macleod      </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Highland Regiments in American Revolution</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+Eulogy of Pitt&mdash;Organizing in America&mdash;Secret Instructions to Governor
+Tryon&mdash;Principal Agents&mdash;Royal Highland Emigrants&mdash;How Received&mdash;Colonel
+Maclean Saves Quebec&mdash;Siege of Quebec&mdash;First Battalion in
+Canada&mdash;Burgoyne's Doubts&mdash;Second Battalion&mdash;Sufferings of&mdash;Treatment
+of&mdash;Battle of Eutaw Springs&mdash;Royal Highland Emigrants Discharged&mdash;List
+of Officers&mdash;Grants of Land&mdash;John Bethune&mdash;42nd or Royal
+Highlanders&mdash;Embarks for America&mdash;Capture of Highlanders&mdash;Capture of
+Oxford Transport&mdash;Prisoners from the Crawford&mdash;British Fleet Arrives at
+Staten Island&mdash;Battle of Long Island&mdash;Ardor of Highlanders&mdash;Americans
+Evacuate New York&mdash;Patriotism of Mrs. Murray&mdash;Peril of Putnam&mdash;Gallant
+Conduct of Major Murray&mdash;Battle of Harlem&mdash;Capture of Fort
+Washington&mdash;Royal Highlanders in New Jersey&mdash;Attacked at
+Pisquatiqua&mdash;Sergeant McGregor&mdash;Battle of Brandywine&mdash;Wayne's Army
+Surprised&mdash;Expeditions During Winter of 1779&mdash;Skirmishing and
+Suffering&mdash;Infusion of Poor Soldiers&mdash;Capture of Charleston&mdash;Desertions
+Regiment Reduced&mdash;Sails for Halifax&mdash;Table of Casualties&mdash;Fraser's
+Highlanders&mdash;Sails for America&mdash;Capture of Transports&mdash;Reports of Captain
+Seth Harding and Colonel Archibald Campbell&mdash;Confinement of Colonel
+Campbell&mdash;Interest in by Washington&mdash;Battle of Brooklin&mdash;Diversified
+Employment&mdash;Expedition Against Little Egg Harbor&mdash;Capture of
+Savannah&mdash;Retrograde Movement of General Prevost&mdash;Battle of Brier
+Creek&mdash;Invasion of South Carolina&mdash;Battle of Stono Ferry&mdash;Retreat to
+Savannah&mdash;Siege of&mdash;Capture of Stony Point&mdash;Surrender of Charleston&mdash;Battle
+of Camden&mdash;Defeat of General Sumter&mdash;Battle of King's Mountain&mdash;Battle of
+Blackstocks&mdash;Battle of the Cowpens&mdash;Battle of Guilford Court-House&mdash;March
+of British Army to Yorktown&mdash;Losses of Fraser's Highlanders&mdash;Surrender of
+Yorktown&mdash;Highlanders Prisoners&mdash;Regiment Discharged at Perth&mdash;Argyle
+Highlanders&mdash;How Constituted&mdash;Sails for Halifax&mdash;Two Companies at
+Charleston&mdash;At Penobscot&mdash;Besieged by Americans&mdash;Regiment Returns to
+England&mdash;Macdonald's Highlanders&mdash;Sails for New York&mdash;Embarks for
+Virginia&mdash;Bravery of the Soldiers&mdash;Highlanders on Horseback&mdash;Surrender
+of Yorktown&mdash;Cantoned at Winchester&mdash;Removed to Lancaster&mdash;Disbanded
+at Stirling Castle&mdash;Summary&mdash;Estimate of Washington&mdash;His Opinion
+of Highlanders&mdash;Not Guilty of Wanton Cruelty                            </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Distinguished Highlanders who Served in America in the Interests
+of Great Britain</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+General Sir Alan Cameron&mdash;General Sir Archibald Campbell&mdash;General
+John Campbell&mdash;Lord William Campbell&mdash;General Simon Fraser of
+Balnain&mdash;General Simon Fraser of Lovat&mdash;General Simon Fraser&mdash;General
+James Grant of Ballindalloch&mdash;General Allan Maclean of Torloisk&mdash;Sir
+Allan Maclean&mdash;General Francis Maclean&mdash;General John Small&mdash;Flora
+Macdonald                                                               </p>
+
+<h3>
+<a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></h3>
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Distinguished Highlanders in American Interest</span>.</h4>
+<p>
+General Alexander McDougall&mdash;General Lachlan McIntosh&mdash;General
+Arthur St. Clair&mdash;Serjeant Macdonald                                    </p>
+
+<h3><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX I</a></h3>
+<h3>
+<a href="#APPENDIX1">APPENDIX II.</a></h3>
+<p>
+<a href="#NOTE_A">Note A.</a>&mdash;First Emigrants to America
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_B">Note B.</a>&mdash;Letter of Donald Macpherson
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_C">Note C.</a>&mdash;Emigration during the Eighteenth Century
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_D">Note D.</a>&mdash;Appeal to the Highlanders lately arrived from Scotland
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_E">Note E.</a>&mdash;Ingratitude of the Highlanders
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_F">Note F.</a>&mdash;Were the Highlanders Faithful to their Oath to the Americans
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_G">Note G.</a>&mdash;Marvellous Escape of Captain McArthur
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_H">Note H.</a>&mdash;Highlanders in South Carolina
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_I">Note I.</a>&mdash;Alexander McNaughton
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_J">Note J.</a>&mdash;Allan McDonald's Complaint to the President of Congress
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_K">Note K.</a>&mdash;The Glengarry Settlers
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_VIII">Note to Chapter VIII</a>
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_L">Note L.</a>&mdash;Moravian Indians
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_M">Note M.</a>&mdash;Highlanders Refused Lands in America
+<br />
+<a href="#NOTE_N">Note N.</a>&mdash;Captain James Stewart commissioned to raise a company of
+Highlanders
+<br />
+<a href="#LIST">List of Subscribers</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href='#illus01'>Battle of Culloden </a>                                    <br />
+
+<a href='#illus02'>Coire-nan-Uriskin  </a>                                             <br />
+
+<a href='#illus03'>House of Henry McWhorter </a>                                       <br />
+
+<a href='#illus04'>View of Battle-Field of Alamance</a>                                <br />
+
+<a href='#illus05'>Scottish India House</a>                                          <br />
+
+<a href='#illus06'>Barbacue Church, where Flora Macdonald Worshipped</a>               <br />
+
+<a href='#illus07'>Johnson Hall  </a>                                                  <br />
+
+<a href='#illus08'>View of the Valley of Wyoming</a>                                   <br />
+
+<a href='#illus09'>Highland Officer </a>                                              <br />
+
+<a href='#illus10'>Old Blockhouse Fort Duquesne    </a>                                <br />
+
+<a href='#illus11'>General Sir Archibald Campbell </a>                                 <br />
+
+<a href='#illus12'>Brigadier General Simon Fraser</a>                                 <br />
+
+<a href='#illus13'>General Simon Fraser of Lovat </a>                                   <br />
+
+<a href='#illus14'>Sir Allan Maclean, Bart  </a>                                       <br />
+
+<a href='#illus15'>Flora Macdonald </a>                                                 <br />
+
+<a href='#illus16'>General Alexander McDougall  </a>                                   <br />
+
+<a href='#illus17'>General Lachlan McIntosh  </a>                                       <br />
+
+<a href='#illus18'>General Arthur St. Clair </a>                                        <br />
+
+<a href='#illus19'>Sergeant Macdonald and Colonel Gainey  </a>                          <br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PARTIAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.</h2>
+
+<p>
+American Archives.<br />
+
+Answer of Cornwallis to Clinton. London, 1783.<br />
+
+Bancroft (George.) History of the United States. London, N.D.<br />
+
+Burt (Captain.) Letters from the North of Scotland, London. 1815.<br />
+
+Burton (J.H.) Darien Papers, Bannatyne Club. 1849<br />
+
+Burton (J.H.) History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1853.<br />
+
+Celtic Monthly, Inverness, 1876-1888.<br />
+
+Georgia Historical Society Collections.<br />
+
+Graham (James J.) Memoirs General Graham, Edinburgh, 1862.<br />
+
+Hotten (J.C.) List of Emigrants to America, New York, 1874.<br />
+
+Johnson (C.) History Washington County, New York, Philadelphia, 1878.<br />
+
+Keltie (J.S.). History of the Highland Clans, Edinburgh, 1882.<br />
+
+Lecky (W.E.H.) History of England. London, 1892.<br />
+
+Lossing (B.J.) Field-Book of the American Revolution. New York, 1855.<br />
+
+Macaulay (T.B.) History of England, Boston, N.D.<br />
+
+McDonald (H.) Letter-Book, New York Historical Society, 1892.<br />
+
+Macdonell (J.A.) Sketches of Glengarry, Montreal. 1893.<br />
+
+McLeod (D.) Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada, Cleveland,
+1841.<br />
+
+Martin (M.) Description Western Isles, Glasgow, 1884.<br />
+
+National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, Philadelphia, 1852.<br />
+
+New York Documentary and Colonial History.<br />
+
+North Carolina Colonial Record.<br />
+
+Paterson (J.) History Pictou County. Nova Scotia, Montreal. 1893.<br />
+
+Proceedings Scotch-Irish American Congress. 1889-1896.<br />
+
+Rogers (H.) Hadden's Journal and Orderly Book, Albany, 1884.<br />
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Lady of the Lake, New York, N.D.<br />
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Tales of a Grandfather, Boston, 1852.<br />
+
+Smith (William) History of New York, New York, 1814.<br />
+
+Smith (W.H.) St. Clair Papers, Cincinnati, 1882.<br />
+
+Sparks (Jared) Writings of Washington, Boston. 1837.<br />
+
+Stephens (W.B.) History of Georgia, New York. 1859.<br />
+
+St. Clair (Arthur.) Narrative, Philadelphia, 1812.<br />
+
+Stewart (David.) Sketches of the Highlanders, Edinburgh, 1822.<br />
+
+Stone (W.L.) Life of Joseph Brant, New York. 1838.<br />
+
+Stone (W.L.) Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson, Albany, 1882.<br />
+
+Tarleton (Lieut. Col.) Campaigns of, 1780-1781. London, 1787.<br />
+
+Washington and his Generals, Philadelphia, 1848.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Highlanders of Scotland</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>A range of mountains forming a lofty and somewhat shattered rampart,
+commencing in the county of Aberdeen, north of the river Don, and
+extending in a southwest course across the country, till it terminates
+beyond Ardmore, in the county of Dumbarton, divides Scotland into two
+distinct parts. The southern face of these mountains is bold, rocky,
+dark and precipitous. The land south of this line is called the
+Lowlands, and that to the north, including the range, the Highlands. The
+maritime outline of the Highlands is also bold and rocky, and in many
+places deeply indented by arms of the sea. The northern and western
+coasts are fringed with groups of islands. The general surface of the
+country is mountainous, yet capable of supporting innumerable cattle,
+sheep and deer. The scenery is nowhere excelled for various forms of
+beauty and sublimity. The lochs and bens have wrought upon the
+imaginations of historians, poets and novelists.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants living within these boundaries were as unique as their
+bens and glens. From the middle of the thirteenth century they have been
+distinctly marked from those inhabiting the low countries, in
+consequence of which they exhibit a civilization peculiarly their own.
+By their Lowland neighbors they were imperfectly known, being generally
+regarded as a horde of savage thieves, and their country as an
+impenetrable wilderness. From this judgment they made no effort to free
+themselves, but rather inclined to confirm it. The language spoken by
+the two races greatly varied which had a tendency to establish a marked
+characteristic difference between them. For a period of seven centuries
+the entrances or passes into the Grampians constituted a boundary
+between both the people and their language. At the south the Saxon
+language was universally spoken, while beyond the range the Gaelic
+formed the mother tongue, accompanied by the plaid, the claymore and
+other specialties which accompanied Highland characteristics. Their
+language was one of the oldest and least mongrel types of the great
+Aryan family of speech.</p>
+
+<p>The country in which the Gaelic was in common use among all classes of
+people may be defined by a line drawn from the western opening of the
+Pentland Frith, sweeping around St. Kilda, from thence embracing the
+entire cluster of islands to the east and south, as far as Arran; thence
+to the Mull of Kintyre, re-entering the mainland at Ardmore, in
+Dumbartonshire, following the southern face of the Grampians to
+Aberdeenshire, and ending on the north-east point of Caithness.</p>
+
+<p>For a period of nearly two hundred years the Highlander has been an
+object of study by strangers. Travellers have written concerning them,
+but dwelt upon such points as struck their fancy. A people cannot be
+judged by the jottings of those who have not studied the question with
+candor and sufficient information. Fortunately the Highlands, during the
+present century, have produced men who have carefully set forth their
+history, manners and customs. These men have fully weighed the questions
+of isolation, mode of life, habits of thought, and wild surroundings,
+which developed in the Highlander firmness of decision, fertility in
+resource, ardor in friendship, love of country, and a generous
+enthusiasm, as well as a system of government.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders were tall, robust, well formed and hardy. Early
+marriages were unknown among them, and it was rare for a female of puny
+stature and delicate constitution to be honored with a husband. They
+were not obliged by art in forming their bodies, for Nature acted her
+part bountifully to them, and among them there are but few bodily
+imperfections.</p>
+
+<p>The division of the people into clans, tribes or families, under
+separate chiefs, constituted the most remarkable circumstance in their
+political condition, which ultimately resulted in many of their peculiar
+sentiments, customs and institutions. For the most part the monarchs of
+Scotland had left the people alone, and, therefore, had but little to do
+in the working out of their destiny. Under little or no restraint from
+the State, the patriarchal form of government became universal.</p>
+
+<p>It is a singular fact that although English ships had navigated the
+known seas and transplanted colonies, yet the Highlanders were but
+little known in London, even as late as the beginning of the eighteenth
+century. To the people of England it would have been a matter of
+surprise to learn that in the north of Great Britain, and at a distance
+of less than five hundred miles from their metropolis, there were many
+miniature courts, in each of which there was a hereditary ruler,
+attended by guards, armor-bearers, musicians, an orator, a poet, and who
+kept a rude state, dispensed justice, exacted tribute, waged war, and
+contracted treaties.</p>
+
+<p>The ruler of each clan was called a chief, who was really the chief man
+of his family. Each clan was divided into branches who had chieftains
+over them. The members of the clan claimed consanguinity to the chief.
+The idea never entered into the mind of a Highlander that the chief was
+anything more than the head of the clan. The relation he sustained was
+subordinate to the will of the people. Sometimes his sway was unlimited,
+but necessarily paternal. The tribesmen were strongly attached to the
+person of their chief. He stood in the light of a protector, who must
+defend them and right their wrongs. They rallied to his support, and in
+defense they had a contempt for danger. The sway of the chief was of
+such a nature as to cultivate an imperishable love of independence,
+which was probably strengthened by an exceptional hardiness of
+character.</p>
+
+<p>The chief generally resided among his clansmen, and his castle was the
+court where rewards were distributed and distinctions conferred. All
+disputes were settled by his decision. They followed his standard in
+war, attended him in the chase, supplied his table and harvested the
+products of his fields. His nearest kinsmen became sub-chiefs, or
+chieftains, held their lands and properties from him, over which they
+exercised a subordinate jurisdiction. These became counsellors and
+assistants in all emergencies. One chief was distinguished from another
+by having a greater number of attendants, and by the exercise of
+general hospitality, kindness and condescension. At the castle everyone
+was made welcome, and treated according to his station, with a degree of
+courtesy and regard for his feelings. This courtesy not only raised the
+clansman in his own estimation, but drew the ties closer that bound him
+to his chief.</p>
+
+<p>While the position of chief was hereditary, yet the heir was obliged in
+honor to give a specimen of his valor, before he was assumed or declared
+leader of his people. Usually he made an incursion upon some chief with
+whom his clan had a feud. He gathered around him a retinue of young men
+who were ambitious to signalize themselves. They were obliged to bring,
+by open force, the cattle they found in the land they attacked, or else
+die in the attempt. If successful the youthful chief was ever after
+reputed valiant and worthy of the government. This custom being
+reciprocally used among them, was not reputed robbery; for the damage
+which one tribe sustained would receive compensation at the inauguration
+of its chief.</p>
+
+<p>Living in a climate, severe in winter, the people inured themselves to
+the frosts and snows, and cared not for the exposure to the severest
+storms or fiercest blasts. They were content to lie down, for a night's
+rest, among the heather on the hillside, in snow or rain, covered only
+by their plaid. It is related that the laird of Keppoch, chieftain of a
+branch of the MacDonalds, in a winter campaign against a neighboring
+clan, with whom he was at war, gave orders for a snow-ball to lay under
+his head in the night; whereupon, his followers objected, saying, "Now
+we despair of victory, since our leader has become so effeminate he
+can't sleep without a pillow."</p>
+
+<p>The high sense of honor cultivated by the relationship sustained to the
+chief was reflected by the most obscure inhabitant. Instances of theft
+from the dwelling houses seldom ever occurred, and highway robbery was
+never known. In the interior all property was safe without the security
+of locks, bolts and bars. In summer time the common receptacle for
+clothes, cheese, and everything that required air, was an open barn or
+shed. On account of wars, and raids from the neighboring clans, it was
+found necessary to protect the gates of castles.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders were a brave and high-spirited people, and living under
+a turbulent monarchy, and having neighbors, not the most peaceable, a
+warlike character was either developed or else sustained. Inured to
+poverty they acquired a hardihood which enabled them to sustain severe
+privations. In their school of life it was taught to consider courage an
+honorable virtue and cowardice the most disgraceful failing. Loving
+their native glen, they were ever ready to defend it to the last
+extremity. Their own good name and devotion to the clan emulated and
+held them to deeds of daring.</p>
+
+<p>It was hazardous for a chief to engage in war without the consent of his
+people; nor could deception be practiced successfully. Lord Murray
+raised a thousand men on his father's and lord Lovat's estates, under
+the assurance that they were to serve king James, but in reality for the
+service of king William. This was discovered while Murray was in the act
+of reviewing them; immediately they broke ranks, ran to an adjoining
+brook, and, filling their bonnets with water, drank to king James'
+health, and then marched off with pipes playing to join Dundee.</p>
+
+<p>The clan was raised within an incredibly short time. When a sudden or
+important emergency demanded the clansmen the chief slew a goat, and
+making a cross of light wood, seared its extremities with fire, and
+extinguished them in the blood of the animal. This was called the <i>Fiery
+Cross</i>, or Cross of Shame, because disobedience to what the symbol
+implied inferred infamy. It was delivered to a swift trusty runner, who
+with the utmost speed carried it to the first hamlet and delivered it to
+the principal person with the word of rendezvous. The one receiving it
+sent it with the utmost despatch to the next village; and thus with the
+utmost celerity it passed through all the district which owed allegiance
+to the chief, and if the danger was common, also among his neighbors and
+allies. Every man between the ages of sixteen and sixty, capable of
+bearing arms, must immediately repair to the place of rendezvous, in his
+best arms and accoutrements. In extreme cases childhood and old age
+obeyed it. He who failed to appear suffered the penalties of fire and
+sword, which were emblematically denounced to the disobedient by the
+bloody and burnt marks upon this warlike signal.</p>
+
+<p>In the camp, on the march, or in battle, the clan was commanded by the
+chief. If the chief was absent, then some responsible chieftain of the
+clan took the lead. In both their slogan guided them, for every clan had
+its own war-cry. Before commencing an attack the warriors generally took
+off their jackets and shoes. It was long remembered in Lochabar, that at
+the battle of Killiecrankie, Sir Ewen Cameron, at the head of his clan,
+just before engaging in the conflict, took from his feet, what was
+probably the only pair of shoes, among his tribesmen. Thus freed from
+everything that might impede their movements, they advanced to the
+assault, on a double-quick, and when within a few yards of the enemy,
+would pour in a volley of musketry and then rush forward with claymore
+in hand, reserving the pistol and dirk for close action. When in close
+quarters the bayonets of the enemy were received on their targets;
+thrusting them aside, they resorted to the pistol and dirk to complete
+the confusion made by the musket and claymore. In a close engagement
+they could not be withstood by regular troops.</p>
+
+<p>Another kind of warfare to which the Highlander was prone, is called
+<i>Creach</i>, or foray, but really the lifting of cattle. The <i>Creach</i>
+received the approbation of the clan, and was planned by some
+responsible individual. Their predatory raids were not made for the mere
+pleasure of plundering their neighbors. To them it was legitimate
+warfare, and generally in retaliation for recent injuries, or in revenge
+of former wrongs. They were strict in not offending those with whom they
+were in amity. They had high notions of the duty of observing faith to
+allies and hospitality to guests. They were warriors receiving the
+lawful prize of war, and when driving the herds of the Lowland farmers
+up the pass which led to their native glen considered it just as
+legitimate as did the Raleighs and Drakes when they divided the spoils
+of Spanish galleons. They were not always the aggressors. Every evidence
+proves that they submitted to grievances before resorting to arms. When
+retaliating it was with the knowledge that their own lands would be
+exposed to rapine. As an illustration of the view in which the <i>Creach</i>
+was held, the case of Donald Cameron may be taken, who was tried in
+1752, for cattle stealing, and executed at Kinloch Rannoch. At his
+execution he dwelt with surprise and indignation on his fate. He had
+never committed murder, nor robbed man or house, nor taken anything but
+cattle, and only then when on the grass, from one with whom he was at
+feud; why then should he be punished for doing that which was a common
+prey to all?</p>
+
+<p>After a successful expedition the chief gave a great entertainment, to
+which all the country around was invited. On such an occasion whole deer
+and beeves were roasted and laid on boards or hurdles of rods placed on
+the rough trunks of trees, so arranged as to form an extended table.
+During the feast spirituous liquors went round in plenteous libations.
+Meanwhile the pipers played, after which the women danced, and, when
+they retired, the harpers were introduced.</p>
+
+<p>Great feasting accompanied a wedding, and also the burial of a great
+personage. At the burial of one of the Lords of the Isles, in Iona, nine
+hundred cows were consumed.</p>
+
+<p>The true condition of a people may be known by the regard held for
+woman. The beauty of their women was extolled in song. Small eye-brows
+was considered as a mark of beauty, and names were bestowed upon the
+owners from this feature. No country in Europe held woman in so great
+esteem as in the Highlands of Scotland. An unfaithful, unkind, or even
+careless husband was looked upon as a monster. The parents gave dowers
+according to their means, consisting of cattle, provisions, farm
+stocking, etc. Where the parents were unable to provide sufficiently,
+then it was customary for a newly-married couple to collect from their
+neighbors enough to serve the first year.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage vow was sacredly kept. Whoever violated it, whether male or
+female, which seldom ever occurred, was made to stand in a barrel of
+cold water at the church door, after which the delinquent, clad in a wet
+canvas shirt, was made to stand before the congregation, and at the
+close of service, the minister explained the nature of the offense. A
+separation of a married couple among the common people was almost
+unknown. However disagreeable the wife might be, the husband rarely
+contemplated putting her away. Being his wife, he bore with her
+failings; as the mother of his children he continued to support her; a
+separation would have entailed reproach upon his posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Young married women never wore any close head-dress. The hair, with a
+slight ornament was tied with ribbons; but if she lost her virtue then
+she was obliged to wear a cap, and never appear again with her head
+uncovered.</p>
+
+<p>Honesty and fidelity were sacredly inculcated, and held to be virtues
+which all should be careful to practice. Honesty and fair dealing were
+enforced by custom, which had a more powerful influence, in their mutual
+transactions, than the legal enactments of later periods. Insolvency was
+considered disgraceful, and <i>prima facie</i> a crime. Bankrupts surrendered
+their all, and then clad in a party colored clouted garment, with hose
+of different sets, had their hips dashed against a stone in presence of
+the people, by four men, each seizing an arm or a leg. Instances of
+faithfulness and attachment are innumerable. The one most frequently
+referred to occurred during the battle of Inverkeithing, between the
+Royalists and the troops of Cromwell, during which seven hundred and
+fifty of the Mac Leans, led by their chief, Sir Hector, fell upon the
+field. In the heat of the conflict, eight brothers of the clan
+sacrificed their lives in defense of their chief. Being hard pressed by
+the enemy, and stoutly refusing to change his position, he was supported
+and covered by these intrepid brothers. As each brother fell another
+rushed forward, covering his chief with his body, crying <i>Fear eil
+airson Eachainn</i> (Another for Hector). This phrase has continued ever
+since as a proverb or watch-word when a man encounters any sudden danger
+that requires instant succor.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlands of Scotland is the only country of Europe that has never
+been distracted by religious controversy, or suffered from religious
+persecution. This possibly may have been due to their patriarchal form
+of government. The principles of the Christian religion were warmly
+accepted by the people, and cherished with a strong feeling. In their
+religious convictions they were peaceable and unobtrusive, never arming
+themselves with Scriptural texts in order to carry on offensive
+operations. Never being perplexed by doubt, they desired no one to
+corroborate their faith, and no inducement could persuade them to strut
+about in the garb of piety in order to attract respect. The reverence
+for the Creator was in the heart, rather than upon the lips. In that
+land papists and protestants lived together in charity and brotherhood,
+earnest and devoted in their churches, and in contact with the world,
+humane and charitable. The pulpit administrations were clear and simple,
+and blended with an impressive and captivating spirit. All ranks were
+influenced by the belief that cruelty, oppression, or other misconduct,
+descended to the children, even to the third and fourth generations.</p>
+
+<p>To a certain extent the religion of the Highlander was blended with a
+belief in ghosts, dreams and visions. The superstitions of the Gael were
+distinctly marked, and entirely too important to be overlooked. These
+beliefs may have been largely due to an uncultivated imagination and the
+narrow sphere in which he moved. His tales were adorned with the
+miraculous and his poetry contained as many shadowy as substantial
+personages. Innumerable were the stories of fairies, kelpies, urisks,
+witches and prophets or seers. Over him watched the Daoine Shi', or men
+of peace. In the glens and corries were heard the eerie sounds during
+the watches of the night. Strange emotions were aroused in the hearts of
+those who heard the raging of the tempest, the roaring of the swollen
+rivers and dashing of the water-fall, the thunder peals echoing from
+crag to crag, and the lightning rending rocks and shivering to pieces
+the trees. When a reasonable cause could not be assigned for a calamity
+it was ascribed to the operations of evil spirits. The evil one had
+power to make compacts, but against these was the virtue of the charmed
+circle. One of the most dangerous and malignant of beings was the
+Water-kelpie, which allured women and children into its element, where
+they were drowned, and then became its prey. It could skim along the
+surface of the water, and browse by its side, or even suddenly swell a
+river or loch, which it inhabited, until an unwary traveller might be
+engulfed. The Urisks were half-men, half-spirits, who, by kind
+treatment, could be induced to do a good turn, even to the drudgeries of
+a farm. Although scattered over the whole Highlands, they assembled in
+the celebrated cave&mdash;<i>Coire-nan-Uriskin</i>&mdash;situated near the base of Ben
+Venue, in Aberfoyle.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="coire"  />
+<a id="illus02" name="illus02"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Coire-nan-Uriskin</span>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+"By many a bard, in Celtic tongue,<br />
+Has Coire-nan-Uriskin been sung;<br />
+A softer name the Saxons gave,<br />
+And call'd the grot the Goblin-cave,
+</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+Gray Superstition's whisper dread<br />
+Debarr'd the spot to vulgar tread;<br />
+For there, she said, did fays resort,<br />
+And satyrs hold their sylvan court."&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;"><i>Lady of the Lake</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Daoine Shi' were believed to be a peevish, repining race of beings,
+who, possessing but a scant portion of happiness, envied mankind their
+more complete and substantial enjoyments. They had a sort of a shadowy
+happiness, a tinsel grandeur, in their subterranean abodes. Many persons
+had been entertained in their secret retreats, where they were received
+into the most splendid apartments, and regaled with sumptuous banquets
+and delicious wines. Should a mortal, however, partake of their
+dainties, then he was forever doomed to the condition of shi'ick, or Man
+of Peace. These banquets and all the paraphernalia of their homes were
+but deceptions. They dressed in green, and took offense at any mortal
+who ventured to assume their favorite color. Hence, in some parts of
+Scotland, green was held to be unlucky to certain tribes and counties.
+The men of Caithness alleged that their bands that wore this color were
+cut off at the battle of Flodden; and for this reason they avoided the
+crossing of the Ord on a Monday, that being the day of the week on which
+the ill-omened array set forth. This color was disliked by both those of
+the name of Ogilvy and Graham. The greatest precautions had to be taken
+against the Daoine Shi' in order to prevent them from spiriting away
+mothers and their newly-born children. Witches and prophets or seers,
+were frequently consulted, especially before going into battle. The
+warnings were not always received with attention. Indeed, as a rule, the
+chiefs were seldom deterred from their purpose by the warnings of the
+oracles they consulted.</p>
+
+<p>It has been advocated that the superstitions of the Highlanders, on the
+whole, were elevating and ennobling, which plea cannot well be
+sustained. It is admitted that in some of these superstitions there were
+lessons taught which warned against dishonorable acts, and impressed
+what to them were attached disgrace both to themselves and also to their
+kindred; and that oppression, treachery, or any other wickedness would
+be punished alike in their own persons and in those of their
+descendants. Still, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that the
+doctrines of rewards and punishments had for generations been taught
+them from the pulpit. How far these teachings had been interwoven with
+their superstitions would be an impossible problem to solve.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders were poetical. Their poets, or bards, were legion, and
+possessed a marked influence over the imaginations of the people. They
+excited the Gael to deeds of valor. Their compositions were all set to
+music,&mdash;many of them composing the airs to which their verses were
+adapted. Every chief had his bard. The aged minstrel was in attendance
+on all important occasions: at birth, marriage and death; at succession,
+victory, and defeat. He stimulated the warriors in battle by chanting
+the glorious deeds of their ancestors; exhorted them to emulate those
+distinguished examples, and, if possible, shed a still greater lustre on
+the warlike reputation of the clan. These addresses were delivered with
+great vehemence of manner, and never failed to raise the feelings of the
+listeners to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. When the voice of the bard
+was lost in the din of battle then the piper raised the inspiring sound
+of the pibroch. When the conflict was over the bard and the piper were
+again called into service&mdash;the former to honor the memory of those who
+had fallen, to celebrate the actions of the survivors, and excite them
+to further deeds of valor. The piper played the mournful Coronach for
+the slain, and by his notes reminded the survivors how honorable was the
+conduct of the dead.</p>
+
+<p>The bards were the <i>senachies</i> or historians of the clans, and were
+recognized as a very important factor in society. They represented the
+literature of their times. In the absence of books they constituted the
+library and learning of the tribe. They were the living chronicles of
+past events, and the depositories of popular poetry. Tales and old poems
+were known to special reciters. When collected around their evening
+fires, a favorite pastime was a recital of traditional tales and poetry.
+The most acceptable guest was the one who could rehearse the longest
+poem or most interesting tale. Living in the land of Ossian, it was
+natural to ask a stranger, "Can you speak of the days of Fingal?" If the
+answer was in the affirmative, then the neighbors were summoned, and
+poems and old tales would be the order until the hour of midnight. The
+reciter threw into the recitation all the powers of his soul and gave
+vent to the sentiment. Both sexes always participated in these meetings.</p>
+
+<p>The poetry was not always of the same cast. It varied as greatly as were
+the moods of the composer. The sublimity of Ossian had its opposite in
+the biting sarcasm and trenchant ridicule of some of the minor poets.</p>
+
+<p>Martin, who travelled in the Western Isles, about 1695, remarks: "They
+are a very sagacious people, quick of apprehension, and even the vulgar
+exceed all those of their rank and education I ever yet saw in any other
+country. They have a great genius for music and mechanics. I have
+observed several of their children that before they could speak were
+capable to distinguish and make choice of one tune before another upon
+a violin; for they appeared always uneasy until the tune which they
+fancied best was played, and then they expressed their satisfaction by
+the motions of their head and hands. There are several of them who
+invent tunes already taking in the South of Scotland and elsewhere. Some
+musicians have endeavored to pass for first inventors of them by
+changing their name, but this has been impracticable; for whatever
+language gives the modern name, the tune still continues to speak its
+true original. * * *. Some of both sexes have a quick vein of poetry,
+and in their language&mdash;which is very emphatic&mdash;they compose rhyme and
+verse, both which powerfully affect the fancy. And in my judgment (which
+is not singular in this matter) with as great force as that of any
+ancient or modern poet I ever read. They have generally very retentive
+memories; they see things at a great distance. The unhappiness of their
+education, and their want of converse with foreign nations, deprives
+them of the opportunity to cultivate and beautify their genius, which
+seems to have been formed by nature for great attainments."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>The piper was an important factor in Highland society. From the earliest
+period the Highlanders were fond of music and dancing, and the notes of
+the bag-pipe moved them as no other instrument could. The piper
+performed his duty in peace as well as in war. At harvest homes,
+Hallowe'en christenings, weddings, and evenings spent in dancing, he was
+the hero for the occasion. The people took delight in the high-toned
+warlike notes to which they danced, and were charmed with the solemn and
+melancholy airs which filled up the pauses. Withal the piper was a
+humorous fellow and was full of stories.</p>
+
+<p>The harp was a very ancient musical instrument, and was called
+<i>clarsach</i>. It had thirty strings, with the peculiarity that the front
+arm was not perpendicular to the sounding board, but turned considerably
+towards the left, to afford a greater opening for the voice of the
+performer, and this construction showed that the accompaniment of the
+voice was a chief province of the harper. Some harps had but four
+strings. Great pains were taken to decorate the instrument. One of the
+last harpers was Roderick Morrison, usually called Rory Dall. He served
+the chief of Mac Leod. He flourished about 1650.</p>
+
+<p>Referring again to Gaelic music it may be stated that its air can
+easily be detected. It is quaint and pathetic, moving one with intervals
+singular in their irregularity. When compared with the common airs among
+the English, the two are found to be quite distinct. The airs to which
+"Scots wha hae," "Auld Langsyne," "Roy's Wife," "O a' the Airts," and
+"Ye Banks and Braes" are written, are such that nothing similar can be
+found in England. They are Scottish. Airs of precisely the same
+character are, however, found among all Keltic races.</p>
+
+<p>No portraiture of a Highlander would be complete without a description
+of his garb. His costume was as picturesque as his native hills. It was
+well adapted to his mode of life. By its lightness and freedom he was
+enabled to use his limbs and handle his arms with ease and dexterity. He
+moved with great swiftness. Every clan had a plaid of its own, differing
+in the combination of its colors from all others. Thus a Cameron, a Mac
+Donald, a Mac Kenzie, etc., was known by his plaid; and in like manner
+the Athole, Glenorchy, and other colors of different districts were
+easily discernible. Besides those of tribal designations, industrious
+housewives had patterns, distinguished by the set, superior quality, and
+fineness of the cloth, or brightness and variety of the colors. The
+removal of tenants rarely occurred, and consequently, it was easy to
+preserve and perpetuate any particular set, or pattern, even among the
+lower orders. The plaid was made of fine wool, with much ingenuity in
+sorting the colors. In order to give exact patterns the women had before
+them a piece of wood with every thread of the stripe upon it. Until
+quite recently it was believed that the plaid, philibeg and bonnet
+formed the ancient garb. The philibeg or kilt, as distinct from the
+plaid, in all probability, is comparatively modern. The truis,
+consisting of breeches and stockings, is one piece and made to fit
+closely to the limbs, was an old costume. The belted plaid was a piece
+of tartan two yards in breadth, and four in length. It surrounded the
+waist in great folds, being firmly bound round the loins with a leathern
+belt, and in such manner that the lower side fell down to the middle of
+the knee joint. The upper part was fastened to the left shoulder with a
+large brooch or pin, leaving the right arm uncovered and at full
+liberty. In wet weather the plaid was thrown loose, covering both
+shoulders and body. When the use of both arms was required, it was
+fastened across the breast by a large bodkin or circular brooch. The
+sporan, a large purse of goat or badger's skin, usually ornamented, was
+hung before. The bonnet completed the garb. The garters were broad and
+of rich colors, forming a close texture which was not liable to wrinkle.
+The kilted-plaid was generally double, and when let down enveloped the
+whole person, thus forming a shelter from the storm. Shoes and stockings
+are of comparatively recent times. In lieu of the shoe untanned leather
+was tied with thongs around the feet. Burt, writing about the year 1727,
+when some innovations had been made, says: "The Highland dress consists
+of a bonnet made of thrum without a brim, a short coat, a waistcoat
+longer by five or six inches, short stockings, and brogues or pumps
+without heels * * * Few besides gentlemen wear the truis, that is, the
+breeches and stockings all of one piece and drawn on together; over this
+habit they wear a plaid, which is usually three yards long and two
+breadths wide, and the whole garb is made of checkered tartan or
+plaiding; this with the sword and pistol, is called a <i>full dress</i>, and
+to a well proportioned man with any tolerable air, it makes an agreeable
+figure."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The plaid was the undress of the ladies, and to a woman who
+adjusted it with an important air, it proved to be a becoming veil. It
+was made of silk or fine worsted, checkered with various lively colors,
+two breadths wide and three yards in length. It was brought over the
+head and made to hide or discover the face, according to the occasion,
+or the wearer's fancy; it reached to the waist behind; one corner
+dropped as low as the ankle on one side, and the other part, in folds,
+hung down from the opposite arm. The sleeves were of scarlet cloth,
+closed at the ends as man's vests, with gold lace round them, having
+plate buttons set with fine stones. The head-dress was a fine kerchief
+of linen, straight about the head. The plaid was tied before on the
+breast, with a buckle of silver or brass, according to the quality of
+the person. The plaid was tied round the waist with a belt of leather.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders bore their part in all of Scotland's wars. An appeal, or
+order, to them never was made in vain. Only a brief notice must here
+suffice. Almost at the very dawn of Scotland's history we find the
+inhabitants beyond the Grampians taking a bold stand in behalf of their
+liberties. The Romans early triumphed over England and the southern
+limits of Scotland. In the year 78 A.D., Agricola, an able and vigorous
+commander, was appointed over the forces in Britain. During the years
+80, 81, and 82, he subdued that part of Scotland south of the friths of
+Forth and Clyde. Learning that a confederacy had been formed to resist
+him at the north, during the summer of 83, he opened the campaign beyond
+the friths. His movements did not escape the keen eyes of the
+mountaineers, for in the night time they suddenly fell upon the Ninth
+Legion at Loch Ore, and were only repulsed after a desperate resistance.
+The Roman army receiving auxiliaries from the south, Agricola, in the
+summer of 84, took up his line of march towards the Grampians. The
+northern tribes, in the meantime, had united under a powerful leader
+whom the Romans called Galgacus. They fully realized that their
+liberties were in danger. They sent their wives and children into places
+of safety, and, thirty thousand strong, waited the advance of the enemy.
+The two armies came together at <i>Mons Grampius</i>. The field presented a
+dreadful spectacle of carnage and destruction; for ten thousand of the
+tribesmen fell in the engagement. The Roman army elated by its success
+passed the night in exultation. The victory was barren of results, for,
+after three years of persevering warfare, the Romans were forced to
+relinquish the object of the expedition. In the year 183 the Highlanders
+broke through the northern Roman wall. In 207 the irrepressible people
+again broke over their limits, which brought the emperor Severus,
+although old and in bad health, into the field. Exasperated by their
+resistance the emperor sought to extirpate them because they had
+prevented his nation from becoming the conquerors of Europe. Collecting
+a large body of troops he directed them into the mountains, and marched
+from the wall of Antoninus even to the very extremity of the island; but
+this year, 208, was also barren of fruits. Fifty thousand Romans fell a
+prey to fatigue, the climate, and the desultory assaults of the natives.
+Soon after the entire country north of the Antonine wall, was given up,
+for it was found that while it was necessary for one legion to keep the
+southern parts in subjection two were required to repel the incursions
+of the Gael. Incursions from the north again broke out during the year
+306, when the restless tribes were repelled by Constantius Chlorus. In
+the year 345 they were again repelled by Constans. During all these
+years the Highlanders were learning the art of war by their contact with
+the Romans. They no longer feared the invaders, for about the year 360,
+they advanced into the Roman territories and committed many
+depredations. There was another outbreak about the year 398. Finally,
+about the year 446, the Romans abandoned Britain, and advised the
+inhabitants, who had suffered from the northern tribes, to protect
+themselves by retiring behind and keeping in repair the wall of Severus.</p>
+
+<p>The people were gradually forming for themselves distinct
+characteristics, as well as a separate kingdom confined within the
+Grampian boundaries. This has been known as the kingdom of the Scots;
+but to the Highlander as that of the Gael, or Albanich. The epithets,
+Scots and English, are totally unknown in Gaelic. They call the English
+Sassanachs, the Lowlanders are Gauls, and their own country Gaeldach.</p>
+
+<p>Passing over several centuries and paying no attention to the rapines of
+the Danes and the Norse, we find that the power of the Norwegians, under
+king Haco, was broken at the battle of the Largs, fought October 2d,
+1263. King Alexander III. summoned the Highlanders, who rallied to the
+defence of their country and rendered such assistance as was required.
+The right wing of the Scottish army was composed of the men of Argyle,
+Lennox, Athole, and Galloway, while the left wing was constituted by
+those from Fife, Stirling, Berwick, and Lothian. The center, commanded
+by the king in person, was composed of the men of Ross, Perth, Angus,
+Mar, Mearns, Moray, Inverness, and Caithness.</p>
+
+<p>The conquest of Scotland, undertaken by the English Edwards, culminated
+in the battle of Bannockburn, fought Monday, June 24, 1314, when the
+invaders met with a crushing defeat, leaving thirty thousand of their
+number dead upon the field, or two-thirds as many as there were Scots
+on the field. In this battle the reserve, composed of the men of Argyle,
+Carrick, Kintyre, and the Isles, formed the fourth line, was commanded
+by Bruce in person. The following clans, commanded in person by their
+respective chiefs, had the distinguished honor of fighting nobly:
+Stewart, Macdonald, Mackay, Mackintosh, Macpherson, Cameron, Sinclair,
+Drummond, Campbell, Menzies, Maclean, Sutherland, Robertson, Grant,
+Fraser, Macfarlane, Ross, Macgregor, Munro, Mackenzie, and Macquarrie,
+or twenty-one in all.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1513, James IV. determined on an invasion of England, and
+summoned the whole array of his kingdom to meet him on the common moor
+of Edinburgh. One hundred thousand men assembled in obedience to the
+command. This great host met the English on the field of Flodden,
+September 9th. The right divisions of James' army were chiefly composed
+of Highlanders. The shock of the mountaineers, as they poured upon the
+English pikemen, was terrible; but the force of the onslaught once
+sustained became spent with its own violence. The consequence was a
+total rout of the right wing accompanied by great slaughter. Of this
+host there perished on the field fifteen lords and chiefs of clans.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1547, the English, under the duke of Somerset, invaded
+Scotland. The hostile armies came together at Pinkie, September 18th.
+The right and left wings of the Scottish army were composed of
+Highlanders. During the conflict the Highlanders could not resist the
+temptation to plunder, and, while thus engaged, saw the division of
+Angus falling back, though in good order; mistaking this retrograde
+movement for a flight, they were suddenly seized with a panic and ran
+off in all directions. Their terror was communicated to other troops,
+who immediately threw away their arms and followed the Highlanders.
+Everything was now lost; the ground over which the fight lay was as
+thickly strewed with pikes as a floor with rushes; helmets, bucklers,
+swords, daggers, and steel caps lay scattered on every side; and the
+chase beginning at one o'clock, continued till six in the evening with
+extraordinary slaughter.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of Charles I. civil commotions broke out which shook
+the kingdom with great violence. The Scots were courted by king and
+parliament alike. The Highlanders were devoted to the royal government.
+In the year 1644 Montrose made a diversion in the Highlands. With
+dazzling rapacity, at first only supported by a handful of followers,
+but gathering numbers with success, he erected the royal standard at
+Dumfries. The clans obeyed his summons, and on September 1st, at
+Tippermuir, he defeated the Covenanters, and again on the 12th at the
+Bridge of Dee. On February 2nd, 1645, at Inverlochy, he crushed the
+Argyle Campbells, who had taken up the sword on behalf of Cromwell. In
+rapid succession other victories were won at Auldearn, Alford and
+Kilsyth. All Scotland now appeared to be recovered for Charles, but the
+fruit of all these victories was lost by the defeat at Philiphaugh,
+September 13th, 1645.</p>
+
+<p>Within the brief space of three years. James II., of England, succeeded
+in fanning the revolutionary elements both in England and Scotland into
+a flame which he was powerless to quench. The Highlanders chiefly
+adhered to the party of James which received the name of Jacobites.
+Dundee hastened to the Highlands and around him gathered the Highland
+chiefs at Lochabar. The army of William, under Hugh Mackay, met the
+forces of Dundee at Killiecrankie, July 29th, 1689, where, under the
+spirited leadership of the latter, and the irresistible torrent of the
+Highland charge, the forces of the former were almost annihilated; but
+at the moment of victory Bonnie Dundee was killed by a bullet. No one
+was left who was equal to the occasion, or who could hold the clans
+together, and hence the victory was in reality a defeat.</p>
+
+<p>The exiled Stuarts looked with a longing eye to that crown which their
+stupid folly had forfeited. They seemed fated to bring countless woes
+upon the loyal hearted, brave, self-sacrificing Highlanders, and were
+ever eager to take advantage of any circumstance that might lead to
+their restoration. The accession of George I, in 1714, was an unhappy
+event for Great Britain. Discontent soon pervaded the kingdom. All he
+appeared to care about was to secure for himself and his family a high
+position, which he scarcely knew how to occupy: to fill the pockets of
+his German attendants and his German mistresses; to get away as often
+as possible from his uncongenial islanders whose language he did not
+understand, and to use the strength of Great Britain to obtain petty
+advantages for his German principality. At once the new king exhibited
+violent prejudices against some of the chief men of the nation, and
+irritated without a cause a large part of his subjects. Some believed it
+was a favorable opportunity to reinstate the Stuart dynasty. John
+Erskine, eleventh earl of Mar, stung by studied and unprovoked insults,
+on the part of the king, proceeded to the Highlands and placed himself
+at the head of the forces of the house of Stuart, or Jacobites, as they
+were called. On September 6, 1715, Mar assembled at Aboyne the noblemen,
+chiefs of clans, gentlemen, and others, with such followers as could be
+brought together, and proclaimed James, king of Great Britain. The
+insurrection, both in England and Scotland, began to grow in popularity,
+and would have been a success had there been at the head of affairs a
+strong military man. Nearly all the principal chiefs of the clans were
+drawn into the movement. At Sheriffmuir, the contending forces met,
+Sunday, November 13, 1715. The victory was with the Highlanders, but
+Mar's military talents were not equal to the occasion. The army was
+finally disbanded at Aberdeen, in February, 1716.</p>
+
+<p>The rebellion of 1745, headed by prince Charles Stuart, was the grandest
+exhibition of chivalry, on the part of the Highlanders, that the world
+has ever seen. They were actuated by an exalted sense of devotion to
+that family, which for generations, they had been taught should reign
+over them. At first victory crowned their efforts, but all was lost on
+the disastrous field of Culloden, fought April 16, 1746.</p>
+
+<p>Were it possible it would be an unspeakable pleasure to drop a veil over
+the scene, at the close of the battle of Culloden. Language fails to
+depict the horrors that ensued. It is scarcely within the bounds of
+belief that human beings could perpetrate such atrocities upon the
+helpless, the feeble, and the innocent, without regard to sex or age, as
+followed in the wake of the victors. Highland historians have made the
+facts known. It must suffice here to give a moderate statement from an
+English writer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Quarter was seldom given to the stragglers and fugitives, except to
+a few considerately reserved for public execution. No care or
+compassion was shown to their wounded; nay more, on the following day
+most of these were put to death in cold blood, with a cruelty such as
+never perhaps before or since has disgraced a British army. Some were
+dragged from the thickets or cabins where they had sought refuge,
+drawn out in line and shot, while others were dispatched by the
+soldiers with the stocks of their muskets. One farm-building, into
+which some twenty disabled Highlanders had crawled, was deliberately
+set on fire the next day, and burnt with them to the ground. The
+native prisoners were scarcely better treated; and even sufficient
+water was not vouchsafed to their thirst. **** Every kind of havoc
+and outrage was not only permitted, but, I fear, we must add,
+encouraged. Military license usurped the place of law, and a fierce
+and exasperated soldiery were at once judge&mdash;jury&mdash;executioner. ****
+The rebels' country was laid waste, the houses plundered, the cabins
+burnt, the cattle driven away. The men had fled to the mountains, but
+such as could be found were frequently shot; nor was mercy always
+granted even to their helpless families. In many cases the women and
+children, expelled from their homes and seeking shelter in the clefts
+of the rocks, miserably perished of cold and hunger: others were
+reduced to follow the track of the marauders, humbly imploring for
+the blood and offal of their own cattle which had been slaughtered
+for the soldiers' food! Such is the avowal which historical justice
+demands. But let me turn from further details of these painful and
+irritating scenes, or of the ribald frolics and revelry with which
+they were intermingled&mdash;races of naked women on horseback for the
+amusement of the camp at Fort Augustus."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The author and abettor of these atrocities was the son of the reigning
+monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with the destruction which was carried into the very homes
+of this gallant, brave and generous race of people, the British
+parliament, with a refined cruelty, passed an act that, on and after
+August 1, 1747, any person, man, or boy, in Scotland, who should on any
+pretense whatever wear any part of the Highland garb, should be
+imprisoned not less than six months; and on conviction of second
+offense, transportation abroad for seven years. The soldiers had
+instructions to shoot upon the spot any one seen wearing the Highland
+garb, and this as late as September, 1750. This law and other laws made
+at the same time were unnecessarily severe.</p>
+
+<p>However impartial or fair a traveller may be his statements are not to
+be accepted without due caution. He narrates that which most forcibly
+attracts his attention, being ever careful to search out that which he
+desires. Yet, to a certain extent, dependence must be placed in his
+observations. From certain travellers are gleaned fearful pictures of
+the Highlanders during the eighteenth century, written without a due
+consideration of the underlying causes. The power of the chiefs had been
+weakened, while the law was still impotent, many of them were in exile
+and their estates forfeited, and landlords, in not a few instances,
+placed over the clansmen, who were inimical to their best interests. As
+has been noticed, in 1746 the country was ravaged and pitiless
+oppression followed. Destruction and misery everywhere abounded. To
+judge a former condition of a people by their present extremity affords
+a distorted view of the picture.</p>
+
+<p>Fire and sword, war and rapine, desolation and atrocity, perpetrated
+upon a high-spirited and generous people, cannot conduce to the best
+moral condition. Left in poverty and galled by outrage, wrongs will be
+resorted to which otherwise would be foreign to a natural disposition.
+If the influences of a more refined age had not penetrated the remote
+glens, then a rougher reprisal must be expected. The coarseness, vice,
+rapacity, and inhumanity of the oppressor must of necessity have a
+corresponding influence on their better natures. If to this it be added
+that some of the chiefs were naturally fierce, the origin of the sad
+features could readily be determined. Whatever vices practiced or wrongs
+perpetrated, the example was set before them by their more powerful and
+better conditioned neighbors. Among the crimes enumerated is that some
+of the chiefs increased their scanty incomes by kidnapping boys or men,
+whom they sold as slaves to the American planters. If this be true, and
+in all probability it was, there must have been confederates engaged in
+maritime pursuits. But they did not have far to go for this lesson, for
+this nefarious trade was taught them, at their very doors, by the
+merchants of Aberdeen, who were "noted for a scandalous system of
+decoying young boys from the country and selling them as slaves to the
+planters in Virginia. It was a trade which in the early part of the
+eighteenth century, was carried on to a considerable extent through the
+Highlands; and a case which took place about 1742 attracted much notice
+a few years later, when one of the victims having escaped from
+servitude, returned to Aberdeen, and published a narrative of his
+sufferings, seriously implicating some of the magistracy of the town. He
+was prosecuted and condemned for libel by the local authorities, but the
+case was afterwards carried to Edinburgh. The iniquitous system of
+kidnapping was fully exposed, and the judges of the supreme court
+unanimously reversed the verdict of the Aberdeen authorities and imposed
+a heavy fine upon the provost, the four bailies, and the dean of guild.
+*** An atrocious case of this kind, which shows clearly the state of the
+Highlands, occurred in 1739. Nearly one hundred men, women and children
+were seized in the dead of night on the islands of Skye and Harris,
+pinioned, horribly beaten, and stowed away in a ship bound for America,
+in order to be sold to the planters. Fortunately the ship touched at
+Donaghadee in Ireland, and the prisoners, after undergoing the most
+frightful sufferings, succeeded in escaping."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Under existing circumstances it was but natural that the more
+enterprising, and especially that intelligent portion who had lost their
+heritable jurisdiction, should turn with longing eyes to another
+country. America offered the most inviting asylum. Although there was
+some emigration to America during the first half of the eighteenth
+century, yet it did not fairly set in until about 1760. Between the
+years 1763 and 1775 over twenty thousand Highlanders left their homes to
+seek a better retreat in the forests of America.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "Description of the Western Islands," pp. 199, 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Letters from the North," Vol. II., p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Lord Mahon's "History of England," Vol. III, pp. 308-311.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Lecky's "History of England," Vol. II, p. 274.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Scotch-Irish in America.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The name Scotland was never applied to that country, now so designated,
+before the tenth century, but was called Alban, Albania, Albion. At an
+early period Ireland was called Scotia, which name was exclusively so
+applied before the tenth century. Scotia was then a territorial or
+geographical term, while Scotus was a race name or generic term,
+implying people as well as country. "The generic term of <i>Scoti</i>
+embraced the people of that race whether inhabiting Ireland or Britain.
+As this term of Scotia was a geographical term derived from the generic
+name of a people, it was to some extent a fluctuating name, and though
+applied at first to Ireland, which possessed the more distinctive name
+of Hibernia, as the principal seat of the race from whom the name was
+derived, it is obvious that, if the people from whom the name was taken
+inhabited other countries, the name itself would have a tendency to pass
+from the one to the other, according to the prominence which the
+different settlements of the race assumed in the history of the world;
+and as the race of the Scots in Britain became more extended, and their
+power more formidable, the territorial name would have a tendency to fix
+itself where the race had become most conspicuous.... The name in its
+Latin form of Scotia, was transferred from Ireland to Scotland in the
+reign of Malcolm the Second, who reigned from 1004 to 1034. The 'Pictish
+Chronicle,' compiled before 997, knows nothing of the name of Scotia as
+applied to North Britain; but Marianus Scotus, who lived from 1028 to
+1081, calls Malcolm the Second 'rex <i>Scotiae</i>,' and Brian, king of
+Ireland, 'rex <i>Hiberniae</i>.' The author of the 'Life of St. Cadroe,' in
+the eleventh century, likewise applies the name of <i>Scotia</i> to North
+Britain."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>A strong immigration early set in from the north of Ireland to the
+western parts of Scotland. It was under no leadership, but more in the
+nature of an overflow, or else partaking of the spirit of adventure.
+This was accelerated in the year 503, when a new colony of Dalriadic
+Scots, under the leadership of Fergus, son of Eric, left Ireland and
+settled on the western coast of Argyle and the adjacent isles. From
+Fergus was derived the line of Scoto-Irish kings, who finally, in 843,
+ascended the Pictish throne.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland were but
+branches of the same Keltic stock, and their language was substantially
+the same. There was not only more or less migrations between the two
+countries, but also, to a greater or less extent, an impinging between
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, is composed of the counties of
+Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan
+and Tyrone. Formerly it was the seat of the O'Neills, as well as the
+lesser septs of O'Donnell, O'Cahan, O'Doherty, Maguire, MacMahon, etc.
+The settlements made by the earlier migrations of the Highlanders were
+chiefly on the coast of Antrim. These settlements were connected with
+and dependent on the Clandonald of Islay and Kintyre. The founder of
+this branch of that powerful family was John Mor, second son of "the
+good John of Islay," who, about the year 1400, married Majory Bisset,
+heiress of the Glens, in Antrim, and thus acquired a permanent footing.
+The family was not only strengthened by settling cadets of its own house
+as tenants in the territory of the Glens, but also by intermarriages
+with the families of O'Neill, O'Donnell, and others. In extending its
+Irish possessions the Clandonald was brought into frequent conflicts and
+feuds with the Irish of Ulster. In 1558 the Hebrideans had become so
+strong in Ulster that the archbishop of Armagh urged on the government
+the advisability of their expulsion by procuring their Irish neighbors,
+O'Donnell, O'Neill, O'Cahan, and others, to unite against them. In 1565
+the MacDonalds suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Shane O'Neill,
+earl of Tyrone. The Scottish islanders still continued to exercise
+considerable power. Sorley Buy MacDonald, a man of great courage, soon
+extended his influence over the adjacent territories, in so much so that
+in 1575-1585, the English were forced to turn their attention to the
+progress of the Scots. The latter having been defeated, an agreement
+was made in which Sorley Buy was granted four districts. His eldest son,
+Sir James MacSorley Buy, or MacDonell of Dunluce, became a strenuous
+supporter of the government of James on his accession to the British
+throne.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime other forces were at work. Seeds of discontent had been
+sown by both Henry VIII, and his daughter Elizabeth, who tried to force
+the people of Ireland to accept the ritual of the Reformed Church. Both
+reaped abundant fruit of trouble from this ill-advised policy. Being
+inured to war it did not require much fire to be fanned into a flame of
+commotion and discord. Soon after his accession to the English throne,
+James I caused certain estates of Irish nobles, who had engaged in
+treasonable practices, to be escheated to the crown. By this
+confiscation James had at his disposal nearly six counties in Ulster,
+embracing half a million of acres. These lands were allotted to private
+individuals in sections of one thousand, fifteen hundred, and two
+thousand acres, each being required to support an adequate number of
+English or Scottish tenantry. Protestant colonies were transplanted from
+England and Scotland, but chiefly from the latter, with the intent that
+the principles of the Reformation should subdue the turbulent natives.
+The proclamation inviting settlers for Ulster was dated at Edinburgh,
+March 28, 1609. Great care was taken in selecting the emigrants, to
+which the king gave his personal attention. Measures were taken that the
+settlers should be "from the inward parts of Scotland," and that they
+should be so located that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the
+mere Irish." For the most part the people were received from the shires
+of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayre, Galloway, and Dumfries. On account of
+religious persecutions, in 1665, a large additional accession was
+received from Galloway and Ayre. The chief seat of the colonization
+scheme was in the county of Londonderry. The new settlers did not mix
+with the native population to any appreciable extent, especially prior
+to 1741, but mingled freely with the English Puritans and the refugee
+Huguenots. The native race was forced sullenly to retire before the
+colonists. Although the king had expressly forbidden any more of the
+inhabitants of the Western Isles to be taken to Ulster, yet the blood
+of the Highlander, to a great degree, permeated that of the Ulsterman,
+and had its due weight in forming the character of the Scotch-Irish. The
+commotions in the Highlands, during the civil wars, swelled the number
+to greater proportions. The rebellions of 1715 and 1745 added a large
+percentage to the increasing population. The names of the people are
+interesting, both as illustrating their origin, and as showing the
+extraordinary corruptions which some have undergone. As an illustration,
+the proscribed clan MacGregor, may be cited, which migrated in great
+numbers, descendants of whom are still to be found under the names of
+Grier, Greer, Gregor, etc., the <i>Mac</i> in general being dropped;
+MacKinnon becomes McKenna, McKean, McCannon; Mac Nish is McNeice,
+Menees, Munnis, Monies, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Scotch settlers retained the characteristic traits of their native
+stock and continued to call themselves Scotch, although molded somewhat
+by surrounding influences. They demanded and exercised the privilege of
+choosing their own spiritual advisers, in opposition to all efforts of
+the hierarchy of England to make the choice and support the clergy as a
+state concern.</p>
+
+<p>From the descendants of these people came the Scotch-Irish emigrants to
+America, who were destined to perform an important part on the theatre
+of action by organizing a successful revolt and establishing a new
+government. Among the early emigrants to the New World, although termed
+Scotch-Irish, and belonging to them we have such names as Campbell,
+Ferguson, Graham, McFarland, McDonald, McGregor, McIntyre, McKenzie,
+McLean, McPherson, Morrison, Robertson, Stewart, etc., all of which are
+distinctly Highlander and suggestive of the clans.</p>
+
+<p>On the outbreak of the American Revolution the thirteen colonies
+numbered among their inhabitants about eight hundred thousand Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, or a little more than one-fourth of the entire population.
+They were among the first to become actively engaged in that struggle,
+and so continued until the peace, furnishing fourteen major-generals,
+and thirty brigadier generals, among whom may be mentioned St. Clair,
+McDougall, Mercer, McIntosh, Wayne, Knox, Montgomery, Sullivan, Stark,
+Morgan, Davidson, and others. More than any other one element, unless
+the New England Puritans be excepted, they formed a sentiment for
+independence, and recruited the continental army. To their valor,
+enthusiasm and dogged persistence the victory for liberty was largely
+due. Washington pronounced on them a proud encomium when he declared,
+during the darkest period of the Revolution, that if his efforts should
+fail, then he would erect his standard on the Blue Ridge of Virginia.
+Besides warring against the drilled armies of Britain on the sea coast
+they formed a protective wall between the settlements and the savages on
+the west.</p>
+
+<p>Among the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, nine
+were of this lineage, one of whom, McKean, served continuously in
+Congress from its opening in 1774 till its close in 1783, during a part
+of which time he was its president, and also serving as chief justice of
+Pennsylvania. The chairman of the committee that drafted the
+constitution of the United States, Rutledge, was, by ancestry,
+Scotch-Irish. When the same instrument was submitted, the three states
+first to adopt it were the middle states, or Delaware, Pennsylvania and
+New Jersey, so largely settled by the same class of people.</p>
+
+<p>Turning again specifically to the Scotch-Irish emigrants it may be
+remarked that they had received in the old country a splendid physique,
+having large bones and sound teeth, besides being trained to habits of
+industry. The mass of them were men of intelligence, resolution, energy,
+religious and moral in character. They were a God-fearing,
+liberty-loving, tyrant-hating, Sabbath-keeping, covenant-adhering race,
+and schooled by a discipline made fresh and impressive by the heroic
+efforts at Derry and Enniskillin. Their women were fine specimens of the
+sex, about the medium height, strongly built, with fair complexion,
+light blue or grey eyes, ruddy cheeks, and faces indicating a warm
+heart, intelligence and courage; and possessing those virtues which
+constitute the redeeming qualities of the human race.</p>
+
+<p>These people were martyrs for conscience sake. In 1711 a measure was
+carried through the British parliament that provided that all persons in
+places of profit or trust, and all common councilmen in corporations,
+who, while holding office, were proved to have attended any
+Nonconformist place of worship, should forfeit the place, and should
+continue incapable of public employment till they should depose that for
+a whole year they had not attended a conventicle. A fine of &pound;40 was
+added to be paid to the informer. There were other causes which assisted
+to help depopulate Ulster, among which was the destruction of the woolen
+trade about 1700, when twenty thousand left that province. Many more
+were driven away by the Test Act in 1704, and in 1732. On the failure to
+repeal that act the protestant emigration recommenced which robbed
+Ireland of the bravest defenders of English interests and peopled
+America with fresh blood of Puritanism.</p>
+
+<p>The second great wave of emigration from Ulster occurred between 1771
+and 1773, growing out of the Antrim evictions. In 1771 the leases on the
+estate of the marquis of Donegal, in Antrim, expired. The rents were
+placed at such an exorbitant figure that the demands could not be met. A
+spirit of resentment to the oppressions of the landed proprietors at
+once arose, and extensive emigration to America was the result. In the
+two years that followed the Antrim evictions of 1772, thirty thousand
+protestants left Ulster for a land where legal robbery could not be
+permitted, and where those who sowed the seed could reap the harvest.
+From the ports of the North of Ireland one hundred vessels sailed for
+the New World, loaded with human beings. It has been computed that in
+1773 and during the five preceding years, Ulster, by emigration to the
+American settlements, was drained of one-quarter of the trading cash,
+and a like proportion of its manufacturing population. This oppressed
+people, leaving Ireland in such a temper became a powerful adjunct in
+the prosecution of the Revolution which followed so closely on the
+wrongs which they had so cruelly suffered.</p>
+
+<p>The advent of the first Scotch-Irish clergyman in America, so far as is
+now known, was in 1682, signalled by the arrival of Francis Makemie, the
+father of American Presbyterianism. Almost promptly he was landed in
+jail in New York, charged with the offense of preaching the gospel in a
+private house. Assisted by a Scottish lawyer from Philadelphia (who was
+silenced for his courage), he defended the cause of religious liberty
+with heroic courage and legal ability, and was ultimately acquitted by a
+fearless New York jury. Thus was begun the great struggle for religious
+liberty in America. Among those who afterwards followed were George
+McNish, from Ulster, in 1705, and John Henry, in 1709.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the spring of 1718, Rev. William Boyd arrived in Boston as an
+agent of some hundreds of people who had expressed a desire to come to
+New England should suitable encouragement be offered them. With him he
+brought a brief memorial to which was attached three hundred and
+nineteen names, all but thirteen of which were in a fair and vigorous
+hand. Governor Shute gave such general encouragement and promise of
+welcome, that on August 4, 1718, five small ships came to anchor at the
+wharf in Boston, having on board one hundred and twenty Scotch-Irish
+families, numbering in all about seven hundred and fifty individuals. In
+years they embraced those from the babe in arms to John Young, who had
+seen the frosts of ninety-five winters. Among the clergy who arrived
+were James McGregor, Cornwell, and Holmes.</p>
+
+<p>In a measure these people were under the charge of Governor Shute. He
+must find homes for them. He dispatched about fifty of these families to
+Worcester. That year marked the fifth of its permanent settlement, and
+was composed of fifty log-houses, inhabited by two hundred souls. The
+new comers appear to have been of the poorer and more illiterate class
+of the five ship loads. At first they were welcomed, because needed for
+both civic and military reasons. In September of 1722 a township
+organization was effected, and at the first annual town meeting, names
+of the strangers appear on the list of officers. With these emigrants
+was brought the Irish potato, and first planted in the spring of 1719.
+When their English neighbors visited them, on their departure they
+presented them with a few of the tubers for planting, and the
+recipients, unwilling to show any discourtesy, accepted the same, but
+suspecting a poisonous quality, carried them to the first swamp and
+threw them into the water. The same spring a few potatoes were given to
+a Mr. Walker, of Andover, by a family who had wintered with him. He
+planted them in the ground, and in due time the family gathered the
+"<i>balls</i>" which they supposed was the fruit. These were cooked in
+various ways, but could not be made palatable. The next spring when
+plowing the garden, potatoes of great size were turned up, when the
+mistake was discovered. This introduction into New England is the reason
+why the now indispensable succulent is called "Irish potato." This
+vegetable was first brought from Virginia to Ireland in 1565 by
+slave-trader Hawkins, and from there it found its way to New England in
+1718, through the Scotch-Irish.</p>
+
+<p>The Worcester Scotch-Irish petitioned to be released from paying taxes
+to support the prevalent form of worship, as they desired to support
+their own method. Their prayer was contemptuously rejected. Two years
+later, or in 1738, owing to their church treatment, a company consisting
+of thirty-eight families, settled the new town of Pelham, thirty miles
+west of Worcester. The scandalous destruction of their property in
+Worcester, in 1740, caused a further exodus which resulted in the
+establishing the towns of Warren and Blandford, both being incorporated
+in 1741. The Scotch-Irish town of Colerain, located fifty miles
+northwest of Worcester was settled in 1739.</p>
+
+<p>Londonderry, New Hampshire, was settled in April, 1719, forming the
+second settlement, from the five ships. Most of these pioneers were men
+in middle life, robust and persevering. Their first dwellings were of
+logs, covered with bark. It must not be thought that these people,
+strict in their religious conceptions, were not touched with the common
+feelings of ordinary humanity. It is related that when John Morrison was
+building his house his wife came to him and in a persuasive manner said,
+"Aweel, aweel, dear Joan, an' it maun be a log-house, do make it a log
+heegher nor the lave;" (than the rest). The first frame house built was
+for their pastor, James McGregor. The first season they felt it
+necessary to build two strong stone garrison-houses in order to resist
+any attack of the Indians. It is remarkable that in neither Lowell's
+war, when Londonderry was strictly a frontier town, nor in either of the
+two subsequent French and Indian wars, did any hostile force from the
+northward ever approach that town. During the twenty-five years
+preceding the revolution, ten distinct towns of influence, in New
+Hampshire, were settled by emigrants from Londonderry, besides two in
+Vermont and two in Nova Scotia; while families, sometimes singly and
+also in groups, went off in all directions, especially along the
+Connecticut river and over the ridge of the Green Mountains. To these
+brave people, neither the crown nor the colonies appealed in vain. Every
+route to Crown Point and Ticonderoga had been tramped by them time and
+again. With Colonel Williams they were at the head of Lake George in
+1755, and in the battle with Dieskau that followed; they were with Stark
+and lord Howe, under Abercrombie, in the terrible defeat at Ticonderoga
+in 1758; others toiled with Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham; and in
+1777, fought under Stark at Bennington, and against Burgoyne at
+Saratoga.</p>
+
+<p>A part of the emigrants intended for New Hampshire settled in Maine, in
+what is now Portland, Topsham, Bath and other places. Unfortunately soon
+after these settlements were established some of them were broken up by
+Indian troubles, and some of the colonists sought refuge with their
+countrymen at Londonderry, but the greater part removed to
+Pennsylvania,&mdash;from 1730 to 1733 about one hundred and fifty families,
+principally of Scotch descent. In 1735, Warren, Maine, was settled by
+twenty-seven families, some of whom were of recent emigration and others
+from the first arrival in Boston in 1718. In 1753 the town received an
+addition of sixty adults and many children brought from Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>The Scotch-Irish settlement at Salem in Washington county, New York,
+came from Monaghan and Ballibay, Ireland. Under the leadership of their
+minister, Rev. Thomas Clark, three hundred sailed from Newry, May 10,
+1764, and landed in New York in July following. On September 30, 1765,
+Mr. Clark obtained twelve thousand acres of the "Turner Grant," and upon
+this land he moved his parishioners, save a few families that had been
+induced to go to South Carolina, and some others that remained in
+Stillwater, New York. The great body of these settlers took possession
+of their lands, which had been previously surveyed into tracts of
+eighty-eight acres each, in the year 1767. The previous year had been
+devoted to clearing the lands, building houses, etc. Among the early
+buildings was a log church, the first religious place of worship erected
+between Albany and Canada. March 2, 1774, the legislature erected the
+settlement into a township named New Perth. This name remained until
+March 7, 1788, when it was changed to Salem.</p>
+
+<p>The Scotch-Irish first settled in Somerset county, New Jersey, early in
+the last century, but not at one time but from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>These early settlers repudiated the name of Irish, and took it as an
+offense to be so called. They claimed, and truly, to be Scotch. The term
+"Scotch-Irish" is quite recent, but has come into general use.</p>
+
+<p>From the three centers, Worcester, Londonderry and Wiscasset, the
+Scotch-Irish penetrated and permeated all New England; Maine the most of
+all, next New Hampshire, then Massachusetts, and in lessening order,
+Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode Island. They were one sort of people,
+belonging to the same grade and sphere of life. In worldly goods they
+were poor, but the majority could read and write, and if possessed with
+but one book that was the Bible, yet greatly esteeming Fox's "Book of
+Martyrs" and Bunyon's "Pilgrim's Progress." Whatever their views, they
+were held in common.</p>
+
+<p>The three doors that opened to the Scotch-Irish emigrant, in the New
+World, were the ports of Boston, Charleston and New Castle, in Delaware,
+the great bulk of whom being received at the last named city, where they
+did not even stop to rest, but pushed their way to their future homes in
+Pennsylvania. No other state received so many of them for permanent
+settlers. Those who landed in New York found the denizens there too
+submissive to foreign dictation, and so preferred Pennsylvania and
+Maryland, where the proprietary governors and the people were in
+immediate contact. Francis Machemie had organized the first Presbyterian
+church in America along the eastern shore of Maryland and in the
+adjoining counties of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The wave of Quaker settlements spent its force on the line of the
+Conestoga creek, in Lancaster county. The Scotch and Scotch-Irish
+arriving in great numbers were permitted to locate beyond that line, and
+thus they not only became the pioneers, but long that race so continued
+to be. In 1725, so great had been the wave of emigration into
+Pennsylvania, that James Logan, a native of Armagh, Ireland, but not
+fond of his own countrymen who were not Quakers, declared, "It looks as
+if Ireland were to send all her inhabitants hither; if they continue to
+come they will make themselves proprietors of the province;" and he
+further condemned the bad taste of the people who were forcing
+themselves where they were not wanted. The rate of this invasion may be
+estimated from the rise in population from twenty thousand, in 1701, to
+two hundred and fifty thousand in 1745, which embraced the entire
+population of that colony. Between the years 1729 and 1750, there was an
+annual arrival of twelve thousand, mostly from Ulster. Among the vessels
+that helped to inaugurate this great tide was the good ship "George and
+Ann," which set sail from Ireland on May 9th, 1729, and brought over the
+McDowells, the Irvines, the Campbells, the O'Neills, the McElroys, the
+Mitchells, and their compatriots.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the emigrants landed at New Castle they found their way along
+the branches of various rivers to the several settlements on the western
+frontier. The only ones known to have come through New York was the
+"Irish settlement" in Allen township, Northampton county, composed
+principally of families from Londonderry, New Hampshire, where, owing to
+the rigid climate, they could not be induced to remain. It grew but
+slowly, and after 1750 most of the descendants passed on towards the
+Susquehanna and down the Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1720 a colony was formed on the Neshaminy, in Bucks County,
+which finally became one of the greatest landmarks of that race. The
+settlements that commenced as early as 1710, at Fagg Manor, at Octorara,
+at New London, and at Brandywine Manor, in Chester County, formed the
+nucleus for subsequent emigration for a period of forty years, when they
+also declined by removals to other sections of the State, and to the
+colonies of the South. Prior to 1730 there were large settlements in
+the townships of Colerain, Pequea, and Leacock, in Lancaster County.
+Just when the pioneers arrived in that region has not been accurately
+ascertained, but some of them earlier than 1720. Within a radius of
+thirty-five miles of Harrisburgh are the settlements of Donegal,
+Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover, founded between 1715 and 1724; from whence
+poured another stream on through the Cumberland Valley, across the
+Potomac, down through Virginia and into the Carolinas and Georgia. The
+valley of the Juniata was occupied in 1749. The settlements in the lower
+part of York County date from 1726. From 1760 to 1770 settlements
+rapidly sprung up in various places throughout Western Pennsylvania.
+Soon after 1767 emigrants settled on the Youghiogheny, the Monongahela
+and its tributaries, and in the years 1770 and 1771, Washington County
+was colonized. Soon after the wave of population extended to the Ohio
+River. From this time forward Western Pennsylvania was characteristically
+Scotch-Irish.</p>
+
+<p>These hardy sons were foremost in the French and Indian Wars. The
+Revolutionary struggle caused them to turn their attention to
+statesmanship and combat,&mdash;every one of whom was loyal to the cause of
+independence. The patriot army had its full share of Scotch-Irish
+representation. That thunderbolt of war, Anthony Wayne,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> hailed from
+the County of Chester. The ardent manner in which the cause of the
+patriots was espoused is illustrated, in a notice of a marriage that
+took place in 1778, in Lancaster County, the contracting parties being
+of the Ulster race. The couple is denominated "very sincere Whigs."</p>
+
+<p>It "was truly a Whig wedding, as there were present many young gentlemen
+and ladies, and not one of the gentlemen but had been out when called on
+in the service of his country; and it was well known that the groom, in
+particular, had proved his heroism, as well as Whigism, in several
+battles and skirmishes. After the marriage was ended, a motion was made,
+and heartily agreed to by all present, that the young unmarried ladies
+should form themselves into an association by the name of the 'Whig
+Association of Unmarried Young Ladies of America,' in which they should
+pledge their honor that they would never give their hand in marriage to
+any gentleman until he had first proved himself a patriot, in readily
+turning out when called to defend his country from slavery, by a
+spirited and brave conduct, as they would not wish to be the mothers of
+a race of slaves and cowards'"<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania was the gateway and first resting place, and the source of
+Scotch-Irish adventure and enterprise as they moved west and south. The
+wave of emigration striking the eastern border of Pennsylvania, in a
+measure was deflected southward through Maryland, Virginia, the
+Carolinas, reaching and crossing the Savannah river, though met at
+various points by counter streams of the same race, which had entered
+the continent through Charleston and other southern ports. Leaving
+Pennsylvania and turning southward, the first colony into which the
+stream poured, was Maryland, the settlements being principally in the
+narrow strip which constitutes the western portion, although they never
+scattered all over the colony.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="house"  />
+<a id="illus03" name="illus03"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Built by Henry McWhorter in</span> 1787, <span class="smcap">at Jane
+Lew, West Virginia, Photographed in</span> 1893</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding southward traces of that race are found in Virginia east of
+the Blue Ridge, in the latter part of the seventeenth and early in the
+eighteenth century. They were in Albemarle, Nelson, Campbell, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Orange counties, and even along the great valley
+west of the Blue Ridge. It was not, however, until the year 1738 that
+they entered the valley in great numbers, and almost completely
+possessed it from the Pennsylvania to the North Carolina line. During
+the French and Indian wars the soldiers of Virginia were mainly drawn
+from this section, and suffered defeat with Washington at the Great
+Meadows, and with Braddock at Fort Duquesne, but by their firmness saved
+the remnant of that rash general's army. In 1774 they won the signal
+victory at Point Pleasant which struck terror into the Indian tribes
+across the Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The American Revolution was foreshadowed in 1765, when England began her
+oppressive measures regardless of the inalienable and chartered rights
+of the colonists of America. It was then the youthful Scotch-Irishman,
+Patrick Henry, introduced into the Virginia House of Burgesses, the
+resolutions denying the validity of the Act of the British parliament,
+and by Scotch-Irish votes he secured their adoption against the combined
+efforts of the old leaders. At the first call for troops by congress to
+defend Boston, Daniel Morgan at once raised a company from among his own
+people, in the lower Virginia valley, and by a forced march of six
+hundred miles reached the beleaguered city in three weeks. With his men
+he trudged through the wilderness of Maine and appeared before Quebec;
+and later, on the heights of Saratoga, with his riflemen, he poured like
+a torrent upon the ranks of Burgoyne. Through the foresight of Henry, a
+commission was given to George Rogers Clark, in 1778, to lead a secret
+expedition against the northwestern forts. The soldiers were recruited
+from among the Scotch-Irish settlements west of the Blue Ridge. The
+untold hardships, sufferings and final success of this expedition, at
+the Treaty of Peace, in 1783, gave the great west to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of the colonists of North Carolina was Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, in so much so as to have given direction to its history.
+There were several reasons why they should be so attracted, the most
+potent being a mild climate, fertile lands, and freedom of religious
+worship. The greatest accession at any one time was that in 1736, when
+Henry McCulloch secured sixty-four thousand acres in Duplin county, and
+settled upon these lands four thousand of his Ulster countrymen. About
+the same time the Scotch began to occupy the lower Cape Fear. Prior to
+1750 they were located in the counties of Granville, Orange, Rowan and
+Mecklenburg, although it is uncertain when they settled between the Dan
+and the Catawba. Braddock's defeat, in 1755, rendered border life
+dangerous, many of the newcomers turning south into North Carolina,
+where they met the other stream of their countrymen moving upward from
+Charleston along the banks of the Santee, Wateree, Broad, Pacolet,
+Ennoree and Saluda, and this continued till checked by the Revolution.
+These people generally were industrious, sober and intelligent, and with
+their advent begins the educational history of the state. Near
+Greensborough, in 1767, was established a classical school, and in 1770,
+in the town of Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, was chartered Queen's
+College, but its charter was repealed by George III. However, it
+continued to flourish, and was incorporated as "Liberty Hall," in 1777.
+The Revolution closed its doors; Cornwallis quartered his troops within
+it, and afterwards burned the buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Under wrongs the Scotch-Irish of North Carolina were the most restless
+of all the colonists. They were zealous advocates for freedom of
+conscience and security against taxation unless imposed by themselves.
+During the administration of acting Governor Miller, they imprisoned the
+president and six members of the council, convened the legislature,
+established courts of justice, and for two years exercised all the
+functions of government; they derided the authority of Governor
+Eastchurch; they imprisoned, impeached, and sent into exile Governor
+Sothel, for his extortions, and successfully resisted the effort of lord
+Granville to establish the Church of England in that colony. In 1731,
+Governor Burrington wrote: "The people of North Carolina are neither to
+be cajoled or outwitted; * * * always behaved insolently to their
+Governors. Some they imprisoned, others they have drove out of the
+country, and at other times set up a government of their own choice."
+In 1765, when a vessel laden with stamp paper arrived, the people
+overawed the captain, who soon sailed away. The officers then adopted a
+regular system of oppression and extortion, and plundered the people at
+every turn of life. The people formed themselves into an association
+"for regulating public grievances and abuse of powers." The royal
+governor, Tryon (the same who later originated the infamous plot to
+poison Washington), raised an army of eleven hundred men, and marched to
+inflict summary punishment on the defiant sons of liberty. On May 16,
+1771, the two forces met on the banks of the Great Alamance. After an
+engagement of two hours the patriots failed. These men were sturdy,
+patriotic members of three Presbyterian churches. On the field of battle
+were their pastors, graduates of Princeton. Tryon used his victory so
+savagely as to drive an increasing stream of settlers over the mountains
+into Tennessee, where they made their homes in the valley of the
+Watauga, and there nurtured their wrongs; but the day of their vengeance
+was rapidly approaching.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="alamance"  />
+<a id="illus04" name="illus04"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">View of Battle Field of Alamance.</span></p>
+
+<p>The stirring times of 1775 found the North Carolinians ready for revolt.
+They knew from tradition and experience the monstrous wrongs of tyrants.
+When the people of Mecklenburg county learned in May, 1775, that
+parliament had declared the colonies in a state of revolt, they did not
+wait for the action of congress nor for that of their own provincial
+legislature, but adopted resolutions, which in effect formed a
+declaration of independence.</p>
+
+<p>The power, valor and uncompromising conduct of these men is illustrated
+in their conduct at the battle of King's Mountain, fought October 7,
+1780. It was totally unlike any other in American history, being the
+voluntary uprising of the people, rushing to arms to aid their distant
+kinsmen, when their own homes were menaced by savages. They served
+without pay and without the hope of reward. The defeat of Gates at
+Camden laid the whole of North Carolina at the feet of the British.
+Flushed with success, Colonel Furguson, of the 71st Regiment, at the
+head of eleven hundred men marched into North Carolina and took up his
+position at Gilbert Town, in order to intercept those retreating in that
+direction from Camden, and to crush out the spirit of the patriots in
+that region. Without any concert of action volunteers assembled
+simultaneously, and placed themselves under tried leaders. They were
+admirably fitted by their daily pursuits for the privations they were
+called upon to endure. They had no tents, baggage, bread or salt, but
+subsisted on potatoes, pumpkins and roasted corn, and such venison as
+their own rifles could procure. Their army consisted of four hundred
+men, under Colonel William Campbell, from Washington county, Virginia,
+two hundred and forty were under Colonel Isaac Shelby, from Sullivan
+county, North Carolina, and two hundred and forty men, from Washington
+county, same state, under John Sevier, which assembled at Watauga,
+September 25, where they were joined by Colonel Charles McDowell, with
+one hundred and sixty men, from the counties of Burke and Rutherford,
+who had fled before the enemy to the western waters. While McDowell,
+Shelby and Sevier were in consultation, two paroled prisoners arrived
+from Furguson with the message that if they did not "take protection
+under his standard, he would march his army over the mountains, hang
+their leaders, and lay waste their country with fire and sword." On
+their march to meet the army of Furguson they were for twenty-four hours
+in the saddle. They took that officer by surprise, killed him and one
+hundred and eighty of his men, after an engagement of one hour and five
+minutes, the greater part of which time a heavy and incessant fire was
+kept up on both sides, with a loss to themselves of only twenty killed
+and a few wounded. The remaining force of the enemy surrendered at
+discretion, giving up their camp equipage and fifteen hundred stand of
+arms. On the morning after the battle several of the Royalist (Tory)
+prisoners were found guilty of murder and other high crimes, and hanged.
+This was the closing scene of the battle of King's Mountain, an event
+which completely crushed the spirit of the Royalists, and weakened
+beyond recovery the power of the British in the Carolinas. The
+intelligence of Furguson's defeat destroyed all Cornwallis's hopes of
+aid from those who still remained loyal to Britain's interests. The men
+oppressed by British laws and Tryon's cruelty were not yet avenged, for
+they were with Morgan at the Cowpens and with Greene at Guildford Court
+House, and until the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In the settling of South Carolina, every ship that sailed from Ireland
+for the port of Charleston, was crowded with men, women and children,
+which was especially true after the peace of 1763. About the same date,
+within one year, a thousand families came into the state in that wave
+that originated in Pennsylvania, bringing with them their cattle, horses
+and hogs. Lands were allotted to them in the western woods, which soon
+became the most popular part of the province, the up-country population
+being overwhelmingly Scotch-Irish. They brought with them and retained,
+in an eminent degree, the virtues of industry and economy, so peculiarly
+necessary in a new country. To them the state is indebted for much of
+its early literature. The settlers in the western part of the colony,
+long without the aid of laws, were forced to band themselves together
+for mutual protection. The royal governor, Montague, in 1764, sent an
+army against them, and with great difficulty a civil war was averted.
+The division thus created reappeared in 1775, on the breaking out of the
+Revolution. The state suffered greatly from the ravages of Cornwallis,
+who rode roughly over it, although her sons toiled heroically in defence
+of their firesides. The little bands in the east gathered around the
+standard of Marion, and in the north and west around those of Sumter and
+Pickens. They kept alive the flame of liberty in the swamps, and when
+the country appeared to be subdued, it burst forth in electric flashes
+striking and withering the hand of the oppressor. Through the veins of
+most of the patriots flowed Scotch-Irish blood; and to the hands of one
+of this class, John Rutledge, the destinies of the state were committed.</p>
+
+<p>Georgia was sparsely settled at the time of the Revolution. In 1753 its
+population was less than twenty-four hundred. Emigration from the
+Carolinas set in towards North Georgia, bringing many Scotch-Irish
+families. The movement towards the mountain and Piedmont regions of the
+southeast began about 1773. In that year, Governor Wright purchased from
+the Indians that portion of middle Georgia lying between the Oconee and
+the Savannah. The inducements he then offered proved very attractive to
+the enterprising sons of Virginia and the Carolinas, who lived in the
+highlands of those states. These people who settled in Georgia have thus
+been described by Governor Gilmer: "The pretty girls were dressed in
+striped and checked cotton cloth, spun and woven with their own hands,
+and their sweethearts in sumach and walnut-dyed stuff, made by their
+mothers. Courting was done when riding to meeting on Sunday, and walking
+to the spring when there. Newly married couples went to see the old
+folks on Saturday, and carried home on Sunday evening what they could
+spare. There was no <i>ennui</i> among the women for something to do. If
+there had been leisure to read, there were but few books for the
+indulgence. Hollow trees supplied cradles for babies."</p>
+
+<p>A majority of the first settlers of East Tennessee were of Scotch-Irish
+blood, having sought homes there after the battle of Alamance, and hence
+that state became the daughter of North Carolina. The first written
+constitution born of a convention of people on this continent, was that
+at Watauga, in 1772. A settlement of less than a dozen families was
+formed in 1778, near Bledsoe, isolated in the heart of the Chickasaw
+nation, with no other protection than a small stockade enclosure and
+their own indomitable courage. In the early spring of 1779, a little
+colony of gallant adventurers, from the parent line of Watauga, crossed
+the Cumberland mountain, and established themselves near the French
+Lick, and planted a field of corn where the city of Nashville now
+stands. The settlement on the Cumberland was made in 1780, after great
+privations and sufferings on the journey. The settlers at the various
+stations were so harassed by the Indians, incited thereto by British and
+Spanish agents, that all were abandoned except Elatons and the Bluffs
+(Nashville). These people were compelled to go in armed squads to the
+springs, and plowed while guarded by armed sentinels. The Indians, by a
+well planned stratagem, attempted to enter the Bluffs, on April 22d,
+1781. The men in the fort were drawn into an ambush by a decoy party.
+When they dismounted to give battle, their horses dashed off toward the
+fort, and they were pursued by some Indians, which left a gap in their
+lines, through which some whites were escaping to the fort; but these
+were intercepted by a large body of the enemy from another ambush. The
+heroic women in the fort, headed by Mrs. James Robertson, seized the
+axes and idle guns, and planted themselves in the gate, determined to
+die rather than give up the fort. Just in time she ordered the sentry to
+turn loose a pack of dogs which had been selected for their size and
+courage to encounter bears and panthers. Frantic to join the fray, they
+dashed off, outyelling the savages, who recoiled before the fury of
+their onset, thus giving the men time to escape to the fort. So
+overjoyed was Mrs. Robertson that she patted every dog as he came into
+the fort.</p>
+
+<p>So thoroughly was Kentucky settled by the Scotch-Irish, from the older
+colonies, that it might be designated as of that race, the first
+emigrants being from Virginia and North Carolina. It was first explored
+by Thomas Walker in 1747; followed by John Finley, of North Carolina,
+1767; and in 1769, by Daniel Boone, John Stewart, and three others, who
+penetrated to the Kentucky river. By the year 1773, lands were taken up
+and afterwards there was a steady stream, almost entirely from the
+valley and southwest Virginia. No border annals teem with more thrilling
+incidents or heroic exploits than those of the Kentucky hunters, whose
+very name finally struck terror into the heart of the strongest savage.
+The prediction of the Cherokee chief to Boone at the treaty at Watauga,
+ceding the territory to Henderson and his associates, was fully
+verified: "Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine land, but I
+believe you will have much trouble in settling it."</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Scotch-Irish race in Canada, prior to the peace of
+1783, is largely that of individuals. It has already been noted that two
+settlements had been made in Nova Scotia by the emigrants that landed
+from the five ships in Boston harbor. It is recorded that Truro, Nova
+Scotia, was settled in 1762, and in 1756 three brothers from Ireland
+settled in Colchester, same province. If the questions were thoroughly
+investigated it doubtless would lead to interesting results.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be lost sight of that one of the important industrial arts
+brought to America was of untold benefit. Not only did every colony
+bring with them agricultural implements needful for the culture of flax,
+but also the small wheels and the loom for spinning and weaving the
+fibre. Nothing so much excited the interest of Puritan Boston, in 1718,
+as the small wheels worked by women and propelled by the foot, for
+turning the straight flax fibre into thread. Public exhibitions of skill
+in 1719 took place on Boston common, by Scotch-Irish women, at which
+prizes were offered. The advent of the machine produced a sensation, and
+societies and schools were formed to teach the art of making linen
+thread.</p>
+
+<p>The distinctive characteristics which the Scotch-Irish transplanted to
+the new world may be designated as follows: They were Presbyterians in
+their religion and church government; they were loyal to the conceded
+authority to the king, but considered him bound as well as themselves
+to "the Solemn League and Covenant," entered into in 1643, which pledged
+the support of the Reformation and of the liberties of the kingdom; the
+right to choose their own ministers, untrammeled by the civil powers;
+they practiced strict discipline in morals, and gave instruction to
+their youth in schools and academies, and in teaching the Bible as
+illustrated by the Westminster Assembly's catechism. To all this they
+combined in a remarkable degree, acuteness of intellect, firmness of
+purpose, and conscientious devotion to duty.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Skene's "Chronicles of the Picts and Scots," p. 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Stille, Life of Wayne, p. 5, says he was not Scotch-Irish.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Dunlap's "Pennsylvania Packet," June 17, 1778.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Causes that Led to Emigration</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The social system of the Highlanders that bound the members of the clan
+together was conducive to the pride of ancestry and the love of home.
+This pride was so directed as to lead to the most beneficial results on
+their character and conduct: forming strong attachments, leading to the
+performance of laudable and heroic actions, and enabling the poorest to
+endure the severest hardships without a murmur, and never complaining of
+what they received to eat, or where they lodged, or of any other
+privation. Instead of complaining of the difference in station or
+fortune, or considering a ready obedience to the call of the chief as a
+slavish oppression, they felt convinced that they were supporting their
+own honor in showing their gratitude and duty to the generous head of
+the family. In them it was a singular and characteristic feature to
+contemplate with early familiarity the prospect of death, which was
+considered as merely a passage from this to another state of existence,
+enlivened by the assured hope that they should meet their friends and
+kindred in a fairer and brighter world than this. This statement may be
+perceived in the anxious care with which they provided the necessary
+articles for a proper and becoming funeral. Even the poorest and most
+destitute endeavored to save something for this last solemnity. It was
+considered to be a sad calamity to be consigned to the grave among
+strangers, without the attendance and sympathy of friends, and at a
+distance from the family. If a relative died away from home, the
+greatest exertions were made to carry the body back for interment among
+the ashes of the forefathers. A people so nurtured could only
+contemplate with despair the idea of being forced from the land of their
+nativity, or emigrating from that beloved country, hallowed by the
+remains of their kindred.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlander, by nature, was opposed to emigration. All his instincts,
+as well as training, led him to view with delight the permanency of home
+and the constant companionship of those to whom he was related by ties
+of consanguinity. Neither was he a creature of conquest, and looked not
+with a covetous eye upon the lands of other nations. He would do battle
+in a foreign land, but the Highlands of Scotland was his abiding place.
+If he left his native glen in order to become a resident elsewhere,
+there must have been a special or overpowering reason. He never
+emigrated through choice. Unfortunately the simplicity of his nature,
+his confiding trust, and love of chief and country, were doomed to
+receive such a jolt as would shake the very fibres of his being, and
+that from those to whom he looked for support and protection. Reference
+here is not made to evictions awful crimes that commenced in 1784, but
+to the change, desolation and misery growing out of the calamity at
+Culloden.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the peculiar characteristics of the Highlander, there
+would of necessity arise certain circumstances which would lead some,
+and even many, to change their habitation. From the days of the Crusader
+downwards he was more or less active in foreign wars; and coming in
+contact with different nationalities his mind would broaden and his
+sentiment change, so that other lands and other people would be viewed
+in a more favorable light. While this would not become general, yet it
+would follow in many instances. Intercourse with another people,
+racially and linguistically related, would have a tendency to invite a
+closer affiliation. Hence, the inhabitants of the Western Isles had
+almost constant communication, sometimes at war, it is true, but
+generally in terms of amity, with the natives of North Ireland. It is
+not surprising then that as early as 1584, Sorley Buy MacDonald should
+lead a thousand Highlanders, called Redshanks, of the clans or families
+of the MacDonalds, Campbells, and Magalanes, into Ulster, and in time
+intermarry with the Irish, and finally become the most formidable
+enemies of England in her designs of settling that country. Some of the
+leading men were forced to flee on account of being attainted for
+treason, having fought under Dundee in 1689, or under Mar in 1715, and
+after Culloden in 1745 quite a hegira took place, many of whom found
+service in the army of France. Individuals, seeking employment, found
+their way into England before 1724. Although there was a strong movement
+for England from the Lowlands, yet many were from the Highlands, to whom
+was partly due the old proverb, "There never came a fool from Scotland."
+These emigrants, from the Highlands, were principally those having
+trades, who sought to better their condition.</p>
+
+<p>Seven hundred prisoners taken at Preston were sold as slaves to some
+West Indian merchants, which was a cruel proceeding, when it is
+considered that the greater part of these men were Highlanders, who had
+joined the army in obedience to the commands of their chiefs. Wholly
+unfitted for such labor as would be required in the West Indies and
+unacclimated, their fate may be readily assumed. But this was no more
+heartless than the execution in Lancashire of twenty-two of their
+companions.</p>
+
+<p>The specifications above enumerated have no bearing on the emigration
+which took place on a large scale, the consequences of which, at the
+time, arrested the attention of the nation. The causes now to be
+enumerated grew out of the change of policy following the battle of
+Culloden. The atrocities following that battle were both for vengeance
+and to break the military spirit of the Highlanders. The legislative
+enactments broke the nobler spirit of the people. The rights and welfare
+of the people at large were totally ignored, and no provisions made for
+their future welfare. The country was left in a state of commotion and
+confusion resulting from the changes consequent to the overthrow of the
+old system, the breaking up of old relationship, and the gradual
+encroachment of Lowland civilization, and methods of agriculture. While
+these changes at first were neither great nor extensive, yet they were
+sufficient to keep the country in a ferment or uproar. The change was
+largely in the manner of an experiment in order to find out the most
+profitable way of adaptation to the new regime. These experiments
+resulted in the unsettling of old manners, customs, and ideas, which
+caused discontent and misery among the people. The actual change was
+slow; the innovations, as a rule, began in those districts bordering on
+the Lowlands, and thence proceeded in a northwesterly direction.</p>
+
+<p>In all probability the first shock felt by the clansmen, under the new
+order of things, was the abolishing the ancient clan system, and the
+reduction of the chiefs to the condition of landlords. For awhile the
+people failed to realize this new order of affairs, for the gentlemen
+and common people still continued to regard their chief in the same
+light as formerly, not questioning but their obedience to the head of
+their clan was independent of legislative enactment. They were still
+ready to make any sacrifice for his sake, and felt it to be their duty
+to do what they could for his support. They still believed that the
+chief's duty to his people remained unaltered, and he was bound to see
+that they did not want, and to succor them in distress.</p>
+
+<p>The first effects in the change in tribal relations were felt on those
+estates that had been forfeited on account of the chiefs and gentlemen
+having been compelled to leave the country in order to save their lives.
+These estates were entrusted to the management of commissioners who
+rudely applied their powers under the new arrangement of affairs. When
+the chiefs, now reduced to the position of lairds, began to realize
+their condition, and the advantage of making their lands yield them as
+large an income as possible, followed the example of demanding a rent. A
+rental value had never been exacted before, for it was the universal
+belief that the land belonged to the clan in common. Some of the older
+chiefs, then living, held to the same opinion, and among such, a change
+was not perceptible until a new landlord came into possession. The
+gentlemen of the clan and the tacksmen, or large farmers, firmly
+believed that they had as much right to a share of the lands as the
+chief himself. In the beginning the rent was not high nor more than the
+lands would bear; but it was resented by the tacksmen, deeming it a
+wanton injury inflicted in the house of their dearest friend. They were
+hurt at the idea that the chief,&mdash;the father of his people&mdash;should be
+controlled by such a mercenary idea, and to exercise that power which
+gave him the authority to lease the lands to the highest bidder. This
+policy, which they deemed selfish and unjust, naturally cut them to the
+quick. They and their ancestors had occupied their farms for many
+generations; their birth was as good and their genealogy as old as that
+of the chief himself, to whom they were all blood relations, and whose
+loyalty was unshaken. True, they had no written document, no "paltry
+sheep-skin," as they called it, to prove the right to their farms, but
+such had never been the custom, and these parchments quite a modern
+innovation, and, in former times, before a chief would have tried to
+wrest from them that which had been given by a former chief to their
+fathers, would have bitten out his tongue before he would have asked a
+bond. There can be no doubt that originally when a chief bestowed a
+share of his property upon his son or other near relation, he intended
+that the latter should keep it for himself and his descendants. To these
+tacksmen it was injury enough that an alien government should interfere
+in their domestic relations, but for the chief to turn against them was
+a wound which no balm could heal. Before they would submit to these
+exactions, they would first give up their holdings; which many of them
+did and emigrated to America, taking with them servants and sub-tenants,
+and enticing still others to follow them by the glowing accounts which
+they sent home of their good fortune in the favored country far to the
+west. In some cases the farms thus vacated were let to other tacksmen,
+but in most instances the new system was introduced by letting the land
+directly to what was formerly sub-tenants, or those who had held the
+land immediately from the ousted tacksmen.</p>
+
+<p>There was a class of lairds who had tasted the sweets of southern
+luxuries and who vied with the more opulent, increased the rate of rent
+to such an extent as to deprive the tacksmen of their holdings. This
+caused an influx of lowland farmers, who with their improved methods
+could compete successfully against their less favored northern
+neighbors. The danger of southern luxuries had been foreseen and an
+attempt had been made to provide against it. As far back as the year
+1744, in order to discourage such things, at a meeting of the chiefs of
+the Isle of Skye, Sir Alexander MacDonald of MacDonald, Norman MacLeod
+of MacLeod, John MacKinnon of MacKinnon, and Malcolm MacLeod of Raasay,
+held in Portree, it was agreed to discontinue and discountenance the use
+of brandy, tobacco and tea.</p>
+
+<p>The placing of the land in the hands of aliens was deplored in its
+results as may be seen from the following portrayal given by Buchanan in
+his "Travels in the Hebrides," referring to about 1780:&mdash;"At present
+they are obliged to be much more submissive to their tacksmen than ever
+they were in former times to their lairds or lords. There is a great
+difference between that mild treatment which is shown to sub-tenants and
+even scallags, by the old lessees, descended of ancient and honorable
+families, and the outrageous rapacity of those necessitous strangers who
+have obtained leases from absent proprietors, who treat the natives as
+if they were a conquered and inferior race of mortals. In short, they
+treat them like beasts of burden; and in all respects like slaves
+attached to the soil, as they cannot obtain new habitations, on account
+of the combinations already mentioned, and are entirely at the mercy of
+the laird or tacksman. Formerly, the personal service of the tenant did
+not usually exceed eight or ten days in the year. There lives at present
+at Scalpa, in the isle of Harris, a tacksman of a large district, who
+instead of six days' work paid by the sub-tenants to his predecessor in
+the lease, has raised the predial service, called in that and in other
+parts of Scotland, <i>manerial bondage</i>, to fifty-two days in the year at
+once; besides many other services to be performed at different though
+regular and stated times; as tanning leather for brogans, making heather
+ropes for thatch, digging and drying peats for fuel; one pannier of peat
+charcoal to be carried to the smith; so many days for gathering and
+shearing sheep and lambs: for ferrying cattle from island to island, and
+other distant places, and several days for going on distant errands: so
+many pounds of wool to be spun into yarn. And over and above all this,
+they must lend their aid upon any unforeseen occurrence whenever they
+are called on. The constant service of two months at once is performed
+at the proper season in making kelp. On the whole, this gentleman's
+sub-tenants may be computed to devote to his service full three days in
+the week. But this is not all: they have to pay besides yearly a certain
+number of cocks, hen, butter, and cheese, called Caorigh-Ferrin, the
+Wife's Portion. This, it must be owned, is one of the most severe and
+rigorous tacksmen descended from the old inhabitants, in all the Western
+Hebrides; but the situation of his sub-tenants exhibits but too faithful
+a picture of the sub-tenants of those places in general, and the exact
+counterpart of such enormous oppression is to be found at
+Luskintire."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>The dismissal of retainers kept by the chiefs during feudal times added
+to the discontent. For the protection of the clan it had been necessary
+to keep a retinue of trained warriors. These were no longer necessary,
+and under the changed state of affairs, an expense that could be illy
+afforded. This class found themselves without a vocation, and they would
+sow the seeds of discontent, if they remained in the country. They must
+either enter the army or else go to another country in search of a
+vocation.</p>
+
+<p>Unquestionably the most potent of all causes for emigration was the
+introduction of sheep-farming. That the country was well adapted for
+sheep goes without disputation. Sheep had always been kept in the
+Highlands with the black cattle, but not in large numbers. The lowland
+lessees introduced sheep on a large scale, involving the junction of
+many small farms into one, each of which had been hitherto occupied by a
+number of tenants. This engrossing of farms and consequent depopulation
+was also a fruitful source of discontent and misery to those who had to
+vacate their homes and native glens. Many of those displaced by sheep
+and one or two Lowland shepherds, emigrated like the discontented
+tacksmen to America, and those who remained looked with an ill-will and
+an evil eye on the intruders. Some of the more humane landlords invited
+the oppressed to remove to their estates, while others tried to prevent
+the ousted tenants from leaving the country by setting apart some
+particular spot along the sea-shore, or else on waste land that had
+never been touched by the plow, on which they might build houses and
+have an acre or two for support. Those removed to the coast were
+encouraged to prosecute the fishing along with their agricultural
+labors. It was mainly by a number of such ousted Highlanders that the
+great and arduous undertaking was accomplished of bringing into a state
+of cultivation Kincardine Moss, in Perthshire. At that time, 1767, the
+task to be undertaken was one of stupendous magnitude; but was so
+successfully carried out that two thousand acres were reclaimed which
+for centuries had rested under seven feet of heath and vegetable matter.
+Similarly many other spots were brought into a state of cultivation. But
+this, and other pursuits then engaged in, did not occupy the time of all
+who had been despoiled of their homes.</p>
+
+<p>The breaking up of old habits and customs and the forcible importation
+of those that are foreign must not only engender hate but also cause
+misery. It is the uniform testimony of all travellers, who visited the
+Highlands during the latter half of the eighteenth century, especially
+Pennant, Boswell, Johnson, Newte, and Buchanan, that the condition of
+the country was deplorable. Without quoting from all, let the following
+lengthy extract suffice, which is from Buchanan:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Upon the whole, the situation of these people, inhabitants of
+Britain! is such as no language can describe, nor fancy conceive. If,
+with great labor and fatigue, the farmer raises a slender crop of
+oats and barley, the autumnal rains often baffle his utmost efforts,
+and frustrate all his expectations: and instead of being able to pay
+an exorbitant rent, he sees his family in danger of perishing during
+the ensuing winter, when he is precluded from any possibility of
+assistance elsewhere. Nor are his cattle in a better situation; in
+summer they pick up a scanty support amongst the morasses or heathy
+mountains: but in winter, when the grounds are covered with snow, and
+when the naked wilds afford neither shelter nor subsistence, the few
+cows, small, lean, and ready to drop down through want of pasture,
+are brought into the hut where the family resides, and frequently
+share with them the small stock of meal which had been purchased, or
+raised, for the family only; while the cattle thus sustained, are
+bled occasionally, to afford nourishment for the children after it
+hath been boiled or made into cakes. The sheep being left upon the
+open heaths, seek to shelter themselves from the inclemency of the
+weather amongst the hollows upon the lee-side of the mountains, and
+here they are frequently buried under the snow for several weeks
+together, and in severe seasons during two months and upwards. They
+eat their own and each other's wool, and hold out wonderfully under
+cold and hunger; but even in moderate winters, a considerable number
+are generally found dead after the snow hath disappeared, and in
+rigorous seasons few or none are left alive. Meanwhile the steward,
+hard pressed by letters from Almack's or Newmarket, demands the rent
+in a tone which makes no great allowance for unpropitious seasons,
+the death of cattle, and other accidental misfortunes: disguising the
+feelings of his own breast&mdash;his Honor's wants must at any rate be
+supplied, the bills must be duly negotiated. Such is the state of
+farming, if it may be so called, throughout the interior parts of the
+Highlands; but as that country has an extensive coast, and many
+islands, it may be supposed that the inhabitants of those shores
+enjoy all the benefits of their maritime situation. This, however, is
+not the case; those gifts of nature, which in any other commercial
+kingdom would have been rendered subservient to the most valuable
+purposes, are in Scotland lost, or nearly so, to the poor natives and
+the public. The only difference, therefore, between the inhabitants
+of the interior parts and those of the more distant coasts, consists
+in this, that the latter, with the labors of the field, have to
+encounter alternately the dangers of the ocean and all the fatigues
+of navigation. To the distressing circumstances at home, as stated
+above, new difficulties and toils await the devoted farmer when
+abroad. He leaves his family in October, accompanied by his sons,
+brothers, and frequently an aged parent, and embarks on board a small
+open boat, in quest of the herring fishery, with no other provisions
+than oatmeal, potatoes, and fresh water; no other bedding than heath,
+twigs, or straw, the covering, if any, an old sail. Thus provided, he
+searches from bay to bay, through turbulent seas, frequently for
+several weeks together, before the shoals of herring are discovered.
+The glad tidings serve to vary, but not to diminish his fatigues.
+Unremitting nightly labor (the time when the herrings are taken),
+pinching cold winds, heavy seas, uninhabited shores covered with
+snow, or deluged with rain, contribute towards filling up the measure
+of his distresses; while to men of such exquisite feelings as the
+Highlanders generally possess, the scene which awaits him at home
+does it most effectually. Having disposed of his capture to the
+Busses, he returns in January through a long navigation, frequently
+amidst unceasing hurricanes, not to a comfortable home and a cheerful
+family, but to a hut composed of turf, without windows, doors, or
+chimney, environed with snow, and almost hid from the eye by its
+astonishing depth. Upon entering this solitary mansion, he generally
+finds a part of his family, sometimes the whole, lying upon heath or
+straw, languishing through want or epidemical disease; while the few
+surviving cows, which possess the other end of the cottage, instead
+of furnishing further supplies of milk or blood, demand his immediate
+attention to keep them in existence. The season now approaches when
+he is again to delve and labor the ground, on the same slender
+prospect of a plentiful crop or a dry harvest. The cattle which have
+survived the famine of the winter, are turned out to the mountains;
+and, having put his domestic affairs into the best situation which a
+train of accumulated misfortunes admits of, he resumes the oar,
+either in quest of herring or the white fishery. If successful in the
+latter, he sets out in his open boat upon a voyage (taking the
+Hebrides and the opposite coast at a medium distance) of two hundred
+miles, to vend his cargo of dried cod, ling, etc., at Greenock or
+Glasgow. The product, which seldom exceeds twelve or fifteen pounds,
+is laid out, in conjunction with his companions, upon meal and
+fishing tackle; and he returns through the same tedious navigation.
+The autumn calls his attention again to the field; the usual round of
+disappointment, fatigue, and distress awaits him; thus dragging
+through a wretched existence in the hope of soon arriving in that
+country where the weary shall be at rest."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The writer most pitiably laments that twenty thousand of these wretched
+people had to leave their homes and famine-struck condition, and the
+oppression of their lairds, for lands and houses of their own in a
+fairer and more fertile land, where independence and affluence were at
+their command. Nothing but misery and degradation at home; happiness,
+riches and advancement beyond the ocean. Under such a system it would be
+no special foresight to predict a famine, which came to pass in 1770 and
+again in 1782-3. Whatever may be the evils under the clan system, and
+there certainly were such, none caused the oppression and misery which
+that devoted people have suffered since its abolishment. So far as
+contentment, happiness, and a wise regard for interest, it would have
+been better for the masses had the old system continued. As a matter of
+fact, however, those who emigrated found a greater latitude and brighter
+prospects for their descendants.</p>
+
+<p>From what has been stated it will be noticed that it was a matter of
+necessity and not a spirit of adventure that drove the mass of
+Highlanders to America; but those who came, nevertheless, were
+enterprising and anxious to carve out their own fortunes. Before
+starting on the long and perilous journey across the Atlantic they were
+first forced to break the mystic spell that bound them to their native
+hills and glens, that had a charm and an association bound by a sacred
+tie. A venerable divine of a Highland parish who had repeatedly
+witnessed the fond affection of his parishioners in taking their
+departure, narrated how they approached the sacred edifice, ever dear to
+them, by the most hallowed associations, and with tears in their eyes
+kissed its very walls, how they made an emphatic pause in losing sight
+of the romantic scenes of their childhood, with its kirks and cots, and
+thousand memories, and as if taking a formal and lasting adieu,
+uncovered their heads and waived their bonnets three times towards the
+scene, and then with heavy steps and aching hearts resumed their
+pilgrimage towards new scenes in distant climes.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 14em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"Farewell to the land of the mountain and wood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Farewell to the home of the brave and the good,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">My bark is afloat on the blue-rolling main,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And I ne'er shall behold thee, dear Scotland again!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Adieu to the scenes of my life's early morn,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">From the place of my birth I am cruelly torn;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The tyrant oppresses the land of the free;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And leaves but the name of my sires unto me.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Oh! home of my fathers, I bid thee adieu,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">For soon will thy hill-tops retreat from my view,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">With sad drooping heart I depart from thy shore,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To behold thy fair valleys and mountains no more.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">'Twas there that I woo'd thee, young Flora, my wife,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">When my bosom was warm in the morning of life.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">I courted thy love 'mong the heather so brown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And heaven did I bless when it made thee my own.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The friends of my early years, where are they now?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Each kind honest heart, and each brave manly brow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Some sleep in the churchyard from tyranny free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And others are crossing the ocean with me.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Lo! now on the boundless Atlantic I stray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To a strange foreign realm I am wafted away,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Before me as far as my vision can glance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I see but the wave rolling wat'ry expanse.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">So farewell my country and all that is dear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The hour is arrived and the bark is asteer,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">I go and forever, oh! Scotland adieu!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The land of my fathers no more I shall view."</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">&mdash;<i>Peter Crerar.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>America was the one great inviting field that opened wide her doors to
+the oppressed of all nations. The Highlanders hastened thither; first in
+small companies, or singly, and afterwards in sufficient numbers to form
+distinctive settlements. These belonged to the better class, bringing
+with them a certain amount of property, intelligent, persevering,
+religious, and in many instances closely related to the chief. Who was
+the first Highlander, and in what year he settled in America, has not
+been determined. It is impossible to judge by the name, because it would
+not specially signify, for as has been noted, Highlanders had gone to
+the north of Ireland, and in the very first migrations of the
+Scotch-Irish, their descendants landed at Boston and Philadelphia. It
+is, however, positively known that individual members of the clans, born
+in the Highlands, and brought up under the jurisdiction of the chiefs,
+settled permanently in America before 1724.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The number of these must
+have been very small, for a greater migration would have attracted
+attention. In 1729, there arrived at the port of Philadelphia, five
+thousand six hundred and fifty-five Irish emigrants, and only two
+hundred and sixty-seven English, forty-three Scotch, and three hundred
+and forty-three Germans. Of the forty-three Scotch it would be
+impossible to ascertain how many of them were from the Highlands,
+because all people from Scotland were designated under the one word. But
+if the whole number were of the Gaelic race, and the ratio kept up it
+would be almost insignificant, if scattered from one end of the Colonies
+to the other. After the wave of emigration had finally set in then the
+numbers of small companies would rapidly increase and the ratio would be
+largely augmented.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not to be presumed that the emigrants found the New World to be
+all their fancies had pictured. If they had left misery and oppression
+behind them, they were destined to encounter hardships and
+disappointments. A new country, however great may be its attractions,
+necessarily has its disadvantages. It takes time, patience, industry,
+perseverence and ingenuity to convert a wilderness into an abode of
+civilization. Innumerable obstacles must be overcome, which eventually
+give way before the indomitable will of man. Years of hard service must
+be rendered ere the comforts of home are obtained, the farm properly
+stocked, and the ways for traffic opened. After the first impressions of
+the emigrant are over, a longing desire for the old home engrosses his
+heart, and a self-censure for the step he has taken. Time ameliorates
+these difficulties, and the wisdom of the undertaking becomes more
+apparent, while contentment and prosperity rival all other claims. The
+Highlander in the land of the stranger, no longer an alien, grows
+stronger in his love for his new surroundings, and gradually becomes
+just as patriotic for the new as he was for the old country. All its
+civilization, endearments, and progress, become a part of his being. His
+memory, however, lingers over the scenes of his early youth, and in his
+dreams he once more abides in his native glens, and receives the
+blessings of his kind, tender, loving mother. Were it even thus to all
+who set forth to seek their fortunes it would be well; but to hundreds
+who left their homes in fond anticipation, not a single ray of light
+shone athwart their progress, for all was dark and forbidding.
+Misrepresentation, treachery, and betrayal were too frequently
+practiced, and in misery, heart-broken and despondent many dropped to
+rise no more, welcoming death as a deliverer.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "Celtic Magazine," Vol. I, p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_A">Note A.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_B">Note B.</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DARIEN SCHEME.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The first body of Highlanders to arrive in the New World was as much
+military as civil. Their lines were cast in evil waters, and disaster
+awaited them. They formed a very essential part of a colony that engaged
+in what has been termed the Darien Scheme, which originated in 1695, and
+so mismanaged as to involve thousands in ruin, many of whom had enjoyed
+comparative opulence. Although this project did not materially affect
+the Highlands of Scotland, yet as Highland money entered the enterprise,
+and as quite a body of Highlanders perished in the attempted
+colonization of the isthmus of Panama, more than a passing notice is
+here demanded.</p>
+
+<p>Scottish people have ever been noted for their caution, frugality, and
+prudence, and not prone to engage in any speculation unless based on the
+soundest business principles. Although thus characterized, yet this
+people engaged in the most disastrous speculation on record; established
+by act of the Scottish parliament, and begun by unprecedented
+excitement. The leading cause which impelled the people headlong into
+this catastrophe was the ruination of the foreign trade of Scotland by
+the English Navigation Act of 1660, which provided that all trade with
+the English colonies should be conducted in English ships alone. Any
+scheme plausibly presented was likely to catch those anxious to regain
+their commercial interests, as well as those who would be actuated to
+increase their own interests. The Massacre of Glencoe had no little
+share in the matter. This massacre, which occurred February 13, 1692, is
+the foulest blot in the annals of crime. It was deliberately planned by
+Sir John Dalrymple and others, ordered by king William, and executed by
+Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, in the most treacherous, brutal,
+atrocious, and bloodthirsty manner imaginable, and perpetrated without
+the shadow of a reasonable excuse&mdash;infancy and old age, male and female
+alike perished. The bare recital of it is awful; and the barbarity of
+the American savage pales before it. In every quarter, even at court,
+the account of the massacre was received with horror and indignation.
+The odium of the nation rose to a great pitch, and demanded that an
+inquiry be made into this atrocious affair. The appointment of a
+commission was not wrung from the unwilling king until April 29, 1695.
+The commission, as a whole, acted with great fairness, although they put
+the best possible construction on the king's order, and threw the whole
+blame on Secretary Dalrymple. The king was too intimately connected with
+the crime to make an example of any one, although through public
+sentiment he was forced to dismiss Secretary Dalrymple. Not one of those
+actually engaged in the perpetration of the crime were dismissed from
+the army, or punished for the butchery, otherwise than by the general
+hatred of the age in which they lived, and the universal execration of
+posterity. The tide of feeling set in against king William, and before
+it had time to ebb the Darien Scheme was projected. The friends of
+William seized the opportunity to persuade him that some freedom and
+facilities of trade should be granted the Scotch, and that would divert
+public attention from the Glencoe massacre. Secretary Dalrymple also was
+not slow to give it the support of his eloquence and interest, in hopes
+to regain thereby a part of his lost popularity.</p>
+
+<p>The originator of the Darien Scheme was William Paterson, founder of the
+Bank of England, a man of comprehensive views and great sagacity, born
+in Scotland, a missionary in the Indies, and a buccaneer among the West
+India islands. During his roving course of life he had visited the
+isthmus of Panama&mdash;then called Darien&mdash;and brought away only pleasant
+recollections of that narrow strip of land that unites North and South
+America. On his return to Europe his first plan was the national
+establishment of the Bank of England. For a brief period he was admitted
+as a director in that institution, but it befell to Paterson that others
+possessed of wealth and influence, interposed and took advantage of his
+ideas, and then excluded him from the concern. Paterson next turned his
+thoughts to the plan of settling a colony in America, and handling the
+trade of the Indies and the South Seas. The trade of Europe with the
+remote parts of Asia had been carried on by rounding the Cape of Good
+Hope. Paterson believed that the shorter, cheaper, and more expeditious
+route was by the isthmus of Panama, and, as he believed, that section of
+the country had not been occupied by any of the nations of Europe; and
+as it was specially adapted for his enterprise it should be colonized.
+He averred that the havens were capacious and secure; the sea swarmed
+with turtle; the country so mountainous, that though within nine degrees
+of the equator, the climate was temperate; and yet roads could be easily
+constructed along which a string of mules, or a wheeled carriage might
+in the course of a single day pass from sea to sea. Fruits and a
+profusion of valuable herbs grew spontaneously, on account of the rich
+black soil, which had a depth of seven feet; and the exuberant fertility
+of the soil had not tainted the purity of the atmosphere. As a place of
+residence alone, the isthmus was a paradise; and a colony there could
+not fail to prosper even if its wealth depended entirely on agriculture.
+This, however, would be only a secondary matter, for within a few years
+the entire trade between India and Europe would be drawn to that spot.
+The merchant was no longer to expose his goods to the capricious gales
+of the Antarctic Seas, for the easier, safer, cheaper route must be
+navigated, which was shortly destined to double the amount of trade.
+Whoever possessed that door which opened both to the Atlantic and
+Pacific, as the shortest and least expensive route would give law to
+both hemispheres, and by peaceful arts would establish an empire as
+splendid as that of Cyrus or Alexander. If Scotland would occupy Darien
+she would become the one great free port, the one great warehouse for
+the wealth that the soil of Darien would produce, and the greater wealth
+which would be poured through Darien, India, China, Siam, Ceylon, and
+the Moluccas; besides taking her place in the front rank among nations.
+On all the vast riches that would be poured into Scotland a toll should
+be paid which would add to her capital; and a fabulous prosperity would
+be shared by every Scotchman from the peer to the cadie. Along the
+desolate shores of the Forth Clyde villas and pleasure grounds would
+spring up; and Edinburgh would vie with London and Paris. These glowing
+prospects at first were only partially disclosed to the public, and the
+name of Darien was unpronounced save only to a few of Paterson's most
+confidential friends. A mystery pervaded the enterprise, and only enough
+was given out to excite boundless hopes and desires. He succeeded
+admirably in working up a sentiment and desire on the part of the people
+to become stockholders in the organization. The hour for action had
+arrived; so on June 26, 1695, the Scottish parliament granted a statute
+from the Crown, for creating a corporate body or stock company, by name
+of the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies, with power
+to plant colonies and build forts in places not possessed by other
+European nations, the consent of the inhabitants of the places they
+settled being obtained. The amount of capital was not fixed by charter,
+but it was stipulated that at least one-half the stock must be held by
+Scotchmen resident in Scotland, and that no stock originally so held
+should ever be transferred to any but Scotchmen resident in Scotland. An
+entire monopoly of the trade with Asia, Africa, and America was granted
+for a term of thirty-one years, and all goods imported by the company
+during twenty-one years, should be admitted duty free, except sugar and
+tobacco, unless grown on the company's plantations. Every member and
+servant of the company were privileged against arrest and imprisonment,
+and if placed in durance, the company was authorized to invoke both the
+civil and military power. The Great Seal was affixed to the Act; the
+books were opened; the shares were fixed at &pound;100 sterling each; and
+every man from the Pentland Firth to the Galway Firth who could command
+the amount was impatient to put down his name. The whole kingdom
+apparently had gone mad. The number of shareholders were about fourteen
+hundred. The books were opened February 26, 1696, and the very first
+subscriber was Anne, dutchess of Hamilton. On that day there was
+subscribed &pound;50,400. By the end of March the greater part of the amount
+had been subscribed. On March 5th, a separate book was opened in Glasgow
+and on it was entered &pound;56,325. The books were closed August 3rd of the
+same year, and on the last day of subscriptions there was entered
+&pound;14,125, reaching the total of &pound;400,000, the amount apportioned to
+Scotland. The cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, in their corporate
+capacity, each took &pound;3,000 and Perth &pound;2,000. Of the subscriptions there
+were eight of &pound;3,000 each; eight of &pound;2,000 each; two of &pound;1,500, and one
+each of &pound;1,200 and &pound;1,125; ninety-seven of &pound;1,000 each; but the great
+majority consisted of &pound;100 or &pound;200 each. The whole amount actually paid
+up was &pound;220,000. This may not seem to be a large amount for such a
+country as Scotland, but as already noted, the country had been ruined
+by the English Act of 1660. There were five or six shires which did not
+altogether contain as many guineas and crowns as were tossed about every
+day by the shovels of a single goldsmith in Lombard street. Even the
+nobles had but very little money, for a large part of their rents was
+taken in kind; and the pecuniary remuneration of the clergy was such as
+to move the pity of the most needy, of the present; yet some of these
+had invested their all in hopes that their children might be benefited
+when the golden harvest should come. Deputies in England received
+subscriptions to the amount of &pound;300,000; and the Dutch and Hamburgers
+subscribed &pound;200,000.</p>
+
+<p>Those Highland chiefs who had been considered as turbulent, and are so
+conspicuous in the history of the day have no place in this record of a
+species of enterprise quite distinct from theirs. The houses of Argyle,
+Athol, and Montrose appear in the list, as families who, besides their
+Highland chiefships, had other stakes and interests in the country; but
+almost the only person with a Highland patronymic was John MacPharlane
+of that ilk, a retired scholar who followed antiquarian pursuits in the
+libraries beneath the Parliament House. The Keltic prefix of "Mac" is
+most frequently attached to merchants in Inverness, who subscribed their
+hundred.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that a list of Highlanders who subscribed stock may be of
+interest in this connection. Only such names as are purely Highland are
+here subjoined with amounts given, and also in the order as they appear
+on the books:<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<table summary="damien scheme" width='700'>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">26 February, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John Drummond of Newtoun
+</td>
+<td align='right'> &pound;600
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adam Gordon of Dalphollie
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Master James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle of Argyle
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John McPharlane of that ilk
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown
+</td>
+<td align='right'>400
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sir Colin Campbell of Ardkinlass
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mr. Gilbert Campbell, son to Colin Campbell of Soutar house
+</td>
+<td align='right'>400
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">27 February, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John Robertson, merchant in Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Matthew St. Clair, Doctor of Medicine
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Daniel Mackay, Writer in Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mr. Francis Grant of Cullen, Advocate
+</td>
+<td align='right'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Duncan Forbes of Culloden
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Arthur Forbes, younger of Echt
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>George Southerland, merchant in Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kenneth McKenzie of Cromartie
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td >
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Major John Forbes
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">28 February, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>William Robertsone of Gladney
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1,000
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mungo Graeme of Gorthie
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Duncan Campbell of Monzie
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>James Mackenzie, son to the Viscount of Tarbat
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1,000
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">2 March, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jerome Robertson, periwig maker, burgess of Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">3 March 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>David Robertsone, Vintner in Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>William Drummond, brother to Thomas Drummond of Logie Almond
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">4 March, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sir Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss
+</td>
+<td align='right'>400
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">5 March, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>James Robertson, tylor in Canonget
+</td>
+<td align='right'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sir Thomas Murray of Glendoick
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1,000
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">6 March, 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Alexander Murray, son to John Murray of Touchadam, and deputed by him
+</td>
+<td align='right'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">7 March 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John Gordon, Captain in Lord Stranraer's Regiment
+</td>
+<td align='right'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Samuell McLelland, merchant in Edinburgh
+</td>
+<td align='right'>500
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">11 March 1696:</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Aeneas McLeod, Town-Clerk of Edinburgh, in name and behalfe of George Viscount of Tarbat, and as having commission from him
+</td>
+<td align='right'>&pound;1000
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">17 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Menzies, Advocate</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >William Menzies, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">19 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>James Drummond, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Mr. John Graham of Aberuthven</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline Campbell of Soutar Houses</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline Campbell of Soutar Houses</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daniel McKay, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain Hugh McKay, younger of Borley</td><td align='right'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain Leonard Robertsone of Straloch</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">20 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >Alexander Murray, son to George Murray of Touchadam deputed by him</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Sir Colin Campbell of Aberuchill, one of the Senators of the Colledge of Justice</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh, deputed by George Robertstone, younger, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >James Gregorie, student</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >George Earle of Southerland</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">21 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>John McFarlane, Writer to the Signet</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">23 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain, deputed by the said Samuell Forbes</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td >James Gregory, Professor of Mathematiques in the Colledge of Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">24 March 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >Patrick Murray of Livingstoun</td><td align='right'>600</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet, as having deputation from Alexander Gordoun, son to Alexander Gordoun, minister at Inverary</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Graham, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by Thomas Graeme of Balgowan</td><td align='right'>600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by John Drummond of Culqupalzie</td><td align='right'>600</td></tr>
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">25 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Murray of Deuchar</td><td align='right'>800</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Sinclair of Stevenstoun</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">26 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >Helen Drummond, spouse to Colonel James Ferguson as commissionate by him</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >James Murray of Sundhope</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Drummond of Newtoun</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Drummond of Newtoun, for John Stewart of Dalguis,
+conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td ><span style="margin-left: 2em;">March 27:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >Alexander Johnstoune of Elshieshells</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain, conform to one deputation by Captain James Stewart, in Sir John Hill's regiment. Governor of Fort William</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Thomas Forbes of Watertoun</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >William Ross, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Rachell Johnstoun, relict of Mr. Robert Baylie of Jerviswood</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">March 28:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Fraser, servitor to Alexander Innes, merchant</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Mr. John Murray, Senior Advocate</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Stewart, Writer in Clerk Gibsone's chamber</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline Campbell of Soutar Houses</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline Campbell of Soutar Houses, (more)</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >James Gordon, Senior, merchant in Aberdeen</td><td align='right'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Thomas Gordon, skipper in Leith</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Adam Gordon of Dulpholly</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Colin Campbell of Lochlan</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Thomas Graeme of Balgowane, by virtue of a deputation from David Graeme of Kilor</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >Patrick Coutts, merchant in Edinburgh, being deputed by Alexander Robertsone, merchant in Dundie</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td >David Drummond, of Cultimalindie</td><td align='right'>600</td></tr>
+<tr><td >John Drummond, brother of David Drummond of Cultimalindi</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">30 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Marquess of Montrose</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Murray, doctor of medicine, for Mr. James Murray, Chirurgeon in Perth, conform to a deputation</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Stewart, doctor of medicine at Perth</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, being depute by Helen Steuart, relict of Doctor Murray</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Drummond, one of the Clerks to the Bills, being deputed by James Meinzies of Shian</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Stewart, Junior, Advocate</td><td align='right'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Master Donald Robertsone, minister of the Gospel</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell of Monzie, by deputation from John Drummond of Culquhalzie</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Marquesse of Athole</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Haldane of Gleneagles, deputed by James Murray at Orchart Milne</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Johnstone, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Meinzies, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alexander Forbes of Tolquhon</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Murray, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walter Murray, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Master Arthur Forbes, son of the Laird of Cragivar</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barbara Fraser, relict of George Stirling, Chirurgeon apothecary in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alexander Johnston, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun, for Charles Sinclair, Advocate, his son</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Patrick Ogilvie of Balfour</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Thomas Robertson, merchant there (i.e. Dundee)</td><td align='right'>125</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The said Thomas Scott, deputed by David Drummond, merchant in Dundee</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mrs. Anne Stewart, daughter to the deceased John Stewart of Kettlestoun</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">31 March, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarrony</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Stewart, clerk to his Majesty's Customs at Leith</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Christian Grierson, daughter to the deceast John Grierson</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jesper Johnstoune of Waristoun</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alexander Forbes, goldsmith in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Master John Campbell, Writer to the Signet</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Campbell, flesher in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Archibald Earle of Argyll</td><td align='right'>1500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle of Argyll</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Johnston, postmaster of Hadingtoun</td><td  align='right'> &pound;100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Andrew Murray, brother to Sundhope</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William McLean, master of the Revelles</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Cameron, son to the deceast Donald Cameron, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>David Forbes, Advocate</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain John Forbes of Forbestoune</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Afternoon:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir Alexander Monro of Bearcrofts</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Gregorie, student of medicine</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mungo Campbell of Burnbank</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Murray, junior, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Murray, burges in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>150</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dougall Campbell of Sadell</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alexander Finlayson, Writer in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Steuart, Writer in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Robertson, one of the sub-clerks of the Session</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lady Neil Campbell</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mary Murray, Lady Enterkin, elder</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir George Campbell of Cesnock</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">7 April:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Robertson of Lochbank</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Hugh Robertson, Provost of Inverness, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for James McLean, baillie of Invernes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser. Advocate, for John McIntosh, baillie of Invernes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander McLeane, merchant of Invernes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>150</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Robert Rose, late baillie of Invernes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>140</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander Stewart, skipper at Invernes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>150</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, for William Robertson of Inshes, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">9 April, 1696:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Drummond, one of the Clerks of the Bills, for Robert Menzies, in Aberfadie, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by John Menzies of Camock, Advocate</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Archibald Sinclair, Advocate</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>&pound;100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Murray, doctor of medicine, for William Murray of Arbony, by virtue of his deputation</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colen Campbell of Bogholt</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Gordone, Writer in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">14 Apryle:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The said Thomas Halliday, Conform to deputation from William Ogilvie in Todshawhill</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">16 Aprill:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patrick Murray, lawful son to Patrick Murray of Killor</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walter Murray, servitor to George Clerk, junior, merchant in Edinburgh, deputed by Robert Murray of Levelands</td><td align='right'>150</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Campbell, Writer to the Signet, for Alexander Campbell, younger of Calder, conform to deputation</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain James Drummond of Comrie</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">April 21:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Cuming, merchant in Edinburgh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Campbell of Kinpout</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Drummond, Under-Clerk to the Bills, depute by Archibald Meinzies of Myln of Kiltney</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Blackwood, deputed by John Gordon of Collistoun, doctor of medicine</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Blackwood, merchant in Edinburgh, deputed by Charles Ogilvy, merchant and late baillie of Montrose</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Ramsay, writer in Edinburg, commission at by Duncan Campbell of Duneaves</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Patrick Murray, of Lord Murray's regiment of foot</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">May 5, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Haldane of Gleneagles, conform to deputation from Thomas Grahame in Auchterarder</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by David Graeme of Jordanstoun</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Samuel McLellan, merchant in Dundee, conform to deputation from William Stewart of Castle Stewart</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">May 14, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Andrew Robertsone, chirurgeon in Edinburgh, conform to deputation by George Robertsone, Writer in Dunblane</td><td align='right'> 100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">May 21, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoun, for Lodovick Drummond, chamberland to my Lord Drummond </td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">May 26, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Drummond of Logie Almond</td> <td align='right'>&pound;500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">June 2, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, by virtue of a deputation from Robert Cuming of Relugas, merchant of Inverness</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of William Duff of Dyple, merchant of Inverness</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of Alexander Duffe of Drumuire, merchant of Inverness</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">June 4, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Haldane of Gleneagles, depute by John Graham, son to John Graham, clerk to the chancellary</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adam Drummond of Meginch</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">18.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Agnes Campbell, relict of Andrew Anderson, his Majesty's printer</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">July 10.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoun, for Dame Margaret Graham, Lady Kinloch</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoun</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Menzies of Schian</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mungo Graeme of Garthie</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">21.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sir Alexander Cumyng of Culter</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">31.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mr. George Murray, doctor of physick</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patrick Campbell, brother to Monzie</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">August 1.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Lord Drummond</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Friday, 6 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Drummond of Newtoune</td><td align='right'>1125</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturday, 7 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Graham, younger of</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Campbell, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Robinsoune, belt-maker in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Robinsoune, hammerman in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Robertson, junior, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Munday, 9 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mattheu Cuming, junior, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marion Davidson, relict of Mr. John Glen, Minister of the Gospel</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Johnston, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>&pound;200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Grahame, younger of Dougaldstoun</td><td align='right'>1,000</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tuesday, 10 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neill McVicar, tanner in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Buchanan, Maltman in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturday, 21 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Archibald Cambell, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tuesday, 24 March, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Robertsone, younger, merchant in Glasgow, for Robert Robertsone, second lawfull sone to Umqll James Robertsone, merchant in Glasgow</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tuesday, March 31, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mungo Campbell of Nether Place</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hugh Campbell, merchant, son to deceast Sir Hugh Campbell of Cesnock</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Matthew Campbell of Waterhaugh</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thursday, Agr the 2d of Aprille.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mungo Campbell, merchant in Ayr</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>David Fergursone, merchant in Ayr</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wednesday the 15th day, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain James Menzies, of Sir John Hill's regiment</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Francis Ferquhar, of Sir John Hill's regiment</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thursday, 16 Aprile, 1696.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fryday, 17 Aprile.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lieutenant Charles Ross, of Sir John Hill's regiment</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+It is more than probable that some names should not be inserted above,
+as the name Graeme, for it may belong to the clan Graham of the
+Highlands, or else to the debateable land, near Carlisle, which is more
+likely. We know that where they had made themselves adverse to both
+sides, they were forced to emigrate in large numbers. Some of them
+settled near Bangor, in the county of Down, Ireland. How large a per
+cent, of the subscribers who lived in the lowlands, and born out of the
+Highlands, would be impossible to determine. Then names of parties, born
+in the Highlands and of Gaelic blood have undoubtedly been omitted owing
+to change of name. By the change in spelling of the name, it would
+indicate that some had left Ulster where their forefathers had settled,
+and taken up their residence in Scotland. It will also be noticed that
+the clans bordering the Grampians were most affected by the excitement
+while others seemingly did not even feel the breeze.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Darien Scheme at best was but suppositious, for no experiment had
+been tried in order to forecast a realization of what was expected.
+There was, it is true, a glitter about it, but there were materials
+within the reach of all from which correct data might have been
+obtained. It seems incredible that men of sound judgment should have
+risked everything, when they only had a vague or general idea of
+Paterson's plans. It was also a notorious fact that Spain claimed
+sovereignty over the Isthmus of Panama, and, even if she had not, it was
+unlikely that she would tolerate such a colony, as was proposed, in the
+very heart of her transatlantic dominions. Spain owned the Isthmus both
+by the right of discovery and possession; and the very country which
+Paterson had described in such radiant colors had been found by the
+Castilian settlers to be a land of misery and of death; and on account
+of the poisonous air they had been compelled to remove to the
+neighboring haven of Panama. All these facts, besides others, might
+easily have been ascertained by members of the Company.
+</p>
+<p>
+As has already been intimated, the Scots alone were not drawn into this
+vortex of wild excitement, and are no more to be held responsible for
+the delusion than some of other nationalities. The English people were
+seized with the dread of Scottish prosperity resulting from the
+enterprise, and England's jealousy of trade at once interfered to crush
+an adventure which seemed so promising. The English East India Company
+instigated a cry, echoed by the city of London, and taken up by the
+nation, which induced their parliament, when it met for the first time,
+after the elections of 1695, to give its unequivocal condemnation to the
+scheme. One peer declared, "If these Scots are to have their way I shall
+go and settle in Scotland, and not stay here to be made a beggar." The
+two Houses of Parliament went up together to Kensington and represented
+to the king the injustice of requiring England to exert her power in
+support of an enterprise which, if successful, must be fatal to her
+commerce and to her finances. William replied in plain terms that he had
+been illy-treated in Scotland, but that he would try to find a remedy
+for the evil which had been brought to his attention. At once he
+dismissed Lord High Commissioner Tweeddale and Secretary Johnston; but
+the Act which had been passed under their management still continued to
+be law in Scotland.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Darien Company might have surmounted the opposition of the English
+parliament and the East India Company, had not the Dutch East India
+Company&mdash;a body remarkable for its monopolizing character&mdash;also joined
+in the outcry against the Scottish enterprise; incited thereto by the
+king through Sir Paul Rycaut, the British resident at Hamburg, directing
+him to transmit to the senate of that commercial city a remonstrance on
+the part of king William, accusing them of having encouraged the
+commissioners of the Darien Company; requesting them to desist from
+doing so; intimating that the plan had not the king's support; and a
+refusal to withdraw their countenance from the scheme would threaten an
+interruption to his friendship with the good city of Hamburg. The result
+of this interference was the almost total withdrawal of the Dutch and
+English subscriptions, which was accelerated by the threatened
+impeachment, by the English parliament, of such persons who had
+subscribed to the Company; and, furthermore, were compelled to renounce
+their connection with the Company, besides misusing some native-born
+Scotchmen who had offended the House by subscribing their own money to a
+company formed in their own country, and according to their own laws.
+</p>
+<p>
+The managers of the scheme, supported by the general public of Scotland,
+entered a strong protest against the king's hostile interference of his
+Hamburg envoy. In his answer the king evaded what he was resolved not to
+grant, and yet could not in equity refuse. By the double dealing of the
+monarch the Company lost the active support of the subscribers in
+Hamburg and Holland.
+</p>
+<p>
+In spite of the desertion of her English and foreign subscribers the
+Scots, encouraged in their stubborn resolution, and flattered by hopes
+that captivated their imaginations, decided to enter the project alone.
+A stately house in Milne Square, then the most modern and fashionable
+part of Edinburgh, was purchased and fitted up for an office and
+warehouse. It was called the Scottish India House. Money poured faster
+than ever into the coffers of the Company. Operations were actively
+commenced during the month of May, 1696. Contracts were rapidly let and
+orders filled&mdash;smith and cutlery work at Falkirk; woollen stockings at
+Aberdeen; gloves and other leather goods at Perth; various metallic
+works, hats, shoes, tobacco-pipes, serges, linen cloth, bobwigs and
+periwigs, at Edinburgh; and for home-spun and home-woven woollen checks
+or tartan, to various parts of the Highlands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="house"  />
+<a id="illus05" name="illus05"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'>
+ <span class="smcap">Scottish India House</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+As the means for building ships in Scotland did not then exist, recourse
+was had to the dockyards of Amsterdam and Hamburg. At an expense of
+&pound;50,000 a few inferior ships were purchased, and fitted out as ships of
+war; for their constitution authorized them to make war both by land and
+sea. The vessels were finally fitted out at Leith, consisting of the
+Caledonia, the St. Andrew, the Unicorn, and the Dolphin, each armed with
+fifty guns and two tenders, the Endeavor and Pink, afterwards sunk at
+Darien; and among the commodities stored away were axes, iron wedges,
+knives, smiths', carpenters' and coopers' tools, barrels, guns, pistols,
+combs, shoes, hats, paper, tobacco-pipes, and, as was supposed,
+provisions enough to last eight months. The value of the cargo of the
+St. Andrew was estimated at &pound;4,006. The crew and colonists consisted of
+twelve hundred picked men, the greater part of whom were veterans who
+had served in king William's wars, and the remainder of Highlanders and
+others who had opposed the revolution, and three hundred gentlemen of
+family, desirous of trying their fortunes.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was on July 26, 1698, that the vessels weighed anchor and put out to
+sea. A wild insanity seized the entire population of Edinburgh as they
+came to witness the embarkation. Guards were kept busy holding back the
+eager crowd who pressed forward, and, stretching out their arms to their
+departing countrymen, clamored to be taken on board. Stowaways, when
+ordered on shore, madly clung to rope and mast, pleading in vain to be
+allowed to serve without pay on board the ships. Women sobbed and gasped
+for breath; men stood uncovered, and with downcast head and choked
+utterance invoked the blessing of the Beneficent Being. The banner of
+St. Andrew was hoisted at the admiral's mast; and as a light wind caught
+the sails, the roar of the vast multitude was heard far down the waters
+of the frith.
+</p>
+<p>
+The actual destination of the fleet was still a profound secret, save to
+a few. The supreme direction of the expedition was entrusted to a
+council of seven, to whom was entrusted all power, both civil and
+military. The voyage was long and the adventurers suffered much; the
+rations proved to be scanty, and of poor quality; and the fleet, afte
+passing the Orkneys and Ireland, touched at Madeira, where those who had
+fine clothes were glad to exchange them for provisions and wines. Having
+crossed the Atlantic, they first landed on an uninhabited islet lying
+between Porto Rico and St. Thomas, which they took possession of in the
+name of their country, and hoisted the white cross of St. Andrew. Being
+warned off for trespassing on the territory of the king of Denmark, and
+having procured the services of an old buccaneer, under whose pilotage
+they departed, on November 1st they anchored close to the Isthmus of
+Panama, having lost fifteen of their number during the voyage. On the
+4th they landed at Acla; founded there a settlement to which they gave
+the name of New St. Andrews; marked out the site for another town and
+called it New Edinburgh. The weather was genial and climate pleasant at
+the time of their arrival; the vegetation was luxuriant and promising;
+the natives were kind; and everything presaged a bright future for the
+fortune-seekers. They cut a canal through the neck of land that divided
+one side of the harbor from the ocean, and there constructed a fort,
+whereon they mounted fifty cannon. On a mountain, at the opposite side
+of the harbor, they built a watchhouse, where the extensive view
+prevented all danger of a surprise. Lands were purchased from the
+Indians, and messages of friendship were sent to the governors of the
+several Spanish provinces. As the amount of funds appropriated for the
+sustenance of the colony had been largely embezzled by those having the
+matter in charge, the people were soon out of provisions. Fishing and
+the chase were now the only sources, and as these were precarious, the
+colonists were soon on the verge of starvation. As the summer drew near
+the atmosphere became stifling, and the exhalations from the steaming
+soil, added to other causes, wrought death among the settlers. The
+mortality rose gradually to ten a day. Both the clergymen who
+accompanied the expedition were dead; one of them, Rev. Thomas James,
+died at sea before the colonists landed, and soon after the arrival Rev.
+Adam Scot succumbed. Paterson buried his wife in that soil, which, as he
+had assured his too credulous countrymen, exhaled health and vigor. Men
+passed to the hospital, and from thence to the grave, and the survivors
+were only kept alive through the friendly offices of the Indians.
+Affairs continued daily to grow worse. The Spaniards on the isthmus
+looked with complacency on the distress of the Scotchmen. No relief, and
+no tidings coming from Scotland, the survivors on June 22, 1699, less
+than eight months after their arrival, resolved to abandon the
+settlement. They re-embarked in three vessels, a weak and hopeless
+company, to sail whithersoever Providence might direct. Paterson, the
+first to embark at Leith, was the last to re-embark at Darien. He begged
+hard to be left behind with twenty or more companions to keep up a show
+of possession, and to await the next arrival from Scotland. His
+importunities were disregarded, and, utterly helpless, he was carried on
+board the St. Andrew, and soon after the vessels stood out to sea. The
+voyage was horrible. It might be compared to the horrors of a slave
+ship.
+</p>
+<p>
+The ocean kept secret the sufferings on board these pestilential ships
+until August 8th, when the Caledonia, commanded by Captain Robert
+Drummond, drifted into Sandy Hook, New York, having lost one hundred and
+three men since leaving Darien, and twelve more within four days after
+arrival, leaving but sixty-five men on board fit for handling ropes. The
+three ships, on leaving Darien, had three hundred each, including
+officers, crew and colonists. On August 13th, the Unicorn, commanded by
+Captain John Anderson, came into New York in a distressed condition,
+having lost her foremast, fore topmast, and mizzen mast. She lost one
+hundred and fifty men on the way. It appears that Captain Robert
+Pennicuik of the St. Andrew knew of the helpless condition of the
+Unicorn, and accorded no assistance.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> As might be expected, passion
+was engendered amidst this scene of misery. The squalid survivors, in
+the depths of their misery, raged fiercely against one another. Charges
+of incapacity, cruelty, brutal insolence, were hurled backward and
+forward. The rigid Presbyterians attributed the calamities to the
+wickedness of Jacobites, Prelatists, Sabbath-breakers and Atheists, as
+they denominated some of their fellow-sufferers. The accused parties, on
+the other hand, complained bitterly of the impertinence of meddling
+fanatics and hypocrites. Paterson was cruelly reviled, and was unable to
+defend himself. He sunk into a stupor, and became temporarily insane.
+</p>
+<p>
+The arrival of the two ships in New York awakened different emotions.
+There certainly was no danger of these miserable people doing any harm,
+and yet their appearance awakened apprehension, on account of orders
+received from the king. After the proclamations which had been issued
+against these miserable fugitives, it became a question of difficulty,
+since the governor of New York was absent in Boston, whether it was
+safe to provide the dying men with harborage and necessary food. Natural
+feelings overcame the difficulty; the more selfish and timid would have
+stood aloof and let fate take its course: there being a sufficient
+number of them to make the more generous feel that their efforts to save
+life were not made without risks. Even putting the most favorable
+construction on the act of the earl of Bellomont, governor of Rhode
+Island, who was appealed to for advice, by the lieutenant governor of
+New York, the colonists were provoked by the actions of those in
+authority. Bellomont, in his report to the Lords of Trade, under date of
+October 20, 1699, states that the sufferers drew up a memorial to the
+lieutenant governor for permission to buy provisions; would not act
+until Bellomont gave his instructions; latter thinks the colonists
+became insolent after being refreshed; and "your Lordships will see that
+I have been cautious enough in my orders to the lieutenant governor of
+New York, not to suffer the Scotch to buy more provisions, than would
+serve to carry them home to Scotland."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> On October 12th the Caledonia
+set sail from Sandy Hook, made the west coast of Ireland, November 11th,
+and on the 20th of same month anchored in the Sound of Islay, Scotland.
+</p>
+<p>
+The story of the Unicorn is soon told. "John Anderson, a Scotch
+Presbyterian, who commanded a ship to Darien in the Scottish expedition
+thither and on his return in at Amboy, N. Jersey, &amp; let his ship rot &amp;
+plundered her &amp; with ye plunder bought land."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The St. Andrew parted company with the Caledonia the second day after
+leaving the settlement, and two nights later saw the Unicorn almost
+wholly dismasted, and on the following day was pursued by the Baslavento
+fleet. They put into Jamaica, but were denied assistance, in obedience
+to king William's orders; and a British admiral, Bembo, refused to give
+them some men to assist in bringing the ship to the isle of Port Royal.
+During the voyage to Port Royal, they lost the commander, Captain
+Pennicuik, most of the officers and one hundred and thirty of the men,
+before landing, on August 9, 1699.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Dolphin, Captain Robert Pincarton, commander, used as a supply and
+trading ship, of fourteen guns, on February 5, 1699, struck a rock and
+ran ashore at Carthagena, the crew seized by the Spaniards, and in irons
+were put in dungeons as pirates. The Spaniards congratulated themselves
+on having captured a few of "the ruffians" who had been the terror and
+curse of their settlements for a century. They were formally condemned
+to death, but British interference succeeded in preventing the sentence
+on the crew from being executed.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the week following the departure of the expedition from Leith, the
+Scottish parliament met and unanimously adopted an address to the king,
+asking his support and countenance to the Darien colony. Notwithstanding
+this memorial the British monarch ordered the governors of Jamaica,
+Barbadoes and New York to refuse all supplies to the settlers. Up to
+this time the king had partly concealed his policy. No time was lost by
+the East India Companies in bringing every measure to bear in order to
+ruin the colony. To such length did rancor go that the Scotch commanders
+who should presume to enter English ports, even for repairs after a
+storm, were threatened with arrest. In obedience to the king's orders
+the governors issued proclamations, which they attempted strictly to
+enforce; and every species of relief, not only that which countrymen can
+claim of their fellow-subjects, and Christians of their
+fellow-Christians, and such as the veriest criminal has a right to
+demand, was denied the colonists of Darien. On May 12, 1699, there
+sailed from Leith the Olive Branch, Captain William Johnson, commander,
+and the Hopeful, under Captain Alexander Stark, with ample stores of
+provisions, and three hundred recruits, but did not arrive at Darien
+until eight weeks after the departure of the colonists. Finding that the
+settlement had been abandoned, and leaving six of their number, who
+preferred to remain, but were afterwards brought away, the Hopeful
+sailed for Jamaica, where she was seized and condemned as a prize. "The
+Olive Branch was unfortunately blown up at Caledonia" (Darien).<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Spaniards had not only become aggressive by seizing the Dolphin and
+incarcerating the officers and crew, but their government made no
+remonstrance against the invasion of its territory until May 3, 1699,
+when a memorial was presented to William by the Spanish ambassador
+stating that his sovereign looked on the proceedings as a rupture of the
+alliance between the two countries, and as a hostile invasion, and would
+take such measures as he thought best against the intruders. It is
+possible that at this time Spain would not have taken any action
+whatever, if William had pursued a different course; and seeing that the
+colonists had been abandoned and disowned by their own king, as if they
+had been vagabonds or outlaws, the Spaniards, in a manner, felt
+themselves invited to precipitate a crisis, which they accomplished.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the meantime the directors of the Darien Company were actively
+organizing another expedition and hastily sent out four more
+vessels&mdash;the Rising Sun, Captain James Gibson; the Hope, Captain James
+Miller; the Hope of Barrowstouness, Captain Richard Daling; and the Duke
+of Hamilton, Captain Walter Duncan; with thirteen hundred "good men well
+appointed," besides materials of war. This fleet left Greenock August
+18, 1699, but having been delayed by contrary winds, did not leave the
+Bay of Rothsay, Isle of Bute, until Sunday, September 24th. On Thursday,
+November 30, the fleet reached its destination, after considerable
+suffering and some deaths on board. These vessels contained engineers,
+fire-workers, bombardiers, battery guns of twenty-four pounds, mortars
+and bombs. The number of men mentioned included over three hundred
+Highlanders, chiefly from the estate of Captain Alexander Campbell of
+Fonab, most of whom had served under him, in Flanders, in Lorn's
+regiment. During the voyage the Hope was cast away. Captain Miller
+loaded the long boat very deep with provisions, goods and arms, and
+proceeded towards Havana. He arrived safely at Darien.
+</p>
+<p>
+A large proportion of the second expedition belonged to the military,
+and were organized. Among the Highland officers are noticed the
+following names: Captains Colin Campbell, Thomas McIntosh, James
+Urquhart, Alexander Stewart, &mdash;&mdash; Ferquhar, and &mdash;&mdash; Grant; Lieutenants
+Charles Stewart, Samuel Johnston, John Campbell and Walter Graham;
+Ensigns Hugh Campbell and Robert Colquhon, and Sergeant Campbell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The members of this expedition were greatly disappointed on their
+arrival. They fully expected to find a secure fortification, a
+flourishing town, cultivated fields, and a warm reception. Instead they
+found a wilderness; the castle in ruins; the huts burned, and grass
+growing over the ruins. Their hearts sank within them; for this fleet
+had not been fitted out to found a colony, but to recruit and protect
+one already in a flourishing condition. They were worse provided with
+the necessaries of life than their predecessors had been. They made
+feeble attempts to restore the ruins. They constructed a fort on the old
+grounds; and within the ramparts built a hamlet consisting of about
+eighty-five cabins, generally of twelve feet by ten. The work went
+slowly on, without hope or encouragement. Despondency and discontent
+pervaded all ranks. The provisions became scanty, and unfair dealing
+resorted to. There were plots and factions formed, and one malcontent
+hanged. Nor was the ecclesiastical part happily arranged. The provision
+made by the General Assembly was as defective as the provision for the
+temporal wants had been made by the directors of the company. Of the
+four divines, one of them, Alexander Dalgleish, died at sea, on board of
+Captain Duncan's vessel. They were all of the established church of
+Scotland, who had the strongest sympathy with the Cameronians. They were
+at war with almost all the colonists. The antagonisms between priest and
+people were extravagant and fatal. They described their flocks as the
+most profligate of mankind, and declared it was most impossible to
+constitute a presbytery, for it was impossible to find persons fit to be
+ruling elders of a Christian church. This part of the trouble can easily
+be accounted for. One-third of the people were Highlanders, who did not
+understand a word of English, and not one of the pastors knew a word of
+Gaelic; and only through interpreters could they converse with this
+large body of men. It is also more than probable that many of these men,
+trained to war, had more or less of a tendency to fling off every
+corrective band. Both Rev. John Borland and Rev. Alexander Shiels,
+author of the "Hynd let Loose," were stern fanatics who would tolerate
+nothing diverging a shade from their own code of principles. They
+treated the people as persons under their spiritual authority, and
+required of them fastings, humiliations, and long attendance on sermons
+and exhortations. Such pastors were treated with contempt and ignominy
+by men scarcely inclined to bear ecclesiastical authority, even in its
+lightest form. They mistook their mission, which was to give Christian
+counsel, and to lead gently and with dignity from error into rectitude.
+Instead of this they fell upon the flock like irritated schoolmasters
+who find their pupils in mutiny. They became angry and dominative; and
+the more they thus exhibited themselves, the more scorn and contumely
+they encountered. Meanwhile two trading sloops arrived in the harbor
+with a small stock of provisions; but the supply was inadequate; so five
+hundred of the party were ordered to embark for Scotland.
+</p>
+<p>
+The news of the abandonment of the settlement by the first expedition
+was first rumored in London during the middle of September, 1699.
+Letters giving such accounts had been received from Jamaica. The report
+reached Edinburgh on the 19th, but was received with scornful
+incredulity. It was declared to be an impudent lie devised by some
+Englishmen who could not endure the sight of Scotland waxing great and
+opulent. On October 4th the whole truth was known, for letters had been
+received from New York announcing that a few miserable men, the remains
+of the colony, had arrived in the Hudson. Grief, dismay, and rage seized
+the nation. The directors in their rage called the colonists
+white-livered deserters. Accurate accounts brought the realization of
+the truth that hundreds of families, once in comparative opulence, were
+now reduced almost to beggary, and the flower of the nation had either
+succumbed to hardships, or else were languishing in prisons in the
+Spanish settlements, or else starving in English colonies. The
+bitterness of disappointment was succeeded by an implacable hostility to
+the king, who was denounced in pamphlets of the most violent and
+inflammatory character, calling him a hypocrite, and a deceiver of those
+who had shed their best blood in his cause, and the author of the
+misfortunes of Scotland. Indemnification, redress, and revenge were
+demanded by every mouth, and each hand was ready to vouch for the claim.
+Never had just such a feeling existed in Scotland. It became a useless
+possession to the king, for he could not wring one penny from that
+kingdom for the public service, and, what was more important to him, he
+could not induce one recruit for his continental wars. William continued
+to remain indifferent to all complaints of hardships and petitions of
+redress, unless when he showed himself irritated by the importunity of
+the suppliants, and hurt at being obliged to evade what it was
+impossible for him, with the least semblance of justice to refuse. The
+feeling against William long continued in Scotland. As late as November
+5, 1788, when it was proposed that a monument should be erected in
+Edinburgh to his memory, there appeared in one of the papers an
+anonymous communication ironically applauding the undertaking, and
+proposing as two subjects of the entablature, for the base of the
+projected column, the massacre of Glencoe and the distresses of the
+Scottish colonists in Darien. On the appearance of this article the
+project was very properly and righteously abandoned. The result of the
+Darien Scheme and the cold-blooded policy of William made the Scottish
+nation ripe for rebellion. Had there been even one member of the exiled
+house of Stuart equal to the occasion, that family could then have
+returned to Scotland amid the joys and acclamations of the nation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Amidst the disasters of the first expedition the directors of the
+company were not unmindful of the fate of those who had sailed in the
+last fleet. These people must be promptly succored. The company hired
+the ship Margaret, commanded by Captain Leonard Robertson, which sailed
+from Dundee, March 9, 1700; but what was of greater importance was the
+commission given to Captain Alexander Campbell of Fonab, under date of
+October 10, 1699, making him a councillor of the company and investing
+him with "the chief and supreme command, both by sea and by land, of all
+ships, men, forts, settlements, lands, possessions, and others
+whatsoever belonging to the said company in any part or parts of
+America,"<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> with instructions to lose no time in taking passage for
+Jamaica, or the Leeward Islands and there secure a vessel, with three or
+four months' provisions for the colony. Arriving at the Barbadoes, he
+then purchased a vessel with a cargo of provisions, and on January 24,
+1700, sailed for Darien, which he reached February 5th, and just in time
+to be of active service; for intelligence had reached the colony that
+fifteen hundred Spaniards lay encamped on the Rio Santa Maria, waiting
+the arrival of an armament of eleven ships, with troops on board,
+destined to attack Ft. St. Andrew. Captain Campbell of Fonab, who had
+gained for himself great reputation in Flanders as an approved warrior,
+resolved to anticipate the enemy, and at once mustering two hundred of
+his veteran troops, accompanied by sixty Indians, marched over the
+mountains, and fell on the Spanish camp by night, and dispersed them
+with great slaughter, with a loss to the colony of nine killed and
+fourteen wounded, among the latter being their gallant commander. The
+Spaniards could not withstand the tumultuous rush of the Highlanders,
+and in precipitate flight left a large number of their dead upon the
+field. The little band, among the spoils, brought back the Spanish
+commander's decoration of the "Golden Fleece." When they recrossed the
+mountains it was to find their poor countrymen blockaded by five Spanish
+men-of-war. Campbell, and others, believing that no inequalities
+justified submission to such an enemy, determined on resistance, but
+soon discovered that resistance was in vain, when they could only depend
+on diseased, starving and broken-hearted men. As the Spaniards would not
+include Captain Campbell in the terms of capitulation, he managed, with
+several companions, dexterously to escape in a small vessel, sailed for
+New York, and from thence to Scotland. The defence of the colony under
+Fonab's genius had been heroic. When ammunition had given out, their
+pewter dishes were fashioned into cannon balls. On March 18, 1700, the
+colonists capitulated on honorable terms. It was a received popular
+opinion in Scotland that none of those who were concerned in the
+surrender ever returned to their native country. So weak were the
+survivors, and so few in numbers, that they were unable to weigh the
+anchor of their largest ship until the Spaniards came to their
+assistance. What became of them? Their melancholy tale is soon told.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Earl of Bellomont, writing to the Lords of the Admiralty, under
+date, New York, October 15, 1700, says:<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Some Scotchmen are newly come hither from Carolina that belonged to
+the ship Rising Sun (the biggest ship they set out for their
+Caledonia expedition) who tell me that on the third of last month a
+hurricane happened on that coast, as that ship lay at anchor, within
+less than three leagues of Charles Town in Carolina with another
+Scotch ship called the Duke of Hamilton, and three or four others;
+that the ships were all shattered in pieces and all the people lost,
+and not a man saved. The Rising Sun had 112 men on board. The Scotch
+men that are come hither say that 15 of 'em went on shore before the
+storm to buy fresh provisions at Charles Town by which means they
+were saved. Two other of their ships they suppose were lost in the
+Gulph of Florida in the same storm. They came all from Jamaica and
+were bound hither to take in provisions on their way to Scotland. The
+Rising Sun had 60 guns mounted and could have carryed many more, as
+they tell me."</p></div>
+<p>
+The colonists found a watery grave. No friendly hand nor sympathizing
+tear soothed their dying moments; no clergyman eulogized their heroism,
+self-sacrifice and virtues; no orator has pronounced a panegyric; no
+poet has embalmed their memory in song, and no novelist has taken their
+record for a fanciful story. Since their mission was a failure their
+memory is doomed to rest without marble monument or graven image. To the
+merciful and the just they will be honored as heroes and pioneers.
+</p>
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The Darien Papers, pp. 371-417.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "Darien Papers," pp 195, 275.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. IV,
+p. 591.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. V, p. 335.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> "Darien Papers," p. 150.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "Darien Papers," p. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> "Darien Papers," p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> "Documents Relating to Colonial History of New York," Vol.
+IV, p. 711.</p></div></div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+<h3>
+<span class="smcap">The Highlanders in North Carolina.</span></h3>
+
+<p>
+The earliest, largest and most important settlement of Highlanders in
+America, prior to the Peace of 1783, was in North Carolina, along Cape
+Fear River, about one hundred miles from its mouth, and in what was then
+Bladen, but now Cumberland County. The time when the Highlanders began
+to occupy this territory is not definitely known; but some were located
+there in 1729, at the time of the separation of the province into North
+and South Carolina. It is not known what motive caused the first
+settlers to select that region. There was no leading clan in this
+movement, for various ones were well represented. At the headwaters of
+navigation these pioneers literally pitched their tent in the
+wilderness, for there were but few human abodes to offer them shelter.
+The chief occupants of the soil were the wild deer, turkeys, wolves,
+raccoons, opossums, with huge rattlesnakes to contest the intrusion.
+Fortunately for the homeless immigrant the climate was genial, and the
+stately tree would afford him shelter while he constructed a house out
+of logs proffered by the forest. Soon they began to fell the primeval
+forest, grub, drain, and clear the rich alluvial lands bordering on the
+river, and plant such vegetables as were to give them subsistence.
+</p>
+<p>
+In course of time a town was formed, called Campbellton, then Cross
+Creek, and after the Revolution, in honor of the great Frenchman, who
+was so truly loyal to Washington, it was permanently changed to
+Fayetteville.
+</p>
+<p>
+The immigration to North Carolina was accelerated, not only by the
+accounts sent back to the Highlanders of Scotland by the first settlers,
+but particularly under the patronage of Gabriel Johnston, governor of
+the province from 1734 until his death in 1752. He was born in Scotland,
+educated at the University of St. Andrews, where he became professor of
+Oriental languages, and still later a political writer in London. He
+bears the reputation of having done more to promote the prosperity of
+North Carolina than all its other colonial governors combined. However,
+he was often arbitrary and unwise with his power, besides having the
+usual misfortune of colonial governors of being at variance with the
+legislature. He was very partial to the people of his native country,
+and sought to better their condition by inducing them to emigrate to
+North Carolina. Among the charges brought against him, in 1748, was his
+inordinate fondness for Scotchmen, and even Scotch rebels. So great, it
+was alleged, was his partiality for the latter that he showed no joy
+over the king's "glorious victory of Culloden;" and "that he had
+appointed one William McGregor, who had been in the Rebellion in the
+year 1715, a Justice of the Peace during the late Rebellion (1745) and
+was not himself without suspicion of disaffection to His Majesty's
+Government."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The "Colonial Records of North Carolina" contain many distinctively
+Highland names, most of which refer to persons whose nativity was in the
+Scottish Highlands; but these furnish no certain criterion, for
+doubtless some of the parties, though of Highland parents, were born in
+the older provinces, while in later colonial history others belong to
+the Scotch-Irish, who came in that great wave of migration from Ulster,
+and found a lodgment upon the headwaters of the Cape Fear, Pee Dee and
+Neuse. Many of the early Highland emigrants were very prominent in the
+annals of the colony, among whom none were more so than Colonel James
+Innes, who was born about the year 1700 at Cannisbay, a town on the
+extreme northern point of the coast of Scotland. He was a personal
+friend of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, who in 1754 appointed him
+commander-in-chief of all the forces in the expedition to the
+Ohio,&mdash;George Washington being the colonel commanding the Virginia
+regiment. He had previously seen some service as a captain in the
+unsuccessful expedition against Carthagenia.
+</p>
+<p>
+The real impetus of the Highland emigration to North Carolina was the
+arrival, in 1739, of a "shipload," under the guidance of Neil McNeill,
+of Kintyre, Scotland, who settled also on the Cape Fear, amongst those
+who had preceded him. Here he found Hector McNeill, called "Bluff
+Hector," from his residence near the bluffs above Cross Creek.
+</p>
+<p>
+Neil McNeill, with his countrymen, landed on the Cape Fear during the
+month of September. They numbered three hundred and fifty souls,
+principally from Argyleshire. At the ensuing session of the legislature
+they made application for substantial encouragement, that they might
+thereby be able to induce the rest of their friends and acquaintances to
+settle in the country. While this petition was pending, in order to
+encourage them and others and also to show his good will, the governor
+appointed, by the council of the province, a certain number of them
+justices of the peace, the commissions bearing date of February 28,
+1740. The proceedings show that it was "ordered that a new commission of
+peace for Bladen directed to the following persons: Mathew Rowan, Wm.
+Forbes, Hugh Blaning, John Clayton, Robert Hamilton, Griffeth Jones,
+James Lyon, Duncan Campbel, Dugold McNeil, Dan McNeil, Wm. Bartram and
+Samuel Baker hereby constituting and appointing them Justices of the
+Peace for the said county."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+These were the first so appointed. The petition was first heard in the
+upper house of the legislature, at Newbern, and on January 26, 1740, the
+following action was taken:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Resolved, that the Persons mentioned in said Petition, shall be free
+from payment of any Publick or County tax for Ten years next ensuing
+their Arrival.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Resolved, that towards their subsistence the sum of one thousand
+pounds be paid out of the Publick money, by His Excellency's warrant
+to be lodged with Duncan Campbell, Dugald McNeal, Daniel McNeal.
+Coll. McAlister and Neal McNeal Esqrs., to be by them distributed
+among the several families in the said Petition mentioned.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Resolved, that as an encouragement for Protestants to remove from
+Europe into this Province, to settle themselves in bodys or
+Townships, That all such as shall so remove into this Province.
+Provided they exceed forty persons in one body or Company, they shall
+be exempted from payment of any Publick or County tax for the space
+of Ten years, next ensuing their Arrival.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Resolved, that an address be presented to his Excellency the
+Governor to desire him to use his Interest, in such manner, as he
+shall think most proper to obtain an Instruction for giveing
+encouragement to Protestants from foreign parts, to settle in
+Townships within this Province, to be set apart for that purpose
+after the manner, and with such priviledges and advantages, as is
+practised in South Carolina."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+The petition was concurred in by the lower house on February 21st, and
+on the 26th, after reciting the action of the upper house in relation to
+the petition, passed the following:<br />
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Resolved, That this House concurs with the several Resolves of the
+Upper House in the abovesd Message Except that relateing to the
+thousand pounds which this House refers till next Session of Assembly
+for Consideration."<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+At a meeting of the council held at Wilmington, June 4, 1740, there were
+presented petitions for patents of lands, by the following persons,
+giving acres and location, as granted:<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="grants" width='600'>
+<tr><td align='left'>Name.</td><td align='right'>Acres.</td><td align='center'>County.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thos Clark</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>N. Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James McLachlan</td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hector McNeil</td><td align='right'>300</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='right'>150</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James McAlister</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James McDugald</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='right'>75</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hugh McCraine</td><td align='right'>500</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gilbert Pattison</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rich Lovett</td><td align='right'>855</td><td align='center'>Tyrrel</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rd Earl</td><td align='right'>108</td><td align='center'>N. Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno McFerson</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='right'>300</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neil McNeil</td><td align='right'>150</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='right'>140</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno Clark</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Malcolm McNeil</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neil McNeil</td><td align='right'>400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arch Bug</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbel</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jas McLachlen</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Murdock McBraine</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jas Campbel</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Patric Stewart</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arch Campley</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dan McNeil</td><td align='right'>105, (400), 400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neil McNeil</td><td align='right'>400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbel</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno Martileer</td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daniel McNeil</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm Stevens</td><td align='right'>300</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dan McNeil</td><td align='right'>400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jas McLachlen</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm Spei</td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='center'>Edgecombe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno Clayton</td><td align='right'>100</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sam Portevint</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>N. Hanover</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles Harrison</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robt Walker</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jas Smalwood</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm Faris</td><td align='right'>400, 640, 640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Richd Carlton</td><td align='right'>180</td><td align='center'>Craven</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbel</td><td align='right'>150</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neil McNeil</td><td align='right'> 321</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alex McKey</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry Skibley</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno Owen</td><td align='right'>200</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbel</td><td align='right'>400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dougal Stewart</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arch Douglass</td><td align='right'>200</td><td align='center'>N. Hanover</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Murray</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robt Clark</td><td align='right'>200</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duncan Campbel</td><td align='right'>148</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James McLachlen</td><td align='right'>320</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arch McGill</td><td align='right'>500</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jno Speir</td><td align='right'>100</td><td align='center'>Edgecombe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Fergus</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rufus Marsden</td><td align='right'>640</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hugh Blaning</td><td align='right'>320 (surplus land)</td><td align='center'>Bladen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Robt Hardy</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='center'>Beaufort</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm Jones</td><td align='right'>354, 350</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+All the above names, by no means are Highland; but as they occur in the
+same list, in all probability, came on the same ship, and were probably
+connected by kindred ties with the Gaels.
+</p>
+<p>
+The colony was destined soon to receive a great influx from the
+Highlands of Scotland, due to the frightful oppression and persecution
+which immediately followed the battle of Culloden. Not satisfied with
+the merciless harrying of the Highlands, the English army on its return
+into England carried with it a large number of prisoners, and after a
+hasty military trial many were publicly executed. Twenty-two suffered
+death in Yorkshire; seventeen were put to death in Cumberland; and
+seventeen at Kennington Common, near London. When the king's vengeance
+had been fully glutted, he pardoned a large number, on condition of
+their leaving the British Isles and emigrating to the plantations, after
+having first taken the oath of allegiance.
+</p>
+<p>
+The collapsing of the romantic scheme to re-establish the Stuart
+dynasty, in which so many brave and generous mountaineers were enlisted,
+also brought an indiscriminate national punishment upon the Scottish
+Gaels, for a blow was struck not only at those "who were out" with
+prince Charles, but also those who fought for the reigning dynasty. Left
+without chief, or protector, clanship broken up, homes destroyed and
+kindred murdered, dispirited, outlawed, insulted and without hope of
+palliation or redress, the only ray of light pointed across the Atlantic
+where peace and rest were to be found in the unbroken forests of North
+Carolina. Hence, during the years 1746 and 1747, great numbers of
+Highlanders, with their families and the families of their friends,
+removed to North Carolina and settled along the Cape Fear river,
+covering a great space of country, of which Cross Creek, or Campbelton,
+now Fayetteville, was the common center. This region received shipload
+after shipload of the harrassed, down-trodden and maligned people. The
+emigration, forced by royal persecution and authority, was carried on by
+those who desired to improve their condition, by owning the land they
+tilled. In a few years large companies of Highlanders joined their
+countrymen in Bladen County, which has since been subdivided into the
+counties of Anson, Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Richmond, Robeson and
+Sampson, but the greater portion established themselves within the
+present limits of Cumberland, with Fayetteville the seat of justice.
+There was in fact a Carolina mania which was not broken until the
+beginning of the Revolution.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The flame of enthusiasm passed like
+wildfire through the Highland glens and Western Isles. It pervaded all
+classes, from the poorest crofter to the well-to-do farmer, and even men
+of easy competence, who were according to the appropriate song of the
+day,
+</p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"Dol a dh'iarruidh an fhortain do North Carolina."</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Large ocean crafts, from several of the Western Lochs, laden with
+hundreds of passengers sailed direct for the far west. In that day this
+was a great undertaking, fraught with perils of the sea, and a long,
+comfortless voyage. Yet all this was preferable than the homes they
+loved so well; but no longer homes to them! They carried with them their
+language, their religion, their manners, their customs and costumes. In
+short, it was a Highland community transplanted to more hospitable
+shores.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers of Highlanders at any given period can only relatively be
+known. In 1753 it was estimated that in Cumberland County there were one
+thousand Highlanders capable of bearing arms, which would make the whole
+number between four and five thousand,&mdash;to say nothing of those in the
+adjoining districts, besides those scattered in the other counties of
+the province.</p>
+
+<p>The people at once settled quietly and devoted their energies to
+improving their lands. The country rapidly developed and wealth began to
+drop into the lap of the industrious. The social claims were not
+forgotten, and the political demands were attended to. It is recorded
+that in 1758 Hector McNeil was sheriff of Cumberland County, and as his
+salary was but &pound;10, it indicates his services were not in demand, and
+there was a healthy condition of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Hector McNeil and Alexander McCollister represented Cumberland County in
+the legislature that assembled at Wilmington April 13, 1762. In 1764 the
+members were Farquhar Campbell and Walter Gibson,&mdash;the former being
+also a member in 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1775, and during this period one
+of the leading men, not only of the county, but also of the legislature.
+Had he, during the Revolution, taken a consistent position in harmony
+with his former acts, he would have been one of the foremost patriots of
+his adopted state; but owing to his vacillating character, his course of
+conduct inured to his discomfiture and reputation.</p>
+
+<p>The legislative body was clothed with sufficient powers to ameliorate
+individual distress, and was frequently appealed to for relief. In quite
+a list of names, seeking relief from "Public duties and Taxes," April
+16, 1762, is that of Hugh McClean, of Cumberland county. The relief was
+granted. This would indicate that there was more or less of a struggle
+in attaining an independent home, which the legislative body desired to
+assist in as much as possible, in justice to the commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>The Peace of 1763 not only saw the American Colonies prosperous, but
+they so continued, making great strides in development and growth.
+England began to look towards them as a source for additional revenue
+towards filling her depleted exchequer; and, in order to realize this,
+in March, 1765, her parliament passed, by great majorities, the
+celebrated act for imposing stamp duties in America. All America was
+soon in a foment. The people of North Carolina had always asserted their
+liberties on the subject of taxation. As early as 1716, when the
+province, all told, contained only eight thousand inhabitants, they
+entered upon the journal of their assembly the formal declaration "that
+the impressing of the inhabitants or their property under pretence of
+its being for the public service without authority of the Assembly, was
+unwarrantable and a great infringement upon the liberty of the subject."
+In 1760 the Assembly declared its indubitable right to frame and model
+every bill whereby an aid was granted to the king. In 1764 it entered
+upon its journal a peremptory order that the treasurer should not pay
+out any money by order of the governor and council without the
+concurrence of the assembly.</p>
+
+<p>William Tryon assumed the duties of governor March 28, 1765, and
+immediately after he took charge of affairs the assembly was called, but
+within two weeks he prorogued it; said to have been done in consequence
+of an interview with the speaker of the assembly, Mr. Ashe, who, in
+answer to a question by the governor on the Stamp Act, replied, "We will
+fight it to the death." The North Carolina records show it was fought
+even to "the death."</p>
+
+<p>The prevalent excitement seized the Highlanders along the Cape Fear. A
+letter appeared in "The North Carolina Gazette," dated at Cross Creek,
+January 30, 1766, in which the writer urges the people by every
+consideration, in the name of "dear Liberty" to rise in their might and
+put a stop to the seizures then in progress. He asks the people if they
+have "lost their senses and their souls, and are they determined tamely
+to submit to slavery." Nor did the matter end here; for, the people of
+Cross Creek gave vent to their resentment by burning lord Bute in
+effigy.</p>
+
+<p>Just how far statistics represent the wealth of a people may not be
+wholly determined. At this period of the history, referring to a return
+of the counties, in 1767, it is stated that Anson county, called also
+parish of St. George, had six hundred and ninety-six white taxables,
+that the people were in general poor and unable to, support a minister.
+Bladen county, or St. Martin's parish, had seven hundred and ninety-one
+taxable whites, and the inhabitants in middling circumstances.
+Cumberland, or St. David's parish, had eight hundred and ninety-nine
+taxable whites, "mostly Scotch&mdash;Support a Presbyterian Minister."</p>
+
+<p>The Colonial Records of North Carolina do not exhibit a list of the
+emigrants, and seldom refer to the ship by name. Occasionally, however,
+a list has been preserved in the minutes of the official proceedings.
+Hence it may be read that on November 4, 1767, there landed at
+Brunswick, from the Isle of Jura, Argyleshire, Scotland, the following
+names of families and persons, to whom were allotted vacant lands, clear
+of all fees, to be taken up in Cumberland or Mecklenburgh counties, at
+their option:</p>
+
+<table summary='allotments' width='600' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan='2'>Names of Families
+</td>
+<td colspan='2' align='center'>Children
+</td>
+<td rowspan='2'> Total
+</td>
+<td rowspan='2'> Acres to each Family
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Male
+</td>
+<td>Female
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Alexander McDougald and wife
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Malcolm McDougald &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td  align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td  align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Neill McLean&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;" &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td  align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td  align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Duncan McLean &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>2
+</td>
+<td align='center'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Duncan Buea&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Angus McDougald&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;   &nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>2
+</td>
+<td align='center'>200
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dougald McDougald&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>6
+</td>
+<td align='center'>640
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dougald McDougald&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"
+</td>
+<td align='center'>2
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>4
+</td>
+<td align='center'>400
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John Campbell&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Archibald Buea&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  "
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>3
+</td>
+<td align='center'>300
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Neill Buea
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Angus McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Donald McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Donald McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Alexander McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Neill Clark
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>John McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Peter McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Malcolm Buea
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Duncan Buea
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mary Buea
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nancy McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Peggy Sinclair
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Peggy McDougald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jenny Darach
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Donald McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'>1
+</td>
+<td align='center'>100
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p>
+These names show they were from Argyleshire, and probably from the Isle
+of Mull, and the immediate vicinity of the present city of Oban.
+</p>
+<p>
+The year 1771 witnessed civil strife in North Carolina. The War of the
+Regulators was caused by oppression in disproportionate taxation; no
+method for payment of taxes in produce, as in other counties; unfairness
+in transactions of business by officials; the privilege exercised by
+lawyers to commence suits in any court they pleased, and unlawful fees
+extorted. The assembly was petitioned in vain on these points, and on
+account of these wrongs the people of the western districts attempted to
+gain by force what was denied them by peaceable means.
+</p>
+<p>
+One of the most surprising things about this war is that it was
+ruthlessly stamped out by the very people of the eastern part of the
+province who themselves had been foremost in rebellion against the Stamp
+Act. And, furthermore, to be leaders against Great Britain in less than
+five years from the battle of the Alamance. Nor did they appear in the
+least to be willing to concede justice to their western brethren, until
+the formation of the state constitution, in 1776, when thirteen, out of
+the forty-seven sections, of that instrument embodied the reforms sought
+for by the Regulators.
+</p>
+<p>
+On March 10, 1771, Governor Tryon apportioned the number of troops for
+each county which were to march against the insurgents. In this
+allotment fifty each fell to Cumberland, Bladen, and Anson counties.
+Farquhar Campbell was given a captain's commission, and two commissions
+in blank for lieutenant and ensign, besides a draft for &pound;150, to be used
+as bounty money to the enlisted men, and other expenses. As soon as his
+company was raised, he was ordered to join, as he thought expedient,
+either the westward or eastward detachment. The date of his orders is
+April 18, 1771. Captain Campbell had expressed himself as being able to
+raise the complement.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> The records do not show whether or not Captain
+Campbell and his company took an active part.
+</p>
+<p>
+It cannot be affirmed that the expedition against the Regulators was a
+popular one. When the militia was called out, there arose trouble in
+Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, Pitt and Edgecombe counties, with no troops
+from the Albemarle section. In Bute county where there was a regiment
+eight hundred strong, when called upon for fifty volunteers, all broke
+rank, without orders, declaring that they were in sympathy with the
+Regulators.
+</p>
+<p>
+The freeholders living near Campbelton on March 13, 1772, petitioned
+Governor Martin for a change in the charter of their town, alleging that
+as Campbelton was a trading town persons temporarily residing there
+voted, and thus the power of election was thrown into their hands,
+because the property owners were fewer in numbers. They desired "a new
+Charter impowering all persons, being Freeholders within two miles of
+the Courthouse of Campbelton or seized of an Estate for their own, or
+the life of any other person in any dwelling-house (such house having a
+stone or brick Chimney thereunto belonging and appendent) to elect a
+Member to represent them in General Assembly. Whereby we humbly conceive
+that the right of election will be lodged with those who only have right
+to Claim it and the purposes for which the Charter was granted to
+encourage Merchants of property to settle there fully answered."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the names signed to this petition are those of Neill MacArther,
+Alexr. MacArther, James McDonald, Benja. McNatt, Ferqd. Campbell, and A.
+Maclaine. The charter was granted.
+</p>
+<p>
+The people of Cumberland county had a care for their own interests, and
+fully appreciated the value of public buildings. Partly by their
+efforts, the upper legislative house, on February 24, 1773, passed a
+bill for laying out a public road from the Dan through the counties of
+Guilford, Chatham and Cumberland to Campbelton. On the 26th same month,
+the same house passed a bill for regulating the borough of Campbelton,
+and erecting public buildings therein, consisting of court house, gaol,
+pillory and stocks, naming the following persons to be commissioners:
+Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell, Richard Lyon, Robert Nelson,
+and Robert Cochran.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The same year Cumberland county paid in
+quit-rents, fines and forfeitures the sum of &pound;206.
+</p>
+<p>
+In September, 1773, a boy named Reynold McDugal was condemned for
+murder. His youthful appearance, looking to be but thirteen, though
+really eighteen years of age, enlisted the sympathy of a great many, who
+petitioned for clemency, which was granted. To this petition were
+
+attached such Highland names as, Angus Camel, Alexr. McKlarty, James
+McKlarty, Malcolm McBride, Neil McCoulskey, Donald McKeithen, Duncan
+McKeithen, Gilbert McKeithen, Archibald McKeithen, Daniel McFarther,
+John McFarther, Daniel Graham, Malcolm Graham, Malcolm McFarland,
+Murdock Graham, Michael Graham, John McKown, Robert McKown, William
+McKown, Daniel Campbell, John Campbell. Iver McKay, John McLeod, Alexr.
+Graham, Evin McMullan, John McDuffie, William McNeil. Andw. McCleland.
+John McCleland, Wm. McRei, Archd. McCoulsky, James McCoulsky, Chas.
+McNaughton, Jno. McLason.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Highland clans were fairly represented, with a preponderance in
+favor of the McNeils. They still wore their distinctive costume, the
+plaid, the kilt, and the sporan,&mdash;and mingled together, as though they
+constituted but one family. A change now began to take place and rapidly
+took on mammoth proportions. The MacDonalds of Raasay and Skye became
+impatient under coercion and set out in great numbers for North
+Carolina. Among them was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough, and his famous
+wife, the heroine Flora, who arrived in 1774. Allan MacDonald succeeded
+to the estate of Kingsburgh in 1772, on the death of his father, but
+finding it incumbered with debt, and embarrassed in his affairs, he
+resolved in 1773 to go to North Carolina, and there hoped to mend his
+fortunes. He settled in Anson county. Although somewhat aged, he had the
+graceful mien and manly looks of a gallant Highlander. He had jet black
+hair tied behind, and was a large, stately man, with a steady, sensible
+countenance. He wore his tartan thrown about him, a large blue bonnet
+with a knot of black ribbon like a cockade, a brown short coat, a tartan
+waistcoat with gold buttons and gold button holes, a bluish philabeg,
+and tartan hose. At once he took precedence among his countrymen,
+becoming their leader and adviser. The Macdonalds, by 1775, were so
+numerous in Cumberland county as to be called the "Clan Donald," and the
+insurrection of February, 1776, is still known as the "Insurrection of
+the Clan MacDonald."
+</p>
+<p>
+Little did the late comers know or realize the gathering storm. The
+people of the West Highlands, so remote from the outside world, could
+not apprehend the spirit of liberty that was being awakened in the
+Thirteen Colonies. Or, if they heard of it, the report found no special
+lodgement. In short, there were but few capable of realizing what the
+outcome would be. Up to the very breaking out of hostilities the clans
+poured forth emigrants into North Carolina.
+</p>
+<p>
+Matters long brewing now began to culminate and evil days grew apace.
+The ruling powers of England refused to understand the rights of
+America, and their king rushed headlong into war. The colonists had
+suffered long and patiently, but when the overt act came they appealed
+to arms. Long they bore misrule. An English king, of his own whim, or
+the favoritism of a minister, or the caprice of a woman good or bad, or
+for money in hand paid, selected the governor, chief justice, secretary,
+receiver-general, and attorney-general for the province. The governor
+selected the members of the council, the associate judges, the
+magistrates, and the sheriffs. The clerks of the county courts and the
+register of deeds were selected by the clerk of pleas, who having bought
+his office in England came to North Carolina and peddled out "county
+rights" at prices ranging from &pound;4 to &pound;40 annual rent per county.
+Scandalous abuses accumulated, especially under such governors as were
+usually chosen. The people were still loyal to England, even after the
+first clash of arms, but the open rupture rapidly prepared them for
+independence. The open revolt needed only the match. When that was
+applied, a continent was soon ablaze, controlled by a lofty patriotism.
+</p>
+<p>
+The steps taken by the leaders of public sentiment in America were
+prudent and statesmanlike. Continental and Provincial Congresses were
+created. The first in North Carolina convened at Newbern, August 25,
+1774. Cumberland county was represented by Farquhard Campbell and Thomas
+Rutherford. The Second Congress convened at the same place April 30,
+1775. Again the same parties represented Cumberland county, with an
+additional one for Campbelton in the person of Robert Rowan. At this
+time the Highlanders were in sympathy with the people of their adopted
+country. But not all, for on July 3rd, Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough
+went to Fort Johnson, and concerted with Governor Martin the raising of
+a battalion of "the good and faithful Highlanders." He fully calculated
+on the recently settled MacDonalds and MacLeods. All who took part in
+the Second Congress were not prepared to take or realize the logic of
+their position, and what would be the final result.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Highlanders soon became an object of consideration to the leaders
+on both sides of the controversy. They were numerically strong,
+increasing in numbers, and their military qualities beyond question.
+Active efforts were put forth in order to induce them to throw the
+weight of their decision both to the patriot cause and also to that of
+the king. Consequently emissaries were sent amongst them. The prevalent
+impression was that they had a strong inclination towards the royalist
+cause, and that party took every precaution to cement their loyalty.
+Even the religious side of their natures was wrought upon.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Americans early saw the advantage of decisive steps. In a letter
+from Joseph Hewes, John Penn, and William Hooper, the North Carolina
+delegates to the Continental Congress, to the members of the Provincial
+Congress, under date of December 1, 1775, occurs the admission that "in
+our attention to military preparations we have not lost sight of a means
+of safety to be effected by the power of the pulpit, reasoning and
+persuasion. We know the respect which the Regulators and Highlanders
+entertain for the clergy; they still feel the impressions of a religious
+education, and truths to them come with irresistible influence from the
+mouths of their spiritual pastors. * * * The Continental Congress have
+thought proper to direct us to employ two pious clergymen to make a tour
+through North Carolina in order to remove the prejudices which the minds
+of the Regulators and Highlanders may labor under with respect to the
+justice of the American controversy, and to obviate the religious
+scruples which Governor Tryon's heartrending oath has implanted in their
+tender consciences. We are employed at present in quest of some persons
+who may be equal to this undertaking."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Regulators were divided in their sympathies, and it was impossible
+to find a Gaelic-speaking minister, clothed with authority, to go among
+the Highlanders. Even if such a personage could have been found, the
+effort would have been counteracted by the influence of John McLeod,
+their own minister. His sympathies, though not boldly expressed, were
+against the interests of the Thirteen Colonies, and on account of his
+suspicious actions was placed under arrest, but discharged May 11, 1776,
+by the Provincial Congress, in the following order:
+</p>
+<p>
+"That the Rev. John McLeod, who was brought to this Congress on
+suspicion of his having acted inimical to the rights of America, be
+discharged from his further attendance."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+August 23, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed, from among its
+members, Archibald Maclaine, Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell,
+Robert Rowan, Thomas Wade, Alexander McKay, John Ashe, Samuel Spencer,
+Walter Gibson, William Kennon, and James Hepburn, "a committee to confer
+with the Gentlemen who have lately arrived from the Highlands in
+Scotland to settle in this Province, and to explain to them the Nature
+of our Unhappy Controversy with Great Britain, and to advise and urge
+them to unite with the other Inhabitants of America in defence of those
+rights which they derive from God and the Constitution."<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a><a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+No steps appear to have been taken by the Americans to organize the
+Highlanders into military companies, but rather their efforts were to
+enlist their sympathies. On the other hand, the royal governor, Josiah
+Martin, took steps towards enrolling them into active British service.
+In a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, under date of June 30, 1775,
+Martin declares he "could collect immediately among the emigrants from
+the Highlands of Scotland, who were settled here, and immoveably
+attached to His Majesty and His Government, that I am assured by the
+best authority I may compute at 3000 effective men," and begs permission
+"to raise a Battalion of a Thousand Highlanders here," and "I would most
+humbly beg leave to recommend Mr. Allen McDonald of Kingsborough to be
+Major, and Captain Alexd. McLeod of the Marines now on half pay to be
+first Captain, who besides being men of great worth, and good character,
+have most extensive influence over the Highlanders here, great part of
+which are of their own names and familys, and I should flatter myself
+that His Majesty would be graciously pleased to permit me to nominate
+some of the Subalterns of such a Battalion, not for pecuniary
+consideration, but for encouragement to some active and deserving young
+Highland Gentlemen who might be usefully employed in the speedy raising
+the proposed Battalion. Indeed I cannot help observing My Lord, that
+there are three of four Gentlemen of consideration here, of the name of
+McDonald, and a Lieutenant Alexd. McLean late of the Regiment now on
+half pay, whom I should be happy to see appointed Captains in such a
+Battalion, being persuaded they would heartily promote and do credit to
+His Majesty's Service."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+November 12, 1775, the governor farther reports to the same that he can
+assure "your Lordship that the Scotch Highlanders here are generally and
+almost without exception staunch to Government," and that "Captain
+Alexr. McLeod, a Gentleman from the Highlands of Scotland and late an
+Officer in the Marines who has been settled in this Province about a
+year and is one of the Gentlemen I had the honor to recommend to your
+Lordship to be appointed a Captain in the Battalion of Highlanders, I
+proposed with his Majesty's permission to raise here found his way down
+to me at this place about three weeks ago and I learn from him that he
+is as well as his father in law, Mr. Allan McDonald, proposed by me for
+Major of the intended Corps moved by my encouragements have each raised
+a company of Highlanders since which a Major McDonald who came here some
+time ago from Boston under the orders from General Gage to raise
+Highlanders to form a Battalion to be commanded by Lieut. Coll. Allan
+McLean has made them proposals of being appointed Captains in that
+Corps, which they have accepted on the Condition that his Majesty does
+not approve my proposal of raising a Battallion of Highlanders and
+reserving to themselves the choice of appointments therein in case it
+shall meet with his Majesty's approbation in support of that measure. I
+shall now only presume to add that the taking away those Gentlemen from
+this Province will in a great measure if not totally dissolve the union
+of the Highlanders in it now held together by their influence, that
+those people in their absence may fall under the guidance of some person
+not attached like them to Government in this Colony at present but it
+will ever be maintained by such a regular military force as this
+established in it that will constantly reunite itself with the utmost
+facility and consequently may be always maintained upon the most
+respectable footing."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The year 1775 witnessed the North Carolina patriots very alert. There
+were committees of safety in the various counties; and the Provincial
+Congress began its session at Hillsborough August 21st. Cumberland
+County was represented by Farquhard Campbell, Thomas Rutherford,
+Alexander McKay, Alexander McAlister and David Smith, Campbelton sent
+Joseph Hepburn. Among the members of this Congress having distinctly
+Highland names, the majority of whom doubtless were born in the
+Highlands, if not all, besides those already mentioned, were John
+Campbell and John Johnston from Bertie, Samuel Johnston of Chowan,
+Duncan Lamon of Edgecombe. John McNitt Alexander of Mecklenburg, Kenneth
+McKinzie of Martin, Jeremiah Frazier or Tyrell, William Graham of Tryon,
+and Archibald Maclaine of Wilmington. One of the acts of this Congress
+was to divide the state into military districts and the appointment of
+field officers of the Minute Men. For Cumberland county Thomas
+Rutherford was appointed colonel; Alexander McAlister, lieutenant
+colonel; Duncan McNeill, first major; Alexander McDonald, second major.
+One company of Minute Men was to be raised. This Act was passed on
+September 9th.
+</p>
+<p>
+As the name of Farquhard Campbell often occurs in connection with the
+early stages of the Revolution, and quite frequently in the Colonial
+Records from 1771 to 1776, a brief notice of him may be of some
+interest. He was a gentleman of wealth, education and influence, and, at
+first, appeared to be warmly attached to the cause of liberty. As has
+been noticed he was a member of the Provincial Congress, and evinced
+much zeal in promoting the popular movement, and, as a visiting member
+from Cumberland county attended the meeting of the Safety Committee at
+Wilmington, on July 20, 1776. When Governor Martin abandoned his palace
+and retreated to Fort Johnston, and thence to an armed ship, it was
+ascertained that he visited Campbell at his residence. Not long
+afterwards the governor's secretary asked the Provincial Congress "to
+give Sanction and Safe Conduct to the removal of the most valuable
+Effects of Governor Martin on Board the Man of War and his Coach and
+Horses to Mr. Farquard Campbell's." When the request was submitted to
+that body, Mr. Campbell "expressed a sincere desire that the Coach and
+Horses should not be sent to his House in Cumberland and is amazed that
+such a proposal should have been made without his approbation or
+privity." On account of his positive disclaimer the Congress, by
+resolution exonerated him from any improper conduct, and that he had
+"conducted himself as an honest member of Society and a friend to the
+American Cause."<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+He dealt treacherously with the governor as well as with Congress. The
+former, in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, October 16, 1775, says:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I have heard too My Lord with infinitely greater surprise and
+concern that the Scotch Highlanders on whom I had such firm reliance
+have declared themselves for neutrality, which I am informed is to be
+attributed to the influence of a certain Mr. Farquhard Campbell an
+ignorant man who has been settled from childhood in this Country, is
+an old Member of the Assembly and has imbibed all the American
+popular principles and prejudices. By the advice of some of his
+Countrymen I was induced after the receipt of your Lordship's letter
+No. 16 to communicate with this man on the alarming state of the
+Country and to sound his disposition in case of matters coming to
+extremity here, and he expressed to me such abhorence of the
+violences that had been done at Fort Johnston and in other instances
+and discovered so much jealousy and apprehension of the ill designs
+of the Leaders in Sedition here, giving me at the same time so strong
+assurances of his own loyalty and the good dispositions of his
+Countrymen that I unsuspecting his dissimulation and treachery was
+led to impart to him the encouragements I was authorized to hold out
+to his Majesty's loyal Subjects in this Colony who should stand forth
+in support of Government which he received with much seeming
+approbation and repeatedly assured me he would consult with the
+principles among his Countrymen without whose concurrence he could
+promise nothing of himself, and would acquaint me with their
+determinations. From the time of this conversation between us in July
+I heard nothing of Mr. Campbell until since the late Convention at
+Hillsborough, where he appeared in the character of a delegate from
+the County of Cumberland and there, according to my information,
+unasked and unsolicited and without provocation of any sort was
+guilty of the base Treachery of promulgating all I had said to him in
+confidential secrecy, which he had promised sacredly and inviolably
+to observe, and of the aggravating crime of falsehood in making
+additions of his own invention and declaring that he had rejected all
+my propositions."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+The governor again refers to him in his letter to the same, dated
+November 12, 1775:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"From Capt. McLeod, who seems to be a man of observation and
+intelligence, I gather that the inconsistency of Farquhard Campbell's
+conduct * * * has proceeded as much from jealousy of the Superior
+consequence of this Gentleman and his father in law with the
+Highlanders here as from any other motive. This schism is to be
+lamented from whatsoever cause arising, but I have no doubt that I
+shall be able to reconcile the interests of the parties whenever I
+have power to act and can meet them together."<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+Finally he threw off the mask, or else had changed his views, and openly
+espoused the cause of his country's enemies. He was seized at his own
+house, while entertaining a party of royalists, and thrown into Halifax
+gaol. A committee of the Provincial Congress, on April 20, 1776;
+reported "that Farquhard Campbell disregarding the sacred Obligations he
+had voluntarily entered into to support the Liberty of America against
+all usurpations has Traitorously and insidiously endeavored to excite
+the Inhabitants of this Colony to take arms and levy war in order to
+assist the avowed enemies thereof. That when a prisoner on his parole of
+honor he gave intelligence of the force and intention of the American
+Army under Col. Caswell to the Enemy and advised them in what manner
+they might elude them."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+He was sent, with other prisoners, to Baltimore, and thence, on parole,
+to Fredericktown, where he behaved "with much resentment and
+haughtiness." On March 3, 1777, he appealed to Governor Caswell to be
+permitted to return home, offering to mortgage his estate for his good
+behavior.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Several years after the Revolution he was a member of the
+Senate of North Carolina.
+</p>
+<p>
+The stormy days of discussion, excitement, and extensive preparations
+for war, in 1775, did not deter the Highlanders in Scotland from seeking
+a home in America. On October 21st, a body of one hundred and
+seventy-two Highlanders, including men, women and children arrived in
+the Cape Fear river, on board the George, and made application for lands
+near those already located by their relatives. The governor took his
+usual precautions with them, for in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth,
+dated November 12th, he says:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"On the most solemn assurances of their firm and unalterable loyalty
+and attachment to the King, and their readiness to lay down their
+lives in the support and defence of his Majesty's Government, I was
+induced to Grant their request on the Terms of their taking such
+lands in the proportions allowed by his Majesty's Royal Instructions,
+and subject to all the conditions prescribed by them whenever grants
+may be passed in due form, thinking it were advisable to attach these
+people to Government by granting as matter of favor and courtesy to
+them what I had not power to prevent than to leave them to possess
+themselves by violence of the King's lands, without owing or
+acknowledging any obligation for them, as it was only the means of
+securing these People against the seditions of the Rebels, but
+gaining so much strength to Government that is equally important at
+this time, without making any concessions injurious to the rights and
+interests of the Crown, or that it has effectual power to
+withhold."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+In the same letter is the further information that "a ship is this
+moment arrived from Scotland with upwards of one hundred and thirty
+Emigrants Men, Women and Children to whom I shall think it proper (after
+administering the Oath of Allegiance to the Men) to give permission to
+settle on the vacant lands of the Crown here on the same principles and
+conditions that I granted that indulgence to the Emigrants lately
+imported in the ship George."
+</p>
+<p>
+Many of the emigrants appear to have been seized with the idea that all
+that was necessary was to land in America, and the avenues of affluence
+would be opened to them. Hence there were those who landed in a
+distressed condition. Such was the state of the last party that arrived
+before the Peace of 1783. There was "a Petition from sundry distressed
+Highlanders, lately arrived from Scotland, praying that they might be
+permitted to go to Cape Fear, in North Carolina, the place where they
+intended to settle," laid before the Virginia convention then being held
+at Williamsburgh, December 14, 1775. On the same day the convention gave
+orders to Colonel Woodford to "take the distressed Highlanders, with
+their families, under his protection, permit them to pass by land
+unmolested to Carolina, and supply them with such provisions as they may<br />
+be in immediate want of."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The early days of 1776 saw the culmination of the intrigues with the
+Scotch-Highlanders. The Americans realized that the war party was in
+the ascendant, and consequently every movement was carefully watched.
+That the Americans felt bitterly towards them came from the fact that
+they were not only precipitating themselves into a quarrel of which they
+were not interested parties, but also exhibited ingratitude to their
+benefactors. Many of them came to the country not only poor and needy,
+but in actual distress.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> They were helped with an open hand, and
+cared for with kindness and brotherly aid. Then they had not been long
+in the land, and the trouble so far had been to seek redress. Hence the
+Americans felt keenly the position taken by the Highlanders. On the
+other hand the Highlanders had viewed the matter from a different
+standpoint. They did not realize the craftiness of Governor Martin in
+compelling them to take the oath of allegiance, and they felt bound by
+what they considered was a voluntary act, and binding with all the
+sacredness of religion. They had ever been taught to keep their
+promises, and a liar was a greater criminal than a thief. Still they had
+every opportunity afforded them to learn the true status of affairs;
+independence had not yet been proclaimed; Washington was still besieging
+Boston, and the Americans continued to petition the British throne for a
+redress of grievances.
+</p>
+<p>
+That the action of the Highlanders was ill-advised, at that time, admits
+of no discussion. They failed to realize the condition of the country
+and the insuperable difficulties to overcome before making a junction
+with Sir Henry Clinton. What they expected to gain by their conduct is
+uncertain, and why they should march away a distance of one hundred
+miles, and then be transported by ships to a place they knew not where,
+thus leaving their wives and children to the mercies of those whom they
+had offended and driven to arms, made bitter enemies of, must ever
+remain unfathomable. It shows they were blinded and exhibited the want
+of even ordinary foresight. It also exhibited the reckless indifference
+of the responsible parties to the welfare of those they so successfully
+duped. It is no wonder that although nearly a century and a quarter have
+elapsed since the Highlanders unsheathed the claymore in the pine
+forests of North Carolina, not a single person has shown the hardihood
+to applaud their action. On the other hand, although treated with the
+utmost charity, their bravery applauded, they have been condemned for
+their rude precipitancy, besides failing to see the changed condition of
+affairs, and resenting the injuries they had received from the House of
+Hanover that had harried their country and hanged their relatives on the
+murderous gallows-tree. Their course, however, in the end proved
+advantageous to them; for, after their disastrous defeat, they took an
+oath to remain peaceable, which the majority kept, and thus prevented
+them from being harassed by the Americans, and, as loyal subjects of
+king George, the English army must respect their rights.
+</p>
+<p>
+Agents were busily at work among the people preparing them for war. The
+most important of all was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough. Early he came
+under the suspicion of the Committee of Safety at Wilmington. On the
+very day, July 3, 1775, he was in consultation with Governor Martin, its
+chairman was directed to write to him "to know from himself respecting
+the reports that circulate of his having an intention to raise Troops to
+support the arbitrary measures of the ministry against the Americans in
+this Colony, and whether he had not made an offer of his services to
+Governor Martin for that purpose."<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+The influence of Kingsborough was supplemented by that of Major Donald
+MacDonald, who was sent direct from the army in Boston. He was then in
+his sixty-fifth year, had an extended experience in the army. He was in
+the Rising of 1745, and headed many of his own name. He now found many
+of these former companions who readily listened to his persuasions. All
+the emissaries sent represented they were only visiting their friends
+and relatives. They were all British officers, in the active service.
+</p>
+<p>
+Partially in confirmation of the above may be cited a letter from Samuel
+Johnston of Edenton, dated July 21, 1775, written to the Committee at
+Wilmington:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"A vessel from New York to this place brought over two officers who
+left at the Bar to go to New Bern, they are both Highlanders, one
+named McDonnel the other McCloud. They pretend they are on a visit to
+some of their countrymen on your river, but I think there is reason
+to suspect their errand of a base nature. The Committee of this town
+have wrote to New Bern to have them secured. Should they escape there
+I hope you will keep a good lookout for them."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>
+The vigorous campaign for 1776, in the Carolinas was determined upon in
+the fall of 1775, in deference to the oft repeated and urgent
+solicitations of the royal governors, and on account of the appeals made
+by Martin, the brunt of it fell upon North Carolina. He assured the home
+government that large numbers of the Highlanders and Regulators were
+ready to take up arms for the king.
+</p>
+<p>
+The program, as arranged, was for Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet of
+ships and seven corps of Irish Regulars, to be at the mouth of the Cape
+Fear early in the year 1776, and there form a junction with the
+Highlanders and other disaffected persons from the interior. Believing
+that Sir Henry Clinton's armament would arrive in January or early in
+February Martin made preparations for the revolt; for his "unwearied,
+persevering agent," Alexander MacLean brought written assurances from
+the principal persons to whom he had been directed, that between two and
+three thousand men would take the field at the governor's summons. Under
+this encouragement MacLean was sent again into the back country, with a
+commission dated January 10, 1776, authorizing Allan McDonald, Donald
+McDonald, Alexander McLeod, Donald McLeod, Alexander McLean, Allen
+Stewart, William Campbell, Alexander McDonald and Neal McArthur, of
+Cumberland and Anson counties, and seventeen other persons who resided
+in a belt of counties in middle Carolina, to raise and array all the
+king's loyal subjects, and to march them in a body to Brunswick by
+February 15th.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Donald MacDonald was placed in command of this array and of all other
+forces in North Carolina with the rank of brigadier general, with Donald
+MacLeod next in rank. Upon receiving his orders, General MacDonald
+issued the following:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"<i>By His Excellency Brigadier-General Donald McDonald, Commander of
+His Majesty's Forces for the time being, in North Carolina:</i>
+</p>
+<p class='center'>
+A MANIFESTO.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whereas, I have received information that many of His Majesty's
+faithful subjects have been so far overcome by apprehension of
+danger, as to fly before His Majesty's Army as from the most
+inveterate enemy; to remove which, as far as lies in my power, I have
+thought it proper to publish this Manifesto, declaring that I shall
+take the proper steps to prevent any injury being done, either to the
+person or properties of His Majesty's subjects; and I do further
+declare it to be my determined resolution, that no violence shall be
+used to women and children, as viewing such outrages to be
+inconsistent with humanity, and as tending, in their consequences, to
+sully the arms of Britons and of Soldiers.
+</p>
+<p>
+I, therefore, in His Majesty's name, generally invite every
+well-wisher to that form of Government under which they have so
+happily lived, and which, if justly considered, ought to be esteemed
+the best birth-right of Britons and Americans, to repair to His
+Majesty's Royal Standard, erected at Cross Creek, where they will
+meet with every possible civility, and be ranked in the list of
+friends and fellow-Soldiers, engaged in the best and most glorious of
+all causes, supporting the rights and Constitution of their country.
+Those, therefore, who have been under the unhappy necessity of
+submitting to the mandates of Congress and Committees&mdash;those lawless,
+usurped, and arbitrary tribunals&mdash;will have an opportunity, (by
+joining the King's Army) to restore peace and tranquility to this
+distracted land&mdash;to open again the glorious streams of commerce&mdash;to
+partake of the blessings of inseparable from a regular administration
+of justice, and be again reinstated in the favorable opinion of their
+Sovereign.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Donald McDonald.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">By His Excellency's command:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">Kenn. McDonald, P.S."</span><a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On February 5th General MacDonald issued another manifesto in which he
+declares it to be his "intention that no violation whatever shall be
+offered to women, children, or private property, to sully the arms of
+Britons or freemen, employed in the glorious and righteous cause of
+rescuing and delivering this country from the usurpation of rebellion,
+and that no cruelty whatever be offered against the laws of humanity,
+but what resistance shall make necessary; and that whatever provisions
+and other necessaries be taken for the troops, shall be paid for
+immediately; and in case any person, or persons, shall offer the least
+violence to the families of such as will join the Royal Standard, such
+persons or persons, may depend that retaliation will be made; the
+horrors of such proceedings, it is hoped, will be avoided by all true
+Christians."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>Manifestos being the order of the day, Thomas Rutherford, erstwhile
+patriot, deriving his commission from the Provincial Congress, though
+having alienated himself, but signing himself colonel, also issues one
+in which he declares that this is "to command, enjoin, beseech, and
+require all His Majesty's faithful subjects within the County of
+Cumberland to repair to the King's Royal standard, at Cross Creek, on or
+before the 16th present, in order to join the King's army; otherwise,
+they must expect to fall under the melancholy consequences of a declared
+rebellion, and expose themselves to the just resentment of an injured,
+though gracious Sovereign."<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>On February 1st General MacDonald set up the Royal Standard at Cross
+Creek, in the Public Square, and in order to cause the Highlanders all
+to respond with alacrity manifestos were issued and other means resorted
+to in order that the "loyal subjects of His Majesty" might take up arms,
+among which nightly balls were given, and the military spirit freely
+inculcated. When the day came the Highlanders were seen coming from near
+and from far, from the wide plantations on the river bottoms, and from
+the rude cabins in the depths of the lonely pine forests, with
+broadswords at their side, in tartan garments and feathered bonnet, and
+keeping step to the shrill music of the bag-pipe. There came, first of
+all, Clan MacDonald with Clan MacLeod near at hand, with lesser numbers
+of Clan MacKenzie, Clan MacRae, Clan MacLean, Clan MacKay, Clan
+MacLachlan, and still others,&mdash;variously estimated at from fifteen
+hundred to three thousand, including about two hundred others,
+principally Regulators. However, all who were capable of bearing arms
+did not respond to the summons, for some would not engage in a cause
+where their traditions and affections had no part. Many of them hid in
+the swamps and in the forests. On February 18th the Highland army took
+up its line of march for Wilmington and at evening encamped on the Cape
+Fear, four miles below Cross Creek.</p>
+
+<p>The assembling of the Highland army aroused the entire country. The
+patriots, fully cognizant of what was transpiring, flew to arms,
+determined to crush the insurrection, and in less than a fortnight
+nearly nine thousand men had risen against the enemy, and almost all the
+rest were ready to turn out at a moment's notice. At the very first
+menace of danger, Brigadier General James Moore took the field at the
+head of his regiment, and on the 15th secured possession of Rockfish
+bridge, seven miles from Cross Creek, where he was joined by a recruit
+of sixty from the latter place.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th the royalists were paraded with a view to assail Moore on
+the following night; but he was thoroughly entrenched, and the bare
+suspicion of such a project was contemplated caused two companions of
+Cotton's corps to run off with their arms. On that day General MacDonald
+sent the following letter to General Moore:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: I herewith send the bearer, Donald Morrison, by advice of the
+Commissioners appointed by his Excellency Josiah Martin, and in
+behalf of the army now under my command, to propose terms to you as
+friends and countrymen. I must suppose you unacquainted with the
+Governor's proclamation, commanding all his Majesty's loyal subject
+to repair to the King's royal standard, else I should have imagined
+you would ere this have joined the King's army now engaged in his
+Majesty's service. I have therefore thought it proper to intimate to
+you, that in case you do not, by 12 o'clock to-morrow, join the royal
+standard, I must consider you as enemies, and take the necessary
+steps for the support of legal authority.</p>
+
+<p>I beg leave to remind you of his Majesty's speech to his Parliament,
+wherein he offers to receive the misled with tenderness and mercy,
+from motives of humanity. I again beg of you to accept the proffered
+clemency. I make no doubt, but you will show the gentleman sent on
+this message every possible civilty; and you may depend in return,
+that all your officers and men, which may fall into our hands shall
+be treated with an equal degree of respect. I have the honor to be,
+in behalf of the army, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Don. McDonald.</span><br />
+Head Quarters, Feb. 19, 1776.<br />
+His Excellency's Proclamation is herewith enclosed."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Brigadier General Moore's answer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: Yours of this day I have received, in answer to which, I must
+inform you that the terms which you are pleased to say, in behalf of
+the army under your command, are offered to us as friends and
+countrymen, are such as neither my duty or inclination will permit me
+to accept, and which I must presume you too much of an officer to
+accept of me. You were very right when you supposed me unacquainted
+with the Governor's proclamation, but as the terms therein proposed
+are such as I hold incompatible with the freedom of Americans, it can
+be no rule of conduct for me. However, should I not hear farther from
+you before twelve o'clock to-morrow by which time I shall have an
+opportunity of consulting my officers here, and perhaps Col. Martin,
+who is in the neighborhood of Cross Creek, you may expect a more
+particular answer; meantime you may be assured that the feelings of
+humanity will induce me to shew that civility to such of your people
+as may fall into our hands, as I am desirous should be observed
+towards those of ours, who may be unfortunate enough to fall into
+yours. I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">James Moore.</span><br />
+Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 19, 1776."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>General Moore, on the succeeding day sent the following to General
+MacDonald:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: Agreeable to my promise of yesterday, I have consulted the
+officers under my command respecting your letter, and am happy in
+finding them unanimous in opinion with me. We consider ourselves
+engaged in a cause the most glorious and honourable in the world, the
+defense of the liberties of mankind, in support of which we are
+determined to hazard everything dear and valuable and in tenderness
+to the deluded people under your command, permit me, Sir, through you
+to inform them, before it is too late, of the dangerous and
+destructive precipice on which they stand, and to remind them of the
+ungrateful return they are about to make for their favorable
+reception in this country. If this is not sufficient to recall them
+to the duty which they owe themselves and their posterity inform them
+that they are engaged in a cause in which they cannot succeed as not
+only the whole force of this country, but that of our neighboring
+provinces, is exerting and now actually in motion to suppress them,
+and which much end in their utter destruction. Desirous, however, of
+avoiding the effusion of human blood, I have thought proper to send
+you a test recommended by the Continental Congress, which if they
+will yet subscribe we are willing to receive them as friends and
+countrymen. Should this offer be rejected, I shall consider them as
+enemies to the constitutional liberties of America, and treat them
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot conclude without reminding you, Sir, of the oath which you
+and some of your officers took at Newbern on your arrival to this
+country, which I imagine you will find is difficult to reconcile to
+your present conduct. I have no doubt that the bearer, Capt. James
+Walker, will be treated with proper civilty and respect in your camp.</p>
+
+<p>
+I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">James Moore.</span><br />
+Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 20, 1776."<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General MacDonald returned the following reply:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: I received your favor by Captain James Walker, and observed
+your declared sentiments of revolt, hostility and rebellion to the
+King, and to what I understand to be the constitution of the country.
+If I am mistaken future consequences must determine; but while I
+continue in my present sentiment, I shall consider myself embarked in
+a cause which must, in its consequences, extricate this country from
+anarchy and licentiousness. I cannot conceive that the Scottish
+emigrants, to whom I imagine you allude, can be under greater
+obligations to this country than to the King, under whose gracious
+and merciful government they alone could have been enabled to visit
+this western region: And I trust, Sir, it is in the womb of time to
+say, that they are not that deluded and ungrateful people which you
+would represent them to be. As a soldier in his Majesty's service, I
+must inform you, if you are to learn, that it is my duty to conquer,
+if I cannot reclaim, all those who may be hardy enough to take up
+arms against the best of masters, as of Kings. I have the honor to
+be, in behalf of the army under my command,</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir, your most obedient servant,<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Don. McDonald.</span><br />
+To the Commanding Officer at Rockfish."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>MacDonald realized that he was unable to put his threat into execution,
+for he was informed that the minute-men were gathering in swarms all
+around him; that Colonel Caswell, at the head of the minute men of
+Newbern, nearly eight hundred strong, was marching through Duplin
+county, to effect a junction with Moore, and that his communication with
+the war ships had been cut off. Realizing the extremity of his danger,
+he resolved to avoid an engagement, and leave the army at Rockfish in
+his rear, and by celerity of movement, and crossing rivers at
+unsuspected places, to disengage himself from the larger bodies and fall
+upon the command of Caswell. Before marching he exhorted his men to
+fidelity, expressed bitter scorn for the "base cravens who had deserted
+the night before," and continued by saying:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If any amongst you is so faint-hearted as not to serve with the
+resolution of conquering or dying, this is the time for such to
+declare themselves."</p></div>
+
+<p>The speech was answered by a general huzza for the king; but from
+Cotton's corps about twenty laid down their arms. He decamped, with his
+army at midnight, crossed the Cape Fear, sunk his boats, and sent a
+party fifteen miles in advance to secure the bridge over South river,
+from Bladen into Hanover, pushing with rapid pace over swollen streams,
+rough hills, and deep morasses, hotly pursued by General Moore.
+Perceiving the purpose of the enemy General Moore detached Colonels
+Lillington and Ashe to reinforce Colonel Caswell, or if that could not
+be effected, then they were to occupy Widow Moore's Creek bridge.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Caswell designing the purpose of MacDonald changed his own
+course in order to intercept his march. On the 23rd the Highlanders
+thought to overtake him, and arrayed themselves in the order of battle,
+with eighty able-bodied men, armed with broadswords, forming the center
+of the army; but Colonel Caswell being posted at Corbett's Ferry could
+not be reached for want of boats. The royalists were again in extreme
+danger; but at a point six miles higher up the Black river they
+succeeded in crossing in a broad shallow boat while MacLean and Fraser,
+left with a few men and a drum and a pipe, amused the corps of Caswell.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lillington, on the 25th took post on the east side of Moore's
+Creek bridge; and on the next day Colonel Caswell reached the west side,
+threw up a slight embankment, and destroyed a part of the bridge. A
+royalist, who had been sent into his camp under pretext of summoning him
+to return to his allegiance, brought back the information that he had
+halted on the same side of the river as themselves, and could be
+assaulted with advantage. Colonel Caswell was not only a good woodman,
+but also a man of superior ability, and believing he had misled the
+enemy, marched his column to the east side of the stream, removed the
+planks from the bridge, and placed his men behind trees and such
+embankments as could be thrown up during the night. His force now
+amounted to a thousand men, consisting of the Newbern minute-men, the
+militia of Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, and Wake counties, and the
+detachment under Colonel Lillington. The men of the Neuse region, their
+officers wearing silver crescents upon their hats, inscribed with the
+words, "Liberty or Death," were in front. The situation of General
+MacDonald was again perilous, for while facing this army, General Moore,
+with his regulars was close upon his rear.</p>
+
+<p>The royalists, expecting an easy victory, decided upon an immediate
+attack. General MacDonald was confined to his tent by sickness, and the
+command devolved upon Major Donald MacLeod, who began the march at one
+o'clock on the morning of the 27th; but owing to the time lost in
+passing an intervening morass, it was within an hour of daylight when
+they reached the west bank of the creek. They entered the ground without
+resistance. Seeing Colonel Caswell was on the opposite side they reduced
+their columns and formed their line of battle in the woods. Their
+rallying cry was, "King George and broadswords," and the signal for
+attack was three cheers, the drum to beat and the pipes to play. While
+it was still dark Major MacLeod, with a party of about forty advanced,
+and at the bridge was challenged by the sentinel, asking, "Who goes
+there?" He answered, "A friend." "A friend to whom?" "To the king." Upon
+this the sentinels bent their faces down to the ground. Major MacLeod
+thinking they might be some of his own command who had crossed the
+bridge, challenged them in Gaelic; but receiving no reply, fired his own
+piece, and ordered his party to fire also. All that remained of the
+bridge were the two logs, which had served for sleepers, permitting only
+two persons to pass at a time. Donald MacLeod and Captain John Campbell
+rushed forward and succeeded in getting over. The Highlanders who
+followed were shot down on the logs and fell into the muddy stream
+below. Major MacLeod was mortally wounded, but was seen to rise
+repeatedly from the ground, waving his sword and encouraging his men to
+come on, till twenty-six balls penetrated his body. Captain Campbell
+also was shot dead, and at that moment a party of militia, under
+Lieutenant Slocum, who had forded the creek and penetrated a swamp on
+its western bank, fell suddenly upon the rear of the royalists. The loss
+of their leader and the unexpected attack upon their rear threw them
+into confusion, when they broke and fled. The battle lasted but ten
+minutes. The royalists lost seventy killed and wounded, while the
+patriots had but two wounded, one of whom recovered. The victory was
+lasting and complete. The Highland power was thoroughly broken. There
+fell into the hands of the Americans besides eight hundred and fifty
+prisoners, fifteen hundred rifles, all of them excellent pieces, three
+hundred and fifty guns and short bags, one hundred and fifty swords and
+dirks, two medicine chests, immediately from England, one valued at &pound;300
+sterling, thirteen wagons with horses, a box of Johannes and English
+guineas, amounting to about $75,000.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Highlanders escaped from the battlefield by breaking down
+their wagons and riding away, three upon a horse. Many who were taken
+confessed that they were forced and persuaded contrary to their
+inclinations into the service.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> The soldiers taken were disarmed, and
+dismissed to their homes.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day General MacDonald and nearly all the chief men were
+taken prisoners, amongst whom was MacDonald of Kingsborough and his son
+Alexander. A partial list of those apprehended is given in a report of
+the Committee of the Provincial Congress, reported April 20th and May
+10th on the guilt of the Highland and Regulator officers then confined
+in Halifax gaol, finding the prisoners were of four different classes,
+viz.:</p>
+
+<p>First, Prisoners who had served in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Second, Prisoners who had signed Tests or Associations.</p>
+
+<p>Third, Prisoners who had been in arms without such circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth, Prisoners under suspicious circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders coming under the one or the other of these classes are
+given in the following order:</p>
+
+<p>
+Farquhard Campbell, Cumberland county.<br />
+Alexander McKay, Capt. of 38 men. Cumberland county.<br />
+Alexander McDonald (Condrach), Major of a regiment.<br />
+Alexander Morrison. Captain of a company of 35 men.<br />
+Alexander MacDonald, son of Kingsborough, a volunteer, Anson county.<br />
+James MacDonald, Captain of a company of 25 men.<br />
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 32 men.<br />
+John MacDonald, Captain of a company of 40 men.<br />
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.<br />
+Murdoch McAskell, Captain of a company of 34 men.<br />
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.<br />
+Angus McDonald, Captain of a company of 30 men.<br />
+Neill McArthur, Freeholder of Cross Creek, Captain of a company of 55 men.<br />
+Francis Frazier, Adjutant to General MacDonald's Army.<br />
+John McLeod, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 35 men.<br />
+John McKinzie, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 43 men.<br />
+Kennith Macdonald, Aide-de-camp to General Macdonald.<br />
+Murdoch McLeod, of Anson county, Surgeon to General Macdonald's Army.<br />
+Donald McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in Captain Morrison's Company.<br />
+Norman McLeod, of Anson county, Ensign in James McDonald's company.<br />
+John McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in James McDonald's company.<br />
+Laughlin McKinnon, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Col.
+Rutherford's corps.<br />
+James Munroe, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Capt. McKay's
+company.<br />
+Donald Morrison, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.<br />
+John McLeod, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.<br />
+Archibald McEachern, Bladen county, Lieutenant to Capt. McArthur's company.<br />
+Rory McKinnen, freeholder Anson county, volunteer.<br />
+Donald McLeod, freeholder Cumberland county, Master to two Regiments,
+General McDonald's Army.<br />
+Donald Stuart, Quarter Master to Col. Rutherford's Regiment.<br />
+Allen Macdonald of Kingsborough, freeholder of Anson county, Col. Regiment.<br />
+Duncan St. Clair.<br />
+Daniel McDaniel, Lieutenant in Seymore York's company.<br />
+Alexander McRaw, freeholder Anson county, Capt. company 47 men.<br />
+Kenneth Stuart, Lieutenant Capt Stuart's company.<br />
+Collin McIver, Lieutenant Capt. Leggate's company.<br />
+Alexander Maclaine, Commissary to General Macdonald's Army.<br />
+Angus Campbell, Captain company 30 men.<br />
+Alexander Stuart, Captain company 30 men.<br />
+Hugh McDonald, Anson county, volunteer.<br />
+John McDonald, common soldier.<br />
+Daniel Cameron, common soldier.<br />
+Daniel McLean, freeholder, Cumberland county, Lieutenant to Angus
+Campbell's company.<br />
+Malcolm McNeill, recruiting agent for General Macdonald's
+Army, accused of using compulsion.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of the prisoners sent from North Carolina to
+Philadelphia, enclosed in a letter of April 22, 1776:</p>
+
+<p>
+"1 His Excellency Donald McDonald Esqr Brigadier General
+of the Tory Army and Commander in Chief in North Carolina.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">2 Colonel Allen McDonald (of Kingsborough) first in
+Commission of Array and second in Command</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">3 Alexander McDonald son of Kingsborough</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">4 Major Alexander McDonald (Condrack)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">5 Capt Alexander McRay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">6 Capt John Leggate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">7 Capt James McDonald</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">8 Capt Alexr. McLeod</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">9 Capt Alexr. Morrison</span><br />
+10 Capt John McDonald<br />
+11 Capt Alexr. McLeod<br />
+12 Capt Murdoch McAskell<br />
+13 Capt Alexander McLeod<br />
+14 Capt Angus McDonald<br />
+15 Capt Neil McArthur<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a><br />
+16 Capt James Mens of the light horse.<br />
+17 Capt John McLeod<br />
+18 Capt Thos. Wier<br />
+19 Capt John McKenzie<br />
+20 Lieut John Murchison<br />
+21 Kennith McDonald, Aid de Camp to Genl McDonald<br />
+22 Murdock McLeod, Surgeon<br />
+23 Adjutant General John Smith<br />
+24 Donald McLeod Quarter Master<br />
+25 John Bethune Chaplain<br />
+26 Farquhard Campbell late a delegate in the provincial
+Congress&mdash;Spy and Confidential Emissary of Governor Martin."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Some of the prisoners were discharged soon after their arrest, by making
+and signing the proper oath, of which the following is taken from the
+Records:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Oath of Malcolm McNeill and Joseph Smith. We Malcolm McNeil and
+Joseph Smith do Solemnly Swear on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty
+God that we will not on any pretence whatsoever take up or bear Arms
+against the Inhabitants of the United States of America and that we
+will not disclose or make known any matters within our knowledge now
+carrying on within the United States and that we will not carry out
+more than fifty pounds of Gold &amp; Silver in value to fifty pounds
+Carolina Currency. So help us God.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Malcolm McNeill,</span><br />
+Halifax, 13th Augt, 1776. <span style="margin-left: 15em;">  Joseph Smith."</span><a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The North Carolina Provincial Congress on March 5, 1776, "Resolved, That
+Colonel Richard Caswell send, under a sufficient guard, Brigadier
+General Donald McDonald, taken at the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, to
+the Town of Halifax, and there to have him committed a close prisoner in
+the jail of the said Town, until further orders."<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same Congress, held in Halifax April 5th, "Resolved, That General
+McDonald be admitted to his parole upon the following conditions: That
+he does not go without the limits of the Town of Halifax; that he does
+not directly or indirectly, while a prisoner, correspond with any person
+or persons who are or may be in opposition to American measures, or by
+any manner or means convey to them intelligence of any sort; that he
+take no draft, nor procure them to be taken by any one else, of any
+place or places in which he may be, while upon his parole, that shall
+now, or may hereafter give information to our enemies which can be
+injurious to us, or the common cause of America; but that without
+equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation, he pay the most
+exact and faithful attention to the intent and meaning of these
+conditions, according to the rules and regulations of war; and that he
+every day appear between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock to the
+Officer of the Guard."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>On April 11th, the same parole was offered to Allan MacDonald of
+Kingsborough.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, at its session in Philadelphia,
+held May 25, 1776, ordered the Highland prisoners, mentioned on page
+219, naming each one separately to be "safely kept in close confinement
+until discharged by the honorable Congress or this Committee."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Four
+days later, General MacDonald addressed a letter to the Continental
+Congress, in which he said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That he was, by a party of horsemen, upon the 28th day of February
+last, taken prisoner from sick quarters, eight miles from Widow
+Moor's Creek, where he lay dangerously ill, and carried to Colonel
+Caswell's camp, where General Moore then commanded, to whom he
+delivered his sword as prisoner of war, which General Moore was
+pleased to deliver back in a genteel manner before all his officers
+then present, according to the rules and customs of war practised in
+all nations; assuring him at the same time that he would be well
+treated, and his baggage and property delivered to him, &amp;c. Having
+taken leave of General Moore and Colonel Caswell, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Bryant took him under his care; and after rummaging his baggage for
+papers, &amp;c., conducted him to Newbern, from thence with his baggage
+to Halifax, where the Committee of Safety there thought proper to
+commit him to the common jail; his horses, saddles, and pistols, &amp;c.,
+taken from him, and never having committed any act of violence
+against the person or property of any man; that he remained in this
+jail near a month, until General Howe arrived there, who did him the
+honour to call upon him in jail; and he has reason to think that
+General Howe thought this treatment erroneous and without a
+precedent; that upon this representation to the Convention, General
+McDonald was, by order of the Convention, permitted, upon parole, to
+the limits of the town of Halifax, until the 25th of April last, when
+he was appointed to march, with the other gentlemen prisoners,
+escorted from the jail there to this place. General McDonald would
+wish to know what crime he has since been guilty of, deserving his
+being recommitted to the jail of Philadelphia, without his bedding or
+baggage, and his sword and his servant detained from him. The other
+gentlemen prisoners are in great want for their blankets and other
+necessaries.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 25em;">Donald McDonald."</span><a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Continental Congress, on September 4th, "Resolved, That the proposal
+made by General Howe, as delivered by General Sullivan, of exchanging
+General Sullivan for General Prescot, and Lord Stirling for
+Brigadier-General, be complied with."<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>This being communicated to General McDonald he addressed, to the
+Secretary of War the following:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Philadelphia Gaol, September 6, 1776.</span><br />
+To the Secretary of War:
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>General McDonald's compliments to the Secretary of War. He is obliged
+to him for his polite information, that the Congress have been
+pleased to agree that Generals Prescott and McDonald shall be
+exchanged for the Generals Sullivan and Stirling. General McDonald is
+obliged to the Congress for the reference to the Board of War for his
+departure: The indulgence of eight or ten days will, he hopes, be
+sufficient to prepare him for his journey. His baggage will require a
+cart to carry it. He is not provided with horses&mdash;submits it to the
+Congress and Board how he may be conducted with safety to his place
+of destination, not doubting his servant will be permitted to go
+along with him, and that his sword may be returned to him, which he
+is informed the Commissary received from his servant on the 25th of
+May last.</p>
+
+<p>General McDonald begs leave to acquaint the Secretary and the Board
+of War, for the information of Congress, that when he was brought
+prisoner from sick quarters to General Moore's camp, at Moore's
+Creek, upon the 28th of February last, General Moore treated him with
+respect to his rank and commission in the King of Great Britain's
+service. He would have given him a parole to return to his sick
+quarters, as his low state of health required it much at that time,
+but Colonel Caswell objected thereto, and had him conducted prisoner
+to Newbern, but gently treated all the way by Colonel Caswell and his
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>From Newbern he was conducted by a guard of Horse to Halifax, and
+committed on his arrival, after forty-five miles journey the last
+day, in a sickly state of health, and immediately ushered into a
+common gaol, without bed or bedding, fire or candles, in a cold,
+long night, by Colonel Long, who did not appear to me to behave like
+a gentleman. That notwithstanding the promised protection for person
+and property he had from General Moore, a man called Longfield Cox, a
+wagonmaster to Colonel Caswell's army, seized upon his horse, saddle,
+pistols, and other arms, and violently detained the same by refusing
+to deliver them up to Colonel Bryan, who conducted him to Newbern.
+Colonel Long was pleased to detain his mare at Halifax when sent
+prisoner from thence to here. Sorry to dwell so long upon so
+disagreeable a subject."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This letter was submitted to the Continental Congress on September 7th,
+when it "Resolved, That he be allowed four days to prepare for his
+journey; That a copy of that part of his Letter respecting his treatment
+in North Carolina, be sent to the Convention of that State."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding General Sir William Howe had agreed to make the
+specified exchange of prisoners, yet in a letter addressed to
+Washington, September 21, 1776, he states:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The exchange you propose of Brigadier-General Alexander, commonly
+called Lord Stirling, for Mr. McDonald, cannot take place, as he has
+only the rank of Major by my commission; but I shall readily send any
+Major in the enclosed list of prisoners that you will be pleased to
+name in exchange for him."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>As Sir William Howe refused to recognize the rank conferred on General
+McDonald, by the governor of North Carolina, Washington was forced,
+September 23, to order his return, with the escort, to Philadelphia.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>
+But on the same day addressed Sir William Howe, in which he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I had no doubt but Mr. McDonald's title would have been
+acknowledged, having understood that he received his commission from
+the hands of Governor Martin; nor can I consent to rank him as a
+Major till I have proper authority from Congress, to whom I shall
+state the matter upon your representation.<a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> That body, on
+September 30th, declared "That Mr. McDonald, having a commission of
+Brigadier-General from Governor Martin, be not exchanged for any
+officer under the rank of Brigadier-General in the service either of
+the United States or any of them."<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the way from North Carolina to Philadelphia, while resting at
+Petersburg, May 2, 1776, Kingsborough indited the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: Your kind favor I had by Mr. Ugin (?) with the Virginia money
+enclosed, which shall be paid if ever I retourn with thanks, if not I
+shall take to order payment. Colonel Eliot who came here to receive
+the prisoners Confined the General and me under a guard and sentries
+to a Roome; this he imputes to the Congress of North Carolina not
+getting Brigadier Lewes (who commands at Williamsburg) know of our
+being on parole by your permission when at Halifax. If any
+opportunity afford, it would add to our happiness to write something
+to the above purpose to some of the Congress here with directions (if
+such can be done) to forward said orders after us. I have also been
+depressed of the horse I held, and hath little chance of getting
+another. To walk on foot is what I never can do the length of
+Philadelphia. What you can do in the above different affairs will be
+adding to your former favors. Hoping you will pardon freedom wrote in
+a hurry. I am with real Esteem and respect</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Honble Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">Your very obedt. Servt.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Allen MacDonald."</span><a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>June 28, 1776, Allen MacDonald of Kingsborough, was permitted, after
+signing a parole and word of honor to go to Reading, in Berks
+county.<a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> At the same time the Committee of Safety</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Resolved, That such Prisoners from North Carolina as choose, may be
+permitted to write to their friends there; such letters to be
+inspected by this Committee; and the Jailer is to take care that all
+the paper delivered in to the Prisoners, be used in such Letters, or
+returned him."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The action of the Committee of Safety was approved by the Continental
+Congress on July 9th, by directing Kingsborough to be released on
+parole;<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> and on the 15th, his son Alexander was released on parole
+and allowed to reside with him.</p>
+
+<p>Every attempt to exchange the prisoners was made on the part of the
+Americans, and as they appear to have been so unfortunate as to have no
+one to intercede for them among British officers, Kingsborough was
+permitted to go to New York and effect his own exchange, which he
+succeeded in doing during the month of November, 1777, and then
+proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Highland officers confined in prison became restive, and on October
+31, 1776, presented a memorial, addressed to the North Carolina members
+of the Continental Congress, which at once met with the approval of
+William Hooper:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Gentlemen: After a long separation of eight months from our Families
+&amp; Friends, We the undersubscribers, Prisoners of war from North
+Carolina now in Philadelphia Prison, think ourselves justifiable at
+this period in applying to your Honours for permission to return to
+our Families; which indulgence we will promise on the Faith &amp; honour
+of gentlemen not to abuse, by interfering in the present disputes, or
+aiding or assisting your enemies by word, writing, or action.</p>
+
+<p>This request we have already laid before Congress who are willing to
+grant it, provided they shall have your approbation.</p>
+
+<p>Hoping therefore, that you have no particular intention to distress
+us more than others whom you have treated with Indulgence, we flatter
+ourselves that your determinations will prove no obstruction to our
+Enlargement on the above terms; and have transmitted to you the
+enclosed Copy of the Resolve of Congress in our favor, which if you
+countenance; it will meet with the warmest acknowledgement of Gentn.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Your most obedt. humble Servts.,</span><br />
+<br />
+Alexander Morison, Ferqd. Campbell, Alexr. Macleod,<br />
+Alexr. McKay, James Macdonald, John McDonald, Murdoch<br />
+Macleod, John Murchison, John Bethune, Neill McArthur, John<br />
+Smith, Murdo MacCaskill, John McLeod, Alexr. McDonald, Angus<br />
+McDonald, John Ligett."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was fully apparent to the Americans that so long as the leaders were
+prisoners there was no danger of another uprising among the Highlanders.
+This was fully tested by earl Cornwallis, who, after the battle of
+Guilford Courthouse, retreated towards the seaboard, stopping on the way
+at Cross Creek<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> hoping then to gain recruits from the Highlanders,
+but very few of whom responded to his call. In a letter addressed to Sir
+Henry Clinton, dated from his camp near Wilmington, April 10, 1781, he
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On my arrival there (Cross Creek), I found, to my great
+mortification, and contrary to all former accounts, that it was
+impossible to procure any considerable quantity of provisions, and
+that there was not four days' forage within twenty miles. The
+navigation of Cape Fear, with the hopes of which I had been flattered
+was totally impracticable, the distance from Wilmington by water
+being one hundred and fifty miles, the breadth of the river seldom
+exceeding one hundred yards, the banks generally high, and the
+inhabitants on each side almost universally hostile. Under these
+circumstances I determined to move immediately to Wilmington. By this
+measure the Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of
+the upper country, to prove the sincerity of their former professions
+of friendship. But, though appearances are rather more favorable
+among them, I confess they are not equal to my expectations."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Americans did not rest matters simply by confining the officers, but
+every precaution was taken to overawe them, not only by their parole,
+which nearly all implicitly obeyed, but also by armed force, for some
+militia was at once stationed at Cross Creek, which remained there until
+the Provincial Congress, on November 21, 1776, ordered it
+discharged.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> General Charles Lee, who had taken charge of the
+Southern Department, on June 6, 1776, ordered Brigadier-General Lewis to
+take "as large a body of the regulars as can possibly be spared to march
+to Cross Creek, in North Carolina."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the fact that many of the Highlanders who had been in
+the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge afterwards engaged in the service
+with the Americans, the community was regarded with suspicion, and that
+not without some cause. On July 28, 1777, it was reported that there
+were movements among the royalists that caused the patriots to be in
+arms and watch the Highlanders at Cross Creek. On August 3rd it was
+again reported that there were a hundred in arms with others coming.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<p>As might be anticipated the poor Highlanders also were subjected to fear
+and oppression. They remained at heart, true to their first love. In
+June, 1776, a report was circulated among them that a company of light
+horse was coming into the settlement, and every one thought he was the
+man wanted, and hence all hurried to the swamps and other fastnesses in
+the forest.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p>From the poor Highland women, who had lost father, husband, brother in
+battle, or whose menfolk were imprisoned in the gaol at Halifax, there
+arose such a wail of distress as to call forth the attention of the
+Provincial Congress, which at once put forth a proclamation, and ordered
+it translated into the "Erse tongue," in which it was declared that they
+"warred not with those helpless females, but sympathized with them in
+their sorrow," and recommended them to the compassion of all, and to the
+"bounty of those who had aught to spare from their necessities."</p>
+
+<p>One of the remarkable things, and one which cannot be accounted for, is,
+that although the North Carolina Highland emigrants were deeply
+religious, yet no clergyman accompanied them to the shores of America,
+until 1770, when Reverend John McLeod came direct from Scotland and
+ministered to them for some time; and they were entirely without a
+minister prior to 1757, when Reverend James Campbell commenced to preach
+for them, and continued in active work until 1770. He was the first
+ordained minister who took up his abode among the Presbyterian
+settlements in North Carolina. He pursued his labors among the
+outspreading neighborhoods in what are now Cumberland and Robeson
+counties. This worthy man was born in Campbelton, on the peninsula of
+Kintyre, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Of his early history but little is
+known, and by far too little of his pioneer labors has been preserved.
+About the year 1730 he emigrated to America, landing at Philadelphia.
+His attention having been turned to his countrymen on the Cape Fear, he
+removed to North Carolina, and took up his residence on the left bank of
+the above river, a few miles north of Cross Creek. He died in 1781. His
+preaching was in harmony with the tenets of his people, being
+presbyterian. He had three regular congregations on the Sabbath, besides
+irregular preaching, as occasion demanded. For some ten years he
+preached on the southwest side of the river at a place called "Roger's
+meeting-house." Here Hector McNeill ("Bluff Hector") and Alexander
+McAlister acted as elders. About 1758 he began to preach at the
+"Barbacue Church,"&mdash;the building not erected until about the year 1765.
+It was at this church where Flora MacDonald worshipped. The first elders
+of this church were Gilbert Clark, Duncan Buie, Archibald Buie, and
+Donald Cameron.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="Church"  />
+<a id="illus06" name="illus06"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Barbacue Church, where Flora MacDonald
+Worshipped.</span></p>
+
+<p>Another of the preaching stations was at a place now known as "Long
+Street." The building was erected about 1766. The first elders were
+Malcolm Smith, Archibald McKay and Archibald Ray.</p>
+
+<p>There came, in the same ship, from Scotland, with Reverend John McLeod,
+a large number of Highland families, all of whom settled upon the upper
+and lower Little Rivers, in Cumberland county. After several years'
+labor, proving himself a man of genuine piety, great worth, and popular
+eloquence, he left America, with a view of returning to his native land;
+having never been heard of afterwards, it was thought that he found a
+watery grave.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the Reverend John McLeod, it is not known that
+Reverend James Campbell had any ministerial brother residing in
+Cumberland or the adjoining counties, who could assist him in preaching
+to the Gaels. Although McAden preached in Duplin county, he was unable
+to render assistance because he was unfamiliar with the language of the
+Highlanders.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. IV, p. 931.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 447.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 490.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 533.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p.453.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_C">Note C.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. VIII. p. 708.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. IX. p. 79.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 544.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. VIII, p. XXIII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. X. p. 577.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_D">Note D.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 325.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 326.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 595.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. XI. p. 403.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV, p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_E">Note E.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p, 117.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV. p, 981</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p, 982.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 983.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1129.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI, pp. 276-279.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. X, p. 485.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, pp. 594-603.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_H">Note H.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. XI. p. 294.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. X. p. 743.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 69.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. V, p. 1317.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1320.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. VI, p. 663.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 613.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Fifth Series, Vol. II. p. 1330.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1333.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 437.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 464.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1383</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Am. Archives, 5th Series, Vol. I. p. 1291.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1570.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> "Letter Book of Captain A. MacDonald," p. 387.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. X. p. 888.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See Appendix <a href="#NOTE_F">Note F.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> "Earl Cornwallis' Answer to Sir Henry Clinton," p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 927.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 721.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. pp 546, 555.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 829.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Highlanders in Georgia.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The second distinctive and permanent settlement of Highland Scotch in
+the territory now constituting the United States of America was that in
+what was first called New Inverness on the Alatamaha river in Georgia,
+but now known as Darien, in McIntosh County. It was established under
+the genius of James Oglethorpe, an English general and philanthropist,
+who, in the year 1728, began to take active legislative support in
+behalf of the debtor classes, which culminated in the erection of the
+colony of Georgia, and incidentally to the formation of a settlement of
+Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p>There was a yearly average in Great Britain of four thousand unhappy men
+immured in prison for the misfortune of being poor. A small debt exposed
+a person to a perpetuity of imprisonment; and one indiscreet contract
+often resulted in imprisonment for life. The sorrows hidden within the
+prison walls of Fleet and Marshalsea touched the heart of Oglethorpe&mdash;a
+man of merciful disposition and heroic mind&mdash;who was then in the full
+activity of middle life. His benevolent zeal persevered until he
+restored multitudes, who had long been in confinement for debt, and were
+now helpless and strangers in the land of their birth. Nor was this all:
+for them and the persecuted Protestants he planned an asylum in America,
+where former poverty would be no reproach, and where the simplicity of
+piety could indulge in the spirit of devotion without fear of
+persecution or rebuke.</p>
+
+<p>The first active step taken by Oglethorpe, in his benevolent designs was
+to move, in the British House of Commons, that a committee be appointed
+"to inquire into the state of the gaols of the kingdom, and to report
+the same and their opinion thereupon to the House." Of this committee
+consisting of ninety-six persons, embracing some of the first men in
+England, Oglethorpe was made chairman. They were eulogized by Thompson,
+in his poem on Winter, as</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"The generous band,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Who, touched with human woe, redressive searched</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Into the horrors of the gloomy gaol."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the abodes of crime, and of misfortune, the committee beheld all that
+the poet depicted: "The freeborn Briton to the dungeon chained," and
+"Lives crushed out by secret, barbarous ways, that for their country
+would have toiled and bled." One of Britain's authors was moved to
+indite: "No modern nation has ever enacted or inflicted greater legal
+severities upon insolvent debtors than England."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<p>While the report of the committee did honor to their humanity, yet it
+was the moving spirit of Oglethorpe that prompted efforts to combine
+present relief with permanent benefits, by which honest but unfortunate
+industry could be protected, and the poor enabled to reap the fruit of
+their toils, which now wrung out their lives with bitter and unrequited
+labor. On June 9, 1732, a charter was procured from the king,
+incorporating a body by name and style of the Trustees for Establishing
+the Colony of Georgia in America. Among its many provisions was the
+declaration that "all and every person born within the said province
+shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities of free
+denizens, as if abiding and born within Great Britain." It further
+ordained that there should be liberty of conscience, and free exercise
+of religion to all, except Papists. The patrons, by their own request,
+were restrained from receiving any grant of lands, or any emoluments
+whatever.</p>
+
+<p>The charter had in view the settling of poor but unfortunate people on
+lands now waste and desolate, and also the interposing of the colony as
+a barrier between the French, Spanish and Indians on the south and west
+and the other English colonies on the north. Oglethorpe expressed the
+purpose of the colonizing scheme, in the following language:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"These trustees not only give land to the unhappy who go thither;
+but are also empowered to receive the voluntary contributions of
+charitable persons to enable them to furnish the poor adventurers
+with all necessaries for the expense of the voyage, occupying the
+land, and supporting them till they find themselves comfortably
+settled. So that now the unfortunate will not be obliged to bind
+themselves to a long servitude to pay for their passage; for they may
+be carried gratis into a land of liberty and plenty, where they
+immediately find themselves in possession of a competent estate, in a
+happier climate than they knew before; and they are unfortunate,
+indeed, if here they cannot forget their sorrow."<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Subsidiary to this it was designed to make Georgia a silk, wine, oil and
+drug-growing colony. It was calculated that the mother country would be
+relieved of a large body of indigent people and unfortunate debtors,
+and, at the same time, assist the commerce of Great Britain, increase
+home industries, and relieve, to an appreciative extent, the impost on
+foreign productions. Extravagant expectations were formed of the
+capabilities of Georgia by the enthusiastic friends of the movement. It
+was to rival Virginia and South Carolina, and at once to take the first
+rank in the list of provinces depending on the British crown. Its
+beauties and greatness were lauded by poets, statesmen and divines. It
+attracted attention throughout Europe, and to that promised land there
+pressed forward Swiss, German, Scotch and English alike. The benevolence
+of England was aroused, and the charities of an opulent nation began to
+flow towards the new plantation. The House of Parliament granted
+&pound;10,000, which was augmented, by private subscription, to &pound;36,000.</p>
+
+<p>Oglethorpe had implicit faith in the enterprise, and with the first
+shipload, on board the Ann, he sailed from Gravesend November 17, 1732,
+and arrived at the bar, outside of the port of Charleston, South
+Carolina, January 13, 1733. Having accepted of a hearty welcome, he
+weighed anchor, and sailed directly for Port Royal; and while his colony
+was landing at Beaufort, he ascended the boundary river of Georgia, and
+selected the site for his chief town on the high bluff, where now is the
+city of Savannah. Having established his town, he then selected a
+commanding height on the Ogeechee river, where he built a fortification
+and named it Fort Argyle, in honor of the friend and patron of his early
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Within a period of five years over a thousand persons had been sent over
+on the Trustee's account; several freeholders, with their servants, had
+also taken up lands; and to them and to others also, settling in the
+province, over fifty-seven thousand acres had been granted. Besides
+forts and minor villages there had been laid out and settled the
+principal towns of Augusta, Ebenezer, Savannah, New Inverness, and
+Frederica. The colonists were of different nationalities, widely variant
+in character, religion and government. There were to be seen the
+depressed Briton from London; the hardy Gael from the Highlands of
+Scotland; the solemn Moravian from Herrnhut; the phlegmatic German from
+Salzburg in Bavaria; the reflecting Swiss from the mountainous and
+pastoral Grisons; the mercurial peasant from sunny Italy, and the Jew
+from Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>The settlements were made deliberately and with a view of resisting any
+possible encroachments of Spain. It was a matter of protection that the
+Highlanders were induced to emigrate, and their assignment to the
+dangerous and outlying district, exposed to Spanish forays or invasions,
+is sufficient proof that their warlike qualities were greatly desired.
+Experience also taught Oglethorpe that the useless poor in England did
+not change their characters by emigration.</p>
+
+<p>In company with a retinue of Indian chiefs, Oglethorpe returned to
+England on board the Aldborough man-of-war, where he arrived on June 16,
+1734, after a passage of a little more than a month. His return created
+quite a sensation; complimentary verses were bestowed upon him, and his
+name was established among men of large views and energetic action as a
+distinguished benefactor of mankind. Among many things that engrossed
+his attention was to provide a bulwark against inroads that might be
+made by savages and dangers from the Spanish settlements; so he turned
+his eyes, as already noted, to the Highlands of Scotland. In order to
+secure a sufficient number of Highlanders a commission was granted to
+Lieutenant Hugh Mackay and George Dunbar to proceed to the Highlands
+and "raise 100 Men free or servants and for that purpose allowed to them
+the free passage of ten servants over and above the 100. They farther
+allowed them to take 50 Head of Women and Children and agreed with Mr.
+Simmonds to send a ship about, which he w'd not do unless they agreed
+for 130 Men Heads certain. This may have led the trust into the mistake
+That they were to raise only 130."<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>The enterprising commissioners, using such methods as were customary to
+the country, soon collected the required number within the immediate
+vicinity of Inverness. They first enlisted the interest and consent of
+some of the chief gentlemen, and as they were unused to labor, they were
+not only permitted but required also to bring each a servant capable of
+supporting him. These gentlemen were not reckless adventurers, or
+reduced emigrants forced by necessity, or exiled by insolvency and want;
+but men of pronounced character, and especially selected for their
+approved military qualities, many of whom came from the glen of
+Stralbdean, about nine miles distant from Inverness. They were commanded
+by officers most highly connected in the Highlands. Their political
+sympathies were with the exiled house of Stuart, and having been more or
+less implicated in the rising of 1715, they found themselves objects of
+jealousy and suspicion, and thus circumstanced seized the opportunity to
+seek an asylum in America and obtain that unmolested quietude which was
+denied them in their native glens.</p>
+
+<p>These people being deeply religious selected for their pastor, Reverend
+John MacLeod, a native of Skye, who belonged to the Dunvegan family of
+MacLeods. He was well recommended by his clerical brethren, and
+sustained a good examination before the presbytery of Edinburgh,
+previous to his ordination and commission, October 13, 1735. He was
+appointed by the directors of the Society in Scotland for Propagating
+Christian Knowledge (from whom he was to receive his annual stipend of
+&pound;50) "not only to officiate as minister of the Gospel to the Highland
+families going hither," and others who might be inclined to the
+Presbyterian form of worship, but "also to use his utmost endeavors for
+propagating Christian knowledge among natives in the colony."</p>
+
+<p>The Trustees were greatly rejoiced to find that they had secured so
+valuable an acquisition to their colony, and that they could settle such
+a bold and hardy race on the banks of their southern boundary, and thus
+establish a new town on the Florida frontier. The town council of
+Inverness, in order to express their regard for Oglethorpe, on account
+of his kind offers to the Highlanders, conferred on him the honor of a
+burgess of the town, through his proxy, Captain George Dunbar.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the military band, others, among whom were MacKays, Bailies,
+Dunbars, and Cuthberts, applied for large tracts of land to people with
+their own servants; most of them going over themselves to Georgia, and
+finally settling there for life.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Highlanders, some of them paid their passage and that of one out
+of two servants, while others paid passage for their servants and took
+the benefit of the trust passage for themselves. Some, having large
+families, wanted farther assistance for servants, which was acceded to
+by Captain Dunbar, who gave them the passage of four servants, which was
+his right, for having raised forty of the one hundred men. Of the whole
+number the Trustees paid for one hundred and forty-six, some of whom
+became indentured servants to the Trust. On October 20, 1735, one
+hundred and sixty-three were mustered before Provost Hassock at
+Inverness. One of the number ran away before the ship sailed, and two
+others were set on shore because they would neither pay their passage
+nor indent as servants to the Trust.</p>
+
+<p>These pioneers, who were to carve their own fortunes and become a
+defense for the colony of Georgia, sailed from Inverness, October 18,
+1735, on board the Prince of Wales, commanded by Captain George Dunbar,
+one of their own countrymen. They made a remarkably quick trip, attended
+by no accidents, and in January, 1736, sailed into Tybee Road, and at
+once the officer in charge set about sending the emigrants to their
+destination. All who so desired, at their own expense, were permitted to
+go up to Savannah and Joseph's Town. On account of a deficiency in
+boats, all could not be removed at once. Seven days after their arrival
+sixty-one were sent away, and on February 4th forty-six more proceeded
+to their settlement on the Alatamaha,&mdash;all of whom being under the
+charge of Hugh MacKay. Thus the advanced station, the post of danger,
+was guarded by a bold and hardy race; brave and robust by nature,
+virtuous by inclination, inured to fatigue and willing to labor:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">
+"To distant climes, a dreary scene, they go,<br />
+Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe,<br />
+Far different these from all that charmed before,<br />
+The various terrors of that distant shore;<br />
+Those matted woods where birds forget to sing,<br />
+But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling;<br />
+Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crown'd,<br />
+Where the dark scorpion gathers death around,<br />
+Where at each step the stranger fears to wake<br />
+The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake,<br />
+Where crouching tigers wait their hapless prey,<br />
+And savage men, more murderous still than they.<br />
+Far different these from every former scene."<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">&mdash;Goldsmith.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>On their first landing at Savannah, some of the people from South
+Carolina endeavored to discourage them by saying that the Spaniards
+would shoot them as they stood upon the ground where they contemplated
+erecting their homes. "Why then," said the Highlanders in reply, "we
+will beat them out of their fort and shall have houses ready built to
+live in." The spot designated for their town is located twenty miles
+northwest from St. Simons and ten above Frederica, and situated on the
+mainland, close to a branch of the Alatamaha river, on a bluff twenty
+feet high, then surrounded on all sides with woods. The soil is a
+brackish sand. Formerly Fort King George, garrisoned by an independent
+company, stood within a mile and a half of the new town, but had been
+abandoned and destroyed on account of a want of supplies and
+communication with Carolina. The village was called New Inverness, in
+honor of the city they had left in Scotland; while the surrounding
+district was named Darien, on account of the settlement attempted on the
+Isthmus of Darien, in 1698-1701. Under the direction of Hugh MacKay, who
+proved himself to be an excellent officer and a man of executive
+ability, by the middle of February they had constructed a fort
+consisting of two bastions and two half bastions, which was so strong
+that forty men could maintain it against three hundred, and on it placed
+four pieces, which, afterwards was so enlarged as to demand twelve
+cannon; built a guardhouse, storehouse, a chapel, and huts for the
+people. One of the men dying, the rest joined and built a house for the
+widow.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime Oglethorpe had sailed from London on board the Symonds,
+accompanied by the London Merchant, with additional emigrants, and
+arrived in the Tybee Road a short time after the Highlanders had left.
+He had never met them, and desiring to understand their ways and to make
+as favorable an impression on them as possible, he retained Captain
+Dunbar to go with him to the Highlanders and to instruct him fully in
+their customs. On February 22d he left St. Simons and rowing up the
+Alatamaha after three hours, reached the Highland settlement. Upon
+seeing the boat approaching, the Highlanders marched out to meet him,
+and made a most manly appearance in their plaids, with claymores,
+targets and fire-arms. Captain MacKay invited Oglethorpe to lie in his
+tent, where there was a bed with sheets&mdash;a rarity as yet in that part of
+the world. He excused himself, choosing to lie at the guard-fire,
+wrapped in his plaid, for he had on the Highland garb. Captain MacKay
+and the other gentlemen did the same, though the night was cold.</p>
+
+<p>Oglethorpe had previously taken the precaution, lest the Highlanders
+might be apprehensive of an attack by the Spaniards, Indians, or other
+enemies, while their houses were in process of construction, to send
+Captain James McPherson, who commanded the rangers upon the Savannah,
+overland to support them. This troop arrived while Oglethorpe was yet
+present. Soon after they were visited by the Indians, who were attracted
+by their costume, and ever after retained an admiration for them, which
+was enhanced by the Highlanders entering into their wild sports, and
+joining them in the chase. In order to connect the new settlement with
+direct land communication with the other colonists, Oglethorpe, in
+March, directed Hugh MacKay, with a detachment of twelve rangers, to
+conduct Walter Augustin, who ran a traverse line from Savannah by Fort
+Argyle to Darien, in order to locate a roadway.</p>
+
+<p>It was during Oglethorpe's first trip to the Highland settlement that he
+encamped on Cumberland island, and on the extreme western point, which
+commands the passage of boats from the southward, marked out a fort to
+be called St. Andrews, and gave Captain Hugh MacKay orders to build it.
+The work commenced immediately, thirty Highlanders being employed in the
+labor. On March 26th Oglethorpe, visiting the place, was astonished to
+find the fort in such an advanced stage of completion; the ditch was
+dug, the parapet was raised with wood and earth on the land side, and
+the small wood was cleared fifty yards round the fort. This seemed to be
+the more extraordinary because MacKay had no engineer, nor any other
+assistance in that way, except the directions originally given. Besides
+it was very difficult to raise the works, the ground being a loose sand.
+They were forced to lay the trees and sand alternately,&mdash;the trees
+preventing the sand from falling, and the sand the wood from fire. He
+returned thanks to the Highlanders and offered to take any of them back
+to their settlement, but all refused so long as there was any danger
+from the Spaniards, in whose vicinity they were now stationed. But two
+of them, having families at Darien, he ordered along with him.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders were not wholly engaged in military pursuits, for, to a
+great extent, they were engaged in making their settlement permanent.
+They engaged in the cultivation of Indian corn and potatoes; learned to
+cut and saw timber, and laid out farms upon which they lived. For a
+frontier settlement, constantly menaced, all was accomplished that could
+be reasonably expected. In the woods they found ripe oranges and game,
+such as the wild turkey, buffalo and deer, in abundance. But peace and
+prosperity were not their allotted portion, for their lines were now
+cast in troubled waters. The first year witnessed an appeal to arms and
+a struggle with the Spaniards, which eventually resulted in a disaster
+to the Highlanders. Deeds of heroism were now enacted, fully in keeping
+with the tenor of the race.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards, who had their main force at St. Augustine, were more or
+less aggressive, which kept the advanced posts in a state of alarm. John
+Mohr Macintosh, who had seen service in Scotland, was directed by
+Oglethorpe to instruct the Highlanders in their military duty, and under
+his direction they were daily exercised. Hugh MacKay, with a company,
+had been directed to the immediate command of Oglethorpe.</p>
+
+<p>Disputes early arose between the English colonists and the Spaniards
+regarding the frontier line between the two nationalities, and loud
+complaints were made by the latter on account of being harrassed by
+Indians. Oglethorpe took steps to restrain the Indians, and to the
+Spaniards sent friendly messengers, who were immediately seized and
+confined and at once took measures against the colonists. A Spanish
+warship sailed by St. Simon's island and passed Fort St. Andrews, but
+was not fired upon by the Highlanders because she answered their
+signals. She made her way back to St. Augustine when the report gained
+currency that the whole coast was covered with war boats armed with
+cannon. On June 8th the colonists were again threatened by a Spanish
+vessel which came close to Fort St. Andrews before she was discovered;
+but when challenged rowed away with the utmost precipitation. On board
+this boat was Don Ignatio with a detachment of the Spanish garrison, and
+as many boatmen and Indians as the launch could hold. It was at this
+time that a Highland lad named Fraser distinguished himself. Oglethorpe
+in endeavoring to meet the Spaniards by a flag of truce, or else obtain
+a conference with them, but unable to accomplish either, and being about
+to withdraw, saw the boy, whom he had sent forward, returning through
+the woods, driving before him a tall man with a musket on his shoulder,
+two pistols stuck in his girdle, and further armed with both a long and
+short sword. Coming up to Oglethorpe the lad said: "Here, sir; I have
+caught a Spaniard for you." The man was found to have in his possession
+a letter from Oglethorpe's imprisoned messengers which imparted certain
+information that proved to be of great value.</p>
+
+<p>The imprisoned messengers were ultimately released and sent back in a
+launch with commissioners to treat with Oglethorpe. In order to make a
+favorable impression on the Spaniards, the Highlanders, under Ensign
+MacKay, were ordered out. June 19th, Ensign MacKay arrived on board the
+man-of-war Hawk, then just off from Amelia island, with the Highlanders,
+and a detachment of the independent company, in their regimentals, who
+lined one side of the ship, while the Highlanders, with their claymores,
+targets, plaids, etc., did the same on the other side. The commissioners
+were very handsomely entertained on board the war vessel, and after
+dinner messages in writing were exchanged. While this hilarity and peace
+protestations were being indulged, an Indian brought the news that forty
+Spaniards and some Indians had fallen upon a party of the Creek nation
+who, then depending upon the general peace between the Indians, Spanish
+and English, without suspicion, and consequently without guard, were
+surrounded and surprised, several killed and others taken, two of whom,
+being boys, were murdered by dashing out their brains.</p>
+
+<p>To the people of New Iverness the year 1737 does not appear to have been
+a propitious one. Pioneers were compelled to endure hardships of which
+they had little dreamed, and the Highland settlement was no exception to
+the rule. The record preserved for this year is exceedingly meagre and
+consists almost wholly in the sworn statement of Alexander Monroe, who
+deserted the colony in 1740. In the latter year he deposed that at
+Darien, where he arrived in 1736 with his wife and child, he had
+cleared, fenced in and planted five acres of land, built a good house in
+the town, and made other improvements, such as gardening, etc.; that he
+was never able to support his family by cultivation, though he planted
+the said five acres three years and had good crops, and that he never
+heard of any white man being able to gain a living by planting; that in
+1737 the people were reduced to such distress for want of provisions,
+having neither corn, peas, rice, potatoes, nor bread-kind of any sort,
+nor fish, nor flesh of any kind in store; that they were forced to go in
+a body, with John Mohr Macintosh at the head, to Frederica and there
+make a demand on the Trust's agent for a supply; that they were relieved
+by Captain Gascoigne of the Hawk, who spared them two barrels of flour,
+and one barrel of beef; and further, he launches an indictment against
+John Mohr Macintosh, who had charge of the Trust's store at Darien, for
+giving the better class of food to his own hogs while the people were
+forced to take that which was rotten.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p>
+
+<p>While this statement of Monroe may possibly be true in the main, and
+that there was actual suffering, yet it must be borne in mind that the
+Highlanders were there living in a changed condition. The labor,
+climate, soil, products, etc., were all new to them, and to the changed
+circumstances the time had been too short for them to adapt themselves;
+nor is it probable that five acres were enough for their subsistence.
+The feeding of cattle, which was soon after adopted, would give them a
+larger field of industry.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was this all. Inevitable war fell upon the people; for we learn that
+the troop of Highland rangers, under Captain MacKay, held Fort St.
+Andrews "with thirty men, when the Spaniards attempted the invasion of
+this Province with a great number of men in the year 1737."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Drawing
+the men away from the settlement would necessarily cause more or less
+suffering and disarrangement of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>The record for the year 1738 is more extensive, although somewhat
+contradictory, and exhibits a strong element of dissention. Oglethorpe
+admitted the difficulties under which the people labored, ascribing them
+to the Spanish alarms, but reports that John Mohr Macintosh, pursuant to
+orders from the Trust, had disposed of a part of the servants to the
+freeholders of Darien, which encouragement had enabled the settlement to
+continue.</p>
+
+<p>"The women were a dead charge to the Trust, excepting a few who mended
+the Cloaths, dressed the Victuals and washed the Linnen of the Trustees
+Men Servants. Some of the Soldiers who were Highlanders desiring to
+marry Women, I gave them leave upon their discharging the Trustees from
+all future Charges arising from them."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<p>The difficulties appear also to have arisen from the fact that the
+freeholders were either unable or else unwilling&mdash;which is the more
+likely&mdash;to perform manual labor. They labored under the want of a
+sufficient number of servants until they had procured some who had been
+indentured to the Trust for passage from Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>The Reverend John MacLeod, who abandoned the colony in 1741, made oath
+that in the year 1738 they found by experience that the produce from the
+land did not answer the expense of time and labor, and the voice of the
+people of Darien was to abandon their improvements, and settle to the
+northward, where they could be free from the restraints which rendered
+incapable of subsisting themselves and families.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> The declaration of
+Alexander Monroe is still more explicit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That in December, 1738, the said inhabitants of Darien finding that
+from their first settling in Georgia, their labors turned to no
+account, that their wants were daily growing on them, and being weary
+of apprehension, they came to a resolution to depute two men, chosen
+from amongst them, to go to Charleston, in South Carolina, and there
+to make application to the government, in order to obtain a grant of
+lands to which the whole settlement of Darien to a man were to remove
+altogether, the said John McIntosh More excepted; but that it being
+agreed among them, first to acquaint the said Colonel with their
+intentions, and their reasons for such resolutions, John McIntosh L.
+(Lynvilge) was employed by the said freeholders to lay the same
+before him, who returned them an answer 'that they should have credit
+for provisions, with two cows and three calves, and a breeding mare
+if they would continue on their plantations.' That the people with
+the view of these helps, and hoping for the further favor and
+countenance of the said Colonel, and being loth to leave their little
+all behind them, and begin the world in a strange place, were willing
+to make out a livelihood in the colony; but whilst they were in
+expectation of these things, this deponent being at his plantation,
+two miles from the town, in Dec., 1738, he received a letter from
+Ronald McDonald, which was sent by order of the said McIntosh More,
+and brought to this deponent by William, son of the said McIntosh,
+ordering him, the said deponent, immediately to come himself, and
+bring William Monro along with him to town, and advising him that,
+'if he did so, he would be made a man of, but, that if he did not, he
+would be ruined forever.' That this deponent coming away without loss
+of time, he got to the said McIntosh More's house about nine of the
+clock that night, where he found several of the inhabitants together,
+and where the said McIntosh More did tell this deponent, 'that if he
+would sign a paper, which he then offered him, that the said Colonel
+would give him cattle and servants from time to time, and that he
+would be a good friend to as many as would sign the said paper, but
+that they would see what would become of those that would not sign
+it, for that the people of Savannah would be all ruined, who opposed
+the said Colonel in it.' That this deponent did not know the contents
+of the said paper, but seeing that some before him had signed it, his
+hopes on one side, and fears on the other, made him sign it also.
+That upon his conversing with some of the people, after leaving the
+house, he was acquainted with the contents and design of said paper,
+which this deponent believes to be the petition from the eighteen,
+which the trustees have printed, and that very night he became
+sensible of the wrong he had done; and that his conscience did
+thereupon accuse him, and does yet."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The phrase "being weary of oppression" has reference to the accusation
+against Captain Hugh MacKay, who was alleged to have "exercised an
+illegal power there, such as judging in all causes, directing and
+ordering all things according to his will, as did the said McIntosh
+More, by which many unjust and illegal things were done. That not only
+the servants of the said freeholders of Darien were ordered to be tied
+up and whipt; but also this deponent, and Donald Clark, who themselves
+were freeholders, were taken into custody, and bound with ropes, and
+threatened to be sent to Frederica to Mr. Horton, and there punished by
+him; this deponent, once for refusing to cry 'All's well,' when he was
+an out-sentry, he having before advised them of the danger of so doing,
+lest the voice should direct the Indians to fire upon the sentry, as
+they had done the night before, and again for drumming with his fingers
+on the side of his house, it being pretended that he had alarmed the
+town. That upon account of these, and many other oppressions, the
+freeholders applied to Mr. Oglethorpe for a court of justice to be
+erected, and proper magistrates in Darien, as in other towns in Georgia,
+that they might have justice done among themselves, when he gave them
+for answer, 'that he would acquaint the trustees with it'; but that
+this deponent heard no more of it."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of the fundamental regulations of the Trustees was the prohibition
+of African slavery in Georgia. However, they had instituted a system of
+servitude which indentured both male and female to individuals, or the
+Trustees, for a period of from four to fourteen years. On arriving in
+Georgia, their services were sold for the term of indenture, or
+apportioned to the inhabitants by the magistrates, as their necessities
+required. The sum which they brought when thus bid off varied from &pound;2 to
+&pound;6, besides an annual tax of &pound;1 for five years to defray the expense of
+their voyage. Negro slavery was agitated in Savannah, and on December 9,
+1738, a petition was addressed to the Trustees, signed by one hundred
+and sixteen, and among other things asked was the introduction of Negro
+slavery. On January 3, 1739, a counter petition was drawn up and signed
+by the Highlanders at Darien. On March 13th the Saltzburghers of
+Ebenezer signed a similar petition in which they strongly disapproved of
+the introduction of slave labor into the colony. Likewise the people of
+Frederica prepared a petition, but desisted from sending it, upon an
+assurance that their apprehensions of the introduction of Negroes were
+entirely needless. Many artifices were resorted to in order to gain over
+the Highlanders and have them petition for Negro slaves. Failing in this
+letters were written to them from England endeavoring to intimidate them
+into a compliance. These counter petitions strengthened the Trustees in
+their resolution. It is a noticeable fact, and worthy of record, that at
+the outbreak of the American Revolution the Highlanders of Darien again
+protested against African slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Those persons dissatisfied with the state of affairs increased in
+numbers and gradually grew more rancorous. It is not supposable that
+they could have bettered the condition under the circumstances.
+Historians have been universal in their praise of Oglethorpe, and in all
+probability no one could have given a better administration. His word
+has been taken without question. He declared that "Darien hath been one
+of the Settlements where the People have been most industrious as those
+of Savannah have been most idle. The Trustees have had several Servants
+there who under the direction of Mr. Moore McIntosh have not only earned
+their bread but have provided the Trust with such Quantities of sawed
+stuff as hath saved them a great sum of money. Those Servants cannot be
+put under the direction of anybody at Frederica nor any one that does
+not understand the Highland language. The Woods fit for sawing are near
+Darien and the Trustees engaged not to separate the Highlanders. They
+are very useful under their own Chiefs and no where else. It is very
+necessary therefore to allow Mr. Mackintosh for the overseeing the
+Trust's Servants at Darien."<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
+
+<p>That such was the actual condition of affairs in 1739 there is no doubt.
+However, a partial truth may change the appearance. George Philp, who at
+Savannah in 1740, declared that for the same year the people "are as
+incapable of improving their lands and raising produces as the people in
+the northern division, as appears from the very small quantity of Indian
+corn which hitherto had been the chief and almost only produce of the
+province, some few potatoes excepted; and as a proof of which, that he
+was in the south in May last, when the season for planting was over, and
+much less was done at Frederica than in former years; and that the
+people in Darien did inform him, that they had not of their own produce
+to carry to market, even in the year 1739, which was the most plentiful
+year they ever saw there, nor indeed any preceding year; nor had they
+(the people of Darien) bread-kind of their own raising, sufficient for
+the use of their families, from one crop to another, as themselves, or
+some of them, did tell this deponent; and further, the said people of
+Darien were, in May last, repining at their servants being near out of
+their time, because the little stock of money they carried over with
+them was exhausted in cultivation which did not bring them a return; and
+they were thereby rendered quite unable to plant their lands, or help
+themselves any way."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was one of the agreements made by the Trust that assistance should be
+given the colonists. Hence Oglethorpe speaks of "the &pound;58 delivered to
+Mr. McIntosh at Darien, it was to support the Inhabitants of Darien with
+cloathing and delivered to the Trustees' Store there, for which the
+Individuals are indebted to the Trust. Part of it was paid in discharge
+of service done to the Trustees in building. Part is still due and some
+do pay and are ready to pay."<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p>
+
+<p>The active war with Spain commenced by the murder of two unarmed
+Highlanders on Amelia Island, who had gone into the woods for fuel. It
+was November 14, 1739, that a party of Spaniards landed on the island
+and skulked in the woods. Francis Brooks, who commanded a scout boat,
+heard reports of musketry, and at once signaled the fort, when a
+lieutenant's squad marched out and found the murdered Highlanders with
+their heads cut off and cruelly mangled. The Spaniards fled with so much
+precipitation that the squad could not overtake them, though they
+pursued rapidly. Immediately Oglethorpe began to collect around him his
+inadequate forces for the invasion of Florida. In January, 1740, he
+received orders to make hostile movements against Florida, with the
+assurance that Admiral Vernon should co-operate with him. Oglethorpe
+took immediate action, drove in the Spanish outposts and invaded
+Florida, having learned from a deserter that St. Augustine was in want
+of provisions. South Carolina rendered assistance; and its regiment
+reached Darien the first of May, where it was joined by Oglethorpe's
+favorite corps, the Highlanders, ninety strong, commanded by Captain
+John Mohr McIntosh and Lieutenant MacKay. They were ordered, accompanied
+by an Indian force, to proceed by land, at once, to Cow-ford (afterwards
+Jacksonville), upon the St. Johns. With four hundred of his regiment,
+Oglethorpe, on May 3d, left Frederica, in boats, and on the 9th reached
+the Cow-ford. The Carolina regiment and the Highlanders having failed to
+make the expected junction at that point, Oglethorpe, who would brook no
+delay, immediately proceeded against Fort Diego, which surrendered on
+the 10th, and garrisoned it with sixty men under Lieutenant Dunbar. With
+the remainder he returned to the Cow-ford, and there met the Carolina
+regiment and McIntosh's Highlanders. Here Oglethorpe massed nine hundred
+soldiers and eleven hundred Indians, and marched the whole force
+against Fort Moosa, which was built of stone, and situated less than two
+miles from St. Augustine, which the Spaniards evacuated without offering
+resistance. Having burned the gates, and made three breaches in the
+walls, Oglethorpe then proceeded to reconnoitre the town and castle.
+Assisted by some ships of war lying at anchor off St. Augustine bar, he
+determined to blockade the town. For this purpose he left Colonel
+Palmer, with ninety-five Highlanders and fifty-two Indians, at Fort
+Moosa, with instructions to scour the woods and intercept all supplies
+for the enemy; and, for safety, encamp every night at different places.
+This was the only party left to guard the land side. The Carolina
+regiment was sent to occupy a point of land called Point Quartel, about
+a mile distant from the castle; while he himself with his regiment and
+the greater part of the Indians embarked in boats, and landed on the
+Island of Anastatia, where he erected batteries and commenced a
+bombardment of the town. The operations of the beseigers beginning to
+relax, the Spanish commander sent a party of six hundred to surprise
+Colonel Palmer at Fort Moosa. The Spaniards had noted that for five
+nights Colonel Palmer had made Fort Moosa his resting place. They came
+in boats with muffled oars at the dead of night, and landed unheard and
+undiscovered. The Indians, who were relied on by Palmer, were watching
+the land side, but never looked towards the water.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Macintosh had remonstrated with Colonel Palmer for remaining at
+Fort Moosa more than one night, until it produced an alienation between
+them. The only thing then left for MacIntosh was to make his company
+sleep on their arms. At the first alarm they were in rank, and as the
+Spanish infantry approached in three columns they were met with a
+Highland shout.</p>
+
+<p>The contest was unequal, and although the Highlanders rallied to the
+support of MacIntosh, their leader, and fought with desperation, yet
+thirty-six of them fell dead or wounded at the first charge. When
+Colonel Palmer saw the overwhelming force that assaulted his command, he
+directed the rangers without the wall to fly; but, refusing to follow
+them, he paid the debt of his obstinacy with his blood.</p>
+
+<p>The surprise at Fort Moosa led to the failure of Oglethorpe's
+expedition. John Mohr MacIntosh was a prisoner, and as Oglethorpe had no
+officer to exchange for him, he was sent to Spain, where he was detained
+several years&mdash;his fate unknown to his family&mdash;and when he did return to
+his family it was with a broken constitution and soon to die, leaving
+his children to such destiny as might await them, without friends, in
+the wilds of America, for the one who could assist them&mdash;General
+Oglethorpe&mdash;was to be recalled, in preparation to meet the Highland
+Rising of 1745, when he, too, was doomed to suffer degradation from the
+duke of Cumberland, and injury to his military reputation.</p>
+
+<p>It was the same regiment of Spaniards that two years later was brought
+from Cuba to lead in all enterprises that again was destined to meet the
+remnant of those Highlanders, but both the scene and the result were
+different. It was in the light of day, and blood and slaughter, but not
+victory awaited them.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of the eldest son of John Mohr MacIntosh is worthy of
+mention. He was named after his grand uncle, the celebrated Old Borlum
+(General William MacIntosh), who commanded a division of the Highlanders
+in the Rising of 1715. William was not quite fourteen years of age when
+his father left Darien for Florida. He wished to accompany the army, but
+his father refused. Determined not to be thwarted in his purpose, he
+overtook the army at Barrington. He was sent back the next day under an
+armed guard. Taking a small boat, he ferried up to Clarke's Bluff, on
+the south side of the Alatamaha, intending to keep in the rear until the
+troops had crossed the St. Mary's river. He soon fell in with seven
+Indians, who knew him, for Darien had become a great rendezvous for
+them, and were greatly attached to the Highlanders, partly on account of
+their wild manners, their manly sports and their costume, somewhat
+resembling their own. They caressed the boy, and heartily entered into
+his views. They followed the advancing troops and informed him of all
+that transpired in his father's camp, yet carefully concealing his
+presence among them until after the passage of the St. Mary's, where,
+with much triumph, led him to his father and said "that he was a young
+warrior and would fight; that the Great Spirit would watch over his
+life, for he loved young warriors." He followed his father until he saw
+him fall at Fort Moosa, covered with wounds, which so transfixed him
+with horror, that he was not aroused to action until a Spanish officer
+laid hold of his plaid. Light and as elastic as a steel bow, he slipped
+from under his grasp, and made his escape with the wreck of the corps.</p>
+
+<p>Those who escaped the massacre went over in a boat to Point Quartel.
+Some of the Chickasaw Indians, who also had escaped, met a Spaniard, cut
+off his head and presented it to Oglethorpe. With abhorence he rejected
+it, calling them barbarian dogs and bidding them begone. As might be
+expected, the Chickasaws were offended and deserted him. A party of
+Creeks brought four Spanish prisoners to Oglethorpe, who informed him
+that St. Augustine had been reinforced by seven hundred men and a large
+supply of provisions. The second day after the Fort Moosa affair, the
+Carolina<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> regiment deserted, the colonel leading the rout; nor did he
+arrest his flight until darkness overtook him, thirty miles from St.
+Augustine. Other circumstances operating against him, Oglethorpe
+commenced his retreat from Florida and reached Frederica July 10, 1740.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Darien continued to live in huts that were tight and
+warm. Prior to 1740 they had been very industrious in planting, besides
+being largely engaged in driving cattle for the regiment; but having
+engaged in the invasion of Florida, little could be done at home, where
+their families remained. One writer<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> declared that "the people live
+very comfortably, with great unanimity. I know of no other settlement in
+this colony more desirable, except Ebenezer." The settlement was greatly
+decimated on account of the number killed and taken prisoners at Fort
+Moosa. This gave great discontent on the part of those who already felt
+aggrieved against the Trust.</p>
+
+<p>The discontent among many of the colonists, some of whom were
+influential, again broke out in 1741, some of whom went to Savannah,
+October 7th, to consider the best method of presenting their grievances.
+They resolved to send an agent to England to represent their case to
+the proper authorities, "in order to the effectual settling and
+establishing of the said province, and to remove all those grievances
+and hardships we now labor under." The person selected as agent was
+Thomas Stevens, the son of the president of Georgia, who had resided
+there about four years, and who, it was thought, from his connection
+with the president, would give great weight to the proceedings. Mr.
+Stevens sailed for England on March 26, 1742, presented his petition to
+parliament, which was considered together with the answer of the
+Trustees; which resulted in Mr. Stevens being brought to the bar of the
+House of Commons, and upon his knees, before the assembled counsellors
+of Great Britain, was reprimanded for his conduct, and then discharged,
+on paying his fees.</p>
+
+<p>A list of the people who signed the petition and counter petitions
+affords a good criterion of the class represented at Darien, living
+there before and after the battle of Moosa. Among the complainants may
+be found the names of:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>James Campbell, Thomas Fraser, Patrick Grahame, John Grahame, John
+McDonald, Peter McKay, Benjamin McIntosh, John McIntosh, Daniel
+McKay, Farquhar McGuilvery, Daniel McDonald, Rev. John McLeod,
+Alexander Monro, John McIntire, Owen McLeod, Alexander Rose, Donald
+Stewart.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not certain that all the above were residents of Darien. Among
+those who signed the petition in favor of the Trust, and denominated the
+body of the people, and distinctly stated to be living at Darien, are
+the names of:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>John Mackintosh Moore, John Mackintosh Lynvilge, Ronald McDonald,
+Hugh Morrison, John McDonald, John Maclean, John Mackintosh, son of
+L., John Mackintosh Bain, John McKay, Daniel Clark, first, Alexander
+Clarke, Donald Clark, third, Joseph Burges, Donald Clark, second,
+Archibald McBain, Alexander Munro, William Munro, John Cuthbert.</p></div>
+
+<p>During the autumn of 1741, Reverend John McLeod abandoned his Highland
+charge at Darien, went to South Carolina and settled at Edisto. In an
+oath taken November 12, 1741, he represents the people of Darien to be
+in a deplorable condition. Oglethorpe, in his letter to the
+Trustees,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> evidently did not think Mr. McLeod was the man really fit
+for his position, for he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We want here some men fit for schoolmasters, one at Frederica and
+one at Darien, also a sedate and sober minister, one of some
+experience in the world and whose first heat of youth is over."</p></div>
+
+<p>The long-threatened invasion of Carolina and Georgia by the Spaniards
+sailed from Havana, consisting of a great fleet, among which were two
+half galleys, carrying one hundred and twenty men each and an
+eighteen-pound gun. A part of the fleet, on June 20th, was seen off the
+harbor of St. Simons, and the next day in Cumberland Sound. Oglethorpe
+dispatched two companies in three boats to the relief of Fort William,
+on Cumberland island, which were forced to fight their way through the
+fire from the Spanish galleys. Soon after thirty-two sail came to anchor
+off the bar, with the Spanish colors flying, and there remained five
+days. They landed five hundred men at Gascoin's bluff, on July 5th.
+Oglethorpe blew up Fort William, spiked the guns and signalled his ships
+to run up to Frederica, and with his land forces retired to the same
+place, where he arrived July 6th. The day following the enemy were
+within a mile of Frederica. When this news was brought to Oglethorpe he
+took the first horse he found and with the Highland company, having
+ordered sixty men of the regiment to follow, he set off on a gallop to
+meet the Spaniards, whom he found to be one hundred and seventy strong,
+including forty-five Indians. With his Indian Rangers and ten
+Highlanders, who outran the rest of the company, he immediately attacked
+and defeated the Spaniards. After pursuing them a mile, he halted his
+troops and posted them to advantage in the woods, leaving two companies
+of his regiment with the Highlanders and Indians to guard the way, and
+then returned to Frederica to await further movements of the enemy.
+Finding no immediate movement on the part of his foes, Oglethorpe, with
+the whole force then at Frederica, except such as were absolutely
+necessary to man the batteries, returned to the late field of action,
+and when about half way met two platoons of his troops, with the great
+body of his Indians, who declared they had been broken by the whole
+Spanish force, which assailed them in the woods; and the enemy were now
+in pursuit, and would soon be upon them. Notwithstanding this
+disheartening report, Oglethorpe continued his march, and to his great
+satisfaction, found that Lieutenants Southerland and MacKay, with the
+Highlanders alone, had defeated the enemy, consisting of six hundred
+men, and killed more of them than their own force numbered. At first the
+Spanish forces overwhelmed the colonists by their superior numbers, when
+the veteran troops became seized with a panic. They made a precipitate
+retreat, the Highlanders following reluctantly in the rear. After
+passing through a defile, Lieutenant MacKay communicated to his friend,
+Lieutenant Southerland, who commanded the rear guard, composed also of
+Highlanders, the feelings of his corps, and agreeing to drop behind as
+soon as the whole had passed the defile. They returned through the brush
+and took post at the two points of the crescent in the road. Four
+Indians remained with them. Scarcely had they concealed themselves in
+the woods, when the Spanish grenadier regiment, the <i>elite</i> of their
+troops, advanced into the defile, where, seeing the footprints of the
+rapid retreat of the broken troops, and observing their right was
+covered by an open morass, and their left, as they supposed, by an
+impracticable wall of brushwood, and a border of dry white sand, they
+stacked their arms and sat down to partake of refreshments, believing
+that the contest for the day was over. Southerland and MacKay, who, from
+their hiding places, had anxiously watched their movements, now from
+either end of the line raised the Highland cap upon a sword, the signal
+for the work of death to begin. Immediately the Highlanders poured in
+upon the unsuspecting enemy a well delivered and most deadly fire.
+Volley succeeded volley, and the sand was soon strewed with the dead and
+the dying. Terror and dismay seized the Spaniards, and making no
+resistance attempted to fly along the marsh. A few of their officers
+attempted, though in vain, to re-form their broken ranks; discipline was
+gone; orders were unheeded; safety alone was sought; and, when, with a
+Highland shout of triumph, the hidden foe burst among them with levelled
+musket and flashing claymore, the panic stricken Spaniards fled in
+every direction; some to the marsh, where they mired and were taken;
+others along the defile, where they were met by the claymore, and still
+others into the thicket, where they became entangled and perished; and a
+few succeeded in escaping to their camp. Barba was taken, though
+mortally wounded. Among the killed were a captain, lieutenant, two
+sergeants, two drummers and one hundred and sixty privates, and a
+captain and nineteen men taken prisoners. This feat of arms was as
+brilliant as it was successful. Oglethorpe, with the two platoons, did
+not reach the scene of action, since called the "Bloody Marsh," until
+the victory was won. To show his sense of the services rendered, he
+promoted the brave young officers who had gained it on the very field of
+their valor. But he rested only for a few minutes, waiting for the
+marines and the reserve of the regiment to come up; and then pursued the
+retreating enemy to within a mile and a half of their camp. During the
+night the foe retreated within the ruins of the fort, and under the
+protection of their cannon. A few days later the Spaniards became so
+alarmed on the appearance of three vessels off the bar that they
+immediately set fire to the fort and precipitately embarked their
+troops, abandoning in their hurry and confusion, several cannon, a
+quantity of military stores, and even leaving unburied some of the men
+who had just died of their wounds.</p>
+
+<p>The massacre of Fort Moosa was more than doubly avenged, and that on the
+same Spanish regiment that was then victorious. On the present occasion
+they had set out from their camp with the determination to show no
+quarter. In the action William MacIntosh, now sixteen years of age, was
+conspicuous. No shout rose higher, and no sword waved quicker than his
+on that day. The tract of land which surrounded the field of action was
+afterwards granted to him.</p>
+
+<p>A brief sketch of Ensign John Stuart will not be out of place in this
+record and connection. During the Spanish invasion he was stationed at
+Fort William, and there gained an honorable reputation in holding it
+against the enemy. Afterwards he became the celebrated Captain Stuart
+and father of Sir John Stuart, the victor over General Ranier, at the
+battle of Maida, in Calabria. In 1757 Captain Stuart was taken prisoner
+at Fort Loudon, in the Cherokee country, and whose life was saved by his
+friend, Attakullakulla. This ancient chief had remembered Captain Stuart
+when he was a young Highland officer under General Oglethorpe, although
+years had rolled away. The Indians were now filled with revenge at the
+treachery of Governor Littleton, of Carolina, on account of the
+imprisonment and death of the chiefs of twenty towns; yet no actions of
+others could extinguish, in this generous and high-minded man, the
+friendship of other years. The dangers of that day, the thousand wiles
+and accidents Captain Stuart escaped from, made him renowned among the
+Indians, and centered on him the affections and confidence of the
+southern tribes. It was the same Colonel John Stuart, of the
+Revolutionary War, who, from Pensacola, directed at will the movements
+of the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Choctaws, against all, save
+Georgia. That state suffered but little from Indian aggression during
+the War for Independence. Nor was that feeling extinct among the Creeks
+for a period of fifty years, or until they believed that the people of
+Oglethorpe had passed away.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1743 opened with fresh alarms of a new invasion, jointly of the
+French and Spanish. The Governor of Cuba offered to invade Georgia and
+Carolina, with ten thousand men, most of whom were then in Havanna.
+Oglethorpe, with his greatly reduced force, was left alone to bear the
+burden of defending Georgia. Believing that a sudden blow would enhance
+his prospects, he took his measures, and accordingly, on Saturday,
+February 26, 1743, the detachment destined for Florida, consisting of a
+portion of the Highlanders, rangers and regulars, appeared under arms at
+Frederica, and on March 9th, landed in Florida. He advanced upon St.
+Augustine, and used every device to decoy them into an ambush; but even
+failed to provoke the garrison. Having no cannon with him, he returned
+to Frederica, without the loss of a man. This expedition was attended
+with great toil, fatigue and privation, but borne cheerfully. A few
+slight eruptive efforts were made, but each party kept its own borders,
+and the slight conflicts in America were lost in the universal
+conflagration in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders had borne more than their share of the burdens of war,
+and had lost heavily. Their families had shared in their privations. The
+majority had remained loyal to Oglethorpe, and proved that in every
+emergency they could be depended on. In later years the losses were
+partially supplied by accessions from their countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>With all the advantages that Georgia offered and the inducements held
+out to emigrants, the growth was very slow. In 1761 the whole number of
+white inhabitants amounted to but sixty-one hundred. However, in 1773,
+or twelve years later, it had leaped to eighteen thousand white and
+fifteen thousand black. The reasons assigned for this increase were the
+great inducements held out to people to come and settle where they could
+get new and good lands at a moderate cost, with plenty of good range for
+cattle, horses and hogs, and where they would not be so pent up and
+confined as in the more thickly settled provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The Macintoshes had ever been foremost, and in the attempt to
+consolidate Georgia with Carolina they were prominent in their
+opposition to the scheme.</p>
+
+<p>Forty years in America had endeared the Highlanders of Darien to the
+fortunes of their adopted country. The children knew of none other, save
+as they heard it from the lips of their parents. Free in their
+inclinations, and with their environments it is not surprising that they
+should become imbued with the principles of the American Revolution.
+Their foremost leader, who gained imperishable renown, was Lachlan
+Macintosh, son of John Mor. His brother, William, also took a very
+active part, and made great sacrifices. At one time he was pursued
+beyond the Alatamaha and his negroes taken from him.</p>
+
+<p>To what extent the Darien Highlanders espoused the cause of Great
+Britain would be difficult to fathom, but in all probability to no
+appreciable extent. The records exhibit that there were some royalists
+there, although when under British sway may have been such as a matter
+of protection, which was not uncommon throughout the Southern States.
+The record is exceedingly brief. On May 20, 1780, Charles McDonald,
+justice of peace for St. Andrew's parish (embracing Darien), signed the
+address to the King. Sir James Wright, royal governor of Georgia,
+writing to lord George Germain, dated February 16, 1782, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Yesterday my Lord I Received Intelligence that two Partys of about
+140 in the whole were gone over the Ogechee Ferry towards the
+Alatamaha River &amp; had been in St. Andrews Parish (a Scotch
+settlement) &amp; there Murdered 12 or 13 Loyal Subjects."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Highlanders were among the first to take action, and had no fears of
+the calamities of war. The military spirit of their ancestors showed no
+deterioration in their constitutions. During the second week in January,
+1775, a district congress was held by the inhabitants of St. Andrew's
+Parish (now Darien), at which a series of resolutions were passed,
+embodying, with great force and earnestness, the views of the
+freeholders of that large and flourishing district. These resolutions,
+six in number, expressed first, their approbation of "the unparalleled
+moderation, the decent, but firm and manly, conduct of the loyal and
+brave people of Boston and Massachusetts Bay, to preserve their
+liberty;" their approval of "all the resolutions of the Grand American
+Congress," and their hearty and "cheerful accession to the association
+entered into by them, as the wisest and most moderate measure that could
+be adopted." The second resolution condemned the closing of the land
+offices, to the great detriment of Colonial growth, and to the injury of
+the industrious poor, declaring "that all encouragement should be given
+to the poor of every nation by every generous American." The third,
+animadverted upon the ministerial mandates which prevented colonial
+assemblies from passing such laws as the general exigencies of the
+provinces required, an especial grievance, as they affirmed, "in this
+young colony, where our internal police is not yet well settled." The
+fourth condemned the practice of making colonial officers dependent for
+salaries on Great Britain, "thus making them independent of the people,
+who should support them according to their usefulness and behavior." The
+fifth resolution declares "our disapprobation and abhorrence of the
+unnatural practice of slavery in America," and their purpose to urge
+"the manumission of our slaves in this colony, upon the most safe and
+equitable footing for the masters and themselves." And, lastly, they
+thereby chose delegates to represent the parish in a provincial
+congress, and instruct them to urge the appointment of two delegates to
+the Continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia, in May.</p>
+
+<p>Appended to these resolutions were the following articles of agreement
+or association:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Being persuaded that the salvation of the rights and liberties of
+America depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants in
+its vigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety,
+and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and
+confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government,
+we, the freemen, freeholders, and inhabitants of the province of
+Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry
+to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now
+acting in the Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner,
+resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties
+of religion, honor and love of country, to adopt and endeavor to
+carry into execution, whatever may be recommended by the Continental
+Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention that shall be
+appointed, for the purpose of preserving our Constitution, and
+opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts
+of the British Parliament, until a reconciliation between Great
+Britain and America, on constitutional principles, which we most
+ardently desire, can be obtained; and that we will in all things
+follow the advice of our general committee, to be appointed,
+respecting the purposes, aforesaid, the preservation of peace and
+good order, and the safety of individuals and private property."</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the names appended to these resolutions there may be selected such
+as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Lach. McIntosh, Charles McDonald, John McIntosh, Samuel McClelland,
+Jno. McCulloch, William McCullough, John McClelland, Seth McCullough.</p></div>
+
+<p>On July 4, 1775, the Provincial Congress met at Tondee's Long Room,
+Savannah. Every parish and district was represented. St. Andrew's parish
+sent:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Jonathan Cochran, William Jones, Peter Tarlin, Lachlan McIntosh,
+William McIntosh, George Threadcroft, John Wesent, Roderick McIntosh,
+John Witherspoon, George McIntosh, Allen Stuart, John McIntosh,
+Raymond Demere.</p></div>
+
+<p>The resolutions adopted by these hardy patriots were sacredly kept.
+Their deeds, however, partake more of personal narration, and only their
+heroic defense need be mentioned. The following narration should not
+escape special notice:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the last of February, 1776, the Scarborough, Hinchinbroke, St.
+John, and two large transports, with soldiers, then lying at Tybee,
+came up the river and anchored at five fathoms. On March 2nd, two of
+the vessels sailed up the channel of Back river, The Hinchinbroke, in
+attempting to go round Hutchinson's island, and so come down upon the
+shipping from above, grounded at the west end of the island, opposite
+Brampton. During the night there landed from the first vessel,
+between two and three hundred troops, under the command of Majors
+Grant and Maitland, and silently marched across Hutchinson's island,
+and through collusion with the captains were embarked by four A.M.,
+in the merchant vessels which lay near the store on that island. The
+morning of the 3rd revealing the close proximity of the enemy caused
+great indignation among the people. Two companies of riflemen, under
+Major Habersham, immediately attacked the grounded vessel and drove
+every man from its deck. By nine o'clock it became known that troops
+had been secreted on board the merchantmen, which news created
+intense excitement, and three hundred men, under Colonel McIntosh,
+were marched to Yamacraw Bluff, opposite the shipping, and there
+threw up a hasty breastwork, through which they trained three
+four-pounders to bear upon the vessels. Anxious, however, to avoid
+bloodshed, Lieutenant Daniel Roberts, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+Mr. Raymond Demere, of St. Andrew's Parish, solicited, and were
+permitted by the commanding officer, to go on board and demand a
+surrender of Rice and his people, who, with his boat's crew, had been
+forcibly detained. Although, on a mission of peace, no sooner had
+they reached the vessel, on board of which was Captain Barclay and
+Major Grant, than they were seized and detained as prisoners. The
+people on shore, after waiting a sufficient length of time, hailed
+the vessel, through a speaking-trumpet, and demanded the return of
+all who were detained on board; but receiving only insulting replies,
+they discharged two four-pounders at the vessel; whereupon they
+solicited that the people should send on board two men in whom they
+most confided, and with them they agreed to negotiate. Twelve of the
+Rangers, led by Captain Screven, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+Captain Baker, were immediately rowed under the stern of the vessel
+and there peremptorily demanded the deputies. Incensed by insulting
+language, Captain Baker fired a shot, which immediately drew on his
+boat a discharge of swivels and small arms. The batteries then
+opened, which was briskly answered for the space of four hours. The
+next step was to set fire to the vessels, the first being the
+Inverness, which drifted upon the brig Nelly, which was soon in
+flames. The officers and soldiers fled from the vessels, in the
+utmost precipitation across the low marshes and half-drained
+rice-fields, several being killed by the grape shot played upon them.
+As the deputies were still held prisoners, the Council of Safety, on
+March 6th, put under arrest all the members of the Royal Council then
+in Savannah, besides menacing the ships at Tybee. An exchange was not
+effected until the 27th."</p></div>
+
+<p>As already stated, Darien experienced some of the vicissitudes of war.
+On April 18, 1778, a small army, under Colonel Elbert, embarked on the
+galleys Washington, Lee and Bullock, and by 10 o'clock next morning,
+near Frederica, had captured the brigantine Hinchinbroke, the sloop
+Rebecca and a prize brig, which had spread terror on the coast.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779 the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James were erected
+into one county, under the name of Liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1780, the royal governor, Sir James Wright, attempted to
+re-establish the old government, and issued writs returnable May 5.
+Robert Baillie and James Spalding were returned from St. Andrew's
+parish.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement of Darien practically remained a pure Highland one until
+the close of the Revolution. The people proved themselves faithful and
+loyal to the best interests of the commonwealth, and equal to such
+exigencies as befell them. While disasters awaited them and fierce
+ordeals were passed through, yet fortune eventually smiled upon them.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Graham's "History of United States," Vol. II, p. 179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> "Georgia Historical Collections," Vol. I, p. 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Oglethorpe's letter to the Trustees, Feb. 13, 1786, in
+"Georgia Hist. Coll.," Vol. III, p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p.115</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. III, p. 114 Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, May 6,
+1741.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 21,1738, Georgia Hist.
+Society, Vol. III p. 67.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p. 113.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Georgia Hist. Coll. Vol. II, p. 116.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Oglethorpe to the Trustees, Oct. 20, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. II, p. 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 29, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_H">Note H.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Thomas Jones, dated Savannah, Sept. 18, 1740 Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. I, p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Dated April 28, 1741. Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p.
+113.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p. 370.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Captain Lauchlan Campbell's New York Colony.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The fruitful soil of America, together with the prospects of a home and
+an independent living, was peculiarly adapted to awaken noble
+aspirations in the breasts of those who were interested in the welfare
+of that class whose condition needed a radical enlargement. Among this
+class of Nature's noblemen there is no name deserving of more praise
+than that of Lauchlan Campbell. Although his name, as well as the
+migration of his infant colony, has gone out of Islay ken, where he was
+born, yet his story has been fairly well preserved in the annals of the
+province of New York. It was first publicly made known by William Smith,
+in his "History of New York."</p>
+
+<p>Lauchlan Campbell was possessed of a high sense of honor and a good
+understanding; was active, loyal, of a military disposition, and,
+withal, strong philanthropic inclinations. By placing implicit
+confidence in the royal governors of New York, he fell a victim to their
+roguery, deception and heartlessness, which ultimately crushed him and
+left him almost penniless. The story has been set forth in the following
+memorial, prepared by his son:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Memorial of Lieutenant Campbell to the Lords of Trade. To the Right
+Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Trade, &amp;c. Memorial of Lieut.
+Donald Campbell of the Province of New York Plantation. Humbly
+Showeth,</p>
+
+<p>That in the year 1734 Colonel Cosby being then Governor of the
+Province of New York by and with the advice and assent of his Council
+published a printed Advertisement for encouraging the Resort of
+Protestants from Europe to settle upon the Northern Frontier of the
+said Province (in the route from Fort Edward to Crown Point)
+promising to each family two hundred acres of unimproved land out of
+100,000 acres purchased from the Indians, without any fee or expences
+whatsoever, except a very moderate charge for surveying &amp; liable only
+to the King's Quit Rent of one shilling and nine pence farthing per
+hundred acres, which settlement would at that time have been of the
+utmost utility to the Province &amp; these proposals were looked upon as
+so advantageous, that they could not fail of having a proper effect.</p>
+
+<p>That these Proposals in 1737, falling into the hands of Captain
+Lauchlin Campbell of the Island of Isla, he the same year went over
+to North America, and passing through the Province of Pennsilvania
+where he rejected many considerable offers that were made him, he
+proceeded to New York, where, tho' Governor Cosby was deceased,
+George Clarke Esqr. then Governor, assured him no part of the lands
+were as yet granted; importuned him &amp; two or three persons that went
+over with him to go up and visit the lands, which they did, and were
+very kindly received and greatly caressed by the Indians. On his
+return to New York he received the most solemn promises that he
+should have a thousand acres for every family that he brought over,
+and that each family should have according to their number from five
+hundred to one hundred and fifty acres, but declined making any Grant
+till the Families arrived, because, according to the Constitution of
+that Government, the names of the settlers were to be inserted in
+that Grant. Captain Campbell accordingly returned to Isla, and
+brought from thence at a very large expense, his own Family and
+Thirty other Families, making in all, one hundred and fifty-three
+Souls. He went again to visit the lands, received all possible
+respect and kindness from the Government, who proposed an old Fort
+Anna to be repaired, to cover the new settlers from the French
+Indians. At the same time, the People of New York proposed to
+maintain the people already brought, till Captain Campbell could
+return and bring more, alledging that it would be for the interest of
+the Infant Colony to settle upon the lands in a large Body; that,
+covered by the Fort, and assisted by the Indians, they might be less
+liable to the Incursions of Enemies.</p>
+
+<p>That to keep up the spirit of the undertaking, Governor Clarke, by a
+writing bearing date the 4th day of December, 1738, declared his
+having promised Captain Campbell thirty thousand acres of land at
+Wood Creek, free of charges, except the expence of surveying &amp; the
+King's Quit Rent in consideration of his having already brought over
+thirty families who according to their respective numbers in each
+family, were to have from one hundred and fifty to five hundred
+acres. Encouraged by this declaration, he departed in the same month
+for Isla, and in August, 1739, brought over Forty Families more, and
+under the Faith of the said promises made a third voyage, from which
+he returned in November, 1740, bringing with him thirteen Families
+the whole making eighty-three Families, composed of Four Hundred and
+Twenty Three Persons, all sincere and loyal Protestants, and very
+capable of forming a respectable Frontier for the security of the
+Province. But after all these perilous and expensive voyages, and
+tho' there wanted but Seventeen Families to complete the number for
+which he had undertaken, he found no longer the same countenance or
+protection but on the contrary it was insinuated to him that he could
+have no land either for himself or the people, but upon conditions in
+direct violation of the Faith of Government, and detrimental to the
+interests of those who upon his assurances had accompanied him into
+America. The people also were reduced to demand separate Grants for
+themselves, which upon large promises some of them did, yet more of
+them never had so much as a foot of land, and many listed themselves
+to join the Expedition to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>That Captain Campbell having disposed of his whole Fortune in the
+Island of Isla, expended the far greatest part of it from his
+confidence in these fallacious promises found himself at length
+constrained to employ the little he had left in the purchase of a
+small farm seventy miles north of New York for the subsistence of
+himself and his Family consisting of three sons and three daughters.
+He went over again into Scotland in 1745, and having the command of a
+Company of the Argyleshire men, served with Reputation under his
+Royal Highness the Duke, against the Rebels. He went back to America
+in 1747 and not longer after died of a broken heart, leaving behind
+him the six children before mentioned of whom your Memoralist is the
+eldest, in very narrow and distressed circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>All these facts are briefly commemorated by Mr. Smith in his History of
+the Colony of New York, page 179, where are some severe, though just
+strictures on the behavior of those in power towards him and the
+families he brought with him, and the loss the Province sustained by
+such behavior towards them.</p>
+
+<p>"That at the Commencement of the present War, your Memoralist and both
+his brothers following their Father's principles in hopes of better
+Fortune entered into the Army &amp; served in the Forty Second, Forty Eighth
+and Sixtieth Regiments of Foot during the whole War, at the close of
+which your Memoralist and his brother George were reduced as Lieutenants
+upon half pay, and their youngest Brother still continues in the
+service; the small Farm purchased by their father being the sole support
+of themselves and three sisters till they were able to provide for
+themselves in the manner before mentioned, and their sisters are now
+married &amp; settled in the Province of New York.</p>
+
+<p>That after the conclusion of the Peace, your Memoralist considering the
+number of Families dispersed through the Province which came over with
+his Father, and finding in them a general disposition to settle with him
+on the lands originally promised them, if they could be obtained, in the
+month of February, 1763, petitioned Governor Monckton for the said lands
+but was able only to procure a Grant of ten thousand acres, (for
+obtaining which, he disbursed in Patent and other fees, the sum of two
+hundred Guineas), the people in Power alledging that land was now at a
+far greater value than at the time of your Memoralist's Father's coming
+into the Province, and even this upon the common condition of settling
+ten Families upon the said lands and paying a Quit Rent to the Crown.
+Part however of the People who had promised to settle with your
+Memoralist in case he had prevailed, were drawn to petition for lands to
+themselves, which they obtained, tho' they never could get one foot of
+land before, which provision of lands as your Memoralist apprehends,
+ought in Equity to be considered as an obligation on the Province to
+perform, so far as the number of those Families goes, the Conditions
+stipulated with his Father, as those Families never had come into &amp;
+consequently could not now be remaining in the Province, if he had not
+persuaded them to accompany him, &amp; been at a very large expence in
+transporting them thither.</p>
+
+<p>That there are still very many of these Families who have no land and
+would willingly settle with your Memoralist. That there are numbers of
+non commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Regiments disbanded in
+North America who notwithstanding His Majesty's gracious Intentions are
+from many causes too long to trouble your Lordship with at present
+without any settlement provided for them, and that there are also many
+Families of loyal Protestants in the Islands and other parts of North
+Britain which might be induced by reasonable proposals and a certainty
+of their being fulfilled, to remove into the said Province, which would
+add greatly to the strength, security and opulence thereof, and be in
+all respects faithful and serviceable subjects to His Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>That the premisses considered, particularly the long scene of hardships
+to which your Memoralist's Family has been exposed, for Twenty Six
+years, in consideration of his own and his Brothers' services, &amp; the
+perils to which they have been exposed during the long and fatiguing
+War, and the Prospect he still has of contributing to the settlement of
+His Majesty's unimproved country, your Memoralist humbly prays that Your
+Lordships would direct the Government of New York to grant to him the
+said One Hundred thousand Acres, upon his undertaking to settle One
+Hundred or One Hundred and Fifty Families upon the same within the space
+of Three years or such other Recompence or Relief as upon mature
+Deliberation on the Hardships and Sufferings which his Father and his
+Family have for so many years endured, &amp; their merits, in respect to the
+Province of New York which might be incontestably proved, if it was not
+universally acknowledged, may in your great Wisdom be thought to
+deserve.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">
+And your Memoralist: &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a><br />
+<br />
+May, 1764."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>It was the policy of the home government to settle as rapidly as
+possible the wild lands; not so much for the purpose of benefiting the
+emigrant as it was to enhance the king's exchequer. The royal governors
+apparently held out great inducements to the settlers, but the sequel
+always showed that a species of blackmail or tribute must be paid by the
+purchasers before the lands were granted. The governor was one thing to
+the higher authorities, but far different to those from whom he could
+reap advantage. The seeming disinterested motives may be thus
+illustrated:</p>
+
+<p>Under date of New York, July 26, 1736, George Clarke, lieutenant
+governor of New York, writes to the duke of Newcastle, in which he says,
+it was principally</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To augment his Majesty's Quit rents that I projected a Scheme to
+settle the Mohacks Country in this Province, which I have the
+pleasure to hear from Ireland and Holland is like to succeed. The
+scheme is to give grants gratis of an hundred thousand acres of land
+to the first five hundred protestant familys that come from Europe in
+two hundred acres to a family, these being settled will draw
+thousands after them, for both the situation and quantity of the Land
+are much preferable to any in Pensilvania, the only Northern Colony
+to which the Europeans resort, and the Quit rents less. Governor
+Cosby sent home the proposals last Summer under the Seal of the
+Province, and under his and the Council's hands, but it did not reach
+Dublin till the last day of March; had it come there two months
+sooner I am assured by a letter which I lately received, directed to
+Governor Cosby, that we should have had two ships belonging to this
+place (then lying there) loaded with people but next year we hope to
+have many both from thence and Germany. When the Mohocks Country is
+settled we shall have nothing to fear from Canada."<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The same, writing to the Lords of Trade, under date of New York, June
+15, 1739, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lands whereon the French propose to settle were purchased from
+Indian proprietors (who have all along been subject to and under the
+protection of the Crown of England) by one Godfrey Dellius and
+granted to him by patent under the seal of this province in the year
+1696, which grant was afterwards resumed by act of Assembly whereby
+they became vested in the Crown; on part of these lands I proposed to
+settle some Scotch Highland familys who came hither last year, and
+they would have been now actually settled there, if the Assembly
+would have assisted them, for they are poor and want help; however as
+I have promised them lands gratis, some of them about three weeks ago
+went to view that part of the Country, and if they like the lands I
+hope they will accept my offer (if the report of the French designs
+do not discourage them:) depending upon the voluntary assistance of
+the people of Albany whose more immediate interest it is to encourage
+their settlement in that part of the country."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>That Captain Campbell would have secured the lands there can be no
+question had he complied with Governor Clarke's demands, although said
+demands were contrary to the agreement. Private faith and public honor
+demanded the fair execution of the project, which had been so expensive
+to the undertaker, and would have added greatly to the benefit of the
+colony. The governor would not make the grant unless he should have his
+fees and a share of the land.</p>
+
+<p>The quit rent in the province of New York was fixed at two shillings six
+pence for every one hundred acres. The fees for a grant of a thousand
+acres were as follows: To the governor, $31.25; secretary of state, $10;
+clerk of the council, $10 to $15; receiver general, $14.37; attorney
+general, $7.50; making a total of about $75, besides the cost of survey.
+This amount does not appear to be large for the number of acres, yet it
+must be considered that land was plenty, but money very scarce. There
+were thousands of substantial men who would have found it exceedingly
+difficult to raise the amount in question.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that Captain Campbell could not have paid this extortion
+even if he had been so disposed; but being high-spirited, he resolutely
+refused his consent. The governor, still pretending to be very anxious
+to aid the emigrants, recommended the legislature of the province to
+grant them assistance; but, as usual, the latter was at war with the
+governor, and refused to vote money to the Highlanders, which they
+suspected, with good reason, the latter would be required to pay to the
+colonial officers for fees.</p>
+
+<p>Not yet discouraged, Captain Campbell determined to exhaust every
+resource that justice might be done to him. His next step was to appeal
+to the legislature for redress, but it was in vain; then he made an
+application to the Board of Trade, in England, which had the power to
+rectify the wrong. Here he had so many difficulties to contend with that
+he was forced to leave the colonists to themselves, who soon after
+separated. But all his efforts proved abortive.</p>
+
+<p>The petition of Lieutenant Donald Campbell, though courteously
+expressed, and eminently just, was rejected. It was claimed that the
+orders of the English government positively forbade the granting of over
+a thousand acres to any one person; yet that thousand acres was denied
+him.</p>
+
+<p>The injustice accorded to Captain Campbell was more or less notorious
+throughout the province. It was generally felt there had been bad
+treatment, and there was now a disposition on the part of the colonial
+authorities to give some relief to his sons and daughters. Accordingly,
+on November 11, 1763, a grant of ten thousand acres, in the present
+township of Greenwich, Washington county, New York, was made to the
+three brothers, Donald, George and James, their three sisters and four
+other persons, three of whom were also named Campbell.</p>
+
+<p>The final success of the Campbell family in obtaining redress inspired
+others who had belonged to the colony to petition for a similar
+recompense for their hardships and losses. They succeeded in obtaining a
+grant of forty-seven thousand, four hundred and fifty acres, located in
+the present township of Argyle, and a small part of Fort Edward and
+Greenwich, in the same county.</p>
+
+<p>On March 2, 1764, Alexander McNaughton and one hundred and six others of
+the original Campbell emigrants and their descendants, petitioned for
+one thousand acres to be granted to each of them</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To be laid out in a single tract between the head of South bay and
+Kingsbury, and reaching east towards New Hampshire and westwardly to
+the mountains in Warren county. The committee of the council to whom
+this petition was referred reported May 21, 1764, that the tract
+proposed be granted, which was adopted, the council specifying the
+amount of land each individual of the petitioners should receive,
+making two hundred acres the least and six hundred the most that
+anyone should obtain. Five men were appointed as trustees, to divide
+and distribute the land as directed. The same instrument incorporated
+the tract into a township, to be called Argyle, and should have a
+supervisor, treasurer, collector, two assessors, two overseers of
+highways, two overseers of the poor and six constables, to be elected
+annually by the inhabitants on the first day of May. The patent,
+similar to all others of that period, was subject to the following
+conditions:</p>
+
+<p>An annual quit rent of two shillings and six pence sterling on every
+one hundred acres, and all mines of gold and silver, and all pine
+trees suitable for masts for the royal navy, namely, all which were
+twenty-four inches from the ground, reserved to the crown."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The land thus granted lies in the central part of Washington county,
+with a broken surface in the west and great elevations and ridges in the
+east. The soil is rich and the whole well watered.</p>
+
+<p>The trustees were vested with the power to execute title deeds to such
+of the grantees, should they claim the lands, the first of which were
+issued during the winter and spring of 1764-5 by Duncan Reid, of the
+city of New York, <i>gentleman</i>; Peter Middleton, of same city,
+<i>physician</i>; Archibald Campbell, of same city, <i>merchant</i>; Alexander
+McNaughton,<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> of Orange county, <i>farmer</i>; and Neil Gillaspie, of
+Ulster county, <i>farmer</i>, of the one part, and the grantees of the other
+part.</p>
+
+<p>While the application for the grant was yet pending, the petitioners
+greatly exalted over their future prospects, evolved a grand scheme for
+the survey of the prospective lands, which should include a stately
+street from the banks of the Hudson river on the east through the tract,
+upon which each family should have a town lot, where he might not only
+enjoy the protection of near neighbors, but also have that companionship
+of which the Highlander is so particularly fond. In the rear of these
+town lots were to be the farms, which in time were to be occupied by
+tenants. The surveyors, Archibald Campbell, of Raritan, New Jersey, and
+Christopher Yates, of Schenectady, who began their labors June 19, 1764,
+were instructed to lay off the land as planned, the street to extend
+from east to west, twenty-four rods wide and extending through the width
+of the grant as near the center as practicable, and to set aside a glebe
+lot for the benefit of the school master and the minister. North and
+south of the street, and bordering on it, the surveyors laid off lots
+running back one hundred and eighty rods, varying in width so as to
+contain from twenty to sixty acres. These lots were numbered, making in
+all one hundred and forty-one, seventy-two being on the south side of
+the street, and the remainder on the north. The farms were also
+numbered, also making one hundred and forty-one.</p>
+
+<p>In the plan no allowance had been made for the rugged nature of the
+country, and consequently the magnificent street was located over hills
+whose proportions prevented its use as a public highway, while some of
+the lots were uninhabitable.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of the grantees, the number of the lot and its
+contents being set opposite the name:</p>
+
+
+<table  summary="grantees" width='600'>
+<tr><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='left'>Acres.</td><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='center'>Acres.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1.</td><td align='left'>Catharine Campbell</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>10.</td><td align='left'>Mary Anderson</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>2.</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Cargill</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>11.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McNeil</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>3.</td><td align='left'>Allan McDonald</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>12.</td><td align='left'>Dougall McAlpine</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>4.</td><td align='left'>Neil Gillaspie</td><td align='center'>450</td><td align='right'>13.</td><td align='left'>David Lindsey</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>5.</td><td align='left'>Mary Campbell</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>14.</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>6.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McKerwan</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>15.</td><td align='left'>Ann McDuffie</td><td align='center'>350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>7.</td><td align='left'>Ann McAnthony</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>16.</td><td align='left'>Donald McDougall</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>8.</td><td align='left'>Mary McGowne</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>17.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McGowne</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>9.</td><td align='left'>Catherine McLean</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>18.</td><td align='left'>Eleanor Thompson</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>19.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McDuffie</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>44.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McArthur</td><td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>20.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Reid</td><td align='center'>600</td><td align='right'>45.</td><td align='left'>John Torrey</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>21.</td><td align='left'>John McDuffie</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>46.</td><td align='left'>Malcolm Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>22.</td><td align='left'>Dougall McKallor</td><td align='center'>550</td><td align='right'>47.</td><td align='left'>Florence McKenzie</td><td align='center'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>23.</td><td align='left'>Daniel Johnson</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>48.</td><td align='left'>John McKenzie</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>24.</td><td align='left'>Archibald Campbell</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>49.</td><td align='left'>Jane Cargill</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>25.</td><td align='left'>William Hunter</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>50.</td><td align='left'>John McGowan</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>26.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>59.</td><td align='left'>John McEwen</td><td align='center'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>27.</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Fraser</td><td align='center'>200</td><td align='right'>60.</td><td align='left'>John McDonald</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>28.</td><td align='left'>Alexander Campbell</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>61.</td><td align='left'>James McDonald</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='left'>Glebe lot </td><td align='center'>500</td><td align='right'>62.</td><td align='left'>Mary Belton</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>29.</td><td align='left'>Daniel Clark</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>72.</td><td align='left'>Rachael Nevin</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>43.</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>73.</td><td align='left'>James Cargill</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Lots 29, 43, 44, 50, and 62 are partly in the present limits of the
+township of Greenwich, and the other lots, from 29 to 73, not above
+enumerated, are wholly in that township and in Salem. The following lots
+are located north of the street:</p>
+
+<table  summary="grantees" width='600'>
+<tr><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='left'>Acres.</td><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='left'>Acres.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>74.</td><td align='left'>John Cargill</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>97.</td><td align='left'>Charles McAllister</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>75.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McDougall</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>98.</td><td align='left'>William Graham</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>76.</td><td align='left'>Alexander Christie</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>99.</td><td align='left'>Hugh McDougall</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>77.</td><td align='left'>Alex. Montgomery</td><td align='center'>600</td><td align='right'>100. </td><td align='left'>James Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>78.</td><td align='left'>Marian Campbell</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>101. </td><td align='left'>George McKenzie</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>79.</td><td align='left'>John Gilchrist</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>102. </td><td align='left'>John McCarter</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>80.</td><td align='left'>Agnes McDougall</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>103. </td><td align='left'>Morgan McNeil</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>81.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McGuire</td><td align='center'>500</td><td align='right'>104. </td><td align='left'>Malcolm McDuffie</td><td align='center'>550</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>82.</td><td align='left'>Edward McKallor </td><td align='center'>500</td><td align='right'>105.</td><td align='left'> Florence McVarick</td><td align='center'> 300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>83.</td><td align='left'>Alexander Gilchrist </td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>106.</td><td align='left'> Archibald McEwen</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>84.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McCullom</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>107. </td><td align='left'>Neil McDonald</td><td align='center'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>85.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McCore</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>108. </td><td align='left'>James Gillis</td><td align='center'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>86.</td><td align='left'>John McCarter </td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>109.</td> <td align='left'>Archibald McDougall</td> <td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>87.</td><td align='left'>Neil Shaw</td><td align='center'>600</td><td align='right'>110. </td><td align='left'>Marian McEwen </td><td align='center'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>88.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell </td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>111.</td><td align='left'> Patrick McArthur</td><td align='center'>350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>89.</td><td align='left'>Roger McNeil</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>112. </td><td align='left'>John McGowne, Jr</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>90.</td><td align='left'> Elizabeth Ray</td><td align='center'>200</td><td align='right'>113.</td> <td align='left'>John Shaw, Sr</td><td align='center'> 300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>91.</td><td align='left'>James Nutt</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>114.</td><td align='left'>Angus Graham</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>92.</td><td align='left'>Donald McDuffie</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>115.</td><td align='left'>Edward McCoy </td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>93.</td><td align='left'>George Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>116. </td><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell, Jr.</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>94.</td><td align='left'>Jane Widrow</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>117. </td><td align='left'>Jenette Ferguson</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>95.</td><td align='left'>John McDougall</td><td align='center'>400</td><td align='right'>118. </td><td align='left'>Hugh McEloroy</td><td align='center'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>96.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McCarter</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>119. </td><td align='left'>Dougall Thompson</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='right'>120.</td><td align='left'>Mary Graham</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>126.</td><td align='left'>Mary Anderson</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>121.</td><td align='left'>Robert McAlpine</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>127.</td><td align='left'>Donald McMullin</td><td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>122.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Taylor</td><td align='center'>600</td><td align='right'>130.</td><td align='left'>John Shaw, Sr</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>123</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Caldwell</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>131.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Lindsey</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>124.</td><td align='left'>William Clark</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>132.</td><td align='left'>Donald Shaw</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>125.</td><td align='left'>Barbara McAllister</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>133.</td><td align='left'>John Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Each of the foregoing had a "street lot," with a corresponding number,
+as before mentioned, which contained one-tenth of the area of the farm
+lots; that is, a lot of two hundred acres had a "street lot" of twenty
+acres, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Ten lots comprehended between Nos. 127 and 146 are now within the
+township of Fort Edward. The number of these lots and the persons to
+whom granted were as follows, varying in area from 250 to 500 acres:</p>
+
+<p>Lot 128, Duncan Shaw; 129, Alex. McDougall; 134, John McArthur; 135,
+John McIntyre; 136, Catharine McIlfender; 137, Mary Hammel; 138, Duncan
+Gilchrist; 139, John McIntyre; 140, Mary McLeod; 141, David Torrey.</p>
+
+<p>The lots originally belonging to Argyle township, but now forming a part
+of Greenwich, were numbered and allotted as follows:</p>
+
+
+<table width='600' summary="grantees">
+<tr><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='center'>Acres.</td><td align='right'>Lot.</td><td align='center'>Name.</td><td align='center'>Acres.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>30.</td><td align='left'>Angus McDougall</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>67.</td><td align='left'>Catharine McCarter</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>31.</td><td align='left'>Donald McIntyre</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>68.</td><td align='left'>Margaret Gilchrist</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>32.</td><td align='left'>Alexander McNachten</td><td align='center'>600</td><td align='right'>42.</td><td align='left'>John McGuire</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>33.</td><td align='left'>John McCore</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>43.</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth McNeil</td><td align='center'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>34.</td><td align='left'>William Fraser</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>44.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McArthur</td><td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>35.</td><td align='left'>Mary Campbell</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>29.</td><td align='left'>Daniel Clark</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>36.</td><td align='left'>Duncan Campbell, Sr.</td><td align='center'>450</td><td align='right'>50.</td><td align='left'>John McGowan, Sr</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>37.</td><td align='left'>Neil McFadden</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>55.</td><td align='left'>Ann Campbell</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>38.</td><td align='left'>Mary Torry</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>56.</td><td align='left'>Archibald McCullom</td><td align='center'>350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>39.</td><td align='left'>Margaret McAllister </td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>57.</td><td align='left'>Alexander McArthur</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>40.</td><td align='left'>Robert Campbell, Jr</td><td align='center'>450</td><td align='right'>58.</td><td align='left'>Alex McDonald</td><td align='center'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>41.</td><td align='left'>Catharine Shaw</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>59.</td><td align='left'>John McEwen</td><td align='center'>500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>51.</td><td align='left'>Charles McArthur</td><td align='center'>350</td><td align='right'>62.</td><td align='left'>Mary Baine</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>52.</td><td align='left'>Duncan McFadden</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>63.</td><td align='left'>Margaret Cargyle</td><td align='center'>300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>53.</td><td align='left'>Roger Reed</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>64.</td><td align='left'>Neil McEachern</td><td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>54.</td><td align='left'>John McCarter</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>69.</td><td align='left'>Hannah McEwen</td><td align='center'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>65.</td><td align='left'>Hugh Montgomery</td><td align='center'>300</td><td align='right'>70.</td><td align='left'>John Reid</td><td align='center'>450</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>66.</td><td align='left'>Isabella Livingston</td><td align='center'>250</td><td align='right'>71.</td><td align='left'>Archibald Nevin</td><td align='center'>350</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Many of the grantees immediately took possession of the lands alloted to
+them; but others never took advantage of their claims, which, for a
+time, were left unoccupied, and then passed into the hands of others,
+who generally were left in undisputed possession. This state of affairs,
+in connection with the large size of the lots, had the effect of
+retarding the growth of that district.</p>
+
+<p>Before the arrival of the settlers, a desperado, named Rogers, had taken
+possession of a part of the lands on the Batten Kill. He warned the
+people off, making various threats; but the Highlanders knowing their
+titles were perfect, disregarded the menace, and set about industriously
+clearing up their lands and erecting their houses. One day, when
+Archibald Livingston was away, his wife was forcibly carried off by
+Rogers, and set down outside the limits of the claim, who also proceeded
+to remove the furniture from the premises. He was arrested by Roger
+Reid, the constable, and brought before Alexander McNaughton, the
+justice, which constituted the first civil process ever served in that
+county. Rogers did not submit peaceably to be taken, but defended
+himself with a gun, which Joseph McCracken seized, and in his endeavor
+to wrest it from the hands of the ruffian, he burst the buttons from off
+the waist-bands of his pantaloons, which, as he did not wear suspenders,
+slipped over his feet. The little son of Rogers, fully taking in the
+situation, ran up and bit McCracken, which, however, did not cause him
+to desist from his purpose. Rogers was conveyed to Albany, after which
+all trace of him has been lost.</p>
+
+<p>The township of Argyle, embracing what is now both Argyle and Fort
+Edward, was organized in 1771. The record of the first meeting bears
+date April 2, 1771, and was called for the purpose of regulating laws
+and choosing officers. It was called by virtue of the grant in the
+Argyle patent. The officers elected were: supervisor, Duncan Campbell,
+who continued until 1781, and was then succeeded by Roger Reid; town
+clerk, Archibald Brown, succeeded in 1775 by Edward Patterson, who, in
+turn, was succeeded in 1778 by John McNeil, and he by Duncan Gilchrist,
+in 1780; collector, Roger Reid, succeeded in 1778 by Duncan McArthur,
+and the latter in 1781 by Alexander Gilchrist; assessors, Archibald
+Campbell and Neal Shaw; constables, John Offery, John McNiel;
+poor-masters, James Gilles, Archibald McNiel; road-masters, Duncan
+Lindsey, Archibald Campbell; fence viewers, Duncan McArthur, John
+Gilchrist.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts from township records are not without interest:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1772.&mdash;"All men from sixteen to sixty years old to work on the roads
+this year. Fences must be four feet and a half high."</p>
+
+<p>1776.&mdash;"Duncan Reid is to be constable for the south part of the
+patent and Alexander Gillis for the north part; George Kilmore and
+James Beatty for masters. John Johnson was chosen a justice of the
+peace."</p>
+
+<p>1781.&mdash;"Alexander McDougall and Duncan Lindsey were elected tithing
+men."</p></div>
+
+<p>In order to make the laws more efficient, on March 12, 1772, the county
+of Charlotte was struck off from Albany, which was the actual beginning
+of the present county of Washington. As Charlotte county had been named
+for the consort of George III. and as his troops had devastated it
+during the Revolution, the title was not an agreeable one, so the state
+legislature on April 2, 1784, changed it to Washington, thus giving it
+the most honored appellation known in the annals of American history.</p>
+
+<p>For several years after 1764 the colony on the east, and in what is now
+Hebron township, was augmented by a number of discharged Highland
+soldiers, mostly of the 77th Regiment, who settled on both sides of the
+line of the township. It is a noticeable fact that in every case these
+settlers were Scotch Highlanders. They had in all probability been
+attracted to this spot partly by the settlement of the colony of Captain
+Lachlan Campbell, and partly by that of the Scotch-Irish at New Perth
+(Salem), which has been noted already in its proper connection. These
+additional settlers took up their claims, owing to a proclamation made
+by the king, in October, 1763, offering land in America, without fees,
+to all such officers and soldiers who had served on that continent, and
+who desired to establish their homes there.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing shows more clearly than this proclamation the lofty position of
+an officer in the British service at that time as compared with a
+private. A field officer received four thousand acres; a captain three
+thousand; a lieutenant, or other subaltern commissioned officer, two
+thousand; a non-commissioned officer, whether sergeant or corporal,
+dropped to two hundred acres, while the poor private was put off with
+fifty acres. Fifty acres of wild land, on the hill-sides of Washington
+County, was not an extravagant reward for seven years' service amidst
+all the dangers and horrors of French and Indian warfare.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these grants were sold by the soldiers to their countrymen.
+Their method of exchange was very simple. The corporal and private would
+meet by the roadside, or at a neighboring ale-house, and after greeting
+each other, the American land would immediately be the subject for
+barter. The private, who may be called Sandy, knew his fifty acres was
+not worth the sea-voyage, while Corporal Donald, having already two
+hundred, might find it profitable to emigrate, provided he could add
+other tracts. After the preliminaries and the haggling had been gone
+through with, Donald would draw out his long leather purse and count
+down the amount, saying:</p>
+
+<p>"There, mon; there's your siller."</p>
+
+<p>The worthy Sandy would then dive into some hidden recess of his garments
+and bring forth his parchment, signed in the name of the king by "Henry
+Moore, baronet, our captain-general and governor-in-chief, in and over
+our province of New York, and the lands depending thereon, in America,
+chancellor and vice-admiral of the same." This document would be
+promptly handed to the purchaser, with the declaration,</p>
+
+<p>"An' there's your land, corporal."</p>
+
+<p>Many of the soldiers never claimed their lands, which were eventually
+settled by squatters, some of whom remained thereon so long that they or
+their heirs became the lawful owners.</p>
+
+<p>The famous controversy concerning the "New Hampshire grants," affected
+the Highland settlers; but the more exciting events of the wrangle took
+place outside the limits of Washington county, and consequently the
+Highland settlement. This controversy, which was carried on with
+acrimonious and warlike contention, arose over New York's officials'
+claim to the possession of all the land north of the Massachusetts line
+lying west of the Connecticut river. In 1751 both the governors of New
+York and New Hampshire presented their respective claims to the
+territory in dispute to the Lords of Trade in London. The matter was
+finally adjusted in 1782, by New York yielding her claim.</p>
+
+<p>In 1771 there were riots near the southern boundary of Hebron township,
+which commenced by the forcible expulsion of Donald McIntire and others
+from their lands, perpetrated by Robert Cochran and his associates. On
+October 29th, same year, another serious riot took place. A warrant was
+issued for the offenders by Alexander McNaughton, justice of the peace,
+residing in Argyle. Charles Hutchison, formerly a corporal in
+Montgomery's Highlanders, testified that Ethan Allen (afterwards
+famous), and eight others, on the above date, came to his residence,
+situated four miles north of New Perth, and began to demolish it.
+Hutchison requested them to stop, but they declared that they would make
+a burnt offering to the gods of this world by burning the logs of that
+house. Allen and another man held clubs over Hutchison's head, ordered
+him to leave the locality, and declared that, in case he returned, he
+should be worse treated. Eight or nine other families were driven from
+their homes, in that locality, at the same time, all of whom fled to New
+Perth, where they were hospitably received. The lands held by these
+exiled families had been wholly improved by themselves. They were driven
+out by Allen and his associates because they were determined that no one
+should build under a New York title east of the line they had
+established as the western boundary.</p>
+
+<p>Bold Ethan Allen was neither to be arrested nor intimidated by a
+constable's warrant. Governor Tryon of New York offered twenty pounds
+reward for the arrest of the rioters, which was as inefficient as
+esquire McNaughton's warrant.</p>
+
+<p>The county of Washington was largely settled by people from the New
+England states. The breaking out of the Revolutionary War found these
+people loyal to the cause of the patriots. The Highland settlements were
+somewhat divided, but the greater part allied themselves with the cause
+of their adopted country. Those who espoused the cause of the king, on
+account of the atrocities committed by the Indians, were forced to flee,
+and never returned save in marauding bands. There were a few, however,
+who kept very quiet, and were allowed to remain unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>There were no distinctive Highland companies either in the British or
+Continental service from this settlement. A company of royalists was
+secretly formed at Fort Edwards, under David Jones (remembered only as
+being the betrothed of the lovely but unfortunate Jane McCrea), and
+these joined the British forces. There were five companies from the
+county that formed the regiment under Colonel Williams, one of which was
+commanded by Captain Charles Hutchison, the Highland corporal whom Ethan
+Allen had mobbed in 1771. In this company of fifty-two men it may be
+reasonably supposed that the greater number were the sons of the
+emigrants of Captain Lauchlan Campbell.</p>
+
+<p>The committee of Charlotte county, in September 21, 1775, recommended to
+the Provincial Congress, that the following named persons, living in
+Argyle, should be thus commissioned: Alexander Campbell, captain; Samuel
+Pain, first lieutenant; Peter Gilchrist, second lieutenant; and John
+McDougall, ensign.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Joseph McCracken, on the arrival of Burgoyne, built a fort at
+New Perth, which was finished on July 26th, and called Salem Fort.</p>
+
+<p>Donald, son of Captain Lauchlan Campbell, espoused the cause of the
+people, but his two brothers sided with the British. Soon after all
+these passed out of the district, and their whereabouts became unknown.</p>
+
+<p>The bitter feelings engendered by the war was also felt in the Highland
+settlement, as may be instanced in the following circumstance preserved
+by S.D.W. Bloodgood:<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When Burgoyne found that his boats were not safe, and were in fact
+much nearer the main body of our army than his own, it became
+necessary to land his provisions, of which he had already been short
+for many weeks, in order to prevent his being actually starved into
+submission. This was done under a heavy fire from our troops. On one
+of these occasions a person by name of Mr.&mdash;&mdash;, well known at Salem,
+and a foreigner by birth, and who had at the very time a son in the
+British army, crossed the river at De Ruyter's, with a person by name
+of McNeil; they went in a canoe, and arriving opposite to the place
+intended, crossed over to the western bank, on which a redoubt called
+Fort Lawrence had been placed. They crawled up the bank with their
+arms in their hands, and peeping over the upper edge, they saw a man
+in a blanket coat loading a cart. They instantly raised their guns to
+fire, an action more savage than commendable. At the moment the man
+turned so as to be more plainly seen, when old M&mdash;&mdash; said to his
+companion, 'Now that's my own son Hughy; but I'm dom'd for a' that if
+I sill not gie him a shot,' He then actually fired at his own son, as
+the person really proved to be, but happily without effect. Having
+heard the noise made by their conversation and the cocking of the
+pieces, which the nearness of his position rendered perfectly
+practicable, he ran round the cart, and the ball lodged in the felly
+of the wheel. The report drew the attention of the neighboring
+guards, and the two marauders were driven from their lurking place.
+While retreating with all possible speed, McNeil was wounded in the
+shoulder, and, if alive, carries the wound about with him to this
+day. Had the ball struck the old Scotchman, it is questionable
+whether any one would have considered it more than even handed
+justice commending the chalice to his own lips."</p></div>
+
+<p>A map of Washington County would show that it was on the war path that
+led to some terrible conflicts related in American history. Occupying a
+part of the territory between the Hudson and the northern lakes, it had
+borne the feet of warlike Hurons, Iroquois, Canadians, New Yorkers, New
+Englanders, French, English, Continentals and Hessians, who proceeded in
+their mission of destruction and vengeance. As the district occupied by
+the Highlanders was close to the line of Burgoyne's march, it
+experienced the realities of war and the tomahawk of the merciless
+savage. How terrible was the work of the ruthless savage, and how
+shocking the fate of those in his pathway, has been graphically related
+by Arthur Reid, a native of the township of Argyle, who received the
+account from an aunt, who was fully cognizant of all the facts. The
+following is a condensed account:</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the summer of 1777, a scouting party of
+Indians, consisting of eight, received either a real or supposed injury
+from some white persons at New Perth (now Salem), for which they sought
+revenge. While prowling around the temporary fort, they were observed
+and fired upon, and one of their number killed. In the presence of a
+prisoner, a white man,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> the remaining seven declared their purpose
+to sacrifice the first white family that should come in their way. This
+party belonged to a large body of Indians which had been assembled by
+General Burgoyne, the British commander, then encamped not far distant
+in a northerly direction from Crown Point. In order to inspire the
+Indians with courage General Burgoyne considered it expedient, in
+compliance with their custom, to give them a war-feast, at which they
+indulged in the most extravagant man&oelig;uvres, gesticulations, and
+exulting vociferations, such as lying in ambush, and displaying their
+rude armored devices, and dancing, and whooping, and screaming, and
+brandishing their tomahawks and scalping knives.</p>
+
+<p>The particular band, above mentioned, was in command of an Iroquois
+chief, who, from his bloodthirsty nature, was called Le Loup, the
+wolf,&mdash;bold, fiercely revengeful, and well adapted to lead a party bent
+on committing atrocities. Le Loup and his band left New Perth <i>en route</i>
+to the place where the van of Burgoyne's army was encamped. The family
+of Duncan McArthur, consisting of himself, wife and four children, lived
+on the direct route. Approaching the clearing upon which the dwelling
+stood, the Indians halted in order to make preparations for their
+fiendish design. Every precaution was taken, even to enhancing their
+naturally ferocious appearance by painting their faces, necks and
+shoulders with a thick coat of vermilion. The party next moved forward
+with stealthy steps to the very edge of the forest, where again they
+halted in order to mature the final plan of attack.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the McArthur family, on that day, two neighbors had come
+for the purpose of assisting in the breaking of a horse, and, when the
+Indians saw them, and also the three buildings, which they mistook for
+residences, they became disconcerted. They decided as there were three
+men present, and the same number of houses, there must also be three
+families.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians withdrew exasperated, but none the less determined to seek
+vengeance. With elastic step, and in single file they pressed forward,
+and an hour later came to another clearing, in the midst of which stood
+a dwelling, occupied by the family of John Allen, consisting of five
+persons, viz., himself and wife and three children. Temporarily with
+them at the time were Mrs. Allen's sister, two negroes and a negress.
+John Allen was notoriously in sympathy with the purposes of the British
+king. When the Indians stealthily crept to the edge of the clearing they
+observed the white men busily engaged reaping the wheat harvest. They
+decided to wait until the reapers retired for dinner. Their white
+prisoner begged to be spared from witnessing the scene about to be
+enacted. This request was finally granted, and one of the Indians
+remained with him as a guard, while the others went forward to execute
+their purpose.</p>
+
+<p>When the family had become seated at the table the Indians burst upon
+them with a fearful yell. When the neighbors came they found the body of
+John Allen a few rods from the house. Apparently he had escaped through
+a back door, but had been overtaken and shot down. Nearer the house, but
+in the same direction, were the bodies of Mrs. Allen, her sister, and
+the youngest child, all tomahawked and scalped. The other two children
+were found hidden in a bed, but also tomahawked and scalped. One of the
+negroes was found in the doorway, his body gashed and mutilated in a
+horrible manner. From the wounds inflicted on his body it was thought he
+had made a desperate resistance. The position of the remaining two has
+not been distinctly recollected.</p>
+
+<p>George Kilmore, father of Mrs. Allen and owner of the negroes, who lived
+three miles distant, becoming anxious on account of the prolonged
+absence of his daughter and servants, on the Sunday following, sent a
+negro boy on an errand of inquiry. As the boy approached the house, the
+keen-scented horse, which he was riding, stopped and refused to go
+farther. After much difficulty he was urged forward until his rider got
+a view of the awful scene. The news brought by the boy spread rapidly,
+and the terror-stricken families fled to various points for protection,
+many of whom went to Fort Edward. After Burgoyne had been hemmed in, the
+families cautiously returned to their former homes.</p>
+
+<p>From Friday afternoon, July 25th, until Sunday morning following, the
+whereabouts of Le Loup and his band cannot be determined. But on that
+morning they made their appearance on the brow of the hill north of Fort
+Edward, and then and there a shocking tragedy was enacted, which
+thoroughly aroused the people, and formed quite an element in the
+overthrow and surrender of Burgoyne's army. It was the massacre of Miss
+Jane McCrea, a lovely, amiable and intelligent lady. This tragedy at
+once drew the attention of all America. She fell under the blow of the
+savage Le Loup, and the next instant he flung down his gun, seized her
+long, luxuriant hair with one hand, with the other passed the scalping
+knife around nearly the whole head, and, with a yell of triumph, tore
+the beautiful but ghastly trophy from his victim's head.</p>
+
+<p>It is a work of superogation to say that the Highland settlers of Argyle
+were strongly imbued with religious sentiments. That question has
+already been fully commented on. The colony early manifested its
+disposition to build churches where they might worship. The first of
+these houses were humble in their pretensions, but fully in keeping with
+a pioneer settlement in the wilderness. Their faith was the same as that
+promulgated by the Scotch-Irish in the adjoining neighborhood, and were
+visited by the pastor of the older settlement. They do not appear to
+have sustained a regular pastor until after the Peace of 1783.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. VII,
+p.630. Should 1763 be read for 1764?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p.72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. VI, p.145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> On record in library at Albany in "Patents," Vol. IV, pp.
+8-17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See Appendix,<a href="#NOTE_I"> Note I.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> The Sexagenary, p. 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Samuel Standish, who was present at the time of the
+murder of Jane McCrea, and afterwards gave the account to Jared Sparks,
+who records it in his "Life of Arnold." See "Library of American
+Biography," Vol. III, Chap. VII.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT ON THE MOHAWK.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Sir William Johnson thoroughly gained the good graces of the Iroquois
+Indians, and by the part he took against the French at Crown Point and
+Lake George, in 1755, added to his reputation at home and abroad. For
+his services to the Crown he was made a baronet and voted &pound;5000 by the
+British parliament, besides being paid &pound;600 per annum as Indian agent,
+which he retained until his death in 1774. He also received a grant of
+one hundred thousand acres of land north of the Mohawk. In 1743 he built
+Fort Johnson, a stone dwelling, on the same side of the river, in what
+is now Montgomery county. A few miles farther north, in 1764, he built
+Johnson Hall, a wooden structure, and there entertained his Indian bands
+and white tenants, with rude magnificence, surrounded by his mistresses,
+both white and red. He had dreams of feudal power, and set about to
+realize it. The land granted to him by the king, he had previously
+secured from the Mohawks, over whom he had gained an influence greater
+than that ever possessed heretofore or since by a white man over an
+Indian tribe. The tract of land thus gained was long known as
+"Kingsland," or the "Royal Grant." The king had bound Sir William to him
+by a feudal tenure of a yearly rental of two shillings and six pence for
+each and every one hundred acres. In the same manner Sir William bound
+to himself his tenants to whom he granted leases. In order to secure the
+greatest obedience he deemed it necessary to secure such tenants as
+differed from the people near him in manners, language, and religion,
+and that class trained to whom the strictest personal dependence was
+perfectly familiar. In all this he was highly favored. He turned his
+eyes to the Highlands of Scotland, and without trouble, owing to the
+dissatisfied condition of the people and their desire to emigrate, he
+secured as many colonists as he desired, all of whom were of the Roman
+Catholic faith. The agents having secured the requisite number,
+embarked, during the month of August, 1773, for America.</p>
+
+<p>A journal of the period states that "three gentlemen of the name of
+Macdonell, with their families, and 400 Highlanders from the counties
+(!) of Glengarry, Glenmorison, Urquhart, and Strathglass lately embarked
+for America, having obtained a grant of land in Albany,"<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>This extract appears to have been copied from the <i>Courant</i> of August
+28th, which stated they had "lately embarked for America." This would
+place their arrival on the Mohawk some time during the latter part of
+the following September, or first of October. The three gentlemen above
+referred to were Macdonell of Aberchalder, Leek, and Collachie, and also
+another, Macdonell of Scotas. Their fortunes had been shattered in "the
+45," and in order to mend them were willing to settle in America. They
+made their homes in what was then Tryon county, about thirty miles from
+Albany, then called Kingsborough, where now is the thriving town of
+Gloversville. To certain families tracts were allotted varying from one
+hundred to five hundred acres, all subjected to the feudal system.</p>
+
+<p>Having reached the places assigned them the Highlanders first felled the
+trees and made their rude huts of logs. Then the forest was cleared and
+the crops planted amid the stumps. The country was rough, but the people
+did not murmur. Their wants were few and simple. The grain they reaped
+was carried on horseback along Indian trails to the landlord's mills.
+Their women became accustomed to severe outdoor employment, but they
+possessed an indomitable spirit, and bore their hardships bravely, as
+became their race. The quiet life of the people promised to become
+permanent. They became deeply attached to the interests of Sir William
+Johnson, who, by consummate tact soon gained a mastery over them. He
+would have them assemble at Johnson Hall that they might make merry;
+encourage them in Highland games, and invite them to Indian councils.
+Their methods of farming were improved under his supervision; superior
+breeds of stock sought for, and fruit trees planted. But Sir William, in
+reality, was not with them long; for, in the autumn of 1773, he visited
+England, returning in the succeeding spring, and dying suddenly at
+Johnson Hall on June 24th, following.</p>
+
+<p>Troubles were rising beneath all the peaceful circumstances enjoyed by
+the Highlanders, destined to become severe and oppressive under the
+attitude of Johnson's son and son-in-law who were men of far less
+ability and tact than their father. The spirit of democracy penetrated
+the valley of the Mohawk, and open threats of opposition began to be
+heard. The Acts of the Albany Congress of 1774 opened the eyes of the
+people to the possibilities of strength by united efforts. Just as the
+spirit of independence reached bold utterance Sir William died. He was
+succeeded in his title, and a part of his estates by his son John. The
+dreams of Sir William vanished, and his plans failed in the hands of his
+weak, arrogant, degenerate son. Sir John hesitated, temporized, broke
+his parole, fled to Canada, returned to ravage the lands of his
+countrymen, and ended by being driven across the border.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Sir William made Sir John commandant of the militia of the
+Province of New York. Colonel Guy Johnson became superintendent of
+Indian affairs, with Colonel Daniel Claus, Sir William's son-in-law, for
+assistant. The notorious Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) became secretary
+to Guy Johnson. Nothing but evil could be predicated of such a
+combination; and Sir John was not slow to take advantage of his
+position, when the war cloud was ready to burst. As early as March 16,
+1775, decisive action was taken, when the grand jury, judges, justices,
+and others of Tryon county, to the number of thirty-three, among whom
+was Sir John, signed a document, expressive of their disapprobation of
+the act of the people of Boston for the "outrageous and unjustifiable
+act on the private property of the India Company," and of their
+resolution "to bear faith and true allegiance to their lawful Sovereign
+King George the Third."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> It is a noticeable feature that not one of
+the names of Highlanders appears on the paper. This would indicate that
+they were not a factor in the civil government of the county.</p>
+
+<p>On May 18, 1775, the Committee of Palatine District, Tryon county,
+addressed the Albany Committee of Safety, in which they affirm:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This County has, for a series of years, been ruled by one family,
+the different branches of which are still strenuous in dissuading
+people from coming into Congressional measures, and even have, last
+week, at a numerous meeting of the Mohawk District, appeared with all
+their dependants armed to oppose the people considering of their
+grievances; their number being so large, and the people unarmed,
+struck terror into most of them, and they dispersed. We are informed
+that Johnson-Hall is fortifying by placing a parcel of swivel-guns
+round the same, and that Colonel Johnson has had parts of his
+regiment of Militia under arms yesterday, no doubt with a design to
+prevent the friends of liberty from publishing their attachment to
+the cause to the world. Besides which we are told that about one
+hundred and fifty Highlanders, (Roman Catholicks) in and about
+Johnstown, are armed and ready to march upon the like occasion."<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In order to allay the feelings engendered against them Guy Johnson, on
+May 18th, wrote to the Committee of Schenectady declaring "my duty is to
+promote peace,"<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and on the 20th to the Magistrates of Palatine,
+making the covert threat "that if the Indians find their council fire
+disturbed, and their superintendent insulted, they will take a dreadful
+revenge."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> The last letter thoroughly aroused the Committee of Tryon
+county, and on the 21st stated, among other things:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That Colonel Johnson's conduct in raising fortifications round his
+house, keeping a number of Indians and armed men constantly about
+him, and stopping and searching travellers upon the King's highway,
+and stopping our communication with Albany, is very alarming to this
+County, and is highly arbitrary, illegal, oppressive, and
+unwarrantable; and confirms us in our fears, that his design is to
+keep us in awe, and oblige us to submit to a state of Slavery."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the 23rd the Albany Committee warned Guy Johnson that his
+interference with the rights of travellers would no longer be
+tolerated.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> So flagrant had been the conduct of the Johnsons that a
+sub-committee of the city and county of Albany addressed a communication
+on the subject to the Provincial Congress of New York.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> On June 2nd
+the Tryon County Committee addressed Guy Johnson, in which they affirm
+"it is no more our duty than inclination to protect you in the discharge
+of your province," but will not "pass over in silence the interruption
+which the people of the Mohawk District met in their meeting," "and the
+inhuman treatment of a man whose only crime was being faithful to his
+employers."<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> The tension became still more strained between the
+Johnsons and patriots during the summer.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch and German population was chiefly in sympathy with the cause
+of America, as were the people generally, in that region, who did not
+come under the direct influence of the Johnsons. The inhabitants deposed
+Alexander White, the Sheriff of Tryon county, who had, from the first,
+made himself obnoxious. The first shot, in the war west of the Hudson,
+was fired by Alexander White. On some trifling pretext he arrested a
+patriot by the name of John Fonda, and committed him to prison. His
+friends, to the number of fifty, went to the jail and released him; and
+from the prison they proceeded to the sheriff's lodgings and demanded
+his surrender. He discharged a pistol at the leader, but without effect.
+Immediately some forty muskets were discharged at the sheriff, with the
+effect only to cause a slight wound in the breast. The doors of the
+house were broken open, and just then Sir John Johnson fired a gun at
+the hall, which was the signal for his retainers and Highland partisans
+to rally in arms. As they could muster a force of five hundred men in a
+short time, the party deemed it prudent to disperse.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p>The royalists became more open and bolder in their course, throwing
+every impediment in the way of the Safety Committee of Tryon county, and
+causing embarrassments in every way their ingenuity could devise. They
+called public meetings themselves, as well as to interfere with those of
+their neighbors; all of which caused mutual exasperation, and the
+engendering of hostile feelings between friends, who now ranged
+themselves with the opposing parties.</p>
+
+<p>On October 26th the Tryon County Committee submitted a series of
+questions for Sir John Johnson to answer.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> These questions, with Sir
+John's answers, were embodied by the Committee in a letter to the
+Provincial Congress of New York, under date of October 28th, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"As we found our duty and particular reasons to inquire or rather
+desire Sir John Johnson's absolute opinion and intention of the three
+following articles, viz:</p>
+
+<p>1. Whether he would allow that his tenants may form themselves into
+Companies, according to the regulations of our Continental Congress,
+to the defence of our Country's cause;</p>
+
+<p>2. Whether he would be willing himself also to assist personally in
+the same purpose;</p>
+
+<p>3. Whether he pretendeth a prerogative to our County Court-House and
+Jail, and would hinder or interrupt the Committee of our County to
+make use of the said publick houses for our want and service in our
+common cause;</p>
+
+<p>We have, therefore, from our meeting held yesterday, sent three
+members of our Committee with the aforementioned questions contained
+in a letter to him directed, and received of Sir John, thereupon, the
+following answer:</p>
+
+<p>1. That he thinks our requests very unreasonable, as he never had
+denied the use of either Court-House or Jail to anybody, nor would
+yet deny it for the use which these houses have been built for; but
+he looks upon the Court-House and Jail at Johnstown to be his
+property till he is paid seven hundred Pounds&mdash;which being out of his
+pocket for the building of the same.</p>
+
+<p>2. In regard of embodying his tenants into Companies, he never did
+forbid them, neither should do it, as they may use their pleasure;
+but we might save ourselves that trouble, he being sure they would
+not.</p>
+
+<p>3. Concerning himself he declared, that before he would sign any
+association, or would lift his hand up against his King, he would
+rather suffer that his head shall be cut off. Further, he replied,
+that if we would make any unlawful use of the Jail, he would oppose
+it; and also mentions that there have many unfair means been used for
+signing the Association, and uniting the people; for he was informed
+by credible gentlemen in New-York, that they were obliged to unite,
+otherwise they could not live there. And that he was also informed,
+by good authority, that likewise two-thirds of the Canajoharie and
+German Flatts people have been forced to sign; and, by his opinion,
+the Boston people are open rebels, and the other Colonies have joined
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Our Deputies replied to his expressions of forcing the people to sign
+in our County; that his authority spared the truth, and it appears by
+itself rediculous that one-third should have forced two-thirds to
+sign. On the contrary, they would prove that it was offered to any
+one, after signing, that the regretters could any time have their
+names crossed, upon their requests.</p>
+
+<p>We thought proper to refer these particular inimical declarations to
+your House, and would be very glad to get your opinion and advice,
+for our further directions. Please, also, to remember what we
+mentioned to you in our former letters, of the inimical and provoking
+behaviour of the tenants of said Sir John, which they still continue,
+under the authority of said Sir John."<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The attitude of Sir John had become such that the Continental Congress
+deemed it best, on December 30th to order General Schuyler "to take the
+most speedy and effective measures for securing the said Arms and
+Military Stores, and for disarming the said Tories, and apprehending
+their chiefs."<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> The action of Congress was none too hasty; for in a
+letter from Governor William Tryon of New York to the earl of Dartmouth,
+under date of January 5, 1776, he encloses the following addressed to
+himself:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: I hope the occasion and intention of this letter will plead my
+excuse for the liberty I take in introducing to your Excellency the
+bearer hereof Captain Allen McDonell who will inform you of many
+particulars that cannot at this time with safety be committed to
+writing. The distracted &amp; convulsed State this unhappy country is now
+worked up to, and the situation that I am in here, together with the
+many Obligations our family owe to the best of Sovereigns induces me
+to fall upon a plan that may I hope be of service to my country, the
+propriety of which I entirely submit to Your Excellency's better
+judgment, depending on that friendship which you have been pleased to
+honour me with for your advice on and Representation to his Majesty
+of what we propose. Having consulted with all my friends in this
+quarter, among whom are many old and good Officers, most of whom have
+a good deal of interests in their respective neighborhoods, and have
+now a great number of men ready to compleat the plan&mdash;We must however
+not think of stirring till we have a support, &amp; supply of money,
+necessaries to enable us to carry our design into execution, all of
+which Mr. McDonell who will inform you of everything that has been
+done in Canada that has come to our knowledge. As I find by the
+papers you are soon to sail for England I despair of having the
+pleasure to pay my respect to you but most sincerely wish you an
+Agreeable Voyage and a happy sight of Your family &amp; friends. I am.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Your Excellency's most obedient</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">humble Servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">John Johnson."</span><a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>General Schuyler immediately took active steps to carry out the orders
+of Congress, and on January 23, 1776, made a very lengthy and detailed
+report to that body.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> Although he had no troops to carry into
+execution the orders of Congress, he asked for seven hundred militia,
+yet by the time he reached Caughnawaga, there were nearly three thousand
+men, including the Tryon county militia. Arriving at Schenectady, he
+addressed, on January 16th, a letter to Sir John Johnson, requesting him
+to meet him on the next day, promising safe conduct for him and such
+person as might attend him. They met at the time appointed sixteen miles
+beyond Schenectady, Sir John being accompanied by some of the leading
+Highlanders and two or three others, to whom General Schuyler delivered
+his terms. After some difficulty, in which the Mohawk Indians figured as
+peacemakers, Sir John Johnson and Allan McDonell (Collachie) signed a
+paper agreeing "upon his word and honor immediately deliver up all
+cannon, arms, and other military stores, of what kind soever, which may
+be in his own possession," or that he may have delivered to others, or
+that he knows to be concealed; that "having given his parole of honour
+not to take up arms against America," "he consents not to go to the
+westward of the German-Flats and Kingsland (Highlanders') District," but
+to every other part to the southward he expects the privilege of going;
+agreed that the Highlanders shall, "without any kind of exception,
+immediately deliver up all arms in their possession, of what kind
+soever," and from among them any six prisoners may be taken, but the
+same must be maintained agreeable to their respective rank.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="hall"  />
+<a id="illus07" name="illus07"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> Johnson Hall.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday the 19th General Schulyer marched to Johnstown, and in the
+afternoon the arms and military stores in Sir John's possession were
+delivered up. On the next day, at noon, General Schuyler drew his men up
+in the street, "and the Highlanders, between two and three hundred,
+marched to the front, where they grounded their arms;" when they were
+dismissed "with an exhortation, pointing out the only conduct which
+could insure them protection." On the 21st, at Cagnuage, General
+Schuyler wrote to Sir John as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Although it is a well known fact that all the Scotch (Highlanders)
+people that yesterday surrendered arms, had not broadswords when they
+came to the country, yet many of them had, and most of them were
+possessed of dirks; and as none have been given up of either, I will
+charitably believe that it was rather inattention than a wilful
+omission. Whether it was the former or the latter must be ascertained
+by their immediate compliance with that part of the treaty which
+requires that all arms, of what kind soever, shall be delivered up.</p>
+
+<p>After having been informed by you, at our first interview, that the
+Scotch people meant to defend themselves, I was not a little
+surprised that no ammunition was delivered up, and that you had none
+to furnish them with. These observations were immediately made by
+others as well as me. I was too apprehensive of the consequences
+which might have been fatal to those people, to take notice of it on
+the spot. I shall, however, expect an eclaircissement on this
+subject, and beg that you and Mr. McDonell will give it me as soon as
+may be."</p></div>
+
+<p>Governor Tryon reported to the earl of Dartmouth, February 7th, that
+General Schuyler "marched to Johnson Hall the 24th of last month, where
+Sr John had mustered near Six hundred men, from his Tenants and
+neighbours, the majority highlanders, after disarming them and taking
+four pieces of artillery, ammunition and many Prisoners, with 360
+Guineas from Sr John's Desk, they compelled him to enter into a Bond in
+1600 pound Sterling not to aid the King's Service, or to remove within a
+limited district from his house."<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p>The six of the chiefs of the Highland clan of the McDonells made
+prisoners were, Allan McDonell, sen. (Collachie), Allan McDonell, Jur.,
+Alexander McDonell, Ronald McDonell, Archibald McDonell, and John
+McDonell, all of whom were sent to Reading, Pennsylvania, with their
+three servants, and later to Lancaster.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p>
+
+<p>Had Sir John obeyed his parole, it would have saved him his vast
+estates, the Highlanders their homes, the effusion of blood, and the
+savage cruelty which his leadership engendered. Being incapable of
+forecasting the future, he broke his parole of honor, plunged headlong
+into the conflict, and dragged his followers into the horrors of war.
+General Schuyler wrote him, March 12, 1776, stating that the evidence
+had been placed in his hands that he had been exciting the Indians to
+hostility, and promising to defer taking steps until a more minute
+inquiry could be made he begged Sir John "to be present when it was
+made," which would be on the following Monday.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John's actions were such that it became necessary to use stringent
+measures. General Schuyler, on May 14th, issued his instructions to
+Colonel Elias Dayton, who was to proceed to Johnstown, "and give notice
+to the Highlanders, who live in the vicinity of the town, to repair to
+it; and when any number are collected there, you will send off their
+baggage, infirm women and children, in wagons." Sir John was to be taken
+prisoner, carefully guarded and brought to Albany, but "he is by no
+means to experience the least ill-treatment in his own person, or those
+of his family."<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> General Schuyler had previously written (May 10th)
+to Sir John intimating that he had "acted contrary to the sacred
+engagements you lay under to me, and through me to the publick," and
+have "ordered you a close prisoner, and sent down to Albany."<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> The
+reason assigned for the removal of the Highlanders as stated by General
+Schuyler to Sir John was that "the elder Mr. McDonald (Allan of
+Collachie), a chief of that part of the clan of his name now in Tryon
+County, has applied to Congress that those people with their families
+may be moved from thence and subsisted."<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> To this Sir John replied
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 20em;">"Johnson Hall, May 18, 1776.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir: On my return from Fort Hunter yesterday, I received your letter
+by express acquainting me that the elder Mr. McDonald had desired to
+have all the clan of his name in the County of Tryon, removed and
+subsisted. I know none of that clan but such as are my tenants, and
+have been, for near two years supported by me with every necessary,
+by which means they have contracted a debt of near two thousand
+pounds, which they are in a likely way to discharge, if left in
+peace. As they are under no obligations to Mr. McDonald, they refuse
+to comply with his extraordinary request; therefore beg there may be
+no troops sent to conduct them to Albany, otherwise they will look
+upon it as a total breach of the treaty agreed to at Johnstown. Mrs.
+McDonald showed me a letter from her husband, written since he
+applied to the Congress for leave to return to their families, in
+which he mentions that he was told by the Congress that it depended
+entirely upon you; he then desired that their families might be
+brought down to them, but never mentioned anything with regard to
+moving my tenants from hence, as matters he had no right to treat of.
+Mrs. McDonald requested that I would inform you that neither herself
+nor any of the other families would choose to go down.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">I am, sir, your very humble servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">John Johnson."</span><a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Dayton arrived at Johnstown May 19th, and as he says, in his
+report to General John Sullivan, he immediately sent "a letter to Sir
+John Johnson, informing him that I had arrived with a body of troops to
+guard the Highlanders to Albany, and desired that he would fix a time
+for their assembling. When these gentlemen came to Johnson Hall they
+were informed by Lady Johnson that Sir John Johnson had received General
+Schuyler's letter by the express; that he had consulted the Highlanders
+upon the contents, and that they had unanimously resolved not to deliver
+themselves as prisoners, but to go another way, and that Sir John
+Johnson had determined to go with them. She added that, that if they
+were pursued they were determined to make an opposition, and had it in
+their power, in some measure."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p>
+
+<p>The approach of Colonel Dayton's command caused great commotion among
+the inhabitants of Johnstown and vicinity. Sir John determined to
+decamp, take with him as many followers as possible, and travel through
+the woods to Canada. Lieutenant James Gray, of the 42nd Highlanders,
+helped to raise the faithful bodyguard, and all having assembled at the
+house of Allen McDonell of Collachie started through the woods. The
+party consisted of three Indians from an adjacent village to serve as
+guides, one hundred and thirty Highlanders, and one hundred and twenty
+others.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> The appearance of Colonel Dayton was more sudden than Sir
+John anticipated. Having but a brief period for their preparation, the
+party was but illy prepared for their flight. He did not know whether or
+not the royalists were in possession of Lake Champlain, therefore the
+fugitives did not dare to venture on that route to Montreal; so they
+were obliged to strike deeper into the forests between the headwaters of
+the Hudson and the St. Lawrence. Their provisions soon were exhausted;
+their feet soon became sore from the rough travelling; and several were
+left in the wilderness to be picked up and brought in by the Indians who
+were afterwards sent out for that purpose. After nineteen days of great
+hardships the party arrived in Montreal in a pitiable condition, having
+endured as much suffering as seemed possible for human nature to
+undergo.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Johnson and his Highlanders, unwittingly, paid the Highest
+possible compliment to the kindness and good intentions of the patriots,
+when they deserted their families and left them to face the foe. When
+the flight was brought to the attention of General Schuyler, he wrote to
+Colonel Dayton, May 27, in which he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I am favored with a letter from Mr. Caldwell, in which he suggests
+the propriety of suffering such Highlanders to remain at their
+habitations as have not fled. I enter fully into his idea; but
+prudence dictates that this should be done under certain
+restrictions. These people have been taught to consider us in
+politicks in the same light that Papists consider Protestants in a
+religious relation, viz: that no faith is to be kept with either. I
+do not, therefore, think it prudent to suffer any of the men to
+remain, unless a competent number of hostages are given, at least
+five out of a hundred, on condition of being put to death if those
+that remain should take up arms, or in any wise assist the enemies of
+our country. A small body of troops * * may keep them in awe; but if
+an equal body of the enemy should appear, the balance as to numbers,
+by the junction of those left, would be against us. I am, however, so
+well aware of the absurdity of judging with precision in these
+matters at the distance we are from one another, that prudence
+obliges me to leave these matters to your judgment, to act as
+circumstances may occur."<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Lady Johnson, wife of Sir John, was taken to Albany and there held as a
+hostage until the following December when she was permitted to go to New
+York, then in the hands of the British. Nothing is related of any of the
+Highlanders being taken at that time to Albany, but appear to have been
+left in peaceable possession of their lands.</p>
+
+<p>As might have been, and perhaps was, anticipated, the Highland
+settlement became the source of information and the base of supplies for
+the enemy. Spies and messengers came and went, finding there a welcome
+reception. The trail leading from there and along the Sacandaga and
+through the Adirondack woods, soon became a beaten path from its
+constant use. The Highland women gave unstintingly of their supplies,
+and opened their houses as places of retreat. Here were planned the
+swift attacks upon the unwary settlers farther to the south and west.
+Agents of the king were active everywhere, and the Highland homes became
+one of the resting places for refugees on their way to Canada. This
+state of affairs could not be concealed from the Americans, who, none
+too soon, came to view the whole neighborhood as a nest of treason.
+Military force could not be employed against women and children (for
+from time to time nearly all the men had left), but they could be
+removed where they would do but little harm. General Schuyler discussed
+the matter with General Herkimer and the Tryon County Committee, when it
+was decided to remove of those who remained "to the number of four
+hundred." A movement of this description could not be kept a secret,
+especially when the troops were put in motion. In March, 1777, General
+Schuyler had permitted both Alexander and John MacDonald to visit their
+families. Taking the alarm, on the approach of the troops, in May, they
+ran off to Canada, taking with them the residue of the Highlanders,
+together with a few of the German neighbors. The journey was a very long
+and tedious one, and very painful for the aged, the women, and the
+children. They were used to hardships and bore their sufferings without
+complaint. It was an exodus of a people, whose very existence was almost
+forgotten, and on the very lands they cleared and cultivated there is
+not a single tradition concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>From papers still in existence, preserved in Series B, Vol. 158, p. 351,
+of the Haldeman Papers, it would appear that some of the families,
+previous to the exodus, had been secured, as noted in the two following
+petitions, both written in either 1779 or 1780, date not given although
+first is simply dated "27th July," and second endorsed "27th July":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To His Excellency General Haldimand, General and Commander in Chief
+of all His Majesty's Forces in Canada and the Frontiers thereof,</p>
+
+<p>The memorial of John and Alexander Macdonell, Captains in the King's
+Royal Regiment of New York, humbly sheweth,</p>
+
+<p>That your Memorialist, John Macdonell's, family are at present
+detained by the rebels in the County of Tryon, within the Province of
+New York, destitute of every support but such as they may receive
+from the few friends to Government in said quarters, in which
+situation they have been since 1777.</p>
+
+<p>And your Memorialist, Alexander Macdonell, on behalf of his brother,
+Captain Allan Macdonell, of the Eighty-Fourth Regiment: that the
+family of his said brother have been detained by the Rebels in and
+about Albany since the year 1775, and that unless it was for the
+assistance they have met with from Mr. James Ellice, of Schenectady,
+merchant, they must have perished.</p>
+
+<p>Your Memorialists therefore humbly pray Your Excellency will be
+graciously pleased to take the distressed situation of said families
+into consideration, and to grant that a flag be sent to demand them
+in exchange, or otherwise direct towards obtaining their releasement,
+as Your Excellency in your wisdom shall see fit, and your
+Memorialists will ever pray as in duty bound.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">
+John Macdonell,<br />
+Alexander Macdonell."
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To the Honourable Sir John Johnson, Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of
+the King's Royal Regiment of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The humbel petition of sundry soldiers of said Regiment sheweth,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>That your humble petitioners, whose names are hereunto subscribed,
+have families in different places of the Counties of Albany and
+Tryon, who have been and are daily ill-treated by the enemies of
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore we do humbly pray that Your Honour would be pleased to
+procure permission for them to come to Canada,</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 5em;">And your petitioners will ever pray.</p>
+
+<p>John McGlenny, Thomas Ross. Alexander Cameron, Frederick Goose, Wm.
+Urchad (Urquhart?), Duncan McIntire, Andrew Mileross, Donald
+McCarter, Allen Grant, Hugh Chisholm, Angus Grant, John McDonald,
+Alex. Ferguson, Thomas Taylor, William Cameron, George Murdoff,
+William Chession (Chisholm), John Christy, Daniel Campbell, Donald
+Ross, Donald Chissem, Roderick McDonald, Alexander Grant."</p>
+
+<p>The names and number of each family intended in the written
+petition:&mdash;</p>
+</div>
+
+<table width='600' summary="families">
+<tr><td></td><td align='left'>Name of Family</td><td align='left'>Consisting of</td><td align='center'>No</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1,</td><td align='left'>Duncan McIntyre's</td><td align='left'>Wife, Sister and Child</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>2,</td><td align='left'>John Christy's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 3 Children</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>3,</td><td align='left'>George Mordoffs</td><td align='left'>Wife and 6 Children</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>4,</td><td align='left'>Daniel Campbell's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 5 Children</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>5,</td><td align='left'>Andrew Milross'</td><td align='left'>Wife</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>6,</td><td align='left'>William Urghad's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 3 Children</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>7,</td><td align='left'>Donald McCarter's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 3 Children</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>8,</td><td align='left'>Donald Ross'</td><td align='left'>Wife and 1 Child</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>9,</td><td align='left'>Allan Grant's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 1 Child</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>10,</td><td align='left'>William Chissim's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 1 Child</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>11,</td><td align='left'>Donald Chissim's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 2 Children</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>12,</td><td align='left'>Hugh Chissim's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 5 Children</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>13,</td><td align='left'>Roderick McDonald's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 4 Children</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>14,</td><td align='left'>Angus Grant's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 5 Children</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>15,</td><td align='left'>Alexander Grant's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 4 Children</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>16,</td><td align='left'>Donald Grant's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 4 Children</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>17,</td><td align='left'>John McDonald's</td><td align='left'>Wife</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>18,</td><td align='left'>John McGlenny's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 2 Children</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>19,</td><td align='left'>Alexander Ferguson's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 5 Children</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>20,</td><td align='left'>Thomas Ross'</td><td align='left'>Wife and 4 Children</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>21,</td><td align='left'>Thomas Taylor's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 1 Child</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>22,</td><td align='left'>Alexander Cameron's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 3 Children</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>23,</td><td align='left'>William Cameron's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 3 Children</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>24,</td><td align='left'>Frederick Goose's</td><td align='left'>Wife and 4 Children</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Mrs. Helen MacDonell, wife of Allan, the chief, was apprehended and sent
+to Schenectady, and in 1780 managed to escape, and made her way to New
+York. Before she was taken, and while her husband was still a prisoner
+of war, she appears to have been the chief person who had charge of the
+settlement, after the men had fled with Sir John Johnson. A letter of
+hers has been preserved, which is not only interesting, but throws some
+light on the action of the Highlanders. It is addressed to Major Jellis
+Fonda, at Caughnawaga.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: Some time ago I wrote you a letter, much to this purpose,
+concerning the Inhabitants of this Bush being made prisoners. There
+was no such thing then in agitation as you was pleased to observe in
+your letter to me this morning. Mr. Billie Laird came amongst the
+people to give them warning to go in to sign, and swear. To this they
+will never consent, being already prisoners of General Schuyler. His
+Excellency was pleased by your proclamation, directing every one of
+them to return to their farms, and that they should be no more
+troubled nor molested during the war. To this they agreed, and have
+not done anything against the country, nor intend to, if let alone.
+If not, they will lose their lives before being taken prisoners
+again. They begged the favour of me to write to Major Fonda and the
+gentlemen of the committee to this purpose. They blame neither the
+one nor the other of you gentlemen, but those ill-natured fellows
+amongst them that get up an excitement about nothing, in order to
+ingratiate themselves in your favour. They were of very great hurt to
+your cause since May last, through violence and ignorance. I do not
+know what the consequences would have been to them long ago, if not
+prevented. Only think what daily provocation does.</p>
+
+<p>Jenny joins me in compliments to Mrs. Fonda.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">I am, Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Your humble servant,</span><br />
+Callachie, 15th March, 1777.  <span style="margin-left: 10em;">   Helen McDonell."</span><a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Immediately on the arrival of Sir John Johnson in Montreal, with his
+party who fled from Johnstown, he was commissioned a Colonel in the
+British service. At once he set about to organize a regiment composed of
+those who had accompanied him, and other refugees who had followed their
+example. This regiment was called the "King's Royal Regiment of New
+York," but by Americans was known as "The Royal Greens," probably
+because the facings of their uniforms were of that color. In the
+formation of the regiment he was instructed that the officers of the
+corps were to be divided in such a manner as to assist those who were
+distressed by the war; but there were to be no pluralities of
+officers,&mdash;a practice then common in the British army.</p>
+
+<p>In this regiment, Butler's Rangers, and the Eighty-Fourth, or Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment also then raised, the Highland gentlemen who
+had, in 1773, emigrated to Tryon county, received commissions, as well
+as those who had previously had joined the ranks. After the war proper
+returns of the officers were made, and from these the following tables
+have been extracted. The number of private soldiers of the same name are
+in proportion.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+<span class="smcap">"First Battalion King's Royal Regiment of New York</span>.</p>
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Name
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Service
+</td>
+<td>Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Macdonell... (Aberchalder)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>200 acres of land in fee simple, under Sir John Johnson, at yearly annual rent of &pound;6 per 100.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Angus Macdonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>25 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Ensign in 60th Regt., 8th July, 1760; Lieut. in do. Dec 27, 1770; sold out on account of bad health, May 22, 1775. Had no lands.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>John Macdonell... (Scotas)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td> 8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had landed property, 500 acres, purchased and began to improve in April, 1774.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Archibald Macdonell... (Leek)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Merchant; had no lands.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain... Lieut
+</td>
+<td>Allen Macdonell... (Leek)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had 200 acres in fee simple, under Sir John, at &pound;6 per 100 acres.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut
+</td>
+<td>Hugh Macdonell... (Aberchalder)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Captain Macdonell
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Miles Macdonell... (Scotas)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Captain John Macdonell.
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table >
+
+<p class='center'>
+Second Battalion King's Royal Regiment of New York</p>
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Name
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Service
+</td>
+<td>Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>James Macdonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held &mdash;&mdash; acres in fee simple, under Sir John, at &pound;6 per 100 acres.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut
+</td>
+<td>Ronald Macdonell... (Leek)
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Corps of Butler's Rangers, Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John Butler</span></p>
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Name
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Service
+</td>
+<td>Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>John Macdonell... (Aberchalder)
+</td>
+<td>Invernessshire Scotland
+</td>
+<td>9 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Came to America with his father and other Highlanders in 1773, settled in Tryon County, near Johnstown, in
+the Province of New York; entered His Majesty's Service as a Subaltern Officer, June 14, 1775, in the 84th
+or Royal Highland  Emigrants.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>First Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Macdonell... (Collachie)
+</td>
+<td>Invernessshire Scotland
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Came to America with his father and other Highland Emigrants in 1773, settled in Tryon
+County, near Johnstown, in the Province  of New York; entered His Majesty's Service
+as a Volunteer in the 84th or Royal Highland Emigrants.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Second Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Chichester Macdonell... (Aberchalder)
+</td>
+<td>Invernessshire Scotland
+</td>
+<td>6 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Came to America with his father and other Highland Emigrants in 1773, and settled near
+Johnstown; entered His Majesty's Service as a Volunteer in the King's Royal Regiment
+of New York in the year 1778.
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Eighty-Fourth or Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment</span></p>
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Name
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Service
+</td>
+<td>Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Allan Macdonell... (Collachie)
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>Prisoner at Lancaster in Pennsylvania.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Ronald Macdonell
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>40 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Arch'd Macdonell
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Seventy-First Regiment</span></p>
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Name
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Service
+</td>
+<td>Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut
+</td>
+<td>Angus Macdonell"<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p>In the month of January, following his flight into Canada, Sir John
+Johnson found his way into the city of New York. From that time he
+became one of the most bitter and virulent foes of his countrymen
+engaged in the contest, and repeatedly became the scourge of his former
+neighbors&mdash;in all of which his Highland retainers bore a prominent part.
+In savage cruelty, together with Butler's Rangers, they outrivalled
+their Indian allies. The aged, the infirm, helpless women, and the
+innocent babe in the cradle, alike perished before them. In all this the
+MacDonells were among the foremost. Such warfare met the approval of the
+British Cabinet, and officers felt no compunction in relating their
+achievements. Colonel Guy Johnson writing to lord George Germain,
+November 11, 1779, not only speaks of the result of his conference with
+Sir John Johnson, but further remarks that "there appeared little
+prospect of effecting anything beyond harrassing the frontiers with
+detached partys."<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> In all probability none of the official reports
+related the atrocities perpetrated under the direction of the minor
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>Although "The Royal Greens" were largely composed of the Mohawk
+Highlanders, and especially all who decamped from Johnstown with Sir
+John Johnson, and Butler's Rangers had a fair percentage of the same, it
+is not necessary to enter into a detailed account of their achievements,
+because neither was essentially Highlanders. Their movements were not
+always in a body, and the essential share borne by the Highlanders have
+not been recorded in the papers that have been preserved. Individual
+deeds have been narrated, some of which are here given.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Greens and Butler's Rangers formed a part of the expedition
+under Colonel Barry St. Leger that was sent against Fort Schuyler in
+order to create a diversion in favor of General Burgoyne's army then on
+its march towards Albany. In order to relieve Fort Schuyler (Stanwix)
+General Herkimer with a force of eight hundred was dispatched and, on
+the way, met the army of St. Leger near Oriskany, August 6, 1777. On the
+3rd St. Leger encamped before Fort Stanwix, his force numbering sixteen
+hundred, eight hundred of whom were Indians. Proper precautions were not
+taken by General Herkimer, while every advantage was enforced by his
+wary enemy. He fell into an ambuscade, and a desperate conflict ensued.
+During the conflict Colonel Butler attempted a <i>ruse-de guerre</i>, by
+sending, from the direction of the fort, a detachment of The Royal
+Greens, disguised as American troops, in expectation that they might be
+received as reenforcements from the garrison. They were first noticed by
+Lieutenant Jacob Sammons, who at once notified Captain Jacob Gardenier;
+but the quick eye of the latter had detected the ruse. The Greens
+continued to advance until hailed by Gardenier, at which moment one of
+his own men observing an acquaintance in the opposing ranks, and
+supposing them to be friends, ran to meet him, and presented his hand.
+The credulous fellow was dragged into their lines and notified that he
+was a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>"He did not yield without a struggle; during which Gardenier, watching
+the action and the result, sprang forward, and with a blow from his
+spear levelled the captor to the dust and liberated his man. Others of
+the foe instantly set upon him, of whom he slew the second and wounded
+the third. Three of the disguised Greens now sprang upon him, and one of
+his spurs becoming entangled in their clothes, he was thrown to the
+ground. Still, contending, however, with almost super-human strength,
+both of his thighs were transfixed to the earth by the bayonets of two
+of his assailants, while the third presented a bayonet to his breast, as
+if to thrust him through. Seizing the bayonet with his left hand, by a
+sudden wrench he brought its owner down upon himself, where he held him
+as a shield against the arms of the others, until one of his own men,
+Adam Miller, observing the struggle, flew to the rescue. As the
+assailants turned upon their new adversary, Gardenier rose upon his
+seat; and although his hand was severely lacerated by grasping the
+bayonet which had been drawn through it, he seized his spear lying by
+his side, and quick as lightning planted it to the barb in the side of
+the assailant with whom he had been clenched. The man fell and
+expired&mdash;proving to be Lieutenant McDonald, one of the loyalist
+officers from Tryon county."<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was John McDonald, who had been held as a hostage by General
+Schuyler, and when permitted to return home, helped run off the
+remainder of the Highlanders to Canada, as previously noticed. June 19,
+1777, he was appointed captain Lieutenant in The Royal Greens.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>
+During the engagement thirty of The Royal Greens fell near the body of
+McDonald. The loss of Herkimer was two hundred killed, exclusive of the
+wounded and prisoners. The royalist loss was never given, but known to
+be heavy. The Indians lost nearly a hundred warriors among whom were
+sachems held in great favor. The Americans retained possession of the
+field owing to the sortie made by the garrison of Fort Schuyler on the
+camp of St. Leger. On the 22nd St. Leger receiving alarming reports of
+the advance of General Arnold suddenly decamped from before Fort
+Schuyler, leaving his baggage behind him. Indians, belonging to the
+expedition followed in the rear, tomahawking and scalping the
+stragglers; and when the army did not run fast enough, they accelerated
+the speed by giving their war cries and fresh alarms, thus adding
+increased terror to the demoralized troops. Of all the men that Butler
+took with him, when he arrived in Quebec he could muster but fifty. The
+Royal Greens also showed their numbers greatly decimated.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners taken by the Americans was Captain Angus McDonell of
+The Royal Greens.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> For greater security he was transferred to the
+southern portion of the State. On October 12th following, at Kingston,
+he gave the following parole to the authorities:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I, Angus McDonell, lieutenant in the 60th or Royal American
+regiment, now a prisoner to the United States of America and enlarged
+on my parole, do promise upon my word of honor that I will continue
+within one mile of the house of Jacobus Hardenburgh, and in the town
+of Hurley, in the county of Ulster; and that I will not do any act,
+matter or thing whatsoever against the interests of America; and
+further, that I will remove hereafter to such place as the governor
+of the state of New York or the president of the Council of Safety
+of the said state shall direct, and that I will observe this my
+parole until released, exchanged or otherwise ordered.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">Angus McDonell."</p></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="valley"  />
+<a id="illus08" name="illus08"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> The Valley of the Wyoming.</p>
+
+<p>The following year Captain Angus McDonald and Allen McDonald, ensign in
+the same company were transferred to Reading, Pennsylvania. The former
+was probably released or exchanged for he was with the regiment when it
+was disbanded at the close of the War. What became of the latter is
+unknown. Probably neither of them were Sir John Johnson's tenants.</p>
+
+<p>The next movement of special importance relates to the melancholy story
+of Wyoming, immortalized in verse by Thomas Campbell in his "Gertrude of
+Wyoming." Towards the close of June 1778 the British officers at Niagara
+determined to strike a blow at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania. For this
+purpose an expedition of about three hundred white men under Colonel
+John Butler, together with about five hundred Indians, marched for the
+scene of action. Just what part the McDonells took in the Massacre of
+Wyoming is not known, nor is it positive any were present; but belonging
+to Butler's Rangers it is fair to assume that all such participated in
+those heartrending scenes which have been so often related. It was a
+terrible day and night for that lovely valley, and its beauty was
+suddenly changed into horror and desolation. The Massacre of Wyoming
+stands out in bold relief as one of the darkest pictures in the whole
+panorama of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>While this scene was being enacted, active preparations were pushed by
+Alexander McDonald for a descent on the New York frontiers. It was the
+same Alexander who has been previously mentioned as having been
+permitted to return to the Johnstown settlement, and then assisted in
+helping the remaining Highland families escape to Canada. He was a man
+of enterprise and activity, and by his energy he collected three hundred
+royalists and Indians and fell with great fury upon the frontiers.
+Houses were burned, and such of the people as fell into his hands were
+either killed or made prisoners. One example of the blood thirsty
+character of this man is given by Sims, in his "Trappers of New York,"
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the morning of October 25, 1781, a large body of the enemy under
+Maj. Ross, entered Johnstown with several prisoners, and not a little
+plunder; among which was a number of human scalps taken the afternoon
+and night previous, in settlements in and adjoining the Mohawk
+valley; to which was added the scalp of Hugh McMonts, a constable,
+who was surprised and killed as they entered Johnstown. In the course
+of the day the troops from the garrisons near and militia from the
+surrounding country, rallied under the active and daring Willett, and
+gave the enemy battle on the Hall farm, in which the latter were
+finally defeated with loss, and made good their retreat into Canada.
+Young Scarsborough was then in the nine months' service, and while
+the action was going on, himself and one Crosset left the Johnstown
+fort, where they were on garrison duty, to join in the fight, less
+than two miles distant. Between the Hall and woods they soon found
+themselves engaged. Crosset after shooting down one or two, received
+a bullet through one hand, but winding a handkerchief around it he
+continued the fight under cover of a hemlock stump. He was shot down
+and killed there, and his companion surrounded and made prisoner by a
+party of Scotch (Highlanders) troops commanded by Captain McDonald.
+When Scarsborough was captured, Capt. McDonald was not present, but
+the moment he saw him he ordered his men to shoot him down. Several
+refused; but three, shall I call them men? obeyed the dastardly
+order, and yet he possibly would have survived his wounds, had not
+the miscreant in authority cut him down with his own broadsword. The
+sword was caught in its first descent, and the valiant captain drew
+it out, cutting the hand nearly in two."<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This was the same McDonald who, in 1779, figured in the battle of the
+Chemung, together with Sir John and Guy Johnson and Walter N. Butler.</p>
+
+<p>Just what part the Mohawk Highlanders, if any, had in the Massacre of
+Cherry Valley on October 11, 1778, may not be known. The leaders were
+Walter N. Butler, son of Colonel John Butler, who was captain of a
+company of Rangers, and the monster Brant.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the frequent depredations made by the Indians, the Royal
+Greens, Butler's Rangers, and the independent company of Alexander
+McDonald, upon the frontiers, destroying the innocent and helpless as
+well as those who might be found in arms, Congress voted that an
+expedition should be sent into the Indian country. Washington detached a
+division from the army under General John Sullivan to lay waste that
+country. The instructions were obeyed, and Sullivan did not cease until
+he found no more to lay waste. The only resistance he met with that was
+of any moment was on August 29, 1779, when the enemy hoping to ambuscade
+the army of Sullivan, brought on the battle of Chemung, near the present
+site of Elmira. There were about three hundred royalists under Colonel
+John Butler and Captain Alexander McDonald, assisting Joseph Brant who
+commanded the Indians. The defeat was so overwhelming that the royalists
+and Indians, in a demoralized condition sought shelter under the walls
+of Fort Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>The lower Mohawk Valley having experienced the calamities of border wars
+was yet to feel the full measures of suffering. On Sunday, May 21,
+1780, Sir John Johnson with some British troops, a detachment of Royal
+Greens, and about two hundred Indians and Tories, at dead of night fell
+unexpectedly on Johnstown, the home of his youth. Families were killed
+and scalped, the houses pillaged and then burned. Instances of daring
+and heroism in withstanding the invaders have been recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John's next achievement was in the fall of the same year, when he
+descended with fire and sword into the rich settlements along the
+Schoharie. He was overtaken by the American force at Klock's Field and
+put to flight.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Johnson with the Royal Greens, principally his former tenants
+and retainers, appear to have been especially stimulated with hate
+against the people of their former homes who did not sympathize with
+their views. In the summer of 1781 another expedition was secretly
+planned against Johnstown, and executed with silent celerity. The
+expedition consisted of four companies of the Second battalion of Sir
+John's regiment of Royal Greens, Butler's Rangers and two hundred
+Indians, numbering in all about one thousand men, under the command of
+Major Ross. He was defeated at the battle of Johnstown on October 25th.
+The army of Major Ross, for four days in the wilderness, on their
+advance had been living on only a half pound of horse flesh per man per
+day; yet they were so hotly pursued by the Americans that they were
+forced to trot off a distance of thirty miles before they
+stopped,&mdash;during a part of the distance they were compelled to sustain a
+running fight. They crossed Canada Creek late in the afternoon, where
+Walter N. Butler attempted to rally the men. He was shot through the
+head by an Oneida Indian, who was with the Americans. When Captain
+Butler fell his troops fled in the utmost confusion, and continued their
+flight through the night. Without food and even without blankets they
+had eighty miles to traverse through the dreary and pathless wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>On August 6, 1781, Donald McDonald, one of the Highlanders who had fled
+from Johnstown, made an attempt upon Shell's Bush, about four miles
+north of the present village of Herkimer, at the head of sixty-six
+Indians and Tories. John Christian Shell had built a block-house of his
+own, which was large and substantial, and well calculated to withstand
+a seige. The first story had no windows, but furnished with loopholes
+which could be used to shoot through by muskets. The second story
+projected over the first, so that the garrison could fire upon an
+advancing enemy, or cast missiles upon their heads. The owner had a
+family of six sons, the youngest two were twins, and only eight years
+old. Most of his neighbors had taken refuge in Fort Dayton; but this
+settler refused to leave his home. When Donald McDonald and his party
+arrived at Shell's Bush his brother with his sons were at work in the
+field; and the children, unfortunately were so widely separated from
+their father, as to fall into the hands of the enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Shell and his other boys succeeded in reaching their castle, and
+barricading the ponderous door. And then commenced the battle. The
+besieged were well armed, and all behaved with admirable bravery; but
+none more bravely than Shell's wife, who loaded the pieces as her
+husband and sons discharged them. The battle commenced at two
+o'clock, and continued until dark. Several attempts were made by
+McDonald to set fire to the castle, but without success, and his
+forces were repeatedly driven back by the galling fire they received.
+McDonald at length procured a crow-bar and attempted to force the
+door; but while thus engaged he received a shot in the leg from
+Shell's Blunderbuss, which put him <i>hors du combat</i>. None of his men
+being sufficiently near at the moment to rescue him, Shell, quick as
+lightning, opened the door, and drew him within the walls a prisoner.
+The misfortune of Shell and his garrison was, that their ammunition
+began to run low; but McDonald was very amply provided, and to save
+his own life, he surrendered his cartridges to the garrison to fire
+upon his comrades. Several of the enemy having been killed and others
+wounded, they now drew off for a respite. Shell and his troops,
+moreover, needed a little breathing time; and feeling assured that,
+so long as he had the commanding officer of the beseigers in his
+possession, the enemy would hardly attempt to burn the citadel, he
+ceased firing. He then went up stairs, and sang the hymn which was a
+favorite of Luther during the perils and afflictions of the Great
+Reformer in his controversies with the Pope. While thus engaged the
+enemy likewise ceased firing. But they soon after rallied again to
+the fight, and made a desperate effort to carry the fortress by
+assault. Rushing up to the walls, five of them thrust the muzzles of
+their guns through the loopholes, but had no sooner done so, than
+Mrs. Shell, seizing an axe, by quick and well directed blows ruined
+every musket thus thrust through the walls, by bending the barrels.
+A few more well-directed shots by Shell and his sons once more drove
+the assailants back. Shell thereupon ran up to the second story, just
+in the twilight, and calling out to his wife with a loud voice,
+informed her that Captain Small was approaching from Fort Dayton with
+succors. In yet louder notes he then exclaimed&mdash;'Captain Small march
+your company round upon this side of the house. Captain Getman, you
+had better wheel your men off to the left, and come up upon that
+side.' There were of course no troops approaching; but the directions
+of Shell were given with such precision, and such apparent
+earnestness and sincerity, that the stratagem succeeded, and the
+enemy immediately fled to the woods, taking away the twin-lads as
+prisoners. Setting the best provisions they had before their
+reluctant guest. Shell and his family lost no time in repairing to
+Fort Dayton, which they reached in safety&mdash;leaving McDonald in the
+quiet possession of the castle he had been striving to capture in
+vain. Some two or three of McDonald's Indians lingered about the
+premises to ascertain the fate of their leader; and finding that
+Shell and his family had evacuated the post, ventured in to visit
+him. Not being able to remove him, however, on taking themselves off,
+they charged their wounded leader to inform Shell, that if he would
+be kind to him, (McDonald,) they would take good care of his
+(Shell's) captive boys. McDonald was the next day removed to the fort
+by Captain Small, where his leg was amputated; but the blood could
+not be stanched, and he died within a few hours. The lads were
+carried away into Canada. The loss of the enemy on the ground was
+eleven killed and six wounded. The boys, who were rescued after the
+war, reported that they took twelve of their wounded away with them,
+nine of whom died before they arrived in Canada. McDonald wore a
+silver-mounted tomahawk, which was taken from him by Shell. It was
+marked by thirty scalp-notches, showing that few Indians could have
+been more industrious than himself in gathering that description of
+military trophies."<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The close of the Revolution found the First Battalion of the King's
+Regiment of New York stationed at Isle aux Noix and Carleton Island with
+their wives and children to the number of one thousand four hundred and
+sixty-two. The following is a list of the officers of both Battalions at
+the close of the War:</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+"<span class="smcap">Return of the Officers of the late First Battalion, King's Royal
+Regiment of New York</span>."</p>
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Names
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Length of Service
+</td>
+<td align='center'>Former Situations and Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt Col Com Lt
+</td>
+<td>Sir John Johnson Bart
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Succeeded his father, the late Sir Wm. Johnson, as a Maj. Gen. of the Northern Dis. of the Prov. of New
+York; was in possession of nearly 200,000 acres of valuable land, lost in consequence of the rebellion.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Maj
+</td>
+<td>James Gray
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>26 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Ensign in Lord London's Regt., 1745; Lieut, and Capt. in ye 42nd till after taking the Havannah, at
+which time he sold out. Had some landed property, part of which is secured to his son, ye remnant
+lost in consequence of the rebellion.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Angus McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>25 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Ensign in 60th Regt. July 8th, 1760; Lieut, in same regt., 27th Dec., 1770.
+Sold out on account of bad state of health, 22nd May, 1775. Had no lands.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>John Munro
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had considerable landed property, lost in consequence of ye Rebellion,
+and served in last war in America.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Patrick Daly
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>9 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Lieut, in the 84th Regt. at the Siege of Quebec, 1775-76.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Richard Duncan
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>13 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Five years Ensign in the 56th Regiment.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Sam'l. Anderson
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had landed property, and served in last war in America.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>John McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had landed property, 500 acres, purchased and began to improve in April 1774.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Alex McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>200 acres of land in fee simple under Sir John Johnson. Bart., ye annual
+rent of &pound;6 per 100
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Arch. McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Merchant. No lands.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt<br /> Lt
+</td>
+<td>Allan McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held 200 acres of land under Sir John Johnson, at &pound;6 per 100.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Mal. McMartin
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held 100 acres of land under Sir John Johnson, at &pound;6.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Peter Everett
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had some landed property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>John Prentiss
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>9 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>A volunteer at the Siege of Quebec, 1775-76.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Hugh McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. McDonell.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>John F. Holland
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>5 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Major Holland, Surveyor-General, Province of Quebec.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>William Coffin
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Mr. Coffin, merchant, late of Boston.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Jacob Farrand
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Nephew to Major Gray.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>William Claus
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Col. Claus, deputy agent Indian Affairs.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Hugh Munro
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>6 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. John Munro.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Joseph Anderson
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>6 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. Sam'l Anderson.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt
+</td>
+<td>Thomas Smith
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>4 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Dr. Smith.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>John Connolly
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>2 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Private Gentleman.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>Jacob Glen
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of John Glen, Esq., of Schenectady. Had considerable landed property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>Miles McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. John McDonell.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>Eben'r Anderson
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>6 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. Sam'l. Anderson.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>Duncan Cameron
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>14 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>In service last war preceding this one.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>John Mann
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Private Gentleman.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>Francis McCarthy
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>28 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Formerly Sergeant in the 34th Regiment.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens
+</td>
+<td>John Valentine
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>24 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>18 years in 55th and 62nd Regiments.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ch'p
+</td>
+<td>John Doty
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Formerly minister of the Gospel at Schenectady.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adjt
+</td>
+<td>James Valentine
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>4 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Ens John Valentine.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Q.M.
+</td>
+<td>Isaac Mann
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Merchant.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surg.
+</td>
+<td>Charles Austin
+</td>
+<td>England
+</td>
+<td>22 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>14 years in hospital work.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>M'te
+</td>
+<td>James Stewart
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>14 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Surgeon's mate in the 42nd  Regt. the war before last.
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class='center'>
+"<span class="smcap">Return of the Officers of the late Second Battalion, King's
+Royal Regiment of New York.</span>"</p>
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td>Names
+</td>
+<td>Place of Nativity
+</td>
+<td>Length of Service
+</td>
+<td align='center'>Former Situations and Remarks
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Maj.
+</td>
+<td>Robert Leake
+</td>
+<td>England
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Had some landed property, lost in consequence of the rebellion.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>Thos. Gummesell
+</td>
+<td>England
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Formerly Merchant in New York.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>Jacob Maurer
+</td>
+<td>Foreign'r
+</td>
+<td>28 yrs
+</td>
+<td>Served in ye army in the 60th Regt., from 1756 to 1763, afterwards in the
+Quarter-Master General's Dept.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>Wm. Morrison
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Was lieut., 19th June, 1776, in 1st Batt.; Capt., 15th Nov., 1781, in the 2nd Batt.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>James McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td> 8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held 200 acres of land in fee simple, under Sir John Johnson, at &pound;6 per 100.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>Geo. Singleton
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Formerly merchant.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>Wm. Redf'd Crawford
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held lands under Sir John Johnson.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Byrns
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held lands under Sir John Johnson.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Lepscomb
+</td>
+<td>England
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Midshipman Royal Navy.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; McKenzie
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Held lands under Sir John Johnson.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Patrick Langan
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Private Gentleman.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Walter Sutherland
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>10 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Soldier and non-commissioned officer in 26th Regt; ensign, 17th Oct., 1779, in
+1st Batt., lieut., Nov., 1781, in 2nd Batt.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>William McKay
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>15 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>7 years volunteer and sergeant in 21st Regt.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Neal Robertson
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Merchant.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Henry Young
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td> 8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>John Howard
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>18 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer; served 6 years last  war, from 1755 to 1761, as soldier and
+non-commissioned officer in 28th Regt.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Jeremiah French
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Phil. P. Lansingh
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>4 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>High Sheriff, Chariot County.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Hazelt'n Spencer
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Oliver Church
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>William Fraser
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lt.
+</td>
+<td>Christian Wher
+</td>
+<td>Foreign'r
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>Alex. McKenzie
+</td>
+<td>N.Britain
+</td>
+<td>4 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>Ron. McDonell
+</td>
+<td>N.Britain
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Hay
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Gov. Hay at Detroit.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>Samuel McKay
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>Timothy Thompson
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Private Gentleman.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>John McKay
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Johnson
+</td>
+<td>Ireland
+</td>
+<td>2 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Nephew of the late Sir Wm. Johnson, Bart.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ens.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Crawford
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>4 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Son of Capt. Crawford.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ch'p
+</td>
+<td>John Stuart
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>3 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Missionary for the Mohawk Indians at Fort Hunter.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adjt.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Fraser
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>10 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>7 years soldier and non-commissioned officer in 34th Regiment.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Q.M.
+</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash; Dies
+</td>
+<td>America
+</td>
+<td>7 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Farmer.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surg.
+</td>
+<td>R. Kerr
+</td>
+<td>Scotland
+</td>
+<td>8 yrs.
+</td>
+<td>Assistant Surgeon.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p>The officers and men of the First Battalion, with their families,
+settled in a body in the first five townships west of the boundary line
+of the Province of Quebec, being the present townships of Lancaster,
+Charlottenburgh, Cornwall, Osnabruck and Williamsburgh; while those of
+the Second Battalion went farther west to the Bay of Quinte, in the
+counties of Lennox and Prince Edward. Each soldier received a
+certificate entitling him to land; of which the following is a copy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"His Majesty's Provincial Regiment, called the King's Royal Regiment
+of New York, whereof Sir John Johnson, Knight and Baronet is
+Lieutenant-Colonel, Commandant.</p>
+
+<p>These are to certify that the Bearer hereof, Donald McDonell, soldier
+in Capt. Angus McDonell's Company, of the aforesaid Regiment, born in
+the Parish of Killmoneneoack, in the County of Inverness, aged
+thirty-five years, has served honestly and faithfully in the said
+regiment Seven Years; and in consequence of His Majesty's Order for
+Disbanding the said Regiment, he is hereby discharged, is entitled,
+by His Majesty's late Order, to the Portion of Land allotted to each
+soldier of His Provincial Corps, who wishes to become a Settler in
+this Province. He having first received all just demands of Pay,
+Cloathing, &amp;c., from his entry into the said Regiment, to the Date of
+his Discharge, as appears from his Receipt on the back hereof.</p>
+
+<p>Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Montreal, this twenty-fourth
+Day of December, 1783.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">John Johnson."</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I, Donald McDonell, private soldier, do acknowledge that I have
+received all my Cloathing, Pay, Arrears of Pay, and all Demands
+whatsoever, from the time of my Inlisting in the Regiment and Company
+mentioned on the other Side to this present Day of my Discharge, as
+witness my Hand this 24th day of December, 1783.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">Donald McDonell."<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>There appears to have been some difficulty in according to the men the
+amount of land each should possess, as may be inferred from the petition
+of Colonel John Butler on behalf of The Royal Greens and his corps of
+Rangers. The Order in Council, October 22 1788 allowed them the same as
+that allotted to the members of the Royal Highland Emigrants.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>
+Ultimately each soldier received one hundred acres on the river front,
+besides two hundred at a remote distance. If married he was entitled to
+fifty acres more, an additional fifty for every child. Each child, on
+coming of age, was entitled to a further grant of two hundred acres.</p>
+
+<p>It is not the purpose to follow these people into their future homes,
+for this would be later than the Peace of 1783. Let it suffice to say
+that their lands were divided by lot, and into the wilderness they went,
+and there cleared the forests, erected their shanties out of round logs,
+to a height of eight feet, with a room not exceeding twenty by fifteen
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>These people were pre-eminently social and attached to the manners and
+customs of their fathers. In Scotland the people would gather in one of
+their huts during the long winter nights and listen to the tales of
+Ossian and Fingal. So also they would gather in their huts and listen to
+the best reciter of tales. Often the long nights would be turned into a
+recital of the sufferings they endured during their flight into Canada
+from Johnstown; and also of their privations during the long course of
+the war. It required no imagination to picture their hardships, nor was
+it necessary to indulge in exaggeration. Many of the women, through the
+wilderness, carried their children on their backs, the greater part of
+the distance, while the men were burdened with their arms and such goods
+as were deemed necessary. They endured perils by land and by water; and
+their food often consisted of the flesh of dogs and horses, and the
+roots of trees. Gradually some of these story tellers varied their tale,
+and, perhaps, believed in the glosses.</p>
+
+<p>A good story has gained extensive currency, and has been variously told,
+on Donald Grant. He was born at Crasky, Glenmoriston, Scotland, and was
+one of the heroes who sheltered prince Charles in the cave of Corombian,
+when wandering about, life in hand, after the battle of Culloden, before
+he succeeded in effecting his escape to the Outer Hebrides. Donald, with
+others, settled in Glengarry, a thousand acres having been allotted to
+him. This old warrior, having seen much service, knew well the country
+between Johnstown and Canada. He took charge of one of the parties of
+refugees in their journey from Schenectady to Canada. Donald lived to a
+good old age and was treated with much consideration by all, especially
+those whom he had led to their new homes. It was well known that he
+could spin a good story equal to the best. As years went on, the number
+of Donald's party rapidly increased, as he told it to open-mouthed
+listeners, constantly enlarging on the perils and hardships of the
+journey. A Highland officer, who had served in Canada for some years,
+was returning home, and, passing through Glengarry, spent a few days with
+Alexander Macdonell, priest at St. Raphael's. Having expressed his
+desire to meet some of the veterans of the war, so that he might hear
+their tales and rehearse them in Scotland, that they might know how
+their kinsmen in Canada had fought and suffered for the Crown, the
+priest, amongst others, took him to see old Donald Grant. The
+opportunity was too good to be lost, and Donald told the general in
+Gaelic the whole story, omitting no details; giving an account of the
+number of men, women and children he had brought with him, their perils
+and their escapes, their hardships borne with heroic devotion; how, when
+on the verge of starvation, they had boiled their moccasins and eaten
+them; how they had encountered the enemy, the wild beasts and Indians,
+beaten all off and landed the multitude safely in Glengarry. The General
+listened with respectful attention, and at the termination of the
+narrative, wishing to say something pleasant, observed: "Why, dear me,
+Donald, your exploits seem almost to have equalled even those of Moses
+himself when leading the children of Israel through the Wilderness from
+Egypt to the Land of Promise." Up jumped old Donald. "Moses," exclaimed
+the veteran with an unmistakable air of contempt, and adding a double
+expletive that need not here be repeated, "Compare <span class="smcap">me</span> to Moses!
+Why, Moses took forty years in his vain attempts to lead his men over a
+much shorter distance, and through a mere trifling wilderness in
+comparison with mine, and he never did reach his destination, and lost
+half his army in the Red Sea. I brought my people here without the loss
+of a single man."</p>
+
+<p>It has been noted that the Highlanders who settled on the Mohawk, on the
+lands of Sir William Johnson, were Roman Catholics. Sir William, nor his
+son and successor, Sir John Johnson, took any steps to procure them a
+religious teacher in the principles of their faith. They were not so
+provided until after the Revolution, and then only when they were
+settled on the lands that had been allotted to them. In 1785, the people
+themselves took the proper steps to secure such an one,&mdash;and one who was
+able to speak the Gaelic, for many of them were ignorant of the English
+language. In the month of September, 1786, the ship "McDonald," from
+Greenock, brought Reverend Alexander McDonell, Scotus, with five hundred
+emigrants from Knoydart, who settled with their kinsfolk in Glengarry,
+Canada.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Gentleman's Magazine, Sept. 30, 1773.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. II. p. 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 637.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 638.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 661.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 665.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 672.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 712.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 880.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Stone's Life of Brant, Vol. I, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III. p. 1194.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1245.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 1963.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 651.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. IV, pp. 818-829.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 668.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_J">Note J.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 447.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 643.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 642.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 644.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 511.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 683.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI. p. 647.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Sir John Johnson's Orderly Book, p. LXXXII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry in Canada, p. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 779.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. I, p. 238.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Johnson's Orderly Book, p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. II, p. 164.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry, p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_K">Note K.</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Glenaladale Highlanders of Prince Edward Island</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Highlanders had penetrated into the wilds of Ontario, Nova Scotia and
+Prince Edward Island before they had formed any distinctive settlements
+of their own. Some of these belonged to the disbanded regiments, but the
+bulk had come into the country, either through the spirit of adventure,
+or else to better their condition, and establish homes that would be
+free from usurpation, oppression, and persecution. It cannot be said
+that any portion of Canada, at that period, was an inviting field. The
+Highland settlement that bears the honor of being the first in British
+North America is that on Prince Edward Island, on the north coast at the
+head of Tracadie Bay, almost due north of Charlottetown. This settlement
+was due to John Macdonald, Eighth of Glenaladale, of the family of
+Clanranald.</p>
+
+<p>John Macdonald was but a child at the date of the battle of Culloden.
+When of sufficient age he was sent to Ratisbon, Germany, to be educated,
+where he went through a complete course in the branches of learning as
+taught in the seminary. Returning to his country he was considered to be
+one of the most finished and accomplished gentlemen of his generation.
+But events led him to change his prospects in life. In 1770 a violent
+persecution against the Roman Catholics broke out in the island of South
+Uist. Alexander Macdonald, First of Boisdale, also of the house of
+Clanranald, abandoned the religion of his forbears, and like all new
+converts was over zealous for his new found faith, and at once attempted
+to compel all his tenants to follow his example. After many acts of
+oppression, he summoned all his tenants to hear a paper read to them in
+their native tongue, containing a renunciation of their religion, and a
+promise, under oath, never more to hold communication with a catholic
+priest. The alternative was to sign the paper or lose their lands and
+homes. At once the people unanimously decided to starve rather than
+submit. The next step of Boisdale was to take his gold headed cane and
+drive his tenants before him, like a flock of sheep, to the protestant
+church. Boisdale failed to realize that conditions had changed in the
+Highlands; but, even if his methods had smacked of originality, he would
+have been placed in a far better light. To attempt to imitate the
+example of another may win applause, but if defeated contempt is the
+lot.</p>
+
+<p>The history of <i>Creideamh a bhata bhuidhe</i>, or the religion of the
+yellow stick, is such an interesting episode in West Highland story as
+not to be out of place in this connection. Hector MacLean, Fifth of
+Coll, who held the estates from 1559 to 1593, became convinced of the
+truths of the principles of the Reformation, and decided that his
+tenants should think likewise. He passed over to the island of Rum, and
+as his tenants came out of the Catholic church he held his cane straight
+out and said in Gaelic,&mdash;"Those who pass the stick to the Kirk are very
+good tenants, and those who go on the other side may go out of my
+island." This stick remained in the family until 1868, when it
+mysteriously disappeared. Mrs. Hamilton Dundas, daughter of Hugh,
+Fifteenth of Coll, in a letter dated March 26, 1898, describing the
+stick says, "There was the crest on the top and initials either H. McL.
+or L. McL. in very flourishing writing engraved on a band or oval below
+the top. It was a polished, yellow brown malacca stick, much taller than
+an ordinary walking stick. I seem to recollect that it had two gold
+rimmed eyelet holes for a cord and tassle."</p>
+
+<p>John Macdonald of Glenaladale, having heard of the proceedings, went to
+visit the people, and was so touched by their pitiable condition, that
+he formed the resolution of expatriating himself, and going off at their
+head to America. He sold out his estates to his cousin Alexander
+Macdonald of Borrodale, and before the close of 1771, he purchased a
+tract of forty thousand acres on St. John's Island (now Prince Edward
+Island), to which he took out about two hundred of his persecuted fellow
+catholics from South Uist, in the year 1772.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may have been the trials endured by these people, what ship
+they sailed in, how the land was allotted, if at all given to the
+public, has not come under the author's observation. Certain facts
+concerning Glenaladale have been advertised. His first wife was Miss
+Gordon of Baldornie, and his second, Marjory Macdonald of Ghernish, and
+had issue, Donald who emigrated with him, William, drowned on the coast
+of Ireland, John, Roderick and Flora. He died in 1811, and was buried on
+the Island at the Scotch Fort.</p>
+
+<p>Glenaladale early took up arms against the colonists, and having raised
+a company from among his people, he became a Captain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, or 84th. That he was a man of energy and pluck will
+appear from the following daring enterprise. During the Revolution, an
+American man-of-war came to the coast of Nova Scotia, near a port where
+Glenaladale was on detachment duty, with a small portion of his men. A
+part of the crew of the warship having landed for the purpose of
+plundering the people, Glenaladale, with his handful of men, boarded the
+vessel, cut down those who had been left in charge, hoisted sail, and
+brought her as a prize triumphantly into the harbor of Halifax. He there
+got a reinforcement, marched back to his former post, and took the whole
+crew, composed of Americans and French. As regards his military virtues
+and abilities Major John Small, of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to which he was attached, writing to the English
+government, said of him,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The activity and unabating zeal of Captain John Macdonald of
+Glenaladale in bringing an excellent company into the field is his
+least recommendation, being acknowledged by all who know his rank in
+his Majesty's service."</p></div>
+
+<p>Slight information may be gained of his connection with the Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment from the "Letter-Book" of Captain Alexander
+McDonald, of the same regiment. In embodying that regiment he was among
+the very earliest and readiest. Just why he should have exhibited so
+much feeling against the Americans whose country he had never seen and
+who had never harmed him in the least, does not appear. Captain
+McDonald, writing from Halifax, September 1, 1775, to Colonel Allan
+MacLean, says,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"What Men that are on the Island of St. Johns (Prince Edward's) are
+already Engaged with Glenaladall who is now here with me, also young
+Mcdonald, with whom he came, he will Write to you by this opportunity
+and from the Contents of his Letter I will Leave you to Judge what
+sort of a Man he is."</p></div>
+
+<p>By the same letter, "young Mcdonald" had been sent "to ye Island of St.
+John," unquestionably for the purpose of raising the Highlanders. His
+great zeal is revealed in a letter from Captain Alexander McDonald to
+Major Small, dated at Halifax, November 15, 1775:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mr. McDonald of Glenaladale staid behind at Newfoundland and by the
+Last accounts from him he and one Lt Fizgerald had Six and thirty
+men. I dont doubt by this time his having as many more, he is
+determined to make out his Number Cost what it will, and I hope you
+will make out a Commission in his brother Donald's name, * * * poor
+Glenaladall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of him since a
+small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his having Six &amp;
+thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost He is unavoidably ruined
+in his Means."</p></div>
+
+<p>The last reference is in a letter to Colonel Allan MacLean, dated at
+Halifax June 5, 1776:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Glen a la Del is an Ornament to any Corps that he goes into and if
+the Regiment is not established it had been telling him 300 Guineas
+that he had never heard of it. On Account of his Affairs upon the
+Island of St. John's and in Scotland where he was preparing to go to
+settle his Business when he received the Proposals."</p></div>
+
+<p>The British government offered Glenaladale the governorship of Prince
+Edward Island, but owing to the oath of allegiance necessary at the
+time, he, being a catholic, was obliged to decline the office.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Highland Settlement in Pictou, Nova Scotia</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"What noble courage must their hearts have fired,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How great the ardor which their souls inspired,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Who leaving far beyond their native plain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Have sought a home beyond the western main;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And braved the perils of the stormy seas</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">In search of wealth, of freedom, and of ease.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Oh, none can tell, but those who sadly share,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The bosom's anguish, and its wild despair,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">What dire distress awaits the hardy bands,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That venture first on bleak and desert lands;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How great the pain, the danger and the toil</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Which mark the first rude culture of the soil.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">When looking round, the lonely settler sees</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">His home amid a wilderness of trees;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">How sinks his heart in those deep solitudes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where not a voice upon his ear intrudes;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Where solemn silence all the waste pervades,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Heightening the horror of its gloomy shades;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Save where the sturdy woodman's strokes resound</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">That strew the fallen forest on the ground."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 19em;">&mdash;<i>H. Goldsmith</i>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The second settlement of Highlanders in British America was at Pictou,
+Nova Scotia. The stream of Scottish emigration which flowed in after
+years, not only over the county of Pictou, but also over the greater
+portion of eastern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and
+even the upper provinces of Canada, was largely due to this settlement;
+for these emigrants, in after years, communicated with their friends and
+induced them to take up their abode in the new country. The stream once
+started did not take long to deepen and widen.</p>
+
+<p>A company of gentlemen, the majority of whom lived in Philadelphia,
+received a grant of land in Nova Scotia. Some of the shares passed into
+the hands of the celebrated Dr. John Witherspoon and John Pagan, a
+merchant of Greenock, Scotland. These two men appear to have jointly
+been engaged in promoting emigration to the older colonies. Pagan owned
+a ship called <i>Hector</i>, which was engaged in carrying passengers across
+the Atlantic. In 1770 she landed Scottish emigrants in Boston. In order
+to carry out the original obligations of the grant, the proprietors
+offered liberal inducements for the settlement of it. An agent, named
+John Ross, was employed, with whom it was agreed that each settler
+should have a free passage from Scotland, a farm, and a year's free
+provisions. Ross sailed for Scotland on board the Hector, and on his
+arrival proceeded to the Highlands, where he painted in glowing colors a
+picture of the land and the advantages offered. The Highlanders knew
+nothing of the difficulties awaiting them in a land covered over with a
+dense unbroken forest, and, tempted by the prospect of owning splendid
+farms, they were imposed upon, and many agreed to cast their lot on the
+western side of the Atlantic. The Hector was the vessel that should
+convey them, with John Spears as master, James Orr being first mate, and
+John Anderson second. The vessel called first at Greenock, where three
+families and five young men were taken on board. From there she sailed
+for Lochbroom, in Rossshire, where she received thirty-three families
+and twenty-five single men, having all told about two hundred souls.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1, 1773, this band bade adieu to friends, home, and country and
+started for a land they knew naught of. But few had ever crossed the
+ocean. Just as the ship was starting a piper named John McKay came on
+board who had not paid his passage; the captain ordered him ashore, but
+the strains of the national instrument so affected those on board that
+they interceded to have him allowed to accompany them, and offered to
+share their own rations with him, in exchange for his music, during the
+passage. Their request was granted, and his performance aided in no
+small degree to cheer the pilgrims in their long voyage of eleven weeks,
+in a miserable hulk, across the Atlantic. The band of emigrants kept up
+their spirits, as best they could, by song, pipe music, dancing,
+wrestling, and other amusements, during the long and painful voyage. The
+Hector was an old Dutch ship, and a slow sailer. It was so rotten that
+the passengers could pick the wood out of the sides with their fingers.
+They met with a severe gale off the Newfoundland coast, and were driven
+back so far that it required two weeks to recover the lost distance. The
+accommodations on board were wretched and the provisions of inferior
+quality. Small-pox and dysentery broke out among the passengers.
+Eighteen, most of whom were children, died and were committed to the
+deep. The former disease was brought on board by a mother and child,
+both of whom lived to an advanced age. Owing to the voyage being
+prolonged, the stock of provisions and water became low; the remnant of
+food left consisted mostly of salt meat, which, with the scarcity of
+water, added greatly to their sufferings. The oatcake, carried by them,
+became mouldy, so that much of it was thrown away before they thought
+such a long passage was before them; but, fortunately for them, Hugh
+Macleod, more prudent than the rest, gathered into a bag these despised
+scraps, and during the last few days of the voyage, all were glad to
+avail themselves of this refuse food.</p>
+
+<p>At last, all the troubles and dangers of the voyage having been
+surmounted, on September 15th, the Hector dropped anchor, opposite where
+the town of Pictou now stands. Previous to the arrival of the vessel,
+the sparsely inhabited country had been somewhat disturbed by the
+Indians. Word had been received that the Hector was on the way to that
+region with Highland emigrants. The whites warned the Indians that the
+Highlanders were coming&mdash;the same men they had seen at the taking of
+Quebec. When the Hector appeared, according to the fashion of that time,
+her sides were painted in imitation of gunports, which induced the
+impression that she was a man-of-war. Though the Highland dress was then
+proscribed at home, this emigrant band, carefully preserving and fondly
+cherishing the national costume, carried it along with them, and, in
+celebration of their arrival, many of the younger men donned themselves
+in their kilts, with <i>Sgian Dubh</i> and the claymore. Just as the vessel
+dropped anchor, the piper blew up his pipes with might and main, and its
+thrilling sounds then first startling the denizens of the endless
+forest, caused the Indians to fly in terror, and were not again seen
+there for quite an interval. After the terror of the Indians had
+subsided, they returned to cultivate the friendship of the Highlanders,
+and proved to be of great assistance. From them they learned to make and
+use snowshoes, to call moose, and acquired the art of woodcraft. Often
+too from them they received provisions. They never gave them any
+trouble, and generally showed real kindness.</p>
+
+<p>The first care of the emigrants was to provide for the sick. The wife of
+Hugh Macleod had just died of smallpox, and the body was sent ashore and
+buried. Several were sick, and others dying. The resident settlers did
+all within their power to alleviate the sufferers; and with the supply
+of fresh provisions most of the sick rapidly recovered, but some died on
+board the vessel.</p>
+
+<p>However great may have been the expectation of these poor creatures on
+the eve of their leaving Scotland, their hopes almost deserted them by
+the sight that met their view as they crowded on the deck of the vessel
+to see their future homes. The primeval forest before them was unbroken,
+save a few patches on the shore between Brown's Point and the head of
+the harbor, which had been cleared by the few people who had preceded
+them. They were landed without the provisions promised them, and without
+shelter of any kind, and were only able, with the help of the earlier
+settlers, to erect camps of the rudest and most primitive description,
+to shelter their sick, their wives and children from the elements. Their
+feelings of disappointment were most bitter, when they compared the
+actual facts with the free farms and the comfort promised them by the
+emigration agent. Although glad to be freed from the pest-house of the
+ship, yet they were so overcome by their disappointment that many of
+them sat down and wept bitterly. The previous settlers could not promise
+food for one-third of those who had arrived on board the Hector, and
+what provisions were there soon became exhausted, and the season was too
+late to raise another crop. To make matters still worse, they were sent
+three miles into the forest, so that they could not even take advantage,
+with the same ease, of any fish that might be caught in the harbor.
+These men were unskilled, and the work of cutting down the gigantic
+trees, and clearing up the land appeared to them to be a hopeless task.
+They were naturally afraid of the Indians and the wild beasts; and
+without roads or paths through the forest, they were frightened to move,
+doubtful about being lost in the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>Under circumstances, such as above narrated, it is not surprising that
+the people refused to settle on the company's land. In consequence of
+this, when the supplies did arrive, the agents refused to give them any.
+To add still further to the difficulties, there arose a jealously
+between them and the older settlers; Ross quarrelled with the company,
+and ultimately he left the newcomers to their fate. The few who had a
+little money with them bought food of the agents, while others, less
+fortunate, exchanged clothing for provisions; but the majority had
+absolutely nothing to buy with; and what little the others could
+purchase was soon devoured. Driven to extremity they insisted on having
+the supplies that had been sent to them. They were positively refused,
+and now determined on force in order to save the colony from starvation.
+Donald McDonald and Colin Douglass went to the store seized the agents,
+tied them, took their guns from them, which they hid at a distance. Then
+they carefully measured the articles, took account of what each man
+received, that the same might be paid for, in case they should ever
+become able. They then left, leaving behind them Roderick McKay, a man
+of great energy and determination, a leader among them, who was to
+liberate the agents&mdash;Robert Patterson and Dr. Harris&mdash;as soon as the
+others could get to a safe distance, when he released them and informed
+them where their guns might be found, and then got out of the way
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Intelligence was at once dispatched to Halifax that the Highlanders were
+in rebellion, from whence orders were sent to Captain Thomas Archibald
+of Truro, to march his company of militia to Pictou to suppress and
+pacify the rebels; but to his honor, be it said, he pointedly refused,
+and made reply, "I will do no such thing; I know the Highlanders, and if
+they are fairly treated there will be no trouble with them." Correct
+representations of the case were sent to Halifax, and as lord William
+Campbell, whose term as governor had just expired, was still there, and
+interesting himself on behalf of the colony as his countrymen, he
+secured orders for the provisions. Robert Patterson, in after years,
+admitted that the Highlanders, who had arrived in poverty, paid him
+every farthing with which he had trusted them, notwithstanding the fact
+that they had been so badly treated.</p>
+
+<p>Difficulties hemming them in on every hand, with rigorous winter
+approaching, the majority removed to Truro, and places adjacent, to
+obtain by their labor food for their families. A few settled at
+Londonderry, some went to Halifax, and still others to Windsor and
+Cornwallis. In, these settlements, the fathers, mothers, and even the
+children were forced to bind themselves, virtually as slaves, that they
+might have subsistence. Those who remained,&mdash;seventy in number&mdash;lived in
+small huts, covered over only with the bark and branches of trees to
+shelter them from the bitter cold of winter, enduring incredible
+hardships. To procure food for their families, they must trudge eighty
+miles to Truro, through cold and snow and a trackless forest, and there
+obtaining a bushel or two of potatoes, and a little flour, in exchange
+for their labor, they had to return, carrying the supply either on their
+backs, or else dragging it behind them on handsleds. The way was beset
+with dangers such as the climbing of steep hills, the descending of high
+banks, crossing of brooks on the trunk of a single tree, the sinking in
+wet or boggy ground, and the camping out at night without shelter. Even
+the potatoes with which they were supplied were of an inferior grade,
+being soft, and such as is usually fed to cattle. Sometimes the cold was
+so piercing that the potatoes froze to their backs.</p>
+
+<p>Many instances have been related of the privations of this period, some
+of which are here subjoined. Hugh Fraser, after having exhausted every
+means of procuring food for his family, resorted to the expedient of
+cutting down a birch tree and boiling the buds, which he gave them to
+eat. He then went to a heap, where one of the first settlers had buried
+some potatoes, and took out some, intending to inform the owner. Before
+he did so, some of the neighbors maliciously reported him, but the
+proprietor simply remarked that he thanked God he had them there for the
+poor old man's family. On another occasion when the father and eldest
+son had gone to Truro for provisions, everything in the shape of food
+being exhausted, except an old hen, which the mother finally killed, for
+the younger children. She boiled it in salt water for the benefit of the
+salt, with a quantity of herbs, the nature of which she was totally
+ignorant. A few days later the hen's nest was found with ten eggs in it.
+Two young men set off for Halifax, so weak from want of food, that they
+could scarcely travel, and when they reached Gay's River, were nearly
+ready to give up. However they saw there a fine lot of trout, hanging by
+a rod, on a bush. They hesitated to take them, thinking they might
+belong to the Indians who would overtake and kill them. They therefore
+left them, but returned, when the pains of hunger prevailed. Afterwards
+they discovered that they had been caught by two sportsmen, neither of
+whom would carry them. Alexander Fraser, then only sixteen, carried his
+sister on his back to Truro, while the only food he had for the whole
+journey was the tale of an eel. On another occasion the supply of
+potatoes, which had been brought a long distance for seed and planted,
+were dug up by the family and some of the splits eaten. The remembrance
+of these days sank deep into the minds of that generation, and long
+after, the narration of the scenes and cruel hardships through which
+they had to pass, beguiled the winter's night as they sat by their
+comfortable firesides.</p>
+
+<p>During the first winter, the first death among the emigrants was a child
+of Donald McDonald, and the first birth was a son of Alexander Fraser,
+named David, afterwards Captain Fraser. When the following spring opened
+they set to work to improve their condition. They sought out suitable
+spots on which to settle, judging the land by the kind and variety of
+trees produced. They explored the different rivers, and finding the soil
+near their banks to be the most fertile, and capable of being more
+easily improved than the higher lands, they settled upon it.
+Difficulties were thrown in the way of getting their grant. The first
+grant obtained was to Donald Cameron, who had been a soldier in the
+Fraser Highlanders at the taking of Quebec. His lot was situated at the
+Albion Mines. This grant is dated February 8, 1775, and besides the
+condition of the king's quit rent, contains the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the grantee, his heirs or assigns, shall clear and work, within
+three years, three acres for every fifty granted, in that part of the
+land which he shall judge most convenient and advantageous, or clear
+and drain three acres of swampy or sunken ground, or drain three
+acres of marsh, if any such be within the bounds of this grant, or
+put and keep on his lands, within three years from the date hereof,
+three neat cattle, to be continued upon the land until three acres
+for every fifty be fully cleared and improved. But if no part of the
+said tract be fit for present cultivation, without manuring and
+improving the same, then this grantee, his heirs and assigns shall be
+obliged, within three years from the date hereof, to erect on some
+part of said land a dwelling house, to contain twenty feet in length
+by sixteen feet in breadth, and to put on said land three neat cattle
+for every fifty acres, or if the said grantee, his heirs or assigns,
+shall, within three years, after the passing of this grant, begin to
+employ thereon, and so continue to work for three years then next
+ensuing, in digging any stone quarry or any other mine, one good and
+able hand for every one hundred acres of such tract, it shall be
+accounted a sufficient seeding, planting, cultivation and
+improvement, and every three acres which shall be cleared and worked
+as aforesaid; and every three acres which shall be cleared and
+drained as aforesaid, shall be accounted a sufficient seeding,
+planting cultivation and improvement, to save for ever from
+forfeiture fifty acres in every part of the tract hereby granted."</p></div>
+
+<p>All were not so fortunate as to secure their grants early. As late as
+January 22, 1781, in a petition to the government, they complained that
+a grant had been often promised but never received; but finally, on
+August 26, 1783, the promise was fulfilled. It contains the names of
+forty-four persons, some of whom were not passengers on board the
+Hector; conveying the lands on which they were located, the size of the
+lots being regulated by the number in the family. The following is a
+list of grantees, with the number of acres received and notices of
+situation of their lots:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On West River</span>: David Stewart, 300 acres; John McKenzie, 500;
+Hugh Fraser, 400; William McLellan,&mdash;; James McDonald, 200; James
+McLellan, 100; Charles Blaikie, 300, and in another division 250 acres,
+550 in all; Robert Patterson, 300, and in an after division 500 in all;
+James McCabe, 300; Alex. Cameron,&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On Middle River, East Side</span>: Alex. Fraser, 100 acres; Alex.
+Ross, Jr., 100; John Smith, 350; Robert Marshall, 350; James McCulloch,
+240; Alex. Ross, 300; Alex. Fraser, Jr., 100; John Crockett, 500; Simon
+Fraser, 500; Donald McDonald, 350; David Urquhart, 250; Kenneth Fraser,
+450; James McLeod, 150.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On East River, East Side</span>: Walter Murray, 280 acres, and 70
+acres in after division; James McKay, 70; Donald McKay, Jr., 80; John
+Sutherland, 180, and 70 in after division; Rod. McKay, Sr., 300, and in
+after division, 50; James Hays,&mdash;; Hugh McKay, 100; Alex. McKay, 100;
+Heirs of Donald McLellan, 260; Hugh Fraser, 400, and in after division,
+100; Wm. McLeod, 80; John McLellan, 200; Thomas Turnbull, 220, in after
+division, 180; Wm. McLeod, 210, and in after division, 60; Alex.
+McLean,&mdash;; Colin McKenzie, 370.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On East River, West Side</span>: Donald Cameron, 100 acres; James
+Grant, 400; Colin McKay, 400; Wm. McKay, 550; Donald Cameron, 100;
+Donald McKay, Sr., 450; Donald Cameron, a gore lot; Anthony Culton, 500.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of passengers that arrived on board the Hector,
+originally drawn up, about 1837, by William McKenzie, Loch Broom, Nova
+Scotia:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shipped at Glasgow</span>: a Mr. Scott and family; George Morrison and
+family, from Banff, settled on west side of Barnys River; John
+Patterson, prominent in the settlement; George McConnell, settled on
+West River; Andrew Main and family, settled at Noel; Andrew Wesley;
+Charles Fraser, settled at Cornwallis; John Stewart.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">From Invernesshire</span>: Wiliam McKay, wife and four children,
+settled on East River; Roderick McKay, wife and daughter, settled on
+East River; Colin McKay and family, on East River; Hugh Fraser, wife and
+three children, on McLellans Brook; Donald Cameron and family, on East
+River; Donald McDonald, wife and two children, on Middle River; Colin
+Douglass, wife and three children, two of the latter lost on the Hector,
+on Middle River; Hugh Fraser and family, on West River; Alex. Fraser,
+wife and five children; James Grant and family, East River; Donald
+Munroe, settled in Halifax, and Donald Mc&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">From Loch Broom</span>: John Ross, Agent, history unknown; Alexander
+Cameron, wife and two children, settled at Loch Broom; Alex. Ross and
+wife, advanced in life; Alex Ross and Family, on Middle River; Colin
+McKenzie and Family, on East River; John Munroe and family; Kenneth
+McRitchie and family; William McKenzie, at Loch Broom; John McGregor;
+John McLellan, on McLellans Brook; William McLellan, on West River;
+Alexander McLean, East River; Alexander Falconer, Hopewell; Donald
+McKay, East River; Archibald Chisholm, East River; Charles Matheson;
+Robert Sim, removed to New Brunswick; Alexander McKenzie and Thomas
+Fraser, From Sutherlandshire; Kenneth Fraser and family, Middle River;
+William Fraser and family; James Murray and family, Londonderry; David
+Urquhart and family, Londonderry; Walter Murray and family, Merigomish;
+James McLeod and wife, Middle River; Hugh McLeod, wife, and three
+daughters, the wife died as the vessel arrived, West River; Alexander
+McLeod, wife, and three sons, one of the last died in the harbor, and
+the father drowned in the Shubenacadie; John McKay and family,
+Shubenacadie; Philip McLeod and family; Donald McKenzie and family,
+Shubenacadie(?); Alexander McKenzie and family; John Sutherland and
+family; William Matheson, wife and son, first settled at Londonderry,
+then at Rogers Hill; Donald Grant; Donald Graham; John McKay, piper;
+William McKay, worked for an old settler named McCabe, and took his
+name; John Sutherland, first at Windsor, and then on Sutherland river;
+Angus McKenzie, first at Windsor, and finally on Green Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Some interesting facts have been gathered concerning the history of
+these emigrants, Roderick McKay, who took up land on the East River, was
+born in Beauly, and before leaving his native country gained a local
+admiration by rescuing some whiskey from the officers who had seized it,
+and for the offence was lodged in jail in Inverness. He soon ingratiated
+himself into the good graces of the jailer, and had no difficulty in
+sending him for some ale and whiskey. The jailer returning, advanced
+into the cell with both hands full. Roderick stepped behind him, passed
+out the door, locked it, and brought off the key. In Halifax he added to
+his reputation. An officer was paying some attention to a female inmate
+of his house which did not meet the approbation of Roderick, and meeting
+them together upbraided him for his conduct, when the latter drew his
+sword and struck him a cruel blow on the head. Telling the officer he
+would meet him within an hour, he had his wound dressed, and securing a
+stick stood before his antagonist. The officer again drew his sword and
+in the melee, Roderick disarmed him and well repaid him for his cowardly
+assault. Alexander Fraser, who settled on Middle River, although too
+young to serve in the Rising of the Forty Five had three brothers at
+Culloden, of whom two were killed. He was in comfortable circumstances,
+when he left what he thought was a Saxon oppression, which determined
+him to seek freedom in America. His horses and cart were seized by
+gaugers, with some whiskey which they were carrying, and taken to
+Inverness. During the night, the stable boy, a relative of Fraser, took
+out the horses and cart, and driving across country delivered them to
+the owner, who lost no time in taking them to another part of the
+country and disposed of them. He was the last to engage a passage in the
+Hector. Alexander Cameron who gave the name to Loch Broom, after that of
+his native parish was not quite eighteen at the Rising of the Forty
+Five. His brothers followed prince Charles, and he was drawn by the
+crowd that followed the prince to Culloden. When he returned to his
+charge, it was to meet an angry master who attempted to chastize him.
+Cameron ran with his master in pursuit. The latter finding him too
+nimble, stooped down to pick up a stone to throw at him, and in doing so
+wounded himself with his dirk in the leg, so that he was obliged to
+remain some time in hiding, lest he should be taken as having been at
+Culloden, by the soldiers who were scouring the country, killing any
+wounded stragglers from the field. The eldest son of James Grant who
+settled on East River, did not emigrate with the family, but is
+believed to have emigrated afterwards, and was the grandfather of
+General U.S. Grant.</p>
+
+<p>As has already been intimated, amidst all the discouragements and
+disappointments, the Highlanders used every means in their power to
+supply the wants of their families. They rapidly learned from the
+Indians and their neighbors. The former taught them the secrets of the
+forests and they soon became skilled in hunting the moose, and from the
+latter they became adepts in making staves, which were sent in small
+vessels to the older colonies, and in exchange were supplied with
+necessaries. But the population rather decreased, for a return made
+January 1, 1775, showed the entire population to be but seventy-eight,
+consisting of twenty-three men, fourteen women, twenty-one boys and
+twenty-girls. The produce raised in 1775, was two hundred and sixty-nine
+bushels of wheat, thirteen of rye, fifty-six of peas, thirty-six of
+barley, one hundred of oats, and three hundred and forty pounds of flax.
+The farm stock consisted of thirteen oxen, thirteen cows, fifteen young
+neat cattle, twenty-five sheep and one swine. They manufactured
+seventeen thousand feet of boards. While the improvement was somewhat
+marked, the supply was not sufficient; and the same weary journeys must
+be taken to Truro for necessaries. The moose, and the fish in the
+rivers, gave them a supply of meat, and they soon learned to make sugar
+from the sap of the maple tree. They learned to dig a large supply of
+clams in the autumn, heap the same on the shore, and cover with sand.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had these people become able to supply themselves, when they
+were again tried by the arrival of a class poorer than themselves.
+Inducements having been held out by the proprietors of Prince Edward
+Island to parties in Scotland, to settle their land, John Smith and
+Wellwood Waugh, living at Lockerbie, in Dumfriesshire, sold out their
+property and chartered a small vessel to carry thither their families,
+and all others that would accompany them. They arrived at Three Rivers,
+in the year 1774, followed by others a few months later. They commenced
+operations on the Island with fair prospects of success, when they were
+almost overwhelmed by a plague of mice. These animals swarmed
+everywhere, consuming everything eatable, even to the potatoes in the
+ground; and for eighteen months the settlers experienced all the
+miseries of a famine, having for several months only what lobsters or
+shell-fish they could gather on the sea-shore. The winter brought them
+to such a state of weakness that they were unable to convey food a
+reasonable distance, even when they had means to buy it. In this
+pitiable condition they heard that the Pictou people were beginning to
+prosper and had provisions to spare. They sent one of their number David
+Stewart to make inquiry. One of the settlers, who had come from one of
+the older colonies, brought with him some negro slaves, and when the
+messenger arrived had just returned from Truro to sell one of them, and
+brought home with him some provisions, the proceeds of the sale of the
+negro. The agent was cheerful in spite of his troubles; and withal was
+something of a wag. On his return to the Island the people gathered
+around him to hear the news. "What kind of a place is Pictou?" inquired
+one. "Oh, an awful place. Why, I was staying with a man who was just
+eating the last of his nigger;" and as the people were reduced
+themselves they did not hesitate to believe the tale. Receiving correct
+information, fifteen of the families went to Pictou, where, for a time,
+they fared little better, but afterwards became prosperous and happy.
+Had it not been for a French settlement a few miles distant the people
+of Lockerbie would have perished during the winter. For supplies,
+principally of potatoes, they exchanged the clothing they had brought
+from Scotland, until they barely had enough for themselves. John Smith
+who was one of the leaders removed to Truro, and Waugh left the Island
+for Pictou, having only a bucket of clams to support his family on the
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The American Revolution effected that distant colony. The people had
+received most of the supplies from the States, which was paid for in
+fish, fur, and lumber. This trade was at once cut off and the people, at
+first, felt it severely. Even salt could only be obtained by boiling
+down sea water. The selection of Halifax as the chief depot for the
+British navy promoted the business interests for that region of
+country. As large sums of money were expended there, the district shared
+in the prosperity. While prices for various kinds of lumber rapidly
+increased, and the Pictou colony was greatly advantaged thereby, still
+they found it difficult to obtain British goods, of which they were in
+need until 1779, when John Patterson went to Scotland and purchased a
+supply. The War had the effect to divide the colony of Pictou. Not only
+the Highlanders but all others from Scotland were loyally attached to
+the British government; while the earlier settlers, who were from the
+States, were loyally attached to the American cause, with the exception
+of Robert Patterson. Although the Americans were so situated as to be
+unable to take up arms, yet they manifested their sympathy in harmless
+ways, as in the refusal of tea, and the more permanent method of naming
+their sons after those who were prominent in the theatre of war. At
+times the feeling became quite violent, in so much so that the circular
+addressed to the magistrates in the Province was sent to Pictou,
+requiring these officers "to be watchful and attentive to the behaviour
+of the people in your county, and that you will apprehend any person or
+persons who shall be guilty of any opposition to the King's authority
+and Government, and send them properly guarded to Halifax." The
+inhabitants were not only required to take the oath of allegiance, but
+the magistrates were compelled to send a list of all who so complied as
+well as those who refused. Robert Patterson, who had been made a
+magistrate in 1774, was very zealous in carrying out this order. He even
+started for Halifax, intending to get copies of the oath required, for
+the purpose of imposing it on the inhabitants. When he reached Truro one
+of the Archibalds discovered his mission and presenting a pistol, used
+its persuasive influence to induce him immediately to return home. So
+officious did Patterson become that his sons several times were obliged
+to hide him in the woods, taking him to Fraser's Point for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Many occurrences relating to the War effected the Province, the County
+of Pictou, and indirectly the Highlanders, though not in a marked
+degree. The first special occurrence, was probably during the spring of
+1776, when an American privateer captured a vessel at Merigomish, loaded
+with a valuable cargo of West India produce. The vessel was immediately
+got to sea. The news of the capture was immediately circulated, and
+presuming the privateer would enter the harbor of Pictou, the
+inhabitants collected with every old musket and fowling piece to resist
+the enemy.&mdash;The next incident was the capture of Captain Lowden's vessel
+in the harbor in 1777, variously reported to have been the work of
+Americans from Machias, Maine, and also by Americans from Pictou and
+Truro. In all probability the latter were in the plot. The vessel had
+been loading with timber for the British market. The captain was invited
+to the house of Wellwood Waugh, and went without suspicion, leaving the
+vessel in charge of the mate. During the visit he was surrounded and
+informed that he was a prisoner, and commanded to deliver up his arms.
+In the meantime an armed party proceeded to the vessel, which was easily
+secured. As the crew came on deck they were made prisoners and confined
+in the forecastle. Some of the captors took a boat belonging to the ship
+and went to the shop of Roderick McKay some distance up East River, and
+plundered it of tools, iron, &amp;c. In the meantime Roderick and his
+brother Donald had boarded the vessel and were also made prisoners. When
+night came the captors celebrated the event by a carousal. When well
+under the influence of liquor, Roderick proposed to his brother to take
+the ship, the plan being to make a sudden rush up the cabin stairs to
+the deck; that he would seize the sentry and pitch him overboard, while
+Donald should stand with an axe over the companionway and not allow any
+of them to come up. Donald was a quiet, peaceable man, and opposed to
+the effusion of blood and refused to take part in the scheme. The McKays
+were released and the vessel sailed for Bay Verte, not knowing that the
+Americans had retired from the place. The vessel fell into the hands of
+a man-of-war, and the captors took to the woods, where, it is supposed,
+many of them perished. All of Waugh's goods were seized, by the officers
+of the war-vessel, and sold, and he was forced to leave. This affair
+caused the American sympathizers to leave the settlement moving
+eastward, and without selling their farms.</p>
+
+<p>American privateers were frequently off the coast, but had little effect
+on Pictou. One of the passengers of the Hector who had removed to
+Halifax and there married, came to Pictou by land, but sent his baggage
+on a vessel. She was captured and he lost all. A privateer came into the
+harbor, the alarm was given, and the people assembled to repel the
+invader. An American living in the settlement, went on board the vessel
+and urged the commander to leave because there were only a few Scotch
+settlers commencing in the woods, and not yet possessing anything worth
+taking away. In consequence of his representations the vessel put out to
+sea.&mdash;The wreck of the Malignant excited some attention at Pictou, near
+the close of the war. She was a man-of-war bound to Quebec, and late in
+the fall was wrecked at a place since known as Malignant Cove. The crew
+came to Pictou and staid through the winter, being provided for through
+the efforts of Robert Patterson.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of the greatest alarm during the War was a large gathering of
+Indians at Fraser's Point in 1779. In that year some Indians, in the
+interest of the Americans, having plundered the inhabitants at
+Miramichi, a British man-of-war seized sixteen of them of whom twelve
+were carried to Quebec as hostages, and from there, afterwards, brought
+to Halifax. Several hundred Indians, for quite a number of days were in
+council, the design of which was believed to join in the war against the
+English. The settlers were greatly alarmed, but the Indians quietly
+dispersed. Most of the Highlanders that emigrated on board the Hector
+were very ignorant. Only a few could read and books among them were
+unknown. The Lockerbie settlers were much more intelligent in religion
+and in everything else. They brought with them from Scotland a few
+religious books, some of which were lost on Prince Edward Island, but
+those preserved were carefully read. In 1779 John Patterson brought a
+supply of books from Scotland, among which was a lot of the New England
+Primer, which was distributed among the young.</p>
+
+<p>The people were all religiously inclined, and some very devout. All were
+desirous of religious ordinances. They would meet at the regular hour on
+the Sabbath, Robert Marshall holding what was called a religious
+teaching for the English, and Colin Douglass doing the same in Gaelic.
+The exercises consisted of praise, prayer and the reading of the
+Scriptures and religious books. They were visited once or twice by
+Reverend David Smith of Londonderry, and Reverend Daniel Cock of Truro
+came among them several times. As the people considered themselves under
+the ministry of the latter, they went on foot to Truro to be present at
+his communions, and carried their children thither on their backs to be
+baptized by him. These people had so little English that they could
+scarcely understand any sermon in that language. This may be judged from
+an incident that occurred some years later. A Highlander, living in
+Truro, attended Mr. Cock's service. The latter one day took for his text
+the words, "Fools make a mock of sin." The former bore the sermon
+patiently, but said afterward, "Mr. Cock's needn't have talked so about
+moccasins; Mr. McGregor wore them many a time."</p>
+
+<p>The people were also visited by itinerant preachers, the most important
+of whom was Henry Alline. In his journal, under date of July 25, 1782,
+he says:</p>
+
+<p>"Got to a place called Picto, where I had no thought of making any stay,
+but finding the spirit to attend my preaching, I staid there thirteen
+days and preached in all the different parts of the settlement, I found
+four Christians in this place, who were greatly revived and rejoiced
+that the Gospel was sent among them."&mdash;Reverend James Bennet, missionary
+of the Church of England, in 1775, visited the eastern borders of the
+Province, and in 1780 visited Pictou and Tatamagouche, and on his return
+lost his way in the woods.</p>
+
+<p>The Peace of 1783 brought in an influx of settlers mostly from the
+Highlands, with some who had served in the Revolution against the
+Americans. This added strength gave more solidity to the settlement.
+Although considerable prosperity had been attained the added numbers
+brought increased wealth. Among the fresh arrivals came Reverend James
+McGregor, in 1786, and under his administration the religious tone was
+developed, and the state of society enhanced.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">First Highland Regiments in America.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The conflict known as THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, which began in 1754,
+forced the English colonies to join in a common cause. The time had come
+for the final struggle between France and England for colonial supremacy
+in America. The principal cause for the war was brought on by the
+conflicting territorial claims of the two nations. Mutual encroachments
+were made by both parties on the other's territory, in consequence of
+which both nations prepared for war. The English ministry decided to
+make their chief efforts against the French in that quarter where the
+aggressions took place, and for this purpose dispatched thither two
+bodies of troops. The first division, of which the 42nd Highlanders
+formed a part, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir James
+Abercromby, set sail in March, 1756, and landed in June following.</p>
+
+<p>The Highland regiments that landed in America and took part in the
+conflict were the 42nd or Royal Highland Regiment, but better known as
+"The Black Watch" (<i>Am Freiceadan Dubh</i>), the 77th or Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and the Old 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Watch, so called from the sombre appearance of their dress was
+embodied, as the 43rd Regiment, May, 1740, having been composed largely
+of the independent companies raised in 1729. When Oglethorpe's regiment,
+the 42nd was reduced in 1749, the Black Watch received its number, which
+ever since, it has retained. From 1749 to 1756 the regiment was
+stationed in Ireland, and between them and the inhabitants of the
+districts, where quartered, the utmost cordiality existed. Previous to
+the departure of the regiment from Ireland to America, officers with
+parties had been sent to Scotland for recruits. So successful were
+they, that in the month of June, seven hundred embarked at Greenock for
+America. The officers of the regiment were as follows:</p>
+
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1' width='700'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Name</span>
+</td>
+<td>Commission
+</td>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Name</span>
+</td>
+<td>Commission
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Colonel
+</td>
+<td>Lord John Murray
+</td>
+<td>Apr. 25, 1745
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>John Graham
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 25, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut. Colonel
+</td>
+<td>Francis Grant
+</td>
+<td>Dec. 17, 1755
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Hugh McPherson
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 26, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Major
+</td>
+<td>Duncan Campbell, Inveraw
+</td>
+<td>Dec. 17, 1755
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Turnbull
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 27, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Gordon Graham
+</td>
+<td>June 3, 1752
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Campbell
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 28, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>John Read
+</td>
+<td align='center'>do.
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Alexander McIntosh
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 29, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>John McNeile
+</td>
+<td>Dec. 16, 1752
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>James Gray
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 30, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Alan Campbell
+</td>
+<td>Mar. 15, 1755
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>William Baillie
+</td>
+<td>Jan.31, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>Thomas Graeme, Duchray
+</td>
+<td>Feb. 16, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Hugh Arnott
+</td>
+<td>Apr.  9, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>James Abercromby, Son of Glassa
+</td>
+<td align='center'>do.
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>John Sutherland
+</td>
+<td> Apr. 10, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt
+</td>
+<td>John Campbell, Strachur
+</td>
+<td>Apr. 9, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>John Small
+</td>
+<td>Apr. 11, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capt. Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>John Campbell, sr
+</td>
+<td>Feb. 16, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Archibald Campbell
+</td>
+<td>May 5, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>William Grant
+</td>
+<td>May 22, 1746
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>James Campbell
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 24, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Robert Gray
+</td>
+<td>Aug. 7, 1747
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Archibald Lamont
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 25, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>John Campbell
+</td>
+<td>May 16, 1748
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Duncan Campbell
+</td>
+<td> Jan. 26, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>George Farquharson
+</td>
+<td>Mar. 29, 1750
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>George McLagan
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 27, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Colin Campbell
+</td>
+<td>Feb. 9, 1751
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Patrick Balneaves
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 28, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>James Campbell
+</td>
+<td>June 3, 1752
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Patrick Stuart
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 29, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Sir James Cockburn, B't.
+</td>
+<td>Mar. 15, 1755
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Norman McLeod
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 30, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>Kenneth Tolme
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 23, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>George Campbell
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 31, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.
+</td>
+<td>James Grant
+</td>
+<td>Jan. 24, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Donald Campbell
+</td>
+<td>May  5, 1756
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Q.M.
+</td>
+<td>John Graham
+</td>
+<td>Feb. 19, 1756
+</td>
+<td>Chaplain
+</td>
+<td>Adam Ferguson
+</td>
+<td>Apr. 30, 1746
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surgeon
+</td>
+<td>David Hepburn
+</td>
+<td>June 26, 1751
+</td>
+<td>Adjutant
+</td>
+<td>James Grant
+</td>
+<td>June 26, 1751
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p>The regiment known as Montgomery's Highlanders (77th) took its name from
+its commander, Archibald Montgomery, son of the earl of Eglinton. Being
+very popular among the Highlanders, Montgomery very soon raised the
+requisite body of men, who were formed into thirteen companies of one
+hundred and five rank and file each; making in all fourteen hundred and
+sixty effective men, including sixty-five sergeants and thirty pipers
+and drummers. The Colonel's commission was dated January 4, 1757, and
+those of the other officers one day later than his senior in rank. They
+are thus recorded:</p>
+
+<p>Lieut.-Colonel commanding, Archibald Montgomery; majors, James Grant of
+Ballindalloch and Alexander Campbell; captains, John Sinclair, Hugh
+Mackenzie, John Gordon, Alexander Mackenzie, William Macdonald, George
+Munro, Robert Mackenzie, Allan Maclean, James Robertson, Allan Cameron;
+captain-lieut., Alexander Mackintosh; lieutenants, Charles Farquharson,
+Nichol Sutherland, Donald Macdonald, William Mackenzie, Robert
+Mackenzie, Henry Munro, Archibald Robertson, Duncan Bayne, James Duff,
+Colin Campbell, James Grant, Alexander Macdonald, Joseph Grant, Robert
+Grant, Cosmo Martin, John Macnab, Hugh Gordon, Alexander Macdonald,
+Donald Campbell, Hugh Montgomery, James Maclean, Alexander Campbell,
+John Campbell, James Macpherson, Archibald Macvicar; ensigns: Alexander
+Grant, William Haggart, Lewis Houston, Ronald Mackinnon, George Munro,
+Alexander Mackenzie, John Maclachlane, William Maclean, James Grant,
+John Macdonald, Archibald Crawford, James Bain, Allan Stewart; chaplain:
+Henry Munro; adjutant: Donald Stewart; quarter-master: Alexander
+Montgomery; surgeon: Allan Stewart.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment embarked at Greenock for Halifax immediately on its
+organization.</p>
+
+<p>Fraser's Highlanders, or the 78th Regiment was organized by Simon
+Fraser, son of the notorious lord Lovat who was executed by the English
+government for the part he acted in the Rising of the Forty-five.
+Although his estates had been seized by the Crown, and not possessing a
+foot of land, so great was the influence of clanship, that in a few
+weeks he raised eight hundred men, to whom were added upwards of six
+hundred more by the gentlemen of the country and those who had obtained
+commissions. In point of the number of companies and men, the battalion
+was precisely the same as Montgomery's Highlanders. The list of
+officers, whose commissions are dated January 5, 1757, is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Lieut.-col. commandant: Simon Fraser; majors: James Clephane and John
+Campbell of Dunoon; captains: John Macpherson, brother of Cluny, John
+Campbell of Ballimore; Simon Fraser of Inverallochy, Donald Macdonald,
+brother of Clanranald, John Macdonell of Lochgarry, Alexander Cameron of
+Dungallon, Thomas Ross of Culrossie, Thomas Fraser of Strui, Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthel, Sir Henry Seton of Abercorn and Culbeg, James
+Fraser of Belladrum; capt.-Lieut.: Simon Fraser; lieutenants: Alexander
+Macleod, Hugh Cameron, Ronald Macdonell, son of Keppoch, Charles
+Macdonell, from Glengarry, Roderick Macneil of Barra, William Macdonell,
+Archibald Campbell, son of Glenlyon, John Fraser of Balnain, Hector
+Macdonald, brother of Boisdale, Allan Stewart, son of Innernaheil, John
+Fraser, Alexander Macdonald, son of Boisdale, Alexander Fraser,
+Alexander Campbell of Aross, John Douglas, John Nairn, Arthur Rose,
+Alexander Fraser, John Macdonell of Leeks, Cosmo Gordon, David Baillie,
+Charles Stewart, Ewen Cameron, Allan Cameron, John Cuthbert, Simon
+Fraser, Archibald Macallister, James Murray, Alexander Fraser, Donald
+Cameron, son of Fassifern; ensigns: John Chisolm, Simon Fraser, Malcolm
+Fraser, Hugh Fraser, Robert Menzies, John Fraser of Errogie, James
+Mackenzie, Donald Macneil, Henry Munro, Alexander Gregorson, Ardtornish,
+James Henderson, John Campbell; chaplain: Robert Macpherson; adjutant:
+Hugh Fraser; quarter-master: John Fraser; surgeon: John Maclean.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The uniform of the regiment was the full Highland dress with musket
+and broadsword, to which many of the soldiers added the dirk at their
+own expense, and a purse of badger's or otter's skin. The bonnet was
+raised or cocked on one side, with a slight bend inclining down to
+the right ear, over which were suspended two or more black feathers.
+Eagle's or hawk's feathers were usually worn by the gentlemen, in the
+Highlands, while the bonnets of the common people were ornamented
+with a bunch of the distinguishing mark of the clan or district. The
+ostrich feathers in the bonnets of the soldiers were a modern
+addition of that period."<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The regiment was quickly marched to Greenock, where it embarked, in
+company with Montgomery's Highlanders, and landed at Halifax in June
+1757, where it remained till it formed a junction with the expedition
+against Louisbourg. The regiment was quartered between Canada and Nova
+Scotia till the conclusion of the war. On all occasions they sustained a
+uniform character for unshaken firmness, incorruptible probity and a
+strict regard to their duties. The men were always anxious to conceal
+their misdemeanors from the <i>Caipal Mohr</i>, as they called the chaplain,
+from his large size.</p>
+
+<p>When The Black Watch landed in New York they attracted much notice,
+particularly on the part of the Indians, who, on the march of the
+regiment to Albany, flocked from all quarters to see strangers, whom,
+from the somewhat similarity of dress, they believed to be of the same
+extraction with themselves, and therefore considered them to be
+brothers.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of 1756 the regiment remained inactive in Albany. The
+winter and spring of 1757 they were drilled and disciplined for
+bush-fighting and sharpshooting, a species of warfare then necessary and
+for which they were well fitted, being in general good marksmen, and
+expert in the management of their arms.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="officer"  />
+<a id="illus09" name="illus09"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Highland Officer</span></p>
+
+<p>In the month of June, 1757, lord Loudon, who had been appointed
+commander-in-chief of the army in North America, with the 22d, 42d,
+44th, 48th, 2d and 4th battalions of the 60th, together with six hundred
+Rangers, making in all five thousand and three hundred men, embarked for
+Halifax, where his force was increased to ten thousand and five hundred
+men by the addition of five regiments lately arrived from England, which
+included Fraser's and Montgomery's Highlanders. When on the eve of his
+departure for an attack on Louisburg, information was received that the
+Brest fleet, consisting of seventeen sail of the line, besides frigates,
+had arrived in the harbor of that fortress. Letters, which had been
+captured in a vessel bound from Louisburg to France, revealed that the
+force was too great to be encountered. Lord Loudon abandoned the
+enterprise and soon after returned to New York taking with him the
+Highlanders and four other regiments.</p>
+
+<p>By the addition of three new companies and the junction of seven hundred
+recruits "The Black Watch" or 42nd, was now augmented to upwards of
+thirteen hundred men, all Highlanders, for at that period, none others
+were admitted.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of lord Loudon, Montcalm, the French commander, was
+very active, and collecting all his disposable forces, including
+Indians, and a large train of artillery, amounting in all to more than
+eight thousand men, laid siege to Fort William Henry, under the command
+of Colonel Munro. Some six miles distant was Fort Edward, garrisoned by
+four thousand men under General Webb. The siege was conducted with great
+vigor and within six days Colonel Munro surrendered, conditioned on not
+serving again for eighteen months, and allowed to march out of the fort
+with their arms and two field pieces. As soon as they were without the
+gate the Indians fell upon them and committed all sorts of outrages and
+barbarities,&mdash;the French being unable to restrain them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus terminated the campaign of 1757 in America, undistinguished by any
+act which might compensate for the loss of territory or the sacrifice of
+lives. With an inferior force the French had been successful at every
+point, and besides having obtained complete control of Lakes George and
+Champlain, the destruction of Oswego gave the dominion of those lakes,
+which are connected with the St. Lawrence, to the Mississippi, thus
+opening a direct communication between Canada and the southwest.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Loudon having been recalled, the command of the army again devolved
+on General James Abercromby. Determined to wipe off the disgrace of
+former campaigns, the new ministry, which had just come into power,
+fitted out, in 1758, a great naval and military force consisting of
+fifty-two thousand men. To the military staff were added Major-General
+Amherst, and Brigadier-General's Wolfe, Townsend and Murray. Three
+expeditions were proposed: the first to renew the attempt on Louisburg;
+the second directed against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the third
+against Fort du Quesne.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercromby took command, in person, of the expedition against
+Ticonderoga, with a force of fifteen thousand three hundred and ninety
+men, of whom over six thousand were regulars, the rest being
+provincials, besides a train of artillery. Among the regulars must be
+reckoned the 42 Highlanders. Ticonderoga, situated on a point of land
+between Lake George and Lake Champlain is surrounded on three sides by
+water, and on one-half of the fourth by a morass. The remaining part of
+the fort was protected by high entrenchments, supported and flanked by
+three batteries, and the whole front of that which was accessible
+intersected by deep traverses, and blocked up with felled trees, with
+their branches turned outwards, and their points sharpened.</p>
+
+<p>On July 5th the army struck their tents at daybreak, and in nine hundred
+small boats and one hundred and thirty-five whale-boats, with artillery
+mounted on rafts, embarked on Lake George. The fleet in stately
+procession, bright with banners and cheered by martial music, moved down
+the beautiful lake, beaming with hope and pride. The solemn forests were
+broken by the echoes of the happy soldiery. There was no one to molest
+them, and victory was their one desire. Over the broader expanse they
+passed to the first narrows, witnessing the mountains rising from the
+water's edge, the dark forest, and the picturesque loveliness of the
+scene. Long afterwards General John Stark recounted that when they had
+halted at Sabbathday Point at twilight, lord Howe, reclining in his tent
+on a bearskin, and bent on winning a hero's name, questioned him closely
+as to the position of Ticonderoga and the fittest modes of attack.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining five hours at their resting place, the army, an hour
+before midnight, moved once more down the lake, and by nine the next
+morning, disembarked on the west side, in a cove sheltered by a point
+which still keeps the name of Lord Howe. The troops were formed into two
+parallel columns and marched on the enemy's advanced posts, which were
+abandoned without a shot. The march was continued in the same order, but
+the guides proving ignorant, the columns came in contact, and were
+thrown into confusion. A detachment of the enemy which had also become
+bewildered in the woods, fell in with the right column, at the head of
+which was lord Howe, and during the skirmish which ensued, Howe was
+killed. Abercromby ordered the army to march back to the landing place.</p>
+
+<p>Montcalm, ever alert, was ready to receive the English army. On July 6th
+he called in all his parties, and when united amounted to two thousand
+eight hundred French and four hundred and fifty Canadians. On the 7th
+the whole army toiled incredibly in strengthening their defenses. On the
+same evening De Levi returned from the projected expedition against the
+Mohawks, bringing with him four hundred chosen men. On the morning of
+the 8th, the drums of the French beat to arms, that the troops, now
+thirty-six hundred and fifty in number, might know their stations and
+resume their work.</p>
+
+<p>The strongest regiment in the army of Abercrombie was the 42nd
+Highlanders, fully equipped, in their native dress. The officers wore a
+narrow gold braiding round their tunics, all other lace being laid aside
+to make them less conspicuous to the French and Canadian riflemen. The
+sergeants wore silver lace on their coats, and carried the Lochaber axe,
+the head of which was fitted for hewing, hooking or spearing an enemy,
+or such other work as might be found before the ramparts of Ticonderoga.
+Many of the men had been out in the Rising of the Forty-five.</p>
+
+<p>When Abercrombie received information from some prisoners that De Levi
+was about to reinforce Montcalm, he determined, if possible to strike a
+blow before a junction could be effected. Report also having reached him
+that the entrenchments were still unfinished, and might be assaulted
+with prospects of success, he immediately made the necessary
+dispositions for attack. The British commander, remaining far behind
+during the action, put the army in motion, on the 8th, the regulars
+advancing through the openings of the provincials, and taking the lead.
+The pickets were followed by the grenadiers, supported by the battalions
+and reserve, which last consisted of the Highlanders and 55th regiment,
+advanced with great alacrity towards the entrenchments, which they found
+much more formidable than they expected. As the British advanced,
+Montcalm, who stood just within the trenches, threw off his coat for the
+sunny work of the July afternoon, and forbade a musket to be fired until
+he had given the order. When the British drew very near, in three
+principal columns, to attack simultaneously the left, the center, and
+the right, they became entangled among the rubbish and broken into
+disorder by clambering over logs and projecting limbs. The quick eye of
+Montcalm saw the most effective moment had come, and giving the word of
+command, a sudden and incessant fire of swivels and small arms mowed
+down brave officers and men by hundreds. The intrepidity of the English
+made the carnage terrible. With the greatest vivacity the attacks were
+continued all the afternoon. Wherever the French appeared to be weak,
+Montcalm immediately strengthened them. Regiment after regiment was
+hurled against the besieged, only to be hurled back with the loss of
+half their number.</p>
+
+<p>The Scottish Highlanders, held in the reserve, from the very first were
+impatient of the restraint; but when they saw the column fall back,
+unable longer to control themselves, and emulous of sharing the danger,
+broke away and pushed forward to the front, and with their broadswords
+and Lochaber axes endeavored to cut through the abattis and
+chevaux-de-frize. For three hours the Highlanders struggled without the
+least appearance of discouragement. After a long and deadly struggle
+they penetrated the exterior defences and reached the breastwork; having
+no scaling ladders, they attempted to gain the summit by mounting on
+each others shoulders and partly by fixing their feet in holes they made
+with their swords, axes and bayonets in the face of the work, but no
+sooner did a man appear on top than he was hurled down by the defending
+troops. Captain John Campbell, with a few men, at length forced their
+way over the breastwork, but were immediately dispatched with the
+bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>While the Highlanders and grenadiers were fighting without faltering and
+without confusion on the French left, the columns which had attacked the
+center and right, at about five o'clock, concentrated themselves at a
+point between the two; but De Levi advanced from the right and Montcalm
+brought up the reserve. At six the two parties nearest the water turned
+desperately against the center, and being repulsed, made a last effort
+on the left, where, becoming bewildered, the English fired on an
+advanced party of their own, producing hopeless dejection.</p>
+
+<p>The British general, during the confusion of battle cowered safely at
+the saw-mills, and when his presence was needed to rally the fugitives,
+was nowhere to be found. The second in command, unable to seize the
+opportunity, gave no commands. The Highlanders persevered in their
+undertaking and did not relinquish their labors until they received the
+third order to retreat, when they withdrew, unmolested, and carrying
+with them the whole of their wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The loss sustained by the 42nd was as follows: eight officers, nine
+sergeants and two hundred and ninety-seven men killed; and seventeen
+officers, ten sergeants and three hundred and six soldiers wounded. The
+officers killed were Major Duncan Campbell of Inveraw, Captain John
+Campbell, Lieutenants George Farquharson, Hugh MacPherson, William
+Baillie, and John Sutherland; Ensigns Patrick Stewart of Bonskied and
+George Rattray. The wounded were Captains Gordon Graham, Thomas Graham
+of Duchray, John Campbell of Strachur, James Stewart of Urrad, James
+Murray; Lieutenants James Grant, Robert Gray, John Campbell of Melford,
+William Grant, John Graham, brother of Duchray, Alexander Campbell,
+Alexander Mackintosh, Archibald Campbell, David Miller, Patrick
+Balneaves; and Ensigns John Smith and Peter Grant.</p>
+
+<p>The intrepid conduct of the Highlanders, in the storming of Ticonderoga,
+was made the topic of universal panegyric throughout the whole of Great
+Britain, the public prints teeming with honorable mention of, and
+testimonies to their bravery. Among these General Stewart copies<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>
+the two following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"With a mixture of esteem, grief and envy (says an officer of the
+55th, lord Howe's regiment), I consider the great loss and immortal
+glory acquired by the Scots Highlanders in the late bloody affair.
+Impatient for orders, they rushed forward to the entrenchments, which
+many of them actually mounted. They appeared like lions, breaking
+from their chains. Their intrepidity was rather animated than damped
+by seeing their comrades fall on every side. I have only to say of
+them, that they seemed more anxious to revenge the cause of their
+deceased friends, than careful to avoid the same fate. By their
+assistance, we expect soon to give a good account of the enemy and of
+ourselves. There is much harmony and friendship between us." "The
+attack (says Lieutenant William Grant of the 42nd) began a little
+past one in the afternoon, and, about two, the fire became general on
+both sides, which was exceedingly heavy, and without any
+intermission, insomuch that the oldest soldier present never saw so
+furious and incessant a fire. The affair at Fontenoy was nothing to
+it. I saw both. We labored under insurmountable difficulties. The
+enemy's breastwork was about nine or ten feet high, upon the top of
+which they had plenty of wall pieces fixed, and which was well lined
+in the inside with small arms. But the difficult access to their
+lines was what gave them the fatal advantage over us. They took care
+to cut down monstrous large oak trees, which covered all the ground
+from the foot of their breastwork about the distance of a cannon shot
+every way in their front. This not only broke our ranks, and made it
+impossible for us to keep our order, but put it entirely out of our
+power to advance till we cut our way through. I have seen men behave
+with courage and resolution before now, but so much determined
+bravery can hardly be equalled in any part of the history of ancient
+Rome. Even those that were mortally wounded cried aloud to their
+companions, not to mind or lose a thought upon them, but to follow
+their officers, and to mind the honor of their country. Nay, their
+ardor was such, that it was difficult to bring them off. They paid
+dearly for their intrepidity. The remains of the regiment had the
+honor to cover the retreat of the army, and brought off the wounded,
+as we did at Fontenoy. When shall we have so fine a regiment again? I
+hope we shall be allowed to recruit."</p></div>
+
+<p>The English outnumbered the French four-fold, and with their artillery,
+which was near at hand, could have forced a passage. "Had I to besiege
+Ticonderoga," said Montcalm, "I would ask for but six mortars and two
+pieces of artillery." But Abercrombie, that evening, hurried the army to
+the landing place, with such precipitancy, that but for the alertness of
+Colonel Bradstreet, it would at once have rushed in a mass into the
+boats. On the morning of the 9th the army embarked and Abercrombie did
+not rest until he had placed the lake between himself and Montcalm, and
+even then he sent the artillery and ammunition to Albany for safety.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition against Louisburg, under Major-General Jeffrey Amherst,
+set sail from Halifax on May 28, 1758. It was joined by the fleet under
+Admiral Boscawen. The formidable armament consisted of twenty-five sail
+of the line, eighteen frigates, and a number of bomb and fire ships,
+with the Royals, 15th, 17th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 45th, 47th, 48th,
+58th, the 2d and 3d battalions of the 60th, 78th Highlanders, and New
+England Rangers,&mdash;in all, thirteen thousand and nine men. On June 2nd
+the vessels anchored in Garbarus Bay, seven miles from Louisburg. The
+garrison, under the Chevalier Ducour, consisted of twenty-five hundred
+regulars, six hundred militia, and four hundred Canadians and Indians.
+The harbor was protected by six ships of the line and five frigates,
+three of the latter being sunk at its mouth. The English ships were six
+days on the coast before a landing could be attempted, on account of a
+heavy surf continually rolling with such violence, that no boat could
+approach the shore. The violence of the surf having somewhat abated, a
+landing was effected on June 8th. The troops were disposed for landing
+in three divisions. That on the left, which was destined for the real
+attack, commanded by Brigadier General Wolfe, was composed of the
+grenadiers and light infantry, and the 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.
+While the boats containing this division were being rowed ashore, the
+other two divisions on the right and center, commanded by Brigadier
+Generals Whitmore and Lawrence, made a show of landing, in order to
+divide and distract the enemy. The landing place was occupied by two
+thousand men entrenched behind a battery of eight pieces of cannon and
+swivels. The enemy wisely reserved their fire till the boats were close
+to the shore, and then directed their discharge of cannon and musketry
+with considerable execution. The surf aided the fire. Many of the boats
+were upset or dashed to pieces on the rocks, and numbers of the men were
+killed or drowned before land was reached. Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert of the Highlanders, Lieutenant Nicholson of Amherts,
+and thirty-eight men were killed. Notwithstanding the great
+disadvantages, nothing could stop the troops when led by such a general
+as Wolfe. Some of the light infantry and Highlanders were first ashore,
+and drove all before them. The rest followed, and soon pursued the enemy
+to a distance of two miles, when they were checked by the cannonading
+from the town.</p>
+
+<p>In this engagement the French lost seventeen pieces of cannon, two
+mortars, and fourteen swivels, besides seventy-three prisoners. The
+cannonading from the town enabled Wolfe to prove the range of the
+enemy's guns, and to judge of the exact distance at which he might make
+his camp for investing the town. The regiments then took post at the
+positions assigned them. For some days operations went on slowly. The
+sea was so rough that the landing of stores from the fleet was much
+retarded; and it was not until the 11th that the six pounder field
+pieces were landed. Six days later a squadron was fairly blown out to
+sea by the tempest. By the 24th the chief engineer had thirteen
+twenty-four pounders in position against the place. The first operation
+was to secure a point called Lighthouse Battery, the guns from which
+could play upon the ships and on the batteries on the opposite side of
+the harbor. On the 12th this point was captured by Wolfe at the head of
+his gallant Fraser's and flank companies, with but little loss. On the
+25th, the fire from this post silenced the island battery immediately
+opposite. An incessant fire, however, was kept up from the other
+batteries and shipping of the enemy. On July 9th the enemy made a sortie
+on General Lawrence's brigade, but were quickly repulsed. In this
+affair, the earl of Dundonald was killed. There were twenty other
+casualities. The French captain who led the attack, with seventeen of
+his men, was also killed. On the 16th, Wolfe pushed forward some
+grenadiers and Highlanders, and took possession of the hills in front of
+the Lighthouse battery, where a lodgement was made under a fire from the
+town and the ships. On the 21st one of the French ships was set on fire
+by a bombshell and blew up, and the fire being communicated to two
+others, they were burned to the water's edge. The fate of the town was
+now almost decided, the enemy's fire nearly silenced and the
+fortifications shattered to the ground. All that now remained in the
+reduction was to get possession of the harbor, by taking or burning the
+two ships of the line which remained. For this purpose the admiral, on
+the night of July 25th sent six hundred seamen in boats, with orders to
+take, or burn, the two ships of the line that remained in the harbor,
+resolving if they succeeded to send in some of his larger vessels to
+bombard the town. This enterprise was successfully executed by the
+seamen under Captains Laforey and Balfour, in the face of a terrible
+fire of cannon and musketry. One of the ships was set on fire and the
+other towed off. On the 26th the town surrendered; the garrison and
+seamen amounted to five thousand six hundred and thirty-seven, besides
+one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon, eighteen mortars, seven
+thousand five hundred stand of arms, eleven colors, and eleven ships of
+war. The total loss of the English army and fleet, during the siege
+amounted to five hundred and twenty-five. Besides Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert the Highlanders lost Lieutenant J. Alexander Fraser
+and James Murray, killed; Captain Donald MacDonald, Lieutenant Alexander
+Campbell (Barcaldine) and John MacDonald, wounded; and sixty-seven rank
+and file killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The third expedition was against Fort du Quesne, undertaken by Brigadier
+General John Forbes. Although the point of attack was less formidable
+and the enemy inferior in numbers to those at either Ticonderoga or
+Louisburg, yet the difficulties were greater, owing to the great extent
+of country to be traversed, through woods without roads, over mountains
+and through almost impassable morasses. The army consisted of six
+thousand two hundred and thirty-eight men, composed of Montgomery's
+Highlanders, twelve hundred and eighty-four strong, five hundred and
+fifty-five of the Royal Americans, and four thousand four hundred
+provincials. Among the latter were the two Virginia regiments, nineteen
+hundred strong, under the command of Washington. Yet vast as were the
+preparations of the army, Forbes never would have seen the Ohio had it
+not been for the genius of Washington, although then but twenty-six
+years of age. The army took up its line of march from Philadelphia in
+July, and did not reach Raystown until the month of September, when they
+were still ninety miles distant from Fort du Quesne. It was Washington's
+earnest advice that the army should advance with celerity along
+Braddock's road; but other advice prevailed, and the army commemorated
+its march by moving slowly and constructing a new route to the Ohio.
+Thus the summer was frittered away. While Washington's forces joined the
+main army, Boquet was detached with two thousand men to take post at
+Loyal Hanna, fifty miles in advance. Here intelligence was received that
+the French garrison consisted of but eight hundred men, of whom three
+hundred were Indians. The vainglory of Boquet, without the consent or
+knowledge of his superior officer urged him to send forward a party of
+four hundred Highlanders and a company of Virginians, under Major James
+Grant to reconnoitre. Major Grant divided his troops, and when near the
+fort, advanced with pipes playing and drums beating, as if he was on a
+visit to a friendly town. The enemy did not wait to be attacked, but
+instantly marched out of their works and invited the conflict. The
+Highlanders threw off their coats and charged sword in hand. At first
+the French gave way, but rallied and surrounded the detachment on all
+sides. Being concealed in the thick foliage, their heavy and destructive
+fire could not be returned with any effect. Major Grant was taken in an
+attempt to force into the woods, where he observed the thickest of the
+fire. On losing their commander, and so many officers killed and
+wounded, the Highlanders dispersed, and were only saved from utter ruin
+by the provincials. Only one hundred and fifty of the Highlanders
+succeeded in making their way back to Loyal Hanna.</p>
+
+<p>In this battle, fought September 14, 1758, two hundred and thirty-one
+Highlander's were killed and wounded. The officers killed were Captain
+William Macdonald and George Munro; Lieutenants Alexander Mackenzie,
+William Mackenzie; Robert Mackenzie, Colin Campbell, and Alexander
+Macdonald; and the wounded were Captain Hugh Mackenzie, Lieutenants
+Alexander Macdonald, Archibald Robertson, Henry Munro, and Ensigns John
+Macdonald and Alexander Grant.</p>
+
+<p>General Forbes did not reach Loyal Hanna until November 5th, and there a
+council of war determined that no farther advance should be made for
+that season. But Washington had plead that owing to his long intimacy
+with these woods, and his familiarity with the difficulties and all the
+passes should be allowed the responsibility of commanding the first
+party. This having been denied him, he prevailed on the commander to be
+allowed to make a second advance. His brigade was of provincials, and
+they toiled cheerfully by his side, infusing his own spirit into the men
+he commanded. Over the hills white with snow, his troops poorly fed and
+poorly clothed toiled onward. His movements were rapid: on November 15th
+he was at Chestnut Ridge; and the 17th at Bushy Run. As he drew near
+Fort du Quesne, the disheartened garrison, about five hundred in number,
+set fire to the fort, and by the light of the conflagration, descended
+the Ohio. On the 25th Washington could point out to the army the
+junction of the rivers, and entering the fortress, they planted the
+British colors on the deserted ruins. As the banner of England floated
+over the Ohio, the place was with one voice named Pittsburg, in honor of
+the great English premier William Pitt.</p>
+
+<p>The troops under Washington were accompanied by a body of Highlanders.
+On the morning of November 25th, the army advanced with the provincials
+in the front. They entered upon an Indian path. "Upon each side of which
+a number of stakes, with the bark peeled off, were stuck into the earth,
+and upon each stake was fixed the head and kilt of a Highlander who had
+been killed or taken prisoner at Grant's defeat. The provincials, being
+front, obtained the first view of these horrible spectacles, which it
+may readily be believed, excited no kindly feelings in their breasts.
+They passed along, however, without any manifestation of their violent
+wrath. But as soon as the Highlanders came in sight of the remains of
+their countrymen, a slight buzz was heard in their ranks, which rapidly
+swelled and grew louder and louder. Exasperated not only by the
+barbarous outrages upon the persons of their unfortunate fellow soldiers
+who had fallen only a few days before, but maddened by the insult which
+was conveyed by the exhibition of their kilts, and which they well
+understood, as they had long been nicknamed the 'petticoat warriors' by
+the Indians, their wrath knew no bounds. Directly a rapid and violent
+tramping was heard, and immediately the whole corps of the Highlanders,
+with their muskets abandoned, and broad swords drawn, rushed by the
+provincials, foaming with rage, and resembling, as Captain Craighead
+coarsely expressed it, 'mad boars engaged in battle,' swearing vengeance
+and extermination upon the French troops who had permitted such
+outrages. Their march was now hastened&mdash;the whole army moved forward
+after the Highlanders, and when they arrived somewhere about where the
+canal now passes, the Fort was discovered to be in flames, and the last
+of the boats, with the flying Frenchmen, were seen passing down the Ohio
+by Smoky Island. Great was the disappointment of the exasperated
+Highlanders at the escape of the French, and their wrath subsided into a
+sullen and relentless desire for vengeance."<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders passed the winter of 1758 in Pittsburg, and in May
+following marched to the assistance of General Amherst in his
+proceedings at Ticonderoga, Crown Point and the Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Before the heroic action of The Black Watch at Ticonderoga was known in
+England, a warrant was issued conferring upon the regiment the title of
+Royal, so that it became known also by the name of 42d Royal Highland
+Regiment, and letters were issued to raise a second battalion. So
+successful were the recruiting officers that within three months, seven
+companies, each one hundred and twenty men strong were embodied at Perth
+in October 1758. Although Highlanders only were admitted, yet two
+officers, anxious to obtain commissions, enlisted eighteen Irishmen,
+several of whom were O'Donnels, O'Lachlans, O'Briens, &amp;c. The O was
+changed to Mac, and the Milesians passed muster as true Macdonels,
+Maclachlans, and Macbriars, without being questioned.</p>
+
+<p>The second battalion immediately embarked at Greenock for the West
+Indies, under the convoy of the Ludlow Castle; and after the reduction
+of Guadaloupe, it was transferred to New York, and in July, 1759, was
+combined with the first battalion, in order to engage in the operations
+then projected against the French settlements in Canada. General Wolfe
+was to proceed up the St. Lawrence and besiege Quebec. General Amherst,
+who had succeeded Abercromby as commander-in-chief, was to attempt the
+reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then effect a junction
+with General Wolfe before Quebec. Brigadier General John Prideaux was to
+proceed against the French fort near the falls of Niagara, the most
+important post of all French America.</p>
+
+<p>The army first put in motion was that under Amherst, which assembled at
+Fort Edward on June 19th. It included the 42nd and Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and when afterwards joined by the second battalion of the
+42nd, numbered fourteen thousand five hundred men. On the 21st, preceded
+by The Black Watch the army moved forward and encamped on Lake George,
+where, during the previous year, the army rested prior to the attack on
+Ticonderoga. Considerable time was spent in preparations for assaulting
+this formidable post, but on seeing the preparations made by the English
+generals for a siege, the French set fire to the magazines and
+buildings, and retired to Crown Point.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of campaign on the part of the French appeared to have been to
+embarrass Amherst by retarding the advance of his army, but not to
+hazard any considerable engagement, nor to allow themselves to be so
+completely invested as to cut off all retreat. The main object of their
+tactics was so to delay the advance of the English that the season for
+action on the Lakes would pass away without showing any decisive
+advantage on the part of the invaders, whilst their own forces could be
+gradually concentrated, and thus arrest the progress of Amherst down the
+St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>On taking possession of Ticonderoga, which effectually covered the
+frontiers of New York, General Amherst proceeded to repair the
+fortifications; and, while superintending this work, was indefatigable
+in preparing batteaux and other vessels for conveying his troops, and
+obtaining the superiority on the Lakes. Meanwhile the French abandoned
+Crown Point and retired to Isle aux Noix, on the northern extremity of
+Lake Champlain. General Amherst moved forward and took possession of the
+fort which the French had abandoned, and the second battalion of the
+42nd was ordered up. Having gained a naval superiority on Lake Champlain
+the army went into winter quarters at Crown Point.</p>
+
+<p>The main undertaking of the campaign was the reduction of Quebec, by far
+the most difficult operation, where General Wolfe was expected to
+perform an important part with not more than seven thousand effective
+men. The movement commenced at Sandy Hook, Tuesday May 8, 1759 when the
+expedition set sail for Louisburg, under convoy of the Nightingale, the
+fleet consisting of about twenty-eight sail, the greater part of which
+was to take in the troops from Nova Scotia, and the rest having on board
+Fraser's Highlanders. They arrived at Louisburg on the 17th. and there
+remained until June 4th, when the fleet again set sail, consisting of
+one hundred and fifty vessels, twenty-two of which were ships of the
+line. They entered the St. Lawrence on the 13th, and on the 23rd
+anchored near Isle aux Coudres. On the 26th, the whole armament arrived
+off the Isle of Orleans, and the next day disembarked. Montcalm depended
+largely on the natural position of the city of Quebec for defence,
+although he neglected nothing for his security. Every landing-place was
+intrenched and protected. At midnight on the 28th a fleet of fireships
+came down the tide, but was grappled by the British soldiers and towed
+them free of the shipping. Point Levi, on the night of the 29th was
+occupied, and batteries constructed, from which red-hot balls were
+discharged, demolishing the lower town of Quebec and injuring the upper.
+But the citadel and every avenue from the river to the cliff were too
+strongly entrenched for an assault.</p>
+
+<p>General Wolfe, enterprising, daring, was eager for battle. Perceiving
+that the eastern bank of the Montmorenci was higher than the position of
+Montcalm, on July 9th he crossed the north channel and encamped there;
+but not a spot on the line of the Montmorenci was left unprotected by
+the vigilant Montcalm. General Wolfe planned that two brigades should
+ford the Montmorenci at the proper time of the tide, while Monckton's
+regiments should cross the St. Lawrence in boats from Point Levi. The
+signal was given and the advance made in the face of shot and shell.
+Those who got first on shore, not waiting for support, ran hastily
+towards the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder that they
+could not again come into line. Wolfe was compelled to order a retreat.
+Intrepidity and discipline could not overcome the heavy fire of a well
+protected enemy. In that assault, which occurred on July 31st, Wolfe
+lost four hundred in killed.</p>
+
+<p>General Murray was next sent with twelve hundred men, above the town, to
+destroy the French ships and open communication with General Amherst.
+They learned that Niagara had surrendered and that Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point had been abandoned. But General Wolfe looked in vain for General
+Amherst. The commander-in-chief, opposed by no more than three thousand
+men, was loitering at Crown Point; nor was even a messenger received
+from him. The heroic Wolfe was left to struggle alone against odds and
+difficulties which every hour made more appalling. Everyone able to bear
+arms was in the field fighting for their homes, their language, and
+their religion. Old men of seventy and boys of fifteen fired at the
+English detachments from the edges of the woods.</p>
+
+<p>The feeble frame of General Wolfe, disabled by fever, began to sink
+under the fearful strain. He laid before his chief officers three
+desperate methods of attacking Montcalm, all of which they opposed, but
+proposed to convey five thousand men above the town, and thus draw
+Montcalm from his intrenchments. General Wolfe acquiesced and prepared
+to carry it into effect. On the 5th and 6th of September he marched the
+army from Point Levi, and embarked in transports, resolving to land at
+the point that ever since has borne his name, and take the enemy by
+surprise. Every officer knew his appointed duty, when at one o'clock on
+the morning of the 13th, about half the army glided down with the tide.
+When the cove was reached, General Wolfe and the troops with him leaped
+ashore, and clambered up the steep hill, holding by the roots and boughs
+of the maple, spruce and ash trees, that covered the declivity, and with
+but little difficulty dispersed the picket which guarded the height. At
+daybreak General Wolfe, with his battalions, stood on the plains of
+Abraham. When the news was carried to Montcalm, he said, "They have at
+last got to the weak side of this miserable garrison; we must give
+battle, and crush them before mid-day." Before ten o'clock the two
+opposing armies were ranged in each other's presence. The English, five
+thousand strong, were all regulars, perfect in discipline, terrible in
+their fearless enthusiasm, and commanded by a man whom they obeyed with
+confidence and admiration. Montcalm had but five weak battalions of two
+thousand men, mingled with disorderly peasantry. The French with three
+and the English with two small pieces of artillery cannonaded each other
+for nearly an hour.</p>
+
+<p>Montcalm led the French army impetuously to the attack. The
+ill-disciplined companies broke by their precipitation and the
+unevenness of the ground, fired by platoons without unity. The English
+received the shock with calmness, reserving their fire until the enemy
+were within forty yards, when they began a regular, rapid firing.
+Montcalm was everywhere, braving dangers, though wounded, cheered others
+by his example. The Canadians flinching from the hot fire, gave way when
+General Wolfe placing himself at the head of two regiments, charged with
+bayonets. General Wolfe was wounded three times, the third time
+mortally. "Support me," he cried to an officer near him; "let not my
+brave fellows see me drop." He was carried to the rear. "They run, they
+run," cried the officer on whom he leaned. "Who run?" asked Wolfe, as
+his life was fast ebbing. "The French," replied the officer, "give way
+everywhere." "What," cried the dying hero, "do they run already? Go, one
+of you, to Colonel Burton; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed
+to Charles River to cut off the fugitives." "Now, God be praised, I die
+happy," were the last words he uttered. The heroic Montcalm, struck by a
+musket ball, continued in the engagement, till attempting to rally a
+body of fugitive Canadians, was mortally wounded. On September 17th, the
+city surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid sketch thus given does not represent the part taken by
+Fraser's Highlanders. Fortunately Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser kept a
+journal, and from it the following is gleaned: June 30th, the
+Highlanders with Kennedy's or the 43rd, crossed the river and joined the
+15th, or Amhersts', with some Rangers, marched to Point Levi, having
+numerous skirmishes on the way. Captain Campbell posted his company in
+St. Joseph's church, and there fired a volley upon an assaulting party.
+On Sunday, July 1st, the regiment was cannonaded by some floating
+batteries, losing four killed and eight wounded. On the 9th, before
+daylight, the Highlanders struck tents at Point Levi, and marched out of
+sight of the town. On the 11th three men were wounded by the fire of the
+great guns from the city. On the 21st, it was reported that fourteen
+privates of Fraser's Highlanders were wounded by the Royal Americans,
+having, in the dark, mistaken them for the enemy. On the night of July
+24th, Colonel Fraser, with a detachment of about three hundred and fifty
+men of his regiment, marched down the river, in order to take up such
+prisoners and cattle as might be found. Lieutenant Alexander Fraser,
+Jr., returned to the camp with the information that Colonel Fraser had
+been wounded by a shot from some Canadians in ambush; and the same shot
+wounded Captain MacPherson; both of whom returned that day to camp. On
+the 27th the detachment returned bringing three women and one man
+prisoners, and almost two hundred cattle. July 31st Fraser's and
+Amherst's regiments embarked in boats at Point Levi and landed on the
+Montmorenci, where, on that day, General Wolfe fought the battle of
+Beauport Flats, in which he lost seven hundred killed and wounded. His
+retreat was covered by the Highlanders, without receiving any hurt,
+although exposed to a battery of two cannons which kept a very brisk
+fire upon them. The regiment went to the island of Orleans, and on
+August 1st to Point Levi. On Wednesday, August 15th, Captain John
+MacDonell, seven subalterns, eight sergeants, eight corporals and one
+hundred and forty-four men of Fraser's regiment, crossed from Point
+Levi to the Island of Orleans and lodged in the church of St. Peter's,
+and the next day marched to the east end of the island, and on the 17th
+crossed to St. Joachim, where they met with slight resistance. They
+fortified the Priest's house, and were not reinforced until the 23rd,
+and then all marched to attack the village, which was captured, with "a
+few prisoners taken, all of whom the barbarous Captain Montgomery, who
+commanded us, ordered to be butchered in a most inhuman and cruel
+manner.... After this skirmish we set about burning the houses with
+great success, setting all in flames till we came to the church of St.
+Anne's, where we put up for this night, and were joined by Captain Ross,
+with about one hundred and twenty men of his company." The work of
+devastation continued the following day, until the forces reached Ange
+Gardien. August 28, Captain MacDonell with Captain Ross took post at
+Chateau Richer. September 1st, Chateau Richer was burned, and the force
+marched to Montmorenci, burning all the houses on the way. On the 2nd
+the Highlanders returned to their camp at Point Levi. Captain Alexander
+Cameron of Dungallon died on the 3rd. On the 4th Captain Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthell arrived with a fourteenth company to the regiment.
+On the 6th a detachment of six hundred Highlanders with the 15th and
+43rd regiments, marched five miles above Point Levi and then crossed the
+river in crowded vessels, but for several days remained mostly on board
+the ships. On September 17th, the Highlanders landed at Wolfe's Cove,
+with the rest of the army, and were soon on the plains of Abraham. When
+the main body of the French commenced to retreat "our regiment were then
+ordered by Brigadier General Murray to draw their swords and pursue
+them; which I dare say increased their panic but saved many of their
+lives. * * * In advancing we passed over a great many dead and wounded
+(French regulars mostly) lying in the front of our regiment, who,&mdash;I
+mean the Highlanders&mdash;to do them justice behaved extremely well all day,
+as did the whole of the army. After pursuing the French to the very
+gates of the town, our regiment was ordered to form fronting the town,
+on the ground whereon the French formed first. At this time the rest of
+the army came up in good order. General Murray having then put himself
+at the head of our regiment ordered them to face to the left and march
+thro' the bush of wood, towards the General Hospital, when they got a
+great gun or two to play upon us from the town, which however did no
+damage, but we had a few men killed and officers wounded by some
+skulking fellows, with small arms, from the bushes and behind the houses
+in the suburbs of St. Louis and St. John's. After marching a short way
+through the bush, Brigadier Murray thought proper to order us to return
+again to the high road leading from Porte St. Louis, to the heights of
+Abraham, where the battle was fought, and after marching till we got
+clear of the bushes, we were ordered to turn to the right, and go along
+the edge of them towards the bank at the descent between us and the
+General Hospital, under which we understood there was a body of the
+enemy who, no sooner saw us, than they began firing on us from the
+bushes and from the bank; we soon dispossessed them from the bushes, and
+from thence kept firing for about a quarter of an hour on those under
+cover of the bank; but, as they exceeded us greatly in numbers, they
+killed and wounded a great many of our men, and killed two officers,
+which obliged us to retire a little, and form again, when the 58th
+Regiment with the 2nd Battalion of Royal Americans having come up to our
+assistance, all three making about five hundred men, advanced against
+the enemy and drove them first down to the great meadow between the
+hospital and town and afterwards over the river St. Charles. It was at
+this time and while in the bushes that our regiment suffered most;
+Lieutenant Roderick, McNeill of Barra, and Alexander McDonell, and John
+McDonell, and John McPherson, volunteer, with many of our men, were
+killed before we were reinforced; and Captain Thomas Ross having gone
+down with about one hundred men of the 3rd Regiment to the meadow, after
+the enemy, when they were out of reach, ordered me up to desire those on
+the height would wait till he would come up and join them, which I did,
+but before Mr. Ross could get up, he unfortunately was mortally wounded.
+* * * We had of our regiment three officers killed and ten wounded, one
+of whom Captain Simon Fraser, afterwards died. Lieutenant Archibald
+Campbell was thought to have been mortally wounded, but to the surprise
+of most people recovered, Captain John McDonell thro' both thighs;
+Lieut. Ronald McDonell thro' the knee; Lieutenant Alexander Campbell
+thro' the leg; Lieutenant Douglas thro' the arm, who died of this wound
+soon afterwards; Ensign Gregorson, Ensign McKenzie and Lieutenant
+Alexander Fraser, all slightly, I received a contusion in the right
+shoulder or rather breast, before the action become general, which
+pained me a good deal, but it did not disable me from my duty then, or
+afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The detachment of our regiment consisted, at our marching from Point
+Levi, of six hundred men, besides commissioned and non commissioned
+officers; but of these, two officers and about sixty men were left on
+board for want of boats, and an officer and about thirty men left at the
+landing place; besides a few left sick on board, so that we had about
+five hundred men in the action. We suffered in men and officers more
+than any three regiments in the field. We were commanded by Captain John
+Campbell; the Colonel and Captain McPherson having been unfortunately
+wounded on the 25th July, of which they were not yet fully recovered. We
+lay on our arms all the night of the 13th September."</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th the Highlanders pitched their tents on the battlefield,
+within reach of the guns of the town. On the following; day they were
+ordered to camp near the wood, at a greater distance from the town.
+Here, within five hundred yards of the town, they commenced to make
+redoubts. After the surrender of Quebec the Highlanders marched into the
+city and there took up their quarters. On February 13, 1760, in an
+engagement with the French at Point Levi, Lieutenant McNeil was killed,
+and some of the soldiers wounded. March 18th Captain Donald McDonald,
+with some detachments, in all five hundred men, attacked the French
+posts at St. Augustin, and without loss took eighty prisoners, and that
+night returned to Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>Scurvy, occasioned by salt provisions and cold, made fierce work in the
+garrison, and in the army scarce a man was free from it. On April 30th a
+return of Fraser's Highlanders, in the garrison at Quebec, showed three
+hundred and fourteen fit for duty, five hundred and eighty sick, and one
+hundred and six dead since September 18, 1759.</p>
+
+<p>April 27th, the French under De Levi, in strong force advanced against
+the English, the latter being forced to withdraw within the walls of
+Quebec. Fraser's Highlanders was one of the detachments sent to cover
+the retreat of the army, which was effected without loss. At half-past
+six, the next morning General Murray marched out and formed his army on
+the heights of Abraham. The left wing was under Colonel Simon Fraser
+composed of the Highlanders, the 43rd, and the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers. The
+Highlanders were exposed to a galling fire from the bushes in front and
+flank and were forced to fall back; and every regiment made the best of
+its way into the city. The British loss was two hundred and fifty-seven
+killed and seven hundred and sixty-one wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The Highlanders had about four hundred men in the field, nearly one-half
+of whom had that day, of their own accord, come out of the hospital.
+Among the killed were Captain Donald Macdonald, Lieutenant Cosmo Gordon
+and fifty-five non-commissioned officers, pipers and privates; their
+wounded were Colonel Fraser, Captains John Campbell of Dunoon, Alexander
+Fraser, Alexander MacLeod, Charles Macdonell; Lieutenants Archibald
+Campbell, son of Glenlyon, Charles Stewart, Hector Macdonald, John
+Macbean, Alexander Fraser, senior, Alexander Campbell, John Nairn,
+Arthur Rose, Alexander Fraser, junior, Simon Fraser, senior, Archibald
+McAlister, Alexander Fraser, John Chisholm, Simon Fraser, junior,
+Malcolm Fraser, and Donald McNeil; Ensigns Henry Munro, Robert Menzies,
+Duncan Cameron, of Fassifern, William Robertson, Alexander Gregorson and
+Malcolm Fraser, and one hundred and twenty-nine non-commissioned
+officers and privates.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Charles Stewart, engaged in the Rising of the Forty-Five, in
+Stewart of Appin's regiment, was severely wounded at Culloden. As he lay
+in his quarters after the battle on the heights of Abraham, speaking to
+some brother officers on the recent actions, he exclaimed, "From April
+battles, and Murray generals, good Lord deliver me!" alluding to his
+wound at Culloden, where the vanquished blamed lord George Murray for
+fighting on the best field in the country for regular troops, cavalry
+and artillery; and likewise alluding to his present wound, and to
+General Murray's conduct in marching out of a garrison to attack an
+enemy, more than treble his numbers, in an open field, where their whole
+strength could be brought to act. No time was lost in repeating to the
+general what the wounded officer had said; but Murray, who was a man of
+humor and of a generous mind, on the following morning called on his
+subordinate, and heartily wished him better deliverance in the next
+battle, when he hoped to give him occasion to pray in a different
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the battle De Levi opened trenches within six hundred
+yards of the walls of the city, and proceeded to besiege the city, while
+General Murray made preparations for defence. On May 1st the largest of
+the English blockhouses accidentally blew up, injuring Captain Cameron.
+On the 17th the French suddenly abandoned their entrenchments. Lord
+Murray pursued but was unable to overtake them. He formed a junction, in
+September with General Amherst.</p>
+
+<p>General Amherst had been notified of the intended siege of Quebec by De
+Levi; but only persevered in the tardy plans which he had formed. Canada
+now presented no difficulties only such as General Amherst might create.
+The country was suffering from four years of scarcity, a disheartened,
+starving peasantry, and the feeble remains of five or six battalions
+wasted by incredible hardships. Colonel Haviland proceeded from Crown
+Point and took the deserted fort at Isle aux Noix. Colonel Haldimand,
+with the grenadiers, light infantry and a battalion of The Black Watch,
+took post at the bottom of the lake. General Amherst led the main body
+of ten thousand men by way of Oswego; why, no one can tell. The labor of
+going there was much greater than going direct to Montreal. After
+toiling to Oswego, he proceeded cautiously down the St. Lawrence,
+treating the people humanely, and without the loss of life, save while
+passing the rapids, he met, on September 7th, the army of lord Murray
+before Montreal, the latter on his way up from Quebec, intimidated the
+people and amused himself by burning villages and harrying Canadians. On
+the 8th Colonel Haviland joined the forces. Thus the three armies came
+together in overwhelming strength, to take an open town of a few hundred
+inhabitants who were ready to surrender on the first appearance of the
+English.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders remained in America until the
+close of the year 1761. The officers were Lieutenant Colonel Francis
+Grant; Majors, Gordon Graham and John Reid; Captains, John McNeil, Allan
+Campbell, Thomas Graeme, James Stewart, James Murray, Thomas Stirling,
+William Murray, John Stuart, Alexander Reid, William Grant, David
+Haldane, Archibald Campbell, John Campbell, Kenneth Tolmie, William
+Cockburne; Captain-Lieutenant, James Grant; Lieutenants, John Graham,
+Alexander Turnbull, Alexander McIntosh, James Gray, John Small,
+Archibald Campbell, James Campbell, Archibald Lamont, David Mills, Simon
+Blair, David Barclay, Alexander Mackay, Robert Menzies, Patrick
+Balneaves, John Campbell, senior, John Robertson, John Grant, George
+Leslie, Duncan Campbell, Adam Stuart, George Grant, James McIntosh, John
+Smith, Peter Grant, Simon Fraser, Alexander Farquharson, John Campbell,
+junior, William Brown, Thomas Fletcher, Elbert Herring, John Leith,
+Archibald Campbell, Alexander Donaldson, Archibald Campbell, Patrick
+Sinclair, John Gregor, Lewis Grant, Archibald Campbell, John Graham,
+Allan Grant, Archibald McNab; Ensigns, Charles Menzies, John Charles St.
+Clair, Neil McLean, Thomas Cunison, Alexander Gregor, William Grant,
+George Campbell, Nathaniel McCulloch, Daniel Robertson, John Sutherland,
+Charles Grant, Samuel Stull, James Douglass, Thomas Scott, Charles
+Graham, James Robertson, Patrick Murray, Lewis Grant; Chaplain, Lauchlan
+Johnston; Adjutants, Alexander Donaldson, John Gregor; Quarter-Masters,
+John Graham, Adam Stewart; Surgeons, David Hepburn, Robert Drummond.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the year 1761 The Black Watch, with ten other regiments,
+among which was Montgomery's Highlanders, embarked for Barbadoes, there
+to join an armament against Martinique and Havanna. After the surrender
+of Havanna, the first battalion of the 42nd, and Montgomery's
+Highlanders embarked for New York, which they reached in the end of
+October, 1762. Before leaving Cuba, all the men of the second battalion
+of the 42nd, fit for service were consolidated with the first, and the
+remainder shipped to Scotland, where they were reduced the following
+year.</p>
+
+<p>The 42nd, or The Black Watch was stationed at Albany till the summer of
+1763 when they, with a detachment of Montgomery's Highlanders and
+another of the 60th, under command of Colonel Henry Boquet, were sent to
+the relief of Fort Pitt, then besieged by the Indians. This expedition
+consisting of nine hundred and fifty-six men, with its convoy, reached
+Fort Bedford, July 25, 1763. The whole country in that region was
+aroused by the depredations of the Indians. On the 28th Boquet moved his
+army out of Fort Bedford and marched to Fort Ligonier, where he left his
+train, and proceeded with pack-horses. Before them lay a dangerous
+defile, several miles in length, commanded the whole distance by high
+and craggy hills. On August 5th, when within half a mile of Bushy-Run,
+about one o'clock in the afternoon, after a harrassing march of
+seventeen miles, they were suddenly attacked by the Indians; but two
+companies of the 42nd Highlanders drove them from their ambuscade. When
+the pursuit ceased, the savages returned. These savages fought like men
+contending for their homes, and their hunting grounds. To them it was a
+crisis which they were forced to meet. Again the Highlanders charged
+them with fixed bayonets; but as soon as they were driven from one post
+they appeared at another, and at last entirely surrounded the English,
+and would have entirely cut them off had it not been for the cool
+behavior of the troops and the good man&oelig;uvering of the commander.
+Night came on, and the English remained on a ridge of land, commodious
+for a camp, except for the total want of water. The next morning the
+army found itself still in a critical position. If they advanced to give
+battle, then their convoy and wounded would fall a prey to the enemy; if
+they remained quiet, they would be picked off one by one, and thus
+miserably perish. Boquet took advantage of the resolute intrepidity of
+the savages by feigning a retreat. The red men hurried to the charge,
+when two companies concealed for the purpose fell upon their flank;
+others turned and met them in front; and the Indians yielding to the
+irresistible shock, were utterly routed.</p>
+
+<p>The victory was dearly bought, for Colonel Boquet, in killed and
+wounded, in the two days action, lost about one-fourth of his men, and
+almost all his horses. He was obliged to destroy his stores, and was
+hardly able to carry his wounded. That night the English encamped at
+Bushy Run, and four days later were at Fort Pitt. In the skirmishing and
+fighting, during the march, the 42nd, or The Black Watch, lost
+Lieutenants John Graham and James Mackintosh, one sergeant and
+twenty-six rank and file killed; and Captain John Graham of Duchray,
+Lieutenant Duncan Campbell, two serjeants, two drummers, and thirty rank
+and file, wounded. Of Montgomery's Highlanders one drummer and five
+privates were killed; and Lieutenant Donald Campbell and volunteer John
+Peebles, three serjeants and seven privates wounded.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="blockhouse"  />
+<a id="illus10" name="illus10"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Old Block House, Fort Duquesne.</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The 42nd regiment passed the winter at Fort Pitt, and during the summer
+of 1764, eight companies were sent with the army of Boquet against the
+Ohio Indians. After a harrassing warfare the Indians sued for peace.
+Notwithstanding the labors of a march of many hundred miles among dense
+forests, during which they experienced the extremes of heat and cold,
+the Highlanders did not lose a single man from fatigue or exhaustion.
+The army returned to Fort Pitt in January, 1765, during very severe
+weather. Three men died of sickness, and on their arrival at Fort Pitt
+only nineteen men were under the surgeon's charge. The regiment was now
+in better quarters than it had been for years. It was greatly reduced
+in numbers, from its long service, the nature and variety of its
+hardships, amidst the torrid heat of the West Indies, the rigorous
+winters of New York and Ohio, and the fatalities on the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment remained in Pennsylvania until the month of July, 1767,
+when it embarked at Philadelphia for Ireland. Such of the men who
+preferred to remain in America were permitted to join other regiments.
+These volunteers were so numerous, that, along with those who had been
+previously sent home disabled, and others discharged and settled in
+America, the regiment that returned was very small in proportion of that
+which had left Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>The 42nd Royal Highlanders, or The Black Watch, made a very favorable
+impression in America. The <i>Virginia Gazette</i>, July 30, 1767, published
+an article from which the following extracts have been taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Last Sunday evening, the Royal Highland Regiment embarked for
+Ireland, which regiment, since its arrival in America, has been
+distinguished for having undergone most amazing fatigues, made long
+and frequent marches through an unhospitable country, bearing
+excessive heat and severe cold with alacrity and cheerfulness,
+frequently encamping in deep snow, such as those that inhabit the
+interior parts of this province do not see, and which only those who
+inhabit the most northern parts of Europe can have any idea of,
+continually exposed in camp and on their marches to the alarms of a
+savage enemy, who, in all their attempts, were forced to fly. * * *
+And, in a particular manner, the freemen of this and the neighboring
+provinces have most sincerely to thank them for that resolution and
+bravery with which they, under Colonel Boquet, and a small number of
+Royal Americans, defeated the enemy, and ensured to us peace and
+security from a savage foe; and, along with our blessings for these
+benefits, they have our thanks for that decorum in behavior which
+they maintained during their stay in this city, giving an example
+that the most amiable behavior in civil life is no way inconsistent
+with the character of the good soldier; and for their loyalty,
+fidelity, and orderly behavior, they have every wish of the people
+for health, honor, and a pleasant voyage."</p></div>
+
+<p>The loss sustained by the regiment during the seven years it was
+employed in America and the West Indies was as follows:</p>
+
+<table summary='casualties' border='1'>
+<tr >
+<td colspan='7' align='right'>KILLED</td>
+
+<td colspan='7' align='right'>WOUNDED</td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>Fed.<br />Officers
+</td>
+<td>Capts.
+</td>
+<td>Subal<br />terns
+</td>
+<td>Serj<br />eants
+</td>
+<td>Drum<br />mers
+</td>
+<td>Priv<br />ates
+</td>
+
+
+<td>Fed.<br />Officers
+</td>
+<td>Capts.
+</td>
+<td>Subal<br />terns
+</td>
+<td>Serj<br />eants
+</td>
+<td>Drum<br />mers
+</td>
+<td>Priv<br />ates
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ticonderoga, July 7, 1758
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>267
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>5
+</td>
+<td align='right'>12
+</td>
+<td align='right'>10
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>306
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Martinique, January, 1759
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>8
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>22
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Guadeloupe, February and March, 1759
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>25
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>57
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>General Amherst's Expedition to the Lakes, July and August, 1759
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Martinique, January and February, 1762
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>12
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>72
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Havanna, June and July, 1762, both battalions.
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Expedition under Colonel Boquet, August, 1763
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>26
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>30
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Second Expedition under Boquet, in 1764 and 1765
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total in the Seven Years War
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>12
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>351
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+<td align='right'>25
+</td>
+<td align='right'>22
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>504
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Comparing the loss sustained by the 42nd in the field with that of other
+corps, it has generally been less than theirs, except at the defeat at
+Ticonderoga. The officers who served in the corps attributed the
+comparative loss to the celerity of their attack and the use of the
+broadsword, which the enemy could never withstand.</p>
+
+<p>Of the officers who were in the regiment in 1759 seven rose to be
+general officers, viz., Francis Grant of Grant, John Reid of Strathloch,
+Allan Campbell of Glenure, James Murray, son of lord George Murray, John
+Campbell of Strachur, Thomas Stirling of Ardoch, and John Small. Those
+who became field officers were, Gordon Graham, Duncan Campbell of
+Inneraw, Thomas Graham of Duchray, John Graham his brother, William
+Murray of Lintrose, William Grant, James Abercromby of Glassa, James
+Abercromby junior, Robert Grant, James Grant, Alexander Turnbull of
+Strathcathro, Alexander Donaldson, Thomas Fletcher of Landertis, Donald
+Robertson, Duncan Campbell, Alexander Maclean and James Eddington. A
+corp of officers, respectable in their persons, character and rank in
+private society, was of itself sufficient to secure esteem and lead a
+regiment where every man was a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>It has already been noticed that in the spring of 1760, the thought of
+General Amherst was wholly engrossed on the conquest of Canada. He was
+appealed to for protection against the Cherokees who were committing
+cruelties, in their renewed warfare against the settlements. In April he
+detached, from the central army, that had conquered Ohio, Colonel
+Montgomery with six hundred Highlanders of his own regiment and six
+hundred Royal Americans to strike a blow at the Cherokees and then
+return. The force embarked at New York, and by the end of April was in
+Carolina. At Ninety-six, near the end of May, the army was joined by
+many gentlemen of distinction, as volunteers, besides seven hundred
+Carolina rangers, which constituted the principal strength of the
+country. On June 1st, the army crossed Twelve-mile River; and leaving
+their tents standing on advantageous ground, at eight in the evening
+moved onward through the woods to surprise Estatoe, about twenty miles
+from the camp. On the way Montgomery surprised Little Keowee and put
+every man to the sword, sparing only women and children. Early the next
+morning they reached Estatoe only to find it abandoned, except by a few
+who could not escape. The place was reduced to ashes, as was Sugar Town,
+and every other settlement in the lower nation destroyed. For years, the
+half-charred rafters of their houses might be seen on the desolate
+hill-sides. "I could not help pitying them a little," wrote Major Grant;
+"their villages were agreeably situated; their houses neatly built;
+there were everywhere astonishing magazines of corn, which were all
+consumed." The surprise in every town was almost equal, for the whole
+was the work of only a few hours; the Indians had no time to save what
+they valued most; but left for the pillagers money and watches, wampum
+and furs. About sixty Cherokees were killed; forty, chiefly women and
+children, were made prisoners; but the warriors had generally escaped to
+the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Fort Prince George had been closely invested, and Montgomery
+marched to its relief. From this place he dispatched two friendly chiefs
+to the middle settlements, to offer terms of peace, and orders were sent
+to Fort London to bring about accommodations for the upper towns. The
+Indians would not listen to any overtures, so Montgomery was constrained
+to march against them. The most difficult part of the service was now to
+be performed; for the country to be passed through was covered by dark
+thickets, numerous deep ravines, and high river banks; where a small
+number of men might distress and even wear out the best appointed army.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Montgomery began his march June 24, 1760, and at night encamped
+at the old town of Oconnee. The next evening he arrived at the
+War-Woman's Creek; and on the 20th, crossed the Blue Mountains, and made
+his encampment at the deserted town of Stecoe. The army trod the rugged
+defiles, which were as dangerous as men had ever penetrated, with
+fearless alacrity, and the Highlanders were refreshed by coming into the
+presence of the mountains. "What may be Montgomery's fate in the
+Cherokee country," wrote Washington, "I cannot so readily determine. It
+seems he has made a prosperous beginning, having penetrated into the
+heart of the country, and he is now advancing his troops in high health
+and spirits to the relief of Fort Loudon. But let him be wary. He has a
+crafty, subtle enemy to deal with, that may give him most trouble when
+he least expects it."<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
+
+<p>The morning of the 27th found the whole army early on the march to the
+town of Etchowee, the nearest of the Cherokee settlements, and eighteen
+miles distant. When within five miles of the town, the army was attacked
+in a most advantageous position for the Indians. It was a low valley, in
+which the bushes were so thick that the soldiers could see scarcely
+three yards before them; and through this valley flowed a muddy river,
+with steep clay banks. Captain Morrison, in command of a company of
+rangers, was in the advance. When he entered the ravine, the Indians
+emerged from their ambush, and, raising the war-whoop, darted from
+covert to covert, at the same time firing at the whites. Captain
+Morrison was immediately shot down, and his men closely engaged. The
+Highlanders and provincials drove the enemy from their lurking-places,
+and, returning to their yells three huzzas and three waves of their
+bonnets and hats, they chased them from height and hollow. The army
+passed the river at the ford; and, protected by it on their right, and
+by a flanking party on the left, treading a path, at times so narrow as
+to be obliged to march in Indian file, fired upon from both front and
+rear, they were not collected at Etchowee until midnight; after a loss
+of twenty killed and seventy-six wounded. Of these, the Highlanders had
+one Serjeant, and six privates killed, and Captain Sutherland,
+Lieutenants Macmaster and Mackinnon, and Assistant-Surgeon Munro, and
+one Serjeant, one piper, and twenty-four rank and file wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Several soldiers of this (Montgomery's) and other regiments fell
+into the hands of the Indians, being taken in an ambush. Allan
+Macpherson, one of these soldiers, witnessing the miserable fate of
+several of his fellow-prisoners, who had been tortured to death by
+the Indians, and seeing them preparing to commence the same
+operations upon himself, made signs that he had something to
+communicate. An interpreter was brought. Macpherson told them, that,
+provided his life was spared for a few minutes, he would communicate
+the secret of an extraordinary medicine, which, if applied to the
+skin, would cause it to resist the strongest blow of a tomahawk, or
+sword, and that, if they would allow him to go to the woods with a
+guard, to collect the plants proper for this medicine, he would
+prepare it, and allow the experiment to be tried on his own neck by
+the strongest and most expert warrior among them. This story easily
+gained upon the superstitious credulity of the Indians, and the
+request of the Highlander was instantly complied with. Being sent
+into the woods, he soon returned with such plants as he chose to pick
+up. Having boiled these herbs, he rubbed his neck with their juice,
+and laying his head upon a log of wood, desired the strongest man
+among them to strike at his neck with his tomahawk, when he would
+find he could not make the smallest impression. An Indian, levelling
+a blow with all his might, cut with such force, that the head flew
+off to a distance of several yards. The Indians were fixed in
+amazement at their own credulity, and the address with which the
+prisoner had escaped the lingering death prepared for him; but,
+instead of being enraged at this escape of their victim, they were
+so pleased with his ingenuity that they refrained from inflicting
+farther cruelties on the remaining prisoners."<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Only for one day did Colonel Montgomery rest in the heart of the
+Alleghanies. On the following night, deceiving the Indians by kindling
+lights at Etchowee, the army retreated, and, marching twenty-five miles,
+never halted, till it came to War-Woman's Creek. On the 30th, it crossed
+the Oconnee Mountain, and on July 1st reached Fort Prince George, and
+soon after returned to New York.</p>
+
+<p>The retreat of Colonel Montgomery was the knell of the famished Fort
+London, situated on the borders of the Cherokee country. The garrison
+was forced to capitulate to the Indians, who agreed to escort the men in
+safety to another fort. They were, however, made the victims of
+treachery; for the day after their departure a body of savages waylaid
+them, killed some, and captured others, whom they took back to Fort
+Loudon.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition of Montgomery but served to inflame the Indians. July
+11th the General Assembly represented their inability to prevent the
+ravages made by the savages on the back settlements, and by unanimous
+vote entreated the lieutenant governor "to use the most pressing
+instances with Colonel Montgomery not to depart with the king's troops,
+as it might be attended with the most pernicious consequences."
+Montgomery, warned that he was but giving the Cherokees room to boast
+among the other tribes, of their having obliged the English army to
+retreat, not only from the mountains, but also from the province,
+shunned the path of duty, and leaving four companies of the Royal Scots,
+sailed for Halifax by way of New York, coldly writing "I cannot help the
+people's fears." Afterwards, in the House of Commons, he acted as one
+who thought the Americans factious in peace and feeble in war.</p>
+
+<p>In 1761 the Montgomery Highlanders were in the expedition against
+Dominique, and the following year against Martinique and Havanna. At the
+end of October were again in New York. Before the return of the six
+companies to New York, the two companies that had been sent against the
+Indians in 1761, were sent, with a small force, to retake St. John's,
+New Foundland, which was occupied by a French force. The English army
+consisted of the flank companies of the Royals, a detachment of the
+45th, two companies of Fraser's Highlanders, a small party of
+provincials, besides Montgomery's. The army landed on September 12,
+1762, seven miles northward of St. John's. On the 17th the French
+surrendered. Of Montgomery's Highlanders, Captain Mackenzie and four
+privates were killed, and two privates wounded. After this service the
+two companies joined the regiment at New York and there passed the
+winter. As already noticed a detachment was with Colonel Boquet to the
+relief of Fort Pitt in 1763. After the termination of hostilities an
+offer was made to the officers and men either to settle in America, or
+return to their own country. Those who remained obtained a grant of land
+in accordance to their rank.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following table shows the number of killed and wounded of
+Montgomery's Highlanders during the war:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary='casualties' border='1' width='700'>
+<tr>
+<td colspan='5' align='right'>Killed
+</td>
+<td colspan='5' align='right'> Wounded</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td >Officers
+</td>
+<td>Serjeants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Pipers
+</td>
+<td>Rank and File
+</td>
+<td>Officers
+</td>
+<td>Serjeants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Pipers
+</td>
+
+<td>Rank and File
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fort du Quesne, Sept. 11, 1758
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>92
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>201
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Little Keowe, June 1, 1760
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Etchowee, June 27, 1760
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>24
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Martinique, 1761
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>26
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Havanna, 1762
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>St. John's, September, 1762
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>On Passage to West Indies
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td>Total during the war
+</td>
+<td align='right'>11
+</td>
+<td align='right'>5
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>110
+</td>
+<td align='right'>14
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>259
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p>After the surrender of Montreal, Fraser's Highlanders were not called
+into action, until the fall of 1762, when the two companies were with
+the expedition under Colonel William Amherst, against St. John's,
+Newfoundland. In this service Captain Macdonell was mortally wounded,
+three rank and file killed, and seven wounded. At the conclusion of the
+war, a number of the officers and men having expressed a desire to
+remain in America, had their wishes granted, and an allowance of land
+granted them. The rest returned to Scotland and were discharged.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a return of the killed and wounded of Fraser's
+Highlanders during the war from 1756 to 1763:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<table summary='casualties' border='1' width='700'>
+<tr >
+<td colspan='7' align='right'>Killed</td>
+
+<td colspan='7' align='right'>Wounded</td>
+
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>Fed.<br />Officers
+</td>
+<td>Capts.
+</td>
+<td>Subal<br />terns
+</td>
+<td>Serj<br />eants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Pipers
+</td>
+<td>Rank and File
+</td>
+
+
+<td>Fed.<br />Officers
+</td>
+<td>Capts.
+</td>
+<td>Subal<br />terns
+</td>
+<td>Serj<br />eants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Pipers
+</td>
+<td>Rank and File
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Louisburg, July 1758
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>17
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>41
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Montmorency, Sept. 2, 1759
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>18
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>85
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Heights of Abraham, Sept 13, 1769
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>14
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>8
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>131
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td>Quebec, April, 1760
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>51
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>22
+</td>
+<td align='right'>10
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>119
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td>St. John's, Sept. 1762
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>7
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td>Total during the war
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>10
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>103
+</td>
+
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>35
+</td>
+<td align='right'>17
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>383
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Whatever may be said of the 42nd, or The Black Watch, concerning its
+soldierly bearing may also be applied to both Montgomery's and Fraser's
+regiments. Both officers and men were from the same people, having the
+same manners, customs, language and aspirations. The officers were from
+among the best families, and the soldiers respected and loved those who
+commanded them.</p>
+
+<p>For three years after the fall of Montreal the war between France and
+England lingered on the ocean. The Treaty of Paris was signed February
+10, 1763, which gave to England all the French possessions in America
+eastward of the Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville, and
+thence through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico.
+Spain, with whom England had been at war, at the same time ceded East
+and West Florida to the English Crown. France was obliged to cede to
+Spain all that vast territory west of the Mississippi, known as the
+province of Louisiana. The Treaty deprived France of all her possessions
+in North America. To the genius of William Pitt must be ascribed the
+conquest of Canada and the deprivation of France of her possessions in
+the New World.</p>
+
+<p>The acquisition of Canada, by keen sighted observers, was regarded as a
+source of danger to England. As early as the year 1748, the Swedish
+traveller Kalm, having described in vivid language the commercial
+oppression under which the colonists were suffering, added these
+remarkable words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have been told, not only by native Americans, but by English
+emigrants publicly, that within thirty or fifty years the English
+colonies in North America may constitute a separate state entirely
+independent of England. But as this whole country towards the sea is
+unguarded, and on the frontier is kept uneasy by the French, these
+dangerous neighbors are the reason why the love of these colonies for
+their metropolis does not utterly decline. The English government
+has, therefore, reason to regard the French in North America as the
+chief power which urges their colonies to submission."<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the definite surrender of Canada, Choiseul said to those around him,
+"We have caught them at last"; his eager hopes anticipating an early
+struggle of America for independence. The French ministers consoled
+themselves for the Peace of Paris by the reflection that the loss of
+Canada was a sure prelude to the independence of the colonies.
+Vergennes, the sagacious and experienced ambassador, then at
+Constantinople, a grave, laborious man, remarkable for a calm temper and
+moderation of character, predicted to an English traveller, with
+striking accuracy, the events that would occur. "England," he said,
+"will soon repent of having removed the only check that could keep her
+colonies in awe. They stand no longer in need of her protection. She
+will call on them to contribute towards supporting the burdens they have
+helped to bring on her, and they will answer by striking off all
+dependence."</p>
+
+<p>It is not to be presumed that Englishmen were wholly blind to this
+danger. There were advocates who maintained that it would be wiser to
+restore Canada and retain Guadaloupe, with perhaps Martinico and St.
+Lucia. This view was supported with distinguished ability in an
+anonymous paper, said to have been written by William Burke, the friend
+and kinsman of the great orator. The views therein set forth were said
+to have been countenanced by lord Hardwicke. The tide of English opinion
+was, however, very strongly in the opposite direction.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. I, p. 289.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> The Olden Time, Vol. I, p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Spark's Writings of Washington, Vol. II, p. 332.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 61.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_L">Note L.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Pinkerton's Travels, Vol. XIII.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Scotch Hostility to America.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The causes which led to the American Revolution have been set forth in
+works pertaining to that event, and fully amplified by those desiring to
+give a special treatise on the subject. Briefly to rehearse them, the
+following may be pointed out: The general cause was the right of
+arbitrary government over the colonies claimed by the British
+parliament. So far as the claim was concerned as a theory, but little
+was said, but when it was put in force an opposition at once arose. The
+people had long been taught to act and think upon the principle of
+eternal right, which had a tendency to mould them in a channel that
+looked towards independence. The character of George III. was such as to
+irritate the people. He was stubborn and without the least conception of
+human rights; nor could he conceive of a magnanimous project, or
+appreciate the value of civil liberty. His notions of government were
+despotic, and around him, for advisers, he preferred those as
+incompetent and as illiberal as himself. Such a king could not deal with
+a people who had learned freedom, and had the highest conceptions of
+human rights. The British parliament, composed almost entirely of the
+ruling class, shared the views of their master, and servilely did his
+bidding, by passing a number of acts destructive of colonial liberty.
+The first of these was a strenuous attempt to enforce in 1761 THE
+IMPORTATION ACT, which gave to petty constables the authority to enter
+any and every place where they might suspect goods upon which a duty had
+not been levied. In 1763 and 1764 the English ministers attempted to
+enforce the law requiring the payment of duties on sugar and molasses.
+In vain did the people try to show that under the British constitution
+taxation and representation were inseparable. Nevertheless English
+vessels were sent to hover around American ports, and soon succeeded in
+paralyzing the trade with the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The close of the French and Indian war gave to England a renewed
+opportunity to tax America. The national debt had increased from
+&pound;52,092,238 in 1727 to &pound;138,865,430 in 1763. The ministers began to urge
+that the expenses of the war ought to be borne by the colonies. The
+Americans contended, that they had aided England as much as she had
+aided them; that the cession of Canada had amply remunerated England for
+all her losses; and, further, the colonies did not dread the payment of
+money, but feared that their liberties might be subverted. Early in
+March 1765, the English parliament, passed the celebrated STAMP ACT,
+which provided that every note, bond, deed, mortgage, lease, licence,
+all legal documents of every description, every colonial pamphlet,
+almanac, and newspaper, after the first day of the following November,
+should be on paper furnished by the British government, the stamp cost
+being from one cent to thirty dollars. When the news of the passage of
+this act was brought to America the excitement was intense, and action
+was resolved on by the colonies. The act was not formally repealed until
+March 18, 1766. On June 29, 1767, another act was passed to tax America.
+On October 1, 1768, seven hundred troops, sent from Halifax, marched
+with fixed bayonets into Boston, and quartered themselves in the State
+House. In February 1769 parliament declared the people of Massachusetts
+rebels, and the governor was directed to arrest those deemed guilty of
+treason, and send them to England for trial. In the city of New York, in
+1770, the soldiers wantonly cut down a liberty pole, which had for
+several years stood in the park. The most serious affray occurred on
+March 5th, in Boston between a party of citizens and some soldiers, in
+which three citizens were shot down and several wounded. This massacre
+inflamed the city with a blaze of excitement. On that day lord North
+succeeded in having all the duties repealed except that on tea; and that
+tax, in 1773, was attempted to be enforced by a stratagem. On the
+evening of December 16th, the tea, in the three tea-ships, then in
+Boston harbor, was thrown overboard, by fifty men disguised as Indians.
+Parliament, instead of using legal means, hastened to find revenge. On
+March 31, 1774, it was enacted that Boston port should be closed.</p>
+
+<p>The final act which brought on the Revolution was the firing upon the
+seventy minute men, who were standing still at Lexington, by the English
+soldiers under Major Pitcairn, on April 19, 1775, sixteen of the
+patriots fell dead or wounded. The first gun of the Revolution fired the
+entire country, and in a few days Boston was besieged by the militia
+twenty thousand strong. Events passed rapidly, wrongs upon wrongs were
+perpetrated, until, finally, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of
+Independence was published to the world. By this act all hope of
+reconciliation was at an end. Whatever concessions might be made by
+England, her own acts had caused an impassable gulf.</p>
+
+<p>America had done all within her power to avert the impending storm. Her
+petitions had been spurned from the foot of the English throne. Even the
+illustrious Dr. Franklin, venerable in years, was forced to listen to a
+vile diatribe against him delivered by the coarse and brutal Wedderburn,
+while members of the Privy Council who were present, with the single
+exception of lord North, "lost all dignity and all self-respect. They
+laughed aloud at each sarcastic sally of Wedderburn. 'The indecency of
+their behaviour,' in the words of Shelburne, 'exceeded, as is agreed on
+all hands, that of any committee of elections;' and Fox, in a speech
+which he made as late as 1803, reminded the House how on that memorable
+occasion 'all men tossed up their hats and clapped their hands in
+boundless delight at Mr. Wedderburn's speech.'"<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p>
+
+<p>George III., his ministers and his parliament hurled the country
+headlong into war, and that against the judgment of her wisest men, and
+her best interests. To say the least the war was not popular in England.
+The wisest statesmen in both Houses of Parliament plead for
+reconciliation, but their efforts fell on callous ears. The ruling class
+was seized with the one idea of humbling America. They preferred to
+listen to such men as Major James Grant,&mdash;the same who allowed his men,
+(as has been already narrated) to be scandalously slaughtered before
+Fort du Quesne, and had made himself offensive in South Carolina under
+Colonel Montgomery. This braggart asserted, in the House of Commons,
+"amidst the loudest cheering, that he knew the Americans very well, and
+was certain they would not fight; 'that they were not soldiers and
+never could be made so, being naturally pusillanimous and incapable of
+discipline; that a very slight force would be more than sufficient for
+their complete reduction'; and he fortified his statement by repeating
+their peculiar expressions, and ridiculing their religious enthusiasm,
+manners and ways of living, greatly to the entertainment of the
+house."<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p>
+
+<p>The great Pitt, then earl of Chatham, in his famous speech in January
+1775, declared:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The spirit which resists your taxation in America is the same that
+formerly opposed loans, benevolences, and ship-money in England. * *
+* This glorious spirit of Whiggism animates three millions in America
+who prefer poverty with liberty to gilded chains and sordid
+affluence, and who will die in defence of their rights as freemen. *
+* * For myself, I must declare that in all my reading and
+observation&mdash;and history has been my favorite study; I have read
+Thucydides, and have studied and admired the master states of the
+world&mdash;that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom
+of conclusion under such a complication of difficult circumstances,
+no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the General
+Congress at Philadelphia. * * * All attempts to impose servitude upon
+such men, to establish despotism over such a mighty continental
+nation, must be vain, must be fatal. We shall be forced ultimately to
+retreat. Let us retreat while we can, not when we must."</p></div>
+
+<p>In accordance with these sentiments Chatham withdrew his eldest son from
+the army rather than suffer him to be engaged in the war. Lord
+Effingham, finding his regiment was to serve against the Americans,
+threw up his commission and renounced the profession for which he had
+been trained and loved, as the only means of escaping the obligation of
+fighting against the cause of freedom. Admiral Keppel, one of the most
+gallant officers in the British navy, expressed his readiness to serve
+against the ancient enemies of England, but asked to be released from
+employment against the Americans. It is said that Amherst refused to
+command the army against the Americans. In 1776 it was openly debated in
+parliament whether British officers ought to serve their sovereign
+against the Americans, and no less a person then General Conway leaned
+decidedly to the negative, and compared the case to that of French
+officers who were employed in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Just
+after the battle of Bunker Hill, the duke of Richmond declared in
+parliament that he "did not think that the Americans were in rebellion,
+but that they were resisting acts of the most unexampled cruelty and
+oppression." The Corporation of London, in 1775, drew up an address
+strongly approving of the resistance of the Americans, and similar
+addresses were expressed by other towns. A great meeting in London, and
+also the guild of merchants in Dublin, returned thanks to lord Effingham
+for his recent conduct. When Montgomery fell at the head of the American
+troops before Quebec, he was eulogized in the British parliament.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants of Bristol, September 27, 1775, held a meeting and passed
+resolutions deprecating the war, and calling upon the king to put a stop
+to it. The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Livery of London, September 29th,
+issued an address to the Electors of Great Britain, against carrying on
+the war. A meeting of the merchants and traders of London was held
+October 5th, and moved an address to the king "relative to the unhappy
+dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies," and that he
+should "cause hostilities to cease." The principal citizens,
+manufacturers and traders of the city of Coventry, October 10th,
+addressed the sovereign beseeching him "to stop the effusion of blood,
+to recommend to your Parliament to consider, with all due attention, the
+petition from America lately offered to be presented to the throne." The
+mayor and burgesses of Nottingham, October 20th, petitioned the king in
+which they declared that "the first object of our desires and wishes is
+the return of peace and cordial union with our American
+fellow-subjects," and humbly requested him to "suspend those
+hostilities, which, we fear, can have no other than a fatal issue." This
+was followed by an address of the inhabitants of the same city, in which
+the king was asked to "stay the hand of war, and recall into the bosom
+of peace and grateful subjection your American subjects, by a
+restoration of those measures which long experience has shown to be
+productive of the greatest advantages to this late united and
+flourishing Empire." The petition of the free burgesses, traders and
+inhabitants of Newcastle-upon-Tyne declared that "in the present
+unnatural war with our American brethren, we have seen neither
+provocation nor object; nor is it, in our humble apprehension, consonant
+with the rights of humanity, sound policy, or the Constitution of our
+Country." A very great majority of the gentlemen, clergy and freeholders
+of the county of Berks signed an address, November 7th, to the king in
+which it was declared that "the disorders have arisen from a complaint
+(plausible at least) of one right violated; and we can never be brought
+to imagine that the true remedy for such disorders consists in an attack
+on all other rights, and an attempt to drive the people either to
+unconstitutional submission or absolute despair." The gentlemen,
+merchants, freemen and inhabitants of the city of Worcester also
+addressed the king and besought him to adopt such measures as shall
+"seem most expedient for putting a stop to the further effusion of
+blood, for reconciling Great Britain and her Colonies, for reuniting the
+affections of your now divided people, and for establishing, on a
+permanent foundation, the peace, commerce, and prosperity of all your
+Majesty's Dominions."</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact, worthy of special notice, that in both England and Ireland
+there was a complete absence of alacrity and enthusiasm in enlisting for
+the army and navy. This was the chief reason why George III. turned to
+the petty German princes who trafficked in human chattels. There people
+were seized in their homes, or while working the field, and sold to
+England at so much per head. On account of the great difficulty in
+England in obtaining voluntary recruits for the American war, the
+press-gang was resorted to, and in 1776, was especially fierce. In less
+than a month eight hundred men were seized in London alone, and several
+lives were lost in the scuffles that took place. The press-gang would
+hang about the prison-gates, and seize criminals whose sentences had
+expired and force them into the army.</p>
+
+<p>"It soon occurred to the government that able-bodied criminals might be
+more usefully employed in the coercion of the revolted colonists, and
+there is reason to believe that large numbers of criminals of all but
+the worst category, passed at this time into the English army and navy.
+In estimating the light in which British soldiers were regarded in
+America, and in estimating the violence and misconduct of which British
+soldiers were sometimes guilty, this fact must not be forgotten." In
+Ireland criminals were released from their prisons on condition of
+enlisting in the army or navy.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p>
+
+<p>The regular press-gang was not confined to England, and it formed one of
+the grievances of the American colonists. One of the most terrible riots
+ever known in New England, was caused, in 1747, by this nefarious
+practice, under the sanction of Admiral Knowles. An English vessel was
+burnt, and English officers were seized and imprisoned by the crowd; the
+governor was obliged to flee to the castle; the sub-sheriffs were
+impounded in the stocks; the militia refused to act against the people;
+and the admiral was compelled to release his captives. Resistance, in
+America, was shown in many subsequent attempts to impress the people.</p>
+
+<p>The king and his ministers felt it was necessary to sustain the acts of
+parliament in the American war by having addresses sent to the king
+upholding him in the course he was pursuing. Hence emissaries were sent
+throughout the kingdom who cajoled the ignorant into signing such
+papers. The general sentiment of the people cannot be estimated by the
+number of addresses for they were obtained by the influence of the
+ministers of state. Every magistrate depending upon the favor of the
+crown could and would exert his influence as directed. Hence there were
+numerous addresses sent to the king approving the course he was bent
+upon. When it is considered that the government had the advantage of
+more than fifty thousand places and pensions at its disposal, the
+immense lever for securing addresses is readily seen. From no section of
+the country, however, were these addresses so numerous as from Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>It is one of the most singular things in history that the people of
+Scotland should have been so hostile to the Americans, and so forward in
+expressing their approbation of the attitude of George III. and his
+ministers. The Americans had in no wise ever harmed them or crossed
+their path. The emigrants from Scotland had been received with open arms
+by the people. If any had been mistreated, it was by the appointees of
+the crown. With scarcely an exception the whole political
+representation in both Houses of Parliament supported lord North, and
+were bitterly opposed to the Americans. Lecky has tried to soften the
+matter by throwing the blame on the servile leaders who did not
+represent the real sentiment of the people:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Scotland, however, is one of the very few instances in history, of a
+nation whose political representation was so grossly defective as not
+merely to distort but absolutely to conceal its opinions. It was
+habitually looked upon as the most servile and corrupt portion of the
+British Empire; and the eminent liberalism and the very superior
+political qualities of its people seem to have been scarcely
+suspected to the very eve of the Reform Bill of 1832. That something
+of that liberalism existed at the outbreak of the American war, may,
+I think, be inferred from the very significant fact that the
+Government were unable to obtain addresses in their favor either from
+Edinburgh or Glasgow. The country, however, was judged mainly by its
+representatives, and it was regarded as far more hostile to the
+American cause than either England or Ireland."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A very able editor writing at the time has observed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It must however be acknowledge, that an unusual apathy with respect
+to public affairs, seemed to prevail with the people, in general, of
+this country; of which a stronger proof needs not to be given, that
+than which will probably recur to every body's memory, that the
+accounts of many of the late military actions, as well as of
+political procedings of no less importance, were received with as
+much indifference, and canvassed with as much coolness and unconcern,
+as if they had happened between two nations with whom they were
+scarcely connected. We must except from all these observations, the
+people of North Britain (Scotland), who, almost to a man, so far as
+they could be described or distinguished under any particular
+denomination, not only applauded, but proffered life and fortune in
+support of the present measures."<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The list of addresses sent from Scotland to the king against the
+Colonies is a long one,&mdash;unbroken by any remonstrance or correction. It
+embraces those sent by the provost, magistrates, and common (or town)
+council of Aberbrothock, Aberdeen, Annan, Ayr, Burnt-Island, Dundee,
+Edinburgh, Forfar, Forres, Inverness, Irvine, Kirkaldy, Linlithgow,
+Lochmaben, Montrose, Nairn, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and
+Stirling; by the magistrates and town council of Brechine, Inverary, St.
+Andrews, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Kirkcudbright, Kirkwall, and Paisley; by the
+magistrates, town council and all the principal inhabitants of Fortrose;
+by the provost, magistrates, council, burgesses and inhabitants of
+Elgin; by the chief magistrates of Dunfermline, Inverkeithing and
+Culross; by the magistrates, common council, burgesses, and inhabitants
+of Dumfries; by the lord provost, magistrates, town council and deacons
+of craft of Lanark; by the magistrates, incorporated societies, and
+principal inhabitants of the town and port of Leith; by the principal
+inhabitants of Perth; by the gentlemen, clergy, merchants,
+manufacturers, incorporated trades and principal inhabitants of Dundee;
+by the deacon convenier, deacons of fourteen incorporated trades and
+other members of trades houses of Glasgow; by the magistrates, council
+and incorporations of Cupar in Fife, and Dumbarton; by the freeholders
+of the county of Argyle and Berwick; by the noblemen, gentlemen and
+freeholders of the counties of Aberdeen and Fife; by the noblemen,
+gentlemen, freeholders and others of the county of Linlithgow; by the
+noblemen and gentlemen of the county of Roxburgh; by the noblemen,
+justices of the peace, freeholders, and commissioners of supply of the
+counties of Perth and Caithness; by the noblemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of the land-tax of the counties of Banff
+and Elgin; by the freeholders and justices of the peace of the county of
+Dumbarton; by the gentlemen, justices of the peace, clergy, freeholders
+and committee of supply of the county of Clackmanan; by the gentlemen,
+justices of the peace and commissioners of land tax of the counties of
+Kincardine, Lanark and Renfrew; by the freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the counties of Kinross and Orkney;
+by the justices of the peace, freeholders and commissioners of land tax
+of the county of Peebles; by the gentlemen, freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn; by the
+gentlemen, heretors, freeholders and clergy of the counties of Ross and
+Cromarty; by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; by the
+ministers and elders of the provincial synod of Angus and Mearns; also
+of the synod of Glasgow and Ayr; by the provincial synod of Dumfries,
+and by the ministers of the presbytery of Irvine.</p>
+
+<p>The list ascribes but eight of the addresses to the Highlands. This does
+not signify that they were any the less loyal to the pretensions of
+George III. The probability is that the people generally stood ready to
+follow their leaders, and these latter exerted themselves against the
+colonists. The addresses that were proffered, emanating from the
+Highlands, in chronological order, may be thus summarized: The
+freeholders of Argyleshire, on October 17, 1775, met at Inverary with
+Robert Campbell presiding, and through their representative in
+Parliament, Colonel Livingston, presented their "humble Address" to the
+king, in which they refer to their predecessors who had "suffered early
+and greatly in the cause of liberty" and now judge it incumbent upon
+themselves "to express our sense of the blessings we enjoy under your
+Majesty's mild and constitutional Government; and, at the same time, to
+declare our abhorrence of the unnatural rebellion of our deluded
+fellow-subjects in America, which, we apprehend, is encouraged and
+fomented by several discontented and turbulent persons at home." They
+earnestly desire that the measures adopted by parliament may be
+"vigorously prosecuted;" "and we beg leave to assure your Majesty, that,
+in support of such measures, we are ready to risk our lives and
+fortunes."</p>
+
+<p>The address of the magistrates, town council, and all the principal
+inhabitants of Fortrose, is without date, but probably during the month
+of October of the same year. They met with Colonel Hector Munro, their
+representative in parliament, presiding, and addressing the king
+declared their "loyal affection" to his person; are "filled with a just
+sense of the many blessings" they enjoy, and "beg leave to approach the
+throne, and express our indignation at, and abhorrence of, the measures
+adopted by our unhappy and deluded fellow-subjects in America, in direct
+opposition to law and justice, and to every rational idea of
+civilization;" "with still greater indignation, if possible, we behold
+this rebellious disposition, which so fatally obtains on the other side
+of the Atlantic, fomented and cherished by a set of men in Great
+Britain;" that the "deluded children may quickly return to their duty,"
+and if not, "we hope your Majesty will direct such vigorous, speedy, and
+effectual measures to be pursued, as may bring them to a due sense of
+their error."</p>
+
+<p>The provost, magistrates and town council of Nairn met November 6, 1775,
+and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as his "most faithful
+subjects" and it was their "indispensable duty" to testify their
+"loyalty and attachment;" they were "deeply sensible of the many
+blessings" they enjoyed; they viewed with "horror and detestation" the
+"audacious attempts that have been made to alienate the affections of
+your subjects." "Weak as our utmost efforts may be deemed, and limited
+our powers, each heart and hand devoted to your service will, with the
+most ardent zeal, contribute in promoting such measures as may be now
+thought necessary for re-establishing the violated rights of the British
+Legislature, and bringing back to order and allegiance your Majesty's
+deluded and unhappy subjects in America."</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, the same class of men at Inverness made their address
+as "dutiful and loyal subjects," and declared "the many blessings" they
+enjoyed; and expressed their "utmost detestation and abhorrence of that
+spirit of rebellion which has unhappily broke forth among your Majesty's
+subjects in America," and "the greatest sorrow we behold the seditious
+designs of discontented and factious men so far attended with success as
+to seduce your infatuated and deluded subjects in the colonies from
+their allegiance and duty," and they declared their "determined
+resolution of supporting your Majesty's Government, to the utmost of our
+power, against all attempts that may be made to disturb it, either at
+home or abroad."</p>
+
+<p>The following day, or November 7th, the gentlemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn, met in
+the city of Nairn, and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign,"
+declaring themselves the "most dutiful and loyal subjects," and it was
+their "indispensable duty" "to declare our abhorrence of the present
+unnatural rebellion carried on by many of your infatuated subjects in
+America." "With profound humility we profess our unalterable attachment
+to your Majesty's person and family, and our most cordial approbation
+of the early measures adopted for giving a check to the first dawnings
+of disobedience. This county, in the late war, sent out many of its sons
+to defend your Majesty's ungrateful colonies against the invasion of
+foreign enemies, and they will now, when called upon, be equally ready
+to repel all the attempts of the traitorous and disaffected, against the
+dignity of your crown, and the just rights of the supreme Legislature of
+Great Britain."</p>
+
+<p>The gentlemen, heretors, freeholders, and clergy of the Counties of Ross
+and Cromarty assembled at Dingwall, November 23, 1775, and also
+addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as the "most faithful and
+loyal subjects," acknowledging "the protection we are blessed with in
+the enjoyment of our liberties," it is "with an inexpressible concern we
+behold many of our fellow-subjects in America, incited and supported by
+factions and designing men at home," and that "we shall have no
+hesitation in convincing your rebellious and deluded subjects in
+America, that with the same cheerfulness we so profusely spilled our
+blood in the last war, in defending them against their and our natural
+enemies, we are now ready to shed it, if necessary, in bringing them
+back to a just sense of their duty and allegiance to your Majesty, and
+their subordination to the Mother Country."</p>
+
+<p>The magistrates and town council of Inverary met on November 28, 1775,
+and to their "Most Gracious Sovereign" they were also the "most dutiful
+and loyal subjects," and further "enjoyed all the blessings of the best
+Government the wisdom of man ever devised, we have seen with
+indignation, the malignant breath of disappointed faction, by
+prostituting the sacred sounds of liberty, too successful in blowing the
+sparks of a temporary discontent into the flames of a rebellion in your
+Majesty's Colonies, that we from our souls abhor;" and they desired to
+be applied "such forcive remedies to the affected parts, as shall be
+necessary to restore that union and dependency of the whole on the
+legislative power."</p>
+
+<p>At Thurso, December 6, 1775, there met the noblemen, gentlemen,
+freeholders, justices of the peace and commissioners of supply of the
+county of Caithness, and in an address to their</p>
+
+<p>"Most Gracious Sovereign" declared themselves also to be the "most
+dutiful and loyal subjects;" they approved the "lenient measures" which
+had hitherto been taken in America by parliament, "and that they will
+support with their lives and fortunes, the vigorous exertions which they
+forsee may soon be necessary to subdue a rebellion premeditated,
+unprovoked, and that is every day becoming more general, untainted by
+the vices that too often accompany affluence, our people have been
+inured to industry, sobriety, and, when engaged in your Majesty's
+service, have been distinguished for an exact obedience to discipline,
+and a faithful discharge of duty; and we hope, if called forth to action
+in one combined corps, it will be their highest ambition to merit a
+favorable report to your Majesty from their superior officers. At the
+same time, it is our most ardent prayer to Almighty God, that the eyes
+of our deluded fellow-subjects in America may soon be opened, to see
+whether it is safe to trust in a Congress unconstitutionally assembled,
+in a band of officers unconstitutionally appointed, or in a British King
+and Parliament whose combined powers have indeed often restrained the
+licentiousness, but never invaded the rational liberties of mankind."</p>
+
+<p>A survey of the addresses indicates that they were composed by one
+person, or else modelled from the same formula. All had the same source
+of inspiration. This, however, does not militate against the moral
+effect of those uttering them. So far as Scotland is concerned, it must
+be regarded as a fair representation of the sentiment of the people.
+While only an insignificant part of the Highlands gave their humble
+petitions, yet the subsequent acts must be the criterion from which a
+judgment must be formed.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that some of the loyal addresses were accelerated by the
+prohibition placed on Scotch emigration to America. Early in September,
+1775, Henry Dundas, lord-advocate for Scotland, urged the board of
+customs to issue orders to all inferior custom houses enjoining them to
+grant no clearances for America of any ship which had more than the
+common complement of hands on board. On September 23, 1775, Archibald
+Cockburn, sheriff deputy of Edinburgh, issued the following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Whereas a letter<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> was received by me some time ago, from His
+Majesty's Advocate for Scotland, intimating that, on account of the
+present rebellion in America, it was proper a stop should be put for
+the present to emigrations to that Country, and that the necessary
+directions were left at the different sea-ports in Scotland to that
+purpose; I think it my duty, in obedience to his Lordship's
+requisition contained in that letter, to take this publick method of
+notifying to such of the inhabitants within my jurisdiction, if any
+such there be, who have formed resolutions to themselves of leaving
+this Country, and going in quest of settlements in America, that they
+aught not to put themselves to the unnecessary trouble and expense of
+preparing for a removal of their habitations, which they will not, so
+far as it lies in my power to prevent, be permitted to effectuate."</p></div>
+
+<p>The British government had every assurance of the undivided support of
+all Scotland in its attempt to subjugate America. It also put a strong
+dependence in enlisting in the army such Highlanders as had emigrated,
+and especially those who had belonged to the 42nd, Fraser's, and
+Montgomery's regiments, but remained in the country after the peace of
+1763. This alone would make a very unfavorable impression on the minds
+of Americans. But when to this is added the efforts of British officers
+to organize the emigrants from the Highlands into a special regiment, as
+early as November, 1775, the rising of the Highlanders both in North
+Carolina and on the Mohawk, the enlisting of emigrants on board vessels
+before landing and sailing by Boston to join their regiments at Halifax,
+and on the passage listening to the booming of the cannon at Bunker
+Hill; and the further fact that both the 42nd and Fraser's Highlanders
+were ordered to embark at Greenock for America, five days before the
+battle of Lexington, it is not a matter of surprise that a strong
+resentment should be aroused in the breasts of many of the most devoted
+to the cause of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The feeling engendered by the acts of Scotland towards those engaged in
+the struggle for human liberty crops out in the original draft of the
+Declaration of Independence as laid before Congress July 1, 1776. In the
+memorable paper appeared the following sentence: "At this very time,
+too, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over, not only
+soldiers of our common blood, but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to
+invade and destroy us." The word "Scotch" was struck out, on motion of
+Dr. John Witherspoon, himself a native of Scotland; and subsequently the
+whole sentence was deleted.</p>
+
+<p>The sentence was not strictly true, for there were thousands of
+Americans of Scotch ancestry, but principally Lowland. There were also
+thousands of Americans, true to the principles of the Revolution, of
+Highland extraction. If the sentence had been strictly true, it would
+have served no purpose, even if none were alienated thereby. But, the
+records show that in the American army there were men who rendered
+distinguished services who were born in the Highlands; and others, from
+the Lowlands, rendered services of the highest value in their civil
+capacities.</p>
+
+<p>The armies of the Colonies had no regiments or companies composed of
+Highland Scotch, or even of that extraction, although their names abound
+scattered through a very large percentage of the organized forces. The
+only effort<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> which appears to have been made in that direction rests
+on two petitions by Donald McLeod. The first was directed to the
+Committee for the City and County of New York, dated at New York, June
+7, 1775:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That your petitioner, from a deep sense of the favors conferred on
+himself, as well as those shown to many of his countrymen when in
+great distress after their arrival into this once happy city, is
+moved by a voluntary spirit of liberty to offer himself in the manner
+and form following, viz: That your said petitioner understands that a
+great many Companies are now on foot to be raised for the defence of
+our liberties in this once happy land, which he thinks to be a very
+proper maxim for the furtherance of our rights and liberty; that your
+said petitioner (although he has nothing to recommend himself but the
+variety of calling himself a Highlander, from North-Britain) flatters
+himself that if this honorable Committee were to grant him a
+commission, under their hand and seal, that he could, without
+difficulty, raise one hundred Scotch Highlanders in this City and the
+neighboring Provinces, provided they were to be put in the Highland
+dress, and under pay during their service in defence of our
+liberties. Therefore, may it please your Honors to take this petition
+under your serious consideration; and should your Honors think proper
+to confer the honor upon him as to have the command of a Highland
+Company, under the circumstances proposed, your petitioner assures
+you that no person shall or will be more willing to accept of the
+offer than your humble petitioner."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the following day Donald McLeod sent a petition, couched in the
+following language to the Congress for the Colony of New York:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That yesterday your said petitioner presented a petition before this
+honorable body, and as to the contents of which he begs leave to give
+reference. That since, a ship arrived from Scotland, with a number of
+Highlanders passengers. That your petitioner talked to them this
+morning, and after informing them of the present state of this as
+well as the neighboring Colonies, they all seemed to be very desirous
+to form themselves into companies, with the proviso of having liberty
+to wear their own country dress, commonly called the Highland habit,
+and moreover to be under pay for the time they are in the service for
+the protection of the liberties of this once happy country, but by
+all means to be under the command of Highland officers, as some of
+them cannot speak the English language. That the said Highlanders are
+already furnished with guns, swords, pistols, and Highland dirks,
+which, in case of occasion, is very necessary, as all the above
+articles are at this time very difficult to be had. Therefore may it
+please your Honors to take all and singular the premises under your
+serious and immediate consideration; and as your petitioner wants an
+answer as soon as possible, he further prays that as soon as they
+think it meet, he may be advised. And your petitioner, is in duty
+bound, shall ever pray."</p></div>
+
+<p>This petition was presented during the formative state of the army, and
+when the colonies were in a state of anarchy. Congress had not yet
+assumed control of the army, although on the very eve of it. With an
+empire to found and defend, the continental Congress had not at its
+disposal a single penny. When Washington was offered the command of the
+army there was little to bring out the unorganized resources of the
+country. At the very time of Donald McLeod's petition, the provincial
+congress of New York was engaged with the distracted state of its own
+commonwealth. Order was not brought out of chaos until the strong hand
+and great energy of Washington had been felt.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Lecky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Bancroft's History United States, Vol. VI, p. 136;
+American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. I, p. 1543.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Leeky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 346</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> History of England, Vol. IV, p. 338.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Annual Register, 1776, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_M">Note M.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#NOTE_N">Note N.</a></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Highland Regiments in the American Revolution</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The great Pitt, in his famous eulogy on the Highland regiments,
+delivered in 1766, in Parliament, said: "I sought for merit wherever it
+could be found. It is my boast that I was the first minister who looked
+for it, and found it, in the mountains of the north. I called it forth,
+and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men; men who,
+when left by your jealousy, became a prey to the artifices of your
+enemies, and had gone nigh to have overturned the State, in the war
+before the last. These men, in the last war, were brought to combat on
+your side; they served with fidelity, as they fought with valor, and
+conquered for you in every quarter of the world."</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANT REGIMENT.</p>
+
+<p>These same men were destined to be brought from their homes and help
+swell the ranks of the oppressors of America. The first attempt made was
+to organize the Highland regiments in America. The MacDonald fiasco in
+North Carolina and the Highlanders of Sir John Johnson have already been
+noticed. But there were other Highlanders throughout the inhabited
+districts of America, who had emigrated, or else had belonged to the
+42nd, Fraser's or Montgomery's Highlanders. It was desired to collect
+these, in so far as it was possible, and organize them into a distinct
+regiment. The supervision of this work was given to Colonel Allan
+MacLean of Torloisk, Mull, an experienced officer who had seen hard
+service in previous wars. The secret instructions given by George III.
+to William Tryon, governor of New York, is dated April 3, 1775:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Whereas an humble application hath been made to us by Allen McLean
+Eqre late Major to our 114th Regiment, and Lieut Col: in our Army
+setting forth, that a considerable number of our subjects, who have,
+at different times, emigrated from the North West parts of North
+Britain, and have transported themselves, with their families, to New
+York, have expressed a desire, to take up Lands within our said
+Province, to be held of us, our heirs and successors, in fee simple;
+and whereas it may be of public advantage to grant lands in manner
+aforesaid to such of the said Emigrants now residing within our said
+province as may be desirous of settling together upon some convenient
+spot within the same. It is therefore our Will and pleasure, that
+upon application to you by the said Allen McLean, and upon his
+producing to you an Association of the said Emigrants to the effect
+of the form hereunto annexed, subscribed by the heads of the several
+families of which such Emigrants shall consist, you do cause a proper
+spot to be located and surveyed in one contiguous Tract within our
+said Province of New York, sufficient in quantity for the
+accommodation of such Emigrants, allowing 100 acres to each head of a
+family, and 500 acres for every other person of which the said family
+shall consist; and it is our further will and pleasure that when the
+said Lands shall have been located as aforesaid, you do grant the
+same by letters patent under the seal of our said Province unto the
+said Allen Maclean, in trust, and upon the conditions, to make
+allotments thereof in Fee Simple to the heads of Families, whose
+names, together with the number of persons in each family, shall have
+been delivered in by him as aforesaid, accompanied with the said
+association, and it is Our further will and pleasure that it be
+expressed in the said letters patent, that the lands so to be granted
+shall be exempt from the payment of quit-rents for 20 years from the
+date thereof, with a proviso however that all such parts of the said
+Tracts as shall not be settled in manner aforesaid within two years
+from the date of the grant shall revert to us, and be disposed of in
+such manner as we shall think fit; and it is our further will and
+pleasure, that neither yourself, nor any other of our Officers,
+within our said Province, to whose duty it may appertain to carry
+these our orders into execution do take any Fee or reward for the
+same, and that the expense of surveying and locating any Tract of
+Land in the manner and for the purpose above mentioned be defrayed
+out of our Revenue of Quit rents and charged to the account thereof.
+And we do hereby, declare it to be our further will and pleasure,
+that in case the whole or any part of the said Colonists, fit to bear
+Arms, shall be hereafter embodied and employed in Our service in
+America, either as Commission or non Commissioned Officers or private
+Men, they shall respectively receive further grants of Land from us
+within our said province, free of all charges, and exempt from the
+payment of quit rents for 20 years, in the same proportion to their
+respective Ranks, as is directed and prescribed by our Royal
+Proclamation of the 7th of October 1763 in regard to such officers
+and soldiers as were employed in our service during the last War."</p></div>
+
+<p>This paltry scheme concocted to raise men for the royal cause could have
+but very little effect. The Highlanders, it proposed to reach, were
+scattered, and the work proposed must be done secretly and with
+expedition. To raise the Highlanders required address, a number of
+agents, and necessary hardships. Armed with the warrant Colonel Maclean
+and some followers preceded to New York and from there to Boston, where
+the object of the visit became known through a sergeant by name of
+McDonald who was trying to enlist "men to join the King's Troops; they
+seized him, and on his examination found that he had been employed by
+Major Small for this Purpose; they sent him a Prisoner into Connecticut.
+This has raised a violent suspicion against the Scots and Highlanders
+and will make the execution of Coll Maclean's Plan more difficult."<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p>
+
+<p>The principal agents engaged with Colonel Maclean in raising the new
+regiment were Major John Small and Captain Alexander McDonald. The
+latter met with much discouragement and several escapes. His
+"Letter-Book" is a mine of information pertaining to the regiment. As
+early as November 15, 1775, he draws a gloomy picture of the straits of
+the Macdonalds on whom so much was relied by the English government. "As
+for all the McDonalds in America they may Curse the day that was born as
+being the means of Leading them to ruin from my Zeal and attachment for
+government poor Glanaldall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of
+him since a small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his
+having Six &amp; thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost he is
+unavoidably ruined in his Means all those up the Mohawk river will be
+tore to pieces and those in North Carolina the same so that if
+Government will Not Consider them when Matters are Settled I think they
+are ill treated."<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p>
+
+<p>The commissions of Colonel Maclean, Major John Small and Captain
+William Dunbar bear date of June 13, 1775, and all the other captains
+one day later.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment raised was known as the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment
+and was composed of two battalions, the first of which was commanded by
+Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean, and was composed of Highland emigrants
+in Canada, and the discharged men of the 42nd, of Fraser's and
+Montgomery's Highlanders who had settled in North America after the
+peace of 1763. Great difficulty was experienced in conveying the troops
+who had been raised in the back settlements to their respective
+destinations. This battalion made the following return of its officers:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">Isle Aux Noix, 15th April, 1778.</p>
+
+
+<table summary='officers' border='1' width='600'>
+<tr>
+<td>Rank
+</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Names</span>
+</td>
+<td>Former Rank in the Army
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieut.-Col
+</td>
+<td>Allan McLean
+</td>
+<td>Lieutenant-Colonel
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Major
+</td>
+<td>Donald McDonald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>William Dunbar
+</td>
+<td>Capt. late 78th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>John Nairne
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Fraser
+</td>
+<td>Lieut. late 78th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>George McDougall
+</td>
+<td>Lieut. 60th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Malcolm Fraser
+</td>
+<td>Lieut. late 8th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>Daniel Robertson
+</td>
+<td>Lieut. 42nd Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Captain
+</td>
+<td>George Laws
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Neil McLean, (prisoner)
+</td>
+<td>Lieut. 7th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>John McLean
+</td>
+<td>Ensign late 114th Regt
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Firtelier
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Lachlan McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Fran. Damburgess, (prisoner)
+</td>
+<td>Ensign, 21 Nov. 1775
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>David Cairns
+</td>
+<td>Ensign, 1st June 1775
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Don. McKinnon
+</td>
+<td>Ensign, 20th Nov. 1775
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Ronald McDonald
+</td>
+<td>Ensign, 14th June 1775
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>John McDonell
+</td>
+<td>Ensign, 14th June 1775
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Alexander Stratton, (prisoner)
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lieutenant
+</td>
+<td>Hector McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Ronald McDonald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Archibald Grant
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>David Smith
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>George Darne
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Archibald McDonald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>William Wood
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>John Pringle
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ensign
+</td>
+<td>Hector McLean, (prisoner)
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chaplain
+</td>
+<td>John Bethune
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adjutant
+</td>
+<td>Ronald McDonald
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Qr. Master
+</td>
+<td>Lachlan McLean
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surgeon
+</td>
+<td>James Davidson
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surg's Mate
+</td>
+<td>James Walker
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p>The second battalion was commanded by Major John Small, formerly of the
+42nd, and then of the 21st regiment, which was raised from emigrants
+arriving in the colonies and discharged Highland soldiers who had
+settled in Nova Scotia. Each battalion was to consist of seven hundred
+and fifty men, with officers in proportion. In speaking of the raising
+of the men Captain Alexander McDonald, in a letter to General Sir
+William Howe, under date of Halifax, November 30, 1775, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Last October was a year when I found the people of America were
+determind on Rebellion, I wrote to Major Small desiring he would
+acquaint General Gage that I was ready to join the Army with a
+hundred as good men as any in America, the General was pleased to
+order the Major to write and return his Excellency's thanks to me for
+my Loyalty and spirited offers of Service, but that he had not power
+at that time to grant Commissions or raise any troops; however the
+hint was improved and A proposal was Sent home to Government to raise
+five Companies and I was in the meantime ordered to ingeage as many
+men as I possibly Could, Accordingly I Left my own house on Staten
+Island this same day year and travelled through frost snow &amp; Ice all
+the way to the Mohawk river, where there was two hundred Men of my
+own Name, who had fled from the Severity of their Landlords in the
+Highlands of Scotland, the Leading men of whom most Cheerfully agreed
+to be ready at a Call, but the affair was obliged to be kept a
+profound Secret till it was Known whether the government approved of
+the Scheme and otherwise I could have inlisted five hundred men in a
+months time, from thence I proceeded straight to Boston to know for
+Certain what was done in the affair when General Gage asur'd me that
+he had recommended it to the Ministry and did not doubt of its
+Meeting with approbation. I Left Boston and went home to my own
+house and was ingeaging as Many men as I Could of those that I
+thought I could intrust but it was not possible to keep the thing
+Long a Secret when we had to make proposals to five hundred men; in
+the Mean time Coll McLean arrived with full power from Government to
+Collect all the Highlanders who had Emigrated to America Into one
+place and to give Every man the hundred Acres of Land and if need
+required to give Arms to as many men as were Capable of bearing them
+for His Majesty's Service. Coll McLean and I Came from New York to
+Boston to know how Matters would be Settled by Genl Gage: it was then
+proposed and Agreed upon to raise twenty Companies or two Battalions
+Consisting of one Lt Colonl Commandant two Majors and Seventeen
+Captains, of which I was to be the first or oldest Captain and was
+confirmed by Coll McLean under his hand Writeing."<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>At the time of the beginning of hostilities a large number of
+Highlanders were on their way from Scotland to settle in the colonies.
+In some instances the vessels on which were the emigrants, were boarded
+from a man-of-war before their arrival. In some families there is a
+tradition that they were captured by a war vessel. Those who did arrive
+were induced partly by threats and partly by persuasion to enlist for
+the war, which they were assured would be of short duration. These
+people were not only in poverty, but many were in debt for their
+passage, and they were now promised that by enlisting their debts should
+be paid, they should have plenty of food as well as full pay for their
+services, besides receiving for each head of a family two hundred acres
+of land and fifty more for each child, while, in the event of refusal,
+there was presented the alternative of going to jail to pay their debts.
+The result of the artifices used can be no mystery. Under such
+conditions most of the able-bodied men enlisted, in some instances
+father and son serving together. Their wives and children were sent to
+Halifax, hearing the cannon of Bunker Hill on their passage.</p>
+
+<p>These enlistments formed a part of the Battalion under Major
+Small,&mdash;five companies of which remained in Nova Scotia during the war,
+and the remaining five joining Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis to
+the southward. That portion of which remained in Nova Scotia, was
+stationed at Halifax, Windsor, and Cumberland, and were distinguished by
+their uniform good behavior.</p>
+
+<p>The men belonging to the first battalion were assembled at Quebec. On
+the approach of the American army by Lake Champlain, Colonel Maclean was
+ordered to St. Johns with a party of militia, but got only as far as St.
+Denis, where he was deserted by his men. When Quebec was threatened by
+the American army under Colonel Arnold, Colonel Maclean with his
+regiment consisting of three hundred and fifty men, was at Sorel, and
+being forced to decamp from that place, by great celerity of movement,
+evaded the army of Colonel Arnold and passed into Quebec with one
+hundred of his regiment. He arrived just in time, for the citizens were
+about to surrender the city to the Americans. On Colonel Maclean's
+arrival, November 13, 1775, the garrison consisted only of fifty men of
+the Fusiliers and seven hundred militia and seamen. There had also just
+landed one hundred recruits of Colonel Maclean's corps from
+Newfoundland, which had been raised by Malcolm Fraser and Captain
+Campbell. Also, at the same time, there arrived the frigate Lizard, with
+&pound;20,000 cash, all of which put new spirits into the garrison. The
+arrival of the veteran Maclean greatly diminished the chances of Colonel
+Arnold. Colonel Maclean now bent his energies towards saving the town;
+strengthened every point; enthused the lukewarm, and by emulation kept
+up a good spirit among them all. When General Carleton, leaving his army
+behind him, arrived in Quebec he found that Colonel Maclean had not only
+withstood the assaults of the Americans but had brought order and system
+out of chaos. In the final assault on the last day of the year, when the
+brave General Montgomery fell, the Highlanders were in the midst of the
+fray.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Americans were captured at this storming of Quebec. One of
+them narrates that "January 4th, on the next day, we were visited by
+Colonel Maclean, an old man, attended by other officers, for a peculiar
+purpose, that is, to ascertain who among us were born in Europe. We had
+many Irishmen and some Englishmen. The question was put to each; those
+who admitted a British birth, were told they must serve his majesty in
+Colonel Maclean's regiment, a new corps, called the emigrants. Our poor
+fellows, under the fearful penalty of being carried to Britain, there to
+be tried for treason, were compelled by necessity, and many of them did
+enlist."<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such men could hardly prove to be reliable, and it can be no
+astonishment to read what Major Henry Caldwell, one of the defenders of
+Quebec says of it:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Of the prisoners we took, about 100 of them were Europeans, chiefly
+from Ireland; the greatest part of them engaged voluntarily in Col.
+McLean's corps, but about a dozen of them deserting in the course of
+a month, the rest were again confined, and not released till the
+arrival of the Isis, when they were again taken into the corps."<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Arnold despairing of capturing the town by assault, established
+himself on the Heights of Abraham, with the intention of cutting off
+supplies and blockading the town. In this situation he reduced the
+garrison to great straits, all communication with the country being cut
+off. He erected batteries and made several attempts to get possession of
+the lower town, but was foiled at every point by the vigilance of
+Colonel Maclean. On the approach of spring, Colonel Arnold, despairing
+of success, raised the siege.</p>
+
+<p>The battalion remained in the province of Canada during the war, and was
+principally employed in small, but harrassing enterprises. In one of
+these, Captain Daniel Robertson, Lieutenant Hector Maclean, and Ensign
+Archibald Grant, with the grenadier company, marched twenty days through
+the woods with no other direction than the compass, and an Indian guide.
+The object being to surprise a small post in the interior, which was
+successful and attained without loss. By long practice in the woods the
+men had become very intelligent and expert in this kind of warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The reason why this regiment was not with the army of General Burgoyne,
+and thus escaped the humiliation of the surrender at Saratoga, has been
+stated by that officer in the following language: that he proposed to
+leave in Canada "Maclean's Corps, because I very much apprehend
+desertions from such parts of it as are composed of Americans, should
+they come near the enemy. In Canada, whatsoever may be their
+disposition, it is not so easy to effect it."<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the conduct of Colonel Allan Maclean at the siege of
+Quebec and his great zeal in behalf of Britain his corps was not yet
+recognized, though he had at the outset been promised establishment and
+rank for it. He therefore returned to England where he arrived on
+September 1, 1776, to seek justice for himself and men. They were not
+received until the close of 1778, when the regiment was numbered the
+84th, at which time Sir Henry Clinton was appointed its Colonel, and the
+battalions ordered to be augmented to one thousand men each. The uniform
+was the full Highland garb, with purses made of raccoons' instead of
+badger's skins. The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men
+a half basket sword.</p>
+
+<p>"On a St. Andrew's day a ball was given by the officers of the garrison
+in which they were quartered to the ladies in the vicinity. When one of
+the ladies entered the ball-room, and saw officers in the Highland
+dress, her sensitive delicacy revolted at what she though an indecency,
+declaring she would quit the room if these were to be her company. This
+occasioned some little embarrassment. An Indian lady, sister of the
+Chief Joseph Brant, who was present with her daughters, observing the
+bustle, inquired what was the matter, and being informed, she cried out,
+'This must be a very indelicate lady to think of such a thing; she shows
+her own arms and elbows to all the men, and she pretends she cannot look
+at these officers' bare legs, although she will look at my husband's
+bare thighs for hours together; she must think of other things, or she
+would see no more shame in a man showing his legs, than she does in
+showing her neck and breast.' These remarks turned the laugh against the
+lady's squeamish delicacy, and the ball was permitted to proceed without
+the officers being obliged to retire."<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
+
+<p>With every opportunity offered the first battalion to desert, in
+consequence of offers of land and other inducements held out by the
+Americans, not one native Highlander deserted; and only one Highlander
+was brought to the halberts during the time they were embodied.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the formation of the two battalions is dissimilar; that
+of the second was not attended with so great difficulties. In the
+formation of the first all manner of devices were entered into, and
+various disguises were resorted to in order to escape detection. Even
+this did not always protect them.</p>
+
+<p>"It is beyond the power of Expression to give an Idea of the expence &amp;
+trouble our Officers have Undergone in these expeditions into the
+Rebellious provinces. Some of them have been fortunate enough to get off
+Undiscovered&mdash;But Many have been taken abused by Mobs in an Outragious
+manner &amp; cast into prisons with felons, where they have Suffered all the
+Evils that revengeful Rage ignorance Bigotry &amp; Inhumanity could
+inflict&mdash;There has been even Skirmishes on such Occasions.***** It was
+an uncommon Exertion in one of our Offrs. to make his Escape with forty
+highlanders from the Mohawk river to Montreal havg. had nothing to eat
+for ten days but their Dogs &amp; herbs &amp; in another to have on his private
+Credit &amp; indeed ruin, Victualled a Considerable Number of Soldiers he
+had engaged in hopes of getting off with them to Canada, but being at
+last taken &amp; kept in hard imprisonmt for near a year by the Rebels to
+have effected his escape &amp; Collecting his hundred men to have brot them
+thro' the Woods lately from near Abany to Canada."<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p>
+
+<p>Difficulties in the formation of the regiment and placing it on the
+establishment grew out of the opposition of Governor Legge, and from
+him, through General Gage transmitted to the ministry, when all
+enlistments, for the time being were prohibited. The officers, from the
+start had been assured that the regiment should be placed on the
+establishment, and each should be entitled to his rank and in case of
+reduction should go on half pay. The officers should consist of those on
+half pay who had served in the last war, and had settled in America.
+When the regiment had been established and numbered, through the
+exertions of Colonel Maclean the ranks were rapidly filled, and the
+previous difficulties overcome.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1775-1776, was very severe on the second battalion.
+Although stationed in Halifax they were without sufficient clothing or
+proper food, or pay, and the officer in charge&mdash;Captain Alexander
+McDonald&mdash;without authority to draw money, or a regular warrant to
+receive it. In January "the men were almost stark naked for want of
+clothing," and even bare-footed. The plaids and Kilmarnocks could not be
+had. As late as March 1st there was "not a shoe nor a bit of leather to
+be had in Halifax for either love or money," and men were suffering from
+their frosted feet. "The men made a horrid and scandalous appearance on
+duty, insulted and despised by the soldiers of the other corps." In
+April 1778, clothing that was designed for the first battalion, having
+been consigned to Halifax, was taken by Captain McDonald and distributed
+to the men of the second. Out of this grew an acrimonious
+correspondence. Of the food, Captain McDonald writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are served Served Since prior to September last with Flower that
+is Rank poison at lest Bread made of Such flower&mdash;The Men of our
+Regiment that are in Command at the East Battery brought me a Sample
+of the fflower they received for a Months provision, it was exactly
+like Chalk &amp; as Sower as Vinegarr I asked the Doctors opinion of it
+who told me it was Sufficient to Destroy all the Regiment to eatt
+Bread made of Such fflower; it is hard when Mens Lives are So
+precious and so much wanted for the Service of their King and
+country, that they Should thus wantonly be Sported with to put money
+in the pocket of any individuall."<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It appears to have been the policy to break up the second battalion and
+have it serve on detached duty. Hence a detachment was sent to
+Newfoundland, another to Annapolis, at Cumberland, Fort Howe, Fort
+Edward, Fort Sackville and Windsor, but rallying at Halifax as the
+headquarters&mdash;to say nothing of those sent to the Southern States. No
+wonder Captain McDonald complains, "We have absolutely been worse used
+than any one Regiment in America and has done more duty and Drudgery of
+all kinds than any other Bn. in America these thre Years past and it is
+but reasonable Just and Equitable that we should now be Suffered to Join
+together at least as early as possible in the Spring and let some Other
+Regimt relieve the difft. posts we at present Occupy."<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p>
+
+<p>But it was not all garrison duty. Writing from Halifax, under date of
+July 13th, 1777, Captain McDonald says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Another Attempt has been made from New England to invade this
+province wch. is also defeated by a detachmt from our Regt &amp; the
+Marines on board of Captn Hawker. Our Detachmt went on board of him
+here &amp; he having a Quick passage to the River St John's wch. divides
+Nova Scotia from New England &amp; where the Rebells were going to take
+post &amp; Rebuild the old fort that was there the last War. Immediately
+on Captn Hawker's Arrival there Our men under the Commd. of Ensn. Jno
+McDonald &amp; the Marines under that of a Lieut were landed &amp; Engaged
+the Enemy who were abt. a hundred Strong &amp; after a Smart firing &amp;
+some killed &amp; wounded on both Sides the Rebells ran with the greatest
+precipitation &amp; Confusion to their boats. Some of our light Armed
+vessells pursued them &amp; I hope before this time they are either taken
+or starving in the Woods."<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Whatever may be said of the good behavior of the men of the second
+battalion, there were three at least whom Captain McDonald describes as
+"rascales." He also gives the following severe rebuke to one of the
+officers:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="margin-left: 25em;">
+"Halifax 16th Febry 1777</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jas. McDonald.
+</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry to inform you that every Accot I receive from Windsor is
+very unfavorable in regard to you. Your Cursed Carelessness &amp;
+slovenlyness about your own Body and your dress Nothing going on but
+drinking Calybogus Schewing Tobacco &amp; playing Cards in place of that
+decentness &amp; Cleanliness that all Gentlemen who has the least Regard
+for themselves &amp; Character must &amp; does observe. I am afraid from your
+Conduct that you will be no Credit or honor to the Memories of those
+Worthies from whom you are descended &amp; if you have no regard for them
+or your self I need not expect you'll be at any pains to be of Any
+Credit to me for anything I can do for you. I am about Giving you
+Rank agreeable to Col. McLean's plan &amp; on Accot. of your having bro't
+more men to the Regimt. than either Mr. Fitz Gerd. or Campbell You
+are to be the Second in Command at that post Lt. Fitz Ger'd. the
+third &amp; Campbell the fourth. And I hope I shall never have Occasion
+to write to you in this Manner again. I beg you will begin now to
+mend your hand to write &amp; learn to keep Accots. that you may be able
+to do Some thing like an officer if ever you expect to make a figure
+in the Army You must Change your plan &amp; lay yr. money out to Acquire
+such Accomplishm'ts befitting an officer rather than Tobacco,
+Calybogus and the Devil knows what. I am tired of Scolding of you, so
+will say no more."<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But little has been recorded of the five companies of the second
+battalion that joined Sir Henry Clinton and lord Cornwallis. The company
+called grenadiers was in the battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina,
+fought September 8, 1781. This was one of the most closely contested
+battles of the Revolution, in which the grenadier company was in the
+thickest and severest of the fight. The British army, under Colonel
+Alexander Stuart, of the 3rd regiment was drawn up in a line extending
+from Eutaw creek to an eighth of a mile southward. The Irish Buffs
+(third regiment) formed the right; Lieutenant Colonel Cruger's Loyalists
+the center; and the 63rd and 64th regiments the left. Near the creek was
+a flank battalion of infantry and the grenadiers, under Major
+Majoribanks, partially covered and concealed by a thicket on the bank of
+the stream. The Americans, under General Greene, having routed two
+advanced detachments, fell with great spirit on the main body. After the
+battle had been stubbornly contested for some time, Major Majoribank's
+command was ordered up, and terribly galled the American flanks. In
+attempting to dislodge them, the Americans received a terrible volley
+from behind the thicket. Soon the entire British line fell back, Major
+Majoribanks covering the movement. They abandoned their camp, destroyed
+their stores and many fled precipitately towards Charleston, while Major
+Majoribanks halted behind the palisades of a brick house. The American
+soldiers, in spite of the orders of General Greene and the efforts of
+their officers began to pillage the camp, instead of attempting to
+dislodge Major Majoribanks. A heavy fire was poured upon the Americans
+who were in the British camp, from the force that had taken refuge in
+the brick house, while Major Majoribanks moved from his covert on the
+right. The light horse or legion of Colonel Henry Lee, remaining under
+the control of that officer, followed so closely upon those who had fled
+to the house that the fugitives in closing the doors shut out two or
+three of their own officers. Those of the legion who had followed to the
+door seized each a prisoner, and interposing him as a shield retreated
+beyond the fire from the windows. Among those captured was Captain
+Barre, a brother of the celebrated Colonel Barre of the British
+parliament, having been seized by Captain Manning. In the terror of the
+moment Barre began to recite solemnly his titles: "I am Sir Henry Barre
+deputy adjutant general of the British army, captain of the 52nd
+regiment, secretary of the commandant at Charleston&mdash;" "Are you indeed?"
+interrupted Captain Manning; "you are my prisoner now, and the very man
+I was looking for; come along with me." He then placed his titled
+prisoner between him and the fire of the enemy, and retreated.</p>
+
+<p>The arrest of the Americans by Major Majoribanks and the party that had
+fled into the brick house, gave Colonel Stuart an opportunity to rally
+his forces, and while advancing, Major Majoribanks poured a murderous
+fire into the legion of Colonel Lee, which threw them into confusion.
+Perceiving this, he sallied out seized the two field pieces and ran them
+under the windows of the house. Owing to the crippled condition of his
+army, and the shattering of his cavalry by the force of Major
+Majoribanks, General Greene ordered a retreat, after a conflict of four
+hours. The British repossessed the camp, but on the following day
+decamped, abandoning seventy-two of their wounded. Considering the
+numbers engaged, both parties lost heavily. The Americans had one
+hundred and thirty rank and file killed, three hundred and eighty-five
+wounded, and forty missing. The loss of the British, according to their
+own report, was six hundred and ninety-three men, of whom eighty-five
+were killed.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of the war the transports bearing the companies were
+ordered to Halifax, where the men were discharged; but, owing to the
+violence of the weather, and a consequent loss of reckoning, they made
+the island of Nevis and St. Kitt's instead of Halifax. This delayed the
+final reduction till 1784. In the distant quarters of the first
+battalion, they were forgotten. By their agreement they should have been
+discharged in April 1783, but orders were not sent until July 1784.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that a roll of the officers of the second battalion may
+be in existence. The following names of the officers are preserved in
+McDonald's "Letter-Book":</p>
+
+<p>Major John Small, commandant; Captains Alexander McDonald, Duncan
+Campbell, Ronald McKinnon, Murdoch McLean, Alexander Campbell, John
+McDonald and Allan McDonald; Lieutenants Gerald Fitzgerald, Robert
+Campbell, James McDonald and Lachlan McLean; Ensign John Day; chaplain,
+Doctor Boynton.</p>
+
+<p>The uniform of the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment was the full
+Highland garb, with purses made of raccoon's instead of badger's skins.
+The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men a half basket
+sword, as previously stated.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of the war grants of land were given to the officers
+and men, in the proportion of five thousand acres to a field officer,
+three thousand to a captain, five hundred to a subaltern, two hundred to
+a serjeant and one hundred to each soldier. All those who had settled in
+America previous to the war, remained, and took possession of their
+lands, but many of the others returned to Scotland. The men of Major
+Small's battalion went to Nova Scotia, where they settled a township,
+and gave it the name of Douglas, in Hants County; but a number settled
+on East River.</p>
+
+<p>The first to come to East River, of the 84th, was big James Fraser, in
+company with Donald McKay and fifteen of his comrades, and took up a
+tract of three thousand four hundred acres extending along both sides of
+the river. Their discharges are dated April 10, 1784, but the grant
+November 3, 1785. About the same time of the occupation of the East
+River, in Pictou County, the West Branch was occupied by men of the same
+regiment; the first of whom were David McLean and John Fraser.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers of East Branch, or River, of the 84th, on the East side
+were Donald Cameron, a native of Urquhart, Scotland; served eight years;
+possessed one hundred and fifty acres; his son Duncan served two years
+as a drummer boy in the regiment. Alexander Cameron, one hundred acres.
+Robert Clark, one hundred acres. Finlay Cameron, four hundred. Samuel
+Cameron, one hundred acres. James Fraser, a native of Strathglass, three
+hundred and fifty acres. Peter Grant, James McDonald, Hugh McDonald, one
+hundred acres.</p>
+
+<p>On the west side of same river: James Fraser, one hundred acres. Duncan
+McDonald, one hundred acres. John McDonald, two hundred and fifty acres.
+Samuel Cameron, three hundred acres. John Chisholm, sen., three hundred
+acres. John Chisholm, jun., two hundred acres. John McDonald, two
+hundred and fifty acres.</p>
+
+<p>Those who settled at West Branch and other places on East River were,
+William Fraser, from Inverness, three hundred and fifty acres. John
+McKay, three hundred acres. John Robertson, four hundred and fifty.
+William Robertson, two hundred acres. John Fraser, from Inverness, three
+hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, from Inverness, two hundred acres. Thomas
+McKinzie, one hundred acres. David McLean, a sergeant in the army, five
+hundred acres. Alexander Cameron, three hundred acres. Hector McLean,
+four hundred acres. John Forbes, from Inverness, four hundred acres.
+Alexander McLean, five hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, Jun., one hundred
+acres. James McLellan, from Inverness, five hundred acres. Donald
+Chisholm, from Strathglass, three hundred and fifty acres. Robert Dundas
+(four hundred and fifty acres), Alexander Dunbar (two hundred acres),
+and William Dunbar, (three hundred acres), all three brothers, from
+Inverness, and of the 84th regiment. James Cameron, 84th regiment, three
+hundred acres. John McDougall, two hundred and fifty acres. John
+Chisholm, three hundred acres. Donald Chisholm, Jun., from Inverness,
+four hundred acres. Robert Clark, 84th, one hundred acres. Donald Shaw,
+from Inverness, three hundred acres. Alexander McIntosh, from Inverness,
+five hundred acres, and John McLellan, from Inverness, one hundred
+acres. Of the grantees of the West Branch, those designated from
+Inverness, were from the parish of Urquhart and served in the 84th, as
+did also those so specified. It is more than probable that all the
+others were not in the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment, or even served
+in the war.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the first, or Colonel MacLean's battalion settled in
+Canada, many of whom at Montreal, where they rallied around their
+chaplain, John Bethune. This gentleman acted as chaplain of the
+Highlanders in North Carolina, and was taken prisoner at the battle of
+Moore's Creek Bridge. After remaining a prisoner for about a year, he
+was released, and made his way to Nova Scotia and for some time resided
+at Halifax. He received the appointment of chaplain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrant regiment. He received a grant of three thousand acres,
+located in Glengarry, and having a growing family to provide for, each
+of whom was entitled to two hundred acres, he removed to Williamstown,
+then the principal settlement in Glengarry. Besides his allotment of
+land, he retired from the army on half pay. In his new home he ever
+maintained an honorable life.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">FORTY-SECOND OR ROYAL HIGHLAND REGIMENT.</span></p>
+
+<p>The 42nd, or Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders, left America in 1767,
+and sailed direct for Cork, Ireland. In 1775 the regiment embarked at
+Donaghadee, and landed at Port Patrick, after an absence of thirty-two
+years from Scotland. From Port Patrick it marched to Glasgow. Shortly
+after its arrival in Glasgow two companies were added, and all the
+companies were augmented to one hundred rank and file, and when
+completed numbered one thousand and seventy-five men, including
+serjeants and drummers.</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto the officers had been entirely Highlanders and Scotch. Contrary
+to the remonstrances of lord John Murray, the lord lieutenant of Ireland
+succeeded in admitting three English officers into the regiment,
+Lieutenants Crammond, Littleton, and Franklin, thus cancelling the
+commissions of Lieutenants Grant and Mackenzie. Of the soldiers nine
+hundred and thirty-one were Highlanders, seventy-four Lowland Scotch,
+five English, one Welsh and two Irish.</p>
+
+<p>On account of the breaking out of hostilities the regiment was ordered
+to embark for America. The recruits were instructed in the use of the
+firelock, and, from the shortness of the time allowed, were even drilled
+by candle-light. New arms and accoutrements were supplied to the men,
+and the Colonel, at his own expense, furnished them with broad swords
+and pistols.</p>
+
+<p>April 14, 1776, the Royal Highlanders, in conjunction with Fraser's
+Highlanders, embarked at Greenock to join an expedition under General
+Howe against the Americans. After some delay, both regiments sailed on
+May 1st under the convoy of the Flora, of thirty-two guns, and a fleet
+of thirty-two ships, the Royal Highlanders being commanded by Colonel
+Thomas Stirling of Ardoch. Four days after they had sailed, the
+transports separated in a gale of wind. Some of the scattered transports
+of both regiments fell in with General Howe's army on their voyage from
+Halifax; and others, having received information of this movement,
+followed the main body and joined the army at Staten Island.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington took possession of Dorchester heights, on the night of
+March 4, 1776, the situation of General Howe, in Boston, became
+critical, and he was forced to evacuate the city with precipitation. He
+left no cruisers in Boston bay to warn expected ships from England that
+the city was no longer in his possession. This was very fortunate for
+the Americans, for a few days later several store-ships sailed into the
+harbor and were captured. The Scotch fleet also headed that way, and
+some of the transports, not having received warning, were also taken in
+the harbor, but principally of Fraser's Highlanders. By the last of
+June, about seven hundred and fifty Highlanders belonging to the Scotch
+fleet, were prisoners in the hands of the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Highlanders lost but one of their transports, the Oxford, and
+at the same time another transport in company with her, having on board
+recruits for Fraser's Highlanders, in all two hundred and twenty men.
+They were made prizes of by the Congress privateer, and all the
+officers, arms and ammunition were taken from the Oxford, and all the
+soldiers were placed on board that vessel with a prize crew of ten men
+to carry her into port. In a gale of wind the vessels became separated,
+and then the carpenter of the Oxford formed a party and retook her, and
+sailed for the Chesapeake. On June 20th, they sighted Commodore James
+Barron's vessel, and dispatched a boat with a sergeant, one private and
+one of the men who were put on board by the Congress to make inquiry.
+The latter finding a convenient opportunity, informed Commodore Barren
+of their situation, upon which he boarded and took possession of the
+Oxford, and brought her to Jamestown. The men were marched to
+Williamsburgh, Virginia, where every inducement was held out to them to
+join the American cause. When the promise of military promotion failed
+to have an effect, they were then informed that they would have grants
+of fertile land, upon which they could live in happiness and freedom.
+They declared they would take no land save what they deserved by
+supporting the king. They were then separated into small parties and
+sent into the back settlements; and were not exchanged until 1778, when
+they rejoined their regiments.</p>
+
+<p>Before General Sir William Howe's army arrived, or even any vessels of
+his fleet, the transport Crawford touched at Long Island. Under date of
+June 24, 1776, General Greene notified Washington that "the Scotch
+prisoners, with their baggage, have arrived at my Quarters." The list of
+prisoners are thus given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Forty second or Royal Highland Regiment: Captain John Smith and
+Lieutenant Robert Franklin. Seventy-first Regiment: Captain Norman
+McLeod and lady and maid; Lieutenant Roderick McLeod; Ensign Colin
+Campbell and lady; Surgeon's Mate, Robert Boyce; John McAlister,
+Master of the Crawford transport; Norman McCullock, a passenger: two
+boys, servants; McDonald, servant to Robert Boyce; Shaw, servant to
+Captain McLeod. Three boys, servants, came over in the evening."<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>General Howe, on board the frigate Greyhound, arrived in the Narrows,
+from Halifax, on June 25th, accompanied by two other ships-of-war. He
+came in advance of the fleet that bore his army, in order to consult
+with Governor Tryon and ascertain the position of affairs at New York.
+For three or four days after his arrival armed vessels kept coming, and
+on the twenty-ninth the main body of the fleet arrived, and the troops
+were immediately landed on Staten Island. General Howe was soon after
+reinforced by English regulars and German mercenaries, and at about the
+same time Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Parker, with their broken forces
+came from the south and joined them. Before the middle of August all the
+British reinforcements had arrived at Staten Island and General Howe's
+army was raised to a force of thirty thousand men. On August 22nd, a
+large body of troops, under cover of the guns of the Rainbow, landed
+upon Long Island. Soon after five thousand British and Hessian troops
+poured over the sides of the English ships and transports and in small
+boats and galleys were rowed to the Long Island shore, covered by the
+guns of the Ph&oelig;nix, Rose and Greyhound. The invading force on Long
+Island numbered fifteen thousand, well armed and equipped, and having
+forty heavy cannon.</p>
+
+<p>The three Highland battalions were first landed on Staten Island, and
+immediately a grenadier battalion was formed by Major Charles Stuart.
+The staff appointments were taken from the Royal Highlanders. The three
+light companies also formed a battalion in the brigade under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Abercromby. The grenadiers were remarkable for
+strength and height, and considered equal to any company in the army.
+The eight battalion companies were formed into two temporary battalions,
+the command of one was given to Major William Murray, and that of the
+other to Major William Grant. These small battalions were brigaded under
+Sir William Erskine, and placed in the reserve, with the grenadiers and
+light infantry of the army, under command of lord Cornwallis.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling, from the moment of landing, was active in
+drilling the 42d in the methods of fighting practiced in the French and
+Indian war, in which he was well versed. The Highlanders made rapid
+progress in this discipline, being, in general, excellent marksmen.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that the broadswords and pistols received at
+Glasgow were laid aside. The pistols were considered unnecessary, except
+in the field. The broadswords retarded the men when marching by getting
+entangled in the brushwood.</p>
+
+<p>The reserve of Howe's army was landed first at Gravesend Bay, and being
+moved immediately forward to Flat Bush, the Highlanders and a corps of
+Hessians were detached to a little distance, where they encamped. The
+whole army encamped in front of the villages of Gravesend and Utrecht. A
+woody range of hills, which intersected the country from east to west,
+divided the opposing armies.</p>
+
+<p>General Howe resolved to bring on a general action and make the attack
+in three divisions. The right wing under General Clinton seized, on the
+night of August 26th, a pass on the heights, about three miles from
+Bedford. The main body pushed into the level country which lay between
+the hills and the lines of General Israel Putnam. Whilst these movements
+were in process, Major-General Grant of Ballindalloch, with his brigade,
+supported by the Royal Highlanders from the reserve, was directed to
+march from the left along the coast to the Narrows, and make an attack
+in that quarter. At nine o'clock, on the morning of the 22nd, the right
+wing having reached Bedford, attacked the left of the American army,
+which, after a short resistance, quitted the woody grounds, and in
+confusion retired to their lines, pursued by the British troops, Colonel
+Stuart leading with his battalion of Highland grenadiers. When the
+firing at Bedford was heard at Flat Bush, the Hessians advanced, and,
+attacking the center of the American army, drove them through the woods,
+capturing three cannon. Previously, General Grant, with the left of the
+army, commenced the attack with a cannonade against the Americans under
+lord Stirling. The object of lord Stirling was to defend the pass and
+keep General Grant in check. He was in the British parliament when Grant
+made his speech against the Americans, and addressing his soldiers said,
+in allusion to the boasting Grant that he would "undertake to march from
+one end of the continent to the other, with five thousand men." "He may
+have his five thousand men with him now&mdash;we are not so many&mdash;but I think
+we are enough to prevent his advancing further on his march over the
+continent, than that mill-pond," pointing to the head of Gowanus bay.
+This little speech had a powerful effect, and in the action showed how
+keenly they felt the insult. General Grant had been instructed not to
+press an attack until informed by signal-guns from the right wing.
+These signals were not given until eleven o'clock, at which time lord
+Stirling was hemmed in. When the truth flashed upon him he hurled a few
+of his men against lord Cornwallis, in order to keep him at bay while a
+part of his army might escape. Lord Cornwallis yielded, and when on the
+point or retreating received large reinforcements which turned the
+fortunes of the day against the Americans. General Grant drove the
+remains of lord Stirling's army before him, which escaped across Gowanus
+creek, by wading and swimming.</p>
+
+<p>The victorious troops, made hot and sanguinary by the fatigues and
+triumphs of the morning, rushed upon the American lines, eager to carry
+them by storm. But the day was not wholly lost. Behind the entrenchments
+were three thousand determined men who met the advancing British army by
+a severe cannonade and volleys of musketry. Preferring to win the
+remainder of the conquest with less bloodshed, General Howe called back
+his troops to a secure place in front of the American lines, beyond
+musket shot, and encamped for the night.</p>
+
+<p>During the action Washington hastened over from New York to Brooklyn and
+galloped up to the works. He arrived there in time to witness the
+catastrophe. All night he was engaged in strengthening his position; and
+troops were ordered from New York. When the morning dawned heavy masses
+of vapor rolled in from the sea. At ten o'clock the British opened a
+cannonade on the American works, with frequent skirmishes throughout the
+day. Rain fell copiously all the afternoon and the main body of the
+British kept their tents, but when the storm abated towards evening,
+they commenced regular approaches within five hundred yards of the
+American works. That night Washington drew off his army of nine thousand
+men, with their munitions of war, transported them over a broad ferry to
+New York, using such consummate skill that the British were not aware of
+his intention until next morning, when the last boats of the rear guard
+were seen out of danger.</p>
+
+<p>The American loss in the battle of Long Island did not exceed sixteen
+hundred and fifty, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. General Howe
+stated his own loss to have been, in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
+three hundred and sixty-seven. The loss of the Highlanders was,
+Lieutenant Crammond and nine rank and file wounded, of the 42d; and
+three rank and filed killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file
+wounded, of the 71st regiment.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to lord George Germaine, under date of September 4, 1776,
+lord Dunmore says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I was with the Highlanders and Hessians the whole day, and it is
+with the utmost pleasure I can assure your lordship that the ardour
+of both these corps on that day must have exceeded his Majesty's most
+sanguine wish."<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Active operations were not resumed until September 15th, when the
+British reserve, which the Royal Highlanders had rejoined after the
+action at Brooklyn, crossed the river in flat boats from Newtown creek,
+and landed at Kip's bay covered by a severe cannonade from the
+ships-of-war, whose guns played briskly upon the American batteries.
+Washington, hearing the firing, rode with speed towards the scene of
+action. To him a most alarming spectacle was presented. The militia had
+fled, and the Connecticut troops had caught the panic, and ran without
+firing a gun, when only fifty of the British had landed. Meeting the
+fugitives he used every endeavor to stop their flight. In vain their
+generals tried to rally them; but they continued to flee in the greatest
+confusion, leaving Washington alone within eighty yards of the foe. So
+incensed was he at their conduct that he cast his chapeau to the ground,
+snapped his pistols at several of the fugitives, and threatened others
+with his sword. So utterly unconscious was he of danger, that he
+probably would have fallen had not his attendants seized the bridle of
+his horse and hurried him away to a place of safety. Immediately he took
+measures to protect his imperilled army. He retreated to Harlem heights,
+and sent an order to General Putnam to evacuate the city instantly. This
+was fortunately accomplished, through the connivance of Mrs. Robert
+Murray. General Sir William Howe, instead of pushing forward and
+capturing the four thousand troops under General Putnam, immediately
+took up his quarters with his general officers at the mansion of Robert
+Murray, and sat down for refreshments and rest. Mrs. Murray knowing the
+value of time to the veteran Putnam, now in jeopardy, used all her art
+to detain her uninvited guests. With smiles and pleasant conversation,
+and a profusion of cakes and wine, she regaled them for almost two
+hours. General Putnam meanwhile receiving his orders, immediately
+obeyed, and a greater portion of his troops, concealed by the woods,
+escaped along the Bloomingdale road, and before being discovered had
+passed the encampment upon the Ineleberg. The rear-guard was attacked by
+the Highlanders and Hessians, just as a heavy rain began to fall; and
+the drenched army, after losing fifteen men killed, and three hundred
+made prisoners, reached Harlem heights.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This night Major Murray was nearly carried off by the enemy, but
+saved himself by his strength of arm and presence of mind. As he was
+crossing to his regiment from the battalion which he commanded, he
+was attacked by an American officer and two soldiers, against whom he
+defended himself for some time with his fusil, keeping them at a
+respectful distance. At last, however, they closed upon him, when
+unluckily his dirk slipped behind, and he could not, owing to his
+corpulence, reach it. Observing that the rebel (American) officer had
+a sword in his hand, he snatched it from him, and made so good use of
+it, that he compelled them to fly, before some men of the regiment,
+who had heard the noise, could come up to his assistance. He wore the
+sword as a trophy during the campaign."<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>On the 16th the light infantry was sent out to dislodge a party of
+Americans who had taken possession of a wood facing the left of the
+British. Adjutant-General Reed brought information to Washington that
+the British General Leslie was pushing forward and had attacked Colonel
+Knowlton and his rangers. Colonel Knowlton retreated, and the British
+appeared in full view and sounded their bugles. Washington ordered three
+companies of Colonel Weedon's Virginia regiment, under Major Leitch, to
+join Knowlton's rangers, and gain the British rear, while a feigned
+attack should be made in front. The vigilant General Leslie perceived
+this, and made a rapid movement to gain an advantageous position upon
+Harlem plains, where he was attacked upon the flank by Knowlton and
+Leitch. A part of Leslie's force, consisting of Highlanders, that had
+been concealed upon the wooded hills, now came down, and the entire
+British body changing front, fell upon the Americans with vigor. A short
+but severe conflict ensued. Major Leitch, pierced by three balls, was
+borne from the field, and soon after Colonel Knowlton was brought to the
+ground by a musket ball. Their men fought on bravely, contesting every
+foot of the ground, as they fell back towards the American camp. Being
+reinforced by a part of the Maryland regiments of Griffiths and
+Richardson, the tide of battle changed. The British were driven back
+across the plain, hotly pursued by the Americans, till Washington,
+fearing an ambush, ordered a retreat.</p>
+
+<p>In the battle of Harlem the British loss was fourteen killed, and fifty
+officers and seventy men wounded. The 42nd, or Royal Highlanders lost
+one sergeant and three privates killed, and Captains Duncan Macpherson
+and John Mackintosh, Ensign Alexander Mackenzie (who died of his
+wounds), and three sergeants, one piper, two drummers, and forty-seven
+privates wounded.</p>
+
+<p>This engagement caused a temporary pause in the movements of the
+British, which gave Washington an opportunity to strengthen both his
+camp and army. The respite was not of long duration for on October 12th,
+General Howe embarked his army in flat-bottomed boats, and on the
+evening of the same day landed at Frogsneck, near Westchester; but on
+the next day he re-embarked his troops and landed at Pell's Point, at
+the mouth of the Hudson. On the 14th he reached the White Plains in
+front of Washington's position. General Howe's next determination was to
+capture Fort Washington, which cut off the communication between New
+York and the continent, to the eastward and northward of Hudson river,
+and prevented supplies being sent him by way of Kingsbridge. The
+garrison consisted of over two thousand men under Colonel Magaw. A
+deserter informed General Howe of the real condition of the garrison and
+the works on Harlem Heights. General Howe was agreeably surprised by the
+information, and immediately summoned Colonel Magaw to surrender within
+an hour, intimating that a refusal might subject the garrison to
+massacre. Promptly refusing compliance, he further added: "I rather
+think it a mistake than a settled resolution in General Howe, to act a
+part so unworthy of himself and the British nation." On November 16th
+the Hessians, under General Knyphausen, supported by the whole of the
+reserve under earl Percy, with the exception of the 42nd, who were to
+make a feint on the east side of the fort, were to make the principal
+attack. Before daylight the Royal Highlanders embarked in boats, and
+landed in a small creek at the foot of the rock, in the face of a severe
+fire. Although the Highlanders had discharged the duties which had been
+assigned them, still determined to have a full share in the honors of
+the day, resolved upon an assault, and assisted by each other, and by
+the brushwood and shrubs which grew out of the crevices of the rocks,
+scrambled up the precipice. On gaining the summit, they rushed forward,
+and drove back the Americans with such rapidity, that upwards of two
+hundred, who had no time to escape, threw down their arms. Pursuing
+their advantage, the Highlanders penetrated across the table of the
+hill, and met lord Percy as he was coming up on the other side. By
+turning their feint into an assault, the Highlanders facilitated the
+success of the day. The result was that the Americans surrendered at
+discretion. They lost in killed and wounded one hundred and about
+twenty-seven hundred prisoners. The loss of the British was twenty
+killed and one hundred and one wounded; that of the Royal Highlanders
+being one sergeant and ten privates killed, and Lieutenants Patrick
+Graeme, Norman Macleod, and Alexander Grant, and for sergeants and
+sixty-six rank and file, wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The hill, up which the Highlanders charged, was so steep, that the ball
+which wounded Lieutenant Macleod, entering the posterior part of his
+neck, ran down on the outside of his ribs, and lodged in the lower part
+of his back. One of the pipers, who began to play when he reached the
+point of a rock on the summit of the hill, was immediately shot, and
+tumbled from one piece of rock to another till he reached the bottom.
+Major Murray, being a large and corpulent man, could not attempt the
+steep assent without assistance. The soldiers eager to get to the point
+of duty, scrambled up, forgetting the position of Major Murray, when he,
+in a supplicating tone cried, "Oh soldiers, will you leave me!" A party
+leaped down instantly and brought him up, supporting him from one ledge
+of rocks to another till they got him to the top.</p>
+
+<p>The next object of General Howe was to possess Fort Lee. Lord
+Cornwallis, with the grenadiers, light infantry, 33rd regiment and Royal
+Highlanders, was ordered to attack this post. But on their approach the
+fort was hastily abandoned. Lord Cornwallis, re-enforced by the two
+battalions of Fraser's Highlanders, pursued the retreating Americans,
+into the Jerseys, through Elizabethtown, Neward and Brunswick. In the
+latter town he was ordered to halt, where he remained for eight days,
+when General Howe, with the army, moved forward, and reached Princeton
+in the afternoon of November 17th.</p>
+
+<p>The army now went into winter quarters. The Royal Highlanders were
+stationed at Brunswick, and Fraser's Highlanders quartered at Amboy.
+Afterwards the Royal Highlanders were ordered to the advanced posts,
+being the only British regiment in the front, and forming the line of
+defence at Mt. Holly. After the disaster to the Hessians at Trenton, the
+Royal Highlanders were ordered to fall back on the light infantry at
+Princeton.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Cornwallis, who was in New York at the time of the defeat of the
+Hessians, returned to the army and moved forward with a force consisting
+of the grenadiers, two brigades of the line, and the two Highland
+regiments. After much skirmishing in advance he found Washington posted
+on some high ground beyond Trenton. Lord Cornwallis declaring "the fox
+cannot escape me," planned to assault Washington on the following
+morning. But while he slept the American commander, marched to his rear
+and fell upon that part of the army left at Princeton. Owing to the
+suddenness of Washington's attacks upon Trenton and Princeton and the
+vigilance he manifested the British outposts were withdrawn and
+concentrated at Brunswick where lord Cornwallis established his
+headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Highlanders, on January 6, 1777 were sent to the village of
+Pisquatua on the line of communication between New York and Brunswick
+by Amboy. This was a post of great importance, for it kept open the
+route by which provisions were sent for the forces at Brunswick. The
+duty was severe and the winter rigorous. As the homes could not
+accommodate half the men, officers and soldiers sought shelter in barns
+and sheds, always sleeping in their body-clothes, for the Americans gave
+them but little quietude. The Americans, however, did not make any
+regular attack on the post till May 10th, when, at four in the morning,
+the divisions of Generals Maxwell and Stephens, attempted to surprise
+the Highlanders. Advancing with great caution they were not preceived
+until they rushed upon the pickets. Although the Highlanders were
+surprised, they held their position until the reserve pickets came to
+their assistance, when they retired disputing every foot, to afford the
+regiment time to form, and come to their relief. Then the Americans were
+driven back with precipitation, leaving upwards of two hundred men, in
+killed and wounded. The Highlanders, pursuing with eagerness, were
+recalled with great difficulty. On this occasion the Royal Highlanders
+had three sergeants and nine privates killed; and Captain Duncan
+Macpherson, Lieutenant William Stewart, three sergeants, and thirty-five
+privates wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On this occasion, Sergeant Macgregor, whose company was immediately
+in the rear of the picquet, rushed forward to their support, with a
+few men who happened to have their arms in their hands, when the
+enemy commenced the attack. Being severely wounded, he was left
+insensible on the ground. When the picquet was overpowered, and the
+few survivors forced to retire, Macgregor, who had that day put on a
+new jacket with silver lace, having besides, large silver buckles in
+his shoes, and a watch, attracted the notice of an American soldier,
+who deemed him a good prize. The retreat of his friends not allowing
+him time to strip the sergeant on the spot, he thought the shortest
+way was to take him on his back to a more convenient distance. By
+this time Macgregor began to recover; and, perceiving whither the man
+was carrying him, drew his dirk, and, grasping him by the throat,
+swore that he would run him through the breast, if he did not turn
+back and carry him to the camp. The American, finding this argument
+irresistible, complied with the request, and, meeting Lord Cornwallis
+(who had come up to the support of the regiment when he heard the
+firing) and Colonel Stirling, was thanked for his care of the
+sergeant; but he honestly told him, that he only conveyed him thither
+to save his own life. Lord Cornwallis gave him liberty to go
+whithersoever he chose."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Summer being well advanced, Sir William Howe made preparations for
+taking the field. The Royal Highlanders, along with the 13th, 17th, and
+44th regiments were put under the command of General Charles Gray.
+Failing to draw Washington from his secure position at Middlebrook,
+General Howe resolved to change the seat of war, and accordingly
+embarked thirty-six battalions of British and Hessians, and sailed for
+the Chesapeake. Before the embarkation, the Royal Highlanders received
+one hundred and seventy recruits from Scotland, who, as they were all of
+the best description, more than supplied the loss that had been
+sustained.</p>
+
+<p>After a tedious voyage the army, on August 24th, landed at Elk Ferry. It
+did not begin the march until September 3rd, for Philadelphia. In the
+meantime Washington marched across the country and took up a position at
+Red Clay Creek, but having his headquarters at Wilmington. His effective
+force was about eleven thousand men while that of General Howe was
+eighteen thousand strong.</p>
+
+<p>The two armies met on September 11th, and fought the battle of
+Brandywine. During the battle, lord Cornwallis, with four battalions of
+British grenadiers and light infantry, the Hessian grenadiers, a party
+of the 71st Highlanders, and the third and fourth brigades, made a
+circuit of some miles, crossed Jefferis' Ford without opposition, and
+turned short down the river to attack the American right. Washington,
+being apprised of this movement, detached General Sullivan, with all the
+force he could spare, to thwart the design. General Sullivan, having
+advantageously posted his men, lord Cornwallis was obliged to consume
+some time in forming a line of battle. An action then took place, when
+the Americans were driven through the woods towards the main army.
+Meanwhile General Knyphausen, with his division, made demonstrations for
+crossing at Chad's Ford, and as soon as he knew from the firing of
+cannon that lord Cornwallis had succeeded, he crossed the river and
+carried the works of the Americans. The approach of night ended the
+conflict. The Americans rendezvoused at Chester, and the next day
+retreated towards Philadelphia, and encamped near Germantown.</p>
+
+<p>The British had fifty officers killed and wounded and four hundred and
+thirty-eight rank and file. The battalion companies of the 42nd being in
+the reserve, sustained no loss, as they were not brought into action;
+but of the light company, which formed part of the light brigade, six
+privates were killed, and one sergeant and fifteen privates wounded.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of September 20th, General Gray was detached with the 2nd
+light infantry and the 42nd and 44th regiments to cut off and destroy
+the corps of General Wayne. They marched with great secrecy and came
+upon the camp at midnight, when all were asleep save the pickets and
+guards, who were overpowered without causing an alarm. The troops then
+rushed forward, bayoneted three hundred and took one hundred Americans
+prisoners. The British loss was three killed and several wounded.</p>
+
+<p>On the 26th the British army took peaceable possession of Philadelphia.
+In the battle of Germantown, fought on the morning of October 4, 1777,
+the Highlanders did not participate.</p>
+
+<p>The next enterprise in which the 42nd was engaged was under General
+Gray, who embarked with that regiment, the grenadiers and the light
+infantry brigade, for the purpose of destroying a number of privateers,
+with their prizes at New Plymouth. On September 5, 1778, the troops
+landed on the banks of the Acushnet river, and having destroyed seventy
+vessels, with all the cargoes, stores, wharfs, and buildings, along the
+whole extent of the river, the whole were re-embarked the following day
+and returned to New York.</p>
+
+<p>The British army during the Revolutionary struggle took the winter
+season for a period of rest, although engaging more or less in marauding
+expeditions. On February 25, 1779, Colonel Stirling, with a detachment
+consisting of the light infantry of the Guards and the 42nd, was ordered
+to attack a post at Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, which was taken
+without opposition. In April following the Highland regiment was
+employed on an expedition to the Chesapeake, to destroy the stores and
+merchandise at Portsmouth, in Virginia. They were again employed with
+the Guards and a corps of Hessians in another expedition under General
+Mathews, which sailed on the 30th, under the convoy of Sir George
+Collier, in the Reasonable, and several ships of war, and reached their
+destination on May 10th, when the troops landed on the glebe on the
+western bank of Elizabeth. After fulfilling the object of the expedition
+they returned to New York in good time for the opening of the campaign,
+which commenced by the capture, on the part of the British, of Verplanks
+and Stony Point. A garrison of six hundred men, among whom were two
+companies of Fraser's Highlanders, took possession of Stony Point.
+Washington planned its capture which was executed by General Wayne. Soon
+after General Wayne moved against Verplanks, which held out till the
+approach of the light infantry and the 42nd, then withdrew his forces
+and evacuated Stony Point. Shortly after, Colonel Stirling was appointed
+aide-de-camp to the king, when the command of the 42nd devolved on Major
+Charles Graham, to whom was entrusted the command of the posts of Stony
+Point and Verplanks, together with his own regiment, and a detachment of
+Fraser's Highlanders, under Major Ferguson. This duty was the more
+important, as the Americans surrounded the posts in great numbers, and
+desertion had become so frequent among a corps of provincials, sent as a
+reinforcement, that they could not be trusted on any military duty,
+particularly on those duties which were most harassing. In the month of
+October these posts were withdrawn and the regiment sent to Greenwich,
+near New York.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1779 was the coldest that had been known for forty years;
+and the troops, although in quarters, suffered more from that
+circumstance than in the preceding winter when in huts. But the
+Highlanders met with a misfortune that greatly grieved them, and which
+tended to deteriorate, for several years, the heretofore irreproachable
+character of the Royal Highland Regiment. In the autumn of this year a
+draft of one hundred and fifty men, recruits raised principally from the
+refuse of the streets of London and Dublin, was embarked for the
+regiment by orders from the inspector-general at Chatham. These men were
+of the most depraved character, and of such dissolute habits, that
+one-half of them were unfit for service; fifteen died in the passage,
+and seventy-five were sent to the hospital from the transport as soon as
+they disembarked. The infusion of such immoral ingredients must
+necessarily have a deleterious effect. General Stirling made a strong
+remonstrance to the commander-in-chief, in consequence of which these
+men were removed to the 26th regiment, in exchange for the same number
+of Scotchmen. The introduction of these men into the regiment dissolved
+the charm which, for nearly forty years, had preserved the Highlanders
+from contamination. During that long period there were but few
+courts-martial, and, for many years, no instance of corporal punishment
+occurred.</p>
+
+<p>With the intention of pushing the war with vigor, the new
+commander-in-chief, Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Sir William
+Howe, in May, 1778, resolved to attack Charleston, the capital of South
+Carolina. Having left General Knyphausen in command at New York, General
+Clinton with his army set sail December 26, 1779. Such was the severity
+of the weather, however, that, although the voyage might have been
+accomplished in ten days, it was February 11, 1780, before the troops
+disembarked on John's Island, thirty miles from Charleston. So great
+were the impediments to be overcome, and so cautious was the advance of
+the general, that it was March 29th before they crossed the Ashley
+river. The following day they encamped opposite the American lines.
+Ground was broken in front of Charleston on April 1st. General Lincoln,
+who commanded the American forces, had strengthened the place in all its
+defences, both by land and water, in such a manner as to threaten a
+siege that would be both tedious and difficult. When General Clinton,
+anticipating the nature of the works he desired to capture, sent for the
+Royal Highlanders and Queen's Rangers to join him, which they did on
+April 18th, having sailed from New York on March 31st. The siege
+proceeded in the usual way until May 12th, when the garrison surrendered
+prisoners of war. The loss of the British forces on this occasion
+consisted of seventy-six killed and one hundred and eighty-nine
+wounded; and that of the 42nd, Lieutenant Macleod and nine privates
+killed, and Lieutenant Alexander Grant and fourteen privates wounded.</p>
+
+<p>After Sir Henry Clinton had taken possession of Charleston, the 42nd and
+light infantry were ordered to Monck's Corner as a foraging party, and,
+returning on the 2nd, they embarked June 4th for New York, along with
+the Grenadiers and Hessians. After being stationed for a time on Staten
+Island, Valentine's Hill, and other stations in New York, went into
+winter quarters in the city. About this time one hundred recruits were
+received from Scotland, all young men, in the full vigor of health, and
+ready for immediate service. From this period, as the regiment was not
+engaged in any active service during the war, the changes in encampments
+are too trifling to require notice.</p>
+
+<p>On April 28, 1782, Major Graham succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy of
+the Royal Highland Regiment, and Captain Walter Home of the fusileers
+became major.</p>
+
+<p>While the regiment was stationed at Paulus Hook several of the men
+deserted to the Americans. This unprecedented and unlooked for event
+occasioned much surprise and various causes were ascribed for it; but
+the prevalent opinion was that the men had received from the 26th
+regiment, and who had been made prisoners at Saratoga, had been promised
+lands and other indulgences while prisoners to the Americans. One of
+these deserters, a man named Anderson, was soon afterwards taken, tried
+by court-martial, and shot. This was the first instance of an execution
+in the regiment since the mutiny of 1743. The regiment remained at
+Paulus Hook till the conclusion of the war, when the establishment was
+reduced to eight companies of fifty men each. The officers of the ninth
+and tenth companies were not put on half-pay, but kept as
+supernumeraries to fill up vacancies as they occurred in the regiment. A
+number of the men were discharged at their own request, and their places
+supplied by those who wished to remain in the country, instead of going
+home with their regiments. These were taken from Fraser's and
+Macdonald's Highlanders, and from the Edinburgh and duke of Hamilton's
+regiments.</p>
+
+<p>The 42nd left New York for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on October 22, 1783,
+where they remained till the year 1786, when the battalion embarked and
+sailed for Cape Breton, two companies being detached to the island of
+St. John. In the month of August, 1789, the regiment embarked for
+England, and landed in Portsmouth in October. In May, 1790, they arrived
+in Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>During the American Revolutionary War the loss of the Royal Highlanders
+was as follows:</p>
+
+<table summary='losses' border='1' >
+<tr>
+<td colspan='5' align='right'>Killed
+</td>
+<td colspan='4' align='right'>Wounded
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>Officers
+</td>
+<td>Serjeants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Rank and File
+</td>
+<td>Officers
+</td>
+<td>Serjeants
+</td>
+<td>Drummers and Rank and File
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1776,
+</td>
+<td>August 22nd and 27th, Long Island, including the battle of Brooklyn
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>5
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>19
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>September 16th, York Island Supporting Light Infantry
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>47
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>November 16th, Attack on Fort Washington
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>10
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+<td align='right'>66
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>December 22nd, At Black Horse, on the Delaware
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1777,
+</td>
+<td>February 13th, At Amboy, Grenadier Company
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>17
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>May 10th, Piscataqua, Jerseys
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+<td align='right'>30
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>September 11th, Battle of Brandywine
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+<td>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>15
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>October 5th, Battle of Germantown, the light company
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1778,
+</td>
+<td>March 22nd, Foraging parties, Jerseys
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>4
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>June 28th, Battle of Monmouth, Jerseys
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>20
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>17
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1779,
+</td>
+<td>February 26th, Elizabethtown, Jerseys
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1780,
+</td>
+<td>April and May to 12th, Siege of Charleston
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>12
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>14
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>March 16th, Detachment sent to forage from New York to the Jerseys
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>3
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1781,
+</td>
+<td>September and October. Yorktown, in Virginia, light company
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>1
+</td>
+<td align='right'>5
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>...
+</td>
+<td align='right'>6
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td align='center'><span class="smcap">Total</span>
+</td>
+<td align='right'>2
+</td>
+<td align='right'>9
+</td>
+<td align='right'>74
+</td>
+<td align='right'>12
+</td>
+<td align='right'>17
+</td>
+<td align='right'>257
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">FRASER'S HIGHLANDERS.</span></p>
+
+<p>The breaking out of hostilities in America in 1775 determined the
+English government to revive Fraser's Highlanders. Although
+disinherited of his estates Colonel Fraser, through the influence of
+clan feeling, was enabled to raise twelve hundred and fifty men in 1757,
+it was believed, since his estates had been restored in 1772, he could
+readily raise a strong regiment. So, in 1775, Colonel Fraser received
+letters for raising a Highland regiment of two battalions. With ease he
+raised two thousand three hundred and forty Highlanders, who were
+marched up to Stirling, and thence to Glasgow in April, 1776. This corps
+had in it six chiefs of clans besides himself. The regiment consisted of
+the following nominal list of officers:</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>FIRST BATTALION.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Sir William Erskine
+of Torry; Majors: John Macdonell of Lochgarry and Duncan Macpherson of
+Cluny; Captains: Simon Fraser, Duncan Chisholm of Chisholm, Colin
+Mackenzie, Francis Skelly, Hamilton Maxwell, John Campbell, Norman
+Macleod of Macleod, Sir James Baird of Saughtonhall and Charles Cameron
+of Lochiel; Lieutenants: Charles Campbell, John Macdougall, Colin
+Mackenzie, John Nairne, William Nairne, Charles Gordon, David Kinloch,
+Thomas Tause, William Sinclair, Hugh Fraser, Alexander Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Dougald Campbell, Robert Macdonald, Alexander Fraser, Roderick
+Macleod, John Ross, Patrick Cumming, and Thomas Hamilton; Ensigns:
+Archibald Campbell, Henry Macpherson, John Grant, Robert Campbell, Allan
+Malcolm, John Murchison, Angus Macdonell, Peter Fraser; Chaplain: Hugh
+Blair, D.D.; Adjutant: Donald Cameron; Quarter-Master: David Campbell;
+Surgeon: William Fraser.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>SECOND BATTALION.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Archibald Campbell;
+Majors: Norman Lamont and Robert Menzies; Captains: Angus Mackintosh of
+Kellachy, Patrick Campbell, Andrew Lawrie, Aeneas Mackintosh of
+Mackintosh, Charles Cameron, George Munro, Boyd Porterfield and Law
+Robert Campbell; Lieutenants: Robert Hutchison, Alexander Sutherland,
+Archibald Campbell, Hugh Lamont, Robert Duncanson, George Stewart,
+Charles Barrington Mackenzie, James Christie, James Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Archibald Balnevis, Dougald Campbell, Lodovick Colquhoun, John
+Mackenzie, Hugh Campbell, John Campbell, Arthur Forbes, Patrick
+Campbell, Archibald Maclean, David Ross, Robert Grant and Thomas Fraser;
+Ensigns: William Gordon, Charles Main, Archibald Campbell, Donald
+Cameron, Smollet Campbell, Gilbert Waugh, William Bain, and John Grant;
+Chaplain: Malcolm Nicholson; Adjutant: Archibald Campbell;
+Quarter-Master: J. Ogilvie; Surgeon: Colin Chisholm.</p>
+
+<p>At the time Fraser's Regiment, or the 71st, was mustered in Glasgow,
+there were nearly six thousand Highlanders in that city, of whom three
+thousand, belonging to the 42nd, and 71st, were raised and brought from
+the North in ten weeks. More men had come up than were required. When
+the corps marched for Greenock, these were left behind. So eager were
+they to engage against the Americans that many were stowed away, who had
+not enlisted. On none of the soldiers was there the appearance of
+displeasure at going.</p>
+
+<p>Sometime after the sailing of the fleet it was scattered by a violent
+gale, and several of the single ships fell in with, and were scattered
+by, American privateers. A transport having Captain, afterward Sir
+Aeneas Mackintosh, and his company on board, with two six pounders, made
+a resolute defence against a privateer with eight guns, till all the
+ammunition was expended, when they bore down with the intention of
+boarding; but, the privateer not waiting to receive the shock, set sail,
+the transport being unable to follow.</p>
+
+<p>As has been previously noticed, General Howe, on evacuating Boston, did
+not leave a vessel off the harbor to warn incoming British ships. Owing
+to this neglect, the transport with Colonel Archibald Campbell and Major
+Menzies on board sailed into Boston Harbor. The account of the capture
+of this transport and others is here subjoined by the participants.
+Captain Seth Harding, commander of the Defence, in his report to
+Governor Trumbull, under date of June 19, 1776, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I sailed on Sunday last from Plymouth. Soon after we came to sail, I
+heard a considerable firing to the northward. In the evening fell in
+with four armed schooners near the entrance of Boston harbor, who
+informed me they had been engaged with a ship and brig, and were
+obliged to quit them. Soon after I came up into Nantasket Roads,
+where I found the ship and brig at anchor. I immediately fell in
+between the two, and came to anchor about eleven o'clock at night. I
+hailed the ship, who answered, from Great Britain. I ordered her to
+strike her colors to America. They answered me by asking, What brig
+is that? I told them the Defence. I then hailed him again, and told
+him I did not want to kill their men; but have the ship I would at
+all events, and again desired them to strike; upon which the Major
+(since dead) said, Yes, I'll strike, and fired a broadside upon me,
+which I immediately returned, upon which an engagement begun, which
+continued three glasses, when the ship and brig both struck. In this
+engagement I had nine wounded, but none killed. The enemy had
+eighteen killed, and a number wounded. My officers and men behaved
+with great bravery; no man could have outdone them. We took out of
+the above vessels two hundred and ten prisoners, among whom is
+Colonel Campbell, of General Frazer's Regiment of Highlanders. The
+Major was killed.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday a ship was seen in the bay, which came towards the entrance
+of the harbor, upon which I came to sail, with four schooners in
+company. We came up with her, and took her without any engagement.
+There were on board about one hundred and twelve Highlanders. As
+there are a number more of the same fleet expected every day, and the
+General here urges my stay, I shall tarry a few days, and then
+proceed for New London. My brig is much damaged in her sails and
+rigging."</p></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Campbell made the following report to Sir William Howe, dated at
+Boston, June 19, 1776:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir: I am sorry to inform you that it has been my unfortunate lot to
+have fallen into the hands of the Americans in the middle of Boston
+harbor; but when the circumstances which have occasioned this
+disaster are understood, I flatter myself no reflection will arise to
+myself or my officers on account of it. On the 16th of June the
+George and Annabella transports, with two companies of the
+Seventy-First Regiment of Highlanders, made the land off Cape Ann,
+after a passage of seven weeks from Scotland, during the course of
+which we had not the opportunity of speaking to a single vessel that
+could give us the smallest information of the British troops having
+evacuated Boston. On the 17th, at daylight, we found ourselves
+opposite to the harbor's mouth at Boston; but, from contrary winds,
+it was necessary to make several tacks to reach it. Four schooners
+(which we took to be pilots, or armed vessels in the service of his
+Majesty, but which were afterwards found to be four American
+privateers, of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty men
+each) were bearing down upon us at four o'clock in the morning. At
+half an hour thereafter two of them engaged us, and about eleven
+o'clock the other two were close alongside. The George transport (on
+board of which were Major Menzies and myself, with one hundred and
+eight of the Second Battalion, the Adjutant, the Quartermaster, two
+Lieutenants, and five volunteers, were passengers) had only six
+pieces of cannon to oppose them; and the Annabella (on board of which
+was Captain McKenzie, together with two subalterns, two volunteers,
+and eighty-two private men of the First Battalion) had only two
+swivels for her defence. Under such circumstances, I thought it
+expedient for the Annabella to keep ahead of the George, that our
+artillery might be used with more effect and less obstruction. Two of
+the privateers having stationed themselves upon our larboard quarter
+and two upon our starboard quarter, a tolerable cannonade ensued,
+which, with very few intermissions, lasted till four o'clock in the
+evening, when the enemy bore away, and anchored in Plymouth harbor.
+Our loss upon this occasion was only three men mortally wounded on
+board the George, one killed and one man slightly wounded on board
+the Annabella. As my orders were for the port of Boston, I thought it
+my duty, at this happy crisis, to push forward into the harbor, not
+doubting I should receive protection either from a fort or some ship
+of force stationed there for the security of our fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the evening we perceived the four schooners that
+were engaged with us in the morning, joined by the brig Defence, of
+sixteen carriage-guns, twenty swivels, and one hundred and seventeen
+men, and a schooner of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty
+men, got under way and made towards us. As we stood up for Nantasket
+Road, an American battery opened upon us, which was the first serious
+proof we had that there could scarcely be many friends of ours at
+Boston; and we were too far embayed to retreat, especially as the
+wind had died away, and the tide of flood not half expended. After
+each of the vessels had twice run aground, we anchored at George's
+Island, and prepared for action; but the Annabella by some
+misfortune, got aground so far astern of the George we could expect
+but a feeble support from her musketry. About eleven o'clock four of
+the schooners anchored right upon our bow, and one right astern of
+us. The armed brig took her station on our starboard side, at the
+distance of two hundred yards, and hailed us to strike the British
+flag. Although the mate of our ship and every sailor on board (the
+Captain only excepted) refused positively to fight any longer, I have
+the pleasure to inform you that there was not an officer,
+non-commissioned officer, or private man of the Seventy-First but
+what stood to their quarters with a ready and cheerful obedience. On
+our refusing to strike the British flag, the action was renewed with
+a good deal of warmth on both sides, and it was our misfortune, after
+the sharp combat of an hour and a half, to have expended every shot
+that we had for our artillery. Under such circumstances, hemmed in as
+we were with six privateers, in the middle of an enemy's harbor,
+beset with a dead calm, without the power of escaping, or even the
+most distant hope of relief, I thought it became my duty not to
+sacrifice the lives of gallant men wantonly in the arduous attempt of
+an evident impossibility. In this unfortunate affair Major Menzies
+and seven private soldiers were killed, the Quartermaster and twelve
+private soldiers wounded. The Major was buried with the honors of war
+at Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Since our captivity, I have the honor to acquaint you that we have
+experienced the utmost civility and good treatment from the people of
+power at Boston, insomuch, sir, that I should do injustice to the
+feelings of generosity did I not make this particular information
+with pleasure and satisfaction. I have now to request of you that, so
+soon as the distracted state of this unfortunate controversy will
+admit, you will be pleased to take an early opportunity of settling a
+cartel for myself and officers.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient
+and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">Archibald Campbell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S. On my arrival at Boston I found that Captain Maxwell, with the
+Light-Infantry of the first battalion of the Seventy-First Regiment,
+had the misfortune to fall into the hands of some other privateers,
+and were carried into Marblehead the 10th instant. Captain Campbell,
+with the Grenadiers of the second battalion, who was ignorant, as we
+were, of the evacuation of Boston, stood into the mouth of this
+harbor, and was surrounded and taken by eight privateers this
+forenoon.</p>
+
+<p>In case of a cartel is established, the following return is, as near
+as I can effect, the number of officers, non-commissioned officers,
+and private men of the Seventy-First Regiment who are
+prisoners-of-war at and in the neighborhood of Boston:</p>
+
+<p>The George transport: Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell;
+Lieutenant and Adjutant Archibald Campbell; Lieutenant Archibald
+Balneaves; Lieutenant Hugh Campbell; Quartermaster William Ogilvie;
+Surgeon's Mate, David Burns; Patrick McDougal, private, and acting
+Sergeant-Major; James Flint, volunteer; Dugald Campbell, ditto;
+Donald McBane, John Wilson, three Sergeants, four corporals, two
+Drummers, ninety private men.</p>
+
+<p>The Annabella transport: Captain George McKinzie; Lieutenant Colin
+McKinzie; Ensign Peter Fraser; Mr. McKinzie and Alexander McTavish,
+volunteers; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two Drummers, eighty-one
+private men.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Howe transport: Captain Lawrence Campbell; Lieutenant Robert
+Duncanson; Lieutenant Archibald McLean; Lieutenant Lewis Colhoun;
+Duncan Campbell, volunteer; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two
+Drummers, ninety-six private men.</p>
+
+<p>Ann transport: Captain Hamilton Maxwell; Lieutenant Charles Campbell;
+Lieutenant Fraser; Lieutenant&mdash;&mdash;; four Sergeants, four Corporals,
+two Drummers, ninety-six private men.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">Archibald Campbell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment."</span><a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On account of the treatment received by General Charles Lee, a prisoner
+in the hands of Sir William Howe, and the covert threat of condign
+punishment on the accusation of treason, Congress resolved, January 6,
+1777, that "should the proffered exchange of General Lee, for six
+Hessian field-officers, not be accepted, and the treatment of him as
+aforementioned be continued, then the principles of retaliation shall
+occasion first of the said Hessian field-officers, together with
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, or any other officers that are or
+may be in our possession, equivalent in number or quality, to be
+detained, in order that the same treatment, which general Lee shall
+receive, may be exactly inflicted upon their persons."</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this act Colonel Campbell was thrown into Concord
+gaol. On February 4th he addressed a letter to Washington giving a
+highly colored account of his severe treatment, making it equal to that
+inflicted upon the most atrocious criminals; and for the reasons he was
+so treated declaring that "the first of this month, I was carried and
+lodged in the common gaol of Concord, by an order of Congress, through
+the Council of Boston, intimating for a reason, that a refusal of
+General Howe to give up General Lee for six field-officers, of whom I
+was one, and the placing of that gentleman under the charge of the
+Provost at New York, were the motives of their particular ill treatment
+of me."</p>
+
+<p>Washington, on February 28, 1777, wrote to the Council of Massachusetts
+remonstrating with them and directing Colonel Campbell's enlargement, as
+his treatment was not according to the resolve of Congress. The
+following day he wrote Colonel Campbell stating that he imagined there
+would be a mitigation of what he now suffered. At the same time
+Washington wrote to the Congress on the impolicy of so treating Colonel
+Campbell, declaring that he feared that the resolutions, if adhered to,
+might "produce consequences of an extensive and melancholy nature." On
+March 6th he wrote to the president of Congress reaffirming his position
+on the impolicy of their attitude towards Colonel Campbell. To the same
+he wrote May 28th stating that "notwithstanding my recommendation,
+agreeably to what I conceived to be the sense of Congress,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell's treatment continues to be such as cannot
+be justified either on the principles of generosity or strict
+retaliation; as I have authentic information, and I doubt not you will
+have the same, that General Lee's situation is far from being rigorous
+or uncomfortable." To Sir William Howe, he wrote June 10th, that
+"Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field-officers, will be
+detained till you recognise General Lee as a prisoner of war, and put
+him on the footing of claim. * * * The situation of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell, as represented by you, is such as I neither wished nor
+approve. Upon the first intimation of his complaints, I wrote upon the
+subject, and hoped there would have been no further cause of uneasiness.
+That, gentleman, I am persuaded, will do me the justice to say, he has
+received no ill treatment at my instance. Unnecessary severity and every
+species of insult I despise, and, I trust, none will ever have just
+reason to censure me in this respect." At this time Colonel Campbell was
+not in the gaol but in the jailer's house. On June 2d Congress ordered
+that Colonel Campbell and the five Hessian officers should be treated
+"with kindness, generosity, and tenderness, consistent with the safe
+custody of their persons."</p>
+
+<p>Congress finally decided that General Prescott, who had been recently
+captured, should be held as a hostage for the good treatment of General
+Lee, and Washington was authorized to negotiate an exchange of
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>March 10, 1778, in a letter addressed to Washington by Sir William Howe,
+he concludes as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When the agreement was concluded upon to appoint commissioners to
+settle a general exchange, I expected there would have been as much
+expedition used in returning Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the
+Hessian field-officers, as in returning Major-General Prescott, and
+that the cartel might have been finished by the time of the arrival
+of General Lee. If, however, there should be any objection to General
+Prescott's remaining at New York, until the aforementioned officers
+are sent in, he shall, to avoid altercation, be returned upon
+requisition."</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To this Washington replied:</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">"Valley Forge, 12 March, 1778.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir:&mdash;Your letter of the 10th came to hand last night. The meeting of
+our commissioners cannot take place till the time appointed in my
+last.</p>
+
+<p>I am not able to conceive on what principle it should be imagined,
+that any distinction, injurious to Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and
+the Hessian field officers, still exists. That they have not yet been
+returned on parole is to be ascribed solely to the remoteness of
+their situation. Mr. Boudinot informs me, that he momentarily expects
+their arrival, in prosecution of our engagement. You are well aware,
+that the distinction originally made, with respect to them, was in
+consequence of your discrimination to the prejudice of General Lee.
+On your receding from that discrimination, and agreeing to a mutual
+releasement of officers on parole, the difficulty ceased, and General
+Prescott was sent into New York, in full expectation, that General
+Lee would come out in return. So far from adhering to any former
+exception, I had particularly directed my commissary of prisoners to
+release Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, in lieu of Lieutenant Colonel
+Ethan Allen."</p></div>
+
+<p>It was not, however, until May 5, 1778 that Washington succeeded in
+exchanging Colonel Campbell for Colonel Ethan Allen.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> His
+imprisonment did not have any effect on his treatment of those who
+afterwards fell into his hands.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Major Menzies was an irreparable loss to the corps, for he
+was a man of judgment and experience, and many of the officers and all
+the sergeants and soldiers totally inexperienced. Colonel Campbell was
+experienced as an engineer, but was a stranger to the minor and interior
+discipline of the line. But when it is considered that the force opposed
+to Fraser's regiment was also undisciplined, the duty and responsibility
+became less arduous.</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of the 71st safely landed towards the end of July, 1776
+on Staten Island and were immediately brought to the front. The
+grenadiers were placed in the battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
+Stuart, and the light infantry in Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Abercromby's
+brigade; the other companies were formed into three small battalions in
+brigades, under Sir William Erskine, then appointed Brigadier-General.
+In this manner, and, as has been noticed, without training, these men
+were brought into action at Brooklin. Nine hundred men of the 42nd,
+engaged on this occasion, were as inexperienced as those of the 71st,
+but they had the advantage of the example of three hundred old soldiers,
+on which to form their habits, together with officers of long
+experience.</p>
+
+<p>The first proof of their capacity, energy and steadfastness was at the
+battle of Brooklin, where they fully met the expectations of their
+commander. They displayed great eagerness to push the Americans to
+extremities, and to compel them to abandon their strong position.
+General Howe, desiring to spare their lives, called them back. The loss
+sustained by this regiment, in the engagement was three rank and file
+killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment passed the winter at Amboy, and in the skirmishing warfare
+of the next campaign was in constant employment, particularly so in the
+expeditions against Willsborough and Westfield, with which the
+operations for 1777 commenced. Immediately afterwards the army embarked
+for the Chesapeake. In the battle of Brandywine, a part of the 71st was
+actively engaged, and the regiment remained in Pennsylvania until
+November, when they embarked for New York. Here they were joined by two
+hundred recruits who had arrived from Scotland in September. These men
+along with one hundred more recovered from the hospital, formed a small
+corps under Captain Colin Mackenzie and acted as light infantry in an
+expedition up the North river to create a diversion in favor of General
+Burgoyne's movements. This corps led a successful assault on Fort
+Montgomery on October 6th, in which they displayed great courage.
+Captain Mackenzie's troops led the assault, and although so many were
+recruits, it was said that they exhibited conduct worthy of veterans.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1778, the 71st regiment accompanied lord Cornwallis on an
+expedition into the Jerseys, distinguished by a series of movements and
+countermovements. Stewart says that on the excursion into the Jerseys "a
+corps of cavalry, commanded by the Polish count Pulaski, were surprised
+and nearly cut to pieces by the light infantry under Sir James
+Baird."<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> This must refer to the expedition against Little Egg
+Harbor, on the eastern coast of New Jersey, which was a noted place of
+rendezvous for American privateers. The expedition was commanded by
+Captain Patrick Ferguson, many of whose troops were American royalists.
+They failed in their design, but made extensive depredations on both
+public and private property. A deserter from count Pulaski's command
+informed Captain Ferguson that a force had been sent to check these
+ravages and was now encamped twelve miles up the river. Captain Ferguson
+proceeded to surprise the force, and succeeded. He surrounded the houses
+at night in which the unsuspecting infantry were sleeping, and in his
+report of the affair said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It being a night-attack, little quarter, of course, could be given;
+so there were only five prisoners!"</p></div>
+
+<p>He had butchered fifty of the infantry on the spot, when the approach of
+count Pulaski's horse caused him to make a rapid retreat to his boats,
+and a flight down the river.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Such expeditions only tended to arouse
+the Americans and express the most determined hatred towards their
+oppressors. They uttered vows of vengeance which they sought in every
+way to execute.</p>
+
+<p>An expedition consisting of the Highlanders, two regiments of Hessians,
+a corps of provincials, and a detachment of artillery, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, sailed from Sandy Hook, November
+29, 1778, and after a stormy passage reached the Savannah river by the
+end of December. The 1st battalion of the 71st, and the light infantry,
+under the immediate command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, landed,
+without opposition a short distance below the town of Savannah. Captain
+Cameron, without delay, advanced to attack the American advanced posts,
+when he and three of his men were killed by a volley. The rest instantly
+charged and drove the Americans back on the main body, drawn up in a
+line on an open plain in the rear of the town. The disembarkation, with
+the necessary arrangements for an attack was soon completed. At that
+time Savannah was an open town, without any natural strength, save that
+of the woods which covered both sides. Colonel Campbell formed his
+troops in line, and detached Sir James Baird with the light infantry
+through a narrow path, to get round the right flank of the Americans,
+while the corps, which had been Captain Cameron's, was sent round the
+left. The main army in front made demonstrations to attack. The
+Americans were so occupied with the main body that they did not perceive
+the flanking movements, and were thus easily surrounded. When they
+realized the situation they fled in great confusion. The light infantry
+closing in upon both flanks of the retreating Americans, they greatly
+suffered, losing upwards of one hundred killed and five hundred wounded
+and prisoners, with a British loss of but four soldiers killed and five
+wounded. The town then surrendered and the British took possession of
+all the shipping, stores, and forty-five cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Flushed with success Colonel Campbell made immediate preparations to
+advance against Augusta, situated in the interior about one hundred and
+fifty miles distant. No opposition was manifested, and the whole
+province of Georgia, apparently submitted. Colonel Campbell established
+himself in Augusta, and detached Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, with two
+hundred men to the frontiers of Georgia. Meanwhile General Prevost,
+having arrived at Savannah from Florida, assumed command. Judging the
+ground occupied to be too extensive, he ordered Augusta evacuated and
+the lines narrowed. This retrograde movement emboldened the Americans
+and they began to collect in great numbers, and hung on the rear of the
+British, cutting off stragglers, and frequently skirmishing with the
+rear guard. Although uniformly maintaining themselves, this retreat
+dispirited the royalists (commonly called tories), and left them
+unprotected and unwilling to render assistance.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the policy of General Prevost was not to encourage the
+establishing of a provincial militia, so that the royalists were left
+behind without arms or employment, and the patriots formed bands and
+traversed the country without control. To keep these in check, inroads
+were made into the interior, and in this manner the winter months
+passed. Colonel Campbell, who had acted on a different system, obtained
+leave of absence and embarked for England, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel
+Maitland in command of the 71st regiment.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment remained inactive till the month of February 1779, when it
+was employed in an enterprise against Brier Creek, forty miles below
+Augusta, a strong position defended by upwards of two thousand men,
+besides one thousand occupied in detached stations. In front was a deep
+swamp, rendered passable only by a narrow causeway, and on each flank
+thick woods nearly impenetrable, but the position was open to the rear.
+In order to dislodge the Americans from this position Lieutenant-Colonel
+Duncan Macpherson, with the first battalion of the Highlanders, was
+directed to march upon the front of the position; whilst Colonel Prevost
+and Lieutenant Colonels Maitland and Macdonald, with the 2d battalion of
+the Highlanders, the light infantry, and a detachment of provincials,
+were ordered to attempt the rear by a circuitous route of forty-nine
+miles. Notwithstanding the length of the march through a difficult
+country, the movements were so well regulated, that in ten minutes after
+Colonel Macpherson appeared at the head of the causeway in front,
+Colonel Maitland's fire was heard in the rear, and Sir James Baird, with
+the light infantry rushed through the openings in the swamp on the left
+flank. The attack was made on March 3rd. The Americans under General
+Ashe were completely surprised. The entire army was lost by death,
+captivity and dispersion. On this occasion one fourth of General
+Lincoln's army was destroyed. The loss of the Highlanders being five
+soldiers killed, and one officer and twelve rank and file wounded.</p>
+
+<p>General Prevost was active and next determined to invade South Carolina.
+Towards the close of April he crossed the Savannah river, with the
+troops engaged at Brier's Creek, and a large body of royalists and Creek
+Indians, and made slow marches towards Charleston. In the meantime
+General Lincoln had been active and recruited vigorously, and now
+mustered five thousand men under his command. Whilst General Prevost
+marched against General Lincoln's front, the former ordered the 71st to
+make a circuitous march of several miles and attack the rear. Guided by
+a party of Creek Indians the Highlanders entered a woody swamp at eleven
+o'clock at night, in traversing which they were frequently up to the
+shoulders in the swamp. They emerged from the woods the next morning at
+eight o'clock with their ammunition destroyed. They were now within a
+half mile of General Lincoln's rear guard which they attacked and drove
+from their position without sustaining loss. Reaching Charleston on May
+11th General Prevost demanded instantly its surrender, but a dispatch
+from General Lincoln notified the people that he was coming to their
+relief. General Prevost, fearing that General Lincoln would cut off his
+communication with Savannah, commenced his retreat towards that city, at
+midnight, along the coast. This route exposed his troops to much
+suffering, having to march through unfrequented woods, salt water
+marshes and swamps. Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost, the Quartermaster-General,
+and a man of the name of Macgirt, and a person under his orders, had gone
+on a foraging expedition, and were not returned from their operations; and
+in order to protect them Colonel Maitland, with a battalion of Highlanders
+and some Hessians, was placed in a hastily constructed redoubt at Stono
+Ferry, ten miles below Charleston. On June 20th these men were attacked
+by a part of General Lincoln's force. When their advance was reported,
+Captain Colin Campbell, with four officers and fifty-six men, was sent
+out to reconnoitre. A thick wood covered the approach of the Americans
+till they reached a clear field on which Captain Campbell's party stood.
+Immediately he attacked the Americans and a desperate resistance ensued;
+all the officers and non-commissioned officers of the Highlanders fell,
+seven soldiers alone remaining on their feet. It was not intended that
+the resistance should be of such a nature, but most of the men had been
+captured in Boston Harbor, and had only been recently exchanged, and
+this being their first appearance before an enemy, and thought it was
+disgraceful to retreat when under fire. When Captain Campbell fell he
+directed his men to make the best of their way to the redoubt; but they
+refused to obey, and leave their officers on the field. The Americans,
+at this juncture ceased firing, and the seven soldiers carried their
+officers along with them, followed by such as were able to walk. The
+Americans advanced on the redoubts with partial success. The Hessians
+having got into confusion in the redoubt, which they occupied, the
+Americans forced an entrance, but the 71st having driven back those who
+attacked their redoubt, Colonel Maitland was enabled to detach two
+companies of Highlanders to the support of the Hessians. The Americans
+were instantly driven out of the redoubt at the point of the bayonet,
+and while preparing for another attempt, the 2d battalion of Highlanders
+came up, when despairing of success they retreated at all points,
+leaving many killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The resistance offered by Captain Campbell afforded their friends in the
+redoubts time to prepare, and likewise to the 2d battalion in the island
+to march by the difficult and circuitous route left open for them. The
+delay in the 2d battalion was also caused by a want of boats. Two
+temporary ferry-boats had been established, but the men in charge ran
+away as soon as the firing began. The Americans opened a galling fire on
+the men as they stood on the banks of the river. Lieutenant Robert
+Campbell plunged into the water and swam across, followed by a few
+soldiers, returned with the boats, and thus enabled the battalion to
+cross over to the support of their friends. Five hundred and twenty
+Highlanders and two hundred Hessians successfully resisted all the
+efforts of the Americans twelve hundred strong, and this with a trifling
+loss in comparison to the service rendered. When the Americans fell
+back, the whole garrison sallied out, but the light troops covered the
+retreat so successfully, that all the wounded were brought off. In
+killed and wounded the Americans lost one hundred and forty-six and one
+hundred and fifty missing. The British loss was three officers and
+thirty-two soldiers killed and wounded. Three days afterwards, the
+foraging party having returned, the British evacuated Stono Ferry, and
+retreated from island to island, until they reached Beaufort, on Port
+Royal, where Colonel Maitland was left with seven hundred men, while
+General Prevost, with the main body of the army, continued his difficult
+and harrassing march to Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of September 1779, the count D'Estaing arrived on the coast
+of Georgia with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two fifty gun ships,
+seven frigates, and transports, with a body of troops on board for the
+avowed purpose of retaking Savannah. The garrison consisted of two
+companies of the 16th regiment, two of the 60th, one battalion of
+Highlanders, and one weak battalion of Hessians; in all about eleven
+hundred effective men. The combined force of French and Americans was
+four thousand nine hundred and fifty men. While General Lincoln and his
+force were approaching the French effected a landing at Beuley and
+Thunderbolt, without opposition. General McIntosh urged count D'Estaing
+to make an immediate assault upon the British works. This advice was
+rejected, and count D'Estaing advanced within three miles of Savannah
+and demanded an unconditional surrender to the king of France. General
+Prevost asked for a truce until next day which was granted, and in the
+meanwhile twelve hundred white men and negroes were employed in
+strengthening the fortifications and mounting additional ordnance. This
+truce General Lincoln at once perceived was fatal to the success of the
+beseigers, for he had ascertained that Colonel Maitland, with his
+troops, was on his way from Beaufort, to reinforce General Prevost, and
+that his arrival within twenty-four hours, was the object which was
+designed by the truce. Colonel Maitland, conducted by a negro fisherman,
+passed through a creek with his boats, at high water, and concealed by a
+fog, eluded the French, and entered the town on the afternoon of
+September 17th. His arrival gave General Prevost courage, and towards
+evening he sent a note to count D'Estaing, bearing a positive refusal to
+capitulate. All energies were now bent towards taking the town by
+regular approaches. Ground was broken on the morning of September 23rd,
+and night and day the besiegers plied the spade, and so vigorously was
+the work prosecuted, that in the course of twelve days fifty-three
+cannon and fourteen mortars were mounted. During these days two sorties
+were made. The morning of September 24th, Major Colin Graham, with the
+light company of the 16th regiment, and the two Highland battalions,
+dashed out, attacked the besiegers, drove them from their works, and
+then retired with the loss of Lieutenant Henry Macpherson of the 71st,
+and three privates killed, and fifteen wounded. On September 27th, Major
+Macarthur, with the pickets of the Highlanders advanced with such
+caution and address, that, after firing a few rounds, the French and
+Americans, mistaking their object, commenced a fire on each other, by
+which they lost fifty men; and, in the meantime Major Macarthur retired.
+These sorties had no effect on the general operations.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of October 4th, the batteries having been all completed
+and manned, a terrible bombardment was opened upon the British works and
+the town. The French frigate Truite also opened a cannonade. Houses were
+shattered, men, women and children were killed or maimed, and terror
+reigned. Day and night the cannonade was continued until the 9th.
+Victory was within the grasp of the besiegers, when count D'Estaing
+became impatient and determined on an assault. Just before dawn on the
+morning of the 9th four thousand five hundred men of the combined armies
+moved to the assault, in the midst of a dense fog and under cover of a
+heavy fire from the batteries. They advanced in three columns, the
+principal one commanded by count D'Estaing in person, assisted by
+General Lincoln; another column by count Dillon. The left column taking
+a great circuit got entangled in a swamp, and, being exposed to the guns
+of the garrison, was unable to advance. The others made the advance in
+the best manner, but owing to the fire of the batteries suffered
+severely. Many entered the ditch, and even ascended and planted the
+colors on the parapet, where several were killed. Captain Tawse, of the
+71st, who commanded the redoubt, plunged his sword into the first man
+who mounted, and was himself shot dead by the man who followed. Captain
+Archibald Campbell then assumed the command, and maintained his post
+till supported by the grenadiers of the 60th, when the assaulting column
+being attacked on both sides, was completely broken, and driven back
+with such expedition, that a detachment of the 71st, ordered by Colonel
+Maitland to hasten and assist those who were so hard pressed by superior
+numbers, could not overtake them. The other columns, seeing the
+discomfiture of the principal attack, retired without any further
+attempt.</p>
+
+<p>It is the uniform testimony of those who have studied this siege that if
+count D'Estaing had immediately on landing made the attack, the garrison
+must have succumbed. General Lincoln, although his force was greatly
+diminished by the action just closed, wished to continue the siege; but
+count D'Estaing resolved on immediate departure. General Lincoln was
+indignant, but concealed his wrath; and being too weak to carry on the
+siege alone, he at last consented to abandon it.</p>
+
+<p>The French loss, in killed and wounded, was six hundred and thirty-seven
+men, and the American four hundred and fifty-seven. The British lost one
+captain, two subalterns, four sergeants, and thirty-two soldiers,
+killed; and two captains, two sergeants, two drummers, and fifty-six
+soldiers, wounded. Colonel Maitland was attacked with a bilious disease
+during the siege and soon after died. The British troops had been sickly
+before Savannah was attacked; but the soldiers were reanimated, and
+sickness, in a manner, was suspended, during active operations. But when
+the Americans withdrew, and all excitement had ceased, sickness returned
+with aggravated violence, and fully one fourth the men were sent to the
+hospital.</p>
+
+<p>While these operations were going on in Georgia and South Carolina a
+disaster overtook the grenadiers of the 71st who were posted at Stony
+Point and Verplanks, in the state of New York. Washington planned the
+attack on Stony Point and deputed General Wayne to execute it. So
+secretly was the whole movement conducted, that the British garrison was
+unsuspicious of danger. At eight o'clock, on the evening of July 15,
+1779, General Wayne took post in a hollow, within two miles of the fort
+on Stony Point, and there remained unperceived until midnight, when he
+formed his men into two columns, Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury leading one
+division and Major Stewart the other. At the head of each was a forlorn
+hope of twenty men. Both parties were close upon the works before they
+were discovered. A skirmish with the pickets at once ensued, the
+Americans using the bayonet only. In a few moments the entire works were
+manned, and the Americans were compelled to press forward in the face of
+a terrible storm of grape shot and musket balls. Over the ramparts and
+into the fort both columns pushed their way. At two o'clock the morning
+of the 16th, General Wayne wrote to Washington:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours. The officers
+and men behaved like men who were determined to be free."</p></div>
+
+<p>The British lost nineteen soldiers killed, and one captain, two
+subalterns, and seventy two soldiers, wounded; and, in all, including
+prisoners, six hundred. The principal part of this loss fell upon the
+picket, commanded by Lieutenant Cumming of the 71st, which resisted one
+of the columns till almost all of the men of the picket, were either
+killed or wounded, Lieutenant Cumming being among the latter. The
+Americans lost fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The force which had so ably defended Savannah remained there in quarters
+during the winter of 1779 and 1780. In the month of March 1780, Sir
+Henry Clinton arrived before Charleston with a force from New York,
+which he immediately invested and rigorously pushed the siege. The chief
+engineer, Captain Moncrieff was indefatigable, and being fearless of
+danger, was careless of the lives of others. Having served two years
+with the 71st, and believing it would gratify the Highlanders to select
+them for dangerous service, he generally applied for a party of that
+corps for all exposed duties.</p>
+
+<p>After the surrender of Charleston, on May 12, 1780, to the army under
+Sir Henry Clinton, the British forces in the southern states were placed
+under the command of lord Cornwallis. The 71st composed a part of this
+army, and with it advanced into the interior. In the beginning of June,
+the army amounting to twenty-five hundred, reached Camden, a central
+place fixed upon for headquarters. The American general, Horatio Gates,
+having, in July, assembled a force marched towards Camden. The people
+generally were in arms and the British officers perplexed. Major
+Macarthur who was at Cheraw to encourage the royalists, was ordered to
+fall back towards Camden. Lord Cornwallis, seeing the gathering storm
+hastily left Charleston and joined lord Rawdon at Camden, arriving there
+on August 13th. Both generals of the opposing forces on the night of
+August 15th moved towards each other with the design of making an
+attack. The British troops consisted of the 23d and 33d regiments, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Webster; Tarleton's legion; Irish volunteers; a part
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton's North Carolina Regiment; Bryan's corps
+of royalists, under lord Rawdon, with two six and two three pounders
+commanded by Lieutenant McLeod; and the 71st regiment. Camden was left
+in the care of Major Macarthur, with the sick and convalescents.</p>
+
+<p>Both armies were surprised, and each fired at the same moment, which
+occurred at three o'clock on the morning of August 16th. Both generals,
+ignorant of each other's force, declined general action, and lay on
+their arms till morning. When the British army formed in line of battle,
+the light infantry of the Highlanders, and the Welsh fusileers were on
+the right; the 33d regiment and the Irish volunteers occupied the
+center; the provincials were on the left, with the marshy ground in
+their front. While the army was thus forming, Captain Charles Campbell,
+who commanded the Highland light companies on the right, placed himself
+on the stump of an old tree to reconnoitre, and observing the Americans
+moving as with the intention of turning his flank, leaped down, and
+giving vent to an oath, called to his men, "Remember you are light
+infantry; remember you are Highlanders: Charge!" The attack was rapid
+and irresistible, and being made before the Americans had completed
+their movement by which they were to surround the British right, they
+were broken and driven from the field, prior to the beginning of the
+battle in other parts of the line. When the battle did commence the
+American center gained ground. Lord Cornwallis opened his center to the
+right and left, till a considerable space intervened, and then directed
+the Highlanders to move forward and occupy the vacant space. When this
+was done, he cried out, "My brave Highlanders, now is your time." They
+instantly rushed forward accompanied by the Irish volunteers and the
+33d, and penetrated and completely overthrew the American column.
+However the American right continued to advance and gained the ground on
+which the Highlanders had been placed originally as a reserve. They gave
+three cheers for victory; but the smoke clearing up they saw their
+mistake. A party of Highlanders turning upon them, the greater part
+threw down their arms, while the remainder fled in all directions. The
+victory was complete. The loss of the British was one captain, one
+subaltern, two sergeants, and sixty-four soldiers killed; and two field
+officers, three captains, twelve subalterns, thirteen sergeants, and two
+hundred and thirteen soldiers wounded. The Highlanders lost Lieutenant
+Archibald Campbell and eight soldiers killed; and Captain Hugh Campbell,
+Lieutenant John Grant, two sergeants, and thirty privates wounded. The
+loss of the Americans was never ascertained, but estimated at seven
+hundred and thirty two.</p>
+
+<p>General Sumter, with a strong corps, occupied positions on the Catawba
+river, which commanded the road to Charleston, and from which lord
+Cornwallis found it necessary to dislodge him. For this purpose Colonel
+Tarleton was sent with the cavalry and a corps of light infantry, under
+Captain Charles Campbell of the 71st regiment. The heat was excessive;
+many of the horses failed on the march, and not more than forty of the
+infantry were together in front, when, on the morning of the 18th, they
+came in sight of Fishing Creek, and on their right saw the smoke at a
+short distance. The sergeant of the advanced guard halted his party and
+then proceeded to ascertain the cause of the smoke. He saw the
+encampment, with arms piled, but a few sentinels and no pickets. He
+returned and reported the same to Captain Campbell who commanded in
+front. With his usual promptness Captain Campbell formed as many of the
+cavalry as had come up, and with the party of Highland infantry, rushed
+forward, and directing their route to the piled arms, quickly secured
+them and surprised the camp. The success was complete; a few were
+killed; nearly five hundred taken prisoners, and the rest dispersed. But
+the victory was dampened by the loss of the gallant Captain Campbell,
+who was killed by a random shot.</p>
+
+<p>These partial successes were soon counterbalanced by defeats of greater
+importance. From what had been of great discouragement, the Americans
+soon rallied, and threatened the frontiers of South Carolina, and on
+October 7th overthrew Major Ferguson at King's Mountain, who sustained a
+total loss of eleven hundred and five men, out of eleven hundred and
+twenty-five. At the plantation of Blackstocks, November 20th, Colonel
+Tarleton, with four hundred of his command, engaged General Sumter, when
+the former was driven off with a loss of ninety killed, and about one
+hundred wounded. The culminating point of these reverses was the battle
+of the Cowpens.</p>
+
+<p>A new commander for the southern department took charge of the American
+forces, in the person of Major-General Nathaniel Greene, who stood, in
+military genius, second only to Washington, and who was thoroughly
+imbued with the principles practiced by that great man. Lord Cornwallis,
+the ablest of the British tacticians engaged in the American Revolution,
+found more than his equal in General Greene. He had been appointed to
+the command of the Southern Department, by Washington, on October 30,
+1780, and immediately proceeded to the field of labor, and on December
+3rd, took formal command of the army, and was exceedingly active in the
+arrangement of the army, and in wisely directing its movements. His
+first arrangement was to divide his army into two detachments, the
+larger of which, under himself was to be stationed opposite Cheraw Hill,
+on the east side of the Pedee river, about seventy miles to the right of
+the British army, then at Winnsborough. The other, composed of about one
+thousand troops, under General Daniel Morgan, was placed some fifty
+miles to the left, near the junction of Broad and Parcolet rivers.
+Colonel Tarleton was detached to disperse the little army of General
+Morgan, having with him, the 7th or Fusileers, the 1st battalion of
+Fraser's Highlanders, or 71st, two hundred in number, a detachment of
+the British Legion, and three hundred cavalry. Intelligence was
+received, on the morning of January 17, 1781, that General Morgan was
+drawn up in front on rising ground. The British were hastily formed,
+with the Fusileers, the Legion, and the light infantry in front, and the
+Highlanders and cavalry forming the reserve. As soon as formed the line
+was ordered to advance rapidly. Exhausted by running, it received the
+American fire at the distance of thirty or forty paces. The effect was
+so great as to produce something of a recoil. The fire was returned; and
+the light infantry made two attempts to charge, but were repulsed with
+loss. The Highlanders next were ordered up, and rapidly advancing in
+charge, the American front line gave way and retreated through an open
+space in the second line. This man&oelig;uvre was made without interfering
+with the ranks of those who were now to oppose the Highlanders, who ran
+in to take advantage of what appeared to them to be a confusion of the
+Americans. The second line threw in a fire upon the 71st, when within
+forty yards which was so destructive that nearly one half their number
+fell; and those who remained were so scattered, having run a space of
+five hundred yards at full speed, that they could not be united to form
+a charge with the bayonet. They did not immediately fall back, but
+engaged in some irregular firing, when the American line pushed forward
+to the right flank of the Highlanders, who now realized that there was
+no prospect of support, and while their number was diminishing that of
+their foe was increasing. They first wavered, then began to retire, and
+finally to run. This is said to have been the first instance of a
+Highland regiment running from an enemy.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> This repulse struck a
+panic into those whom they left in the rear, and who fled in the
+greatest confusion. Order and command were lost, and the rout became
+general. Few of the infantry escaped, and the cavalry saved itself by
+putting their horses to full speed. The Highlanders reformed in the
+rear, and might have made a soldier-like retreat if they had been
+supported.</p>
+
+<p>The battle of the Cowpens was disastrous in its consequences to the
+British interests, as it inspired the Americans with confidence. Colonel
+Tarleton had been connected with frequent victories, and his name was
+associated with that of terror. He was able on a quick dash, but by no
+means competent to cope with the solid judgment and long experience of
+General Morgan. The disposition of the men under General Morgan was
+judicious; and the conduct of Colonels Washington and Howard, in
+wheeling and man&oelig;uvering their corps, and throwing in such
+destructive volleys on the Highlanders, would have done credit to any
+commander. To the Highlanders the defeat was particularly unfortunate.
+Their officers were perfectly satisfied with the conduct of their men,
+and imputing the disaster altogether to the bad dispositions of Colonel
+Tarleton, made representations to lord Cornwallis, not to be employed
+again under the same officer, a request with which compliance was made.
+This may be the reason that Colonel Tarleton gives them no credit in his
+"History of the Campaigns," published in 1787. He admits his loss to
+have been three hundred killed and wounded and near four hundred
+prisoners.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p>After the battle of the Cowpens lord Cornwallis with increased exertions
+followed the main body of the Americans under General Greene, who
+retreated northward. The army was stripped of all superfluous baggage.
+The two battalions of the 71st now greatly reduced, were consolidated
+into one, and formed in a brigade with the 33d and Welsh Fusileers. Much
+skirmishing took place on the march, when, on March 16th, General Greene
+believing his army sufficiently strong to withstand the shock of battle
+drew up his force at Guilford Court House, in three lines.</p>
+
+<p>The British line was formed of the German regiment of De Bos, the
+Highlanders, and guards, under General Leslie, on the right; and the
+Welsh Fusileers, 33d regiment, and second battalion of guards, under
+General Charles O'Hara, on the left; the cavalry was in the rear
+supported by the light infantry of the guards and the German Yagers. At
+one o'clock the battle opened. The Americans, covered by a fence in
+their front, maintained their position with confidence, and withheld
+their fire till the British line was within forty paces, when a
+destructive fire was poured into Colonel Webster's brigade, killing and
+wounding nearly one-third. The brigade returned the fire, and rushed
+forward, when the Americans retreated on the second line. The regiment
+of De Bos and the 33d met with a more determined resistance, having
+retreated and advanced repeatedly before they succeeded in driving the
+Americans from the field. In the meantime, a party of the guards pressed
+on with eagerness, but were charged on their right flank by a body of
+cavalry which broke their line. The retreating Americans seeing the
+effect of this charge, turned and recommenced firing. The Highlanders,
+who had now pushed round the flank, appeared on a rising ground in rear
+of the left of the enemy, and, rushing forward with shouts, made such an
+impression on the Americans, that they immediately fled, abandoning
+their guns and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>This battle, although nominally a victory for the British commander, was
+highly beneficial to the patriots. Both armies displayed consummate
+skill. Lord Cornwallis on the 19th decamped, leaving behind him between
+seventy and eighty of his wounded soldiers, and all the American
+prisoners who were wounded, and left the country to the mercy of his
+enemy. The total loss of the British was ninety-three killed, and four
+hundred and eleven wounded. The Highlanders lost Ensign Grant, and
+eleven soldiers killed, and four sergeants and forty-six soldiers
+wounded. It was long a tradition, in the neighborhood, that many of the
+Highlanders, who were in the van, fell near the fence, from behind which
+the North Carolinians rose and fired.</p>
+
+<p>The British army retreated in the direction of Cross Creek, the
+Americans following closely in the rear. At Cross Creek, the heart of
+the Highland settlement in North Carolina, lord Cornwallis had hoped to
+rest his wearied army, a third of whom was sick and wounded and was
+obliged to carry them in wagons, or on horseback. The remainder were
+without shoes and worn down with fatigue. Owing to the surrounding
+conditions, the army took up its weary march to Wilmington, where it was
+expected there would be supplies, of which they were in great need. Here
+the army halted from April 17th to the 26th, when it proceeded on the
+route to Petersburg, in Virginia, and to form a junction with General
+Phillips, who had recently arrived there with three thousand men. The
+march was a difficult one. Before them was several hundred miles of
+country, which did not afford an active friend. No intelligence could be
+obtained, and no communication could be established. On May 25th the
+army reached Petersburg, where the united force amounted to six thousand
+men. The army then proceeded to Portsmouth, and when preparing to cross
+the river at St. James' Island, the Marquis de Lafayette, ignorant of
+their number, with two thousand men, made a gallant attack. After a
+sharp resistance he was repulsed, and the night approaching favored his
+retreat. After this skirmish the British army marched to Portsmouth, and
+thence to Yorktown, where a position was taken on the York river on
+August 22nd.</p>
+
+<p>From the tables given by lord Cornwallis, in his "Answer to the
+Narrative of Sir Henry Clinton"<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> the following condition of the 71st
+at different periods on the northward march, is extracted:</p>
+<table summary='march' width='600'>
+<tr>
+<td>January 15, 1781,</td>
+<td>1st Battalion</td>
+<td>249</td>
+<td>2nd Battalion</td>
+<td>237</td>
+<td>Light Company</td>
+<td>69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>February 1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>234</td>
+<td align='center'>&mdash;</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>March&nbsp; &nbsp; 1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>212</td>
+<td align='center'>&mdash;</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>April&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>&mdash;</td>
+<td align='center'>"</td>
+<td>161</td>
+<td align='center'>&mdash;</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>May&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;1, 1781,</td>
+<td>Two Battalions</td>
+<td>175</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>June&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;   1, 1781,</td>
+<td>Second Battalion</td>
+<td>164</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>July&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;  1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+<td>161</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>August&nbsp;  1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+<td>167</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sept.&nbsp; &nbsp;  1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+<td>162</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Oct.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;   1, 1781,</td>
+<td align='center'>"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+<td>160</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>The encampment at Yorktown was formed on an elevated platform, nearly
+level, on the bank of the river, and of a sandy soil. On the right of
+the position, extended from the river, a ravine of about forty feet in
+depth, and more than one hundred yards in breadth; the center was formed
+by a horn-work of entrenchments; and an extensive redoubt beyond the
+ravine on the right, and two smaller redoubts on the left, also advanced
+beyond the entrenchments, constituted the principal defences of the
+camp.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of September 28, 1781, the combined French and American
+armies, twelve thousand strong, left Williamsburg by different roads,
+and marched towards Yorktown, and on the 30th the allied armies had
+completely invested the British works. Batteries were erected, and
+approaches made in the usual manner. During the first four days the fire
+was directed against the redoubt on the right, which was reduced to a
+heap of sand. On the left the redoubts were taken by storm and the guns
+turned on the other parts of the entrenchments. One of these redoubts
+had been manned by some soldiers of the 71st. Although the defence of
+this redoubt was as good and well contested as that of the others, the
+regiment thought its honor so much implicated, that a petition was drawn
+up by the men, and carried by the commanding officer to lord Cornwallis,
+to be permitted to retake it. The proposition was not acceded to, for
+the siege had reached such a stage that it was not deemed necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Among the incidents related of the Highlanders during the siege, is that
+of a soliloquy, overheard by two captains, of an old Highland gentleman,
+a lieutenant, who, drawing his sword, said to himself, "Come, on,
+Maister Washington, I'm unco glad to see you; I've been offered money
+for my commission, but I could na think of gangin' hame without a sight
+of you. Come on."<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p>
+
+<p>The situation of the besieged daily grew more critical, the whole
+encampment was open to assault, and exposed to a constant and enfilading
+fire. In this dilemma lord Cornwallis resolved to decamp with the elite
+of his army, by crossing the river and leaving a small force to
+capitulate. The first division embarked and some had reached the
+opposite shore at Gloucester Point, when a violent storm of wind
+rendered the passage dangerous, and the attempt was consequently
+abandoned. The British army then surrendered to Washington, and the
+troops marched out of their works on October 20th.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of the garrison was six officers, thirteen sergeants, four
+drummers and one hundred and thirty-three rank and file killed; six
+officers, twenty-four sergeants, eleven drummers, and two hundred and
+eighty-four wounded. Of these the 71st lost Lieutenant Thomas Fraser and
+nine soldiers killed; three drummers and nineteen soldiers wounded. The
+whole number surrendered by capitulation was a little more than seven
+thousand making a total loss of about seven thousand eight hundred. Of
+the arms and stores there were seventy-five brass, and one hundred and
+sixty iron cannon; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four muskets;
+twenty-eight regimental standards; a large quantity of cannon and
+musket-balls, bombs, carriages, &amp;c., &amp;c. The military chest contained
+nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended the military service of an army, proud and haughty, that had,
+within a year marched and counter-marched nearly two thousand miles, had
+forded streams, some of them in the face of an enemy, had fought two
+pitched battles and engaged in numerous skirmishes. With all their
+labors and achievements, they accomplished nothing of real value to the
+cause they represented.</p>
+
+<p>Fraser's Highlanders remained prisoners until the conclusion of
+hostilities. During their service their character was equal to their
+courage. Among them disgraceful punishments were unknown. When prisoners
+and solicited by the Americans to join their standard and settle among
+them, not one of them broke the oath he had taken, a virtue not
+generally observed on that occasion, for many soldiers joined the
+Americans. On the conclusion of hostilities the 71st was released,
+ordered to Scotland, and discharged at Perth in 1783.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>SEVENTY-FOURTH OR ARGYLE HIGHLANDERS.</p>
+
+<p>The particulars of the 74th or Argyle Highlanders, and the 76th, or
+Macdonald's Highlanders, are but slightly touched upon by Colonel David
+Stewart of Garth, in his "Sketches of the Highlanders," by Dr. James
+Browne, in his "History of the Highlands," and by John S. Keltie, in his
+"History of the Scottish Highlands." Even Lieutenant-General Samuel
+Graham, who was a captain in the 76th, in his "Memoirs," gives but a
+slight account of his regiment. So a very imperfect view can only be
+expected in this narration.</p>
+
+<p>The 74th or Argyle Highlanders was raised by Colonel John Campbell of
+Barbreck, who had served as captain and major of Fraser's Highlanders in
+the Seven Years' War. In the month of December 1777 letters of service
+were granted to him, and the regiment was completed in May 1778. In this
+regiment were more Lowlanders, than in any other of the same description
+raised during that period. All the officers, except four, were
+Highlanders, while of the soldiers only five hundred and ninety were of
+the same country, the others being from Glasgow, and the western
+districts of Scotland. The name of Campbell mustered strong; the three
+field-officers, six captains, and fourteen subalterns, being of that
+name. Among the officers was the chief of the Macquarries, being
+sixty-two years of age when he entered the army in 1778.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment mustering nine hundred and sixty, rank and file, embarked
+at Greenock in August, and landed at Halifax in Nova Scotia, where it
+remained garrisoned with the 80th and the 82d regiments; the whole being
+under the command of Brigadier-General Francis Maclean. In the spring of
+1779, the grenadier company, commanded by Captain Ludovick Colquhoun of
+Luss, and the light company by Captain Campbell of Bulnabie, were sent
+to New York, and joined the army immediately before the siege of
+Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>In June of the same year, the battalion companies, with a detachment of
+the 82d regiment, under the command of Brigadier-General Maclean,
+embarked from Halifax, and took possession of Penobscot, with the
+intention of establishing a post there. Before the defences were
+completed, a hostile fleet from Boston, with two thousand troops on
+board, under Brigadier-General Solomon Lovell, appeared in the bay, and
+on July 28th effected a landing on a peninsula, where the British were
+erecting a fort, and immediately began to construct batteries for a
+regular siege. These operations were frequently interrupted by sallies
+of parties from the fort. General Maclean exerted himself to the utmost
+to strengthen his position, and not only kept the Americans in check,
+but preserved communication with the shipping, which they endeavored to
+cut off. Both parties kept skirmishing till August 13th, when Sir George
+Collier appeared in the bay, with a fleet intended for relief of the
+post. This accession of strength disconcerted the Americans, and
+completely destroyed their hopes, so that they quickly decamped and
+retired to their boats. Being unable to re-embark all the troops, those
+who remained, along with the sailors of several vessels which had run
+aground in the hurry of escaping, formed themselves into a body, and
+endeavored to penetrate through the woods. In the course of this attempt
+they ran short of provisions, quarrelled among themselves, and, coming
+to blows, fired on each other till their ammunition was expended.
+Upwards of sixty men were killed and wounded; the rest dispersed through
+the woods, numbers perishing before they could reach an inhabited
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of General Maclean and his troops met with approbation. In
+his dispatch, giving an account of the attack and defeat of his foes, he
+particularly noticed the exertions and zeal of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Alexander Campbell of the 74th. The loss of this regiment was two
+sergeants, and fourteen privates killed, and seventeen rank and file
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>General Maclean returned to Halifax with the detachment of the 82d,
+leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Campbell of Monzie with the 74th at
+Penobscot, where they remained till the termination of hostilities, when
+they embarked for England. They landed at Portsmouth whence they marched
+for Stirling, and, after being joined by the flank companies, were
+reduced in the autumn of 1783.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>SEVENTY-SIXTH OR MACDONALD'S HIGHLANDERS.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of December 1777, letters of service were granted to lord
+Macdonald to raise a regiment in the Highlands and Isles. On his
+recommendation Major John Macdonell of Lochgarry was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel commandant of the regiment. The regiment was
+numbered the 76th, but called Macdonald's Highlanders. Lord Macdonald
+exerted himself in the formation of the regiment, and selected the
+officers from the families of the Macdonalds of Glencoe, Morar,
+Boisdale, and others of his own clan, and likewise from those of others,
+as Mackinnon, Fraser of Culduthel, Cameron of Callart, &amp;c. A body of
+seven hundred and fifty Highlanders was raised. The company of Captain
+Bruce was principally raised in Ireland; and Captains Cunningham of
+Craigend, and Montgomery Cunningham, as well as Lieutenant Samuel
+Graham, raised their men in the low country. These amounted to nearly
+two hundred men, and were kept together in two companies; while Bruce's
+company formed a third. In this manner each race was kept distinct. The
+whole number, including non-commissioned officers and men, amounted to
+one thousand and eighty-six. The recruits assembled at Inverness, and in
+March 1778 the regiment was reported complete. The men on their arrival
+were attested by a justice of the peace, and received the king's bounty
+of five guineas. As Major John Macdonell, who had been serving in
+America in the 71st or Fraser's Highlanders, was taken prisoner, on his
+passage home from that country, the command devolved on Captain
+Donaldson, of the 42d or Royal Highland Regiment. Under this officer the
+regiment was formed, and a code of regulations established for the
+conduct of both officers and men.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after its formation the 76th was sent to Fort George where it
+remained a year. It so happened that few of the non-commissioned
+officers who understood the drill were acquainted with the Gaelic
+language, and as all words of command were given in English, the
+commander directed that neither officers nor non-commissioned officers
+ignorant of the former language should endeavor to learn it. The
+consequence was that the Highlanders were behind-hand in being drilled,
+as they had, besides other duties, to acquire a new language. But the
+Highlanders took uncommon pains to learn their duties, and so exact were
+they in the discharge of them that upon one occasion, Colonel Campbell,
+the lieutenant-governor, was seized and made prisoner by the sentry
+posted at his own door, because the man conceived a trespass had been
+committed on his post, nor would the sentinel release the colonel until
+the arrival of the corporal of the guard.</p>
+
+<p>In March 1779 the regiment was removed to Perth, and from there marched
+to Burnt Island, where they embarked on the 17th. Major Donaldson's
+health not permitting him to go abroad, the command devolved on lord
+Berridale, second major, who accompanied them to New York, where they
+landed in August. The fleet sailed from the Firth of Forth for
+Portsmouth, and in a short time anchored at Spithead. While waiting
+there for the assembling of a fleet with reinforcements of men and
+stores for the army in America, an order was received to set sail for
+the island of Jersey, as the French had made an attempt there. But the
+French having been repulsed before the 70th reached Jersey, the regiment
+returned to Portsmouth, and proceeded on the voyage to America, and
+arrived in New York on August 27th.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of the regiment in New York the flank companies were
+attached to the battalion of that description. The battalion companies
+remained between New York and Staten Island till February 1781, when
+they embarked with a detachment of the army, commanded by General
+Phillips, for Virginia. The light company, being in the 2d battalion of
+light infantry, also formed a part of the expedition. The grenadiers
+remained at New York.</p>
+
+<p>This year, lord Berridale, on the death of his father, became earl of
+Caithness, and being severely wounded at the siege of Charleston, soon
+after returned to Scotland. The command of the 70th regiment devolved on
+Major Needham, who had purchased Major Donaldson's commission.</p>
+
+<p>General Phillips landed at Portsmouth, in Virginia, in March. A number
+of boats had been constructed under the superintendence of General
+Benedict Arnold, for the navigation of the rivers, most of them
+calculated to hold one hundred men. Each boat was manned by a few
+sailors, and was fitted with a sail as well as oars. Some of them
+carried a piece of ordnance in their bows. In these boats the light
+infantry, and detachments of the 76th and 80th regiments, with the
+Queen's Rangers, embarked, leaving the remainder of the 76th, with other
+troops, to garrison Portsmouth. The detachment of the 76th which
+embarked consisted of one major, three captains, twelve subalterns, and
+three hundred men, under Major Needham. The troops proceeded up the
+James river destroying warlike stores, shipping, barracks, foundaries
+and private property. After making many excursions the troops marched to
+Bermuda Hundreds, opposite City Point, where they embarked, on May 2d;
+but receiving orders from lord Cornwallis, returned and entered
+Petersburg on May 10th.</p>
+
+<p>When the 76th regiment found themselves with an army which had been
+engaged in the most incessant and fatiguing marches through difficult
+and hostile countries, they considered themselves as inferiors and as
+having done nothing which could enable them to return to their own
+country. They were often heard murmuring among themselves, lamenting
+their lot, and expressing the strongest desire to signalize themselves.
+This was greatly heightened when visited by men of Fraser's Highlanders.
+The opportunity presented itself, and their behavior proved they were
+good soldiers. On the evening of July 6th, the Marquis de Lafayette
+pushed forward a strong corps, forced the pickets, and drew up in front
+of the British lines. The pickets in front of the army that morning
+consisted of twenty men of the 70th and ten of the 80th. When the attack
+on the pickets commenced, they were reinforced by fifteen Highlanders.
+The pickets defended the post till every man was either killed or
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>A severe engagement took place between the contending armies, the weight
+of which was sustained on the part of the British by the left of Colonel
+Dundas's brigade, consisting of the 76th and 80th, and it so happened
+that while the right of the line was covered with woods they were drawn
+up in an open field, and exposed to the attack of the Americans with a
+chosen body of troops. The 76th being on the left, and lord Cornwallis,
+coming up in rear of the regiment, gave the word to charge, which was
+immediately repeated by the Highlanders, who rushed forward with
+impetuosity, and instantly decided the contest. The Americans retired,
+leaving their cannon and three hundred men killed and wounded behind
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this affair lord Cornwallis ordered a detachment of four
+hundred chosen men of the 76th to be mounted on such horses as could be
+procured and act with the cavalry. Although four-fifths of the men had
+never before been on horseback, they were mounted and marched with
+Tarleton's Legion. After several forced marches, far more fatiguing to
+the men than they had ever performed on foot, they returned heartily
+tired of their new mode of travelling. No other service was performed by
+the 76th until the siege and surrender of Yorktown. During the siege,
+while the officers of this regiment were sitting at dinner, the
+Americans opened a new battery, the first shot from which entered the
+mess-room, killed Lieutenant Robertson on the spot, and wounded
+Lieutenant Shaw and Quartermaster Barclay. It also struck Assistant
+Commissary General Perkins, who happened to dine there that day.</p>
+
+<p>The day following the surrender of lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown (October
+20th), the British prisoners moved out in two divisions, escorted by
+regiments of militia; one to the direction of Maryland, the other, to
+which the 76th belonged, moved to the westward in Virginia for
+Winchester. On arriving at their cantonment, the officers were lodged in
+the town on parole, and the soldiers were marched several miles off to a
+cleared spot in the woods, on which stood a few log huts, some of them
+occupied by prisoners taken at the Cowpens. From Winchester the regiment
+was removed to Lancaster in Pennsylvania. After peace was declared they
+embarked for New York, sailed thence for Scotland, and were disbanded in
+March 1784 at Stirling Castle.</p>
+
+<p>This regiment maintained a very high standard for their behavior. Thefts
+and other crimes, implying moral turpitude, were totally unknown. There
+were only four instances of corporal punishment inflicted on the
+Highlanders of the regiment, and these were for military offences. Moral
+suasion and such coercion as a father might use towards his children
+were deemed sufficient to keep them in discipline or self-restraint.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1775, George III. resolved to humble the thirteen colonies.
+In the effort put forth he created a debt of &pound;121,267,993, with an
+annual charge of &pound;5,088,336, besides sacrificing thousands of human
+lives, and causing untold misery; and, at last, weary of the war, on
+July 25, 1782, he issued a warrant to Richard Oswald, commissioning him
+to negotiate a peace. The definite articles of peace were signed at
+Paris, September 3, 1783. Then the United States of America took her
+position among the nations of the earth. George III. and his ministers
+had exerted themselves to the utmost to subjugate America. Besides the
+troops raised in the British Isles there were of the German mercenaries
+twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. The mercenaries and
+British troops were well armed, clothed and fed. But the task undertaken
+was a gigantic one. It would have required a greater force than that
+sent to America to hold and garrison the cities alone. The fault was not
+with the army, the navy, or the commanding officers. The impartial
+student of that war will admit that the army fought well, likewise the
+navy, and the generals and admirals were skilled and able in the art of
+war. The British foreign office was weak. Nor was this all. The
+Americans had counted the cost. They were singularly fortunate in their
+leader. Thirty-nine years after his death, lord Brougham wrote of
+Washington that he was "the greatest man of our own or of any age. * * *
+This eminent person is presented to our observation clothed in
+attributes as modest, as unpretending, as little calculated to strike or
+to astonish, as if he had passed unknown through some secluded region of
+private life. But he had a judgment sure and sound; a steadiness of mind
+which never suffered any passion or even any feeling to ruffle its calm;
+a strength of understanding which worked rather than forced its way
+through all obstacles,&mdash;removing or avoiding rather than over-leaping
+them. His courage, whether in battle or in council, was as perfect as
+might be expected from this pure and steady temper of soul. A perfectly
+just man, with a thoroughly firm resolution never to be misled by others
+any more than by others over-awed; never to be seduced or betrayed, or
+hurried away by his own weaknesses or self-delusions, and more than by
+other men's arts, nor ever to be disheartened by the most complicated
+difficulties any more than to be spoilt on the giddy heights of
+fortune&mdash;such was this great man,&mdash;whether we regard him sustaining
+alone the whole weight of campaigns, all but desperate, or gloriously
+terminating a just warfare by his resources and his courage."<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p>
+
+<p>The British generals proved themselves unable to cope with this great
+and good man. More than six thousand five hundred Highlanders left their
+homes amidst the beautiful scenery of their native land, crossed a
+barrier of water three thousand miles in width, that they might fight
+against such a man and the cause he represented. Their toils, sacrifices
+and sufferings were in vain. Towards them Washington bore good will.
+Forgetting the wrongs they had done, he could write of them:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your idea of bringing over Highlanders appears to be a good one.
+They are a hardy, industrious people, well calculated to form new
+settlements, and will, in time, become valuable citizens."<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>War is necessarily cruel and barbarous; and yet there were innumerable
+instances of wanton cruelty during the American Revolution. No instances
+of this kind have been recorded against the soldiers belonging to the
+Highland regiments. There were cruelties perpetrated by those born in
+the Highlands of Scotland, but they were among those settled by Sir
+William Johnson on the Mohawk and afterwards joined either Butler's
+Rangers or else Sir John Johnson's regiment. Even this class was few in
+numbers.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Governor Golden to Earl of Dartmouth. New York Docs.
+Relating to Colonial History, Vol. VIII, p. 588.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Letter Book, p. 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 223.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Henry's Campaign Against Quebec, 1775, p. 136.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Invasion of Canada 1775, p. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> State of the Expedition, p. VI.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Letter-Book, p. 856.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 303.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 472.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>ibid</i>, p. 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 330.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 1055.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Series V. Vol. II, p. 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches, Vol. I, p. 360.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 867</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Am. Archives, Series 4, Vol. VI, p. 982.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> For Correspondence see Spark's Washington's Writings,
+Vols. IV, V.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Sketches, Vol. II, p. 97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Lossing's Washington and American Republic, Vol. II, p.
+643.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches, Vol. II, p. 116.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> History of Campaigns, p. 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Pages 53, 77, 137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Memoir of General Graham, p. 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Edinburg Review, October, 1838; Collected Contributions,
+Vol. I, p. 344.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Letter to Robert Sinclair, May 6,1792. Spark's Writings
+of Washington, Vol. XII, p. 304.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Distinguished Highlanders Who Served in America in the Interests of
+Great Britain</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>If the list of distinguished Highlanders who served in America in the
+interests of Great Britain was confined to those who rose to eminence
+while engaged in said service, it certainly would be a short one. If
+amplified to those who performed feats of valor or rendered valuable
+service, then the list would be long. The measure of distinction is too
+largely given to those who have held prominent positions, or else
+advanced in military rank. In all probability the names of some have
+been overlooked, although care has been taken in finding out even those
+who became distinguished after the American Revolution. The following
+biographical sketches are limited to those who were born in the
+Highlands of Scotland:</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL SIR ALAN CAMERON, K.C.B.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Alan Cameron of the Camerons of Fassifern, known in the Highlands as
+Ailean an Earrachd, almost a veritable giant, was born in Glen Loy,
+Lochaber, about the year 1745. In early manhood, having fought a duel
+with a fellow clansman, he fled to the residence of his mother's
+brother, Maclean of Drimnim, who, in order to elude his pursuers, turned
+him over to Maclean of Pennycross. Having oscillated between Morvern and
+Mull for a period of two years, he learned that another relative of his
+mother's, Colonel Allan Maclean of Torloisk, was about to raise a
+regiment for the American war. He embarked for America, and was kindly
+received by his relative who made him an officer in the 84th or Highland
+Emigrant regiment. During the siege of Quebec, he was taken prisoner and
+sent to Philadelphia, where he was kept for two years, but finally
+effected his escape, and returned to his regiment. Being unfit for
+service, in 1780, he returned to England on sick leave. In London he
+courted the only heir of Nathaniel Philips, and eloping with her they
+were married at Gretna Green. Soon after he received an appointment on
+the militia staff of one of the English counties. In 1782 he was elected
+a member of the Highland Society of London. In August 1793 Alan was
+appointed major-commandant, and preceded to Lochaber to raise a
+regiment, which afterwards was embodied as the 79th, or Cameron
+Highlanders. Not unmindful of his brother-officers of the Royal Highland
+Emigrant Regiment, he named two of his own, and five officers of the
+Clan Maclean. The regiment in January 1794 numbered one thousand, which
+advanced Alan to the lieutenant-colonelcy. The regiment was then
+embarked for Flanders to reinforce the British and Austrians against the
+French. It was in the disastrous retreat to Westphalia, and lost two
+hundred men. From thence it was sent to the Isle of Wight, and Colonel
+Cameron was ordered to recruit his regiment to the extent of its losses
+in Flanders. The regiment was sent to the island of Martinique, and in
+less than two years, from the unhealthy location, it was reduced to less
+than three hundred men. But few of the men ever returned to Scotland.
+Colonel Cameron having been ordered to recruit for eight hundred men,
+fixed his headquarters at Inverness. Within less than nine months after
+his return from Martinique he produced a fresh body of seven hundred and
+eighty men. In 1798 he was ordered with his regiment to occupy the
+Channel Islands. He was severely wounded at Alkmaar. Colonel Cameron was
+sent to help drive the French out of Egypt. From Egypt he was
+transferred to Minorca and from there to England. He took part in the
+capture of the Danish fleet&mdash;a neutral power&mdash;and entered Copenhagen.
+Soon after the battle of Vimiera, Alan was made a brigadier and
+commandant of Lisbon. He was in command of a brigade at Oporto when that
+city was besieged. He was twice wounded at the battle of Talavera. After
+a military career covering a period of thirty-six years, on account of
+ill-health, he resigned his position in the army, and for several years
+was not able to meet his friends. He died at Fulham, April 9, 1828.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, K.B.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="campbell"  />
+<a id="illus11" name="illus11"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">General Sir Archibald Campbell.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sir Archibald Campbell second son of James Campbell of Inverneil was
+born at Inverneil on August 21, 1739. By special recommendation of Mr.
+Pitt he received, in 1757, a captain's commission in Fraser's
+Highlanders, and served throughout the campaign in North America, and
+was wounded at the taking of Quebec in 1758. On the conclusion of the
+war he was transferred to the 29th regiment, and afterwards major and
+lieutenant-colonel in the 42nd or Royal Highlanders, with which he
+served in India until 1773, when he returned to Scotland, and was
+elected to Parliament for the Stirling burgs in 1774. In 1775 he was
+selected as lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd battalion of Fraser's
+Highlanders. He was captured on board the George transport, in Boston
+Harbor June 17, 1776, and remained a prisoner until May 5, 1778, when he
+was exchanged for Colonel Ethan Allen. He was then placed in command of
+an expedition against the State of Georgia, which was successful. He was
+superseded the following year by General Augustine Prevost. Disagreeing
+with the policy adopted by that officer in regard to the royalist
+militia, Colonel Campbell returned to England, on leave. In 1779 he
+married Amelia, daughter of Allan Ramsay, the artist. November 20, 1782,
+he was promoted major-general, and the following month commissioned
+governor of Jamaica. His vigilance warded off attacks from the French,
+besides doing all in his power in sending information, supplies and
+reinforcements to the British forces in America. For his services, on
+his return to England, he was invested a knight of the Bath, on
+September 30, 1785. The same year he was appointed governor and
+commander-in-chief at Madras. On October 12, 1787, he was appointed
+colonel of the 74th Highlanders, which had been raised especially for
+service in India. In 1789 General Campbell returned to England, and at
+once was re-elected to Parliament for the Stirling burghs. He died March
+31, 1791, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN CAMPBELL OF STRACHUR.</p>
+
+<p>John Campbell was appointed lieutenant in Loudon's Highlanders in June
+1745; served throughout the Rising of 1745-6; made the campaign in
+Flanders in 1747, in which year he became a captain; and at the peace of
+1748 went on half pay. In 1756 he was called into active service and
+joined the 42nd. He was wounded at Ticonderoga, and on his recovery was
+appointed major of the 17th foot. February 1762, he became a
+lieutenant-colonel in the army, and commanded his regiment in the
+expedition against Martinico and Havanna. He became lieutenant-colonel
+of the 57th foot, May 1, 1773, and returned to America on the breaking
+out of the Revolution. On February 19, 1779 he was appointed
+major-general; colonel of his regiment November 2, 1780, and commanded
+the British forces in West Florida, where he surrendered Pensacola to
+the Spaniards, May 10, 1781; became lieutenant-general in 1787, and
+general January 26, 1797. General Campbell died August 28, 1806.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>LORD WILLIAM CAMPBELL.</p>
+
+<p>Lord William Campbell was the youngest son of the 4th duke of Argyle. He
+entered the navy, and became a captain August 20, 1762, when he was put
+in command of the Nightingale, of twenty guns. In May 1763, he married
+Sarah, daughter of Ralph Izard, of Charleston, South Carolina, and in
+1764, was elected to represent Argyleshire in parliament. On November
+27, 1766 he became governor of Nova Scotia, whose affairs he
+administered until 1773, when he was transferred to the government of
+South Carolina, in which province he arrived in June 1775, during the
+sitting of the first Provincial Congress, which presented him a
+congratulatory address, but he refused to acknowledge that body. For
+three months after his arrival he was undisturbed, though indefatigable
+in fomenting opposition to the popular measures; but in September,
+distrustful of his personal safety, and leaving his family behind, he
+retired on board the Tamar sloop-of-war, where he remained, although
+invited to return to Charleston. Lady Campbell was treated with great
+respect, but finally went on board the vessel, and was landed at
+Jamaica. In the attack on the city of Charleston, in June 1776, under
+Sir Henry Clinton, lord Campbell served as a volunteer on board the
+Bristol, on which occasion he received a wound that ultimately proved
+mortal. Presumably he returned with the fleet and died September 5,
+1778.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL SIMON FRASER</p>
+
+<p>Brigadier Simon Fraser was the tenth son of Alexander Fraser, second of
+Balnain. The lands of Balnain had been acquired from Hugh, tenth lord of
+Lovat, by Big Hugh, grandfather of Simon. Alexander was in possession
+of the lands as early as 1730, and for his first wife had Jane, daughter
+of William Fraser, eighth of Foyers, by whom he had issue six sons and
+one daughter. In 1716 he married Jean, daughter of Angus, tenth
+Mackintosh of Kyllachy, by whom he had issue five sons and three
+daughters, Simon being the fourth son, and born May 26th, 1729.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="fraser"  />
+<a id="illus12" name="illus12"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> GENL FRASER.</p>
+
+<p>In all probability it would be a difficult task to determine the date of
+General Fraser's first commission in the British army owing to the fact
+that no less than eight Simon Frasers appear in the Army List of 1757,
+six of whom belonged to Fraser's Highlanders. The subsequent commissions
+may positively be traced as follows: In the 78th Foot, lieutenant
+January 5, 1757, captain-lieutenant September 27, 1758, captain April
+22, 1759; major in the army March 15, 1761; in the 24th Foot, major
+February 8, 1762, and lieutenant-colonel July 14, 1768. January 10,
+1776, General Carleton appointed him to act as a brigadier till the
+king's pleasure could be known, which in due time was confirmed. His
+last commission was that of colonel in the army, being gazetted July 22,
+1777. He served in the Scots Regiment in the Dutch service and was
+wounded at Bergen ap-Zoon in 1747. He was with his regiment in the
+expedition against Louisburg in 1758 and accompanied General Wolfe to
+Quebec in 1759, and was the officer who answered the hail of the enemy's
+sentry in French and made him believe that the troops who surprised the
+Heights of Abraham were the Regiment de la Rhine.</p>
+
+<p>After the fall of Quebec, for a few years he did garrison duty at
+Gibraltar. Through the interest of the marquis of Townshend, who
+appointed him his aide-de-camp in Ireland, he was selected as
+quartermaster-general to the troops then stationed in that country.
+While in Ireland he was selected by General Burgoyne as one of his
+commanders for his expedition against the Americans. On April 5, 1776,
+he embarked with the 24th Foot, and arrived in Quebec on the 28th of the
+following May. He commanded the light brigade on General Burgoyne's
+campaign, and was thus ever in advance, rendering throughout the most
+efficient services, and had the singular good fortune to increase his
+reputation. He assisted in driving the Americans out of Canada, and
+defeated them in the battle of Three Rivers, followed by that of
+Hubbardton, July 7, 1777. Had his views prevailed, the blunder of
+sending heavy German dismounted dragoons to Bennington, and the
+consequent disaster would never have been committed.</p>
+
+<p>The career of this dauntless hero now rapidly drew near to its close. Up
+to the battle of Bennington almost unexampled success had attended the
+expedition of Burgoyne. The turning point had come. The battle of
+Bennington infused the Americans with a new and indomitable spirit; the
+murder, by savages, of the beautiful Miss Jane MacRae aroused the
+passions of war; the failure of Sir Henry Clinton to co-operate with
+General Burgoyne; the rush of the militia to the aid of General Gates,
+and the detachment of Colonel Morgan's riflemen by Washington from his
+own army to the assistance of the imperiled north, all conspired to turn
+the tide of success, and invite the victorious army to a disaster,
+rendered famous in the annals of history.</p>
+
+<p>On September 13, the British army crossed the Hudson, by a bridge of
+rafts with the design of forming a junction with Sir Henry Clinton at
+Albany. The army was in excellent order and in the highest spirits, and
+the perils of the expedition seemed practically over. The army marched a
+short distance along the western bank of the Hudson, and on the 14th
+encamped on the heights of Saratoga, distant about sixteen miles from
+Albany. On the 19th a battle was fought between the British right wing
+and a strong body of Americans. In this action the right column was led
+by General Fraser, who, on the first onset, wheeled his troops and
+forced Colonel Morgan to give way. Colonel Morgan was speedily
+re-enforced, when the action became general. When the battle appeared to
+be in the grasp of the British, and just as General Fraser and Colonel
+Breymann were preparing to follow up the advantage, they were recalled
+by General Burgoyne and reluctantly forced to retreat. Both Generals
+Fraser and Riedesel (commander of the Brunswick contingent) bitterly
+criticised the order, and in plain terms informed General Burgoyne that
+he did not know how to avail himself of his advantage. The next day
+General Burgoyne devoted himself to the laying out of a fortified camp.
+The right wing was placed under the command of General Fraser. The
+situation now began to grow critical. Provisions became scarce. October
+5th a council of war was held, and the advice of both Generals Fraser
+and Riedesel was to fall back immediately to their old position beyond
+the Batten Kil. General Burgoyne finally determined on a reconnaissance
+in force. So, on the morning of October 7th, with fifteen hundred men,
+accompanied by Generals Fraser, Riedesel and Phillips, the division
+advanced in three columns towards the left wing of the American
+position. In advance of the right wing, General Fraser had command of
+five hundred picked men. The Americans fell upon the British advance
+with fury, and soon a general battle was engaged in. Colonel Morgan
+poured down like a torrent from the ridge that skirted the flanking
+party of General Fraser, and forced the latter back; and then by a
+rapid movement to the left fell upon the flank of the British right with
+such impetuosity that it wavered. General Fraser noticing the critical
+situation of the center hurried to its succor the 24th Regiment. Dressed
+in full uniform, General Fraser was conspicuously mounted on an iron
+grey horse. He was all activity and vigilance, riding from one part of
+the division to another, and animated the troops by his example. At a
+critical point, Colonel Morgan, who, with his riflemen was immediately
+opposite to General Fraser's corps, perceiving that the fate of the day
+rested upon that officer, called a few of his sharpshooters aside, among
+whom was the famous marksman, Timothy Murphy, men on whose precision of
+aim he could rely, and said to them, "That gallant officer yonder is
+General Fraser; I admire and respect him, but it is necessary for our
+good that he should die. Take you station in that cluster of bushes and
+do your duty." A few moments later, a rifle ball cut the crouper of
+General Fraser's horse, and another passed through the horse's mane.
+General Fraser's aid, calling attention to this, said: "It is evident
+that you are marked out for particular aim; would it not be prudent for
+you to retire from this place?" General Fraser replied, "My duty forbids
+me to fly from danger." The next moment he fell wounded by a ball from
+the rifle of Timothy Murphy, and was carried off the field by two
+grenadiers. After he was wounded General Fraser told his friends "that
+he saw the man who shot him, and that he was a rifleman posted in a
+tree." From this it would appear that after Colonel Morgan had given his
+orders Timothy Murphy climbed into the forks of a neighboring tree.</p>
+
+<p>General Burgoyne's surgeons were reported to have said had not General
+Fraser's stomach been distended by a hearty breakfast he had eaten just
+before going into action he would doubtless have recovered from his
+wound.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the fall of General Fraser, dismay seized the British. A retreat
+took place exactly fifty-two minutes after the first shot was fired.
+General Burgoyne left the cannon on the field, except two howitzers,
+besides sustaining a loss of more than four hundred men, and among them
+the flower of his officers. Contemporary military writers affirmed that
+had General Fraser lived the British would have made good their retreat
+into Canada. It is claimed that he would have given such advice as would
+have caused General Burgoyne to have avoided the blunders which finally
+resulted in his surrender.</p>
+
+<p>The closing scene of General Fraser's life has been graphically
+described by Madame Riedesel, wife of the German general. It has been
+oft quoted, and need not be here repeated. General Burgoyne has
+described the burial scene with his usual felicity of expression and
+eloquence.</p>
+
+<p>Burgoyne was not unmindful of the wounded general. He was directing the
+progress of the battle, and it was not until late in the evening that he
+came to visit the dying man. A tender scene took place between him and
+General Fraser. The latter was the idol of the army and upon him General
+Burgoyne placed most reliance. The spot where General Fraser lies buried
+is on an elevated piece of ground commanding an extensive view of the
+Hudson, and a great length of the interval on either side. The grave is
+marked by a tablet placed there by an American lady.</p>
+
+<p>The American reader has a very pleasant regard for the character of
+General Fraser. His kindly disposition attracted men towards him. As an
+illustration of the humane disposition the following incident, taken
+from a rare work, may be cited: "Two American officers taken at
+Hubbardstown, relate the following anecdote of him. He saw that they
+were in distress, as their continental paper would not pass with the
+English; and offered to loan them as much as they wished for their
+present convenience. They took three guineas each. He remarked to
+them&mdash;Gentlemen take what you wish&mdash;give me your due bills and when we
+reach Albany, I trust to your honor to take them up; for we shall
+doubtless overrun the country, and I shall, probably, have an
+opportunity of seeing you again.'" As General Fraser fell in battle,
+"the notes were consequently never paid; but the signers of them could
+not refrain from shedding tears at the fate of this gallant and generous
+enemy."<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL SIMON FRASER OF LOVAT.</p>
+
+<p>General Simon Fraser, thirteenth of Lovat, born October 19, 1726, was
+the son of the notorious Simon, twelfth lord Lovat, who was executed in
+1747. With six hundred of his father's vassals he joined prince Charles
+before the battle of Falkirk, January 17, 1746, and was one of the
+forty-three persons included in the act of attainder of June 4, 1746.
+Having surrendered to the government he was confined in Edinburgh Castle
+from November,</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="lovat"  />
+<a id="illus13" name="illus13"></a></p>
+
+
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">General Simon Fraser of Lovat</span>.</p>
+
+<p>1746, to August 15, 1747, when he was allowed to reside in Glasgow
+during the king's pleasure. He received a full pardon in 1750, and two
+years later entered as an advocate. At the commencement of the seven
+years' war, by his influence with his clan, without the aid of land or
+money he raised eight hundred recruits in a few weeks, in which as many
+more were shortly added. His commission as colonel was dated January 5,
+1757. Under his command Fraser's Highlanders went to America, where he
+was at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and in the expedition under
+General Wolfe against Quebec, where he was wounded at Montmorenci. He
+was again wounded at Sillery, April 28, 1760. In 1762 he was a
+brigadier-general in the British force sent to Portugal; in the
+Portuguese army he held the temporary rank of major-general, and in 1768
+a lieutenant-general. In 1771 he was a major-general in the British
+army. By an act of parliament, on the payment of &pound;20,983, all his
+forfeited lands, lordships, &amp;c., were restored to him, on account of the
+military services he had rendered the country. On the outbreak of the
+American Revolution General Fraser raised another regiment of two
+battalions, known as Fraser's Highlanders or 71st, but did not accompany
+the regiment. When, in Canada, in 1761, he was returned to parliament,
+and thrice re-elected, representing the constituency of the county of
+Inverness until his death, which occurred in Downing Street, London,
+February 8, 1782.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL SIMON FRASER.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-General Simon Fraser, son of a tacksman, born in 1738, was
+senior of the Simon Frasers serving as subalterns in Fraser's
+Highlanders in the campaign in Canada in 1759-1761. He was wounded at
+the battle of Sillery, April 28, 1760, and three years later was placed
+on half-pay as a lieutenant. In 1775 he raised a company for the 71st or
+Fraser's Highlanders; became senior captain and afterwards major of the
+regiment, with which he served in America in the campaigns of 1778-1781.
+In 1793 he raised a Highland regiment which was numbered 133rd foot or
+Fraser's Highlanders, which after a brief existence, was broken up and
+drafted into other corps. He became a major-general in 1795, commanded a
+British force in Portugal in 1797-1800. In 1802 he became
+lieutenant-general, and for several years second in command in Scotland,
+in which country he died March 21, 1813.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL JAMES GRANT OF BALLINDALLOCH.</p>
+
+<p>General James Grant was born in 1720, and after studying law obtained a
+commission in the army in 1741, and became captain in the Royal Scots,
+October 24, 1744. General Grant served with his regiment in Flanders and
+in Ireland, and became major in Montgomery's Highlanders, with which he
+went to America in 1757. In the following year he was surprised before
+Fort Duquesne, and lost a third of his command in killed, wounded and
+missing, besides being captured himself with nineteen of his officers.
+He became lieutenant-colonel of the 40th foot in 1760, and governor of
+East Florida. In May, 1761, he led an expedition against the Cherokee
+Indians, and defeated them in the battle of Etchoe. On the death of his
+nephew he succeeded to the family estate; became brevet-colonel in 1772;
+in 1773 was returned to parliament for Wick burghs, and the year after
+for Sutherlandshire; and in 1775 was appointed colonel of the 55th
+foot. As a brigadier, in 1776, he went to America with the reinforcement
+under Sir William Howe; commanded two brigades at the battle of Long
+Island, Brandywine and Germantown. In May, 1778, was unsuccessful in his
+attempt to cut off the marquis de Lafayette on the Schuylkill. In
+December, 1778, he captured St. Lucia, in the West Indies. In 1777, he
+became major-general, in 1782 lieutenant-general, and in 1796 general;
+and, in succession became governor of Dumbarton and Stirling Castles. In
+1787, 1790, 1796, and 1801, he was again returned to parliament for
+Sutherlandshire. He was noted for his love of good living, and in his
+latter years was immensely corpulent. He died at Ballindalloch April 13,
+1806.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL ALLAN MACLEAN OF TORLOISK.</p>
+
+<p>General Allan Maclean, son of Torloisk, Island of Mull, was born there
+in 1725, and began his military career in the service of Holland, in the
+Scots brigade. At the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1747, a portion of the
+brigade cut its way with great loss through the French. Lieutenants
+Allan and Francis Maclean, having been taken prisoners, were carried
+before General Lowendahl, who thus addressed them: "Gentlemen, consider
+yourselves on parole. If all had conducted themselves as your brave
+corps have done, I should not now be master of Bergen-op-Zoom." January
+8, 1756, Allan became lieutenant in the 62nd regiment, and on July 8,
+1758, was severely wounded at Ticonderoga. He became captain of an
+independent company, January 16, 1759, and was present at the surrender
+of Niagara, where he was again dangerously wounded. Returning to Great
+Britain, he raised the 114th foot or Royal Highland Volunteers, of which
+he was appointed major commandant October 18, 1761. The regiment being
+reduced in 1763, Major Maclean went on half-pay. He became
+lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and early in 1775 devised a
+colonization scheme which brought him to America, landing in New York of
+that year. At the outbreak of the Revolution he identified himself with
+the British king; was arrested in New York; was released by denying he
+was taking a part in the dispute; thence went to the Mohawk, and on to
+Canada, where he began to set about organizing a corps, which became the
+nucleus of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Of this regiment Major Allan
+was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first battalion which he had
+raised. On the evidence of American prisoners taken at Quebec, Colonel
+Maclean resorted to questionable means to recruit his regiment. All
+those of British birth who had been captured were given permission to
+join the regiment or else be carried to England and tried for treason.
+But these enforced enlistments proved of no value. Quebec unquestionably
+would have fallen into the hands of General Arnold had not Colonel
+Maclean suddenly precipitated himself with a part of his corps into the
+beleaguered city. Had Quebec fallen, Canada would have become a part of
+the United States. To Colonel Allan Maclean Great Britain owes the
+possession of Canada. During the prolonged siege Colonel Maclean
+suffered an injury to his leg, whereby he partially lost the use of it
+during the remainder of his life. On May 11, 1776, Colonel Maclean was
+appointed adjutant-general of the army, which he held until June 6,
+1777, when he became brigadier-general, and placed in command at
+Montreal. As dangers thickened around General Burgoyne, General Maclean
+was ordered, October 20th, with the 31st and his battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to Chimney Point, but the following month was
+ordered to Quebec. He left Quebec July 27, 1776, for England, in order
+to obtain rank and establishment for his regiment which had been
+promised. He returned to Canada, arriving in Quebec May 28, 1777. In
+1778 he again went to England and made a personal appeal to the king in
+behalf of his regiment, which proved successful. May 1, 1779, he sailed
+from Spithead and arrived at Quebec on August 16th. He became colonel in
+the army November 17, 1780, and in the winter of 1782 had command from
+the ports at Oswegatchie to Michilimackinac. Soon after the peace of
+1783, General Maclean retired from the service. He married Janet,
+daughter of Donald Maclean of Brolass, and died without issue, in
+London, in March, 1797. From the contents of many letters directed to
+John Maclean of Lochbuie, it is to be inferred that he died in
+comparative poverty. His correspondence during his command of the
+Highland Emigrants is among the Haldimand MSS, in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="maclean"  />
+<a id="illus14" name="illus14"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Sir Allan Maclean, Bart.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Allan Maclean of Torloisk has been confused by some
+writers&mdash;notably by General Stewart in his "Sketches of the Highlands"
+and Dr. James Brown in his "History of the Highlands and Highland
+Clans"&mdash;with Sir Allan Maclean, twenty-second chief of his clan. Sir
+Allan served in different parts of the globe. The first notice of his
+military career is as a captain under the earl of Drumlanrig in the
+service of Holland. July 16, 1757, he became a captain in Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and June 25, 1762, major in the 119th foot or the Prince's
+Own. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and died
+on Inch Kenneth, December 10, 1783. He married Anna, daughter of Hector
+Maclean of Coll. Dr. Samuel Johnson visited him during his tour of the
+Hebrides, and was so delighted with the baronet and his amiable
+daughters that he broke out into a Latin sonnet.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL FRANCIS MACLEAN.</p>
+
+<p>General Francis Maclean, of the family of Blaich, as soon as he was able
+to bear arms, obtained a commission in the same regiment with his
+father; was at the defence of Bergen-op Zoom in 1747, and was detained
+prisoner in France for some time; was appointed captain in the 2nd
+battalion of the 42nd Highlanders on its being raised in October, 1758.
+At the capture of the island of Guadaloupe, he was severely wounded, but
+owing to his gallant conduct was promoted to the rank of major, and
+appointed governor of the island of Marie Galante. In January, 1761, he
+exchanged into the 97th regiment, and April 13, 1762, was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel in the army. In the war in Canada, he commanded a
+body of troops under General Wolfe, and participated in the capture of
+Montreal. He was sent, in 1762, to aid the Portuguese against the
+combined attack of France and Spain, and was made commander of Almeida,
+a fortified town on the Spanish frontier, which he held for several
+years; and on being promoted to the rank of major-general, was nominated
+to the government of Estremadura and the city of Lisbon. On leaving
+Portugal in 1778, the king presented him with a handsomely mounted
+sword, and the queen gave him a valuable diamond ring. On his return to
+England&mdash;having been gazetted colonel of the 82nd foot, December 16,
+1777&mdash;he was immediately dispatched with a corps of the army for
+America, and appointed to the government of Halifax in Nova Scotia,
+where he held the rank of brigadier-general. During the month of June,
+1779, with a part of his army, General Maclean repaired to the
+Penobscot, and there proceeded to erect defenses. The American army
+under General Lovell, from Boston, appeared in the bay on July 28th, and
+began to erect batteries for a siege. Commodore Sir George Collier,
+August 13th, entered the bay with a fleet and raised the siege. General
+Maclean returned to Halifax, where he died, May 4, 1781, in the
+sixty-fourth year of his age, and unmarried.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL JOHN SMALL.</p>
+
+<p>General John Small was born in Strathardale in Athole, in the year 1726,
+and entered the army early in life, his first commission being in the
+Scotch Brigade. He obtained an ensigncy in 1747, and was on half-pay in
+1756, when appointed lieutenant in the 42nd Highlanders on the eve of
+its departure for America. He accompanied the regiment in 1759 in the
+expedition to northern New York, and in 1760 went down from Oswego to
+Montreal. In 1762 he served in the expedition to the West Indies, and on
+August 6th of the same year was promoted to a company. On the reduction
+of the regiment in 1763, Captain Small went on half-pay until April,
+1765, when he was appointed to a company in the 21st or Royal North
+British Fusileers, which soon after was sent to America. With this
+regiment he continued until 1775, when he received a commission to raise
+a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia. Having raised the 2nd battalion
+of the Royal Highland Emigrants, he was appointed major commandant, with
+a portion of which he joined the army with Sir Henry Clinton at New York
+in 1779, and in 1780, became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In 1782
+he was quartered on Long Island. November 18, 1790, he was appointed
+colonel in the army, and in 1794, lieutenant-governor of the island of
+Guernsey; he was promoted to the rank of major-general October 3, 1794,
+and died at Guernsey on March 17, 1796, in the seventieth year of his
+age.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>FLORA MACDONALD.</p>
+
+<p>No name in the Scottish Highlands bears such a charm as that of Flora
+Macdonald. Her praise is frequently sung, sketches of her life
+published, and her portrait adorns thousands of homes. While her
+distinction mainly rests on her efforts in behalf of the luckless prince
+Charles, after the disastrous battle of Culloden; yet, in reality, her
+character was strong, and she was a noble type of womanhood in her
+native isle.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="flora"  />
+<a id="illus15" name="illus15"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Flora Macdonald</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Flora Macdonald&mdash;or "Flory," as she always wrote her name, even in her
+marriage contract&mdash;born in 1722, was a daughter of Ranald Macdonald,
+tacksman of Milton, in South Uist, an island of the Hebrides. Her father
+died when she was about two years old, and when six years old she was
+deprived of the care of her mother, who was abducted and married by Hugh
+Macdonald of Armadale in Skye. Flora remained in Milton with her brother
+Angus till her thirteenth year, when she was taken into the mansion of
+the Clanranalds, where she became an accomplished player on the spinet.
+In 1739 she went to Edinburgh to complete her studies where, until 1745,
+she resided in the family of Sir Alexander Macdonald of the Isles.
+While on a visit to the Clanranalds in Benbecula, prince Charles Edward
+arrived there after the battle of Culloden in 1746. She enabled the
+prince to escape to Skye. For this she was arrested and thrown into the
+Tower of London. On receiving her liberty, in 1747, she stayed for a
+time in the house of Lady Primrose, where she was visited by many
+persons of distinction. Before leaving London she was presented with
+&pound;1500. On her return to Scotland she was entertained at Monkstadt in
+Skye, at a banquet, to which the principal families were invited.
+November 6, 1750, she married Allan Macdonald, younger of Kingsburgh. At
+first they resided at Flodigarry; but on the death of her father-in-law
+they went in 1772 to Kingsburgh. Here she was visited, in 1773, by the
+celebrated Samuel Johnson. Her husband, oppressed by debts, was caught
+in that great wave of emigration from the Highlands to America. In the
+month of August, 1774, leaving her two youngest children with friends at
+home, Flora, her husband and older children, sailed in the ship Baliol,
+from Campbelton, Kintyre, for North Carolina. Flora's fame had preceded
+her to that distant country, and her departure from Scotland having
+become known to her countrymen in Carolina, she was anxiously expected
+and joyfully received on her arrival. Demonstrations on a large scale
+were made to welcome her to America. Soon after her landing, a largely
+attended ball was given in her honor at Wilmington. On her arrival at
+Cross Creek she received a truly Highland welcome from her old neighbors
+and kinsfolk, who had crossed the Atlantic years before her. The strains
+of the Piobaireachd, and the martial airs of her native land, greeted
+her on her approach to the capital of the Scottish settlement. Many
+families of distinction pressed upon her to make their dwellings her
+home, but she respectfully declined, preferring a settled place of her
+own. As the laird of Kingsburgh intended to become a planter, he left
+his family in Cross Creek until he could decide upon a location. The
+house in which they lived during this period was built immediately on
+the brink of the creek, and for many years afterwards was known as
+"Flora Macdonald's house." Northwest of Cross Creek, a distance of
+twenty miles, is a hill about six hundred feet in height, now called
+Cameron's hill, but then named Mount Pleasant. Around and about this
+hill, in 1775, many members of the Clan Macdonald had settled, all of
+whom were of near kin to the laird and lady of Kingsburgh. Hard by are
+the sources of Barbeque Creek, and not many miles down that stream stood
+the old kirk, where the clansmen worshipped, and where Flora inscribed
+her name on the membership roll.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Pleasant stands in the very midst of the pinery region, and from
+it in every direction stretches the great pine forest. Near this center
+Allan Macdonald of Kingsburgh purchased of Caleb Touchstone a plantation
+embracing five hundred and fifty acres on which were a dwelling house
+and outhouses which were more pretentious than was then customary among
+Highland settlers. The sum paid, as set forth in the deed, was four
+hundred and sixty pounds. Here Flora established herself, that with her
+family she might spend the rest of her days in peace and quiet. But the
+times were not propitious. There was commotion which soon ended in a
+long and bitter war. Even this need not have materially disturbed the
+family had not Kingsburgh precipitated himself into the conflict,
+needlessly and recklessly. With blind fatuity he took the wrong side in
+the controversy; and even then by the exercise of patience might have
+overcome the effects of his folly. Before Flora and her family were
+settled in America the storm gave its ominous rumble. When Governor
+Martin, who had deserted his post and fled to an armed cruiser in the
+mouth of the Cape Fear river, issued his proclamation, Allan Macdonald
+was among the first to respond. The war spirit of Flora was stirred
+within her, and she partook of the enthusiasm of her husband. According
+to tradition, when the Highlanders gathered around the standard Flora
+made them an address in their own Gaelic tongue that excited them to the
+highest pitch of warlike enthusiasm. With the due devotion of an
+affectionate wife, Flora followed her husband for several days, and
+encamped one night with him in a dangerous place, on the brow of
+Haymount, near the American forces. For a time she refused to listen to
+her husband's entreaties to return home, for he thought his life was
+enough to be in jeopardy. Finally when the army took up its march with
+banners flying and martial music, she deemed it time to retrace her
+steps, and affectionately embraced her husband, her eyes dimmed with
+tears as she breathed an earnest prayer to heaven for his safe and
+speedy return to his family and home. But alas! she never saw him again
+in America.</p>
+
+<p>The rebellion of the Highlanders in North Carolina, which ended in a
+fiasco, has already been narrated. Flora was soon aroused to the fact
+that the battle was against them, and her husband and one son were
+confined in Halifax jail. It appears that even she was brought before
+the Committee of Safety, where she exhibited a "spirited behavior."<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>
+Sorrows, indeed, had accumulated rapidly upon her: a severe typhus fever
+attacked the younger members of the family and two of her children died,
+a boy and a girl aged respectively eleven and thirteen, and her
+daughter, Fanny, was still in precarious health, from the dregs of a
+recent fever. By the advice of her imprisoned husband she resolved to
+return to her native country. Fortunately for her she secured the favor
+and good offices of Captain Ingram, an American officer, who promised to
+assist her. He furnished her with a passport to Wilmington, and from
+thence she found her way to Charleston, from which port she sailed to
+her native land, in 1779. In this step she was partly governed by the
+state of health of her daughter Fanny. Crossing the Atlantic with none
+of her family but Fanny&mdash;her five sons and son-in-law actively engaged
+in the war&mdash;the Scottish heroine met with the last of her adventures.
+The vessel in which she sailed engaged a French privateer, and during
+the conflict her left arm was broken. So, in after years, she truthfully
+said that she had served both the House of Stuart and the House of
+Hanover, but had been worsted in the cause of each. For some time she
+resided at Milton, where her brother built her a cottage: but on the
+return of her husband they again settled at Kingsburgh, where she died
+March 5, 1790.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Memoir General Stark, 1831, p. 252.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Captain Alexander McDonald's Letter-Book, p. 387.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Distinguished Highlanders in American Interests</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The attitude of the Highlanders during the Revolutionary War was not of
+such a nature as to bring them prominently into view in the cause of
+freedom. Nor was it the policy of the American statesmen to cater to
+race distinctions and prejudices. They did not regard their cause to be
+a race war. They fought for freedom without regard to their origin,
+believing that a just Providence would smile upon their efforts. Many
+nationalities were represented in the American army. Men left their
+homes in the Old World, purposely to engage in the cause of
+Independence, some of whom gained immortal renown, and will be
+remembered with honor by generations yet unborn. As has been already
+noted, there were natives of the Highlands of Scotland, who had made
+America their home and imbibed the principles of political liberty, and
+early identified themselves with the cause of their adopted country. The
+lives of some of these patriots are herewith imperfectly sketched.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="mcdougall"  />
+<a id="illus16" name="illus16"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Gen. Alexander McDougall.</span></p>
+
+<p>There are few names in the annals of the American Revolution upon which
+one can linger with more satisfaction than that of the gallant and
+true-hearted Alexander McDougall. As early as August 20, 1775,
+Washington wrote to General Schuyler concerning him: his "zeal is
+unquestionable."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> Writing to General McDougall, May 23, 1777,
+Washington says: "I wish every officer in the army could appeal to His
+own heart and find the same principles of conduct, that I am persuaded
+actuate you."<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> The same writing to Thomas Jefferson, August 1,
+1786, lamented the brave "soldier and disinterested patriot," and
+exclaimed, "Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p>
+
+<p>Alexander McDougall was born in the island of Islay in Scotland, in
+1731, being the son of Ranald McDougall, who emigrated to the province
+of New York in 1735. The father purchased a small farm near the city of
+New York, and there peddled milk, in which avocation he was assisted by
+his son, who never was ashamed of the employment of his youth. Alexander
+was a keen observer of passing events and took great interest in the
+game of politics. With vigilance he watched the aggressive steps of the
+royal government; and when the Assembly, in the winter of 1769, faltered
+in its opposition to the usurpations of the crown and insulted the
+people by rejecting a proposition authorizing the vote by ballot, and by
+entering on the favorable consideration of a bill of supplies for troops
+quartered in the city to overawe the inhabitants, he issued an address,
+under the title of "A Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the
+Colony," in which he contrasted the Assembly with the legislative bodies
+in other parts of the country, and held up their conduct to unmitigated
+and just indignation. The bold and deserved rebuke was laid before the
+house by its speaker, and, with the exception of Philip Schuyler, every
+member voted that it was "an infamous and seditious libel." A
+proclamation for the discovery of the author was issued by the governor,
+and it being traced to Alexander McDougall, he was arrested in February,
+1770, and refusing to give bail was committed to prison by order of
+chief justice Horsmanden. As he was being carried to prison, clearly
+reading in the signs about him the future of the country, he exclaimed,
+"I rejoice that I am the first sufferer for liberty since the
+commencement of our glorious struggle." During the two months of his
+confinement he was overrun with visitors. He poured forth continued
+appeals to the people, and boldly avowed his revolutionary opinions. In
+every circle his case was the subject of impassioned conversation, and
+in an especial manner he became the idol of the masses. A packed jury
+found an indictment against him, and on December 20th he was arraigned
+at the bar of the Assembly on the same charge, on which occasion he was
+defended by George Clinton, afterwards the first governor of the State
+of New York. In the course of the following month a writ of habeas
+corpus was sued out, but without result, and he was not liberated until
+March 4, 1771, when the assembly was prorogued. When the Assembly
+attempted to extort from him a humiliating recantation, he undauntingly
+answered their threat, that "rather than resign my rights and privileges
+as a British subject, I would suffer my right hand to be cut off at the
+bar of the house." When set at liberty he entered into correspondence
+with the master-spirits in all parts of the country; and when the
+celebrated meetings in the fields were held, on July 6, 1774,
+preparatory to the election of the New York delegates to the First
+General Congress, he was called to preside, and resolutions prepared by
+him were adopted, pointing out the mode of choosing deputies, inveighing
+against the Boston Port Bill, and urging upon the proposed congress the
+prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. In March
+1775, he was a member of the Provincial Convention, and was nominated as
+one of the candidates for the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but
+was not elected. In the same year he received a commission as colonel of
+the 1st New York regiment, and on August 9, 1776, was created
+brigadier-general. On the evening of the 29th of the same month he was
+selected by Washington to superintend the embarkation of the troops from
+Brooklyn; was actively engaged on Chatterton's Hill and in various
+places in New Jersey; and when General William Heath, in the spring of
+1777, left Peekskill to assume the command of the eastern department, he
+succeeded that officer, but was compelled, by a superior force under Sir
+William Howe, to retreat from the town, after destroying a considerable
+supply of stores, on March 23rd. After the battle of Germantown, in
+which he participated, Washington, writing to the president of Congress,
+under date of October 7, 1777, says:</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot however omit this opportunity of recommending General
+McDougall to their notice. This gentleman, from the time of his
+appointment as brigadier, from his abilities, military knowledge, and
+approved bravery, has every claim to promotion."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of the same month he was commissioned major-general. On
+March 16, 1778, he was directed to assume the command of the different
+posts on the Hudson, and, with activity, pursued the construction of the
+fortifications in the Highlands, and, after the flight of General
+Arnold, was put in command of West Point, October 5, 1780. Near the
+close of that year he was called upon by New York to repair to Congress
+as one of their representatives. It was a critical moment, and
+Washington urged his acceptance of the post; accordingly he took his
+seat in the Congress the next January. Congress having organized an
+executive department, in 1781, General McDougall was appointed Minister
+of Marine. He did not remain long in Philadelphia, for his habits,
+friendships, associations and convictions of duty recalled him to the
+camp. The confidence felt in his integrity and good judgment by all
+classes in the service, was such, that when the army went into winter
+quarters at Newburgh, in 1783, he was chosen at the head of the
+delegation to Congress to represent their grievances. The same year,
+after the close of the war, he was elected to represent the Southern
+District in the senate of New York and continued a member of that body
+until his death, which occurred in the city of New York June 8, 1786. At
+the time of his decease, General McDougall was president of the Bank of
+New York. In politics he adhered to the Hamilton party.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL LACHLAN M'INTOSH.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the emigration of John Mohr McIntosh to Georgia, and the
+settlement upon the Alatamaha, where now stands the city of Darien, has
+already been recorded. The second son of John Mohr was Lachlan, born
+near Raits in Badenoch, Scotland, March 17, 1725, and consequently was
+eleven years old at the time he emigrated to America. As has been
+already noted John Mohr McIntosh was captured by the Spaniards at Fort
+Moosa, carried to Spain, and after several years, returned in broken
+health.</p>
+
+<p>Both Lachlan and his elder brother William were placed as cadets in the
+regiment by General Oglethorpe. When General Oglethorpe made his final
+preparations for his return to England, the two young brothers were
+found hid away in the hold of another vessel, for they had heard of the
+attempts then being made by prince Charles to regain the throne of his
+ancestors, and they hoped to regain something that the family of Borlam
+had lost, of which they were members. General Oglethorpe had the two
+boys brought to his cabin; he spoke to them of the friendship he had
+entertained for their father, of the kindness he had shown to
+themselves, of the hopelessness of every attempt of the house of Stuart,
+of their own folly in engaging in this wild and desperate struggle, of
+his own duty as an officer of the house of Brunswick; but if they would
+go ashore, their secret should be his. He received their pledge and they
+never saw him again.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="mcintosh"  />
+<a id="illus17" name="illus17"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">General Lachlan McIntosh.</span></p>
+
+<p>At that time the means of education in Georgia were limited, yet under
+his mother's care Lachlan McIntosh was well instructed in English,
+mathematics and other branches necessary for future military use.
+Lachlan sought the promising field of enterprise in Charleston, South
+Carolina, where the fame of his father's gallantry and misfortunes
+secured to him a kind reception from Henry Laurens, afterwards president
+of Congress, and the first minister of the United States to Holland. In
+the house of that patriot he remained several years, and contracted
+friendships that lasted while he lived, with some of the leading
+citizens of the southern colonies. Having adopted the profession of
+surveyor, and married, he returned to Georgia, where he acquired a wide
+and honorable reputation. On account of his views concerning certain
+lands between the Alatamaha and St. Mary's rivers which did not coincide
+with those of Governor Wright of Georgia, it afforded the latter a
+pretence, for a long and deliberate opposition to the interests of
+Lachlan McIntosh, which gradually schooled him for the approaching
+conflict between England and her American colonies. When that event
+began to dawn upon the people every eye in Georgia was turned to General
+McIntosh as the leader of whatever force that province might bring into
+the struggle. When, therefore, the revolutionary government was
+organized and an order was made for raising a regiment was adopted,
+Lachlan McIntosh was made colonel commandant; and when the order was
+issued for raising three other regiments, in September, 1776, he was
+immediately appointed brigadier-general commandant. About this time
+Button Gwinnett was elected governor, who had been an unsuccessful
+competitor for the command of the troops. He was a man unrestrained by
+any honorable principles, and used his official authority in petty
+persecutions of General McIntosh and his family. The general bore all
+this patiently until his opponent ceased to be governor, when he
+communicated to him the opinion he entertained of his conduct. He
+received a challenge, and in a duel wounded him mortally. General
+McIntosh now applied, through his friend Colonel Henry Laurens, for a
+place in the Continental army, which was granted, and with his staff was
+invited to join the commander-in-chief. He soon won the confidence of
+Washington, and for a long time was placed in his front, while watching
+the superior forces of Sir William Howe in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>While the army was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the attention of
+the government was called to the exposed condition of the western
+frontier, upon which the British was constantly exciting the Indians to
+the most terrible atrocities. It was determined that General McIntosh
+should command an expedition against the Indians on the Ohio. In a
+letter to the President of Congress, dated May 12, 1778, Washington
+says:</p>
+
+<p>"After much consideration upon the subject, I have appointed General
+McIntosh to command at Fort Pitt, and in the western country, for which
+he will set out as soon as he can accommodate his affairs. I part with
+this gentleman with much reluctance, as I esteem him an officer of great
+worth and merit, and as I know his services here are and will be
+materially wanted. His firm disposition and equal justice, his assiduity
+and good understanding, added to his being a stranger to all parties in
+that quarter, pointed him out as a proper person."<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p>
+
+<p>With a reinforcement of five hundred men General McIntosh marched to
+Fort Pitt, of which he assumed the command, and in a short time he gave
+repose to all western Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the spring of 1779,
+he completed arrangements for an expedition against Detroit, but in
+April was recalled by Washington to take part in the operations proposed
+for the south, where his knowledge of the country, added to his stirling
+qualities, promised him a useful field. He joined General Lincoln in
+Charleston, and every preparation in their power was made for the
+invasion of Georgia, then in possession of the British, as soon as the
+French fleet under count D'Estaing should arrive on the coast. General
+McIntosh marched to Augusta, took command of the advance of the troops,
+and proceeding down to Savannah, drove in all the British outposts.
+Expecting to be joined by the French, he marched to Beauly, where count
+D'Estaing effected a landing on September 12th, 13th, and 14th, and on
+the 15th was joined by General Lincoln. General McIntosh pressed for an
+immediate attack, but the French admiral refused. In the very midst of
+the siege the French fleet put to sea, leaving Generals Lincoln and
+McIntosh to retreat to Charleston, where they were besieged by an
+overwhelming force under Sir Henry Clinton, to whom the city was
+surrendered on May 12, 1780. With this event the military life of
+General McIntosh closed. He was long detained a prisoner of war, and
+when finally released, retired with his family to Virginia, where he
+remained until the British troops were driven from Savannah. Upon his
+return to Georgia, he found his personal property wasted and his real
+estate much diminished in value. From that time to the close of his
+life, in a great measure, he lived in retirement and comparative
+poverty until his death, which took place at Savannah, February 20,
+1806.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="arthur"  />
+<a id="illus18" name="illus18"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">General Arthur St. Clair</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The life of Major General Arthur St. Clair was a stormy one, full of
+disappointments, shattered hopes, and yet honored and revered for the
+distinguished and disinterested services he performed. He was a near
+relative of the then earl of Roslin, and was born in 1734, in the town
+of Thurso, Caithness in Scotland. He inherited the fine personal
+appearance and manly traits of the St. Clairs. After graduating at the
+University of Edinburgh, he entered upon the study of medicine under the
+celebrated Doctor William Hunter of London; but receiving a large sum of
+money from his mother's estate in 1757, he changed his purpose and
+sought adventures in a military life, and the same year entered the
+service of the king of Great Britain, as ensign in the 60th or Royal
+American Regiment of Foot. In May of the succeeding year he was with
+General Amherst before Louisburg. Gathered there were men soon to become
+famous among whom were Wolfe, Montcalm, Murray and Lawrence. For gallant
+conduct Arthur St. Clair received a lieutenant's commission, April 17,
+1759, and was with General Wolfe in that brilliant struggle before
+Quebec, in September of the same year, and soon after was made a
+captain. In 1760 he married at Boston, Miss Ph&oelig;be Bayard, with a
+fortune of &pound;40,000, which added to his own made him a man of wealth. On
+April 16. 1762 he resigned his commission in the army, and soon after
+led a colony of Scotch settlers to the Ligonier Valley, in
+Pennsylvania, where he purchased for himself one thousand acres of land.
+Improvements everywhere sprang up under his guiding genius. He held
+various offices, among which was member of the Proprietory Council of
+Pennsylvania, and colonel of militia. The mutterings which preceded the
+American Revolution were early heard in the beautiful valley of the
+Ligonier. Colonel St. Clair was not slow to take action, and espoused
+the cause of the patriots with all the intensity of his character, and
+never, even for a moment, swerved in the cause. He was destined to
+receive the enduring friendship of Washington, La Fayette, Hamilton,
+Schuyler, Wilson, Reed, and others of the most distinguished patriots of
+the Revolution. Early in the year 1776, he resigned his civil offices,
+and led the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment in the invasion of Canada, and on
+account of the remarkable skill there displayed in saving from capture
+the army of General Sullivan, he received the rank of brigadier-general,
+August 6, 1776. He claimed to have pointed out the Quaker road to
+Washington on the night before the battle of Princeton. On account of
+his meritorious services in that battle, he was made a major-general,
+February 19, 1777. On the advance of General Burgoyne, who now
+threatened the great avenue from the north, General St. Clair was placed
+in command of Ticonderoga. Discovering that he could not hold the
+position, with great reluctance he ordered the fort evacuated. A great
+clamor was raised against him, especially in the New England States, and
+on account of this he was suspended, and a court-martial ordered.
+Retaining the confidence of Washington he was a volunteer aid to that
+commander at the battle of Brandywine. In September 1778, the
+court-martial acquitted him of all the charges. He was on the
+court-martial that condemned Major John Andre, adjutant-general of the
+British army, as a spy, who had been actively implicated in the treason
+of Benedict Arnold, and soon after was placed in command of West Point.
+He assisted in quelling the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line, and shared
+in the crowning glory of the Revolution, the capture of the British army
+under lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Soon afterwards General St. Clair
+retired to private life, but his fellow-citizens soon determined
+otherwise. In 1783 he was on the board of censors for Pennsylvania, and
+afterwards chosen vendue-master of Philadelphia; in 1786 was elected a
+member of Congress, and in 1787 was president of that body, which at
+that time, was the highest office in America. In 1788 he was elected
+governor of the North West Territory, which imposed upon him the duty of
+governing, organizing, and bringing order out of chaos, over that region
+of country. In 1791, Washington made him commander-in-chief of the army,
+and in the autumn, with an ill-appointed force, set out, under the
+direct orders from Henry Knox, then Secretary of War, on an expedition
+against the Indians, but met with an overwhelming defeat on November
+4th. The disaster was investigated by Congress, and the general was
+justly exonerated from all blame. He resigned his commission as general
+in 1792, but continued in office as governor until 1802, when he was
+summarily dismissed by Thomas Jefferson, then president. In poverty he
+retired to a log-house which overlooked the valley he had once owned. In
+vain he pressed his claims against the government for the expenditures
+he had made during the Revolution, in aid of the cause. In 1812 he
+published his "Narrative." In 1813 the legislature of Pennsylvania
+granted him an annuity of $400, and finally the general government gave
+him a pension of $60 per month. He died at Laural Hill, Pennsylvania,
+August 31, 1818, from injuries received by being thrown from a wagon.</p>
+
+<p>Years afterwards Judge Burnet wrote, declaring him to have been
+"unquestionably a man of superior talents, of extensive information, and
+of great uprightness of purpose, as well as suavity of manners. * * * He
+had been accustomed from infancy to mingle in the circles of taste and
+refinement, and had acquired a polish of manners, and a habitual respect
+for the feelings of others, which might be cited as a specimen of
+genuine politeness."<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1870 the State of Ohio purchased the papers of General St. Clair, and
+in 1882 these were published in two volumes, containing twelve hundred
+and seventy pages.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>SERGEANT DONALD M'DONALD</p>
+
+<p>The lives of men who have won a great name on the field of battle throw
+a glamor over themselves which is both interesting and fascinating; and
+those treading the same path but cut off in their career are forgotten.
+However, the American Revolution affords many acts of heroism performed
+by those who did not command armies, some of whom performed many acts
+worthy of record. Perhaps, among the minor officers none had such a
+successful run of brilliant exploits as Sergeant Macdonald, many of
+which are sufficiently well authenticated. Unfortunately the essential
+particulars relating to him have not been preserved. The warlike deeds
+which he exhibited are recorded in the "Life of General Francis Marion"
+by General Horry, of Marion's brigade, and Weems. Just how far Weems
+romanced may never be known, but in all probability what is related
+concerning Sergeant Macdonald is practically true, save the shaping up
+of the story.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Macdonald is represented to have been a son of General Donald
+Macdonald, who headed the Highlanders in North Carolina, and met with an
+overwhelming defeat at Moore's Creek Bridge. The son was a remarkably
+stout, red-haired young Scotsman, cool under the most trying
+difficulties, and brave without a fault. Soon after the defeat and
+capture of his father he joined the American troops and served under
+General Horry. One day General Horry asked him why he had entered the
+service of the patriots. In substance he made the following reply:</p>
+
+<p>"Immediately on the misfortune of my father and his friends at the Great
+Bridge, I fell to thinking what could be the cause; and then it struck
+me that it must have been owing to their own monstrous ingratitude.
+'Here now,' said I to myself, 'is a parcel of people, meaning my poor
+father and his friends, who fled from the murderous swords of the
+English after the massacre at Culloden. Well, they came to America, with
+hardly anything but their poverty and mournful looks. But among this
+friendly people that was enough. Every eye that saw us, had pity; and
+every hand was reached out to assist. They received us in their houses
+as though we had been their own unfortunate brothers. They kindled high
+their hospitable fires for us, and spread their feasts, and bid us eat
+and drink and banish our sorrows, for that we were in a land of
+friends. And so indeed, we found it; for whenever we told of the woeful
+battle of Culloden, and how the English gave no quarter to our
+unfortunate countrymen, but butchered all they could overtake, these
+generous people often gave us their tears, and said, O! that we had been
+there to aid with our rifles, then should many of these monsters have
+bit the ground.' They received us into the bosoms of their peaceful
+forests, and gave us their lands and their beauteous daughters in
+marriage, and we became rich. And yet, after all, soon as the English
+came to America, to murder this innocent people, merely for refusing to
+be their slaves, then my father and friends, forgetting all that the
+Americans had done for them, went and joined the British, to assist them
+to cut the throats of their best friends! Now,' said I to myself, 'if
+ever there was a time for God to stand up to punish ingratitude, this
+was the time.' And God did stand up; for he enabled the Americans to
+defeat my father and his friends most completely. But, instead of
+murdering the prisoners as the English had done at Culloden, they
+treated us with their usual generosity. And now these are the people I
+love and will fight for as long as I live."</p>
+
+<p>The first notice given of the sergeant was the trick which he played on
+a royalist. As soon as he heard that Colonel Tarleton was encamped at
+Monk's Corner, he went the next morning to a wealthy old royalist of
+that neighborhood, and passing himself for a sergeant in the British
+corps, presented Colonel Tarleton's compliments with the request that he
+would send him one of his best horses for a charger, and that he should
+not lose by the gift.</p>
+
+<p>"Send him one of my finest horses!" cried the old traitor with eyes
+sparkling with joy. "Yes, Mr. Sergeant, that I will, by gad! and would
+send him one of my finest daughters too, had he but said the word. A
+good friend of the king, did he call me, Mr. Sergeant? yes, God save his
+sacred majesty, a good friend I am indeed, and a true. And, faith, I am
+glad too, Mr. Sergeant, that colonel knows it. Send him a charger to
+drive the rebels, hey? Yes, egad will I send him one, and as proper a
+one too as ever a soldier straddled. Dick! Dick! I say you Dick!"</p>
+
+<p>"Here, massa, here! here Dick!"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, you plaguey dog! so I must always split my throat with bawling,
+before I can get you to answer hey?"</p>
+
+<p>"High, massa, sure Dick always answer when he hear massa hallo!"</p>
+
+<p>"You do, you villain, do you? Well then run! jump, fly, you rascal, fly
+to the stable, and bring me out Selim, my young Selim! do you hear? you
+villain, do you hear?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, massa, be sure!"</p>
+
+<p>Then turning to the sergeant he went on:</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Mr. Sergeant, you have made me confounded glad this morning, you
+may depend. And now suppose you take a glass of peach; of good old
+peach, Mr. Sergeant? do you think it would do you any harm?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, they say it is good of a rainy morning, sir," replied the
+sergeant.</p>
+
+<p>"O yes, famous of a rainy morning, Mr. Sergeant! a mighty antifogmatic.
+It prevents you the ague, Mr. Sergeant; and clears a man's throat of the
+cobwebs, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"God bless your honor!" said the sergeant as he turned off a bumper.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had this conversation passed when Dick paraded Selim; a proud,
+full-blooded, stately steed, that stepped as though he were too lofty to
+walk upon the earth. Here the old man brightening up, broke out again:</p>
+
+<p>"Aye! there, Mr. Sergeant, there is a horse for you! isn't he, my boy?"</p>
+
+<p>"Faith, a noble animal, sir," replied the sergeant.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, egad! a noble animal indeed; a charger for a king, Mr. Sergeant!
+Well, my compliments to Colonel Tarleton; tell him I've sent him a
+horse, my young Selim, my grand Turk, do you hear, my son of thunder?
+And say to the colonel that I don't grudge him either, for egad! he's
+too noble for me, Mr. Sergeant. I've no work that's fit for him, sir; no
+sir, if there's any work in all this country that's good enough for him
+but just that which he is now going on; the driving the rebels out of
+the land."</p>
+
+<p>He had Selim caparisoned with his elegant new saddle and holsters, with
+his silver-mounted pistols. Then giving Sergeant Macdonald a warm
+breakfast, and loaning him his great coat, he sent him off, with the
+promise that he would, the next morning, come and see how Colonel
+Tarleton was pleased with Selim. Accordingly he waited on the English
+colonel, told him his name with a smiling countenance; but, to his
+mortification received no special notice. After partially recovering
+from his embarrassment he asked Colonel Tarleton how he liked his
+charger.</p>
+
+<p>"Charger, sir?" said the colonel.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, the elegant horse I sent you yesterday."</p>
+
+<p>"The elegant horse you sent me, sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, and by your sergeant, sir, as he called himself."</p>
+
+<p>"An elegant horse! and by my sergeant? Why really, sir, I-I-I don't
+understand all this."</p>
+
+<p>"Why, my dear, good sir, did you not send a sergeant yesterday with your
+compliments to me, and a request that I would send you my very best
+horse for a charger, which I did?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir, never!" replied the colonel; "I never sent a sergeant on any
+such errand. Nor till this moment did I ever know that there existed on
+earth such a being as you."</p>
+
+<p>The old man turned black in the face; he shook throughout; and as soon
+as he could recover breath and power of speech, he broke out into a
+torrent of curses, enough to make one shudder at his blasphemy. Nor was
+Colonel Tarleton much behind him when he learned what a valuable animal
+had slipped through his hands.</p>
+
+<p>When Sergeant Macdonald was asked how he could reconcile the taking of
+the horse he replied:</p>
+
+<p>"Why, sir, as to that matter, people will think differently; but for my
+part I hold that all is fair in war; and besides, sir, if I had not
+taken him Colonel Tarleton, no doubt, would have got him. And then, with
+such a swift strong charger as this he might do us as much harm as I
+hope to do to them."</p>
+
+<p>Harm he did with a vengeance; for he had no sense of fear; and for
+strength he could easily drive his sword through cap and skull of an
+enemy with irresistible force. He was fond of Selim, and kept him to the
+top of his metal; Selim was not much his debtor; for, at the first
+glimpse of a red-coat, he would paw, and champ his iron bit with rage;
+and the moment of command, he was off among them like a thunderbolt. The
+gallant Highlander never stopped to count the number, but would dash
+into the thickest of the fight, and fall to hewing and cutting down like
+an uncontrollable giant.</p>
+
+<p>General Horry, when lamenting the death of his favorite sergeant said
+that the first time he saw him fight was when the British held
+Georgetown; and with the sergeant the two set out alone to reconnoitre.
+The two concealed themselves in a clump of pines near the road, with the
+enemy's lines in full view. About sunrise five dragoons left the town
+and dashed up the road towards the place where the heroes were
+concealed. The face of Sergeant Macdonald kindled up with the joy of
+battle. "Zounds, Macdonald," said General Horry, "here's an odds against
+us, five to two." "By my soul now captain," he replied, "and let 'em
+come on. Three are welcome to the sword of Macdonald." When the dragoons
+were fairly opposite, the two, with drawn sabres broke in upon them like
+a tornado. The panic was complete; two were immediately overthrown, and
+the remaining three wheeled about and dashed for the town, applying the
+whip and spur to their steeds. The sergeant mounted upon the
+swift-footed Selim out-distanced his companion, and single-handed cut
+down two of the foe. The remaining one would have met a like fate had
+not the guns of the fort protected him. Although quickly pursued by the
+relief, the sergeant had the address to bring off an elegant horse of
+one of the dragoons whom he had killed.</p>
+
+<p>A day or two after the victory of General Marion over Colonel Tynes,
+near the Black river, General Horry took Captain Baxter, Lieutenant
+Postell and Sergeant Macdonald, with thirty privates, to see if some
+advantage could not be gained over the enemy near the lines of
+Georgetown. While partaking of a meal at the house of a planter, a
+British troop attempted to surprise them. The party leaped to their
+saddles and were soon in hot pursuit of the foe. While all were
+excellently mounted, yet no horse could keep pace with Selim. He was the
+hindmost when the race began, but with widespread nostrils, long
+extended neck, and glaring eyeballs, he seemed to fly over the course.
+Coming up with the enemy Sergeant Macdonald drew his claymore, and
+rising on his stirrups, with high-uplifted arm, he waved it three times
+in circles over his head, and then with terrific force brought it down
+upon the fleeing dragoon. One of the British officers snapped his pistol
+at him, but before he could try another the sergeant cut him down.
+Immediately after, at a blow apiece, three more dragoons were brought to
+the earth by the resistless claymore. Of the twenty-five, not a man
+escaped, save one officer, who struck off at right angles, for a swamp,
+which he gained, and so cleared himself. So frightened was Captain
+Meriot, the British officer, that his hair, from a bright auburn,
+before night, had turned gray.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="gainey"  />
+<a id="illus19" name="illus19"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <span class="smcap">Sergeant Macdonald and Colonel Gainey.</span></p>
+
+<p>On the following day General Horry encountered one third of Colonel
+Gainey's men, and in the encounter the latter lost one half his men who
+were in the action. In the conflict, as usual the sergeant performed
+prodigies of valor. Later in the day Colonel Gainey's regiment again
+commenced the attack, when Sergeant Macdonald made a dash for the
+leader, in full confidence of getting a gallant charger. Colonel Gainey
+proved to have been well mounted; but the sergeant, regarding but the
+one enemy passed all others. He afterwards said he could have slain
+several in the charge, but wished for no meaner object than their
+leader. Only one, who threw himself in the way, became his victim, whom
+he shot down as they went at full speed along the Black river road. When
+they reached the corner of Richmond fence, the sergeant had gained so
+far upon his enemy, as to be able to plunge his bayonet into his back.
+The steel parted from the gun, and, with no time to extricate it,
+Colonel Gainey rushed into Georgetown, with the weapon still
+conspicuously showing how close and eager had been the charge, and how
+narrow the escape. The wound was not fatal.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion General Marion ordered Captain Withers to take
+Sergeant Macdonald, with four volunteers, and search out the intentions
+of the enemy in Georgetown. On the way they stopped at a wayside house
+and drank too much brandy. Sergeant Macdonald, feeling the effects of
+the potion, with a red face, reined up Selim, and drawing his claymore,
+began to pitch and prance about, cutting and slashing the empty air, and
+cried out, "Huzza, boys! let's charge!" Then clapping spurs to their
+steeds these six men, huzzaing and flourishing their swords, charged at
+full tilt into a town garrisoned by three hundred British. The enemy
+supposing this was the advance guard of General Marion, fled to their
+redoubts; but all were not fortunate enough to reach that haven, for
+several were overtaken and cut down in the streets, among whom was a
+sergeant-major, who fell from a back-handed stroke of a claymore dealt
+by Sergeant Macdonald. Out of the town the young men galloped without
+receiving any injury.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after the above incident, the sergeant, as usual employing
+himself in watching the movements of the British, climbed up into a
+bushy tree, and thence, with a musket loaded with pistol bullets, fired
+at the guard as they passed by; of whom he killed one man and badly
+wounded Lieutenant Torquano; then sliding down the tree, mounted Selim,
+and was soon out of harm's was. Repassing the Black river he left his
+clothes behind him, which were seized by the enemy. He sent word to
+Colonel Watson if he did not immediately send back his clothes, he would
+kill eight of his men to compensate for them. He felt it was a point of
+honor that he should recover his clothes. Colonel Watson greatly
+irritated by a late defeat, was furious at the audacious message. He
+contemptuously ordered the messenger to return; but some of his
+officers, aware of the character of the sergeant, urged that the
+clothes might be returned to the partisan, as he would positively keep
+his word. Colonel Watson yielded, and when the messenger returned to the
+sergeant, he said, "You may now tell Colonel Watson that I will kill but
+four of his men."</p>
+
+<p>The last relation of Sergeant Macdonald, as given by General Peter
+Horry, is in reference to Captains Snipes and McCauley, with the
+sergeant and forty men, having surprised and cut to pieces a large party
+of the enemy near Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Macdonald did not live to reap the fruit of his labors, or even
+to see his country free. He was killed at the siege of Fort Motte, May
+12, 1781. In this fort was stationed a British garrison of one hundred
+and fifty men under Captain McPherson, which had been reinforced by a
+small force of dragoons sent from Charleston with dispatches for lord
+Rawdon. General Marion, with the assistance of Colonel Henry Lee, laid
+siege to the fortress, which was compelled to surrender, owing to the
+burning of the mansion in the center of the works. Mrs. Rebecca Motte,
+the lady that owned the mansion, furnished the bow and arrows used to
+carry the fire to the roof of the building. Nathan Savage, a private in
+the ranks of General Marion's men, winged the arrow with the lighted
+torch. The British did not lose a man, and General Marion lost two of
+his bravest,&mdash;Lieutenant Cruger and Sergeant Macdonald. His resting
+place is unknown. No monument has been erected to his memory; but his
+name will endure so long as men shall pay respect to heroism and
+devotion to country.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Spark's Washington's Writings, Vol. III, p. 62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. IV, p. 430.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. IX, p. 186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. V, p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. V, p. 361.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Notes on the North-Western Territory, p. 378</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX I.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Since the publication of "Scotch Highlanders in America," I have secured
+the following complete list of the officers of the 2nd Battalion of the
+84th or Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment, from hon. Aeneas A. MacDonald,
+Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He also has a complete list of the
+enlisted men. The original document is in private hands in St. John,
+N.B.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'>LIST OF OFFICERS OF 2ND BATTALION OF ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANTS.</p>
+
+<p>Muster of January 21st, 1778, at Halifax 2nd Battalion of His Majesty's
+Young Royal Highland Regiment of Foot whereof the Honble Lieut. Genl.
+Thomas Gage is Colonel in Chief.</p>
+
+<p><i>1st Company</i>, Major Commandant, John Small, Commissioned June 13th,
+1715, and April 8th, 1777; Captain Lieutenant, John MacLean,
+Commissioned April 9th, 1776; Ensign, Lauchlan McQuarrie, Commissioned
+April 9th, 1776; Chaplain, Revd Alexr McKenzie, Commissioned July 12th,
+1776, Absent by leave, Revd Doctr Brinston officiating; Adjutant, Hector
+MacLean, Commissioned April 25th, 1776; Quarter Master, Angus Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Surgeon, George Fr. Boyd, Commissioned May
+8th, 1776; Surgeon's Mate, Donald Cameron, Commissioned Oct 25th, 1776.
+3 Sergeants 3 Corporals 2 Drummers and 46 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>2nd Company</i>, Captain, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775:
+Lieutenant, Gerald Fitzgerald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; On
+recruiting service in Newfoundland; Ensign, Kenneth Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and 38
+Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>3rd Company</i>, Captain, Duncan Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Thomas Lunden, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Christr
+Seaton, Commissioned April 9th, 1777. 8 non-commissioned officers and 48
+Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>4th Company</i>, Captain, Ronald McKinnon, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenants, Robert Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, and James
+McDonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and
+50 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>5th Company</i>, Captain, Alexr Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Absent on Comr in Chief's leave; Lieutenant, Samuel Bliss, Commissioned
+June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Joseph Hawkins, Commissioned Decr 25th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>6th or Grenadier Company</i>, Captain, Murdoch McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Recruiting; Lieutenants, Lauchlin McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Charles McDonald, Commissioned May 18th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>7th Company</i>, Captain, Neil McLean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Serving with the Army in Canada and under orders to join; Lieutenant,
+Hugh Frazier, Commissioned Feby 27th, 1776, Prisoner with the Rebels;
+Ensign, John Macdonald, Commissioned Octr 7th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned
+officers and 32 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>8th Company</i>, Captain, Allen Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with Rebels; Lieutenant, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Prisoner with Rebels; Ensign, Alexr Maclean, Commissioned
+Decr 25th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>9th Company</i>, Captain, John Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Alexr McDonell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, Prisoner with
+the Rebels; Ensign, James Robertson, Commissioned Oct 30th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.</p>
+
+<p><i>10th Company</i>, Captain, Allan Macdonnell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with the Rebels; Lieutenant, John Macdonnell, Major Genl
+Massey's leave; Ensign, Hector Maclean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 40 Privates.</p>
+
+<p>At this Muster the 3rd or Captain Duncan Campbell's Company and the 5th
+or Captain Alexr Campbell's Company could not have been present as the
+Muster Rolls of these Companies, while containing the list of Officers
+and Men, are not completed and not signed by the officers or by the
+Deputy Officer taking the Muster. The 5th Company was in Newfoundland at
+the time and the 3rd probably there also.</p>
+
+<p>At a Muster of the Regiment held at Halifax on 2nd of September 1778 the
+Regiment appears as His Majesty's Royal Highland Regiment of Emigrants.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX1" id="APPENDIX1"></a>APPENDIX II.</h2>
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_A" id="NOTE_A"></a>NOTE A.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">First Emigrants to America</span>.</h4>
+
+
+<p>Parties bearing Highland names were in America and the West Indies
+during the seventeenth century, none of whom may have been born north of
+the Grampians. The records fail to give us the details. It has been
+noted that on May 15, 1635, Henri Donaldson left London for Virginia on
+the Plaine Joan, the master of which was Richard Buckam. On May 28,
+1635, Melaskus McKay was transported from the same port and to the same
+place, on board the Speedwell, Jo. Chappell, master. Dowgall Campbell
+and his wife Mary were living in Barbadoes, September 1678, as was also
+Patric Campel, in August 1679. Malcum Fraser was physician on board the
+Betty, that carried seventy-five "convicted rebells," one of whom was a
+woman, in 1685, sailed from Port Weymouth for the Barbadoes, and there
+sold into slavery. Many persons by name of Morgan also left various
+English ports during that century, but as they occur in conjunction with
+that of Welsh names it is probable they were from the same country.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_B" id="NOTE_B"></a>NOTE B.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Letter of Donald Macpherson</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>Communication between the two countries was difficult and uncertain,
+which would inevitably, in a short time, stop friendly correspondence.
+More or less effort was made to keep up old friendships. The friends in
+the New World did not leave behind them their love for the Highlands,
+for home, for father and mother. The following curious letter has been
+preserved from Donald MacPherson, a young Highland lad, who had been
+sent to Virginia with Captain Toline, and was born near the house of
+Culloden where his father lived, and addressed to him. It was written
+about 1727:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">"Portobago in Marilante, 2 June, 17&mdash;.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Teer Lofen Kynt Fater:</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Dis is te lat ye ken, dat I am in quid healt, plessed be Got for dat,
+houpin te here de lyk frae yu, as I am yer nane sin, I wad a bine ill
+leart gin I had na latten yu ken tis, be kaptin Rogirs skep dat geangs
+te Innernes, per cunnan I dinna ket sika anither apertunti dis towmen
+agen. De skep dat I kam in was a lang tym o de see cumin oure heir, but
+plissis pi Got for a'ting wi a kepit our heels unco weel, pat Shonie
+Magwillivray dat hat ay sair heet. Dere was saxty o's a'kame inte te
+quintry hel a lit an lim an nane o's a'dyit pat Shonie Magwillivray an
+an otter Ross lad dat kam oure wi's an mai pi dem twa wad a dyit gintey
+hed bitten at hame. Pi mi fait I kanna kamplin for kumin te dis quintry,
+for mestir Nicols, Lort pliss hem, pat mi till a pra mestir, dey ca him
+Shon Bayne, an hi lifes in Marylant in te rifer Potomak, he nifer gart
+mi wark ony ting pat fat I lykit mi sel: de meast o a' mi wark is
+waterin a pra stennt hors, and pringin wyn an pread ut o de seller te mi
+mestir's tebil. Sin efer I kam til him I nefer wantit a pottle o petter
+ele nor isi m a' Shon Glass hous, for I ay set toun wi de pairns te
+dennir. Mi mestir seys til mi, fan I kon speek lyk de fouk hier dat I
+sanna pe pidden di nating pat gar his plackimors wurk, for de fyt fouk
+dinna ise te wurk pat te first yeer aftir dey kum in te de quintry. Tey
+speek a' lyk de sogers in Inerness. Lofen fater, fan de sarvants hier he
+deen wi der mestirs, dey grou unco rich, an its ne wonter for day mak a
+hantil o tombako; and des sivites anahels and de sheries an de pires
+grou in de wuds wantin tyks apout dem, De Swynes te ducks and durkies
+geangs en de wuds wantin mestirs. De tombako grous shust lyk de dockins
+en de bak o de lairts yart an de skeps dey kum fra ilka place an bys dem
+an gies a hantel o silder an gier for dem. Mi nane mestir kam til de
+quintry a sarfant an weil I wot hi's nou wort mony a susan punt. Fait ye
+mey pelive mi de pirest plantir hire lifes amost as weil as de lairt o
+Collottin. Mai pi fan mi tim is ut I wel kom hem an sie yu pat not for
+de fust nor de neest yeir til I gater somtig o mi nane, for I fan I ha
+dun wi mi mestir, hi maun gi mi a plantashon te set mi up, its de
+quistium hier in dis quintry; an syn I houp te gar yu trink wyn insteat
+o tippeni in Innerness. I wis I hat kum our hier twa or tri yiers seener
+nor I dit, syn I wad ha kum de seener hame, pat Got bi tanket dat I kam
+sa seen as I dit. Gin yu koud sen mi owr be ony o yur Innesness skeps,
+ony ting te mi, an it war as muckle clays as mak a quelt it wad, mey pi,
+gar mi meistir tink te mere o mi. It's tru I ket clays eneu fe him bat
+out ting fe yu wad luck weel an pony, an ant plese Got gin I life, I sal
+pey yu pack agen. Lofen fater, de man dat wryts dis letir for mi is van
+Shames Macheyne, hi lifes shust a myl fe mi, hi hes pin unko kyn te mi
+sin efer I kam te de quintrie. Hi wes porn en Petic an kom our a sarfant
+fe Klesgou an hes peen hes nane man twa yeirs, an has sax plockimors
+wurkin til hem alrety makin tombako ilka tay. Heil win hem, shortly an
+a' te geir dat he hes wun hier an py a lerts kip at hem. Luck dat yu
+duina forket te vryt til mi ay, fan yu ket ony occashion: Got Almichte
+plis yu Fater an a de leve o de hous, for I hana forkoten nane o yu, nor
+dinna yu forket mi, for plise Got I sal kum hem wi gier eneuch te di yu
+a' an mi nane sel guid. I weit yu will be veri vokie, fan yu sii yur
+nane sins fesh agen, for I heive leirt a hautle hevens sin I sau yu an I
+am unco buick leirt.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A tis fe yur lofen an Opetient Sin,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Tonal Mackaferson.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Directed&mdash;For Shames Mackaferson neir te Lairt o Collottin's hous, neir
+Innerness en de Nort o Skotlan."<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_C" id="NOTE_C"></a>NOTE C.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Emigration During the Eighteenth Century</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>The emigration from the Highlands to America was so pronounced that the
+Scottish papers, notably the "Edinburgh Evening Courant," the
+"Caledonian Mercury," and the "Scots Magazine," made frequent reference
+and bemoan its prevalence. It was even felt in London, for the
+"Gentleman's Magazine" was also forced to record it. While all these
+details may not be of great interest, yet to obtain a fair idea of this
+movement, some record will be of service.</p>
+
+<p>The "Scots Magazine," for September 1769, records that the ship Molly
+sailed from Islay on August 21st of that year full of passengers to
+settle in North Carolina; which was the third emigration from Argyle
+"since the close of the late war." A subsequent issue of the same paper
+states that fifty-four vessels full of emigrants from the Western
+Islands and other parts of the Highlands sailed for North Carolina,
+between April and July 1770, conveying twelve hundred emigrants. Early
+in 1771, according to the "Scots Magazine," there were five hundred
+emigrants from Islay, and the adjacent Islands, preparing to sail in the
+following summer for America "under the conduct of a gentleman of wealth
+and merit whose predecessors resided in Islay for many centuries past."
+The paper farther notes that "there is a large colony of the most
+wealthy and substantial people in Skye making ready to follow the
+example of the Argathelians in going to the fertile and cheap lands on
+the other side of the Atlantic ocean. It is to be dreaded that these
+migrations will prove hurtful to the mother country; and therefore its
+friends ought to use every proper method to prevent them." These Skye men
+to the number of three hundred and seventy, in due time left for
+America. The September issue states that "several of them are people of
+property who intend making purchases of land in America. The late great
+rise of the rents in the Western Islands of Scotland is said to be the
+reason of this emigration."</p>
+
+<p>The "Scots Magazine" states that the ship Adventure sailed from Loch
+Erribol, Sunday August 17, 1772, with upwards of two hundred emigrants
+from Sutherlandshire for North Carolina. There were several emigrations
+from Sutherlandshire that year. In June eight families arrived in
+Greenock, and two other contingents&mdash;one of one hundred and the other of
+ninety souls&mdash;were making their way to the same place en route to
+America. The cause of this emigration they assign to be want of the
+means of livelihood at home, through the opulent graziers engrossing the
+farms, and turning them into pasture. Several contributions have been
+made for these poor people in towns through which they passed.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1773, emigrants from all parts of the Highlands sailed
+for America. The "Courant" of April 3, 1773, reports that "the unlucky
+spirit of emigration" had not diminished, and that several of the
+inhabitants of Skye, Lewis, and other places were preparing to emigrate
+to America during the coming summer "and seek for the sustenance abroad
+which they allege they cannot find at home." In its issue for July 3,
+1773, the same paper states that eight hundred people from Skye were
+then preparing to go to North Carolina and that they had engaged a
+vessel at Greenock to carry them across the Atlantic. In the issue of
+the same paper for September 15th, same year, appears the gloomy
+statement that the people of Badenoch and Lochaber were in "a most
+pitiful situation for want of meal. They were reduced to live on blood
+which they draw from their cattle by repeated bleedings. Need we wonder
+to hear of emigrations from such a country." On September 1, 1773,
+according to the "Courant," a ship sailed from Fort William for America
+with four hundred and twenty-five men, women, and children, all from
+Knoydart, Lochaber, Appin, Mamore, and Fort William. "They were the
+finest set of fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at
+least &pound;6000 sterling in ready cash with them; so that by this
+emigration the country is not only deprived of its men, but likewise of
+its wealth. The extravagant rents started by the landlords is the sole
+cause given for this spirit of emigration which seems to be only in its
+infancy." On September 29, 1773, the "Courant," after stating that there
+were from eight to ten vessels chartered to convey Highland emigrants
+during that season across the Atlantic, adds: "Eight hundred and forty
+people sailed from Lewis in July. Alarmed with this Lord Fortrose, their
+master, came down from London about five weeks ago to treat with the
+remainder of his tenants. What are the terms they asked of him, think
+you? 'The land at the old rents; the augmentation paid for three years
+backward to be refunded; and his factor to be immediately dismissed.'"
+The "Courant" added that unless these terms were conceded the island of
+Lewis would soon be an uninhabited waste. Notwithstanding the visit of
+lord Fortrose, emigration went on. The ship Neptune with one hundred and
+fifty emigrants from Lewis arrived in New York on August 23, 1773; and,
+according to the "Scots Magazine," between seven hundred and eight
+hundred emigrants sailed from Stornoway for America on June 23rd, of the
+same year.</p>
+
+<p>The "Courant" for September 25, 1773, in a communication from Dornoch,
+states that on the 10th of that month there sailed from Dornoch Firth,
+the ship Nancy, with two hundred and fifty emigrants from
+Sutherlandshire for New York. The freight exceeded 650 guineas. In the
+previous year a ship from Sutherlandshire paid a freight of 650 guineas.</p>
+
+<p>In October 1773, three vessels with seven hundred and seventy-five
+emigrants from Moray, Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness, sailed from
+Stromness for America.</p>
+
+<p>The "Courant" for November 10, 1773, records that fifteen hundred people
+had left the county of Sutherland for America within the two preceding
+years. The passage money cost &pound;3 10s each, and it was computed that on
+an average every emigrant brought &pound;4 with him. "This amounts to &pound;7500,
+which exceeds a year's rent of the whole county."</p>
+
+<p>The "Gentleman's Magazine" for June 30, 1775, states that "four vessels,
+containing about seven hundred emigrants, have sailed for America from
+Port Glasgow and Greenock, in the course of the present month, most of
+them from the north Highlands." The same journal for September 23rd,
+same year, says, "The ship Jupiter from Dunstaffnage Bay, with two
+hundred emigrants on board, chiefly from Argyleshire, set sail for North
+Carolina. They declare the oppressions of their landlords are such that
+they can no longer submit to them."</p>
+
+<p>The perils of the sea did not deter them. Tales of suffering must have
+been heard in the glens. Some idea of these sufferings and what the
+emigrants were sometimes called upon to endure may be inferred from the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>"In December (1773), a brig from Dornock, in Scotland, arrived at New
+York, with about 200 passengers, and lost about 100 on the
+passage."<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_D" id="NOTE_D"></a>NOTE D.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Appeal to the Highlanders Lately Arrived from Scotland</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">Williamsburgh, November 23, 1775.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">"Friends and Countrymen</span>:&mdash;A native of the same island, and on
+the same side of the Tweed with yourselves, begs, for a few moments,
+your serious attention. A regard for your happiness, and the security of
+your posterity, are the only motives that could have induced me to
+occupy your time by an epistolary exhortation. How far I may fall short
+of the object I have thus in view, becomes me not to surmise. The same
+claim, however, has he to praise (though, perhaps, never equally
+rewarded) who endeavors to do good, as he who has the happiness to
+effect his purpose. I hope, therefore, no views of acquiring popular
+fame, no partial or circumstantial motives, will be attributed to me for
+this attempt. If this, however, should be the case, I have the
+consolation to know that I am not the first, of many thousands, who have
+been censured unjustly.</p>
+
+<p>I have been lately told that our Provincial Congress have appointed a
+Committee to confer with you, respecting the differences which at
+present subsist between Great Britain and her American Colonies; that
+they wish to make you their friends, and treat with you for that
+purpose; to convince you, by facts and argumentation, that it is
+necessary that every inhabitant of this Colony should concur in such
+measures as may, through the aid of a superintending Providence, remove
+those evils under which this Continent is at present depressed.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of the present contest, as far as my abilities serve me to
+comprehend it, is, simply, whether the Parliament of Great Britain shall
+have the liberty to take away your property without your consent. It
+seems clear and obvious to me that it is wrong and dangerous they should
+have such a power; and that if they are able to carry this into
+execution, no man in this Country has any property which he may safely
+call his own. Adding to the absurdity of a people's being taxed by a
+body of men at least three thousand miles distant, we need only observe
+that their views and sentiments are opposite to ours, their manners of
+living so different that nothing but confusion, injustice, and
+oppression could possibly attend it. If ever we are justly and
+righteously taxed, it must be by a set of men who, living amongst us,
+have an interest in the soil, and who are amenable to us for all their
+transactions.</p>
+
+<p>It was not to become slaves you forsook your native shores. Nothing
+could have buoyed you up against the prepossessions of nature and of
+custom, but a desire to fly from tyranny and oppression. Here you found
+a Country with open arms ready to receive you; no persecuting landlord
+to torment you; none of your property exacted from you to support court
+favorites and dependants. Under these circumstances, your virtue and
+your interest were equally securities for the uprightness of your
+conduct; yet, independent of these motives, inducements are not wanting
+to attach you to the cause of liberty. No people are better qualified
+than you, to ascertain the value of freedom. They only can know its
+intrinsick worth who have had the misery of being deprived of it.</p>
+
+<p>From the clemency of the English Nation you have little to expect; from
+the King and his Ministers still less. You and your forefathers have
+fatally experienced the malignant barbarity of a despotick court. You
+cannot have forgot the wanton acts of unparalleled cruelty committed
+during the reign of Charles II. Mercy and justice were then strangers to
+your land, and your countrymen found but in the dust a sanctuary from
+their distresses. The cries of age, and the concessions of youth, were
+uttered but to be disregarded; and equally with and without the
+formalities of law, were thousands of the innocent and deserving ushered
+to an untimely grave. The cruel and unmerited usage given to the Duke of
+Argyle, in that reign, cannot be justified or excused. No language can
+paint the horrors of this transaction; description falters on her way,
+and, lost in the labyrinth of sympathy and wo, is unable to perform the
+duties of her function. This unhappy nobleman had always professed
+himself an advocate for the Government under which he lived, and a
+friend to the reigning monarch. Whenever he deviated from these
+principles, it must have been owing to the strong impulses of honor, and
+the regard he bore to the rights of his fellow-creatures. 'It were
+endless, as well as shocking, (says an elegant writer,) to enumerate all
+the instances of persecution, or, in other words, of absurd tyranny,
+which at this time prevailed in Scotland. Even women were thought proper
+objects on whom they might exercise their ferocious and wanton
+dispositions; and three of that sex, for refusing to sign some test
+drawn up by tools of Administration, were devoted, without the solemnity
+of a trial, to a lingering and painful death.'</p>
+
+<p>I wish, for the sake of humanity in general and the royal family in
+particular, that I could throw a veil over the conduct of the Duke of
+Cumberland after the last rebellion. The indiscriminate punishments
+which he held out equally to the innocent and the guilty, are facts of
+notoriety much to be lamented. The intention may possibly, in some
+measure, excuse, though nothing can justify the barbarity of the
+measure.</p>
+
+<p>Let us, then, my countrymen, place our chief dependence on our virtue,
+and, by opposing the standard of despotism on its first appearance,
+secure ourselves against those acts in which a contrary conduct will
+undoubtedly plunge us. I will venture to say, that there is no American
+so unreasonable as even to wish you to take the field against your
+friends from the other side of the Atlantick. All they expect or desire
+from you is, to remain neutral, and to contribute your proportion of the
+expenses of the war. This will be sufficient testimony of your
+attachment to the cause they espouse. As you participate of the
+blessings of the soil, it is but reasonable that you should bear a
+proportionate part of the disadvantages attending it.</p>
+
+<p>To the virtuous and deserving among the Americans, nothing can be more
+disagreeable than national reflections; they are, and must be, in the
+eyes of every judicious man, odious and contemptible, and bespeak a
+narrowness of soul which the virtuous are strangers to. Let not, then,
+any disrespectful epithets which the vulgar and illiterate may throw
+out, prejudice you against them; and endeavor to observe this general
+rule, dictated at least by humanity, 'that he is a good man who is
+engaged in a good cause.'</p>
+
+<p>Your enemies have said you are friends to absolute monarchy and
+despotism, and that you have offered yourselves as tools in the hands of
+Administration, to rivet the chains forging for your brethren in
+America. I hope and think my knowledge of you authorizes the assertion
+that you are friends to liberty, and the natural and avowed enemies of
+tyranny and usurpation. All of you, I doubt not, came into the Country
+with a determined resolution of finishing here your days; nor dare I
+doubt but that, fired with the best and noblest species of human
+emulation, you would wish to transmit to the rising generation that best
+of all patrimonies, the legacy of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Private views, and offers of immediate reward, can only operate on base
+and unmanly minds. That soul in which the love of liberty ever dwelt
+must reject, with honest indignation, every idea of preferment, founded
+on the ruins of a virtuous and deserving people. I would have you look
+up to the Constitution of Britain as the best and surest safeguard to
+your liberties. Whenever an attempt is made to violate its fundamental
+principles, every effort becomes laudable which may tend to preserve its
+natural purity and perfection.</p>
+
+<p>The warmest advocates for Administration have candor sufficient to admit
+that the people of Great Britain have no right to tax America. If they
+have not, for what are they contending? It will, perhaps, be answered,
+for the dignity of Government. Happy would it be for those who advance
+this doctrine to consider, that there is more real greatness and genuine
+magnanimity in acknowledging an error, than in persisting in it.
+Miserable must that state be, whose rulers, rather than give up a little
+punctilio, would endanger the lives of thousands of its subjects in a
+quarrel, the injustice and impropriety of which is universally
+acknowledged. If the Americans wish for anything more than is set forth
+in the address of the last Congress to the King and people of Great
+Britain&mdash;if independence is their aim&mdash;by removing their real
+grievances, their artificial ones (if any they should avow) will soon
+appear, and with them will their cause be deserted by every friend to
+limited monarchy, and by every well-wisher to the interests of America.
+I have endeavored, in this uncultivated home-spun essay, to avoid
+prolixity as much as possibly I could. I have aimed at no flowers of
+speech, no touches of rhetorick, which are too often made use of to
+amuse, and not to instruct or persuade the understanding. I have no
+views but your good, and the credit of the Country from whence you came.</p>
+
+<p>In case Government should prevail, and be able to tax America without
+the least show of representation, it would be to me a painful reflection
+to think, that the children of the land to which I owe my existence,
+should have been the cause of plunging millions into perpetual bondage.</p>
+
+<p>If we cannot be of service to the cause, let us not be an injury to it.
+Let us view this Continent as a country marked out by the great God of
+nature as a receptacle for distress, and where the industrious and
+virtuous may range in the fields of freedom, happy under their own fig
+trees, freed from a swarm of petty tyrants, who disgrace countries the
+most polished and civilized, and who more particularly infest that
+region from whence you</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 20em;">Scotius Americanus."<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_E" id="NOTE_E"></a>NOTE E.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Ingratitude of the Highlanders</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>"Brigadier-General Donald McDonald was in rebellion in the year 1745,
+against his lawful sovereign, and headed many of the same clan and name,
+who are now his followers. These emigrants, from the charity and
+benevolence of the Assembly of North-Carolina, received large pecuniary
+contributions, and, to encourage them in making their settlements, were
+exempted from the payment of taxes for several years. It is a fact, that
+numbers of that ungrateful people, who have been lately in arms, when
+they arrived in Carolina, were without the necessaries of life&mdash;their
+passage even paid by the charitable contributions of the inhabitants.
+They have since, under every encouragement that the Province of
+North-Carolina could afford them, acquired fortunes very rapidly, and
+thus they requite their benefactor.&mdash;Virginia Gazette."<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_F" id="NOTE_F"></a>NOTE F.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Were the Highlanders Faithful to their Oath Taken by the
+Americans</span>?</h4>
+
+<p>General David Stewart, the faithful and admiring historian of the
+Highlanders, makes the following strange statements that need
+correction, especially in the view that the Highlander had a very high
+regard for his oath: After the battle of Guilford Court House "the
+British retired southward in the direction of Cross Creek, the Americans
+following close in the rear; but nothing of consequence occurred. Cross
+Creek, a settlement of emigrant Highlanders, had been remarkable for its
+loyalty from the commencement of the war, and they now offered to bring
+1,500 men into the field, to be commanded by officers from the line, to
+find clothing and subsistence for themselves, and to perform all duties
+whether in front, flanks, or rear; and they required nothing but arms
+and ammunition. This very reasonable offer was not received, but a
+proposition was made to form them into what was called a provincial
+corps of the line. This was declined by the emigrant Highlanders, and
+after a negotiation of twelve days, they retired to their settlements,
+and the army marched for Wilmington, where they expected to find
+supplies, of which they now stood in great need.</p>
+
+<p>There was among these settlers a gentleman of the name of Macneil, who
+had been an officer in the Seven Years' War. He joined the army with
+several followers, but soon took his leave, having been rather sharply
+reprimanded for his treatment of a republican family. He was a man of
+tall stature, and commanding aspect, and moved, when he walked among his
+followers, with all the dignity of a chieftain of old. Retaining his
+loyalty, although offended with the reprimand, he offered to surprise
+the republican garrison, the governor, and council, assembled at
+Willisborough. He had three hundred followers, one-half of them old
+country Highlanders, the other half born in America, and the off-spring
+of Highlanders. The enterprise was conducted with address, and the
+governor, council, and garrison, were secured without bloodshed, and
+immediately marched off for Wilmington, Macneil and his party travelling
+by night, and concealing themselves in swamps and woods by day. However,
+the country was alarmed, and a hostile force collected. He proceeded in
+zig-zag directions, for he had a perfect knowledge of the country, but
+without any provisions except what chance threw in his way. When he had
+advanced two-thirds of the route, he found the enemy occupying a pass
+which he must open by the sword, or perish in the swamps for want of
+food. At this time he had more prisoners to guard than followers. 'He
+did not secure his prisoners by putting them to death;' but, leaving
+them under a guard of half his force on whom he could least depend, he
+charged with the others sword in hand through the pass, and cleared it
+of the enemy, but was unfortunately killed from too great ardor in the
+pursuit. The enemy being dispersed, the party continued their march
+disconsolate for the loss of their leader; but their opponents again
+assembled in force, and the party were obliged to take refuge in the
+swamps, still retaining their prisoners. The British commander at
+Wilmington, hearing of Macneil's enterprise, marched out to his support,
+and kept firing cannon, in expectation the report would reach them in
+the swamps. The party heard the reports, and knowing that the Americans
+had no artillery, they ventured out of the swamps towards the quarter
+whence they heard the guns, and meeting with Major (afterwards Sir
+James) Craig, sent out to support them, they delivered over their
+prisoners half famished with hunger, and lodged them safely in
+Wilmington. Such partizans as these are invaluable in active
+warfare."<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr. James Browne, who follows Stewart very closely, gives<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> the first
+paragraph of the above quotation, but makes no reference to the exploit
+of Macneil. Keltie who copies almost literally from Dr. Browne, also
+gives<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> the first paragraph, but no reference to the second.</p>
+
+<p>General Stewart gives no clue as to the source of his information. If
+the number of Highlanders reported to have offered their services under
+such favorable conditions was true, lord Cornwallis was not in a
+position to refuse. He had been and still was on a very fatiguing
+campaign. His army was not only worn down but was greatly decimated by
+the fatigues of a long and harrassing march, and the results of two
+pitched battles. In his letter to Sir Henry Clinton,<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> already
+quoted, not a word of this splendid relief is intimated. From lord
+Cornwallis' statement he must have made scarcely a stop at Cross Creek,
+in his flight from Guilford Court House to Wilmington. He says that at
+Cross Creek "there was not four days' forage within twenty miles"; that
+he "determined to move immediately to Wilmington," and that "the
+Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of the upper
+country, to prove the sincerity of their friendship."<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> This would
+amount to positive proof that the Highlanders did not offer their
+services. The language of lord Cornwallis to lord George Germain, under
+date of Wilmington, North Carolina, April 18th, 1781, is even stronger:
+"The principal reasons for undertaking the Winter's Campaign were, the
+difficulty of a defensive War in South Carolina, &amp; the hopes that our
+friends in North Carolina, who were said to be very numerous, would make
+good their promises of assembling &amp; taking an Active part with us, in
+endeavouring to re-establish His Majesty's Government. Our experience
+has shown that their numbers are not so great as had been represented
+and that their friendship was only passive; For we have received little
+assistance from them since our arrival in the province, and altho' I
+gave the <i>strongest &amp; most pulick assurances</i> that after refitting &amp;
+depositing our Sick and Wounded, I <i>should return to the upper Country</i>,
+not above two hundred have been prevailed upon to follow us either as
+Provincials or Militia." Colonel Tarleton, the principal officer under
+lord Cornwallis, observes: "Notwithstanding the cruel persecution the
+inhabitants of Cross creek had constantly endured for their partiality
+to the British, they yet retained great zeal for the interest of the
+royal army. All the flour and spirits in the neighborhood were
+collected and conveyed to camp, and the wounded officers and soldiers
+were supplied with many conveniences highly agreeable and refreshing to
+men in their situation. After some expresses were dispatched to lord
+Rawdon, to advertise him of the movements of the British and Americans,
+and some wagons were loaded with provisions, earl Cornwallis resumed his
+march for Wilmington."<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> Not a word is said of the proposed
+reinforcement by the Highlanders. Stedman, who was an officer under lord
+Cornwallis, and was with him in the expedition, says:<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> "Upon the
+arrival of the British commander at Cross Creek, he found himself
+disappointed in all his expectations: Provisions were scarce: Four days'
+forage not to be procured within twenty miles; and the communication
+expected to be opened between Cross Creek and Wilmington, by means of
+the river, was found to be impracticable, the river itself being narrow,
+its banks high, and the inhabitants, on both sides, for a considerable
+distance, inveterately hostile. Nothing therefore now remained to be
+done but to proceed with the army to Wilmington, in the vicinity of
+which it arrived on the seventh of April. The settlers upon Cross Creek,
+although they had undergone a variety of persecutions in consequence of
+their previous unfortunate insurrections, still retained a warm
+attachment to their mother-country, and during the short stay of the
+army amongst them, all the provisions and spirits that could be
+collected within a convenient distance, were readily brought in, and the
+sick and wounded plentifully supplied with useful and comfortable
+refreshments." Again he says (page 348): "Lord Cornwallis was greatly
+disappointed in his expectations of being joined by the loyalists. Some
+of them indeed came within the lines, but they only remained a few
+days." Nothing however occurs concerning Highland enlistments or their
+desire so to engage with the army. General Samuel Graham, then an
+officer in Fraser's Highlanders, in his "Memoirs," though speaking of
+the march to Cross Creek, is silent about Highlanders offering their
+services. Nor is it at all likely, that, in the sorry plight the British
+army reached Cross Creek in, the Highlanders would unite, especially
+when the outlook was gloomy, and the Americans were pressing on the
+rear.</p>
+
+<p>As to the exploit of Macneil, beyond all doubt, that is a confused
+statement of the capture of Governor Burke, at Hillsboro, by the
+notorious Colonel David Fanning. This was in September 1781. His report
+states, "We killed 15 of the rebels, and wounded 20; and took upwards of
+200 prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his Council, and part of
+the Continental Colonels, several captains and subalterns, and 71
+continental soldiers out of a church." Colonel Fanning was a native of
+Wake County, North Carolina, and had no special connection with the
+Highlanders; but among his followers were some bearing Highland names.
+The majority of his followers, who were little better than highway
+robbers, had gathered to his standard as the best representative of the
+king in North Carolina, after the defeat at Moore's Creek.</p>
+
+<p>There is not and never has been a Willisborough in North Carolina. There
+is a Williamsboro in Granville county, but has never been the seat of
+government even for a few days. Hillsboro, practically, was the capital
+in 1781.</p>
+
+<p>The nearest to an organization of Highlanders, after Moore's Creek, was
+Hamilton's Loyal North Carolina regiment; but this was made up of
+refugees from over all the state.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact, according to both history and tradition, that after the
+battle of Moore's Creek, the Highlanders as a race were quiet. The blow
+at Moore's Creek taught them a needed lesson, and as an organization
+gave no more trouble. Whatever numbers, afterwards entered the British
+service, must have been small, and of little consequence.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_G" id="NOTE_G"></a>NOTE G.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Marvellous Escape of Captain McArthur</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>The following narration I find in the "Celtic Magazine," vol. I.
+1875-76, pp. 209-213 and 241-245. How much of it is true I am unable to
+discover. Undoubtedly the writer, in some parts, draws on his
+imagination. Unfortunately no particulars are given concerning either
+the previous or subsequent life of Captain McArthur. We are even
+deprived of the knowledge of his Christian name, and hence cannot
+identify him with the same individual mentioned in the text.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the defeat of the Highlanders at Moore's Creek, "Captain McArthur
+of the Highland Regiment of Volunteers, was apprehended and committed to
+the county jail in the town of Cross-Creek. But the gallant officer
+determined to make a death grasp for effecting his escape, and happily
+for him the walls of his confinement were not of stone and mortar. In
+his lonely prison, awaiting his fate, and with horrid visions of death
+haunting him, he summons up his muscular strength and courage, and with
+incredible exertion he broke through the jail by night, and once more
+enjoyed the sweets of liberty. Having thus made his escape he soon found
+his way to the fair partner of his joys and sorrows. It needs hardly be
+said that her astonishment was only equalled by her raptures of joy.
+She, in fact, became so overpowered with the unexpected sight that she
+was for the moment quite overcome, and unable to comply with the
+proposal of taking an immediate flight from the enemy's country. She
+soon, however, regains her sober senses, and is able to grasp the
+reality of the situation, and fully prepared with mental nerve and
+courage to face the scenes of hardship and fatigue which lay before
+them. The thought of flight was, indeed, a hazardous one. The journey to
+the sea board was far and dangerous; roads were miserably constructed,
+and these, for the most part, had to be avoided; unbroken forests,
+immense swamps, and muddy creeks were almost impassable barriers; human
+habitations were few and far between, and these few could scarcely be
+looked to as hospitable asylums; enemies would be on the lookout for the
+capture of the 'Old Tory,' for whose head a tempting reward had been
+offered; and withal, the care of a tender infant lay heavy upon the
+parental hearts, and tended to impede their flight. Having this sea of
+troubles looming before them, the imminent dangers besetting their path,
+you can estimate the heroism of a woman who was prepared to brave them
+all. But when you further bear in mind that she had been bred in the
+ease and delicate refinements of a lairdly circle at home, you can at
+once conceive the hardships to be encountered vastly augmented, and the
+moral heroism necessary for such an undertaking to be almost incredible,
+finding its parallel only in the life of her famous countrywoman, the
+immortal 'Flora.' Still, life is dear, and a desperate attempt must be
+made to preserve it&mdash;she is ready for any proposal. So off they start at
+the dead hour of midnight, taking nothing but the scantiest supply of
+provisions, of which our heroine must be the bearer, while the hardy
+sire took his infant charge in his folded plaid over one shoulder, with
+the indispensable musket slung over the other. Thus equipped for the
+march, they trudge over the heavy sand, leaving the scattered town of
+Cross-Creek behind in the distance, and soon find themselves lost to all
+human vision in the midst of the dense forest. There is not a moment to
+lose; and onward they speed under cover of night for miles and miles,
+and for a time keeping the main road to the coast. Daylight at length
+lightened their path, and bright sunrays are pouring through the forest.
+But that which had lightened the path of the weary fugitives had, at the
+same time, made wonderful disclosures behind. The morning light had
+revealed to the astonished gaze of the keeper of the prison the flight
+of his captive. The consternation among the officials is easily
+imagined. A detachment of cavalry was speedily dispatched in pursuit; a
+handsome reward was offered for the absconded rebel, and a most
+barbarous punishment was in reserve for him in the event of his being
+captured. With a knowledge of these facts, it will not be matter of
+surprise that the straits and perplexities of a released captive had
+already commenced. Who can fancy their terror when the noise of cavalry
+in the distance admonished them that the enemy was already in hot
+pursuit, and had taken the right scent. What could they do! Whither
+could they fly? They dart off the road in an instant and began a race.
+But alas, of what use, for the tall pines of the forest could afford no
+shelter or concealment before the pursuers could reach the spot. In
+their extremity they change their course, running almost in the face of
+the foe. They rush into the under brush covert of a gum pond which
+crossed the road close by, and there, in terrible suspense, awaited
+their fate, up to the knees in water. In a few moments the equestrians,
+in full gallop, are within a gunshot of them. But on reaching the pond
+they slacken their speed, and all at once came to a dead halt! Had they
+already discovered their prey? In an instant their fears were relieved
+on this score. From their marshy lair they were able, imperfectly, to
+espy the foe, and they saw that the cause of halting was simply to water
+their panting steeds. They could also make out to hear the enemy's
+voice, and so far as they could gather, the subject was enough to
+inspire them with terror, for the escaped prisoner was evidently the
+exciting topic. Who could mistake the meaning of such detached phrases
+and epithets as these&mdash;'Daring fellow,' 'Scotch dog,' 'British slup,'
+and 'Steel fix him.' And who can realize the internal emotion of him
+whom they immediately and unmistakably concerned? But the fates being
+propitious, the posse of cavalry resumed their course, first in a slow
+pace, and afterwards in a lively canter, until they were out of sight
+and out of hearing.</p>
+
+<p>This hair-breadth escape admonished our hero that he must shift his
+course and avoid the usual route of communication with the coast. The
+thought struck him, that he would direct his course towards the Cape
+Fear river, which lay some ten miles to the right; feeling confident, at
+the same time, that his knowledge of the water in early days could now
+be made available, if he could only find something in the shape of a
+boat. And, besides, he saw to his dismay that his fair partner in
+travel, however ardent in spirit, could not possibly hold out under the
+hardships incident to the long journey at first meditated. For the Cape
+Fear river then they set off; and after a wearisome march, through swamp
+and marsh, brush and brier, to the great detriment of their scanty
+wardrobe and danger of life and limb, they reached the banks of that
+sluggish stream before the sun had set, foot sore and dispirited,
+exhausted and downcast. But what is their chance of a boat now? Alas,
+not even the tiniest craft could be seen. There is nothing for it but to
+camp in the open air all night and try to refresh their weary limbs and
+await to see what luck the following morn had in store. Fortunately for
+them the climate was warm, too much so indeed, as they had found, to
+their great discomfort, during the day that was now past. In their
+present homeless situation, however, it was rather opportune; and there
+was nothing to fear, unless from the effects of heavy dew, or the
+expected invasion of snakes and mosquitoes. But for these there was a
+counteracting remedy. The thick foliage of a stately tree afforded ample
+protection from dew, while a blazing fire, struck from the musket flint,
+defied the approach of any infesting vermin or crawling reptiles, and
+also answered the needed purpose of setting to rights their hosiery
+department which had suffered so much during the day. Here they are snug
+and cozy, under the arching canopy, which nature had provided, and
+prepared to do fair justice to the scanty viands and refreshments in
+their possession, before betaking themselves to their nocturnal slumbers
+which nature so much craved. But can we take leave of our pilgrims for
+the night without taking a glance at the innocent babe as it lay upon
+the folded plaid in blissful ignorance of the cares and anxieties which
+racked the parental breast. The very thought of its sweet face and
+throbbing little heart as it breathed in unconscious repose under the
+open canopy of heaven, was enough to entwine a thousand new chords of
+affection around the heart of its keepers, like the clasping ivy around
+the tree which gave them shelter, and to nerve them anew, for its sake,
+for the rough and perilous journey upon which they had entered. The fond
+mother imprints a kiss upon its cheek, and moistens it with tears of
+mingled joy and grief, and clasping it to her bosom is instantly
+absorbed in the sweet embrace of Morpheus. The hardy sire, it was
+agreed, would keep the first watch and take his rest in turn, the latter
+part of the night. He is now virtually alone, in deep and pensive
+meditation. He surveys with tender solicitude his precious charge, which
+was dearer to him than his own life, and for whose sake he would risk
+ten lives. He paces the sward during the night watches. He meditates his
+plans for the following day. He deliberates and schemes how he can take
+advantage of the flowing sheet of water before him, for the more easy
+conveyance of his precious belongings. The mode of travel hitherto
+adopted, he saw, to be simply impossible. The delay involved might be
+ruinous to his hopes. With these cogitations he sat down, without
+bringing any plan to maturity. He gazed at the burning embers as if in a
+reverie, and as he gazed he thought he had seen, either by actual vision
+or by the 'second sight,' in which he was a firm believer, the form of a
+canoe with a single sable steersman coming to his rescue. He felt
+tempted to communicate the vision to his sleeping partner; but, thinking
+it unkind to disturb her slumbers, he desists from his resolution,
+reclines on the ground, and without intending it, he falls fast asleep.
+But imagine his astonishment and alarm when he came to consciousness, to
+find that he had slept for three full hours without interruption. He
+could hardly realize it, the interval seemed like an instant. However,
+all was well; his wife and babe were still enjoying unbroken rest, and
+no foe had discovered their retreat; and withal, the gladsome light of
+day is now breaking in around them and eclipsing the glare of the
+smouldering embers. Up starts our hero much refreshed and invigorated,
+and exulting in surprising buoyancy of spirit for running the race of
+the new day now ushering in. He withdraws a gunshot from the camp: and
+what does he descry in the grey dawn but, apparently, a small skiff with
+a single rower crossing the river towards them, but a short distance
+down the stream. The advancing light of day soon confirmed his hopes. He
+at once started in the direction of the skiff, having armed himself with
+his loaded musket, and resolved to get possession of it by fair means or
+by foul. A few minutes brought him to the spot, and to his great
+astonishment he found himself in the undisputed possession of the object
+of his wishes, a tiny little canoe drawn up on the beach. In connection
+with the night's vision he would have positively declared that there was
+something supernatural in the affair, but having marked the bare
+footprints of its late occupant on the muddy soil, and heard the
+rustling of leaves in the distance, calling attention to the woolly head
+of its owner getting out of sight through the bush, and making his way
+for a neighboring plantation. He could explain the event upon strict
+natural principles. The happy coincidence, however, filled him with
+emotions of joy, in so readily securing the means of an earlier and more
+expeditious transit. He retraces his steps and joins his little circle,
+and in joyous ecstacy relates to his sympathetic spouse, just aroused
+from her long slumbers, the tenor of his lucky adventure. There is now
+no time to lose. The crimson rays of the rising sun peering through a
+dense morning atmosphere and a dense forest, are reflected upon the
+surface of the stream to which they are about to commit their fortune,
+and admonish them to be off. They break their fast upon the remnants of
+the dry morsels with which they last appeased their hunger. This
+dispatched, they hasten to the beach, and speedily embark, seating
+themselves with the utmost caution in the narrow hull, which good luck
+and Sambo had placed at their disposal, and with less apprehension of
+danger from winds and waves than from the angry billows of human
+passion. A push from the shore and the voyage is fairly and auspiciously
+begun, the good lady seated in the prow in charge of the tender object
+of her unremitting care, and giving it the shelter of her parasol from
+the advancing rays of the sun, and the skilful Palinurus himself
+squatted in the stern, with a small paddle in his hand, giving alternate
+strokes, first to the right and then to the left, and thus, with the aid
+of the slow current propelling his diminutive barque at the rate of
+about six knots an hour, and enjoying the simultaneous pleasure of
+'paddling his own canoe.' Onward they glide, smoothly and pleasantly,
+over the unruffled water, the steersman taking occasional rests from his
+monotonous strokes, while having the satisfaction of noting some
+progress by the flow of the current. Thus, hours passed away without the
+occurrence of anything worth noting, except the happy reflection that
+their memorable encampment was left several leagues in the distance. But
+lo! here is the first interruption to their navigation! About the hour
+of noon a mastless hull is seen in the distance. Their first impulse was
+fear, but this was soon dispelled on discovering it to be a flat or
+'pole boat,' without sail or rigging, used for the conveyance of
+merchandise to the head of navigation, and propelled by long poles which
+the hardy craftsmen handled with great dexterity. It was, in fact, the
+steamer of the day, creating upon its arrival the same stir and bustle
+that is now caused by its more agreeable and efficient substitute, the
+'Flora Macdonald.' The sight of this advancing craft, however, suggested
+the necessity of extreme caution, and of getting out of its way for a
+time. The Highland royalist felt greatly tempted to wait and hail the
+crew, whom he felt pretty sure to be his own friendly countrymen, and
+who, like their sires, in the case of prince Charlie, thirty years
+before, would scorn to betray their brother Celt, even for the gold of
+Carolina. Still, like the royal outlaw in his wanderings, he also deemed
+it more prudent to conceal his whereabouts even from his most
+confidential friends. He at once quits the river, and thus for a good
+while suspends his navigation. He takes special precaution to secure his
+little transport by drawing it a considerable distance from the water, a
+feat which required no great effort. The party stroll out of the way,
+and up the rising beach, watching for a time the tardy movement of the
+'flat.' Tired of this they continue their slow ramble further into the
+interior, in hopes, at the same time, of making some accidental
+discovery by which to replenish their commissariat, which was quite
+empty, and made their steps faint and feeble, for it was now
+considerably past noon. As 'fortune favors the brave' they did succeed
+in making a discovery. They saw 'the opening' of a small plantation in
+the forest, an event which, in Carolina, is hailed with immense
+satisfaction by those who chance to lose their way in the woods, as
+suggestive of kindness and hospitality. Nothing short of such a
+treatment would be expected by our adventurers as a matter of course, if
+they could only afford to throw themselves upon the hospitality of
+settlers. In their situation, however, they must take their bearings
+with anxious circumspection, and weigh the consequences of the
+possibility of their falling into the hands of foes. But here, all of a
+sudden, their path is intercepted by the actual presence of a formidable
+foe. One of the pursuers? No, but one equally defiant. It is a huge
+serpent of the 'Whip snake' species, which never gives way, but always
+takes a bold and defiant stand. It took its stand about fifty yards
+ahead, ready for battle, its head, and about a yard of its length, in
+semi-erect posture, and displaying every sign of its proverbial enmity
+to Adam's race. It has no poison, but its mode of attack is still more
+horrible, by throwing itself with electric speed in coils around its
+antagonist, tight as the strongest cord, and lashing with a yard of its
+tail, till it puts its combatant to death. Knowing its nature, the
+assailed levels his piece, and in an instant leaves the assailant
+turning a thousand somersaults until its strength is spent, and, is at
+last, wriggling on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The discharge of the musket was the signal to those within hearing that
+somebody was about. It awakened to his senses an old negro, the honest
+'Uncle Ned,' and brought him to the edge of the 'clearing,' in order to
+satisfy his curiosity, and to see if it was 'old Massa' making an
+unceremonious visit to the farm of which Ned was virtually overseer. Our
+disconsolate party could not avoid an interview even if they would. They
+summoned their courage and affected to feel at ease. And truly they
+might, for Ned, like the class to which he belonged, would never dream
+of asking impertinent questions of any respectable white man, his known
+duty being to answer, not to ask, questions. Our weary party invited
+themselves to 'Uncle Ned's' cabin, which stood in the edge of the
+clearing close by, and turned out to be a tidy log cottage. The
+presiding divinity, of its single apartment was our kind hostess, 'Aunt
+Lucy,' Ned's better half, who felt so highly charmed and flattered by
+the visit of such distinguished guests that she scarcely knew what she
+was saying or doing. She dropt her lighted pipe on the floor, hustled
+and scraped and curtsied to the gentle lady over and over, and caressed
+the beautiful little 'Missie' with emotions which bordered on
+questionable kindness. This ovation over, our hungry guests began to
+think of the chief object of their visit&mdash;getting something in the shape
+of warm luncheon&mdash;and with this in view they eyed with covetous interest
+the large flock of fine plump pullets about the door. There was fine
+material for a feast to begin with. The hint was given to 'Aunt Lucy,'
+and when that aged dame became conscious of the great honor thus to be
+conferred upon her, she at once set to work in the culinary department
+with a dexterity and skill of art which is incredible to those who are
+ignorant of the great speciality of negresses. There was sudden havoc
+among the poultry, and fruit and vegetables found their way from the
+corn field in abundant variety to the large chimney place. Meanwhile the
+captain shouldered his piece and brought, from an adjacent thicket, two
+large fox squirrels to add to the variety of the feast, extorting from
+the faithful Ned the flattering compliment 'b' gollies, Boss, you is the
+best shot I ever see'd.' Preparation is rapidly advancing, and so is the
+appetite of the longing expectants. But such preparation was not the
+work of a moment, especially, from the scantiness of Lucy's cooking
+utensils. So the guests thought they would withdraw for a time in order
+to relieve the busy cook of all ceremony, and at the same time relieve
+themselves of the uncomfortable reflection of three blazing fires in the
+chimney place. After partaking of a few slices of a delicious
+water-melon, they retired to the shade of a tree in the yard, and there
+enjoyed a most refreshing nap. In due course the sumptuous meal is
+ready; the small table is loaded with a most substantial repast, the
+over plus finding a receptacle upon the board floor of the apartment,
+which was covered with white sand. It is needless to say that the guests
+discharged their duty with great gusto, notwithstanding the absence of
+any condiments, save pepper and salt, in their case hunger being the
+best sauce. Who but an epicure could grumble at the repast before them?
+What better than stewed fowls and squirrels, boiled rice, Indian hoe
+cake and yams smoking hot from the ashes, squashes, pumpkin pies and
+apple dumpling, and all this followed by a course of fruit, peaches and
+apples, musk and water-melons, all of a flavor and size inconceivable by
+any but the inhabitants of the sunny climes which brought them to
+maturity. Her ladyship could not help making the contrast with a
+service of fruit upon an extra occasion in her home circle, which cost
+several golden guineas, and yet was not to be compared with that
+furnished for the merest trifle by these sable purveyors&mdash;so much for
+the sun rays of the latitude. There was, however, the absence of any
+beverage stronger than water, not even tea, a name which the humble
+hostess scarcely comprehended. But a good substitute was readily
+presented, in the form of strong coffee, without cream or sugar. It was
+now drawing late in the afternoon, and our party refreshed and delighted
+with their adventure, must begin to retrace their steps towards the
+canoe. The reckoning was soon settled. A few shillings, the idex of the
+late regime of George in the colony, more than satisfied all demands,
+and surpassed all expectations. But the fair visitor was not content,
+without leaving an additional, and more pleasant memento. She took a
+beautiful gold ring, bearing the initials B.J.C., and placed it upon the
+swarthy finger of 'Aunt Lucy,' with many thanks and blessings for her
+kindness, on that eventful occasion. This kindly expression was heartily
+reciprocated by the negress, and responded by a flood of tears from her
+eyes, and a volley of blessings from her lips. The party bade a final
+adieu to their entertainers, and they had to veto their pressing offer
+of escorting them to the river. Off they went, leaving the aged couple
+gazing after them, and lost in amazement as to who they could be, or
+whither they were going, and all the more astonished that the mysterious
+visitors had supplied themselves with such a load of the leavings of the
+repast.</p>
+
+<p>The navigation was at length resumed, and onward they glide as before,
+without the sight of anything to obstruct their course. Their prosperous
+voyaging continued till about midnight, for they resolved to continue
+their course during the whole night, unless necessity compelled them to
+do otherwise. Long before this hour, the mother and child resigned
+themselves to sleep, which was only interrupted by occasional starts,
+while the indefatigable steersman watched his charge, and plied his
+vocation with improving expertness. At this hour again, in the dim light
+of the crescent moon, a second 'pole boat' was discovered making towards
+them, but which they easily avoided by rowing to the opposite side of
+the river, thus continuing their course, and escaping observation. In
+passing the 'flat' an animated conversation was overheard among the
+hands, from which it was easily gathered that the escape of the rebel
+was the engrossing topic in the town of Wilmington, the place of their
+departure, and towards which the rebel himself was now finding his way
+as fast as the tide and paddle could carry him. At present, however, he
+felt no cause of alarm. One of the hands speaking in vulgar English
+accent was heard to depone, 'By George if I could only get that prize
+I'd be a happy man, and would go back to old h-England.' To this base
+insinuation a threatening proof was administered by other parties, who
+replied in genuine Gaelic idiom and said, 'It's yourself that would need
+to have the face and the conscience, the day you would do that;' and
+they further signified their readiness to render any assistance to their
+brave countryman should opportunity offer. Those parties were readily
+recognized from their accent to be no other than Captain McArthur's
+intimate acquaintances, Sandie McDougall and Angus Ray, and who were so
+well qualified from their known strength and courage to render most
+valuable assistance in any cause in which their bravery might be
+enlisted. If he only gave them the signal of his presence they would
+instantly fly into his service and share his fate. However, it was
+deemed the wisest course to pass on, and not put their prowess to the
+test. Hours had now passed in successful progress without notice or
+interruption; and they are at long last approaching Wilmington, their
+seaport, but a considerable distance from the mouth of the river. The
+question is how are they to pass it, whether by land or water, for it is
+now approaching towards day. What is to be done must be done without a
+moment's delay. It is at length resolved to hazard the chance of passing
+it by canoe rather than encountering the untried perils of a dismal
+swamp. The daring leader puts his utmost strength to the test, striking
+the water right and left with excited vigor. His feeling is 'now or
+never'; for he knew this to be the most critical position of his whole
+route; unless he could get past it before break of day his case was
+hopeless. The dreaded town is at length in view, engendering fear and
+terror, but not despair. Several large crafts are seen lying at the
+wharf, and lights are reflected from adjacent shipping offices. Two
+small boats are observed crossing the river, and in rather uncomfortable
+proximity. With these exceptions the inhabitants are evidently in the
+enjoyment of undisturbed repose, and quite unconscious of the phenomenon
+of such a notorious personage passing their doors with triumphant
+success. Scarcely a word was heard, it was like a city of the dead. Who
+can imagine the internal raptures of our lucky hero, on leaving behind
+him, in the distance, that spot upon which his fate was suspended, and
+in having the consciousness that he is now not far from the goal of
+safety. Even now there are signals which cheer his heart. He begins
+already to inhale the ocean breeze, and from that he derives an
+exhilirating sensation such as he had not experienced for many years. He
+gets the benefit of the ocean tide, fortunately, in his favor, and
+carrying his little hull upon its bosom at such a rate as to supersede
+the use of the paddle except in guiding the course. The ocean wave,
+however, is scarcely so favorable. It rocks and rolls their frail abode
+in such a way as to threaten to put a sad finish to the successful
+labors of the past. There is no help for it but to abandon the canoe a
+few miles sooner than intended. There is, however, little cause for
+complaint, for they can now see their way clear to their final terminus,
+if no untoward circumstance arises. They leave the canoe on the beach,
+parting with it forever, but not without a sigh of emotion, as if
+bidding farewell to a good friend. But the paddle they cling to as a
+memento of its achievements, the operator remarking&mdash;'It did me better
+service than any sword ever put into my hand.' A few miles walk from the
+landing, which is on the southern shore of the estuary, and they are in
+sight of a small hamlet, which lies upon the shore. And what is more
+inspiring of hope and courage, they are in sight of a vessel of
+considerable tonnage, lying at anchor off the shore, and displaying the
+British flag, floating in the morning breeze, evidently preparing to
+hoist sail. Now is their chance. This must be their ark of safety if
+they are ever to escape such billows of adversity as they have been
+struggling with for some days past. To get on board is that upon which
+their hearts are set, and all that is required in order to defy all
+enemies and pursuers. Not thinking that there is anything in the wind,
+in this pretty hamlet, they make straight for the vessel, but they go
+but a few paces in that direction before another crisis turns up.
+Enemies are still in pursuit. A small body of men, apparently under
+commission, are observed a short distance beyond the hamlet as if
+anticipating the possibility of the escaped prisoner making his way to
+the British ship. Nor is the surmise groundless, as the signal proves.
+In their perplexity the objects of pursuit have to lie in ambush and
+await the course of events. Their military pursuers are now wending
+their way in the opposite direction until they are almost lost to view.
+Now is the time for a last desperate effort. They rush for the shore,
+and there accost a sallow lank-looking boatman followed by a negro, on
+the lookout for custom, in their marine calling. A request is made for
+their boat and services, for conveyance to the ship. At first the man
+looks suspicious and sceptical, but on expostulation that there was the
+utmost necessity for an interview with the captain before sailing, and
+important dispatches to be sent home, and a hint given that a fee for
+services in such a case was of no object, he at once consents; the ferry
+boat is launched, and in a few minutes the party are off from the shore.
+But the military party observing these movements begin to retrace their
+steps in order to ascertain what all this means, and who the party are.
+They put to their heels and race towards the shore as fast as their feet
+can carry them. They feel tantalised to find that they have been
+sleeping at their post, and that the very object of their search is now
+halfway to the goal of safety. They signal and halloo with all their
+might, but getting no answer they fire a volley of shot in the direction
+of the boat. This has no effect, except for an instant, to put a stop to
+the rowing. The boatman gets alarmed as he now more than guesses who the
+noted passenger is, and he signifies his determination to put back and
+avoid the consequences that may be fatal to himself. The hero puts a
+sudden stop to further parley. He flings a gold sovereign to the swarthy
+rower, commands him simply to fulfil his promise, but to refund the
+balance of change upon their return from the ship&mdash;'he must see the
+captain before sailing.' To enforce his command the sturdy Highlander,
+who was more than a match for the two, took up his loaded musket and
+intimated what the consequences would be if they refused to obey orders.
+This had the desired effect. The rowers pulled with might and main, and
+in a few minutes the passengers were left safe and sound on board the
+gallant ship, and surrounded by a sympathising and hospitable crew. The
+fugitives were at last safe, despite rewards and sanguine pursuers. But
+their situation they could scarcely realize, their past life seemed more
+like a dream than a reality. Our brave heroine was again quite overcome.
+The reaction was too much for her nerves. In being led to the cabin she
+would have fallen prostrate on the deck had she not been supported. And
+who can wonder, in view of her fatigues and privations, her hair-breadth
+escapes and mental anxieties. But she survived it all. Sails are now
+hoisted to the favoring breeze, anchor weighed, and our now rejoicing
+pilgrims bade a lasting farewell to the ever memorable shores of
+Carolina. In care of the courteous commander they, in due time, reached
+their island home in the Scottish Highlands, and there lived to a good
+old age in peace and contentment. They had the pleasure of seeing the
+tender object of their solicitude grow up to womanhood, and afterwards
+enjoying the blessings of married life. And the veteran officer himself
+found no greater pleasure in whiling away the hours of his repose than
+in rehearsing to an entranced auditory, among the stirring scenes of the
+American Revolution, the marvellous story of his own fate: the principal
+events of which are here hurriedly and imperfectly sketched from a
+current tradition among his admiring countrymen in the two
+hemispheres."&mdash;<i>John Darroch.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_H" id="NOTE_H"></a>NOTE H.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Highlanders in South Carolina</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>There was no distinctively Highland settlement in South Carolina,
+although there was quite an influx of emigrants of this class into the
+province. Efforts were made to divert the Highlanders into the new
+settlements. As early as 1716 Governor Daniel informed the Assembly that
+he had bought thirty of the Highland Scots rebels at &pound;30 per head, for
+whom the London agent had petitioned, and requested power to purchase
+more. This purchase was sanctioned by the Assembly, but wished no more
+"till we see how these behave themselves." On August 4th another issue
+of &pound;15000 in bills was authorized to be stamped to pay for these Scots,
+who were to be employed as soldiers in defending the province.</p>
+
+<p>Inducements were held out to the Highlanders, who had left their homes
+after the battle of Culloden, to settle in South Carolina. The "High
+Hills of Santee," which lie between Lynche's creek and the Wateree, in
+what is now Sumter County, were designed for them. The exiles, however,
+baffled by contrary winds, were driven into the Cape Fear, and from
+thence a part of them crossed and settled higher up, in what is now
+Darlington County, the rest having taken up their abode in North
+Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>The war fever engendered by the Revolution was exhibited by these
+people, some of whom, at least, took up arms against their adopted
+country. October 31, 1776, at Charleston, South Carolina, the following,
+who had been taken prisoners by the navy, signed their parole, which
+also stipulated that they should go to Salisbury, North Carolina:</p>
+
+<p>Dun McNicol, Cap. R.H.E., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Dun MacDougall,
+Walter Cunningham, Angus Cameron, Laughlin McDonald, Hector McQuary,
+Alexr. Chisholm.</p>
+
+<p>"We also undertake for Neal McNicol, James Fraser, Alexr. McDonald &amp;
+David Donaldson, that they shall be on the same footing with
+ourselves."<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Jany 28. 177.</p>
+
+<p>These are to certify that Duncan Nicol, Hugh Fraser, Alex. Chisholm,
+Angs. Cameron, Lach. MacDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham.
+Duncan MacDougall. Alen. McDonald, David Donaldson, Jas. Fraser. Niel
+McNicol&mdash;prisoners of war from the neighboring state of South Carolina
+have been on Parole in this town and within ten miles Y. of for upwards
+of ten weeks&mdash;during which time they have behaved themselves agreeable
+to their Parole and that they are now removed to Halifax by order of the
+commanding officer of the District, in order to be forwarded to the
+northward agreeable to order of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>(Signed) Duncan McNicol, Capt., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Alex.
+McDonald, James Fraser, David Donaldson, Niel McNicol, Alex Chisholm,
+Angus Cameron, Lach McDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham,
+Privates, Dun, McDougall, Ensign.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. The Parole of the prisoners of war above mentd was sent to the
+Congress at Halifax, at their last sitting. They are now sent under the
+direction of Capt. Martin Fifer&mdash;Certified by orders of Committee at
+Salisbury this 28 Jan'y, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">(Signed)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; May Chambers, Chr. Com."<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Burt's Letters from the North of Scotland, Vol. I, p.
+198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Holmes' Annals of America, Vol. II, p. 183.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III, p. 1649.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. IV, p. 983.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> History of the Highland Clans, Vol. IV, p. 274.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> History of the Highland Clans, Vol. II, p. 473.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> See page 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Cornwallis' Letter to Sir Henry Clinton, April 10, 1781.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Campaigns of 1780-1781, p. 281.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> History of the American War, Vol. II, p. 352.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 830.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_I" id="NOTE_I"></a>NOTE I.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Alexander McNaughton</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>Miss Jennie M. Patten of Brush, Colorado, a descendant of Alexander
+McNaughton, in a letter dated Feb. 20th, 1900, gives some very
+interesting facts, among which may be related that at the close of the
+Revolution all of the Highland settlers of Washington county would have
+been sent to Canada, had it not been for Hon. Edward Savage, son-in-law
+of Alexander McNaughton, who had been an officer in the Revolutionary
+army, and had sufficient influence to prevent his wife's relatives and
+friends being sent out of the country on account of their tory
+proclivities. They considered that they had sworn allegiance to the
+king, and considered themselves perjured persons if they violated their
+oath. This idea appeared to be due from the fact that the land given to
+them was in "the name of the king." From this the colonists thought the
+land was given to them by the king.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists did not all come to Washington county to occupy the land
+allotted to them, for some remained where they had settled after the
+collapse of Captain Campbell's scheme, but those who did settle in
+Argyle were related either by blood, or else by marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander McNaughton came to America in 1738, accompanied by his wife,
+Mary McDonald, and his children, John, Moses, Eleanor and Jeannette.
+They first settled at a place called Kaket, where they lived several
+years, when they removed up the river to Tappan, and there continued
+until the grant was made in Argyle. Alexander McNaughton died at the
+home of his son-in-law, Edward Savage, near Salem, and was buried on the
+land that had been granted him. The first to be interred in the old
+Argyle cemetery was the daughter Jeannette. The wife. Mary, died on the
+way home from Burgoyne's camp. The children of the colonists were loyal
+Americans, although many of the colonists had been carried to the
+British camp for protection.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_J" id="NOTE_J"></a>NOTE J.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Allan McDonald's Complaint to the President of Congress</span>.</h4>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 25em;">
+"Philadelphia, March 25, 1776.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sir: It is now several weeks since the Scotch inhabitants in and about
+Johnstown, Tryon County, have been required by General Schuyler to
+deliver up their arms; and that each and all of them should parade in
+the above place, that he might take from this small body six prisoners
+of his own nomination. The request was accordingly complied with, and
+five other gentlemen with myself were made prisoners of. As we are not
+conscious of having acted upon any principle that merits such severe
+proceedings from Congress, we cannot help being a good deal surprised at
+such treatment; but are willing to attribute this rather to malicious,
+ill-designing people, than to gentlemen of so much humanity and known
+character as the Congress consists of. The many difficulties we met with
+since our landing on this Continent, (which is but very lately,)
+burdened with women and children, we hope merit a share in their
+feeling; and that they would obtain the surest conviction, before we
+were removed from our families; as, by a separation of the kind, they
+are rendered destitute, and without access to either money or credit.
+This is the reason why you will observe, in the article of capitulation
+respecting the Scotch, that they made such a struggle for having their
+respective families provided for in their absence. The General declared
+he had no discretionary power to grant such, but that he would represent
+it, as he hoped with success, to Congress; and in this opinion two other
+gentlemen present supported him. The request is so just in itself that
+it is but what you daily grant to the meanest of your prisoners. As we
+cannot, we do not claim it by any agreement. Though, by a little
+attention to that part of the capitulation, you will observe that we
+were put in the hope and expectation of having them supported in their
+different situations.</p>
+
+<p>As to ourselves, we are put into a tavern, with the proper allowance of
+bed and board. This is all that is necessary so far. But what becomes of
+the external part of the body? This requires its necessaries, and
+without the decent part of such, a gentleman must be very intolerable to
+himself and others. I know I need not enter so minutely in representing
+those difficulties to Congress or you, as your established character and
+feelings will induce you to treat us as gentlemen and prisoners, removed
+from all means of relief for ourselves or families, but that of
+application to Congress. I arrived here last night in order to have the
+honor of laying those matters personally, or in writing, before you and
+them. Shall accordingly expect to be honored with an answer.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">I am, most respectfully, sir, your most obedient humble servant,</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Allan McDonald."<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_K" id="NOTE_K"></a>NOTE K.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Glengarry Settlers</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>Major General D. McLeod, of the Patriot Army, Upper Canada, in his
+"Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada," published in 1841,
+adds the following interesting statements: "Gen. Howe, the then
+commander in chief of the British forces in North America, on hearing
+that the Scots in Virginia had joined the continentals, and were among
+the most active of the opposers of British domination, despatched Sir
+John Johnstone to the Scots settlement on the Mohawk&mdash;Captain James
+Craig, afterwards Governor of Lower Canada, and Lieut. Donald Cameron of
+the Regulars, to other parts, to induce the Highlanders to join the
+Royal Standard, and to convince them, that their interest and safety
+depended on their doing so.</p>
+
+<p>They persuaded the uninstructed Highlanders, that the rebels had neither
+money, means, nor allies; that it was impossible they could for any
+length of time, withstand the mighty power and means of Great Britain;
+that their property would be confiscated, and apportioned to the
+royalists who should volunteer to reduce them to subjection. The
+Highlanders having duly weighed these circumstances, came to the
+conclusion, that the Americans would, like the Scots, in 1746 be
+ultimately overpowered;&mdash;that it was therefore to their interest, as
+they would not be permitted to remain neutral, to join the British
+standard.</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of them volunteered under the command of Sir. J.
+Johnstone, and served faithfully with him until the peace of 1783. On
+the exchange of the ratification of peace, these unfortunate
+Highlanders, saw themselves once more bereft of house and home. The
+reward of their loyalty, and attachment to British supremacy, after
+fighting the battles of England for seven long and doubtful years, and
+sacrificing their all, was finally, an ungenerous abandonment by the
+British government of their interests, in not securing their property
+and personal safety in the treaty of peace. The object for which their
+services were required, not being accomplished, they were
+unceremoniously left to shift for themselves in the lower Province,
+among a race of people, whose language they did not understand, and
+whose manners and habits of life were quite dissimilar to their own.
+Col. McDonald, a near kinsman of the chief of that name, and who had,
+also, taken an active part in the royal army, during the revolution,
+commiserating their unfortunate condition, collected them together, and
+in a friendly manner, in their own native language, informed them, that
+if it were agreeable to their wishes, he would forthwith apply to the
+governor for a tract of land in the upper Province, where they might
+settle down in a body; and where, as they spoke a language different to
+that of the natives, they might enjoy their own society, and be better
+able to assist each other.</p>
+
+<p>This, above all things, was what they wished for, and they therefore
+received the proposal with gratitude. Without much further delay, the
+Colonel proceeded to the Upper Province, pitched upon the eastern part
+of the eastern District; and after choosing a location for himself,
+directed his course to head quarters&mdash;informed the Governor of his plans
+and intentions, praying him to confirm the request of his countrymen,
+and prevent their return to the United States. The governor approved of
+his design, and promised every assistance. Satisfied that all was done,
+that could be reasonably expected, the Colonel lost no time, in
+communicating the result of his mission to his expectant countrymen; and
+they, in a short time afterwards, removed with him to their new
+location. The Highlanders, not long after, proposed to the Colonel as a
+mark of their approbation for his services, to call the settlement
+Glengarry, in honor of the chief of his clan, by which name it is
+distinguished to this day. It may be proper, to remember, in this place,
+that many of these were the immediate descendants of the proscribed
+Highlanders of 1715, and not a few the descendants of the relatives of
+the treacherously murdered clans of Glencoe (for their faithful and
+incorruptible adherence to the royal family of Stuart,) by king William
+the 3d, of Bloody memory, the Dutch defender of the English christian
+tory faith. But by far the major part, were the patriots of 1745,&mdash;the
+gallant supporters of the deeply lamented prince Charles Edward, and
+who, as before stated, had sought refuge in the colonies, from the
+British dungeons and bloody scaffolds.</p>
+
+<p>It was not, therefore, their attachment to the British crown, nor their
+love of British institutions, that induced them to take up arms against
+the Americans; but their fears that the insurrection, would prove as
+disastrous to the sons of Liberty, as the Rebellion and the fatal field
+of Culloden had been to themselves; and that if any of them were found
+in the ranks of the discontented, they would be more severely dealt with
+in consequence of their former rebellion. Their chagrin was great
+indeed, especially, when they compared their former comfortable
+circumstances, in the state of New York, with their present miserable
+condition; and particularly, when they reflected how foolishly they had
+permitted themselves to be duped, out of their once happy homes by the
+promises of a government, which they knew from former experience, to be
+as false and treacherous, as it was cruel and over-bearing. They settled
+down, but with no very friendly feelings towards a government which had
+allured them to their ruin, and which at last, left them to their own
+resources, after fighting their battles for eight sanguinary years. Nor
+are their descendants, at this day, remarkable for either their loyalty,
+or attachment, to the reigning family. These were the first settlers of
+Glengarry. It is a singular circumstance, that, nearly all the
+Highlanders, who fought for liberty and independence, and who remained
+in the U.S., afterwards became rich and independent, while on the other
+hand, with a very few exceptions, every individual, whether American or
+European, who took up arms against the revolution, became blighted in
+his prospects," (pp. 33-36).</p>
+
+<p>Having mentioned in particular Butler's Rangers the following from
+Lossing's "Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812," may be of some
+interest: "Some of Butler's Rangers, those bitter Tory marauders in
+Central New York during the Revolution, who in cruelty often shamed
+Brant and his braves, settled in Toronto, and were mostly men of savage
+character, who met death by violence. Mr. John Ross knew a Mr. D&mdash;&mdash;,
+one of these Rangers, who, when intoxicated, once told him that 'the
+sweetest steak he ever ate was the breast of a woman, which he cut off
+and broiled,'" (p. 592).</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_VIII" id="NOTE_VIII"></a>NOTE TO CHAPTER VIII.</h3>
+
+<p>The method of warfare carried on by Sir John Johnson and his adherents
+did not sway the lofty mind of Washington, as may be illustrated in the
+following narration furnished the author by Rev. Dr. R. Cameron,
+grandson of Alexander Cameron, who was a direct descendant of Donald
+Dubh of Lochiel. This Alexander Cameron came to America in 1773, and on
+the outbreak of the Revolution enlisted as a private under Sir John
+Johnson. Three times he was taken prisoner and condemned to be executed
+as a spy. How he escaped the first time is unknown. The second time, the
+wife of the presiding officer at the court-martial, informed him in
+Gaelic that he would be condemned, and assisted him in dressing him in
+her own clothes, and thus escaped to the woods. The third time, his
+mother, Mary Cameron of Glennevis, rode all the way from Albany to
+Valley Forge on horseback and personally plead her cause before
+Washington. Having listened to her patiently, the mighty chief replied:
+"Mrs. Cameron, I will pardon your son for your sake, but you must
+promise me that you will take him to Canada at once, or he will be
+shot." The whole family left for Canada.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_L" id="NOTE_L"></a>NOTE L.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Moravian Indians</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>It is now scarcely known that one company of Montgomery's Highlanders
+took part in the attempted expatriation of the Christian Indians&mdash;better
+known as Moravian Indians&mdash;in Pennsylvania. Owing to an attack made by
+savages, in 1763, against a Scotch-Irish settlement, those of that
+nationality at Paxton became bitterly inflamed against the Moravian
+Indians and determined upon their extermination. As these Indians were
+harmless and never engaged in strife, they appealed to the governor of
+Pennsylvania for protection. These people, then living at Nazareth, Nain
+and Bethlehem, under the decree of the Council and the Assembly, were
+ordered by Governor Penn to be disarmed and taken to Philadelphia.
+Although their arms were the insignia of their freedom, yet these they
+surrendered to Sheriff Jennings, and on the eighth of November the
+procession moved towards Philadelphia. On their arrival in Philadelphia
+they were ordered to the "British Barracks," which had been erected soon
+after Braddock's defeat. At this time several companies of Montgomery's
+Highlanders were there quartered. On the morning of the eleventh, the
+first three wagons, filled with women and children, passed in at the
+gate. This movement aroused the Highlanders, and seizing their muskets,
+they rushed tumultuously together, stopped the rest of the wagons, and
+threatened to fire among the cowering women and children in the yard if
+they did not instantly leave. Meanwhile a dreadful mob gathered around,
+the Indians, deriding, reviling, and charging them with all the outrages
+committed by the savages, threatening to kill them on the spot. From ten
+o'clock until three these Indians, with the missionaries, endured every
+abuse which wild frenzy and ribald vulgarity could clothe in words. In
+the midst of this persecution some Quakers braved the danger of the mob
+and taking the Indians by the hand gave them words of encouragement.
+During all this tumult the Indians remained silent, but considered "what
+insult and mockery our Savior had suffered on their account."</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers persisting in their refusal to allow the Moravian Indians
+admission, after five hours, the latter were marched through the city,
+thousands following them with great clamor, to the outskirts, where the
+mob dispersed. The Indians were from thence conveyed to Province Island.</p>
+
+<p>The Scotch-Irish of Paxton next turned their attention to a party of
+peaceable Indians who had long lived quietly among white people in the
+small village of Canestoga, near Lancaster, and on the fourteenth of
+December attacked and murdered fourteen of them in their huts. The rest
+fled to Lancaster and for protection were lodged in the work-house, a
+strong building and well secured. They were followed by the miscreants
+who broke into the building, and though the Indians begged their lives
+on their knees, yet all were cruelly murdered and their mangled remains
+thrown into the court-yard.</p>
+
+<p>The assassins became emboldened by many hundreds from Paxton and other
+parts of the county of Lancaster joining their number, and planned to
+set out for Philadelphia, and not rest until all the Indians were
+massacred. While these troubles were brewing the Moravian Indians
+celebrated the Lord's Supper at the commencement of the year 1764, and
+renewed their covenant to show forth his death in his walk and
+conversation.</p>
+
+<p>In order to protect them the government determined to send them out of
+the colony and place them under the care of Sir William Johnson, in New
+York, as the Indians had expressed their desire to be no longer detained
+from their families.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> On January 4, 1764, the Moravian Indians
+numbering about one hundred and forty persons,<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> were placed under
+the convoy of Captain James Robertson, of Montgomery's Highlanders, and
+seventy Highlanders, for New York City. The Highlanders "behaved at
+first very wild and unfriendly, being particularly troublesome to the
+young women by their profane conversation, but were persuaded by degrees
+to conduct themselves with more order and decency." On arriving at
+Amboy, one of the soldiers exclaimed: "Would to God, all the white
+people were as good Christians, as these Indians."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians were not allowed to enter New York, but were returned to
+Philadelphia under a guard of one hundred and seventy men from General
+Gage's army, commanded by Captain Schloffer, one party leading the van,
+and the other bringing up the rear. Captain Robertson and his
+Highlanders passed over to New York.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_M" id="NOTE_M"></a>NOTE M.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Highlanders Refused Lands in America</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>"To the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council,</p>
+
+<p>The Humble Petition of James Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle
+of Sky and Normand Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate. The Reverend Mr. William Macqueen and
+Alexander Macdonald of the said Island of Sky and county of Inverness</p>
+
+<p>Most Humbly Sheweth</p>
+
+<p>That your petitioners having had in view to form a settlement to
+themselves and Families in your Majesty's Province in North Carolina
+have for some time been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging
+Servants and disposing of their effects in this country.</p>
+
+<p>And being now ready to embark and carry their intentions into Execution.</p>
+
+<p>They most humbly pray your Majesty will be graciously pleased to Grant
+unto your petitioners Forty thousand Acres of Land in the said province
+of North Carolina upon the Terms and Conditions it has been usual to
+give such Grants or as to your Majesty shall seem proper,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">And your petitioners shall ever pray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Jas Macdonald,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Normand Macdonald."<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></span><br />
+</p><p style="margin-top: 2em;">
+"To the Right Honble the Lords of the Committee of his Majesty's
+most Honble Privy Council for Plantation Affairs.
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Whitehall 21st of June 1771.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>My Lords,</p>
+
+<p>In obedience to His Majesty's Order in Council, dated June 14th, 1771,
+we have taken into consideration, the humble Petition of James
+Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle of Sky and Normand Macdonald
+of Slate in the said Island for themselves and on behalf of Hugh
+Macdonald, Edmund Macqueen, John Belton and Alexander Macqueen of Slate
+the Reverend Mr William Macqueen and Alexander Macdonald of the said
+Isle of Sky and County of Inverness, setting forth that the Petitioners
+having had in view to form a Settlement to themselves and their Families
+in His Majesty's province of North Carolina, have for some time been
+making dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants and disposing
+of their effects in this Country and being now ready to embark and carry
+their said intention into execution, the Petitioners humbly pray, that
+His Majesty will be pleased to grant them forty thousand Acres of Land
+in the said Province upon the terms and conditions it hath been usual to
+grant such Lands. Whereupon We beg leave to report to your Lordships,</p>
+
+<p>That the emigration of inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the
+American Colonies is a circumstance which in our opinion cannot fail to
+lessen the strength and security and to prejudice the landed Interest
+and Manufactures of these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this
+emigration hath of late years prevailed renders it an object well
+deserving the serious attention of government.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the ground of this opinion We have thought it necessary in Cases
+where we have recommended Grants of Land in America, to be made to
+persons of substance and ability in this Kingdom, to propose amongst
+other conditions, that they should be settled by foreign Protestants;
+and therefore We can on no account recommend to your Lordships to advise
+His Majesty to comply with the prayer of a Petition, founded on a
+resolution taken by a number of considerable persons to abandon their
+settlements in this Kingdom and to pass over into America, with their
+Families and Dependants in a large Body and which therefore holds out a
+Plan that we think, instead of meriting the Encouragement, ought rather
+to receive the discountenance of government.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">We are My Lords &amp;c.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Hillsborough</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Ed: Eliot</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">John Roberts</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">Wm Fitzherbert."<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></span><br />
+</p><p style="margin-top: 2em;">
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">"At the Court of St James's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25em;">the 19th day of June 1772.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Present</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The King's most Excellent Majesty in Council.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Whereas there was this day read at the Board a Report from the Right
+Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Council for plantation affairs
+Dated the 17th of this Instant in the words following viz,</p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty having been pleased by your order in council of the 14th
+June 1771, to refer to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations
+the humble petition of James Macdonald Merchant of Portrie in the Isle
+of Sky and Norman Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate and Reverend Mr Wm Macqueen and Alexander
+Macdonald of the said Isle of Sky and County of Inverness setting forth
+that the petitioners have had in view to form a settlement to themselves
+and their families in your Majesty's Province of North Carolina have for
+sometime been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants
+and disposing of their Effects in this Country and being now ready to
+embark and carry their said intention into execution the petitioners
+humbly pray that your Majesty will be pleased to grant them Forty
+thousand acres of Land in the said Province upon the terms and
+conditions it hath been usual to grant such Lands. The said Lords
+Commissioners have reported to this Committee "that the emigration of
+the Inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the American Colonies is
+a circumstance which in their opinion cannot fail to lessen the strength
+and security and to prejudice the landed Interest and manufactures of
+these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this emigration has of late
+years prevailed renders it an object well deserving the serious
+attention of Government that upon the Ground of this opinion they have
+thought it necessary in cases where they have recommended Grants of Land
+in America to be made to persons of substance and ability in this
+Kingdom to propose amongst other conditions that they should be settled
+by foreign protestants and therefore the said Lords Commissioners can on
+no account recommend to this committee to advise your Majesty to comply
+with the prayer of a petition founded on a resolution taken by a number
+of considerable persons to abandon their settlements in this Kingdom and
+to pass over to America with their Families and Dependants in a large
+body and which therefore holds out a plan that they think instead of
+meeting the encouragement ought rather to receive the discouragement of
+Government. The Lords of the Committee this day took the said
+Representation and petition into consideration and concurring in opinion
+with the said Lord Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do agree
+humbly to report as their opinion to your Majesty that the said Petition
+of the said James and Norman Macdonald ought to be dismissed.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty taking the said Report into consideration was pleased with
+the advise of his Privy Council to approve thereof and to order as it is
+hereby ordered that the said Petition of the said James and Norman
+Macdonald be and it is hereby dismissed this board."<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_N" id="NOTE_N"></a>NOTE N.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Captain James Stewart Commissioned to Raise a Company of
+Highlanders</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>The Records of the New York Convention of July 25, 1775, contain the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>"The Committee appointed to take into consideration and report the most
+proper mode for employing in the service of this State Mr. James
+Stewart, late Lieutenant in Colonel Livingston's Regiment, delivered in
+their Report, which was read; and the same being read, paragraph by
+paragraph, and amended, was agreed to, and is in the words following, to
+wit:</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the said James Stewart is desiring a Captain's
+Commission in the service of this State, and that a Warrant be
+immediately given to him to raise a Company with all possible despatch.</p>
+
+<p>That the said Company ought to consist of Scotch Highlanders, or as many
+of them as possible, and that they serve during the war, unless sooner
+discharged by this Convention, or a future Legislature of this State.</p>
+
+<p>That the said Company shall consist of one Captain, one Lieutenant, one
+Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Drum, one Fife, and not less
+than sixty-two Privates.</p>
+
+<p>That a Bounty of fifteen dollars be allowed to each Non-Commissioned
+Officer and Private.</p>
+
+<p>That they be entitled to Continental Pay and Rations, and subject to the
+Continental Articles of War, till further orders from this Convention or
+a future Legislature of this State.</p>
+
+<p>That the said James Stewart shall not receive pay as a Captain until he
+shall have returned to this Convention, or a future Legislature of this
+State, a regular muster roll, upon oath, of thirty able-bodied men, duly
+inlisted.</p>
+
+<p>That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to advance to the said
+James Stewart &pound;144, in order to enable him to advance the bounty to
+those he may inlist taking his receipt to account for the same to the
+Treasurer of this State.</p>
+
+<p>That as soon as the said James Stewart shall have returned to this
+Convention, or a future Legislature of this State, a regular muster-roll
+of thirty able-bodied men, duly inlisted, certifying that the said men
+have been mustered, in the presence of a person to be appointed by the
+Chairman of the Committee of the City and County of Albany, or of a
+person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of the City and
+County of New York, that then, and not before, the said James Stewart
+shall be authorized to draw upon the Chairman of the Committee of the
+City and County of Albany for the further sum of &pound;100 in order that he
+may be enabled to proceed in his inlistment, giving his receipt to
+account for the same to the Treasurer of this State; and that when the
+said James Stewart shall have been duly inlisted and mustered, in the
+presence of a person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of
+the City and County of Albany, the whole of his Company, or as many as
+he can inlist, and then he shall be entitled to receive of the said
+Chairman of the County Committee the remaining proportion of bounty due
+to the non-commissioned officers and privates which he shall have
+inlisted.</p>
+
+<p>That if the said James Stewart shall not be able to complete the
+inlistment of this Company, that he shall make a report of the same,
+with all dispatch, to the President of this Convention, or to a future
+Legislature, who will either order his Commission to issue, or make such
+further provision for his trouble in recruiting as the equity of the
+case shall require.</p>
+
+<p>That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to remit into the hands
+of John Barclay, Esquire, of the City of Albany, the sum of &pound;288, on or
+before the last day of December next, in order to enable him to make
+unto the said James Stewart the disbursements aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>That the said James Stewart shall be authorized to engage to each man
+the sum of 7s. per week, billeting money, till such time as further
+provision is made for the subsistence of his recruits.</p>
+
+<p>That the said Company, when raised, shall be either employed as an
+independent Company, or incorporated into any Battallion as to this
+Convention, or to a future proper authority of this State, shall appear
+advisable."<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is no evidence that this action of the Convention terminated in
+any thing tangible. There was a James Stewart, captain of the third
+company, in the Fifth regiment of the New York Line, and while there was
+a large percentage in that regiment bearing Highland names, yet Captain
+Stewart's company had but five. It is not to be assumed that the two
+names represented the same person.</p>
+
+<p>FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, Vol. XI, p. 370.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 495.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Colonial Records of Penna., Vol. IX, p. 111.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> See Loskiel's Hist. Indian Mission, Book II, Chapter XVI.
+Schweinitz's Life of Zeisberger, Chap, XV.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. VIII, p. 620.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>, p. 621.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. IX, p. 303.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> American Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. I, p. 1441.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST" id="LIST"></a>LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.</h2>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>
+Adams, Comfort A., 46 Streator ave. Cleveland, O.<br />
+Alabama Polytechnic Institute Library. Auburn, Ala.<br />
+Alexander, M. J, Lilac St, E.E.  Pittsburg, Pa.<br />
+Alexander, William H., 302 South 31st St. Omaha, Neb.<br />
+Allread, Hon. J.I., Attorney-at-Law, Greenville, O.<br />
+Ammons, Mrs. Harriet McL., Franklin, O.<br />
+Bain, James, Jr., Public Library, Toronto, Ont.<br />
+Bedford, Miss Florence E., Springboro, O.<br />
+Boston Athen&aelig;um, Boston, Mass.<br />
+Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick, Me.<br />
+Brown, William, Bookseller, Edinburgh. Scot. (4 copies).<br />
+Buchanan, Charles J., 79 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y.<br />
+Butte Free Public Library, Butte, Mont.<br />
+Cameron, Mrs. Angus, La Crosse, Wis.<br />
+Cameron, Rev. Robert, D.D., 487 Hope St., Providence, R.I.<br />
+Camp, Mrs. B.H., Brookfield, Conn.<br />
+Campbell, A.A., Pharmacist, 235 Rondo St., St Paul, Minn.<br />
+Campbell, E.K., Attorney-at-Law, Birmingham, Ala.<br />
+Campbell, J.D., General Solicitor, P. &amp; R. Railway, Wyncote, Pa.<br />
+Campbell, Mrs. Mary C., 2 Congress St., Hartford. Conn.<br />
+Campbell, Rev. Clement C., Hartford, Wis.<br />
+Carnegie Free Library, Braddock, Pa.<br />
+Carnegie Library, Allegheny, Pa.<br />
+Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Pa.<br />
+Carruthers, David, New York City.<br />
+Casselman, Prof. A.C., 36 St. James ave., Toronto, Ont.<br />
+Chisholm, W.P., M.D., Brockton, Mass.<br />
+Colquhoun, Sir James of Luss, Bart., (2 copies)<br />
+Colwell, Irving S., Bookseller, Auburn, N.Y.<br />
+Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.<br />
+Cowan, George, Edinburgh, Scot.<br />
+Cowles, Dr. Edward, Supt. McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass.<br />
+Craig, Allen, Mauch Chunk, Pa.<br />
+Cumming, J. McGregor, 1 East 39th St., New York City.<br />
+Cushing &amp; Co., Booksellers, Baltimore, Md.<br />
+Day, Prof. Alfred, Day's School of Shorthand, Cleveland, O.<br />
+Deacon, Edward, Bridgeport, Conn.<br />
+Davenport, Benjamin Rush, 83 Halsey, Cleveland, O.<br />
+Drake, R. Ingalton, Bookseller, Eton.<br />
+Douglas, Percy, 1002 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. (2 copies).<br />
+Drummond, Josiah H., Attorney-at-Law, Portland, Me.<br />
+Duncan, Rev. Herman C., S.T.D., Alexandria, La.<br />
+Fairbanks, Rev. Edward T., St Johnsbury. Vt.<br />
+Ferguson, Henry, 123 Vernon St., Hartford, Conn.<br />
+Ferguson, S.P., Blue Hill Observatory, Hyde Park, Mass.<br />
+Fiske, Prof. John, LL. D., 22 Berkeley St., Cambridge, Mass.<br />
+Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass.<br />
+Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles of Drummond, LL. D., F.S.A. Scot.<br />
+Free Public Library, Newark, N.J.<br />
+Free Public Library, Paterson, N.J.<br />
+Free Public Library, Salt Lake City, Utah<br />
+Free Public Library, St. Joseph, Mo.<br />
+Free Public Library, Worcester, Mass.<br />
+Goulden &amp; Curry, Booksellers, Tunbridge Wells.<br />
+Graham, Geo. S., 509 Crozer Building, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+G.P. Putnam's Sons, Publishers &amp; Booksellers, New York City.<br />
+Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, N.Y.<br />
+Harris, Joseph S., 168 School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+Herrick, L.C., M.D., 106 E. Broad St., Columbus, O.<br />
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+Howard, A. McLean, Toronto, Ont.<br />
+Humphrey, Geo. P., Bookseller, Rochester, N.Y.<br />
+Huntington, Geo., Librarian Carleton College, Northfield, Minn.<br />
+Indianapolis Public Library, Indianapolis, Ind.<br />
+Indiana University Library, Bloomington, Ind.<br />
+James Prendergast Free Library, Jamestown, N.Y.<br />
+Johnston, John., Banker, Milwaukee, Wis.<br />
+Kenan, Spalding, M.D., Darien, Ga.<br />
+Leggat Brothers, Booksellers. New York City.<br />
+Little, Brown &amp; Co., Booksellers, Boston, Mass. (2 copies).<br />
+Macdonald, Aeneas A., Barrister-at-Law, Charlottetown, P.E.I.<br />
+Macdonald, Alexander, Town Clerk, Govan, Glasgow, Scot.<br />
+Macdonald, John Archibald, Traccadie Cross, P.E.I.<br />
+MacInnis, Rev. J.M., Hallock, Minn.<br />
+Mackay, John, C.E., J.P., Hereford. Scot. (2 copies).<br />
+Maclean, Alex. C., M.D., 346 S.W. Temple St., Salt Lake City, Utah.<br />
+MacLean, Archibald, M.D., Sarnia, Ont.<br />
+Maclean, Arthur A., 712 People's Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.<br />
+MacLean, Daniel., P.O. Box 65, Durango, Colo.<br />
+MacLean, Donald, M.D., LL. D., 821 Woodward ave., Detroit, Mich.<br />
+Maclean, K.T., Thomasville, Ga.<br />
+Maclean, Malcolm, P.M., Walkerton, Ont.<br />
+MacLean, R.E., Wells Delta Co., Mich.<br />
+MacLean, Rev. James T., Oakryn, Pa.<br />
+Macleod, Norman, Bookseller, Edinburgh.<br />
+MacRae, Capt. Donald, Wilmington. N.C.<br />
+MacRae, Prof. Jas. C., Dean of Law School, Chapel Hill, N.C.<br />
+McAdam, Judge David, New York City.<br />
+McCarrell, Hon. Sam'l J.M., Attorney-at-Law, Harrisburg, Pa.<br />
+McClain, E.L., Greenfield, O.<br />
+McClain, Robert A., No. 9 Central Square, Youngstown, O.<br />
+McClean, Miss Abby M., 208 Melrose St., Melrose Highlands, Mass.<br />
+McClellan, Prof. H.B., Prin. Sayre Female Inst. Lexington, Ky.<br />
+McCook, Colonel John J., 120 Broadway, New York City.<br />
+McCook, J.J., New York City.<br />
+McCook, Rev. Henry C., D.D., The Manse, 3700 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa.<br />
+McCorvey, Prof. Thomas Chalmers, Tuscaloosa, Ala.<br />
+McCowan, Prof. J.S., 12 N. 2nd St., Marshalltown, Iowa.<br />
+McCulloch, H.M., Presho, N.Y.<br />
+McDonald, M.G., Rome, Ga.<br />
+McDonald, Wm., 51 Lancaster St., Albany, N.Y.<br />
+McGee, Prof. W.J., Bureau Am. Ethnology, Washington, D.C.<br />
+McGlauflin, Rev. W.H., D.D., 243 Baker St., Atlanta, Ga.<br />
+McGrew, Hon. J.C., Kingwood, West Va.<br />
+McIlhenny, John, 1339 Cherry St., Philadelphia. Pa.<br />
+McIntosh, William Swinton, Darien, Ga.<br />
+McIver, Mrs. G.W., 1611 Larkin St., San Francisco, Calif.<br />
+McKeithen, N.A., Aberdeen, N.C.<br />
+McKenzie, Alexander A., Hanover, N.H.<br />
+McLane, James, Franklin, O.<br />
+McLaughlin, Rev. D.N., Chester, S.C.<br />
+McLaren, Rt. Rev. W.E., D.D., D.C.L., Chicago, Ill.<br />
+McLean, Angus W., Attorney-at-Law, Lumberton, N.C.<br />
+McLean, Col. Hugh H., Barrister, St. John, N.B.<br />
+McLean, David, Danbury, Conn.<br />
+McLean, Harry D., Souris, P.E.I.<br />
+McLean, Hon. Donald, Counselor-at-Law, 27 William St., New York City.<br />
+McLean, John, Danbury, Conn.<br />
+McLean, John, M.D., 3 111th St., Pullman, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+McLean, Mrs. C.B., Winebiddle Ave., &amp; Harriet St., Pittsburgh, Pa.<br />
+McLean, Prof. Andrew C., Oneida St., Pittsburgh, Pa.<br />
+McLean, Rev. J.C., St. Georges, P.E.I.<br />
+McLean, Rev. J.K., D.D. Pres't Pacific Theol. Seminary, Oakland, Calif.<br />
+McLean, Wm., Albion, Neb.<br />
+McLeod, Hugh M., Attorney-at-Law, Wausa, Neb.<br />
+McMillan, Rev. D.J., D.D., New York City.<br />
+McNeill, John, New York City.<br />
+McNeill, Malcolm, Lake Forest, Ill.<br />
+McQueen, Joseph P., Attorney-at-Law, Eutaw, Ala.<br />
+Mercantile Library, Astor Place, New York City.<br />
+Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Mo.<br />
+Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn.<br />
+Mitchell Library, Glasgow, Scot.<br />
+Monroe, Prof. Will S., State Normal School, Westfield, Mass.<br />
+Montgomery, D.B., Owensville. Ind.<br />
+Montgomery, H.P., Attorney-at-Law, Georgetown, Ky.<br />
+Morey, Hon. H.L., Attorney-at-Law, Hamilton, O.<br />
+Munro, David A., New York City.<br />
+Munro, Rev. G.A., Milford, Neb.<br />
+Munro, Rev. John J., 894 Forest ave., New York City.<br />
+Munro, Robert F., New York City.<br />
+New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, N.H.<br />
+New Harmony Working Men's Institute, New Harmony, Ind.<br />
+New York Historical Society, New York City.<br />
+New York Public Library, New York City.<br />
+Nickerson, Sereno D., Masonic Temple, Boston. Mass.<br />
+Ohio State Arch&aelig;ological and Historical Society, Columbus, O.<br />
+Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.<br />
+Pardoe, Avern, Legislative Librarian, Toronto, Ont.<br />
+Patten, Miss Jennie M., Brush, Colo.<br />
+Patten, James A., 51-53 Board of Trade, Chicago. Ill. (3 copies).<br />
+Peoria Public Library, Peoria, Ill.<br />
+Preston &amp; Rounds Co., Booksellers, Providence, R.I.<br />
+Public Library and Reading Room, Bridgeport, Conn.<br />
+Public Library, Cincinnati, O.<br />
+Public Library, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+Public Library, Detroit, Mich.<br />
+Public Library, Milwaukee, Wis.<br />
+Reid, Wm. M., Kansas City, Mo.<br />
+Robertson, Major G.C., of Widmerpool.<br />
+Robertson, R.S., Attorney-at-Law, Fort Wayne, Ind.<br />
+Ross, A.W., Columbia, B.C.<br />
+Selby, Prof. J.L., Greenville, O.<br />
+Slocum, Chas. E., M.D., Ph. D., Defiance, O.<br />
+Smith, Mrs. J. Morgan, Birmingham, Ala.<br />
+State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.<br />
+State Library, Columbus, O.<br />
+State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.<br />
+Stewart, John A., New York City.<br />
+St. Paul Book and Stationary Co., St. Paul, Minn.<br />
+Stuart, Henry C., Custom House, New York City.<br />
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+The Bowen-Merrill Co., Booksellers, Indianapolis, Ind. (2 copies).<br />
+The John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+The Robert Clarke Co., Booksellers, Cincinnati, O.<br />
+Thomson, Hon. Wm., Judge Judicial District, Burlingame, Kan.<br />
+Thomson, William, New York City.<br />
+University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.<br />
+Vaughn, Wm. J., Nashville, Tenn.<br />
+War Department Library, Washington, D.C.<br />
+W.B. Clarke Co., Booksellers, Boston, Mass.<br />
+Welsh, R.G., New York City.<br />
+Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, O.<br />
+Westfield Athan&aelig;um, Westfield, Mass.<br />
+Wheeling Public Library, Wheeling, W. Va.<br />
+Wilkinson, Mrs. Henry W., 168 Bowen St., Providence, R.I.<br />
+Williams College Library, Williamstown, Mass.<br />
+Wilson, Mrs. Obed J., 378 Lafayette ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.<br />
+Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, D.D., LL. D., Oberlin, O.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account of the
+Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, by J. P. MacLean
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,17925 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account of the Settlements of
+Scotch Highlanders in America, by J. P. MacLean
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America
+
+Author: J. P. MacLean
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2008 [EBook #25879]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTCH HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Graeme Mackreth and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of
+public domain works from the University of Michigan Digital
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Painted by Captn. W McKenzie_ BATTLE OF CULLODEN.]
+
+
+
+
+An Historical Account
+
+OF THE
+
+Settlements of Scotch Highlanders
+
+IN
+
+America
+
+PRIOR TO THE PEACE OF 1783
+
+TOGETHER WITH NOTICES OF
+
+Highland Regiments
+
+AND
+
+Biographical Sketches
+
+BY
+
+J.P. MACLEAN, PH.D.
+
+
+Life Member Gaelic Society of Glasgow, and Clan MacLean Association of
+Glasgow; Corresponding Member Davenport Academy of Sciences, and Western
+Reserve Historical Society; Author of History of Clan MacLean, Antiquity
+of Man, The Mound Builders, Mastodon, Mammoth and Man, Norse Discovery
+of America, Fingal's Cave, Introduction Study St. John's Gospel, Jewish
+Nature Worship, etc.
+
+_ILLUSTRATED_.
+
+THE HELMAN-TAYLOR COMPANY, CLEVELAND.
+
+JOHN MACKAY, GLASGOW.
+
+1900.
+
+[Illustration: HIGHLAND ARMS.]
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+COLONEL SIR FITZROY DONALD MACLEAN, Bart., C.B.,
+
+President of The Highland Society of London,
+
+
+An hereditary Chief, honored by his Clansmen at home and abroad, on
+account of the kindly interest he takes in their welfare, as well as
+everything that relates to the Highlands, and though deprived of an
+ancient patrimony, his virtues and patriotism have done honor to the
+Gael, this Volume is
+
+   Respectfully dedicated by the
+
+   AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+   "There's sighing and sobbing in yon Highland forest;
+   There's weeping and wailing in yon Highland vale,
+   And fitfully flashes a gleam from the ashes
+   Of the tenantless hearth in the home of the Gael.
+   There's a ship on the sea, and her white sails she's spreadin',
+       A' ready to speed to a far distant shore;
+   She may come hame again wi' the yellow gowd laden,
+       But the sons of Glendarra shall come back no more.
+
+   The gowan may spring by the clear-rinnin' burnie,
+       The cushat may coo in the green woods again.
+   The deer o' the mountain may drink at the fountain,
+       Unfettered and free as the wave on the main;
+   But the pibroch they played o'er the sweet blooming heather
+       Is hushed in the sound of the ocean's wild roar;
+   The song and the dance they hae vanish'd thegither,
+    For the maids o' Glendarra shall come back no more."
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+An attempt is here made to present a field that has not been
+preoccupied. The student of American history has noticed allusions to
+certain Scotch Highland settlements prior to the Revolution, without any
+attempt at either an account or origin of the same. In a measure the
+publication of certain state papers and colonial records, as well as an
+occasional memoir by an historical society have revived what had been
+overlooked. These settlements form a very important and interesting
+place in the early history of our country. While they may not have
+occupied a very prominent or pronounced position, yet their exertions in
+subduing the wilderness, their activity in the Revolution, and the wide
+influence exercised by the descendants of these hardy pioneers, should,
+long since, have brought their history and achievements into notice.
+
+The settlement in North Carolina, embracing a wide extent of territory,
+and the people numbered by the thousands, should, ere this, have found a
+competent exponent. But it exists more as a tradition than an actual
+colony. The Highlanders in Georgia more than acted their part against
+Spanish encroachments, yet survived all the vicissitudes of their
+exposed position. The stay of the Highlanders on the Mohawk was very
+brief, yet their flight into Canada and final settlement at Glengarry
+forms a very strange episode in the history of New York. The heartless
+treatment of the colony of Lachlan Campbell by the governor of the
+province of New York, and their long delayed recompense stands without a
+parallel, and is so strange and fanciful, that long since it should have
+excited the poet or novelist. The settlements in Nova Scotia and Prince
+Edwards Island, although scarcely commenced at the breaking out of the
+Revolution, are more important in later events than those chronicled in
+this volume.
+
+The chapters on the Highlands, the Scotch-Irish, and the Darien scheme,
+have sufficient connection to warrant their insertion.
+
+It is a noticeable fact that notwithstanding the valuable services
+rendered by the Highland regiments in the French and Indian war, but
+little account has been taken by writers, except in Scotland, although
+General David Stewart of Garth, as early as 1822, clearly paved the way.
+Unfortunately, his works, as well as those who have followed him, are
+comparatively unknown on this side the Atlantic.
+
+I was led to the searching out of this phase of our history, not only by
+the occasional allusions, but specially from reading works devoted to
+other nationalities engaged in the Revolution. Their achievements were
+fully set forth and their praises sung. Why should not the oppressed
+Gael, who sought the forests of the New World, struggled in the
+wilderness, and battled against foes, also be placed in his true light?
+If properly known, the artist would have a subject for his pencil, the
+poet a picture for his praises, and the novelist a strong background for
+his romance.
+
+Cleveland, O., October, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS OF SCOTLAND.
+
+Division of Scotland--People of the Highlands--Language--Clanship--Chiefs
+Customs--Special Characteristics--Fiery-Cross--Slogan--Mode of Battle
+Forays--Feasts--Position of Woman--Marriage--Religious Toleration
+Superstitions--Poets--Pipers--Cave of Coire-nan-Uriskin--The
+Harp--Gaelic Music--Costume--Scotland's Wars--War with Romans--Battle
+of Largs--Bannockburn--Flodden--Pinkie--Wars of Montrose--Bonnie
+Dundee--Earl of Mar--Prince Charles Stuart--Atrocities in the
+Wake of Culloden--Uncertainty of Travellers' Observations--Kidnapping
+Emigration                                                              17
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.
+
+Origin of the name of Scotland--Scoto-Irish--Ulster--Clandonald--Protestant
+Colonies in Ireland--Corruption of Names--Percentage of in
+Revolution--Characteristics--Persecuted--Emigration from Ulster--First
+Scotch-Irish Clergyman in America--Struggle for Religious Liberty
+Settlement at Worcester--History of the Potato--Pelham--Warren and
+Blandford--Colerain--Londonderry--Settlements in Maine--New York--New
+Jersey--Pennsylvania--The Revolution--Maryland--Virginia--Patrick
+Henry--Daniel Morgan--George Rogers Clark--North Carolina--Battle
+of King's Mountain--South Carolina--Georgia--East Tennessee--Kentucky
+Canada--Industrial Arts--Distinctive Characteristics                    40
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+CAUSES THAT LED TO EMIGRATION.
+
+Results of Clanship--Opposed to Emigration--Emigration to Ulster
+Expatriation of 7000--Changed Condition of Highlanders--Lands Rented
+Dissatisfaction--Luxurious Landlords--Action of Chiefs in Skye--Deplorable
+State of Affairs--Sheep-Farming--Improvements--Buchanan's
+Description--Famine--Class of Emigrants--America--Hardships and
+Disappointments                                                         60
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+DARIEN SCHEME.
+
+First Highlanders in America--Disastrous Speculation--Ruinous
+Legislation--Massacre of Glencoe--Darien Scheme Projected--William
+Paterson--Fabulous Dreams--Company Chartered--Scotland Excited
+Subscriptions--List of Subscribers--Spanish Sovereignty over
+Darien--English Jealousy and Opposition--Dutch East India Company--King
+William's Duplicity--English and Dutch Subscriptions Withdrawn--Great
+Preparations--Purchase of Ships--Sailing of First Expedition--Settlement
+of St. Andrews--Great Sufferings--St. Andrews Abandoned--The Caledonia and
+Unicorn Arrive at New York--Recriminations--The St. Andrews--The
+Dolphin--King Refuses Supplies--Relief Sent--Spaniards Aggressive--Second
+Expedition--Highlanders--Disappointed Expectations--Discordant
+Clergy--How News was Received in Scotland--Give Vent to Rage--King
+William's Indifference--Campbell of Fonab--Escape--Capitulation of Darien
+Colony--Ships Destroyed--Final End of Settlers                          75
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+On the Cape Fear--Town Established--Highlanders Patronized--Arrival
+of Neil McNeill--Action of Legislature--List of Grantees--Wave of
+Emigration--Represented in Legislature--Colony Prosperous--Stamp
+Act--Genius of Liberty--Letter to Highlanders--Emigrants from Jura--Lands
+Allotted--War of Regulators--Campbelton Charter--Public Road--Public
+Buildings at Campbelton--Petition for Pardon--Highland Costume--Clan
+Macdonald Emigration--Allan Macdonald of Kingsborough--American
+Revolution--Sale of Public Offices--Attitude of Patriots--Provincial
+Congress--Highlanders Objects of Consideration--Reverend John
+McLeod--Committee to Confer with Highlanders--British Confidence--Governor
+Martin--Provincial Congress of 1775--Farquhard Campbell--Arrival of the
+George--Other Arrivals--Oaths Administered--Distressed Condition--Petition
+to Virginia Convention--War Party in the Ascendant--American
+Views--Highlanders Fail to Understand Conditions--Reckless Indifference
+of Leaders--General Donald Macdonald--British Campaign--Governor
+Martin Manipulates a Revolt--Macdonald's Manifesto--Rutherford's
+Manifesto--Highlanders in Rebellion--Standard at Cross Creek--March
+for Wilmington--Country Alarmed--Correspondence--Battle of Moore's
+Creek Bridge--Overthrow of Highlanders--Prescribed Parole--Prisoners
+Address Congress--Action of Sir William Howe--Allan Macdonald's Letter--On
+Parole--Effects His Exchange--Letter to Members of Congress--Cornwallis
+to Clinton--Military at Cross Creek--Women Protected--Religious Status 102
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN GEORGIA.
+
+English Treatment of Poor--Imprisonment for Debt--Oglethorpe's
+Philanthropy--Asylum Projected--Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia--Selects
+the Site of Savannah--Fort Argyle--Colonists of Different
+Nationalities--Towns Established--Why Highlanders were Selected--Oglethorpe
+Returns to England--Highland Emigrants--Character of--John
+Macleod--Founding of New Inverness--Oglethorpe Sails for Georgia--Visits
+the Highlanders--Fort St. Andrews--Spaniards Aggressive--Messengers
+Imprisoned--Spanish Perfidy--Suffering and Discontent in 1737--Dissension
+Increases--Removal Agitated--African Slavery Prohibited--Petition and
+Counter Petition--Highlanders Oppose African Slavery--Insufficient Produce
+Raised--Murder of Unarmed Highlanders--Florida Invaded--St. Augustine
+Blockaded--Massacre of Highlanders at Fort Moosa--Failure of
+Expedition--Conduct of William MacIntosh--Indians and Carolinians
+Desert--Agent Reprimanded by Parliament--Clansmen at Darien--John MacLeod
+Abandons His Charge--Georgia Invaded--Highlanders Defeat the Enemy--Battle
+of Bloody Marsh--Spaniards Retreat--Ensign Stewart--Oglethorpe
+Again Invades Florida--Growth of Georgia--Record in Revolution--Resolutions
+Assault on British War Vessels--Capture  of--County of Liberty--Settlement
+Remained Highland                                                      146
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CAPTAIN LACHLAN CAMPBELL'S NEW YORK COLONY.
+
+Lachlan Campbell--Donald Campbell's Memorial--Motives Controlling
+Royal Governors--Governor Clarke to Duke of Newcastle--Same to
+Lords of Trade--Efforts of Captain Campbell--Memorial Rejected--Redress
+Obtained--Grand Scheme--List of Grantees--A Desperado--Township
+of Argyle--Records of--Change of Name of County--Highland Soldiers
+Occupy Lands--How Allotted--Selling Land Warrants--New Hampshire
+Grants--Ethan Allan--Revolution--An Incident--Indian Raid--Massacre
+of Jane McCrea--Religious Sentiment                                    176
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT ON THE MOHAWK.
+
+Sir William Johnson--Highlanders Preferred--Manner of Life--Changed
+State of Affairs--Sir John Johnson--Highlanders not Civic Officers--Sir
+John Johnson's Movements Inimical--Tryon County Committee
+to Provincial Congress--Action of Continental Congress--Sir John to
+Governor Tryon--Action of General Schuyler--Sir John's Parole--Highlanders
+Disarmed--Arms Retained--Highland Hostages--Instructions for Seizing
+Sir John--Sir John on Removal of Highlanders--Flight of Highlanders
+to Canada--Great Sufferings--Lady Johnson a Hostage--Highland Settlement
+a Nest of Treason--Exodus of Highland Women--Some Families
+Detained--Letter of Helen McDonell--Regiment Organized--Butler's
+Rangers--Cruel Warfare--Fort Schuyler Besieged--Battle of Oriskany--Heroism
+of Captain Gardenier--Parole of Angus McDonald--Massacre of
+Wyoming--Bloodthirsty Character of Alexander McDonald--Indian
+Country Laid Waste--Battle of Chemung--Sir John Ravages Johnstown--Visits
+Schoharie with Fire and Sword--Flight from Johnstown--Exploit
+of Donald McDonald--Shell's Defence--List of Officers of Sir John Johnson's
+Regiment--Settlement in Glengarry--Allotment of Lands--Story of
+Donald Grant--Religious Services Established                           196
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+GLENALADALE HIGHLANDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
+
+Highlanders in Canada--John Macdonald--Educated in Germany--Religious
+Oppression--Religion of the Yellow-Stick--Glenaladale Becomes
+Protector--Emigration--Company Raised Against Americans--Capture of
+American Vessel--Estimate of Glenaladale--Offered Governorship of
+Prince Edward Island                                                   231
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT IN PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+Emigration to Nova Scotia--Ship Hector--Sails from Lochbroom--Great
+Sufferings and Pestilence--Landing of Highlanders--Frightening of
+Indians--Bitter Disappointment--Danger of Starvation--False Reports--Action
+of Captain Archibald--Truro Migration--Hardships--Incidents of
+Suffering--Conditions of Grants of Land--Hector's Passengers--Interesting
+Facts Relative to Emigrants--Industries--Plague of Mice--American
+Revolution--Divided Sentiment--Persecution of American Sympathizers
+Highlanders Loyal to Great Britain--Americans Capture a
+Vessel--Privateers--Wreck of the Malignant Man-of-War--Indian
+Alarm--Itinerant Preachers--Arrival of Reverend James McGregor         235
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+FIRST HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICA.
+
+Cause of French and Indian War--Highlanders Sent to America--The
+Black Watch--Montgomery's Highlanders--Fraser's Highlanders--Uniform
+of--Black Watch at Albany--Lord Loudon at Halifax--Surrender of
+Fort William Henry--Success of the French--Defeat at Ticonderoga--Gallant
+Conduct of Highlanders--List of Casualties--Expedition Against
+Louisburg--Destruction French Fleet--Capture of Louisburg--Expedition
+Against Fort Du Quesne--Defeat of Major Grant--Washington--Name
+Fort Changed to Fort Pitt--Battalions of 42nd United--Amherst Possesses
+Ticonderoga--Army at Crown Point--Fall of Quebec--Journal of Malcolm
+Fraser--Movements of Fraser's Highlanders--Battle of Heights of
+Abraham--Galling Fire Sustained by Highlanders--Anecdote of General
+Murray--Retreat of French--Officers of the Black Watch--Highland Regiments
+Sail for Barbadoes--Return to New York--Black Watch Sent to
+Pittsburg--Battle of Bushy Run--Black Watch Sent Against Ohio Indians--Goes
+to Ireland--Impressions of in America--Table of Losses--Montgomery
+Highlanders Against the Cherokees--Battle with Indians--Allan
+Macpherson's Tragic Death--Retreat from Indian Country--Return to
+New York--Massacre at Fort Loudon--Surrender of St. Johns--Tables of
+Casualties--Acquisition of French Territory a Source of Danger         252
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+SCOTCH HOSTILITY TOWARDS AMERICA.
+
+Causes of American Revolution--Massacre at Lexington--Insult to
+Franklin--England Precipitates War--Americans Ridiculed--Pitt's Noble
+Defence--Attitude of Eminent Men--Action of Cities--No Enthusiasm in
+Enlistments in England and Ireland--The Press-Gang--Enlistment of
+Criminals--Sentiment of People of Scotland--Lecky's Estimate--Addresses
+Upholding the King--Summary of Highland Addresses--Emigration
+Prohibited--Resentment Against Highlanders--Shown in Original
+Draft of Declaration of Independence--Petitions of Donald Macleod      292
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+Eulogy of Pitt--Organizing in America--Secret Instructions to Governor
+Tryon--Principal Agents--Royal Highland Emigrants--How Received--Colonel
+Maclean Saves Quebec--Siege of Quebec--First Battalion in
+Canada--Burgoyne's Doubts--Second Battalion--Sufferings of--Treatment
+of--Battle of Eutaw Springs--Royal Highland Emigrants Discharged--List
+of Officers--Grants of Land--John Bethune--42nd or Royal
+Highlanders--Embarks for America--Capture of Highlanders--Capture of
+Oxford Transport--Prisoners from the Crawford--British Fleet Arrives at
+Staten Island--Battle of Long Island--Ardor of Highlanders--Americans
+Evacuate New York--Patriotism of Mrs. Murray--Peril of Putnam--Gallant
+Conduct of Major Murray--Battle of Harlem--Capture of Fort
+Washington--Royal Highlanders in New Jersey--Attacked at
+Pisquatiqua--Sergeant McGregor--Battle of Brandywine--Wayne's Army
+Surprised--Expeditions During Winter of 1779--Skirmishing and
+Suffering--Infusion of Poor Soldiers--Capture of Charleston--Desertions
+Regiment Reduced--Sails for Halifax--Table of Casualties--Fraser's
+Highlanders--Sails for America--Capture of Transports--Reports of Captain
+Seth Harding and Colonel Archibald Campbell--Confinement of Colonel
+Campbell--Interest in by Washington--Battle of Brooklin--Diversified
+Employment--Expedition Against Little Egg Harbor--Capture of
+Savannah--Retrograde Movement of General Prevost--Battle of Brier
+Creek--Invasion of South Carolina--Battle of Stono Ferry--Retreat to
+Savannah--Siege of--Capture of Stony Point--Surrender of Charleston--Battle
+of Camden--Defeat of General Sumter--Battle of King's Mountain--Battle of
+Blackstocks--Battle of the Cowpens--Battle of Guilford Court-House--March
+of British Army to Yorktown--Losses of Fraser's Highlanders--Surrender of
+Yorktown--Highlanders Prisoners--Regiment Discharged at Perth--Argyle
+Highlanders--How Constituted--Sails for Halifax--Two Companies at
+Charleston--At Penobscot--Besieged by Americans--Regiment Returns to
+England--Macdonald's Highlanders--Sails for New York--Embarks for
+Virginia--Bravery of the Soldiers--Highlanders on Horseback--Surrender
+of Yorktown--Cantoned at Winchester--Removed to Lancaster--Disbanded
+at Stirling Castle--Summary--Estimate of Washington--His Opinion
+of Highlanders--Not Guilty of Wanton Cruelty                           308
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS WHO SERVED IN AMERICA IN THE INTERESTS
+OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+General Sir Alan Cameron--General Sir Archibald Campbell--General
+John Campbell--Lord William Campbell--General Simon Fraser of
+Balnain--General Simon Fraser of Lovat--General Simon Fraser--General
+James Grant of Ballindalloch--General Allan Maclean of Torloisk--Sir
+Allan Maclean--General Francis Maclean--General John Small--Flora
+Macdonald                                                              377
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICAN INTEREST.
+
+General Alexander McDougall--General Lachlan McIntosh--General
+Arthur St. Clair--Serjeant Macdonald                                   398
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Note A.--First Emigrants to America                                    417
+
+Note B.--Letter of Donald Macpherson                                   417
+
+Note C.--Emigration during the Eighteenth Century                      419
+
+Note D.--Appeal to the Highlanders lately arrived from Scotland        422
+
+Note E.--Ingratitude of the Highlanders                                426
+
+Note F.--Were the Highlanders Faithful to their Oath to the Americans  426
+
+Note G.--Marvellous Escape of Captain McArthur                         430
+
+Note H.--Highlanders in South Carolina                                 442
+
+Note I.--Alexander McNaughton                                          443
+
+Note J.--Allan McDonald's Complaint to the President of Congress       444
+
+Note K.--The Glengarry Settlers                                        445
+
+Note to Chapter VIII                                                   448
+
+Note L.--Moravian Indians                                              448
+
+Note M.--Highlanders Refused Lands in America                          450
+
+Note N.--Captain James Stewart commissioned to raise a company of
+Highlanders                                                            453
+
+List of Subscribers                                                    456
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+Battle of Culloden                                     Frontispiece
+
+Coire-nan-Uriskin                                                26
+
+House of Henry McWhorter                                         52
+
+View of Battle-Field of Alamance                                 55
+
+Scottish India House                                             90
+
+Barbacue Church, where Flora Macdonald Worshipped               144
+
+Johnson Hall                                                    204
+
+View of the Valley of Wyoming                                   218
+
+Highland Officer                                                256
+
+Old Blockhouse Fort Duquesne                                    281
+
+General Sir Archibald Campbell                                  397
+
+Brigadier General Simon Fraser                                  382
+
+General Simon Fraser of Loval                                   387
+
+Sir Allan Maclean, Bart                                         391
+
+Flora Macdonald                                                 394
+
+General Alexander McDougall                                     398
+
+General Lachlan McIntosh                                        402
+
+General Arthur St. Clair                                        405
+
+Sergeant Macdonald and Colonel Gainey                           413
+
+
+
+
+PARTIAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
+
+
+American Archives.
+
+Answer of Cornwallis to Clinton. London, 1783.
+
+Bancroft (George.) History of the United States. London, N.D.
+
+Burt (Captain.) Letters from the North of Scotland, London. 1815.
+
+Burton (J.H.) Darien Papers, Bannatyne Club. 1849
+
+Burton (J.H.) History of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1853.
+
+Celtic Monthly, Inverness, 1876-1888.
+
+Georgia Historical Society Collections.
+
+Graham (James J.) Memoirs General Graham, Edinburgh, 1862.
+
+Hotten (J.C.) List of Emigrants to America, New York, 1874.
+
+Johnson (C.) History Washington County, New York, Philadelphia, 1878.
+
+Keltie (J.S.). History of the Highland Clans, Edinburgh, 1882.
+
+Lecky (W.E.H.) History of England. London, 1892.
+
+Lossing (B.J.) Field-Book of the American Revolution. New York, 1855.
+
+Macaulay (T.B.) History of England, Boston, N.D.
+
+McDonald (H.) Letter-Book, New York Historical Society, 1892.
+
+Macdonell (J.A.) Sketches of Glengarry, Montreal. 1893.
+
+McLeod (D.) Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada, Cleveland,
+1841.
+
+Martin (M.) Description Western Isles, Glasgow, 1884.
+
+National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, Philadelphia, 1852.
+
+New York Documentary and Colonial History.
+
+North Carolina Colonial Record.
+
+Paterson (J.) History Pictou County. Nova Scotia, Montreal. 1893.
+
+Proceedings Scotch-Irish American Congress. 1889-1896.
+
+Rogers (H.) Hadden's Journal and Orderly Book, Albany, 1884.
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Lady of the Lake, New York, N.D.
+
+Scott (Sir W.) Tales of a Grandfather, Boston, 1852.
+
+Smith (William) History of New York, New York, 1814.
+
+Smith (W.H.) St. Clair Papers, Cincinnati, 1882.
+
+Sparks (Jared) Writings of Washington, Boston. 1837.
+
+Stephens (W.B.) History of Georgia, New York. 1859.
+
+St. Clair (Arthur.) Narrative, Philadelphia, 1812.
+
+Stewart (David.) Sketches of the Highlanders, Edinburgh, 1822.
+
+Stone (W.L.) Life of Joseph Brant, New York. 1838.
+
+Stone (W.L.) Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson, Albany, 1882.
+
+Tarleton (Lieut. Col.) Campaigns of, 1780-1781. London, 1787.
+
+Washington and his Generals, Philadelphia, 1848.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+A range of mountains forming a lofty and somewhat shattered rampart,
+commencing in the county of Aberdeen, north of the river Don, and
+extending in a southwest course across the country, till it terminates
+beyond Ardmore, in the county of Dumbarton, divides Scotland into two
+distinct parts. The southern face of these mountains is bold, rocky,
+dark and precipitous. The land south of this line is called the
+Lowlands, and that to the north, including the range, the Highlands. The
+maritime outline of the Highlands is also bold and rocky, and in many
+places deeply indented by arms of the sea. The northern and western
+coasts are fringed with groups of islands. The general surface of the
+country is mountainous, yet capable of supporting innumerable cattle,
+sheep and deer. The scenery is nowhere excelled for various forms of
+beauty and sublimity. The lochs and bens have wrought upon the
+imaginations of historians, poets and novelists.
+
+The inhabitants living within these boundaries were as unique as their
+bens and glens. From the middle of the thirteenth century they have been
+distinctly marked from those inhabiting the low countries, in
+consequence of which they exhibit a civilization peculiarly their own.
+By their Lowland neighbors they were imperfectly known, being generally
+regarded as a horde of savage thieves, and their country as an
+impenetrable wilderness. From this judgment they made no effort to free
+themselves, but rather inclined to confirm it. The language spoken by
+the two races greatly varied which had a tendency to establish a marked
+characteristic difference between them. For a period of seven centuries
+the entrances or passes into the Grampians constituted a boundary
+between both the people and their language. At the south the Saxon
+language was universally spoken, while beyond the range the Gaelic
+formed the mother tongue, accompanied by the plaid, the claymore and
+other specialties which accompanied Highland characteristics. Their
+language was one of the oldest and least mongrel types of the great
+Aryan family of speech.
+
+The country in which the Gaelic was in common use among all classes of
+people may be defined by a line drawn from the western opening of the
+Pentland Frith, sweeping around St. Kilda, from thence embracing the
+entire cluster of islands to the east and south, as far as Arran; thence
+to the Mull of Kintyre, re-entering the mainland at Ardmore, in
+Dumbartonshire, following the southern face of the Grampians to
+Aberdeenshire, and ending on the north-east point of Caithness.
+
+For a period of nearly two hundred years the Highlander has been an
+object of study by strangers. Travellers have written concerning them,
+but dwelt upon such points as struck their fancy. A people cannot be
+judged by the jottings of those who have not studied the question with
+candor and sufficient information. Fortunately the Highlands, during the
+present century, have produced men who have carefully set forth their
+history, manners and customs. These men have fully weighed the questions
+of isolation, mode of life, habits of thought, and wild surroundings,
+which developed in the Highlander firmness of decision, fertility in
+resource, ardor in friendship, love of country, and a generous
+enthusiasm, as well as a system of government.
+
+The Highlanders were tall, robust, well formed and hardy. Early
+marriages were unknown among them, and it was rare for a female of puny
+stature and delicate constitution to be honored with a husband. They
+were not obliged by art in forming their bodies, for Nature acted her
+part bountifully to them, and among them there are but few bodily
+imperfections.
+
+The division of the people into clans, tribes or families, under
+separate chiefs, constituted the most remarkable circumstance in their
+political condition, which ultimately resulted in many of their peculiar
+sentiments, customs and institutions. For the most part the monarchs of
+Scotland had left the people alone, and, therefore, had but little to do
+in the working out of their destiny. Under little or no restraint from
+the State, the patriarchal form of government became universal.
+
+It is a singular fact that although English ships had navigated the
+known seas and transplanted colonies, yet the Highlanders were but
+little known in London, even as late as the beginning of the eighteenth
+century. To the people of England it would have been a matter of
+surprise to learn that in the north of Great Britain, and at a distance
+of less than five hundred miles from their metropolis, there were many
+miniature courts, in each of which there was a hereditary ruler,
+attended by guards, armor-bearers, musicians, an orator, a poet, and who
+kept a rude state, dispensed justice, exacted tribute, waged war, and
+contracted treaties.
+
+The ruler of each clan was called a chief, who was really the chief man
+of his family. Each clan was divided into branches who had chieftains
+over them. The members of the clan claimed consanguinity to the chief.
+The idea never entered into the mind of a Highlander that the chief was
+anything more than the head of the clan. The relation he sustained was
+subordinate to the will of the people. Sometimes his sway was unlimited,
+but necessarily paternal. The tribesmen were strongly attached to the
+person of their chief. He stood in the light of a protector, who must
+defend them and right their wrongs. They rallied to his support, and in
+defense they had a contempt for danger. The sway of the chief was of
+such a nature as to cultivate an imperishable love of independence,
+which was probably strengthened by an exceptional hardiness of
+character.
+
+The chief generally resided among his clansmen, and his castle was the
+court where rewards were distributed and distinctions conferred. All
+disputes were settled by his decision. They followed his standard in
+war, attended him in the chase, supplied his table and harvested the
+products of his fields. His nearest kinsmen became sub-chiefs, or
+chieftains, held their lands and properties from him, over which they
+exercised a subordinate jurisdiction. These became counsellors and
+assistants in all emergencies. One chief was distinguished from another
+by having a greater number of attendants, and by the exercise of
+general hospitality, kindness and condescension. At the castle everyone
+was made welcome, and treated according to his station, with a degree of
+courtesy and regard for his feelings. This courtesy not only raised the
+clansman in his own estimation, but drew the ties closer that bound him
+to his chief.
+
+While the position of chief was hereditary, yet the heir was obliged in
+honor to give a specimen of his valor, before he was assumed or declared
+leader of his people. Usually he made an incursion upon some chief with
+whom his clan had a feud. He gathered around him a retinue of young men
+who were ambitious to signalize themselves. They were obliged to bring,
+by open force, the cattle they found in the land they attacked, or else
+die in the attempt. If successful the youthful chief was ever after
+reputed valiant and worthy of the government. This custom being
+reciprocally used among them, was not reputed robbery; for the damage
+which one tribe sustained would receive compensation at the inauguration
+of its chief.
+
+Living in a climate, severe in winter, the people inured themselves to
+the frosts and snows, and cared not for the exposure to the severest
+storms or fiercest blasts. They were content to lie down, for a night's
+rest, among the heather on the hillside, in snow or rain, covered only
+by their plaid. It is related that the laird of Keppoch, chieftain of a
+branch of the MacDonalds, in a winter campaign against a neighboring
+clan, with whom he was at war, gave orders for a snow-ball to lay under
+his head in the night; whereupon, his followers objected, saying, "Now
+we despair of victory, since our leader has become so effeminate he
+can't sleep without a pillow."
+
+The high sense of honor cultivated by the relationship sustained to the
+chief was reflected by the most obscure inhabitant. Instances of theft
+from the dwelling houses seldom ever occurred, and highway robbery was
+never known. In the interior all property was safe without the security
+of locks, bolts and bars. In summer time the common receptacle for
+clothes, cheese, and everything that required air, was an open barn or
+shed. On account of wars, and raids from the neighboring clans, it was
+found necessary to protect the gates of castles.
+
+The Highlanders were a brave and high-spirited people, and living under
+a turbulent monarchy, and having neighbors, not the most peaceable, a
+warlike character was either developed or else sustained. Inured to
+poverty they acquired a hardihood which enabled them to sustain severe
+privations. In their school of life it was taught to consider courage an
+honorable virtue and cowardice the most disgraceful failing. Loving
+their native glen, they were ever ready to defend it to the last
+extremity. Their own good name and devotion to the clan emulated and
+held them to deeds of daring.
+
+It was hazardous for a chief to engage in war without the consent of his
+people; nor could deception be practiced successfully. Lord Murray
+raised a thousand men on his father's and lord Lovat's estates, under
+the assurance that they were to serve king James, but in reality for the
+service of king William. This was discovered while Murray was in the act
+of reviewing them; immediately they broke ranks, ran to an adjoining
+brook, and, filling their bonnets with water, drank to king James'
+health, and then marched off with pipes playing to join Dundee.
+
+The clan was raised within an incredibly short time. When a sudden or
+important emergency demanded the clansmen the chief slew a goat, and
+making a cross of light wood, seared its extremities with fire, and
+extinguished them in the blood of the animal. This was called the _Fiery
+Cross_, or Cross of Shame, because disobedience to what the symbol
+implied inferred infamy. It was delivered to a swift trusty runner, who
+with the utmost speed carried it to the first hamlet and delivered it to
+the principal person with the word of rendezvous. The one receiving it
+sent it with the utmost despatch to the next village; and thus with the
+utmost celerity it passed through all the district which owed allegiance
+to the chief, and if the danger was common, also among his neighbors and
+allies. Every man between the ages of sixteen and sixty, capable of
+bearing arms, must immediately repair to the place of rendezvous, in his
+best arms and accoutrements. In extreme cases childhood and old age
+obeyed it. He who failed to appear suffered the penalties of fire and
+sword, which were emblematically denounced to the disobedient by the
+bloody and burnt marks upon this warlike signal.
+
+In the camp, on the march, or in battle, the clan was commanded by the
+chief. If the chief was absent, then some responsible chieftain of the
+clan took the lead. In both their slogan guided them, for every clan had
+its own war-cry. Before commencing an attack the warriors generally took
+off their jackets and shoes. It was long remembered in Lochabar, that at
+the battle of Killiecrankie, Sir Ewen Cameron, at the head of his clan,
+just before engaging in the conflict, took from his feet, what was
+probably the only pair of shoes, among his tribesmen. Thus freed from
+everything that might impede their movements, they advanced to the
+assault, on a double-quick, and when within a few yards of the enemy,
+would pour in a volley of musketry and then rush forward with claymore
+in hand, reserving the pistol and dirk for close action. When in close
+quarters the bayonets of the enemy were received on their targets;
+thrusting them aside, they resorted to the pistol and dirk to complete
+the confusion made by the musket and claymore. In a close engagement
+they could not be withstood by regular troops.
+
+Another kind of warfare to which the Highlander was prone, is called
+_Creach_, or foray, but really the lifting of cattle. The _Creach_
+received the approbation of the clan, and was planned by some
+responsible individual. Their predatory raids were not made for the mere
+pleasure of plundering their neighbors. To them it was legitimate
+warfare, and generally in retaliation for recent injuries, or in revenge
+of former wrongs. They were strict in not offending those with whom they
+were in amity. They had high notions of the duty of observing faith to
+allies and hospitality to guests. They were warriors receiving the
+lawful prize of war, and when driving the herds of the Lowland farmers
+up the pass which led to their native glen considered it just as
+legitimate as did the Raleighs and Drakes when they divided the spoils
+of Spanish galleons. They were not always the aggressors. Every evidence
+proves that they submitted to grievances before resorting to arms. When
+retaliating it was with the knowledge that their own lands would be
+exposed to rapine. As an illustration of the view in which the _Creach_
+was held, the case of Donald Cameron may be taken, who was tried in
+1752, for cattle stealing, and executed at Kinloch Rannoch. At his
+execution he dwelt with surprise and indignation on his fate. He had
+never committed murder, nor robbed man or house, nor taken anything but
+cattle, and only then when on the grass, from one with whom he was at
+feud; why then should he be punished for doing that which was a common
+prey to all?
+
+After a successful expedition the chief gave a great entertainment, to
+which all the country around was invited. On such an occasion whole deer
+and beeves were roasted and laid on boards or hurdles of rods placed on
+the rough trunks of trees, so arranged as to form an extended table.
+During the feast spirituous liquors went round in plenteous libations.
+Meanwhile the pipers played, after which the women danced, and, when
+they retired, the harpers were introduced.
+
+Great feasting accompanied a wedding, and also the burial of a great
+personage. At the burial of one of the Lords of the Isles, in Iona, nine
+hundred cows were consumed.
+
+The true condition of a people may be known by the regard held for
+woman. The beauty of their women was extolled in song. Small eye-brows
+was considered as a mark of beauty, and names were bestowed upon the
+owners from this feature. No country in Europe held woman in so great
+esteem as in the Highlands of Scotland. An unfaithful, unkind, or even
+careless husband was looked upon as a monster. The parents gave dowers
+according to their means, consisting of cattle, provisions, farm
+stocking, etc. Where the parents were unable to provide sufficiently,
+then it was customary for a newly-married couple to collect from their
+neighbors enough to serve the first year.
+
+The marriage vow was sacredly kept. Whoever violated it, whether male or
+female, which seldom ever occurred, was made to stand in a barrel of
+cold water at the church door, after which the delinquent, clad in a wet
+canvas shirt, was made to stand before the congregation, and at the
+close of service, the minister explained the nature of the offense. A
+separation of a married couple among the common people was almost
+unknown. However disagreeable the wife might be, the husband rarely
+contemplated putting her away. Being his wife, he bore with her
+failings; as the mother of his children he continued to support her; a
+separation would have entailed reproach upon his posterity.
+
+Young married women never wore any close head-dress. The hair, with a
+slight ornament was tied with ribbons; but if she lost her virtue then
+she was obliged to wear a cap, and never appear again with her head
+uncovered.
+
+Honesty and fidelity were sacredly inculcated, and held to be virtues
+which all should be careful to practice. Honesty and fair dealing were
+enforced by custom, which had a more powerful influence, in their mutual
+transactions, than the legal enactments of later periods. Insolvency was
+considered disgraceful, and _prima facie_ a crime. Bankrupts surrendered
+their all, and then clad in a party colored clouted garment, with hose
+of different sets, had their hips dashed against a stone in presence of
+the people, by four men, each seizing an arm or a leg. Instances of
+faithfulness and attachment are innumerable. The one most frequently
+referred to occurred during the battle of Inverkeithing, between the
+Royalists and the troops of Cromwell, during which seven hundred and
+fifty of the Mac Leans, led by their chief, Sir Hector, fell upon the
+field. In the heat of the conflict, eight brothers of the clan
+sacrificed their lives in defense of their chief. Being hard pressed by
+the enemy, and stoutly refusing to change his position, he was supported
+and covered by these intrepid brothers. As each brother fell another
+rushed forward, covering his chief with his body, crying _Fear eil
+airson Eachainn_ (Another for Hector). This phrase has continued ever
+since as a proverb or watch-word when a man encounters any sudden danger
+that requires instant succor.
+
+The Highlands of Scotland is the only country of Europe that has never
+been distracted by religious controversy, or suffered from religious
+persecution. This possibly may have been due to their patriarchal form
+of government. The principles of the Christian religion were warmly
+accepted by the people, and cherished with a strong feeling. In their
+religious convictions they were peaceable and unobtrusive, never arming
+themselves with Scriptural texts in order to carry on offensive
+operations. Never being perplexed by doubt, they desired no one to
+corroborate their faith, and no inducement could persuade them to strut
+about in the garb of piety in order to attract respect. The reverence
+for the Creator was in the heart, rather than upon the lips. In that
+land papists and protestants lived together in charity and brotherhood,
+earnest and devoted in their churches, and in contact with the world,
+humane and charitable. The pulpit administrations were clear and simple,
+and blended with an impressive and captivating spirit. All ranks were
+influenced by the belief that cruelty, oppression, or other misconduct,
+descended to the children, even to the third and fourth generations.
+
+To a certain extent the religion of the Highlander was blended with a
+belief in ghosts, dreams and visions. The superstitions of the Gael were
+distinctly marked, and entirely too important to be overlooked. These
+beliefs may have been largely due to an uncultivated imagination and the
+narrow sphere in which he moved. His tales were adorned with the
+miraculous and his poetry contained as many shadowy as substantial
+personages. Innumerable were the stories of fairies, kelpies, urisks,
+witches and prophets or seers. Over him watched the Daoine Shi', or men
+of peace. In the glens and corries were heard the eerie sounds during
+the watches of the night. Strange emotions were aroused in the hearts of
+those who heard the raging of the tempest, the roaring of the swollen
+rivers and dashing of the water-fall, the thunder peals echoing from
+crag to crag, and the lightning rending rocks and shivering to pieces
+the trees. When a reasonable cause could not be assigned for a calamity
+it was ascribed to the operations of evil spirits. The evil one had
+power to make compacts, but against these was the virtue of the charmed
+circle. One of the most dangerous and malignant of beings was the
+Water-kelpie, which allured women and children into its element, where
+they were drowned, and then became its prey. It could skim along the
+surface of the water, and browse by its side, or even suddenly swell a
+river or loch, which it inhabited, until an unwary traveller might be
+engulfed. The Urisks were half-men, half-spirits, who, by kind
+treatment, could be induced to do a good turn, even to the drudgeries of
+a farm. Although scattered over the whole Highlands, they assembled in
+the celebrated cave--_Coire-nan-Uriskin_--situated near the base of Ben
+Venue, in Aberfoyle.
+
+[Illustration: COIRE-NAN-URISKIN.]
+
+   "By many a bard, in Celtic tongue,
+   Has Coire-nan-Uriskin been sung;
+   A softer name the Saxons gave,
+   And call'd the grot the Goblin-cave,
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Gray Superstition's whisper dread
+   Debarr'd the spot to vulgar tread;
+   For there, she said, did fays resort,
+   And satyrs hold their sylvan court."--
+                     _Lady of the Lake_.
+
+The Daoine Shi' were believed to be a peevish, repining race of beings,
+who, possessing but a scant portion of happiness, envied mankind their
+more complete and substantial enjoyments. They had a sort of a shadowy
+happiness, a tinsel grandeur, in their subterranean abodes. Many persons
+had been entertained in their secret retreats, where they were received
+into the most splendid apartments, and regaled with sumptuous banquets
+and delicious wines. Should a mortal, however, partake of their
+dainties, then he was forever doomed to the condition of shi'ick, or Man
+of Peace. These banquets and all the paraphernalia of their homes were
+but deceptions. They dressed in green, and took offense at any mortal
+who ventured to assume their favorite color. Hence, in some parts of
+Scotland, green was held to be unlucky to certain tribes and counties.
+The men of Caithness alleged that their bands that wore this color were
+cut off at the battle of Flodden; and for this reason they avoided the
+crossing of the Ord on a Monday, that being the day of the week on which
+the ill-omened array set forth. This color was disliked by both those of
+the name of Ogilvy and Graham. The greatest precautions had to be taken
+against the Daoine Shi' in order to prevent them from spiriting away
+mothers and their newly-born children. Witches and prophets or seers,
+were frequently consulted, especially before going into battle. The
+warnings were not always received with attention. Indeed, as a rule, the
+chiefs were seldom deterred from their purpose by the warnings of the
+oracles they consulted.
+
+It has been advocated that the superstitions of the Highlanders, on the
+whole, were elevating and ennobling, which plea cannot well be
+sustained. It is admitted that in some of these superstitions there were
+lessons taught which warned against dishonorable acts, and impressed
+what to them were attached disgrace both to themselves and also to their
+kindred; and that oppression, treachery, or any other wickedness would
+be punished alike in their own persons and in those of their
+descendants. Still, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that the
+doctrines of rewards and punishments had for generations been taught
+them from the pulpit. How far these teachings had been interwoven with
+their superstitions would be an impossible problem to solve.
+
+The Highlanders were poetical. Their poets, or bards, were legion, and
+possessed a marked influence over the imaginations of the people. They
+excited the Gael to deeds of valor. Their compositions were all set to
+music,--many of them composing the airs to which their verses were
+adapted. Every chief had his bard. The aged minstrel was in attendance
+on all important occasions: at birth, marriage and death; at succession,
+victory, and defeat. He stimulated the warriors in battle by chanting
+the glorious deeds of their ancestors; exhorted them to emulate those
+distinguished examples, and, if possible, shed a still greater lustre on
+the warlike reputation of the clan. These addresses were delivered with
+great vehemence of manner, and never failed to raise the feelings of the
+listeners to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. When the voice of the bard
+was lost in the din of battle then the piper raised the inspiring sound
+of the pibroch. When the conflict was over the bard and the piper were
+again called into service--the former to honor the memory of those who
+had fallen, to celebrate the actions of the survivors, and excite them
+to further deeds of valor. The piper played the mournful Coronach for
+the slain, and by his notes reminded the survivors how honorable was the
+conduct of the dead.
+
+The bards were the _senachies_ or historians of the clans, and were
+recognized as a very important factor in society. They represented the
+literature of their times. In the absence of books they constituted the
+library and learning of the tribe. They were the living chronicles of
+past events, and the depositories of popular poetry. Tales and old poems
+were known to special reciters. When collected around their evening
+fires, a favorite pastime was a recital of traditional tales and poetry.
+The most acceptable guest was the one who could rehearse the longest
+poem or most interesting tale. Living in the land of Ossian, it was
+natural to ask a stranger, "Can you speak of the days of Fingal?" If the
+answer was in the affirmative, then the neighbors were summoned, and
+poems and old tales would be the order until the hour of midnight. The
+reciter threw into the recitation all the powers of his soul and gave
+vent to the sentiment. Both sexes always participated in these meetings.
+
+The poetry was not always of the same cast. It varied as greatly as were
+the moods of the composer. The sublimity of Ossian had its opposite in
+the biting sarcasm and trenchant ridicule of some of the minor poets.
+
+Martin, who travelled in the Western Isles, about 1695, remarks: "They
+are a very sagacious people, quick of apprehension, and even the vulgar
+exceed all those of their rank and education I ever yet saw in any other
+country. They have a great genius for music and mechanics. I have
+observed several of their children that before they could speak were
+capable to distinguish and make choice of one tune before another upon
+a violin; for they appeared always uneasy until the tune which they
+fancied best was played, and then they expressed their satisfaction by
+the motions of their head and hands. There are several of them who
+invent tunes already taking in the South of Scotland and elsewhere. Some
+musicians have endeavored to pass for first inventors of them by
+changing their name, but this has been impracticable; for whatever
+language gives the modern name, the tune still continues to speak its
+true original. * * *. Some of both sexes have a quick vein of poetry,
+and in their language--which is very emphatic--they compose rhyme and
+verse, both which powerfully affect the fancy. And in my judgment (which
+is not singular in this matter) with as great force as that of any
+ancient or modern poet I ever read. They have generally very retentive
+memories; they see things at a great distance. The unhappiness of their
+education, and their want of converse with foreign nations, deprives
+them of the opportunity to cultivate and beautify their genius, which
+seems to have been formed by nature for great attainments."[1]
+
+The piper was an important factor in Highland society. From the earliest
+period the Highlanders were fond of music and dancing, and the notes of
+the bag-pipe moved them as no other instrument could. The piper
+performed his duty in peace as well as in war. At harvest homes,
+Hallowe'en christenings, weddings, and evenings spent in dancing, he was
+the hero for the occasion. The people took delight in the high-toned
+warlike notes to which they danced, and were charmed with the solemn and
+melancholy airs which filled up the pauses. Withal the piper was a
+humorous fellow and was full of stories.
+
+The harp was a very ancient musical instrument, and was called
+_clarsach_. It had thirty strings, with the peculiarity that the front
+arm was not perpendicular to the sounding board, but turned considerably
+towards the left, to afford a greater opening for the voice of the
+performer, and this construction showed that the accompaniment of the
+voice was a chief province of the harper. Some harps had but four
+strings. Great pains were taken to decorate the instrument. One of the
+last harpers was Roderick Morrison, usually called Rory Dall. He served
+the chief of Mac Leod. He flourished about 1650.
+
+Referring again to Gaelic music it may be stated that its air can
+easily be detected. It is quaint and pathetic, moving one with intervals
+singular in their irregularity. When compared with the common airs among
+the English, the two are found to be quite distinct. The airs to which
+"Scots wha hae," "Auld Langsyne," "Roy's Wife," "O a' the Airts," and
+"Ye Banks and Braes" are written, are such that nothing similar can be
+found in England. They are Scottish. Airs of precisely the same
+character are, however, found among all Keltic races.
+
+No portraiture of a Highlander would be complete without a description
+of his garb. His costume was as picturesque as his native hills. It was
+well adapted to his mode of life. By its lightness and freedom he was
+enabled to use his limbs and handle his arms with ease and dexterity. He
+moved with great swiftness. Every clan had a plaid of its own, differing
+in the combination of its colors from all others. Thus a Cameron, a Mac
+Donald, a Mac Kenzie, etc., was known by his plaid; and in like manner
+the Athole, Glenorchy, and other colors of different districts were
+easily discernible. Besides those of tribal designations, industrious
+housewives had patterns, distinguished by the set, superior quality, and
+fineness of the cloth, or brightness and variety of the colors. The
+removal of tenants rarely occurred, and consequently, it was easy to
+preserve and perpetuate any particular set, or pattern, even among the
+lower orders. The plaid was made of fine wool, with much ingenuity in
+sorting the colors. In order to give exact patterns the women had before
+them a piece of wood with every thread of the stripe upon it. Until
+quite recently it was believed that the plaid, philibeg and bonnet
+formed the ancient garb. The philibeg or kilt, as distinct from the
+plaid, in all probability, is comparatively modern. The truis,
+consisting of breeches and stockings, is one piece and made to fit
+closely to the limbs, was an old costume. The belted plaid was a piece
+of tartan two yards in breadth, and four in length. It surrounded the
+waist in great folds, being firmly bound round the loins with a leathern
+belt, and in such manner that the lower side fell down to the middle of
+the knee joint. The upper part was fastened to the left shoulder with a
+large brooch or pin, leaving the right arm uncovered and at full
+liberty. In wet weather the plaid was thrown loose, covering both
+shoulders and body. When the use of both arms was required, it was
+fastened across the breast by a large bodkin or circular brooch. The
+sporan, a large purse of goat or badger's skin, usually ornamented, was
+hung before. The bonnet completed the garb. The garters were broad and
+of rich colors, forming a close texture which was not liable to wrinkle.
+The kilted-plaid was generally double, and when let down enveloped the
+whole person, thus forming a shelter from the storm. Shoes and stockings
+are of comparatively recent times. In lieu of the shoe untanned leather
+was tied with thongs around the feet. Burt, writing about the year 1727,
+when some innovations had been made, says: "The Highland dress consists
+of a bonnet made of thrum without a brim, a short coat, a waistcoat
+longer by five or six inches, short stockings, and brogues or pumps
+without heels * * * Few besides gentlemen wear the truis, that is, the
+breeches and stockings all of one piece and drawn on together; over this
+habit they wear a plaid, which is usually three yards long and two
+breadths wide, and the whole garb is made of checkered tartan or
+plaiding; this with the sword and pistol, is called a _full dress_, and
+to a well proportioned man with any tolerable air, it makes an agreeable
+figure."[2] The plaid was the undress of the ladies, and to a woman who
+adjusted it with an important air, it proved to be a becoming veil. It
+was made of silk or fine worsted, checkered with various lively colors,
+two breadths wide and three yards in length. It was brought over the
+head and made to hide or discover the face, according to the occasion,
+or the wearer's fancy; it reached to the waist behind; one corner
+dropped as low as the ankle on one side, and the other part, in folds,
+hung down from the opposite arm. The sleeves were of scarlet cloth,
+closed at the ends as man's vests, with gold lace round them, having
+plate buttons set with fine stones. The head-dress was a fine kerchief
+of linen, straight about the head. The plaid was tied before on the
+breast, with a buckle of silver or brass, according to the quality of
+the person. The plaid was tied round the waist with a belt of leather.
+
+The Highlanders bore their part in all of Scotland's wars. An appeal, or
+order, to them never was made in vain. Only a brief notice must here
+suffice. Almost at the very dawn of Scotland's history we find the
+inhabitants beyond the Grampians taking a bold stand in behalf of their
+liberties. The Romans early triumphed over England and the southern
+limits of Scotland. In the year 78 A.D., Agricola, an able and vigorous
+commander, was appointed over the forces in Britain. During the years
+80, 81, and 82, he subdued that part of Scotland south of the friths of
+Forth and Clyde. Learning that a confederacy had been formed to resist
+him at the north, during the summer of 83, he opened the campaign beyond
+the friths. His movements did not escape the keen eyes of the
+mountaineers, for in the night time they suddenly fell upon the Ninth
+Legion at Loch Ore, and were only repulsed after a desperate resistance.
+The Roman army receiving auxiliaries from the south, Agricola, in the
+summer of 84, took up his line of march towards the Grampians. The
+northern tribes, in the meantime, had united under a powerful leader
+whom the Romans called Galgacus. They fully realized that their
+liberties were in danger. They sent their wives and children into places
+of safety, and, thirty thousand strong, waited the advance of the enemy.
+The two armies came together at _Mons Grampius_. The field presented a
+dreadful spectacle of carnage and destruction; for ten thousand of the
+tribesmen fell in the engagement. The Roman army elated by its success
+passed the night in exultation. The victory was barren of results, for,
+after three years of persevering warfare, the Romans were forced to
+relinquish the object of the expedition. In the year 183 the Highlanders
+broke through the northern Roman wall. In 207 the irrepressible people
+again broke over their limits, which brought the emperor Severus,
+although old and in bad health, into the field. Exasperated by their
+resistance the emperor sought to extirpate them because they had
+prevented his nation from becoming the conquerors of Europe. Collecting
+a large body of troops he directed them into the mountains, and marched
+from the wall of Antoninus even to the very extremity of the island; but
+this year, 208, was also barren of fruits. Fifty thousand Romans fell a
+prey to fatigue, the climate, and the desultory assaults of the natives.
+Soon after the entire country north of the Antonine wall, was given up,
+for it was found that while it was necessary for one legion to keep the
+southern parts in subjection two were required to repel the incursions
+of the Gael. Incursions from the north again broke out during the year
+306, when the restless tribes were repelled by Constantius Chlorus. In
+the year 345 they were again repelled by Constans. During all these
+years the Highlanders were learning the art of war by their contact with
+the Romans. They no longer feared the invaders, for about the year 360,
+they advanced into the Roman territories and committed many
+depredations. There was another outbreak about the year 398. Finally,
+about the year 446, the Romans abandoned Britain, and advised the
+inhabitants, who had suffered from the northern tribes, to protect
+themselves by retiring behind and keeping in repair the wall of Severus.
+
+The people were gradually forming for themselves distinct
+characteristics, as well as a separate kingdom confined within the
+Grampian boundaries. This has been known as the kingdom of the Scots;
+but to the Highlander as that of the Gael, or Albanich. The epithets,
+Scots and English, are totally unknown in Gaelic. They call the English
+Sassanachs, the Lowlanders are Gauls, and their own country Gaeldach.
+
+Passing over several centuries and paying no attention to the rapines of
+the Danes and the Norse, we find that the power of the Norwegians, under
+king Haco, was broken at the battle of the Largs, fought October 2d,
+1263. King Alexander III. summoned the Highlanders, who rallied to the
+defence of their country and rendered such assistance as was required.
+The right wing of the Scottish army was composed of the men of Argyle,
+Lennox, Athole, and Galloway, while the left wing was constituted by
+those from Fife, Stirling, Berwick, and Lothian. The center, commanded
+by the king in person, was composed of the men of Ross, Perth, Angus,
+Mar, Mearns, Moray, Inverness, and Caithness.
+
+The conquest of Scotland, undertaken by the English Edwards, culminated
+in the battle of Bannockburn, fought Monday, June 24, 1314, when the
+invaders met with a crushing defeat, leaving thirty thousand of their
+number dead upon the field, or two-thirds as many as there were Scots
+on the field. In this battle the reserve, composed of the men of Argyle,
+Carrick, Kintyre, and the Isles, formed the fourth line, was commanded
+by Bruce in person. The following clans, commanded in person by their
+respective chiefs, had the distinguished honor of fighting nobly:
+Stewart, Macdonald, Mackay, Mackintosh, Macpherson, Cameron, Sinclair,
+Drummond, Campbell, Menzies, Maclean, Sutherland, Robertson, Grant,
+Fraser, Macfarlane, Ross, Macgregor, Munro, Mackenzie, and Macquarrie,
+or twenty-one in all.
+
+In the year 1513, James IV. determined on an invasion of England, and
+summoned the whole array of his kingdom to meet him on the common moor
+of Edinburgh. One hundred thousand men assembled in obedience to the
+command. This great host met the English on the field of Flodden,
+September 9th. The right divisions of James' army were chiefly composed
+of Highlanders. The shock of the mountaineers, as they poured upon the
+English pikemen, was terrible; but the force of the onslaught once
+sustained became spent with its own violence. The consequence was a
+total rout of the right wing accompanied by great slaughter. Of this
+host there perished on the field fifteen lords and chiefs of clans.
+
+During the year 1547, the English, under the duke of Somerset, invaded
+Scotland. The hostile armies came together at Pinkie, September 18th.
+The right and left wings of the Scottish army were composed of
+Highlanders. During the conflict the Highlanders could not resist the
+temptation to plunder, and, while thus engaged, saw the division of
+Angus falling back, though in good order; mistaking this retrograde
+movement for a flight, they were suddenly seized with a panic and ran
+off in all directions. Their terror was communicated to other troops,
+who immediately threw away their arms and followed the Highlanders.
+Everything was now lost; the ground over which the fight lay was as
+thickly strewed with pikes as a floor with rushes; helmets, bucklers,
+swords, daggers, and steel caps lay scattered on every side; and the
+chase beginning at one o'clock, continued till six in the evening with
+extraordinary slaughter.
+
+During the reign of Charles I. civil commotions broke out which shook
+the kingdom with great violence. The Scots were courted by king and
+parliament alike. The Highlanders were devoted to the royal government.
+In the year 1644 Montrose made a diversion in the Highlands. With
+dazzling rapacity, at first only supported by a handful of followers,
+but gathering numbers with success, he erected the royal standard at
+Dumfries. The clans obeyed his summons, and on September 1st, at
+Tippermuir, he defeated the Covenanters, and again on the 12th at the
+Bridge of Dee. On February 2nd, 1645, at Inverlochy, he crushed the
+Argyle Campbells, who had taken up the sword on behalf of Cromwell. In
+rapid succession other victories were won at Auldearn, Alford and
+Kilsyth. All Scotland now appeared to be recovered for Charles, but the
+fruit of all these victories was lost by the defeat at Philiphaugh,
+September 13th, 1645.
+
+Within the brief space of three years. James II., of England, succeeded
+in fanning the revolutionary elements both in England and Scotland into
+a flame which he was powerless to quench. The Highlanders chiefly
+adhered to the party of James which received the name of Jacobites.
+Dundee hastened to the Highlands and around him gathered the Highland
+chiefs at Lochabar. The army of William, under Hugh Mackay, met the
+forces of Dundee at Killiecrankie, July 29th, 1689, where, under the
+spirited leadership of the latter, and the irresistible torrent of the
+Highland charge, the forces of the former were almost annihilated; but
+at the moment of victory Bonnie Dundee was killed by a bullet. No one
+was left who was equal to the occasion, or who could hold the clans
+together, and hence the victory was in reality a defeat.
+
+The exiled Stuarts looked with a longing eye to that crown which their
+stupid folly had forfeited. They seemed fated to bring countless woes
+upon the loyal hearted, brave, self-sacrificing Highlanders, and were
+ever eager to take advantage of any circumstance that might lead to
+their restoration. The accession of George I, in 1714, was an unhappy
+event for Great Britain. Discontent soon pervaded the kingdom. All he
+appeared to care about was to secure for himself and his family a high
+position, which he scarcely knew how to occupy: to fill the pockets of
+his German attendants and his German mistresses; to get away as often
+as possible from his uncongenial islanders whose language he did not
+understand, and to use the strength of Great Britain to obtain petty
+advantages for his German principality. At once the new king exhibited
+violent prejudices against some of the chief men of the nation, and
+irritated without a cause a large part of his subjects. Some believed it
+was a favorable opportunity to reinstate the Stuart dynasty. John
+Erskine, eleventh earl of Mar, stung by studied and unprovoked insults,
+on the part of the king, proceeded to the Highlands and placed himself
+at the head of the forces of the house of Stuart, or Jacobites, as they
+were called. On September 6, 1715, Mar assembled at Aboyne the noblemen,
+chiefs of clans, gentlemen, and others, with such followers as could be
+brought together, and proclaimed James, king of Great Britain. The
+insurrection, both in England and Scotland, began to grow in popularity,
+and would have been a success had there been at the head of affairs a
+strong military man. Nearly all the principal chiefs of the clans were
+drawn into the movement. At Sheriffmuir, the contending forces met,
+Sunday, November 13, 1715. The victory was with the Highlanders, but
+Mar's military talents were not equal to the occasion. The army was
+finally disbanded at Aberdeen, in February, 1716.
+
+The rebellion of 1745, headed by prince Charles Stuart, was the grandest
+exhibition of chivalry, on the part of the Highlanders, that the world
+has ever seen. They were actuated by an exalted sense of devotion to
+that family, which for generations, they had been taught should reign
+over them. At first victory crowned their efforts, but all was lost on
+the disastrous field of Culloden, fought April 16, 1746.
+
+Were it possible it would be an unspeakable pleasure to drop a veil over
+the scene, at the close of the battle of Culloden. Language fails to
+depict the horrors that ensued. It is scarcely within the bounds of
+belief that human beings could perpetrate such atrocities upon the
+helpless, the feeble, and the innocent, without regard to sex or age, as
+followed in the wake of the victors. Highland historians have made the
+facts known. It must suffice here to give a moderate statement from an
+English writer:
+
+   "Quarter was seldom given to the stragglers and fugitives, except to
+   a few considerately reserved for public execution. No care or
+   compassion was shown to their wounded; nay more, on the following day
+   most of these were put to death in cold blood, with a cruelty such as
+   never perhaps before or since has disgraced a British army. Some were
+   dragged from the thickets or cabins where they had sought refuge,
+   drawn out in line and shot, while others were dispatched by the
+   soldiers with the stocks of their muskets. One farm-building, into
+   which some twenty disabled Highlanders had crawled, was deliberately
+   set on fire the next day, and burnt with them to the ground. The
+   native prisoners were scarcely better treated; and even sufficient
+   water was not vouchsafed to their thirst. **** Every kind of havoc
+   and outrage was not only permitted, but, I fear, we must add,
+   encouraged. Military license usurped the place of law, and a fierce
+   and exasperated soldiery were at once judge--jury--executioner. ****
+   The rebels' country was laid waste, the houses plundered, the cabins
+   burnt, the cattle driven away. The men had fled to the mountains, but
+   such as could be found were frequently shot; nor was mercy always
+   granted even to their helpless families. In many cases the women and
+   children, expelled from their homes and seeking shelter in the clefts
+   of the rocks, miserably perished of cold and hunger: others were
+   reduced to follow the track of the marauders, humbly imploring for
+   the blood and offal of their own cattle which had been slaughtered
+   for the soldiers' food! Such is the avowal which historical justice
+   demands. But let me turn from further details of these painful and
+   irritating scenes, or of the ribald frolics and revelry with which
+   they were intermingled--races of naked women on horseback for the
+   amusement of the camp at Fort Augustus."[3]
+
+The author and abettor of these atrocities was the son of the reigning
+monarch.
+
+Not satisfied with the destruction which was carried into the very homes
+of this gallant, brave and generous race of people, the British
+parliament, with a refined cruelty, passed an act that, on and after
+August 1, 1747, any person, man, or boy, in Scotland, who should on any
+pretense whatever wear any part of the Highland garb, should be
+imprisoned not less than six months; and on conviction of second
+offense, transportation abroad for seven years. The soldiers had
+instructions to shoot upon the spot any one seen wearing the Highland
+garb, and this as late as September, 1750. This law and other laws made
+at the same time were unnecessarily severe.
+
+However impartial or fair a traveller may be his statements are not to
+be accepted without due caution. He narrates that which most forcibly
+attracts his attention, being ever careful to search out that which he
+desires. Yet, to a certain extent, dependence must be placed in his
+observations. From certain travellers are gleaned fearful pictures of
+the Highlanders during the eighteenth century, written without a due
+consideration of the underlying causes. The power of the chiefs had been
+weakened, while the law was still impotent, many of them were in exile
+and their estates forfeited, and landlords, in not a few instances,
+placed over the clansmen, who were inimical to their best interests. As
+has been noticed, in 1746 the country was ravaged and pitiless
+oppression followed. Destruction and misery everywhere abounded. To
+judge a former condition of a people by their present extremity affords
+a distorted view of the picture.
+
+Fire and sword, war and rapine, desolation and atrocity, perpetrated
+upon a high-spirited and generous people, cannot conduce to the best
+moral condition. Left in poverty and galled by outrage, wrongs will be
+resorted to which otherwise would be foreign to a natural disposition.
+If the influences of a more refined age had not penetrated the remote
+glens, then a rougher reprisal must be expected. The coarseness, vice,
+rapacity, and inhumanity of the oppressor must of necessity have a
+corresponding influence on their better natures. If to this it be added
+that some of the chiefs were naturally fierce, the origin of the sad
+features could readily be determined. Whatever vices practiced or wrongs
+perpetrated, the example was set before them by their more powerful and
+better conditioned neighbors. Among the crimes enumerated is that some
+of the chiefs increased their scanty incomes by kidnapping boys or men,
+whom they sold as slaves to the American planters. If this be true, and
+in all probability it was, there must have been confederates engaged in
+maritime pursuits. But they did not have far to go for this lesson, for
+this nefarious trade was taught them, at their very doors, by the
+merchants of Aberdeen, who were "noted for a scandalous system of
+decoying young boys from the country and selling them as slaves to the
+planters in Virginia. It was a trade which in the early part of the
+eighteenth century, was carried on to a considerable extent through the
+Highlands; and a case which took place about 1742 attracted much notice
+a few years later, when one of the victims having escaped from
+servitude, returned to Aberdeen, and published a narrative of his
+sufferings, seriously implicating some of the magistracy of the town. He
+was prosecuted and condemned for libel by the local authorities, but the
+case was afterwards carried to Edinburgh. The iniquitous system of
+kidnapping was fully exposed, and the judges of the supreme court
+unanimously reversed the verdict of the Aberdeen authorities and imposed
+a heavy fine upon the provost, the four bailies, and the dean of guild.
+*** An atrocious case of this kind, which shows clearly the state of the
+Highlands, occurred in 1739. Nearly one hundred men, women and children
+were seized in the dead of night on the islands of Skye and Harris,
+pinioned, horribly beaten, and stowed away in a ship bound for America,
+in order to be sold to the planters. Fortunately the ship touched at
+Donaghadee in Ireland, and the prisoners, after undergoing the most
+frightful sufferings, succeeded in escaping."[4]
+
+Under existing circumstances it was but natural that the more
+enterprising, and especially that intelligent portion who had lost their
+heritable jurisdiction, should turn with longing eyes to another
+country. America offered the most inviting asylum. Although there was
+some emigration to America during the first half of the eighteenth
+century, yet it did not fairly set in until about 1760. Between the
+years 1763 and 1775 over twenty thousand Highlanders left their homes to
+seek a better retreat in the forests of America.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: "Description of the Western Islands," pp. 199, 200.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Letters from the North," Vol. II., p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Lord Mahon's "History of England," Vol. III, pp. 308-311.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lecky's "History of England," Vol. II, p. 274.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The name Scotland was never applied to that country, now so designated,
+before the tenth century, but was called Alban, Albania, Albion. At an
+early period Ireland was called Scotia, which name was exclusively so
+applied before the tenth century. Scotia was then a territorial or
+geographical term, while Scotus was a race name or generic term,
+implying people as well as country. "The generic term of _Scoti_
+embraced the people of that race whether inhabiting Ireland or Britain.
+As this term of Scotia was a geographical term derived from the generic
+name of a people, it was to some extent a fluctuating name, and though
+applied at first to Ireland, which possessed the more distinctive name
+of Hibernia, as the principal seat of the race from whom the name was
+derived, it is obvious that, if the people from whom the name was taken
+inhabited other countries, the name itself would have a tendency to pass
+from the one to the other, according to the prominence which the
+different settlements of the race assumed in the history of the world;
+and as the race of the Scots in Britain became more extended, and their
+power more formidable, the territorial name would have a tendency to fix
+itself where the race had become most conspicuous.... The name in its
+Latin form of Scotia, was transferred from Ireland to Scotland in the
+reign of Malcolm the Second, who reigned from 1004 to 1034. The 'Pictish
+Chronicle,' compiled before 997, knows nothing of the name of Scotia as
+applied to North Britain; but Marianus Scotus, who lived from 1028 to
+1081, calls Malcolm the Second 'rex _Scotiae_,' and Brian, king of
+Ireland, 'rex _Hiberniae_.' The author of the 'Life of St. Cadroe,' in
+the eleventh century, likewise applies the name of _Scotia_ to North
+Britain."[5]
+
+A strong immigration early set in from the north of Ireland to the
+western parts of Scotland. It was under no leadership, but more in the
+nature of an overflow, or else partaking of the spirit of adventure.
+This was accelerated in the year 503, when a new colony of Dalriadic
+Scots, under the leadership of Fergus, son of Eric, left Ireland and
+settled on the western coast of Argyle and the adjacent isles. From
+Fergus was derived the line of Scoto-Irish kings, who finally, in 843,
+ascended the Pictish throne.
+
+The inhabitants of Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland were but
+branches of the same Keltic stock, and their language was substantially
+the same. There was not only more or less migrations between the two
+countries, but also, to a greater or less extent, an impinging between
+the people.
+
+Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, is composed of the counties of
+Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan
+and Tyrone. Formerly it was the seat of the O'Neills, as well as the
+lesser septs of O'Donnell, O'Cahan, O'Doherty, Maguire, MacMahon, etc.
+The settlements made by the earlier migrations of the Highlanders were
+chiefly on the coast of Antrim. These settlements were connected with
+and dependent on the Clandonald of Islay and Kintyre. The founder of
+this branch of that powerful family was John Mor, second son of "the
+good John of Islay," who, about the year 1400, married Majory Bisset,
+heiress of the Glens, in Antrim, and thus acquired a permanent footing.
+The family was not only strengthened by settling cadets of its own house
+as tenants in the territory of the Glens, but also by intermarriages
+with the families of O'Neill, O'Donnell, and others. In extending its
+Irish possessions the Clandonald was brought into frequent conflicts and
+feuds with the Irish of Ulster. In 1558 the Hebrideans had become so
+strong in Ulster that the archbishop of Armagh urged on the government
+the advisability of their expulsion by procuring their Irish neighbors,
+O'Donnell, O'Neill, O'Cahan, and others, to unite against them. In 1565
+the MacDonalds suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Shane O'Neill,
+earl of Tyrone. The Scottish islanders still continued to exercise
+considerable power. Sorley Buy MacDonald, a man of great courage, soon
+extended his influence over the adjacent territories, in so much so that
+in 1575-1585, the English were forced to turn their attention to the
+progress of the Scots. The latter having been defeated, an agreement
+was made in which Sorley Buy was granted four districts. His eldest son,
+Sir James MacSorley Buy, or MacDonell of Dunluce, became a strenuous
+supporter of the government of James on his accession to the British
+throne.
+
+In the meantime other forces were at work. Seeds of discontent had been
+sown by both Henry VIII, and his daughter Elizabeth, who tried to force
+the people of Ireland to accept the ritual of the Reformed Church. Both
+reaped abundant fruit of trouble from this ill-advised policy. Being
+inured to war it did not require much fire to be fanned into a flame of
+commotion and discord. Soon after his accession to the English throne,
+James I caused certain estates of Irish nobles, who had engaged in
+treasonable practices, to be escheated to the crown. By this
+confiscation James had at his disposal nearly six counties in Ulster,
+embracing half a million of acres. These lands were allotted to private
+individuals in sections of one thousand, fifteen hundred, and two
+thousand acres, each being required to support an adequate number of
+English or Scottish tenantry. Protestant colonies were transplanted from
+England and Scotland, but chiefly from the latter, with the intent that
+the principles of the Reformation should subdue the turbulent natives.
+The proclamation inviting settlers for Ulster was dated at Edinburgh,
+March 28, 1609. Great care was taken in selecting the emigrants, to
+which the king gave his personal attention. Measures were taken that the
+settlers should be "from the inward parts of Scotland," and that they
+should be so located that "they may not mix nor intermarry" with "the
+mere Irish." For the most part the people were received from the shires
+of Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayre, Galloway, and Dumfries. On account of
+religious persecutions, in 1665, a large additional accession was
+received from Galloway and Ayre. The chief seat of the colonization
+scheme was in the county of Londonderry. The new settlers did not mix
+with the native population to any appreciable extent, especially prior
+to 1741, but mingled freely with the English Puritans and the refugee
+Huguenots. The native race was forced sullenly to retire before the
+colonists. Although the king had expressly forbidden any more of the
+inhabitants of the Western Isles to be taken to Ulster, yet the blood
+of the Highlander, to a great degree, permeated that of the Ulsterman,
+and had its due weight in forming the character of the Scotch-Irish. The
+commotions in the Highlands, during the civil wars, swelled the number
+to greater proportions. The rebellions of 1715 and 1745 added a large
+percentage to the increasing population. The names of the people are
+interesting, both as illustrating their origin, and as showing the
+extraordinary corruptions which some have undergone. As an illustration,
+the proscribed clan MacGregor, may be cited, which migrated in great
+numbers, descendants of whom are still to be found under the names of
+Grier, Greer, Gregor, etc., the _Mac_ in general being dropped;
+MacKinnon becomes McKenna, McKean, McCannon; Mac Nish is McNeice,
+Menees, Munnis, Monies, etc.
+
+The Scotch settlers retained the characteristic traits of their native
+stock and continued to call themselves Scotch, although molded somewhat
+by surrounding influences. They demanded and exercised the privilege of
+choosing their own spiritual advisers, in opposition to all efforts of
+the hierarchy of England to make the choice and support the clergy as a
+state concern.
+
+From the descendants of these people came the Scotch-Irish emigrants to
+America, who were destined to perform an important part on the theatre
+of action by organizing a successful revolt and establishing a new
+government. Among the early emigrants to the New World, although termed
+Scotch-Irish, and belonging to them we have such names as Campbell,
+Ferguson, Graham, McFarland, McDonald, McGregor, McIntyre, McKenzie,
+McLean, McPherson, Morrison, Robertson, Stewart, etc., all of which are
+distinctly Highlander and suggestive of the clans.
+
+On the outbreak of the American Revolution the thirteen colonies
+numbered among their inhabitants about eight hundred thousand Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, or a little more than one-fourth of the entire population.
+They were among the first to become actively engaged in that struggle,
+and so continued until the peace, furnishing fourteen major-generals,
+and thirty brigadier generals, among whom may be mentioned St. Clair,
+McDougall, Mercer, McIntosh, Wayne, Knox, Montgomery, Sullivan, Stark,
+Morgan, Davidson, and others. More than any other one element, unless
+the New England Puritans be excepted, they formed a sentiment for
+independence, and recruited the continental army. To their valor,
+enthusiasm and dogged persistence the victory for liberty was largely
+due. Washington pronounced on them a proud encomium when he declared,
+during the darkest period of the Revolution, that if his efforts should
+fail, then he would erect his standard on the Blue Ridge of Virginia.
+Besides warring against the drilled armies of Britain on the sea coast
+they formed a protective wall between the settlements and the savages on
+the west.
+
+Among the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, nine
+were of this lineage, one of whom, McKean, served continuously in
+Congress from its opening in 1774 till its close in 1783, during a part
+of which time he was its president, and also serving as chief justice of
+Pennsylvania. The chairman of the committee that drafted the
+constitution of the United States, Rutledge, was, by ancestry,
+Scotch-Irish. When the same instrument was submitted, the three states
+first to adopt it were the middle states, or Delaware, Pennsylvania and
+New Jersey, so largely settled by the same class of people.
+
+Turning again specifically to the Scotch-Irish emigrants it may be
+remarked that they had received in the old country a splendid physique,
+having large bones and sound teeth, besides being trained to habits of
+industry. The mass of them were men of intelligence, resolution, energy,
+religious and moral in character. They were a God-fearing,
+liberty-loving, tyrant-hating, Sabbath-keeping, covenant-adhering race,
+and schooled by a discipline made fresh and impressive by the heroic
+efforts at Derry and Enniskillin. Their women were fine specimens of the
+sex, about the medium height, strongly built, with fair complexion,
+light blue or grey eyes, ruddy cheeks, and faces indicating a warm
+heart, intelligence and courage; and possessing those virtues which
+constitute the redeeming qualities of the human race.
+
+These people were martyrs for conscience sake. In 1711 a measure was
+carried through the British parliament that provided that all persons in
+places of profit or trust, and all common councilmen in corporations,
+who, while holding office, were proved to have attended any
+Nonconformist place of worship, should forfeit the place, and should
+continue incapable of public employment till they should depose that for
+a whole year they had not attended a conventicle. A fine of L40 was
+added to be paid to the informer. There were other causes which assisted
+to help depopulate Ulster, among which was the destruction of the woolen
+trade about 1700, when twenty thousand left that province. Many more
+were driven away by the Test Act in 1704, and in 1732. On the failure to
+repeal that act the protestant emigration recommenced which robbed
+Ireland of the bravest defenders of English interests and peopled
+America with fresh blood of Puritanism.
+
+The second great wave of emigration from Ulster occurred between 1771
+and 1773, growing out of the Antrim evictions. In 1771 the leases on the
+estate of the marquis of Donegal, in Antrim, expired. The rents were
+placed at such an exorbitant figure that the demands could not be met. A
+spirit of resentment to the oppressions of the landed proprietors at
+once arose, and extensive emigration to America was the result. In the
+two years that followed the Antrim evictions of 1772, thirty thousand
+protestants left Ulster for a land where legal robbery could not be
+permitted, and where those who sowed the seed could reap the harvest.
+From the ports of the North of Ireland one hundred vessels sailed for
+the New World, loaded with human beings. It has been computed that in
+1773 and during the five preceding years, Ulster, by emigration to the
+American settlements, was drained of one-quarter of the trading cash,
+and a like proportion of its manufacturing population. This oppressed
+people, leaving Ireland in such a temper became a powerful adjunct in
+the prosecution of the Revolution which followed so closely on the
+wrongs which they had so cruelly suffered.
+
+The advent of the first Scotch-Irish clergyman in America, so far as is
+now known, was in 1682, signalled by the arrival of Francis Makemie, the
+father of American Presbyterianism. Almost promptly he was landed in
+jail in New York, charged with the offense of preaching the gospel in a
+private house. Assisted by a Scottish lawyer from Philadelphia (who was
+silenced for his courage), he defended the cause of religious liberty
+with heroic courage and legal ability, and was ultimately acquitted by a
+fearless New York jury. Thus was begun the great struggle for religious
+liberty in America. Among those who afterwards followed were George
+McNish, from Ulster, in 1705, and John Henry, in 1709.
+
+Early in the spring of 1718, Rev. William Boyd arrived in Boston as an
+agent of some hundreds of people who had expressed a desire to come to
+New England should suitable encouragement be offered them. With him he
+brought a brief memorial to which was attached three hundred and
+nineteen names, all but thirteen of which were in a fair and vigorous
+hand. Governor Shute gave such general encouragement and promise of
+welcome, that on August 4, 1718, five small ships came to anchor at the
+wharf in Boston, having on board one hundred and twenty Scotch-Irish
+families, numbering in all about seven hundred and fifty individuals. In
+years they embraced those from the babe in arms to John Young, who had
+seen the frosts of ninety-five winters. Among the clergy who arrived
+were James McGregor, Cornwell, and Holmes.
+
+In a measure these people were under the charge of Governor Shute. He
+must find homes for them. He dispatched about fifty of these families to
+Worcester. That year marked the fifth of its permanent settlement, and
+was composed of fifty log-houses, inhabited by two hundred souls. The
+new comers appear to have been of the poorer and more illiterate class
+of the five ship loads. At first they were welcomed, because needed for
+both civic and military reasons. In September of 1722 a township
+organization was effected, and at the first annual town meeting, names
+of the strangers appear on the list of officers. With these emigrants
+was brought the Irish potato, and first planted in the spring of 1719.
+When their English neighbors visited them, on their departure they
+presented them with a few of the tubers for planting, and the
+recipients, unwilling to show any discourtesy, accepted the same, but
+suspecting a poisonous quality, carried them to the first swamp and
+threw them into the water. The same spring a few potatoes were given to
+a Mr. Walker, of Andover, by a family who had wintered with him. He
+planted them in the ground, and in due time the family gathered the
+"_balls_" which they supposed was the fruit. These were cooked in
+various ways, but could not be made palatable. The next spring when
+plowing the garden, potatoes of great size were turned up, when the
+mistake was discovered. This introduction into New England is the reason
+why the now indispensable succulent is called "Irish potato." This
+vegetable was first brought from Virginia to Ireland in 1565 by
+slave-trader Hawkins, and from there it found its way to New England in
+1718, through the Scotch-Irish.
+
+The Worcester Scotch-Irish petitioned to be released from paying taxes
+to support the prevalent form of worship, as they desired to support
+their own method. Their prayer was contemptuously rejected. Two years
+later, or in 1738, owing to their church treatment, a company consisting
+of thirty-eight families, settled the new town of Pelham, thirty miles
+west of Worcester. The scandalous destruction of their property in
+Worcester, in 1740, caused a further exodus which resulted in the
+establishing the towns of Warren and Blandford, both being incorporated
+in 1741. The Scotch-Irish town of Colerain, located fifty miles
+northwest of Worcester was settled in 1739.
+
+Londonderry, New Hampshire, was settled in April, 1719, forming the
+second settlement, from the five ships. Most of these pioneers were men
+in middle life, robust and persevering. Their first dwellings were of
+logs, covered with bark. It must not be thought that these people,
+strict in their religious conceptions, were not touched with the common
+feelings of ordinary humanity. It is related that when John Morrison was
+building his house his wife came to him and in a persuasive manner said,
+"Aweel, aweel, dear Joan, an' it maun be a log-house, do make it a log
+heegher nor the lave;" (than the rest). The first frame house built was
+for their pastor, James McGregor. The first season they felt it
+necessary to build two strong stone garrison-houses in order to resist
+any attack of the Indians. It is remarkable that in neither Lowell's
+war, when Londonderry was strictly a frontier town, nor in either of the
+two subsequent French and Indian wars, did any hostile force from the
+northward ever approach that town. During the twenty-five years
+preceding the revolution, ten distinct towns of influence, in New
+Hampshire, were settled by emigrants from Londonderry, besides two in
+Vermont and two in Nova Scotia; while families, sometimes singly and
+also in groups, went off in all directions, especially along the
+Connecticut river and over the ridge of the Green Mountains. To these
+brave people, neither the crown nor the colonies appealed in vain. Every
+route to Crown Point and Ticonderoga had been tramped by them time and
+again. With Colonel Williams they were at the head of Lake George in
+1755, and in the battle with Dieskau that followed; they were with Stark
+and lord Howe, under Abercrombie, in the terrible defeat at Ticonderoga
+in 1758; others toiled with Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham; and in
+1777, fought under Stark at Bennington, and against Burgoyne at
+Saratoga.
+
+A part of the emigrants intended for New Hampshire settled in Maine, in
+what is now Portland, Topsham, Bath and other places. Unfortunately soon
+after these settlements were established some of them were broken up by
+Indian troubles, and some of the colonists sought refuge with their
+countrymen at Londonderry, but the greater part removed to
+Pennsylvania,--from 1730 to 1733 about one hundred and fifty families,
+principally of Scotch descent. In 1735, Warren, Maine, was settled by
+twenty-seven families, some of whom were of recent emigration and others
+from the first arrival in Boston in 1718. In 1753 the town received an
+addition of sixty adults and many children brought from Scotland.
+
+The Scotch-Irish settlement at Salem in Washington county, New York,
+came from Monaghan and Ballibay, Ireland. Under the leadership of their
+minister, Rev. Thomas Clark, three hundred sailed from Newry, May 10,
+1764, and landed in New York in July following. On September 30, 1765,
+Mr. Clark obtained twelve thousand acres of the "Turner Grant," and upon
+this land he moved his parishioners, save a few families that had been
+induced to go to South Carolina, and some others that remained in
+Stillwater, New York. The great body of these settlers took possession
+of their lands, which had been previously surveyed into tracts of
+eighty-eight acres each, in the year 1767. The previous year had been
+devoted to clearing the lands, building houses, etc. Among the early
+buildings was a log church, the first religious place of worship erected
+between Albany and Canada. March 2, 1774, the legislature erected the
+settlement into a township named New Perth. This name remained until
+March 7, 1788, when it was changed to Salem.
+
+The Scotch-Irish first settled in Somerset county, New Jersey, early in
+the last century, but not at one time but from time to time.
+
+These early settlers repudiated the name of Irish, and took it as an
+offense to be so called. They claimed, and truly, to be Scotch. The term
+"Scotch-Irish" is quite recent, but has come into general use.
+
+From the three centers, Worcester, Londonderry and Wiscasset, the
+Scotch-Irish penetrated and permeated all New England; Maine the most of
+all, next New Hampshire, then Massachusetts, and in lessening order,
+Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode Island. They were one sort of people,
+belonging to the same grade and sphere of life. In worldly goods they
+were poor, but the majority could read and write, and if possessed with
+but one book that was the Bible, yet greatly esteeming Fox's "Book of
+Martyrs" and Bunyon's "Pilgrim's Progress." Whatever their views, they
+were held in common.
+
+The three doors that opened to the Scotch-Irish emigrant, in the New
+World, were the ports of Boston, Charleston and New Castle, in Delaware,
+the great bulk of whom being received at the last named city, where they
+did not even stop to rest, but pushed their way to their future homes in
+Pennsylvania. No other state received so many of them for permanent
+settlers. Those who landed in New York found the denizens there too
+submissive to foreign dictation, and so preferred Pennsylvania and
+Maryland, where the proprietary governors and the people were in
+immediate contact. Francis Machemie had organized the first Presbyterian
+church in America along the eastern shore of Maryland and in the
+adjoining counties of Virginia.
+
+The wave of Quaker settlements spent its force on the line of the
+Conestoga creek, in Lancaster county. The Scotch and Scotch-Irish
+arriving in great numbers were permitted to locate beyond that line, and
+thus they not only became the pioneers, but long that race so continued
+to be. In 1725, so great had been the wave of emigration into
+Pennsylvania, that James Logan, a native of Armagh, Ireland, but not
+fond of his own countrymen who were not Quakers, declared, "It looks as
+if Ireland were to send all her inhabitants hither; if they continue to
+come they will make themselves proprietors of the province;" and he
+further condemned the bad taste of the people who were forcing
+themselves where they were not wanted. The rate of this invasion may be
+estimated from the rise in population from twenty thousand, in 1701, to
+two hundred and fifty thousand in 1745, which embraced the entire
+population of that colony. Between the years 1729 and 1750, there was an
+annual arrival of twelve thousand, mostly from Ulster. Among the vessels
+that helped to inaugurate this great tide was the good ship "George and
+Ann," which set sail from Ireland on May 9th, 1729, and brought over the
+McDowells, the Irvines, the Campbells, the O'Neills, the McElroys, the
+Mitchells, and their compatriots.
+
+Soon after the emigrants landed at New Castle they found their way along
+the branches of various rivers to the several settlements on the western
+frontier. The only ones known to have come through New York was the
+"Irish settlement" in Allen township, Northampton county, composed
+principally of families from Londonderry, New Hampshire, where, owing to
+the rigid climate, they could not be induced to remain. It grew but
+slowly, and after 1750 most of the descendants passed on towards the
+Susquehanna and down the Cumberland.
+
+As early as 1720 a colony was formed on the Neshaminy, in Bucks County,
+which finally became one of the greatest landmarks of that race. The
+settlements that commenced as early as 1710, at Fagg Manor, at Octorara,
+at New London, and at Brandywine Manor, in Chester County, formed the
+nucleus for subsequent emigration for a period of forty years, when they
+also declined by removals to other sections of the State, and to the
+colonies of the South. Prior to 1730 there were large settlements in
+the townships of Colerain, Pequea, and Leacock, in Lancaster County.
+Just when the pioneers arrived in that region has not been accurately
+ascertained, but some of them earlier than 1720. Within a radius of
+thirty-five miles of Harrisburgh are the settlements of Donegal,
+Paxtang, Derry, and Hanover, founded between 1715 and 1724; from whence
+poured another stream on through the Cumberland Valley, across the
+Potomac, down through Virginia and into the Carolinas and Georgia. The
+valley of the Juniata was occupied in 1749. The settlements in the lower
+part of York County date from 1726. From 1760 to 1770 settlements
+rapidly sprung up in various places throughout Western Pennsylvania.
+Soon after 1767 emigrants settled on the Youghiogheny, the Monongahela
+and its tributaries, and in the years 1770 and 1771, Washington County
+was colonized. Soon after the wave of population extended to the Ohio
+River. From this time forward Western Pennsylvania was characteristically
+Scotch-Irish.
+
+These hardy sons were foremost in the French and Indian Wars. The
+Revolutionary struggle caused them to turn their attention to
+statesmanship and combat,--every one of whom was loyal to the cause of
+independence. The patriot army had its full share of Scotch-Irish
+representation. That thunderbolt of war, Anthony Wayne,[6] hailed from
+the County of Chester. The ardent manner in which the cause of the
+patriots was espoused is illustrated, in a notice of a marriage that
+took place in 1778, in Lancaster County, the contracting parties being
+of the Ulster race. The couple is denominated "very sincere Whigs."
+
+It "was truly a Whig wedding, as there were present many young gentlemen
+and ladies, and not one of the gentlemen but had been out when called on
+in the service of his country; and it was well known that the groom, in
+particular, had proved his heroism, as well as Whigism, in several
+battles and skirmishes. After the marriage was ended, a motion was made,
+and heartily agreed to by all present, that the young unmarried ladies
+should form themselves into an association by the name of the 'Whig
+Association of Unmarried Young Ladies of America,' in which they should
+pledge their honor that they would never give their hand in marriage to
+any gentleman until he had first proved himself a patriot, in readily
+turning out when called to defend his country from slavery, by a
+spirited and brave conduct, as they would not wish to be the mothers of
+a race of slaves and cowards'"[7]
+
+Pennsylvania was the gateway and first resting place, and the source of
+Scotch-Irish adventure and enterprise as they moved west and south. The
+wave of emigration striking the eastern border of Pennsylvania, in a
+measure was deflected southward through Maryland, Virginia, the
+Carolinas, reaching and crossing the Savannah river, though met at
+various points by counter streams of the same race, which had entered
+the continent through Charleston and other southern ports. Leaving
+Pennsylvania and turning southward, the first colony into which the
+stream poured, was Maryland, the settlements being principally in the
+narrow strip which constitutes the western portion, although they never
+scattered all over the colony.
+
+[Illustration: BUILT BY HENRY MCWHORTER IN 1787, AT JANE LEW, WEST
+VIRGINIA, PHOTOGRAPHED IN 1893]
+
+Proceeding southward traces of that race are found in Virginia east of
+the Blue Ridge, in the latter part of the seventeenth and early in the
+eighteenth century. They were in Albemarle, Nelson, Campbell, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Orange counties, and even along the great valley
+west of the Blue Ridge. It was not, however, until the year 1738 that
+they entered the valley in great numbers, and almost completely
+possessed it from the Pennsylvania to the North Carolina line. During
+the French and Indian wars the soldiers of Virginia were mainly drawn
+from this section, and suffered defeat with Washington at the Great
+Meadows, and with Braddock at Fort Duquesne, but by their firmness saved
+the remnant of that rash general's army. In 1774 they won the signal
+victory at Point Pleasant which struck terror into the Indian tribes
+across the Ohio.
+
+The American Revolution was foreshadowed in 1765, when England began her
+oppressive measures regardless of the inalienable and chartered rights
+of the colonists of America. It was then the youthful Scotch-Irishman,
+Patrick Henry, introduced into the Virginia House of Burgesses, the
+resolutions denying the validity of the Act of the British parliament,
+and by Scotch-Irish votes he secured their adoption against the combined
+efforts of the old leaders. At the first call for troops by congress to
+defend Boston, Daniel Morgan at once raised a company from among his own
+people, in the lower Virginia valley, and by a forced march of six
+hundred miles reached the beleaguered city in three weeks. With his men
+he trudged through the wilderness of Maine and appeared before Quebec;
+and later, on the heights of Saratoga, with his riflemen, he poured like
+a torrent upon the ranks of Burgoyne. Through the foresight of Henry, a
+commission was given to George Rogers Clark, in 1778, to lead a secret
+expedition against the northwestern forts. The soldiers were recruited
+from among the Scotch-Irish settlements west of the Blue Ridge. The
+untold hardships, sufferings and final success of this expedition, at
+the Treaty of Peace, in 1783, gave the great west to the United States.
+
+The greater number of the colonists of North Carolina was Scotch and
+Scotch-Irish, in so much so as to have given direction to its history.
+There were several reasons why they should be so attracted, the most
+potent being a mild climate, fertile lands, and freedom of religious
+worship. The greatest accession at any one time was that in 1736, when
+Henry McCulloch secured sixty-four thousand acres in Duplin county, and
+settled upon these lands four thousand of his Ulster countrymen. About
+the same time the Scotch began to occupy the lower Cape Fear. Prior to
+1750 they were located in the counties of Granville, Orange, Rowan and
+Mecklenburg, although it is uncertain when they settled between the Dan
+and the Catawba. Braddock's defeat, in 1755, rendered border life
+dangerous, many of the newcomers turning south into North Carolina,
+where they met the other stream of their countrymen moving upward from
+Charleston along the banks of the Santee, Wateree, Broad, Pacolet,
+Ennoree and Saluda, and this continued till checked by the Revolution.
+These people generally were industrious, sober and intelligent, and with
+their advent begins the educational history of the state. Near
+Greensborough, in 1767, was established a classical school, and in 1770,
+in the town of Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, was chartered Queen's
+College, but its charter was repealed by George III. However, it
+continued to flourish, and was incorporated as "Liberty Hall," in 1777.
+The Revolution closed its doors; Cornwallis quartered his troops within
+it, and afterwards burned the buildings.
+
+Under wrongs the Scotch-Irish of North Carolina were the most restless
+of all the colonists. They were zealous advocates for freedom of
+conscience and security against taxation unless imposed by themselves.
+During the administration of acting Governor Miller, they imprisoned the
+president and six members of the council, convened the legislature,
+established courts of justice, and for two years exercised all the
+functions of government; they derided the authority of Governor
+Eastchurch; they imprisoned, impeached, and sent into exile Governor
+Sothel, for his extortions, and successfully resisted the effort of lord
+Granville to establish the Church of England in that colony. In 1731,
+Governor Burrington wrote: "The people of North Carolina are neither to
+be cajoled or outwitted; * * * always behaved insolently to their
+Governors. Some they imprisoned, others they have drove out of the
+country, and at other times set up a government of their own choice."
+In 1765, when a vessel laden with stamp paper arrived, the people
+overawed the captain, who soon sailed away. The officers then adopted a
+regular system of oppression and extortion, and plundered the people at
+every turn of life. The people formed themselves into an association
+"for regulating public grievances and abuse of powers." The royal
+governor, Tryon (the same who later originated the infamous plot to
+poison Washington), raised an army of eleven hundred men, and marched to
+inflict summary punishment on the defiant sons of liberty. On May 16,
+1771, the two forces met on the banks of the Great Alamance. After an
+engagement of two hours the patriots failed. These men were sturdy,
+patriotic members of three Presbyterian churches. On the field of battle
+were their pastors, graduates of Princeton. Tryon used his victory so
+savagely as to drive an increasing stream of settlers over the mountains
+into Tennessee, where they made their homes in the valley of the
+Watauga, and there nurtured their wrongs; but the day of their vengeance
+was rapidly approaching.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF BATTLE FIELD OF ALAMANCE.]
+
+The stirring times of 1775 found the North Carolinians ready for revolt.
+They knew from tradition and experience the monstrous wrongs of tyrants.
+When the people of Mecklenburg county learned in May, 1775, that
+parliament had declared the colonies in a state of revolt, they did not
+wait for the action of congress nor for that of their own provincial
+legislature, but adopted resolutions, which in effect formed a
+declaration of independence.
+
+The power, valor and uncompromising conduct of these men is illustrated
+in their conduct at the battle of King's Mountain, fought October 7,
+1780. It was totally unlike any other in American history, being the
+voluntary uprising of the people, rushing to arms to aid their distant
+kinsmen, when their own homes were menaced by savages. They served
+without pay and without the hope of reward. The defeat of Gates at
+Camden laid the whole of North Carolina at the feet of the British.
+Flushed with success, Colonel Furguson, of the 71st Regiment, at the
+head of eleven hundred men marched into North Carolina and took up his
+position at Gilbert Town, in order to intercept those retreating in that
+direction from Camden, and to crush out the spirit of the patriots in
+that region. Without any concert of action volunteers assembled
+simultaneously, and placed themselves under tried leaders. They were
+admirably fitted by their daily pursuits for the privations they were
+called upon to endure. They had no tents, baggage, bread or salt, but
+subsisted on potatoes, pumpkins and roasted corn, and such venison as
+their own rifles could procure. Their army consisted of four hundred
+men, under Colonel William Campbell, from Washington county, Virginia,
+two hundred and forty were under Colonel Isaac Shelby, from Sullivan
+county, North Carolina, and two hundred and forty men, from Washington
+county, same state, under John Sevier, which assembled at Watauga,
+September 25, where they were joined by Colonel Charles McDowell, with
+one hundred and sixty men, from the counties of Burke and Rutherford,
+who had fled before the enemy to the western waters. While McDowell,
+Shelby and Sevier were in consultation, two paroled prisoners arrived
+from Furguson with the message that if they did not "take protection
+under his standard, he would march his army over the mountains, hang
+their leaders, and lay waste their country with fire and sword." On
+their march to meet the army of Furguson they were for twenty-four hours
+in the saddle. They took that officer by surprise, killed him and one
+hundred and eighty of his men, after an engagement of one hour and five
+minutes, the greater part of which time a heavy and incessant fire was
+kept up on both sides, with a loss to themselves of only twenty killed
+and a few wounded. The remaining force of the enemy surrendered at
+discretion, giving up their camp equipage and fifteen hundred stand of
+arms. On the morning after the battle several of the Royalist (Tory)
+prisoners were found guilty of murder and other high crimes, and hanged.
+This was the closing scene of the battle of King's Mountain, an event
+which completely crushed the spirit of the Royalists, and weakened
+beyond recovery the power of the British in the Carolinas. The
+intelligence of Furguson's defeat destroyed all Cornwallis's hopes of
+aid from those who still remained loyal to Britain's interests. The men
+oppressed by British laws and Tryon's cruelty were not yet avenged, for
+they were with Morgan at the Cowpens and with Greene at Guildford Court
+House, and until the close of the war.
+
+In the settling of South Carolina, every ship that sailed from Ireland
+for the port of Charleston, was crowded with men, women and children,
+which was especially true after the peace of 1763. About the same date,
+within one year, a thousand families came into the state in that wave
+that originated in Pennsylvania, bringing with them their cattle, horses
+and hogs. Lands were allotted to them in the western woods, which soon
+became the most popular part of the province, the up-country population
+being overwhelmingly Scotch-Irish. They brought with them and retained,
+in an eminent degree, the virtues of industry and economy, so peculiarly
+necessary in a new country. To them the state is indebted for much of
+its early literature. The settlers in the western part of the colony,
+long without the aid of laws, were forced to band themselves together
+for mutual protection. The royal governor, Montague, in 1764, sent an
+army against them, and with great difficulty a civil war was averted.
+The division thus created reappeared in 1775, on the breaking out of the
+Revolution. The state suffered greatly from the ravages of Cornwallis,
+who rode roughly over it, although her sons toiled heroically in defence
+of their firesides. The little bands in the east gathered around the
+standard of Marion, and in the north and west around those of Sumter and
+Pickens. They kept alive the flame of liberty in the swamps, and when
+the country appeared to be subdued, it burst forth in electric flashes
+striking and withering the hand of the oppressor. Through the veins of
+most of the patriots flowed Scotch-Irish blood; and to the hands of one
+of this class, John Rutledge, the destinies of the state were committed.
+
+Georgia was sparsely settled at the time of the Revolution. In 1753 its
+population was less than twenty-four hundred. Emigration from the
+Carolinas set in towards North Georgia, bringing many Scotch-Irish
+families. The movement towards the mountain and Piedmont regions of the
+southeast began about 1773. In that year, Governor Wright purchased from
+the Indians that portion of middle Georgia lying between the Oconee and
+the Savannah. The inducements he then offered proved very attractive to
+the enterprising sons of Virginia and the Carolinas, who lived in the
+highlands of those states. These people who settled in Georgia have thus
+been described by Governor Gilmer: "The pretty girls were dressed in
+striped and checked cotton cloth, spun and woven with their own hands,
+and their sweethearts in sumach and walnut-dyed stuff, made by their
+mothers. Courting was done when riding to meeting on Sunday, and walking
+to the spring when there. Newly married couples went to see the old
+folks on Saturday, and carried home on Sunday evening what they could
+spare. There was no _ennui_ among the women for something to do. If
+there had been leisure to read, there were but few books for the
+indulgence. Hollow trees supplied cradles for babies."
+
+A majority of the first settlers of East Tennessee were of Scotch-Irish
+blood, having sought homes there after the battle of Alamance, and hence
+that state became the daughter of North Carolina. The first written
+constitution born of a convention of people on this continent, was that
+at Watauga, in 1772. A settlement of less than a dozen families was
+formed in 1778, near Bledsoe, isolated in the heart of the Chickasaw
+nation, with no other protection than a small stockade enclosure and
+their own indomitable courage. In the early spring of 1779, a little
+colony of gallant adventurers, from the parent line of Watauga, crossed
+the Cumberland mountain, and established themselves near the French
+Lick, and planted a field of corn where the city of Nashville now
+stands. The settlement on the Cumberland was made in 1780, after great
+privations and sufferings on the journey. The settlers at the various
+stations were so harassed by the Indians, incited thereto by British and
+Spanish agents, that all were abandoned except Elatons and the Bluffs
+(Nashville). These people were compelled to go in armed squads to the
+springs, and plowed while guarded by armed sentinels. The Indians, by a
+well planned stratagem, attempted to enter the Bluffs, on April 22d,
+1781. The men in the fort were drawn into an ambush by a decoy party.
+When they dismounted to give battle, their horses dashed off toward the
+fort, and they were pursued by some Indians, which left a gap in their
+lines, through which some whites were escaping to the fort; but these
+were intercepted by a large body of the enemy from another ambush. The
+heroic women in the fort, headed by Mrs. James Robertson, seized the
+axes and idle guns, and planted themselves in the gate, determined to
+die rather than give up the fort. Just in time she ordered the sentry to
+turn loose a pack of dogs which had been selected for their size and
+courage to encounter bears and panthers. Frantic to join the fray, they
+dashed off, outyelling the savages, who recoiled before the fury of
+their onset, thus giving the men time to escape to the fort. So
+overjoyed was Mrs. Robertson that she patted every dog as he came into
+the fort.
+
+So thoroughly was Kentucky settled by the Scotch-Irish, from the older
+colonies, that it might be designated as of that race, the first
+emigrants being from Virginia and North Carolina. It was first explored
+by Thomas Walker in 1747; followed by John Finley, of North Carolina,
+1767; and in 1769, by Daniel Boone, John Stewart, and three others, who
+penetrated to the Kentucky river. By the year 1773, lands were taken up
+and afterwards there was a steady stream, almost entirely from the
+valley and southwest Virginia. No border annals teem with more thrilling
+incidents or heroic exploits than those of the Kentucky hunters, whose
+very name finally struck terror into the heart of the strongest savage.
+The prediction of the Cherokee chief to Boone at the treaty at Watauga,
+ceding the territory to Henderson and his associates, was fully
+verified: "Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine land, but I
+believe you will have much trouble in settling it."
+
+The history of the Scotch-Irish race in Canada, prior to the peace of
+1783, is largely that of individuals. It has already been noted that two
+settlements had been made in Nova Scotia by the emigrants that landed
+from the five ships in Boston harbor. It is recorded that Truro, Nova
+Scotia, was settled in 1762, and in 1756 three brothers from Ireland
+settled in Colchester, same province. If the questions were thoroughly
+investigated it doubtless would lead to interesting results.
+
+It must not be lost sight of that one of the important industrial arts
+brought to America was of untold benefit. Not only did every colony
+bring with them agricultural implements needful for the culture of flax,
+but also the small wheels and the loom for spinning and weaving the
+fibre. Nothing so much excited the interest of Puritan Boston, in 1718,
+as the small wheels worked by women and propelled by the foot, for
+turning the straight flax fibre into thread. Public exhibitions of skill
+in 1719 took place on Boston common, by Scotch-Irish women, at which
+prizes were offered. The advent of the machine produced a sensation, and
+societies and schools were formed to teach the art of making linen
+thread.
+
+The distinctive characteristics which the Scotch-Irish transplanted to
+the new world may be designated as follows: They were Presbyterians in
+their religion and church government; they were loyal to the conceded
+authority to the king, but considered him bound as well as themselves
+to "the Solemn League and Covenant," entered into in 1643, which pledged
+the support of the Reformation and of the liberties of the kingdom; the
+right to choose their own ministers, untrammeled by the civil powers;
+they practiced strict discipline in morals, and gave instruction to
+their youth in schools and academies, and in teaching the Bible as
+illustrated by the Westminster Assembly's catechism. To all this they
+combined in a remarkable degree, acuteness of intellect, firmness of
+purpose, and conscientious devotion to duty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 5: Skene's "Chronicles of the Picts and Scots," p. 77.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Stille, Life of Wayne, p. 5, says he was not Scotch-Irish.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dunlap's "Pennsylvania Packet," June 17, 1778.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE CAUSES THAT LED TO EMIGRATION.
+
+
+The social system of the Highlanders that bound the members of the clan
+together was conducive to the pride of ancestry and the love of home.
+This pride was so directed as to lead to the most beneficial results on
+their character and conduct: forming strong attachments, leading to the
+performance of laudable and heroic actions, and enabling the poorest to
+endure the severest hardships without a murmur, and never complaining of
+what they received to eat, or where they lodged, or of any other
+privation. Instead of complaining of the difference in station or
+fortune, or considering a ready obedience to the call of the chief as a
+slavish oppression, they felt convinced that they were supporting their
+own honor in showing their gratitude and duty to the generous head of
+the family. In them it was a singular and characteristic feature to
+contemplate with early familiarity the prospect of death, which was
+considered as merely a passage from this to another state of existence,
+enlivened by the assured hope that they should meet their friends and
+kindred in a fairer and brighter world than this. This statement may be
+perceived in the anxious care with which they provided the necessary
+articles for a proper and becoming funeral. Even the poorest and most
+destitute endeavored to save something for this last solemnity. It was
+considered to be a sad calamity to be consigned to the grave among
+strangers, without the attendance and sympathy of friends, and at a
+distance from the family. If a relative died away from home, the
+greatest exertions were made to carry the body back for interment among
+the ashes of the forefathers. A people so nurtured could only
+contemplate with despair the idea of being forced from the land of their
+nativity, or emigrating from that beloved country, hallowed by the
+remains of their kindred.
+
+The Highlander, by nature, was opposed to emigration. All his instincts,
+as well as training, led him to view with delight the permanency of home
+and the constant companionship of those to whom he was related by ties
+of consanguinity. Neither was he a creature of conquest, and looked not
+with a covetous eye upon the lands of other nations. He would do battle
+in a foreign land, but the Highlands of Scotland was his abiding place.
+If he left his native glen in order to become a resident elsewhere,
+there must have been a special or overpowering reason. He never
+emigrated through choice. Unfortunately the simplicity of his nature,
+his confiding trust, and love of chief and country, were doomed to
+receive such a jolt as would shake the very fibres of his being, and
+that from those to whom he looked for support and protection. Reference
+here is not made to evictions awful crimes that commenced in 1784, but
+to the change, desolation and misery growing out of the calamity at
+Culloden.
+
+Notwithstanding the peculiar characteristics of the Highlander, there
+would of necessity arise certain circumstances which would lead some,
+and even many, to change their habitation. From the days of the Crusader
+downwards he was more or less active in foreign wars; and coming in
+contact with different nationalities his mind would broaden and his
+sentiment change, so that other lands and other people would be viewed
+in a more favorable light. While this would not become general, yet it
+would follow in many instances. Intercourse with another people,
+racially and linguistically related, would have a tendency to invite a
+closer affiliation. Hence, the inhabitants of the Western Isles had
+almost constant communication, sometimes at war, it is true, but
+generally in terms of amity, with the natives of North Ireland. It is
+not surprising then that as early as 1584, Sorley Buy MacDonald should
+lead a thousand Highlanders, called Redshanks, of the clans or families
+of the MacDonalds, Campbells, and Magalanes, into Ulster, and in time
+intermarry with the Irish, and finally become the most formidable
+enemies of England in her designs of settling that country. Some of the
+leading men were forced to flee on account of being attainted for
+treason, having fought under Dundee in 1689, or under Mar in 1715, and
+after Culloden in 1745 quite a hegira took place, many of whom found
+service in the army of France. Individuals, seeking employment, found
+their way into England before 1724. Although there was a strong movement
+for England from the Lowlands, yet many were from the Highlands, to whom
+was partly due the old proverb, "There never came a fool from Scotland."
+These emigrants, from the Highlands, were principally those having
+trades, who sought to better their condition.
+
+Seven hundred prisoners taken at Preston were sold as slaves to some
+West Indian merchants, which was a cruel proceeding, when it is
+considered that the greater part of these men were Highlanders, who had
+joined the army in obedience to the commands of their chiefs. Wholly
+unfitted for such labor as would be required in the West Indies and
+unacclimated, their fate may be readily assumed. But this was no more
+heartless than the execution in Lancashire of twenty-two of their
+companions.
+
+The specifications above enumerated have no bearing on the emigration
+which took place on a large scale, the consequences of which, at the
+time, arrested the attention of the nation. The causes now to be
+enumerated grew out of the change of policy following the battle of
+Culloden. The atrocities following that battle were both for vengeance
+and to break the military spirit of the Highlanders. The legislative
+enactments broke the nobler spirit of the people. The rights and welfare
+of the people at large were totally ignored, and no provisions made for
+their future welfare. The country was left in a state of commotion and
+confusion resulting from the changes consequent to the overthrow of the
+old system, the breaking up of old relationship, and the gradual
+encroachment of Lowland civilization, and methods of agriculture. While
+these changes at first were neither great nor extensive, yet they were
+sufficient to keep the country in a ferment or uproar. The change was
+largely in the manner of an experiment in order to find out the most
+profitable way of adaptation to the new regime. These experiments
+resulted in the unsettling of old manners, customs, and ideas, which
+caused discontent and misery among the people. The actual change was
+slow; the innovations, as a rule, began in those districts bordering on
+the Lowlands, and thence proceeded in a northwesterly direction.
+
+In all probability the first shock felt by the clansmen, under the new
+order of things, was the abolishing the ancient clan system, and the
+reduction of the chiefs to the condition of landlords. For awhile the
+people failed to realize this new order of affairs, for the gentlemen
+and common people still continued to regard their chief in the same
+light as formerly, not questioning but their obedience to the head of
+their clan was independent of legislative enactment. They were still
+ready to make any sacrifice for his sake, and felt it to be their duty
+to do what they could for his support. They still believed that the
+chief's duty to his people remained unaltered, and he was bound to see
+that they did not want, and to succor them in distress.
+
+The first effects in the change in tribal relations were felt on those
+estates that had been forfeited on account of the chiefs and gentlemen
+having been compelled to leave the country in order to save their lives.
+These estates were entrusted to the management of commissioners who
+rudely applied their powers under the new arrangement of affairs. When
+the chiefs, now reduced to the position of lairds, began to realize
+their condition, and the advantage of making their lands yield them as
+large an income as possible, followed the example of demanding a rent. A
+rental value had never been exacted before, for it was the universal
+belief that the land belonged to the clan in common. Some of the older
+chiefs, then living, held to the same opinion, and among such, a change
+was not perceptible until a new landlord came into possession. The
+gentlemen of the clan and the tacksmen, or large farmers, firmly
+believed that they had as much right to a share of the lands as the
+chief himself. In the beginning the rent was not high nor more than the
+lands would bear; but it was resented by the tacksmen, deeming it a
+wanton injury inflicted in the house of their dearest friend. They were
+hurt at the idea that the chief,--the father of his people--should be
+controlled by such a mercenary idea, and to exercise that power which
+gave him the authority to lease the lands to the highest bidder. This
+policy, which they deemed selfish and unjust, naturally cut them to the
+quick. They and their ancestors had occupied their farms for many
+generations; their birth was as good and their genealogy as old as that
+of the chief himself, to whom they were all blood relations, and whose
+loyalty was unshaken. True, they had no written document, no "paltry
+sheep-skin," as they called it, to prove the right to their farms, but
+such had never been the custom, and these parchments quite a modern
+innovation, and, in former times, before a chief would have tried to
+wrest from them that which had been given by a former chief to their
+fathers, would have bitten out his tongue before he would have asked a
+bond. There can be no doubt that originally when a chief bestowed a
+share of his property upon his son or other near relation, he intended
+that the latter should keep it for himself and his descendants. To these
+tacksmen it was injury enough that an alien government should interfere
+in their domestic relations, but for the chief to turn against them was
+a wound which no balm could heal. Before they would submit to these
+exactions, they would first give up their holdings; which many of them
+did and emigrated to America, taking with them servants and sub-tenants,
+and enticing still others to follow them by the glowing accounts which
+they sent home of their good fortune in the favored country far to the
+west. In some cases the farms thus vacated were let to other tacksmen,
+but in most instances the new system was introduced by letting the land
+directly to what was formerly sub-tenants, or those who had held the
+land immediately from the ousted tacksmen.
+
+There was a class of lairds who had tasted the sweets of southern
+luxuries and who vied with the more opulent, increased the rate of rent
+to such an extent as to deprive the tacksmen of their holdings. This
+caused an influx of lowland farmers, who with their improved methods
+could compete successfully against their less favored northern
+neighbors. The danger of southern luxuries had been foreseen and an
+attempt had been made to provide against it. As far back as the year
+1744, in order to discourage such things, at a meeting of the chiefs of
+the Isle of Skye, Sir Alexander MacDonald of MacDonald, Norman MacLeod
+of MacLeod, John MacKinnon of MacKinnon, and Malcolm MacLeod of Raasay,
+held in Portree, it was agreed to discontinue and discountenance the use
+of brandy, tobacco and tea.
+
+The placing of the land in the hands of aliens was deplored in its
+results as may be seen from the following portrayal given by Buchanan in
+his "Travels in the Hebrides," referring to about 1780:--"At present
+they are obliged to be much more submissive to their tacksmen than ever
+they were in former times to their lairds or lords. There is a great
+difference between that mild treatment which is shown to sub-tenants and
+even scallags, by the old lessees, descended of ancient and honorable
+families, and the outrageous rapacity of those necessitous strangers who
+have obtained leases from absent proprietors, who treat the natives as
+if they were a conquered and inferior race of mortals. In short, they
+treat them like beasts of burden; and in all respects like slaves
+attached to the soil, as they cannot obtain new habitations, on account
+of the combinations already mentioned, and are entirely at the mercy of
+the laird or tacksman. Formerly, the personal service of the tenant did
+not usually exceed eight or ten days in the year. There lives at present
+at Scalpa, in the isle of Harris, a tacksman of a large district, who
+instead of six days' work paid by the sub-tenants to his predecessor in
+the lease, has raised the predial service, called in that and in other
+parts of Scotland, _manerial bondage_, to fifty-two days in the year at
+once; besides many other services to be performed at different though
+regular and stated times; as tanning leather for brogans, making heather
+ropes for thatch, digging and drying peats for fuel; one pannier of peat
+charcoal to be carried to the smith; so many days for gathering and
+shearing sheep and lambs: for ferrying cattle from island to island, and
+other distant places, and several days for going on distant errands: so
+many pounds of wool to be spun into yarn. And over and above all this,
+they must lend their aid upon any unforeseen occurrence whenever they
+are called on. The constant service of two months at once is performed
+at the proper season in making kelp. On the whole, this gentleman's
+sub-tenants may be computed to devote to his service full three days in
+the week. But this is not all: they have to pay besides yearly a certain
+number of cocks, hen, butter, and cheese, called Caorigh-Ferrin, the
+Wife's Portion. This, it must be owned, is one of the most severe and
+rigorous tacksmen descended from the old inhabitants, in all the Western
+Hebrides; but the situation of his sub-tenants exhibits but too faithful
+a picture of the sub-tenants of those places in general, and the exact
+counterpart of such enormous oppression is to be found at
+Luskintire."[8]
+
+The dismissal of retainers kept by the chiefs during feudal times added
+to the discontent. For the protection of the clan it had been necessary
+to keep a retinue of trained warriors. These were no longer necessary,
+and under the changed state of affairs, an expense that could be illy
+afforded. This class found themselves without a vocation, and they would
+sow the seeds of discontent, if they remained in the country. They must
+either enter the army or else go to another country in search of a
+vocation.
+
+Unquestionably the most potent of all causes for emigration was the
+introduction of sheep-farming. That the country was well adapted for
+sheep goes without disputation. Sheep had always been kept in the
+Highlands with the black cattle, but not in large numbers. The lowland
+lessees introduced sheep on a large scale, involving the junction of
+many small farms into one, each of which had been hitherto occupied by a
+number of tenants. This engrossing of farms and consequent depopulation
+was also a fruitful source of discontent and misery to those who had to
+vacate their homes and native glens. Many of those displaced by sheep
+and one or two Lowland shepherds, emigrated like the discontented
+tacksmen to America, and those who remained looked with an ill-will and
+an evil eye on the intruders. Some of the more humane landlords invited
+the oppressed to remove to their estates, while others tried to prevent
+the ousted tenants from leaving the country by setting apart some
+particular spot along the sea-shore, or else on waste land that had
+never been touched by the plow, on which they might build houses and
+have an acre or two for support. Those removed to the coast were
+encouraged to prosecute the fishing along with their agricultural
+labors. It was mainly by a number of such ousted Highlanders that the
+great and arduous undertaking was accomplished of bringing into a state
+of cultivation Kincardine Moss, in Perthshire. At that time, 1767, the
+task to be undertaken was one of stupendous magnitude; but was so
+successfully carried out that two thousand acres were reclaimed which
+for centuries had rested under seven feet of heath and vegetable matter.
+Similarly many other spots were brought into a state of cultivation. But
+this, and other pursuits then engaged in, did not occupy the time of all
+who had been despoiled of their homes.
+
+The breaking up of old habits and customs and the forcible importation
+of those that are foreign must not only engender hate but also cause
+misery. It is the uniform testimony of all travellers, who visited the
+Highlands during the latter half of the eighteenth century, especially
+Pennant, Boswell, Johnson, Newte, and Buchanan, that the condition of
+the country was deplorable. Without quoting from all, let the following
+lengthy extract suffice, which is from Buchanan:
+
+   "Upon the whole, the situation of these people, inhabitants of
+   Britain! is such as no language can describe, nor fancy conceive. If,
+   with great labor and fatigue, the farmer raises a slender crop of
+   oats and barley, the autumnal rains often baffle his utmost efforts,
+   and frustrate all his expectations: and instead of being able to pay
+   an exorbitant rent, he sees his family in danger of perishing during
+   the ensuing winter, when he is precluded from any possibility of
+   assistance elsewhere. Nor are his cattle in a better situation; in
+   summer they pick up a scanty support amongst the morasses or heathy
+   mountains: but in winter, when the grounds are covered with snow, and
+   when the naked wilds afford neither shelter nor subsistence, the few
+   cows, small, lean, and ready to drop down through want of pasture,
+   are brought into the hut where the family resides, and frequently
+   share with them the small stock of meal which had been purchased, or
+   raised, for the family only; while the cattle thus sustained, are
+   bled occasionally, to afford nourishment for the children after it
+   hath been boiled or made into cakes. The sheep being left upon the
+   open heaths, seek to shelter themselves from the inclemency of the
+   weather amongst the hollows upon the lee-side of the mountains, and
+   here they are frequently buried under the snow for several weeks
+   together, and in severe seasons during two months and upwards. They
+   eat their own and each other's wool, and hold out wonderfully under
+   cold and hunger; but even in moderate winters, a considerable number
+   are generally found dead after the snow hath disappeared, and in
+   rigorous seasons few or none are left alive. Meanwhile the steward,
+   hard pressed by letters from Almack's or Newmarket, demands the rent
+   in a tone which makes no great allowance for unpropitious seasons,
+   the death of cattle, and other accidental misfortunes: disguising the
+   feelings of his own breast--his Honor's wants must at any rate be
+   supplied, the bills must be duly negotiated. Such is the state of
+   farming, if it may be so called, throughout the interior parts of the
+   Highlands; but as that country has an extensive coast, and many
+   islands, it may be supposed that the inhabitants of those shores
+   enjoy all the benefits of their maritime situation. This, however, is
+   not the case; those gifts of nature, which in any other commercial
+   kingdom would have been rendered subservient to the most valuable
+   purposes, are in Scotland lost, or nearly so, to the poor natives and
+   the public. The only difference, therefore, between the inhabitants
+   of the interior parts and those of the more distant coasts, consists
+   in this, that the latter, with the labors of the field, have to
+   encounter alternately the dangers of the ocean and all the fatigues
+   of navigation. To the distressing circumstances at home, as stated
+   above, new difficulties and toils await the devoted farmer when
+   abroad. He leaves his family in October, accompanied by his sons,
+   brothers, and frequently an aged parent, and embarks on board a small
+   open boat, in quest of the herring fishery, with no other provisions
+   than oatmeal, potatoes, and fresh water; no other bedding than heath,
+   twigs, or straw, the covering, if any, an old sail. Thus provided, he
+   searches from bay to bay, through turbulent seas, frequently for
+   several weeks together, before the shoals of herring are discovered.
+   The glad tidings serve to vary, but not to diminish his fatigues.
+   Unremitting nightly labor (the time when the herrings are taken),
+   pinching cold winds, heavy seas, uninhabited shores covered with
+   snow, or deluged with rain, contribute towards filling up the measure
+   of his distresses; while to men of such exquisite feelings as the
+   Highlanders generally possess, the scene which awaits him at home
+   does it most effectually. Having disposed of his capture to the
+   Busses, he returns in January through a long navigation, frequently
+   amidst unceasing hurricanes, not to a comfortable home and a cheerful
+   family, but to a hut composed of turf, without windows, doors, or
+   chimney, environed with snow, and almost hid from the eye by its
+   astonishing depth. Upon entering this solitary mansion, he generally
+   finds a part of his family, sometimes the whole, lying upon heath or
+   straw, languishing through want or epidemical disease; while the few
+   surviving cows, which possess the other end of the cottage, instead
+   of furnishing further supplies of milk or blood, demand his immediate
+   attention to keep them in existence. The season now approaches when
+   he is again to delve and labor the ground, on the same slender
+   prospect of a plentiful crop or a dry harvest. The cattle which have
+   survived the famine of the winter, are turned out to the mountains;
+   and, having put his domestic affairs into the best situation which a
+   train of accumulated misfortunes admits of, he resumes the oar,
+   either in quest of herring or the white fishery. If successful in the
+   latter, he sets out in his open boat upon a voyage (taking the
+   Hebrides and the opposite coast at a medium distance) of two hundred
+   miles, to vend his cargo of dried cod, ling, etc., at Greenock or
+   Glasgow. The product, which seldom exceeds twelve or fifteen pounds,
+   is laid out, in conjunction with his companions, upon meal and
+   fishing tackle; and he returns through the same tedious navigation.
+   The autumn calls his attention again to the field; the usual round of
+   disappointment, fatigue, and distress awaits him; thus dragging
+   through a wretched existence in the hope of soon arriving in that
+   country where the weary shall be at rest."[9]
+
+The writer most pitiably laments that twenty thousand of these wretched
+people had to leave their homes and famine-struck condition, and the
+oppression of their lairds, for lands and houses of their own in a
+fairer and more fertile land, where independence and affluence were at
+their command. Nothing but misery and degradation at home; happiness,
+riches and advancement beyond the ocean. Under such a system it would be
+no special foresight to predict a famine, which came to pass in 1770 and
+again in 1782-3. Whatever may be the evils under the clan system, and
+there certainly were such, none caused the oppression and misery which
+that devoted people have suffered since its abolishment. So far as
+contentment, happiness, and a wise regard for interest, it would have
+been better for the masses had the old system continued. As a matter of
+fact, however, those who emigrated found a greater latitude and brighter
+prospects for their descendants.
+
+From what has been stated it will be noticed that it was a matter of
+necessity and not a spirit of adventure that drove the mass of
+Highlanders to America; but those who came, nevertheless, were
+enterprising and anxious to carve out their own fortunes. Before
+starting on the long and perilous journey across the Atlantic they were
+first forced to break the mystic spell that bound them to their native
+hills and glens, that had a charm and an association bound by a sacred
+tie. A venerable divine of a Highland parish who had repeatedly
+witnessed the fond affection of his parishioners in taking their
+departure, narrated how they approached the sacred edifice, ever dear to
+them, by the most hallowed associations, and with tears in their eyes
+kissed its very walls, how they made an emphatic pause in losing sight
+of the romantic scenes of their childhood, with its kirks and cots, and
+thousand memories, and as if taking a formal and lasting adieu,
+uncovered their heads and waived their bonnets three times towards the
+scene, and then with heavy steps and aching hearts resumed their
+pilgrimage towards new scenes in distant climes.[10]
+
+   "Farewell to the land of the mountain and wood,
+     Farewell to the home of the brave and the good,
+   My bark is afloat on the blue-rolling main,
+     And I ne'er shall behold thee, dear Scotland again!
+
+   Adieu to the scenes of my life's early morn,
+     From the place of my birth I am cruelly torn;
+   The tyrant oppresses the land of the free;
+     And leaves but the name of my sires unto me.
+
+   Oh! home of my fathers, I bid thee adieu,
+     For soon will thy hill-tops retreat from my view,
+   With sad drooping heart I depart from thy shore,
+     To behold thy fair valleys and mountains no more.
+
+   'Twas there that I woo'd thee, young Flora, my wife,
+     When my bosom was warm in the morning of life.
+   I courted thy love 'mong the heather so brown,
+     And heaven did I bless when it made thee my own.
+
+   The friends of my early years, where are they now?
+     Each kind honest heart, and each brave manly brow;
+   Some sleep in the churchyard from tyranny free,
+     And others are crossing the ocean with me.
+
+   Lo! now on the boundless Atlantic I stray,
+     To a strange foreign realm I am wafted away,
+   Before me as far as my vision can glance,
+     I see but the wave rolling wat'ry expanse.
+
+   So farewell my country and all that is dear,
+     The hour is arrived and the bark is asteer,
+   I go and forever, oh! Scotland adieu!
+     The land of my fathers no more I shall view."
+
+   --_Peter Crerar._
+
+America was the one great inviting field that opened wide her doors to
+the oppressed of all nations. The Highlanders hastened thither; first in
+small companies, or singly, and afterwards in sufficient numbers to form
+distinctive settlements. These belonged to the better class, bringing
+with them a certain amount of property, intelligent, persevering,
+religious, and in many instances closely related to the chief. Who was
+the first Highlander, and in what year he settled in America, has not
+been determined. It is impossible to judge by the name, because it would
+not specially signify, for as has been noted, Highlanders had gone to
+the north of Ireland, and in the very first migrations of the
+Scotch-Irish, their descendants landed at Boston and Philadelphia. It
+is, however, positively known that individual members of the clans, born
+in the Highlands, and brought up under the jurisdiction of the chiefs,
+settled permanently in America before 1724.[11] The number of these must
+have been very small, for a greater migration would have attracted
+attention. In 1729, there arrived at the port of Philadelphia, five
+thousand six hundred and fifty-five Irish emigrants, and only two
+hundred and sixty-seven English, forty-three Scotch, and three hundred
+and forty-three Germans. Of the forty-three Scotch it would be
+impossible to ascertain how many of them were from the Highlands,
+because all people from Scotland were designated under the one word. But
+if the whole number were of the Gaelic race, and the ratio kept up it
+would be almost insignificant, if scattered from one end of the Colonies
+to the other. After the wave of emigration had finally set in then the
+numbers of small companies would rapidly increase and the ratio would be
+largely augmented.[12]
+
+It is not to be presumed that the emigrants found the New World to be
+all their fancies had pictured. If they had left misery and oppression
+behind them, they were destined to encounter hardships and
+disappointments. A new country, however great may be its attractions,
+necessarily has its disadvantages. It takes time, patience, industry,
+perseverence and ingenuity to convert a wilderness into an abode of
+civilization. Innumerable obstacles must be overcome, which eventually
+give way before the indomitable will of man. Years of hard service must
+be rendered ere the comforts of home are obtained, the farm properly
+stocked, and the ways for traffic opened. After the first impressions of
+the emigrant are over, a longing desire for the old home engrosses his
+heart, and a self-censure for the step he has taken. Time ameliorates
+these difficulties, and the wisdom of the undertaking becomes more
+apparent, while contentment and prosperity rival all other claims. The
+Highlander in the land of the stranger, no longer an alien, grows
+stronger in his love for his new surroundings, and gradually becomes
+just as patriotic for the new as he was for the old country. All its
+civilization, endearments, and progress, become a part of his being. His
+memory, however, lingers over the scenes of his early youth, and in his
+dreams he once more abides in his native glens, and receives the
+blessings of his kind, tender, loving mother. Were it even thus to all
+who set forth to seek their fortunes it would be well; but to hundreds
+who left their homes in fond anticipation, not a single ray of light
+shone athwart their progress, for all was dark and forbidding.
+Misrepresentation, treachery, and betrayal were too frequently
+practiced, and in misery, heart-broken and despondent many dropped to
+rise no more, welcoming death as a deliverer.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 8: Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Keltie's "History of the Highland Clans," Vol. II, p. 42.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Celtic Magazine," Vol. I, p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See Appendix, Note A.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See Appendix, Note B.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE DARIEN SCHEME.
+
+
+The first body of Highlanders to arrive in the New World was as much
+military as civil. Their lines were cast in evil waters, and disaster
+awaited them. They formed a very essential part of a colony that engaged
+in what has been termed the Darien Scheme, which originated in 1695, and
+so mismanaged as to involve thousands in ruin, many of whom had enjoyed
+comparative opulence. Although this project did not materially affect
+the Highlands of Scotland, yet as Highland money entered the enterprise,
+and as quite a body of Highlanders perished in the attempted
+colonization of the isthmus of Panama, more than a passing notice is
+here demanded.
+
+Scottish people have ever been noted for their caution, frugality, and
+prudence, and not prone to engage in any speculation unless based on the
+soundest business principles. Although thus characterized, yet this
+people engaged in the most disastrous speculation on record; established
+by act of the Scottish parliament, and begun by unprecedented
+excitement. The leading cause which impelled the people headlong into
+this catastrophe was the ruination of the foreign trade of Scotland by
+the English Navigation Act of 1660, which provided that all trade with
+the English colonies should be conducted in English ships alone. Any
+scheme plausibly presented was likely to catch those anxious to regain
+their commercial interests, as well as those who would be actuated to
+increase their own interests. The Massacre of Glencoe had no little
+share in the matter. This massacre, which occurred February 13, 1692, is
+the foulest blot in the annals of crime. It was deliberately planned by
+Sir John Dalrymple and others, ordered by king William, and executed by
+Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, in the most treacherous, brutal,
+atrocious, and bloodthirsty manner imaginable, and perpetrated without
+the shadow of a reasonable excuse--infancy and old age, male and female
+alike perished. The bare recital of it is awful; and the barbarity of
+the American savage pales before it. In every quarter, even at court,
+the account of the massacre was received with horror and indignation.
+The odium of the nation rose to a great pitch, and demanded that an
+inquiry be made into this atrocious affair. The appointment of a
+commission was not wrung from the unwilling king until April 29, 1695.
+The commission, as a whole, acted with great fairness, although they put
+the best possible construction on the king's order, and threw the whole
+blame on Secretary Dalrymple. The king was too intimately connected with
+the crime to make an example of any one, although through public
+sentiment he was forced to dismiss Secretary Dalrymple. Not one of those
+actually engaged in the perpetration of the crime were dismissed from
+the army, or punished for the butchery, otherwise than by the general
+hatred of the age in which they lived, and the universal execration of
+posterity. The tide of feeling set in against king William, and before
+it had time to ebb the Darien Scheme was projected. The friends of
+William seized the opportunity to persuade him that some freedom and
+facilities of trade should be granted the Scotch, and that would divert
+public attention from the Glencoe massacre. Secretary Dalrymple also was
+not slow to give it the support of his eloquence and interest, in hopes
+to regain thereby a part of his lost popularity.
+
+The originator of the Darien Scheme was William Paterson, founder of the
+Bank of England, a man of comprehensive views and great sagacity, born
+in Scotland, a missionary in the Indies, and a buccaneer among the West
+India islands. During his roving course of life he had visited the
+isthmus of Panama--then called Darien--and brought away only pleasant
+recollections of that narrow strip of land that unites North and South
+America. On his return to Europe his first plan was the national
+establishment of the Bank of England. For a brief period he was admitted
+as a director in that institution, but it befell to Paterson that others
+possessed of wealth and influence, interposed and took advantage of his
+ideas, and then excluded him from the concern. Paterson next turned his
+thoughts to the plan of settling a colony in America, and handling the
+trade of the Indies and the South Seas. The trade of Europe with the
+remote parts of Asia had been carried on by rounding the Cape of Good
+Hope. Paterson believed that the shorter, cheaper, and more expeditious
+route was by the isthmus of Panama, and, as he believed, that section of
+the country had not been occupied by any of the nations of Europe; and
+as it was specially adapted for his enterprise it should be colonized.
+He averred that the havens were capacious and secure; the sea swarmed
+with turtle; the country so mountainous, that though within nine degrees
+of the equator, the climate was temperate; and yet roads could be easily
+constructed along which a string of mules, or a wheeled carriage might
+in the course of a single day pass from sea to sea. Fruits and a
+profusion of valuable herbs grew spontaneously, on account of the rich
+black soil, which had a depth of seven feet; and the exuberant fertility
+of the soil had not tainted the purity of the atmosphere. As a place of
+residence alone, the isthmus was a paradise; and a colony there could
+not fail to prosper even if its wealth depended entirely on agriculture.
+This, however, would be only a secondary matter, for within a few years
+the entire trade between India and Europe would be drawn to that spot.
+The merchant was no longer to expose his goods to the capricious gales
+of the Antarctic Seas, for the easier, safer, cheaper route must be
+navigated, which was shortly destined to double the amount of trade.
+Whoever possessed that door which opened both to the Atlantic and
+Pacific, as the shortest and least expensive route would give law to
+both hemispheres, and by peaceful arts would establish an empire as
+splendid as that of Cyrus or Alexander. If Scotland would occupy Darien
+she would become the one great free port, the one great warehouse for
+the wealth that the soil of Darien would produce, and the greater wealth
+which would be poured through Darien, India, China, Siam, Ceylon, and
+the Moluccas; besides taking her place in the front rank among nations.
+On all the vast riches that would be poured into Scotland a toll should
+be paid which would add to her capital; and a fabulous prosperity would
+be shared by every Scotchman from the peer to the cadie. Along the
+desolate shores of the Forth Clyde villas and pleasure grounds would
+spring up; and Edinburgh would vie with London and Paris. These glowing
+prospects at first were only partially disclosed to the public, and the
+name of Darien was unpronounced save only to a few of Paterson's most
+confidential friends. A mystery pervaded the enterprise, and only enough
+was given out to excite boundless hopes and desires. He succeeded
+admirably in working up a sentiment and desire on the part of the people
+to become stockholders in the organization. The hour for action had
+arrived; so on June 26, 1695, the Scottish parliament granted a statute
+from the Crown, for creating a corporate body or stock company, by name
+of the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies, with power
+to plant colonies and build forts in places not possessed by other
+European nations, the consent of the inhabitants of the places they
+settled being obtained. The amount of capital was not fixed by charter,
+but it was stipulated that at least one-half the stock must be held by
+Scotchmen resident in Scotland, and that no stock originally so held
+should ever be transferred to any but Scotchmen resident in Scotland. An
+entire monopoly of the trade with Asia, Africa, and America was granted
+for a term of thirty-one years, and all goods imported by the company
+during twenty-one years, should be admitted duty free, except sugar and
+tobacco, unless grown on the company's plantations. Every member and
+servant of the company were privileged against arrest and imprisonment,
+and if placed in durance, the company was authorized to invoke both the
+civil and military power. The Great Seal was affixed to the Act; the
+books were opened; the shares were fixed at L100 sterling each; and
+every man from the Pentland Firth to the Galway Firth who could command
+the amount was impatient to put down his name. The whole kingdom
+apparently had gone mad. The number of shareholders were about fourteen
+hundred. The books were opened February 26, 1696, and the very first
+subscriber was Anne, dutchess of Hamilton. On that day there was
+subscribed L50,400. By the end of March the greater part of the amount
+had been subscribed. On March 5th, a separate book was opened in Glasgow
+and on it was entered L56,325. The books were closed August 3rd of the
+same year, and on the last day of subscriptions there was entered
+L14,125, reaching the total of L400,000, the amount apportioned to
+Scotland. The cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, in their corporate
+capacity, each took L3,000 and Perth L2,000. Of the subscriptions there
+were eight of L3,000 each; eight of L2,000 each; two of L1,500, and one
+each of L1,200 and L1,125; ninety-seven of L1,000 each; but the great
+majority consisted of L100 or L200 each. The whole amount actually paid
+up was L220,000. This may not seem to be a large amount for such a
+country as Scotland, but as already noted, the country had been ruined
+by the English Act of 1660. There were five or six shires which did not
+altogether contain as many guineas and crowns as were tossed about every
+day by the shovels of a single goldsmith in Lombard street. Even the
+nobles had but very little money, for a large part of their rents was
+taken in kind; and the pecuniary remuneration of the clergy was such as
+to move the pity of the most needy, of the present; yet some of these
+had invested their all in hopes that their children might be benefited
+when the golden harvest should come. Deputies in England received
+subscriptions to the amount of L300,000; and the Dutch and Hamburgers
+subscribed L200,000.
+
+Those Highland chiefs who had been considered as turbulent, and are so
+conspicuous in the history of the day have no place in this record of a
+species of enterprise quite distinct from theirs. The houses of Argyle,
+Athol, and Montrose appear in the list, as families who, besides their
+Highland chiefships, had other stakes and interests in the country; but
+almost the only person with a Highland patronymic was John MacPharlane
+of that ilk, a retired scholar who followed antiquarian pursuits in the
+libraries beneath the Parliament House. The Keltic prefix of "Mac" is
+most frequently attached to merchants in Inverness, who subscribed their
+hundred.
+
+It is probable that a list of Highlanders who subscribed stock may be of
+interest in this connection. Only such names as are purely Highland are
+here subjoined with amounts given, and also in the order as they appear
+on the books:
+
+    26 February, 1696:
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                       L600
+    Adam Gordon of Dalphollie                                       500
+    Master James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle
+      of Argyle                                                     500
+    John McPharlane of that ilk                                     200
+    Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown                                400
+    Sir Colin Campbell of Ardkinlass                                500
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, son to Colin Campbell of Soutar
+      houses                                                        400
+
+    27 February, 1696:
+    John Robertson, merchant in Edinburgh                           300
+    Matthew St. Clair, Doctor of Medicine                           500
+    Daniel Mackay, Writer in Edinburgh                              200
+    Mr. Francis Grant of Cullen, Advocate                           100
+    Duncan Forbes of Culloden                                       200
+    Arthur Forbes, younger of Echt                                  200
+    George Southerland, merchant in Edinburgh                       200
+    Kenneth McKenzie of Cromartie                                   500
+    Major John Forbes                                               200
+
+    28 February, 1696:
+    William Robertsone of Gladney                                 1,000
+    Mungo Graeme of Gorthie                                         500
+    Duncan Campbell of Monzie                                       500
+    James Mackenzie, son to the Viscount of Tarbat                1,000
+
+   2 March, 1696:
+    Jerome Robertson, periwig maker, burgess of Edinburgh           100
+
+    3 March 1696:
+    David Robertsone, Vintner in Edinburgh                          200
+    William Drummond, brother to Thomas Drummond of
+      Logie Almond                                                  500
+
+    4 March, 1696:
+    Sir Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss                                  400
+
+    5 March, 1696:
+    James Robertson, tylor in Canonget                              100
+    Sir Thomas Murray of Glendoick                                1,000
+
+    6 March, 1696:
+    Alexander Murray, son to John Murray of Touchadam,
+      and deputed by him                                            300
+
+    7 March 1696:
+    John Gordon, Captain in Lord Stranraer's Regiment               100
+    Samuell McLelland, merchant in Edinburgh                        500
+
+    11 March 1696:
+    Aeneas McLeod, Town-Clerk of Edinburgh, in name and
+      behalfe of George Viscount of Tarbat, and as having
+      commission from him                                         L1000
+
+    17 March, 1696:
+    John Menzies, Advocate                                          200
+    William Menzies, merchant in Edinburgh                         1000
+
+    19 March, 1696:
+    James Drummond, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Mr.
+      John Graham of Aberuthven                                     100
+    Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     200
+    Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     100
+    Daniel McKay, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain
+      Hugh McKay, younger of Borley                                 300
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, deputed by Captain
+      Leonard Robertsone of Straloch                                100
+
+    20 March, 1696:
+    Alexander Murray, son to George Murray of Touchadam,
+      deputed by him                                                200
+    Sir Colin Campbell of Aberuchill, one of the Senators of
+      the Colledge of Justice                                       500
+    Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh, deputed
+      by George Robertstone, younger, merchant in Glasgow           100
+    Andrew Robertson, chyrurgeon in Edinburgh                       100
+    James Gregorie, student                                         100
+    George Earle of Southerland                                    1000
+
+    21 March, 1696:
+    John McFarlane, Writer to the Signet                            200
+
+    23 March, 1696:
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain,
+      deputed by the said Samuell Forbes                           1000
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain        500
+    James Gregory, Professor of Mathematiques in the Colledge
+      of Edinburgh                                                  200
+
+    24 March 1696:
+    Patrick Murray of Livingstoun                                   600
+    Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet, as having
+      deputation from Alexander Gordoun, son to
+      Alexander Gordoun, minister at Inverary                       100
+    William Graham, merchant in Edinburgh                           200
+    David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by Thomas Graeme
+      of Balgowan                                                   600
+    David Drummond, Advocate, deputed by John Drummond
+      of Culqupalzie                                               L600
+
+    25 March, 1696:
+    John Murray of Deuchar                                          800
+    Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun                              400
+    John Sinclair of Stevenstoun                                    400
+
+    26 March, 1696:
+    Helen Drummond, spouse to Colonel James Ferguson as
+      commissionate by him                                          200
+    James Murray of Sundhope                                        100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                        400
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for John Stewart of Dalguis,
+      conform to deputation                                         100
+
+    March 27:
+    Alexander Johnstoune of Elshieshells                            400
+    John Forbes, brother-german to Samuell Forbes of Fovrain,
+      conform to one deputation by Captain James
+      Stewart, in Sir John Hill's regiment. Governor of
+      Fort William                                                  100
+    Thomas Forbes of Watertoun                                      200
+    William Ross, merchant in Edinburgh                             100
+    Rachell Johnstoun, relict of Mr. Robert Baylie of Jerviswood    200
+
+    March 28:
+    John Fraser, servitor to Alexander Innes, merchant              100
+    Mr. John Murray, Senior Advocate                                100
+    John Stewart, Writer in Clerk Gibsone's chamber                 100
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses                                     200
+    Mr. Gilbert Campbell, merchant in Edinburgh, son to Colline
+      Campbell of Soutar Houses, (more)                             100
+    James Gordon, Senior, merchant in Aberdeen                      250
+    Thomas Gordon, skipper in Leith                                 100
+    Adam Gordon of Dulpholly                                        500
+    Colin Campbell of Lochlan                                       200
+    Thomas Graeme of Balgowane, by virtue of a deputation
+      from David Graeme of Kilor                                    200
+    Patrick Coutts, merchant in Edinburgh, being deputed by
+      Alexander Robertsone, merchant in Dundie                      200
+    David Drummond, of Cultimalindie                                600
+    John Drummond, brother of David Drummond of Cultimalindie       200
+
+    30 March, 1696:
+    James Marquess of Montrose                                     1000
+    John Murray, doctor of medicine, for Mr. James Murray,
+      Chirurgeon in Perth, conform to a deputation                 L200
+    William Stewart, doctor of medicine at Perth                    100
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh, being depute by
+      Helen Steuart, relict of Doctor Murray                        100
+    James Drummond, one of the Clerks to the Bills, being
+      deputed by James Meinzies of Shian                            100
+    Robert Stewart, Junior, Advocate                                300
+    Master Donald Robertsone, minister of the Gospel                100
+    Duncan Campbell of Monzie, by deputation from John
+      Drummond of Culquhalzie                                       100
+    John Marquesse of Athole                                        500
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, deputed by James Murray
+      at Orchart Milne                                              100
+    Thomas Johnstone, merchant in Edinburgh                         100
+    William Meinzies, merchant in Edinburgh                        1000
+    Alexander Forbes of Tolquhon                                    500
+    Robert Murray, merchant in Edinburgh                            200
+    Walter Murray, merchant in Edinburgh                            100
+    Master Arthur Forbes, son of the Laird of Cragivar              100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate                                         100
+    Barbara Fraser, relict of George Stirling, Chirurgeon
+      apothecary in Edinburgh                                       200
+    Alexander Johnston, merchant in Edinburgh                       100
+    Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenstoun, for Charles Sinclair,
+      Advocate, his son                                             100
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Patrick Ogilvie of Balfour    400
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by Thomas Robertson,
+      merchant there (i.e. Dundee)                                  125
+    The said Thomas Scott, deputed by David Drummond,
+      merchant in Dundee                                            100
+    Mrs. Anne Stewart, daughter to the deceased John Stewart
+      of Kettlestoun                                                100
+
+    31 March, 1696:
+    Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarrony                            500
+    William Stewart, clerk to his Majesty's Customs at Leith        100
+    Christian Grierson, daughter to the deceast John Grierson       100
+    Jesper Johnstoune of Waristoun                                  500
+    Alexander Forbes, goldsmith in Edinburgh                        200
+    Master John Campbell, Writer to the Signet                      200
+    Thomas Campbell, flesher in Edinburgh                           200
+    Archibald Earle of Argyll                                      1500
+    James Campbell, brother-german to the Earle of Argyll           200
+    William Johnston, postmaster of Hadingtoun                     L100
+    Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh                                 500
+    Andrew Murray, brother to Sundhope                              100
+    William McLean, master of the Revelles                          100
+    John Cameron, son to the deceast Donald Cameron, merchant
+      in Edinburgh                                                  100
+    David Forbes, Advocate                                          200
+    Captain John Forbes of Forbestoune                              200
+
+    Afternoon:
+    Sir Alexander Monro of Bearcrofts                               200
+    James Gregorie, student of medicine                             100
+    Mungo Campbell of Burnbank                                      400
+    John Murray, junior, merchant in Edinburgh                      400
+    Robert Murray, burges in Edinburgh                              150
+    Dougall Campbell of Sadell                                      100
+    Ronald Campbell, Writer to his Majesty's Signet                 200
+    Alexander Finlayson, Writer in Edinburgh                        100
+    John Steuart, Writer in Edinburgh                               100
+    William Robertson, one of the sub-clerks of the Session         100
+    Lady Neil Campbell                                              200
+    Mary Murray, Lady Enterkin, elder                               200
+    Sir George Campbell of Cesnock                                 1000
+
+    7 April:
+    Thomas Robertson of Lochbank                                    400
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Hugh Robertson, Provost of
+      Inverness, conform to deputation                              100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for James McLean, baillie of
+      Invernes, conform to deputation                               100
+    Robert Fraser. Advocate, for John McIntosh, baillie of Invernes,
+      conform to deputation                                         100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander McLeane, merchant
+      of Invernes, conform to deputation                            150
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Robert Rose, late baillie of
+      Invernes, conform to deputation                               140
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for Alexander Stewart, skipper
+      at Invernes, conform to deputation                            150
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, for William Robertson of Inshes,       100
+
+    9 April, 1696:
+    James Drummond, one of the Clerks of the Bills, for Robert
+      Menzies, in Aberfadie, conform to deputation                  100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by John Menzies of
+      Camock, Advocate                                              200
+    Archibald Sinclair, Advocate                                    100
+    Patrick Campbell, Writer in Edinburgh                          L100
+    John Murray, doctor of medicine, for William Murray of
+      Arbony, by virtue of his deputation                           200
+    Colen Campbell of Bogholt                                       100
+    William Gordone, Writer in Edinburgh                            100
+
+    14 Apryle:
+    The said Thomas Halliday, Conform to deputation from
+      William Ogilvie in Todshawhill                                100
+
+    16 Aprill:
+    Patrick Murray, lawful son to Patrick Murray of Killor          100
+    Walter Murray, servitor to George Clerk, junior, merchant
+      in Edinburgh, deputed by Robert Murray of
+      Levelands                                                     150
+    John Campbell, Writer to the Signet, for Alexander Campbell,
+      younger of Calder, conform to deputation                      500
+    Captain James Drummond of Comrie                                200
+
+    April 21:
+    James Cuming, merchant in Edinburgh                             100
+    James Campbell of Kinpout                                       100
+    James Drummond, Under-Clerk to the Bills, depute by
+      Archibald Meinzies of Myln of Kiltney                         100
+    Robert Blackwood, deputed by John Gordon of Collistoun,
+      doctor of medicine                                            100
+    Robert Blackwood, merchant in Edinburgh, deputed by
+      Charles Ogilvy, merchant and late baillie of Montrose         200
+    James Ramsay, writer in Edinburg, commission at by Duncan
+      Campbell of Duneaves                                          100
+    Captain Patrick Murray, of Lord Murray's regiment of foot       100
+
+    May 5, 1696.
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, conform to deputation from
+      Thomas Grahame in Auchterarder                                100
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, depute by David Graeme of
+      Jordanstoun                                                   100
+    Samuel McLellan, merchant in Dundee, conform to deputation
+      from William Stewart of Castle Stewart                        100
+
+    May 14, 1696.
+    Andrew Robertsone, chirurgeon in Edinburgh, conform
+      to deputation by George Robertsone, Writer in Dunblane        100
+
+    May 21, 1696.
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for Lodovick Drummond,
+      chamberland to my Lord Drummond                               100
+
+    May 26, 1696.
+    Thomas Drummond of Logie Almond                                L500
+
+    June 2, 1696.
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, by virtue of a deputation from
+      Robert Cuming of Relugas, merchant of Inverness               100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of William Duff of
+      Dyple, merchant of Inverness                                  100
+    Robert Fraser, Advocate, in name of Alexander Duffe of
+      Drumuire, merchant of Inverness                               100
+
+    June 4, 1696.
+    John Haldane of Gleneagles, depute by John Graham, son
+      to John Graham, clerk to the chancellary                      100
+    Adam Drummond of Meginch                                        200
+
+    18.
+    Agnes Campbell, relict of Andrew Anderson, his Majesty's
+      printer                                                       100
+
+    July 10.
+    John Drummond of Newtoun, for Dame Margaret Graham,
+      Lady Kinloch                                                  200
+    John Drummond of Newtoun                                        200
+    James Menzies of Schian                                         100
+    Mungo Graeme of Garthie                                         200
+
+    21.
+    Sir Alexander Cumyng of Culter                                  200
+
+    31.
+    Mr. George Murray, doctor of physick                            200
+    Patrick Campbell, brother to Monzie                             100
+
+    August 1.
+    James Lord Drummond                                            1000
+
+    Friday, 6 March, 1696.
+    John Drummond of Newtoune                                      1125
+
+    Saturday, 7 March, 1696.
+    John Graham, younger of                                        1000
+    Daniel Campbell, merchant in Glasgow                           1000
+    George Robinsoune, belt-maker in Glasgow                        100
+    John Robinsoune, hammerman in Glasgow                           100
+    John Robertson, junior, merchant in Glasgow                     500
+
+    Munday, 9 March, 1696.
+    Mattheu Cuming, junior, merchant in Glasgow                    1000
+    William Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow                           100
+    Marion Davidson, relict of Mr. John Glen, Minister of the
+      Gospel                                                        100
+    James Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow                            200
+    Thomas Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow                           200
+    George Johnston, merchant in Glasgow                           L200
+    John Buchanan, merchant in Glasgow                              100
+    John Grahame, younger of Dougaldstoun                         1,000
+
+    Tuesday, 10 March, 1696.
+    Neill McVicar, tanner in Glasgow                                100
+    George Buchanan, Maltman in Glasgow                             100
+
+    Saturday, 21 March, 1696.
+    Archibald Cambell, merchant in Glasgow                          100
+
+    Tuesday, 24 March, 1696.
+    John Robertsone, younger, merchant in Glasgow, for Robert
+      Robertsone, second lawfull sone to Umqll James
+      Robertsone, merchant in Glasgow                               100
+
+    Tuesday, March 31, 1696.
+    Mungo Campbell of Nether Place                                  100
+    Hugh Campbell, merchant, son to deceast Sir Hugh Campbell
+      of Cesnock                                                    100
+    Matthew Campbell of Waterhaugh                                  100
+
+    Thursday, Agr the 2d of Aprille.
+    Mungo Campbell, merchant in Ayr                                 100
+    David Fergursone, merchant in Ayr                               100
+
+    Wednesday the 15th day, 1696.
+    Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment             200
+    Captain James Menzies, of Sir John Hill's regiment              100
+    Captain Francis Ferquhar, of Sir John Hill's regiment           100
+
+    Thursday, 16 Aprile, 1696.
+    Captain Charles Forbes, of Sir John Hill's regiment             200
+
+    Fryday, 17 Aprile.
+    Lieutenant Charles Ross, of Sir John Hill's regiment            100[13]
+
+It is more than probable that some names should not be inserted above,
+as the name Graeme, for it may belong to the clan Graham of the
+Highlands, or else to the debateable land, near Carlisle, which is more
+likely. We know that where they had made themselves adverse to both
+sides, they were forced to emigrate in large numbers. Some of them
+settled near Bangor, in the county of Down, Ireland. How large a per
+cent, of the subscribers who lived in the lowlands, and born out of the
+Highlands, would be impossible to determine. Then names of parties, born
+in the Highlands and of Gaelic blood have undoubtedly been omitted owing
+to change of name. By the change in spelling of the name, it would
+indicate that some had left Ulster where their forefathers had settled,
+and taken up their residence in Scotland. It will also be noticed that
+the clans bordering the Grampians were most affected by the excitement
+while others seemingly did not even feel the breeze.
+
+The Darien Scheme at best was but suppositious, for no experiment had
+been tried in order to forecast a realization of what was expected.
+There was, it is true, a glitter about it, but there were materials
+within the reach of all from which correct data might have been
+obtained. It seems incredible that men of sound judgment should have
+risked everything, when they only had a vague or general idea of
+Paterson's plans. It was also a notorious fact that Spain claimed
+sovereignty over the Isthmus of Panama, and, even if she had not, it was
+unlikely that she would tolerate such a colony, as was proposed, in the
+very heart of her transatlantic dominions. Spain owned the Isthmus both
+by the right of discovery and possession; and the very country which
+Paterson had described in such radiant colors had been found by the
+Castilian settlers to be a land of misery and of death; and on account
+of the poisonous air they had been compelled to remove to the
+neighboring haven of Panama. All these facts, besides others, might
+easily have been ascertained by members of the Company.
+
+As has already been intimated, the Scots alone were not drawn into this
+vortex of wild excitement, and are no more to be held responsible for
+the delusion than some of other nationalities. The English people were
+seized with the dread of Scottish prosperity resulting from the
+enterprise, and England's jealousy of trade at once interfered to crush
+an adventure which seemed so promising. The English East India Company
+instigated a cry, echoed by the city of London, and taken up by the
+nation, which induced their parliament, when it met for the first time,
+after the elections of 1695, to give its unequivocal condemnation to the
+scheme. One peer declared, "If these Scots are to have their way I shall
+go and settle in Scotland, and not stay here to be made a beggar." The
+two Houses of Parliament went up together to Kensington and represented
+to the king the injustice of requiring England to exert her power in
+support of an enterprise which, if successful, must be fatal to her
+commerce and to her finances. William replied in plain terms that he had
+been illy-treated in Scotland, but that he would try to find a remedy
+for the evil which had been brought to his attention. At once he
+dismissed Lord High Commissioner Tweeddale and Secretary Johnston; but
+the Act which had been passed under their management still continued to
+be law in Scotland.
+
+The Darien Company might have surmounted the opposition of the English
+parliament and the East India Company, had not the Dutch East India
+Company--a body remarkable for its monopolizing character--also joined
+in the outcry against the Scottish enterprise; incited thereto by the
+king through Sir Paul Rycaut, the British resident at Hamburg, directing
+him to transmit to the senate of that commercial city a remonstrance on
+the part of king William, accusing them of having encouraged the
+commissioners of the Darien Company; requesting them to desist from
+doing so; intimating that the plan had not the king's support; and a
+refusal to withdraw their countenance from the scheme would threaten an
+interruption to his friendship with the good city of Hamburg. The result
+of this interference was the almost total withdrawal of the Dutch and
+English subscriptions, which was accelerated by the threatened
+impeachment, by the English parliament, of such persons who had
+subscribed to the Company; and, furthermore, were compelled to renounce
+their connection with the Company, besides misusing some native-born
+Scotchmen who had offended the House by subscribing their own money to a
+company formed in their own country, and according to their own laws.
+
+The managers of the scheme, supported by the general public of Scotland,
+entered a strong protest against the king's hostile interference of his
+Hamburg envoy. In his answer the king evaded what he was resolved not to
+grant, and yet could not in equity refuse. By the double dealing of the
+monarch the Company lost the active support of the subscribers in
+Hamburg and Holland.
+
+In spite of the desertion of her English and foreign subscribers the
+Scots, encouraged in their stubborn resolution, and flattered by hopes
+that captivated their imaginations, decided to enter the project alone.
+A stately house in Milne Square, then the most modern and fashionable
+part of Edinburgh, was purchased and fitted up for an office and
+warehouse. It was called the Scottish India House. Money poured faster
+than ever into the coffers of the Company. Operations were actively
+commenced during the month of May, 1696. Contracts were rapidly let and
+orders filled--smith and cutlery work at Falkirk; woollen stockings at
+Aberdeen; gloves and other leather goods at Perth; various metallic
+works, hats, shoes, tobacco-pipes, serges, linen cloth, bobwigs and
+periwigs, at Edinburgh; and for home-spun and home-woven woollen checks
+or tartan, to various parts of the Highlands.
+
+[Illustration: SCOTTISH INDIA HOUSE]
+
+As the means for building ships in Scotland did not then exist, recourse
+was had to the dockyards of Amsterdam and Hamburg. At an expense of
+L50,000 a few inferior ships were purchased, and fitted out as ships of
+war; for their constitution authorized them to make war both by land and
+sea. The vessels were finally fitted out at Leith, consisting of the
+Caledonia, the St. Andrew, the Unicorn, and the Dolphin, each armed with
+fifty guns and two tenders, the Endeavor and Pink, afterwards sunk at
+Darien; and among the commodities stored away were axes, iron wedges,
+knives, smiths', carpenters' and coopers' tools, barrels, guns, pistols,
+combs, shoes, hats, paper, tobacco-pipes, and, as was supposed,
+provisions enough to last eight months. The value of the cargo of the
+St. Andrew was estimated at L4,006. The crew and colonists consisted of
+twelve hundred picked men, the greater part of whom were veterans who
+had served in king William's wars, and the remainder of Highlanders and
+others who had opposed the revolution, and three hundred gentlemen of
+family, desirous of trying their fortunes.
+
+It was on July 26, 1698, that the vessels weighed anchor and put out to
+sea. A wild insanity seized the entire population of Edinburgh as they
+came to witness the embarkation. Guards were kept busy holding back the
+eager crowd who pressed forward, and, stretching out their arms to their
+departing countrymen, clamored to be taken on board. Stowaways, when
+ordered on shore, madly clung to rope and mast, pleading in vain to be
+allowed to serve without pay on board the ships. Women sobbed and gasped
+for breath; men stood uncovered, and with downcast head and choked
+utterance invoked the blessing of the Beneficent Being. The banner of
+St. Andrew was hoisted at the admiral's mast; and as a light wind caught
+the sails, the roar of the vast multitude was heard far down the waters
+of the frith.
+
+The actual destination of the fleet was still a profound secret, save to
+a few. The supreme direction of the expedition was entrusted to a
+council of seven, to whom was entrusted all power, both civil and
+military. The voyage was long and the adventurers suffered much; the
+rations proved to be scanty, and of poor quality; and the fleet, after
+passing the Orkneys and Ireland, touched at Madeira, where those who had
+fine clothes were glad to exchange them for provisions and wines. Having
+crossed the Atlantic, they first landed on an uninhabited islet lying
+between Porto Rico and St. Thomas, which they took possession of in the
+name of their country, and hoisted the white cross of St. Andrew. Being
+warned off for trespassing on the territory of the king of Denmark, and
+having procured the services of an old buccaneer, under whose pilotage
+they departed, on November 1st they anchored close to the Isthmus of
+Panama, having lost fifteen of their number during the voyage. On the
+4th they landed at Acla; founded there a settlement to which they gave
+the name of New St. Andrews; marked out the site for another town and
+called it New Edinburgh. The weather was genial and climate pleasant at
+the time of their arrival; the vegetation was luxuriant and promising;
+the natives were kind; and everything presaged a bright future for the
+fortune-seekers. They cut a canal through the neck of land that divided
+one side of the harbor from the ocean, and there constructed a fort,
+whereon they mounted fifty cannon. On a mountain, at the opposite side
+of the harbor, they built a watchhouse, where the extensive view
+prevented all danger of a surprise. Lands were purchased from the
+Indians, and messages of friendship were sent to the governors of the
+several Spanish provinces. As the amount of funds appropriated for the
+sustenance of the colony had been largely embezzled by those having the
+matter in charge, the people were soon out of provisions. Fishing and
+the chase were now the only sources, and as these were precarious, the
+colonists were soon on the verge of starvation. As the summer drew near
+the atmosphere became stifling, and the exhalations from the steaming
+soil, added to other causes, wrought death among the settlers. The
+mortality rose gradually to ten a day. Both the clergymen who
+accompanied the expedition were dead; one of them, Rev. Thomas James,
+died at sea before the colonists landed, and soon after the arrival Rev.
+Adam Scot succumbed. Paterson buried his wife in that soil, which, as he
+had assured his too credulous countrymen, exhaled health and vigor. Men
+passed to the hospital, and from thence to the grave, and the survivors
+were only kept alive through the friendly offices of the Indians.
+Affairs continued daily to grow worse. The Spaniards on the isthmus
+looked with complacency on the distress of the Scotchmen. No relief, and
+no tidings coming from Scotland, the survivors on June 22, 1699, less
+than eight months after their arrival, resolved to abandon the
+settlement. They re-embarked in three vessels, a weak and hopeless
+company, to sail whithersoever Providence might direct. Paterson, the
+first to embark at Leith, was the last to re-embark at Darien. He begged
+hard to be left behind with twenty or more companions to keep up a show
+of possession, and to await the next arrival from Scotland. His
+importunities were disregarded, and, utterly helpless, he was carried on
+board the St. Andrew, and soon after the vessels stood out to sea. The
+voyage was horrible. It might be compared to the horrors of a slave
+ship.
+
+The ocean kept secret the sufferings on board these pestilential ships
+until August 8th, when the Caledonia, commanded by Captain Robert
+Drummond, drifted into Sandy Hook, New York, having lost one hundred and
+three men since leaving Darien, and twelve more within four days after
+arrival, leaving but sixty-five men on board fit for handling ropes. The
+three ships, on leaving Darien, had three hundred each, including
+officers, crew and colonists. On August 13th, the Unicorn, commanded by
+Captain John Anderson, came into New York in a distressed condition,
+having lost her foremast, fore topmast, and mizzen mast. She lost one
+hundred and fifty men on the way. It appears that Captain Robert
+Pennicuik of the St. Andrew knew of the helpless condition of the
+Unicorn, and accorded no assistance.[14] As might be expected, passion
+was engendered amidst this scene of misery. The squalid survivors, in
+the depths of their misery, raged fiercely against one another. Charges
+of incapacity, cruelty, brutal insolence, were hurled backward and
+forward. The rigid Presbyterians attributed the calamities to the
+wickedness of Jacobites, Prelatists, Sabbath-breakers and Atheists, as
+they denominated some of their fellow-sufferers. The accused parties, on
+the other hand, complained bitterly of the impertinence of meddling
+fanatics and hypocrites. Paterson was cruelly reviled, and was unable to
+defend himself. He sunk into a stupor, and became temporarily insane.
+
+The arrival of the two ships in New York awakened different emotions.
+There certainly was no danger of these miserable people doing any harm,
+and yet their appearance awakened apprehension, on account of orders
+received from the king. After the proclamations which had been issued
+against these miserable fugitives, it became a question of difficulty,
+since the governor of New York was absent in Boston, whether it was
+safe to provide the dying men with harborage and necessary food. Natural
+feelings overcame the difficulty; the more selfish and timid would have
+stood aloof and let fate take its course: there being a sufficient
+number of them to make the more generous feel that their efforts to save
+life were not made without risks. Even putting the most favorable
+construction on the act of the earl of Bellomont, governor of Rhode
+Island, who was appealed to for advice, by the lieutenant governor of
+New York, the colonists were provoked by the actions of those in
+authority. Bellomont, in his report to the Lords of Trade, under date of
+October 20, 1699, states that the sufferers drew up a memorial to the
+lieutenant governor for permission to buy provisions; would not act
+until Bellomont gave his instructions; latter thinks the colonists
+became insolent after being refreshed; and "your Lordships will see that
+I have been cautious enough in my orders to the lieutenant governor of
+New York, not to suffer the Scotch to buy more provisions, than would
+serve to carry them home to Scotland."[15] On October 12th the Caledonia
+set sail from Sandy Hook, made the west coast of Ireland, November 11th,
+and on the 20th of same month anchored in the Sound of Islay, Scotland.
+
+The story of the Unicorn is soon told. "John Anderson, a Scotch
+Presbyterian, who commanded a ship to Darien in the Scottish expedition
+thither and on his return in at Amboy, N. Jersey, & let his ship rot &
+plundered her & with ye plunder bought land."[16]
+
+The St. Andrew parted company with the Caledonia the second day after
+leaving the settlement, and two nights later saw the Unicorn almost
+wholly dismasted, and on the following day was pursued by the Baslavento
+fleet. They put into Jamaica, but were denied assistance, in obedience
+to king William's orders; and a British admiral, Bembo, refused to give
+them some men to assist in bringing the ship to the isle of Port Royal.
+During the voyage to Port Royal, they lost the commander, Captain
+Pennicuik, most of the officers and one hundred and thirty of the men,
+before landing, on August 9, 1699.[17]
+
+The Dolphin, Captain Robert Pincarton, commander, used as a supply and
+trading ship, of fourteen guns, on February 5, 1699, struck a rock and
+ran ashore at Carthagena, the crew seized by the Spaniards, and in irons
+were put in dungeons as pirates. The Spaniards congratulated themselves
+on having captured a few of "the ruffians" who had been the terror and
+curse of their settlements for a century. They were formally condemned
+to death, but British interference succeeded in preventing the sentence
+on the crew from being executed.
+
+On the week following the departure of the expedition from Leith, the
+Scottish parliament met and unanimously adopted an address to the king,
+asking his support and countenance to the Darien colony. Notwithstanding
+this memorial the British monarch ordered the governors of Jamaica,
+Barbadoes and New York to refuse all supplies to the settlers. Up to
+this time the king had partly concealed his policy. No time was lost by
+the East India Companies in bringing every measure to bear in order to
+ruin the colony. To such length did rancor go that the Scotch commanders
+who should presume to enter English ports, even for repairs after a
+storm, were threatened with arrest. In obedience to the king's orders
+the governors issued proclamations, which they attempted strictly to
+enforce; and every species of relief, not only that which countrymen can
+claim of their fellow-subjects, and Christians of their
+fellow-Christians, and such as the veriest criminal has a right to
+demand, was denied the colonists of Darien. On May 12, 1699, there
+sailed from Leith the Olive Branch, Captain William Johnson, commander,
+and the Hopeful, under Captain Alexander Stark, with ample stores of
+provisions, and three hundred recruits, but did not arrive at Darien
+until eight weeks after the departure of the colonists. Finding that the
+settlement had been abandoned, and leaving six of their number, who
+preferred to remain, but were afterwards brought away, the Hopeful
+sailed for Jamaica, where she was seized and condemned as a prize. "The
+Olive Branch was unfortunately blown up at Caledonia" (Darien).[18]
+
+The Spaniards had not only become aggressive by seizing the Dolphin and
+incarcerating the officers and crew, but their government made no
+remonstrance against the invasion of its territory until May 3, 1699,
+when a memorial was presented to William by the Spanish ambassador
+stating that his sovereign looked on the proceedings as a rupture of the
+alliance between the two countries, and as a hostile invasion, and would
+take such measures as he thought best against the intruders. It is
+possible that at this time Spain would not have taken any action
+whatever, if William had pursued a different course; and seeing that the
+colonists had been abandoned and disowned by their own king, as if they
+had been vagabonds or outlaws, the Spaniards, in a manner, felt
+themselves invited to precipitate a crisis, which they accomplished.
+
+In the meantime the directors of the Darien Company were actively
+organizing another expedition and hastily sent out four more
+vessels--the Rising Sun, Captain James Gibson; the Hope, Captain James
+Miller; the Hope of Barrowstouness, Captain Richard Daling; and the Duke
+of Hamilton, Captain Walter Duncan; with thirteen hundred "good men well
+appointed," besides materials of war. This fleet left Greenock August
+18, 1699, but having been delayed by contrary winds, did not leave the
+Bay of Rothsay, Isle of Bute, until Sunday, September 24th. On Thursday,
+November 30, the fleet reached its destination, after considerable
+suffering and some deaths on board. These vessels contained engineers,
+fire-workers, bombardiers, battery guns of twenty-four pounds, mortars
+and bombs. The number of men mentioned included over three hundred
+Highlanders, chiefly from the estate of Captain Alexander Campbell of
+Fonab, most of whom had served under him, in Flanders, in Lorn's
+regiment. During the voyage the Hope was cast away. Captain Miller
+loaded the long boat very deep with provisions, goods and arms, and
+proceeded towards Havana. He arrived safely at Darien.
+
+A large proportion of the second expedition belonged to the military,
+and were organized. Among the Highland officers are noticed the
+following names: Captains Colin Campbell, Thomas McIntosh, James
+Urquhart, Alexander Stewart, ---- Ferquhar, and ---- Grant; Lieutenants
+Charles Stewart, Samuel Johnston, John Campbell and Walter Graham;
+Ensigns Hugh Campbell and Robert Colquhon, and Sergeant Campbell.
+
+The members of this expedition were greatly disappointed on their
+arrival. They fully expected to find a secure fortification, a
+flourishing town, cultivated fields, and a warm reception. Instead they
+found a wilderness; the castle in ruins; the huts burned, and grass
+growing over the ruins. Their hearts sank within them; for this fleet
+had not been fitted out to found a colony, but to recruit and protect
+one already in a flourishing condition. They were worse provided with
+the necessaries of life than their predecessors had been. They made
+feeble attempts to restore the ruins. They constructed a fort on the old
+grounds; and within the ramparts built a hamlet consisting of about
+eighty-five cabins, generally of twelve feet by ten. The work went
+slowly on, without hope or encouragement. Despondency and discontent
+pervaded all ranks. The provisions became scanty, and unfair dealing
+resorted to. There were plots and factions formed, and one malcontent
+hanged. Nor was the ecclesiastical part happily arranged. The provision
+made by the General Assembly was as defective as the provision for the
+temporal wants had been made by the directors of the company. Of the
+four divines, one of them, Alexander Dalgleish, died at sea, on board of
+Captain Duncan's vessel. They were all of the established church of
+Scotland, who had the strongest sympathy with the Cameronians. They were
+at war with almost all the colonists. The antagonisms between priest and
+people were extravagant and fatal. They described their flocks as the
+most profligate of mankind, and declared it was most impossible to
+constitute a presbytery, for it was impossible to find persons fit to be
+ruling elders of a Christian church. This part of the trouble can easily
+be accounted for. One-third of the people were Highlanders, who did not
+understand a word of English, and not one of the pastors knew a word of
+Gaelic; and only through interpreters could they converse with this
+large body of men. It is also more than probable that many of these men,
+trained to war, had more or less of a tendency to fling off every
+corrective band. Both Rev. John Borland and Rev. Alexander Shiels,
+author of the "Hynd let Loose," were stern fanatics who would tolerate
+nothing diverging a shade from their own code of principles. They
+treated the people as persons under their spiritual authority, and
+required of them fastings, humiliations, and long attendance on sermons
+and exhortations. Such pastors were treated with contempt and ignominy
+by men scarcely inclined to bear ecclesiastical authority, even in its
+lightest form. They mistook their mission, which was to give Christian
+counsel, and to lead gently and with dignity from error into rectitude.
+Instead of this they fell upon the flock like irritated schoolmasters
+who find their pupils in mutiny. They became angry and dominative; and
+the more they thus exhibited themselves, the more scorn and contumely
+they encountered. Meanwhile two trading sloops arrived in the harbor
+with a small stock of provisions; but the supply was inadequate; so five
+hundred of the party were ordered to embark for Scotland.
+
+The news of the abandonment of the settlement by the first expedition
+was first rumored in London during the middle of September, 1699.
+Letters giving such accounts had been received from Jamaica. The report
+reached Edinburgh on the 19th, but was received with scornful
+incredulity. It was declared to be an impudent lie devised by some
+Englishmen who could not endure the sight of Scotland waxing great and
+opulent. On October 4th the whole truth was known, for letters had been
+received from New York announcing that a few miserable men, the remains
+of the colony, had arrived in the Hudson. Grief, dismay, and rage seized
+the nation. The directors in their rage called the colonists
+white-livered deserters. Accurate accounts brought the realization of
+the truth that hundreds of families, once in comparative opulence, were
+now reduced almost to beggary, and the flower of the nation had either
+succumbed to hardships, or else were languishing in prisons in the
+Spanish settlements, or else starving in English colonies. The
+bitterness of disappointment was succeeded by an implacable hostility to
+the king, who was denounced in pamphlets of the most violent and
+inflammatory character, calling him a hypocrite, and a deceiver of those
+who had shed their best blood in his cause, and the author of the
+misfortunes of Scotland. Indemnification, redress, and revenge were
+demanded by every mouth, and each hand was ready to vouch for the claim.
+Never had just such a feeling existed in Scotland. It became a useless
+possession to the king, for he could not wring one penny from that
+kingdom for the public service, and, what was more important to him, he
+could not induce one recruit for his continental wars. William continued
+to remain indifferent to all complaints of hardships and petitions of
+redress, unless when he showed himself irritated by the importunity of
+the suppliants, and hurt at being obliged to evade what it was
+impossible for him, with the least semblance of justice to refuse. The
+feeling against William long continued in Scotland. As late as November
+5, 1788, when it was proposed that a monument should be erected in
+Edinburgh to his memory, there appeared in one of the papers an
+anonymous communication ironically applauding the undertaking, and
+proposing as two subjects of the entablature, for the base of the
+projected column, the massacre of Glencoe and the distresses of the
+Scottish colonists in Darien. On the appearance of this article the
+project was very properly and righteously abandoned. The result of the
+Darien Scheme and the cold-blooded policy of William made the Scottish
+nation ripe for rebellion. Had there been even one member of the exiled
+house of Stuart equal to the occasion, that family could then have
+returned to Scotland amid the joys and acclamations of the nation.
+
+Amidst the disasters of the first expedition the directors of the
+company were not unmindful of the fate of those who had sailed in the
+last fleet. These people must be promptly succored. The company hired
+the ship Margaret, commanded by Captain Leonard Robertson, which sailed
+from Dundee, March 9, 1700; but what was of greater importance was the
+commission given to Captain Alexander Campbell of Fonab, under date of
+October 10, 1699, making him a councillor of the company and investing
+him with "the chief and supreme command, both by sea and by land, of all
+ships, men, forts, settlements, lands, possessions, and others
+whatsoever belonging to the said company in any part or parts of
+America,"[19] with instructions to lose no time in taking passage for
+Jamaica, or the Leeward Islands and there secure a vessel, with three or
+four months' provisions for the colony. Arriving at the Barbadoes, he
+then purchased a vessel with a cargo of provisions, and on January 24,
+1700, sailed for Darien, which he reached February 5th, and just in time
+to be of active service; for intelligence had reached the colony that
+fifteen hundred Spaniards lay encamped on the Rio Santa Maria, waiting
+the arrival of an armament of eleven ships, with troops on board,
+destined to attack Ft. St. Andrew. Captain Campbell of Fonab, who had
+gained for himself great reputation in Flanders as an approved warrior,
+resolved to anticipate the enemy, and at once mustering two hundred of
+his veteran troops, accompanied by sixty Indians, marched over the
+mountains, and fell on the Spanish camp by night, and dispersed them
+with great slaughter, with a loss to the colony of nine killed and
+fourteen wounded, among the latter being their gallant commander. The
+Spaniards could not withstand the tumultuous rush of the Highlanders,
+and in precipitate flight left a large number of their dead upon the
+field. The little band, among the spoils, brought back the Spanish
+commander's decoration of the "Golden Fleece." When they recrossed the
+mountains it was to find their poor countrymen blockaded by five Spanish
+men-of-war. Campbell, and others, believing that no inequalities
+justified submission to such an enemy, determined on resistance, but
+soon discovered that resistance was in vain, when they could only depend
+on diseased, starving and broken-hearted men. As the Spaniards would not
+include Captain Campbell in the terms of capitulation, he managed, with
+several companions, dexterously to escape in a small vessel, sailed for
+New York, and from thence to Scotland. The defence of the colony under
+Fonab's genius had been heroic. When ammunition had given out, their
+pewter dishes were fashioned into cannon balls. On March 18, 1700, the
+colonists capitulated on honorable terms. It was a received popular
+opinion in Scotland that none of those who were concerned in the
+surrender ever returned to their native country. So weak were the
+survivors, and so few in numbers, that they were unable to weigh the
+anchor of their largest ship until the Spaniards came to their
+assistance. What became of them? Their melancholy tale is soon told.
+
+The Earl of Bellomont, writing to the Lords of the Admiralty, under
+date, New York, October 15, 1700, says:[20]
+
+   "Some Scotchmen are newly come hither from Carolina that belonged to
+   the ship Rising Sun (the biggest ship they set out for their
+   Caledonia expedition) who tell me that on the third of last month a
+   hurricane happened on that coast, as that ship lay at anchor, within
+   less than three leagues of Charles Town in Carolina with another
+   Scotch ship called the Duke of Hamilton, and three or four others;
+   that the ships were all shattered in pieces and all the people lost,
+   and not a man saved. The Rising Sun had 112 men on board. The Scotch
+   men that are come hither say that 15 of 'em went on shore before the
+   storm to buy fresh provisions at Charles Town by which means they
+   were saved. Two other of their ships they suppose were lost in the
+   Gulph of Florida in the same storm. They came all from Jamaica and
+   were bound hither to take in provisions on their way to Scotland. The
+   Rising Sun had 60 guns mounted and could have carryed many more, as
+   they tell me."
+
+The colonists found a watery grave. No friendly hand nor sympathizing
+tear soothed their dying moments; no clergyman eulogized their heroism,
+self-sacrifice and virtues; no orator has pronounced a panegyric; no
+poet has embalmed their memory in song, and no novelist has taken their
+record for a fanciful story. Since their mission was a failure their
+memory is doomed to rest without marble monument or graven image. To the
+merciful and the just they will be honored as heroes and pioneers.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 13: The Darien Papers, pp. 371-417.]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Darien Papers," pp 195, 275.]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. IV,
+p. 591.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 17: "Darien Papers," p. 150.]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Darien Papers," p. 160.]
+
+[Footnote 19: "Darien Papers," p. 176.]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Documents Relating to Colonial History of New York," Vol.
+IV, p. 711.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE HIGHLANDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+
+The earliest, largest and most important settlement of Highlanders in
+America, prior to the Peace of 1783, was in North Carolina, along Cape
+Fear River, about one hundred miles from its mouth, and in what was then
+Bladen, but now Cumberland County. The time when the Highlanders began
+to occupy this territory is not definitely known; but some were located
+there in 1729, at the time of the separation of the province into North
+and South Carolina. It is not known what motive caused the first
+settlers to select that region. There was no leading clan in this
+movement, for various ones were well represented. At the headwaters of
+navigation these pioneers literally pitched their tent in the
+wilderness, for there were but few human abodes to offer them shelter.
+The chief occupants of the soil were the wild deer, turkeys, wolves,
+raccoons, opossums, with huge rattlesnakes to contest the intrusion.
+Fortunately for the homeless immigrant the climate was genial, and the
+stately tree would afford him shelter while he constructed a house out
+of logs proffered by the forest. Soon they began to fell the primeval
+forest, grub, drain, and clear the rich alluvial lands bordering on the
+river, and plant such vegetables as were to give them subsistence.
+
+In course of time a town was formed, called Campbellton, then Cross
+Creek, and after the Revolution, in honor of the great Frenchman, who
+was so truly loyal to Washington, it was permanently changed to
+Fayetteville.
+
+The immigration to North Carolina was accelerated, not only by the
+accounts sent back to the Highlanders of Scotland by the first settlers,
+but particularly under the patronage of Gabriel Johnston, governor of
+the province from 1734 until his death in 1752. He was born in Scotland,
+educated at the University of St. Andrews, where he became professor of
+Oriental languages, and still later a political writer in London. He
+bears the reputation of having done more to promote the prosperity of
+North Carolina than all its other colonial governors combined. However,
+he was often arbitrary and unwise with his power, besides having the
+usual misfortune of colonial governors of being at variance with the
+legislature. He was very partial to the people of his native country,
+and sought to better their condition by inducing them to emigrate to
+North Carolina. Among the charges brought against him, in 1748, was his
+inordinate fondness for Scotchmen, and even Scotch rebels. So great, it
+was alleged, was his partiality for the latter that he showed no joy
+over the king's "glorious victory of Culloden;" and "that he had
+appointed one William McGregor, who had been in the Rebellion in the
+year 1715, a Justice of the Peace during the late Rebellion (1745) and
+was not himself without suspicion of disaffection to His Majesty's
+Government."[21]
+
+The "Colonial Records of North Carolina" contain many distinctively
+Highland names, most of which refer to persons whose nativity was in the
+Scottish Highlands; but these furnish no certain criterion, for
+doubtless some of the parties, though of Highland parents, were born in
+the older provinces, while in later colonial history others belong to
+the Scotch-Irish, who came in that great wave of migration from Ulster,
+and found a lodgment upon the headwaters of the Cape Fear, Pee Dee and
+Neuse. Many of the early Highland emigrants were very prominent in the
+annals of the colony, among whom none were more so than Colonel James
+Innes, who was born about the year 1700 at Cannisbay, a town on the
+extreme northern point of the coast of Scotland. He was a personal
+friend of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, who in 1754 appointed him
+commander-in-chief of all the forces in the expedition to the
+Ohio,--George Washington being the colonel commanding the Virginia
+regiment. He had previously seen some service as a captain in the
+unsuccessful expedition against Carthagenia.
+
+The real impetus of the Highland emigration to North Carolina was the
+arrival, in 1739, of a "shipload," under the guidance of Neil McNeill,
+of Kintyre, Scotland, who settled also on the Cape Fear, amongst those
+who had preceded him. Here he found Hector McNeill, called "Bluff
+Hector," from his residence near the bluffs above Cross Creek.
+
+Neil McNeill, with his countrymen, landed on the Cape Fear during the
+month of September. They numbered three hundred and fifty souls,
+principally from Argyleshire. At the ensuing session of the legislature
+they made application for substantial encouragement, that they might
+thereby be able to induce the rest of their friends and acquaintances to
+settle in the country. While this petition was pending, in order to
+encourage them and others and also to show his good will, the governor
+appointed, by the council of the province, a certain number of them
+justices of the peace, the commissions bearing date of February 28,
+1740. The proceedings show that it was "ordered that a new commission of
+peace for Bladen directed to the following persons: Mathew Rowan, Wm.
+Forbes, Hugh Blaning, John Clayton, Robert Hamilton, Griffeth Jones,
+James Lyon, Duncan Campbel, Dugold McNeil, Dan McNeil, Wm. Bartram and
+Samuel Baker hereby constituting and appointing them Justices of the
+Peace for the said county."[22]
+
+These were the first so appointed. The petition was first heard in the
+upper house of the legislature, at Newbern, and on January 26, 1740, the
+following action was taken:
+
+   "Resolved, that the Persons mentioned in said Petition, shall be free
+   from payment of any Publick or County tax for Ten years next ensuing
+   their Arrival.
+
+   "Resolved, that towards their subsistence the sum of one thousand
+   pounds be paid out of the Publick money, by His Excellency's warrant
+   to be lodged with Duncan Campbell, Dugald McNeal, Daniel McNeal.
+   Coll. McAlister and Neal McNeal Esqrs., to be by them distributed
+   among the several families in the said Petition mentioned.
+
+   "Resolved, that as an encouragement for Protestants to remove from
+   Europe into this Province, to settle themselves in bodys or
+   Townships, That all such as shall so remove into this Province.
+   Provided they exceed forty persons in one body or Company, they shall
+   be exempted from payment of any Publick or County tax for the space
+   of Ten years, next ensuing their Arrival.
+
+   "Resolved, that an address be presented to his Excellency the
+   Governor to desire him to use his Interest, in such manner, as he
+   shall think most proper to obtain an Instruction for giveing
+   encouragement to Protestants from foreign parts, to settle in
+   Townships within this Province, to be set apart for that purpose
+   after the manner, and with such priviledges and advantages, as is
+   practised in South Carolina."[23]
+
+The petition was concurred in by the lower house on February 21st, and
+on the 26th, after reciting the action of the upper house in relation to
+the petition, passed the following:
+
+   "Resolved, That this House concurs with the several Resolves of the
+   Upper House in the abovesd Message Except that relateing to the
+   thousand pounds which this House refers till next Session of Assembly
+   for Consideration."[24]
+
+At a meeting of the council held at Wilmington, June 4, 1740, there were
+presented petitions for patents of lands, by the following persons,
+giving acres and location, as granted:
+
+   Name.                           Acres.           County.
+
+   Thos Clarks                        320           N. Hanover
+   James McLachlan                    160           Bladen
+   Hector McNeil                      300              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    150              "
+   James McAlister                    640              "
+   James McDugald                     640              "
+   Duncan Campbell                     75              "
+   Hugh McCraine                      500              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    320              "
+   Gilbert Pattison                   640              "
+   Rich Lovett                        855           Tyrrel
+   Rd Earl                            108           N. Hanover
+   Jno McFerson                       320           Bladen
+   Duncan Campbell                    300              "
+   Neil McNeil                        150              "
+   Duncan Campbell                    140              "
+   Jno Clark                          320              "
+   Malcolm McNeil                     320              "
+   Neil McNeil                        400              "
+   Arch Bug                           320              "
+
+       Name.                       Acres.           County.
+   Duncan Campbel                     640           Bladen
+   Jas McLachlen                      320              "
+   Murdock McBraine                   320              "
+   Jas Campbel                        640              "
+   Patric Stewart                     320              "
+   Arch Campley                       320              "
+   Dan McNeil                         105 (400) 400    "
+   Neil McNeil                        400              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     320              "
+   Jno Martileer                      160              "
+   Daniel McNeil                      320              "
+   Wm Stevens                         300              "
+   Dan McNeil                         400              "
+   Jas McLachlen                      320              "
+   Wm Speir                           160           Edgecombe
+   Jno Clayton                        100           Bladen
+   Sam Portevint                      640           N. Hanover
+   Charles Harrison                   320              "
+   Robt Walker                        640              "
+   Jas Smalwood                       640              "
+   Wm Faris                           400 640 640      "
+   Richd Carlton                      180           Craven
+   Duncan Campbel                     150           Bladen
+   Neil McNeil                        321              "
+   Alex McKey                         320              "
+   Henry Skibley                      320              "
+   Jno Owen                           200              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     400              "
+   Dougal Stewart                     640              "
+   Arch Douglass                      200           N. Hanover
+   James Murray                       320              "
+   Robt Clark                         200              "
+   Duncan Campbel                     148           Bladen
+   James McLachlen                    320              "
+   Arch McGill                        500              "
+   Jno Speir                          100           Edgecombe
+   James Fergus                       640              "
+   Rufus Marsden                      640              "
+   Hugh Blaning                       320 (surplus land) Bladen
+   Robt Hardy                         400           Beaufort
+   Wm Jones                           354 350             [25]
+
+All the above names, by no means are Highland; but as they occur in the
+same list, in all probability, came on the same ship, and were probably
+connected by kindred ties with the Gaels.
+
+The colony was destined soon to receive a great influx from the
+Highlands of Scotland, due to the frightful oppression and persecution
+which immediately followed the battle of Culloden. Not satisfied with
+the merciless harrying of the Highlands, the English army on its return
+into England carried with it a large number of prisoners, and after a
+hasty military trial many were publicly executed. Twenty-two suffered
+death in Yorkshire; seventeen were put to death in Cumberland; and
+seventeen at Kennington Common, near London. When the king's vengeance
+had been fully glutted, he pardoned a large number, on condition of
+their leaving the British Isles and emigrating to the plantations, after
+having first taken the oath of allegiance.
+
+The collapsing of the romantic scheme to re-establish the Stuart
+dynasty, in which so many brave and generous mountaineers were enlisted,
+also brought an indiscriminate national punishment upon the Scottish
+Gaels, for a blow was struck not only at those "who were out" with
+prince Charles, but also those who fought for the reigning dynasty. Left
+without chief, or protector, clanship broken up, homes destroyed and
+kindred murdered, dispirited, outlawed, insulted and without hope of
+palliation or redress, the only ray of light pointed across the Atlantic
+where peace and rest were to be found in the unbroken forests of North
+Carolina. Hence, during the years 1746 and 1747, great numbers of
+Highlanders, with their families and the families of their friends,
+removed to North Carolina and settled along the Cape Fear river,
+covering a great space of country, of which Cross Creek, or Campbelton,
+now Fayetteville, was the common center. This region received shipload
+after shipload of the harrassed, down-trodden and maligned people. The
+emigration, forced by royal persecution and authority, was carried on by
+those who desired to improve their condition, by owning the land they
+tilled. In a few years large companies of Highlanders joined their
+countrymen in Bladen County, which has since been subdivided into the
+counties of Anson, Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Richmond, Robeson and
+Sampson, but the greater portion established themselves within the
+present limits of Cumberland, with Fayetteville the seat of justice.
+There was in fact a Carolina mania which was not broken until the
+beginning of the Revolution.[26] The flame of enthusiasm passed like
+wildfire through the Highland glens and Western Isles. It pervaded all
+classes, from the poorest crofter to the well-to-do farmer, and even men
+of easy competence, who were according to the appropriate song of the
+day,
+
+   "Dol a dh'iarruidh an fhortain do North Carolina."
+
+Large ocean crafts, from several of the Western Lochs, laden with
+hundreds of passengers sailed direct for the far west. In that day this
+was a great undertaking, fraught with perils of the sea, and a long,
+comfortless voyage. Yet all this was preferable than the homes they
+loved so well; but no longer homes to them! They carried with them their
+language, their religion, their manners, their customs and costumes. In
+short, it was a Highland community transplanted to more hospitable
+shores.
+
+The numbers of Highlanders at any given period can only relatively be
+known. In 1753 it was estimated that in Cumberland County there were one
+thousand Highlanders capable of bearing arms, which would make the whole
+number between four and five thousand,--to say nothing of those in the
+adjoining districts, besides those scattered in the other counties of
+the province.
+
+The people at once settled quietly and devoted their energies to
+improving their lands. The country rapidly developed and wealth began to
+drop into the lap of the industrious. The social claims were not
+forgotten, and the political demands were attended to. It is recorded
+that in 1758 Hector McNeil was sheriff of Cumberland County, and as his
+salary was but L10, it indicates his services were not in demand, and
+there was a healthy condition of affairs.
+
+Hector McNeil and Alexander McCollister represented Cumberland County in
+the legislature that assembled at Wilmington April 13, 1762. In 1764 the
+members were Farquhar Campbell and Walter Gibson,--the former being
+also a member in 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1775, and during this period one
+of the leading men, not only of the county, but also of the legislature.
+Had he, during the Revolution, taken a consistent position in harmony
+with his former acts, he would have been one of the foremost patriots of
+his adopted state; but owing to his vacillating character, his course of
+conduct inured to his discomfiture and reputation.
+
+The legislative body was clothed with sufficient powers to ameliorate
+individual distress, and was frequently appealed to for relief. In quite
+a list of names, seeking relief from "Public duties and Taxes," April
+16, 1762, is that of Hugh McClean, of Cumberland county. The relief was
+granted. This would indicate that there was more or less of a struggle
+in attaining an independent home, which the legislative body desired to
+assist in as much as possible, in justice to the commonwealth.
+
+The Peace of 1763 not only saw the American Colonies prosperous, but
+they so continued, making great strides in development and growth.
+England began to look towards them as a source for additional revenue
+towards filling her depleted exchequer; and, in order to realize this,
+in March, 1765, her parliament passed, by great majorities, the
+celebrated act for imposing stamp duties in America. All America was
+soon in a foment. The people of North Carolina had always asserted their
+liberties on the subject of taxation. As early as 1716, when the
+province, all told, contained only eight thousand inhabitants, they
+entered upon the journal of their assembly the formal declaration "that
+the impressing of the inhabitants or their property under pretence of
+its being for the public service without authority of the Assembly, was
+unwarrantable and a great infringement upon the liberty of the subject."
+In 1760 the Assembly declared its indubitable right to frame and model
+every bill whereby an aid was granted to the king. In 1764 it entered
+upon its journal a peremptory order that the treasurer should not pay
+out any money by order of the governor and council without the
+concurrence of the assembly.
+
+William Tryon assumed the duties of governor March 28, 1765, and
+immediately after he took charge of affairs the assembly was called, but
+within two weeks he prorogued it; said to have been done in consequence
+of an interview with the speaker of the assembly, Mr. Ashe, who, in
+answer to a question by the governor on the Stamp Act, replied, "We will
+fight it to the death." The North Carolina records show it was fought
+even to "the death."
+
+The prevalent excitement seized the Highlanders along the Cape Fear. A
+letter appeared in "The North Carolina Gazette," dated at Cross Creek,
+January 30, 1766, in which the writer urges the people by every
+consideration, in the name of "dear Liberty" to rise in their might and
+put a stop to the seizures then in progress. He asks the people if they
+have "lost their senses and their souls, and are they determined tamely
+to submit to slavery." Nor did the matter end here; for, the people of
+Cross Creek gave vent to their resentment by burning lord Bute in
+effigy.
+
+Just how far statistics represent the wealth of a people may not be
+wholly determined. At this period of the history, referring to a return
+of the counties, in 1767, it is stated that Anson county, called also
+parish of St. George, had six hundred and ninety-six white taxables,
+that the people were in general poor and unable to, support a minister.
+Bladen county, or St. Martin's parish, had seven hundred and ninety-one
+taxable whites, and the inhabitants in middling circumstances.
+Cumberland, or St. David's parish, had eight hundred and ninety-nine
+taxable whites, "mostly Scotch--Support a Presbyterian Minister."
+
+The Colonial Records of North Carolina do not exhibit a list of the
+emigrants, and seldom refer to the ship by name. Occasionally, however,
+a list has been preserved in the minutes of the official proceedings.
+Hence it may be read that on November 4, 1767, there landed at
+Brunswick, from the Isle of Jura, Argyleshire, Scotland, the following
+names of families and persons, to whom were allotted vacant lands, clear
+of all fees, to be taken up in Cumberland or Mecklenburgh counties, at
+their option:
+
+   +-------------------------------+-------------+-------+----------+
+   |                               |  CHILDREN   |       | Acres to |
+   |       NAMES OF FAMILIES       +------+------+ TOTAL |   Each   |
+   |                               | Male |Female|       |  Family  |
+   +-------------------------------+------+------+-------+----------+
+   |Alexander McDougald and wife   |      |   1  |   3   |    300   |
+   |Malcolm McDougald    "   "     |      |   1  |   3   |    300   |
+   |Neill McLean         "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Duncan McLean        "   "     |      |      |   2   |    200   |
+   |Duncan Buea          "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Angus McDougald      "   "     |      |      |   2   |    200   |
+   |Dougald McDougald    "   "     |   3  |   1  |   6   |    640   |
+   |Dougald McDougald    "   "     |   2  |      |   4   |    400   |
+   |John Campbell        "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Archibald Buea       "   "     |   1  |      |   3   |    300   |
+   |Neill Buea                     |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Neill Clark                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McLean                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Angus McDougald                |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McDougald                 |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McDougald               |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McDougald               |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Alexander McDougald            |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |John McLean                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peter McLean                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Malcolm Buea                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Duncan Buea                    |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Mary Buea                      |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Nancy McLean                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peggy Sinclair                 |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Peggy McDougald                |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Jenny Darach                   |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   |Donald McLean                  |      |      |   1   |    100   |
+   +-------------------------------+------+------+-------+----------+
+
+These names show they were from Argyleshire, and probably from the Isle
+of Mull, and the immediate vicinity of the present city of Oban.
+
+The year 1771 witnessed civil strife in North Carolina. The War of the
+Regulators was caused by oppression in disproportionate taxation; no
+method for payment of taxes in produce, as in other counties; unfairness
+in transactions of business by officials; the privilege exercised by
+lawyers to commence suits in any court they pleased, and unlawful fees
+extorted. The assembly was petitioned in vain on these points, and on
+account of these wrongs the people of the western districts attempted to
+gain by force what was denied them by peaceable means.
+
+One of the most surprising things about this war is that it was
+ruthlessly stamped out by the very people of the eastern part of the
+province who themselves had been foremost in rebellion against the Stamp
+Act. And, furthermore, to be leaders against Great Britain in less than
+five years from the battle of the Alamance. Nor did they appear in the
+least to be willing to concede justice to their western brethren, until
+the formation of the state constitution, in 1776, when thirteen, out of
+the forty-seven sections, of that instrument embodied the reforms sought
+for by the Regulators.
+
+On March 10, 1771, Governor Tryon apportioned the number of troops for
+each county which were to march against the insurgents. In this
+allotment fifty each fell to Cumberland, Bladen, and Anson counties.
+Farquhar Campbell was given a captain's commission, and two commissions
+in blank for lieutenant and ensign, besides a draft for L150, to be used
+as bounty money to the enlisted men, and other expenses. As soon as his
+company was raised, he was ordered to join, as he thought expedient,
+either the westward or eastward detachment. The date of his orders is
+April 18, 1771. Captain Campbell had expressed himself as being able to
+raise the complement.[27] The records do not show whether or not Captain
+Campbell and his company took an active part.
+
+It cannot be affirmed that the expedition against the Regulators was a
+popular one. When the militia was called out, there arose trouble in
+Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, Pitt and Edgecombe counties, with no troops
+from the Albemarle section. In Bute county where there was a regiment
+eight hundred strong, when called upon for fifty volunteers, all broke
+rank, without orders, declaring that they were in sympathy with the
+Regulators.
+
+The freeholders living near Campbelton on March 13, 1772, petitioned
+Governor Martin for a change in the charter of their town, alleging that
+as Campbelton was a trading town persons temporarily residing there
+voted, and thus the power of election was thrown into their hands,
+because the property owners were fewer in numbers. They desired "a new
+Charter impowering all persons, being Freeholders within two miles of
+the Courthouse of Campbelton or seized of an Estate for their own, or
+the life of any other person in any dwelling-house (such house having a
+stone or brick Chimney thereunto belonging and appendent) to elect a
+Member to represent them in General Assembly. Whereby we humbly conceive
+that the right of election will be lodged with those who only have right
+to Claim it and the purposes for which the Charter was granted to
+encourage Merchants of property to settle there fully answered."[28]
+
+Among the names signed to this petition are those of Neill MacArther,
+Alexr. MacArther, James McDonald, Benja. McNatt, Ferqd. Campbell, and A.
+Maclaine. The charter was granted.
+
+The people of Cumberland county had a care for their own interests, and
+fully appreciated the value of public buildings. Partly by their
+efforts, the upper legislative house, on February 24, 1773, passed a
+bill for laying out a public road from the Dan through the counties of
+Guilford, Chatham and Cumberland to Campbelton. On the 26th same month,
+the same house passed a bill for regulating the borough of Campbelton,
+and erecting public buildings therein, consisting of court house, gaol,
+pillory and stocks, naming the following persons to be commissioners:
+Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell, Richard Lyon, Robert Nelson,
+and Robert Cochran.[29] The same year Cumberland county paid in
+quit-rents, fines and forfeitures the sum of L206.
+
+In September, 1773, a boy named Reynold McDugal was condemned for
+murder. His youthful appearance, looking to be but thirteen, though
+really eighteen years of age, enlisted the sympathy of a great many, who
+petitioned for clemency, which was granted. To this petition were
+attached such Highland names as, Angus Camel, Alexr. McKlarty, James
+McKlarty, Malcolm McBride, Neil McCoulskey, Donald McKeithen, Duncan
+McKeithen, Gilbert McKeithen, Archibald McKeithen, Daniel McFarther,
+John McFarther, Daniel Graham, Malcolm Graham, Malcolm McFarland,
+Murdock Graham, Michael Graham, John McKown, Robert McKown, William
+McKown, Daniel Campbell, John Campbell. Iver McKay, John McLeod, Alexr.
+Graham, Evin McMullan, John McDuffie, William McNeil. Andw. McCleland.
+John McCleland, Wm. McRei, Archd. McCoulsky, James McCoulsky, Chas.
+McNaughton, Jno. McLason.
+
+The Highland clans were fairly represented, with a preponderance in
+favor of the McNeils. They still wore their distinctive costume, the
+plaid, the kilt, and the sporan,--and mingled together, as though they
+constituted but one family. A change now began to take place and rapidly
+took on mammoth proportions. The MacDonalds of Raasay and Skye became
+impatient under coercion and set out in great numbers for North
+Carolina. Among them was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough, and his famous
+wife, the heroine Flora, who arrived in 1774. Allan MacDonald succeeded
+to the estate of Kingsburgh in 1772, on the death of his father, but
+finding it incumbered with debt, and embarrassed in his affairs, he
+resolved in 1773 to go to North Carolina, and there hoped to mend his
+fortunes. He settled in Anson county. Although somewhat aged, he had the
+graceful mien and manly looks of a gallant Highlander. He had jet black
+hair tied behind, and was a large, stately man, with a steady, sensible
+countenance. He wore his tartan thrown about him, a large blue bonnet
+with a knot of black ribbon like a cockade, a brown short coat, a tartan
+waistcoat with gold buttons and gold button holes, a bluish philabeg,
+and tartan hose. At once he took precedence among his countrymen,
+becoming their leader and adviser. The Macdonalds, by 1775, were so
+numerous in Cumberland county as to be called the "Clan Donald," and the
+insurrection of February, 1776, is still known as the "Insurrection of
+the Clan MacDonald."
+
+Little did the late comers know or realize the gathering storm. The
+people of the West Highlands, so remote from the outside world, could
+not apprehend the spirit of liberty that was being awakened in the
+Thirteen Colonies. Or, if they heard of it, the report found no special
+lodgement. In short, there were but few capable of realizing what the
+outcome would be. Up to the very breaking out of hostilities the clans
+poured forth emigrants into North Carolina.
+
+Matters long brewing now began to culminate and evil days grew apace.
+The ruling powers of England refused to understand the rights of
+America, and their king rushed headlong into war. The colonists had
+suffered long and patiently, but when the overt act came they appealed
+to arms. Long they bore misrule. An English king, of his own whim, or
+the favoritism of a minister, or the caprice of a woman good or bad, or
+for money in hand paid, selected the governor, chief justice, secretary,
+receiver-general, and attorney-general for the province. The governor
+selected the members of the council, the associate judges, the
+magistrates, and the sheriffs. The clerks of the county courts and the
+register of deeds were selected by the clerk of pleas, who having bought
+his office in England came to North Carolina and peddled out "county
+rights" at prices ranging from L4 to L40 annual rent per county.
+Scandalous abuses accumulated, especially under such governors as were
+usually chosen. The people were still loyal to England, even after the
+first clash of arms, but the open rupture rapidly prepared them for
+independence. The open revolt needed only the match. When that was
+applied, a continent was soon ablaze, controlled by a lofty patriotism.
+
+The steps taken by the leaders of public sentiment in America were
+prudent and statesmanlike. Continental and Provincial Congresses were
+created. The first in North Carolina convened at Newbern, August 25,
+1774. Cumberland county was represented by Farquhard Campbell and Thomas
+Rutherford. The Second Congress convened at the same place April 30,
+1775. Again the same parties represented Cumberland county, with an
+additional one for Campbelton in the person of Robert Rowan. At this
+time the Highlanders were in sympathy with the people of their adopted
+country. But not all, for on July 3rd, Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough
+went to Fort Johnson, and concerted with Governor Martin the raising of
+a battalion of "the good and faithful Highlanders." He fully calculated
+on the recently settled MacDonalds and MacLeods. All who took part in
+the Second Congress were not prepared to take or realize the logic of
+their position, and what would be the final result.
+
+The Highlanders soon became an object of consideration to the leaders
+on both sides of the controversy. They were numerically strong,
+increasing in numbers, and their military qualities beyond question.
+Active efforts were put forth in order to induce them to throw the
+weight of their decision both to the patriot cause and also to that of
+the king. Consequently emissaries were sent amongst them. The prevalent
+impression was that they had a strong inclination towards the royalist
+cause, and that party took every precaution to cement their loyalty.
+Even the religious side of their natures was wrought upon.
+
+The Americans early saw the advantage of decisive steps. In a letter
+from Joseph Hewes, John Penn, and William Hooper, the North Carolina
+delegates to the Continental Congress, to the members of the Provincial
+Congress, under date of December 1, 1775, occurs the admission that "in
+our attention to military preparations we have not lost sight of a means
+of safety to be effected by the power of the pulpit, reasoning and
+persuasion. We know the respect which the Regulators and Highlanders
+entertain for the clergy; they still feel the impressions of a religious
+education, and truths to them come with irresistible influence from the
+mouths of their spiritual pastors. * * * The Continental Congress have
+thought proper to direct us to employ two pious clergymen to make a tour
+through North Carolina in order to remove the prejudices which the minds
+of the Regulators and Highlanders may labor under with respect to the
+justice of the American controversy, and to obviate the religious
+scruples which Governor Tryon's heartrending oath has implanted in their
+tender consciences. We are employed at present in quest of some persons
+who may be equal to this undertaking."[30]
+
+The Regulators were divided in their sympathies, and it was impossible
+to find a Gaelic-speaking minister, clothed with authority, to go among
+the Highlanders. Even if such a personage could have been found, the
+effort would have been counteracted by the influence of John McLeod,
+their own minister. His sympathies, though not boldly expressed, were
+against the interests of the Thirteen Colonies, and on account of his
+suspicious actions was placed under arrest, but discharged May 11, 1776,
+by the Provincial Congress, in the following order:
+
+"That the Rev. John McLeod, who was brought to this Congress on
+suspicion of his having acted inimical to the rights of America, be
+discharged from his further attendance."[31]
+
+August 23, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed, from among its
+members, Archibald Maclaine, Alexander McAlister, Farquhard Campbell,
+Robert Rowan, Thomas Wade, Alexander McKay, John Ashe, Samuel Spencer,
+Walter Gibson, William Kennon, and James Hepburn, "a committee to confer
+with the Gentlemen who have lately arrived from the Highlands in
+Scotland to settle in this Province, and to explain to them the Nature
+of our Unhappy Controversy with Great Britain, and to advise and urge
+them to unite with the other Inhabitants of America in defence of those
+rights which they derive from God and the Constitution."[32][33]
+
+No steps appear to have been taken by the Americans to organize the
+Highlanders into military companies, but rather their efforts were to
+enlist their sympathies. On the other hand, the royal governor, Josiah
+Martin, took steps towards enrolling them into active British service.
+In a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, under date of June 30, 1775,
+Martin declares he "could collect immediately among the emigrants from
+the Highlands of Scotland, who were settled here, and immoveably
+attached to His Majesty and His Government, that I am assured by the
+best authority I may compute at 3000 effective men," and begs permission
+"to raise a Battalion of a Thousand Highlanders here," and "I would most
+humbly beg leave to recommend Mr. Allen McDonald of Kingsborough to be
+Major, and Captain Alexd. McLeod of the Marines now on half pay to be
+first Captain, who besides being men of great worth, and good character,
+have most extensive influence over the Highlanders here, great part of
+which are of their own names and familys, and I should flatter myself
+that His Majesty would be graciously pleased to permit me to nominate
+some of the Subalterns of such a Battalion, not for pecuniary
+consideration, but for encouragement to some active and deserving young
+Highland Gentlemen who might be usefully employed in the speedy raising
+the proposed Battalion. Indeed I cannot help observing My Lord, that
+there are three of four Gentlemen of consideration here, of the name of
+McDonald, and a Lieutenant Alexd. McLean late of the Regiment now on
+half pay, whom I should be happy to see appointed Captains in such a
+Battalion, being persuaded they would heartily promote and do credit to
+His Majesty's Service."[34]
+
+November 12, 1775, the governor farther reports to the same that he can
+assure "your Lordship that the Scotch Highlanders here are generally and
+almost without exception staunch to Government," and that "Captain
+Alexr. McLeod, a Gentleman from the Highlands of Scotland and late an
+Officer in the Marines who has been settled in this Province about a
+year and is one of the Gentlemen I had the honor to recommend to your
+Lordship to be appointed a Captain in the Battalion of Highlanders, I
+proposed with his Majesty's permission to raise here found his way down
+to me at this place about three weeks ago and I learn from him that he
+is as well as his father in law, Mr. Allan McDonald, proposed by me for
+Major of the intended Corps moved by my encouragements have each raised
+a company of Highlanders since which a Major McDonald who came here some
+time ago from Boston under the orders from General Gage to raise
+Highlanders to form a Battalion to be commanded by Lieut. Coll. Allan
+McLean has made them proposals of being appointed Captains in that
+Corps, which they have accepted on the Condition that his Majesty does
+not approve my proposal of raising a Battallion of Highlanders and
+reserving to themselves the choice of appointments therein in case it
+shall meet with his Majesty's approbation in support of that measure. I
+shall now only presume to add that the taking away those Gentlemen from
+this Province will in a great measure if not totally dissolve the union
+of the Highlanders in it now held together by their influence, that
+those people in their absence may fall under the guidance of some person
+not attached like them to Government in this Colony at present but it
+will ever be maintained by such a regular military force as this
+established in it that will constantly reunite itself with the utmost
+facility and consequently may be always maintained upon the most
+respectable footing."[35]
+
+The year 1775 witnessed the North Carolina patriots very alert. There
+were committees of safety in the various counties; and the Provincial
+Congress began its session at Hillsborough August 21st. Cumberland
+County was represented by Farquhard Campbell, Thomas Rutherford,
+Alexander McKay, Alexander McAlister and David Smith, Campbelton sent
+Joseph Hepburn. Among the members of this Congress having distinctly
+Highland names, the majority of whom doubtless were born in the
+Highlands, if not all, besides those already mentioned, were John
+Campbell and John Johnston from Bertie, Samuel Johnston of Chowan,
+Duncan Lamon of Edgecombe. John McNitt Alexander of Mecklenburg, Kenneth
+McKinzie of Martin, Jeremiah Frazier or Tyrell, William Graham of Tryon,
+and Archibald Maclaine of Wilmington. One of the acts of this Congress
+was to divide the state into military districts and the appointment of
+field officers of the Minute Men. For Cumberland county Thomas
+Rutherford was appointed colonel; Alexander McAlister, lieutenant
+colonel; Duncan McNeill, first major; Alexander McDonald, second major.
+One company of Minute Men was to be raised. This Act was passed on
+September 9th.
+
+As the name of Farquhard Campbell often occurs in connection with the
+early stages of the Revolution, and quite frequently in the Colonial
+Records from 1771 to 1776, a brief notice of him may be of some
+interest. He was a gentleman of wealth, education and influence, and, at
+first, appeared to be warmly attached to the cause of liberty. As has
+been noticed he was a member of the Provincial Congress, and evinced
+much zeal in promoting the popular movement, and, as a visiting member
+from Cumberland county attended the meeting of the Safety Committee at
+Wilmington, on July 20, 1776. When Governor Martin abandoned his palace
+and retreated to Fort Johnston, and thence to an armed ship, it was
+ascertained that he visited Campbell at his residence. Not long
+afterwards the governor's secretary asked the Provincial Congress "to
+give Sanction and Safe Conduct to the removal of the most valuable
+Effects of Governor Martin on Board the Man of War and his Coach and
+Horses to Mr. Farquard Campbell's." When the request was submitted to
+that body, Mr. Campbell "expressed a sincere desire that the Coach and
+Horses should not be sent to his House in Cumberland and is amazed that
+such a proposal should have been made without his approbation or
+privity." On account of his positive disclaimer the Congress, by
+resolution exonerated him from any improper conduct, and that he had
+"conducted himself as an honest member of Society and a friend to the
+American Cause."[36]
+
+He dealt treacherously with the governor as well as with Congress. The
+former, in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth, October 16, 1775, says:
+
+   "I have heard too My Lord with infinitely greater surprise and
+   concern that the Scotch Highlanders on whom I had such firm reliance
+   have declared themselves for neutrality, which I am informed is to be
+   attributed to the influence of a certain Mr. Farquhard Campbell an
+   ignorant man who has been settled from childhood in this Country, is
+   an old Member of the Assembly and has imbibed all the American
+   popular principles and prejudices. By the advice of some of his
+   Countrymen I was induced after the receipt of your Lordship's letter
+   No. 16 to communicate with this man on the alarming state of the
+   Country and to sound his disposition in case of matters coming to
+   extremity here, and he expressed to me such abhorence of the
+   violences that had been done at Fort Johnston and in other instances
+   and discovered so much jealousy and apprehension of the ill designs
+   of the Leaders in Sedition here, giving me at the same time so strong
+   assurances of his own loyalty and the good dispositions of his
+   Countrymen that I unsuspecting his dissimulation and treachery was
+   led to impart to him the encouragements I was authorized to hold out
+   to his Majesty's loyal Subjects in this Colony who should stand forth
+   in support of Government which he received with much seeming
+   approbation and repeatedly assured me he would consult with the
+   principles among his Countrymen without whose concurrence he could
+   promise nothing of himself, and would acquaint me with their
+   determinations. From the time of this conversation between us in July
+   I heard nothing of Mr. Campbell until since the late Convention at
+   Hillsborough, where he appeared in the character of a delegate from
+   the County of Cumberland and there, according to my information,
+   unasked and unsolicited and without provocation of any sort was
+   guilty of the base Treachery of promulgating all I had said to him in
+   confidential secrecy, which he had promised sacredly and inviolably
+   to observe, and of the aggravating crime of falsehood in making
+   additions of his own invention and declaring that he had rejected all
+   my propositions."[37]
+
+The governor again refers to him in his letter to the same, dated
+November 12, 1775:
+
+   "From Capt. McLeod, who seems to be a man of observation and
+   intelligence, I gather that the inconsistency of Farquhard Campbell's
+   conduct * * * has proceeded as much from jealousy of the Superior
+   consequence of this Gentleman and his father in law with the
+   Highlanders here as from any other motive. This schism is to be
+   lamented from whatsoever cause arising, but I have no doubt that I
+   shall be able to reconcile the interests of the parties whenever I
+   have power to act and can meet them together."[38]
+
+Finally he threw off the mask, or else had changed his views, and openly
+espoused the cause of his country's enemies. He was seized at his own
+house, while entertaining a party of royalists, and thrown into Halifax
+gaol. A committee of the Provincial Congress, on April 20, 1776;
+reported "that Farquhard Campbell disregarding the sacred Obligations he
+had voluntarily entered into to support the Liberty of America against
+all usurpations has Traitorously and insidiously endeavored to excite
+the Inhabitants of this Colony to take arms and levy war in order to
+assist the avowed enemies thereof. That when a prisoner on his parole of
+honor he gave intelligence of the force and intention of the American
+Army under Col. Caswell to the Enemy and advised them in what manner
+they might elude them."[39]
+
+He was sent, with other prisoners, to Baltimore, and thence, on parole,
+to Fredericktown, where he behaved "with much resentment and
+haughtiness." On March 3, 1777, he appealed to Governor Caswell to be
+permitted to return home, offering to mortgage his estate for his good
+behavior.[40] Several years after the Revolution he was a member of the
+Senate of North Carolina.
+
+The stormy days of discussion, excitement, and extensive preparations
+for war, in 1775, did not deter the Highlanders in Scotland from seeking
+a home in America. On October 21st, a body of one hundred and
+seventy-two Highlanders, including men, women and children arrived in
+the Cape Fear river, on board the George, and made application for lands
+near those already located by their relatives. The governor took his
+usual precautions with them, for in a letter to the earl of Dartmouth,
+dated November 12th, he says:
+
+   "On the most solemn assurances of their firm and unalterable loyalty
+   and attachment to the King, and their readiness to lay down their
+   lives in the support and defence of his Majesty's Government, I was
+   induced to Grant their request on the Terms of their taking such
+   lands in the proportions allowed by his Majesty's Royal Instructions,
+   and subject to all the conditions prescribed by them whenever grants
+   may be passed in due form, thinking it were advisable to attach these
+   people to Government by granting as matter of favor and courtesy to
+   them what I had not power to prevent than to leave them to possess
+   themselves by violence of the King's lands, without owing or
+   acknowledging any obligation for them, as it was only the means of
+   securing these People against the seditions of the Rebels, but
+   gaining so much strength to Government that is equally important at
+   this time, without making any concessions injurious to the rights and
+   interests of the Crown, or that it has effectual power to
+   withhold."[41]
+
+In the same letter is the further information that "a ship is this
+moment arrived from Scotland with upwards of one hundred and thirty
+Emigrants Men, Women and Children to whom I shall think it proper (after
+administering the Oath of Allegiance to the Men) to give permission to
+settle on the vacant lands of the Crown here on the same principles and
+conditions that I granted that indulgence to the Emigrants lately
+imported in the ship George."
+
+Many of the emigrants appear to have been seized with the idea that all
+that was necessary was to land in America, and the avenues of affluence
+would be opened to them. Hence there were those who landed in a
+distressed condition. Such was the state of the last party that arrived
+before the Peace of 1783. There was "a Petition from sundry distressed
+Highlanders, lately arrived from Scotland, praying that they might be
+permitted to go to Cape Fear, in North Carolina, the place where they
+intended to settle," laid before the Virginia convention then being held
+at Williamsburgh, December 14, 1775. On the same day the convention gave
+orders to Colonel Woodford to "take the distressed Highlanders, with
+their families, under his protection, permit them to pass by land
+unmolested to Carolina, and supply them with such provisions as they may
+be in immediate want of."[42]
+
+The early days of 1776 saw the culmination of the intrigues with the
+Scotch-Highlanders. The Americans realized that the war party was in
+the ascendant, and consequently every movement was carefully watched.
+That the Americans felt bitterly towards them came from the fact that
+they were not only precipitating themselves into a quarrel of which they
+were not interested parties, but also exhibited ingratitude to their
+benefactors. Many of them came to the country not only poor and needy,
+but in actual distress.[43] They were helped with an open hand, and
+cared for with kindness and brotherly aid. Then they had not been long
+in the land, and the trouble so far had been to seek redress. Hence the
+Americans felt keenly the position taken by the Highlanders. On the
+other hand the Highlanders had viewed the matter from a different
+standpoint. They did not realize the craftiness of Governor Martin in
+compelling them to take the oath of allegiance, and they felt bound by
+what they considered was a voluntary act, and binding with all the
+sacredness of religion. They had ever been taught to keep their
+promises, and a liar was a greater criminal than a thief. Still they had
+every opportunity afforded them to learn the true status of affairs;
+independence had not yet been proclaimed; Washington was still besieging
+Boston, and the Americans continued to petition the British throne for a
+redress of grievances.
+
+That the action of the Highlanders was ill-advised, at that time, admits
+of no discussion. They failed to realize the condition of the country
+and the insuperable difficulties to overcome before making a junction
+with Sir Henry Clinton. What they expected to gain by their conduct is
+uncertain, and why they should march away a distance of one hundred
+miles, and then be transported by ships to a place they knew not where,
+thus leaving their wives and children to the mercies of those whom they
+had offended and driven to arms, made bitter enemies of, must ever
+remain unfathomable. It shows they were blinded and exhibited the want
+of even ordinary foresight. It also exhibited the reckless indifference
+of the responsible parties to the welfare of those they so successfully
+duped. It is no wonder that although nearly a century and a quarter have
+elapsed since the Highlanders unsheathed the claymore in the pine
+forests of North Carolina, not a single person has shown the hardihood
+to applaud their action. On the other hand, although treated with the
+utmost charity, their bravery applauded, they have been condemned for
+their rude precipitancy, besides failing to see the changed condition of
+affairs, and resenting the injuries they had received from the House of
+Hanover that had harried their country and hanged their relatives on the
+murderous gallows-tree. Their course, however, in the end proved
+advantageous to them; for, after their disastrous defeat, they took an
+oath to remain peaceable, which the majority kept, and thus prevented
+them from being harassed by the Americans, and, as loyal subjects of
+king George, the English army must respect their rights.
+
+Agents were busily at work among the people preparing them for war. The
+most important of all was Allan MacDonald of Kingsborough. Early he came
+under the suspicion of the Committee of Safety at Wilmington. On the
+very day, July 3, 1775, he was in consultation with Governor Martin, its
+chairman was directed to write to him "to know from himself respecting
+the reports that circulate of his having an intention to raise Troops to
+support the arbitrary measures of the ministry against the Americans in
+this Colony, and whether he had not made an offer of his services to
+Governor Martin for that purpose."[44]
+
+The influence of Kingsborough was supplemented by that of Major Donald
+MacDonald, who was sent direct from the army in Boston. He was then in
+his sixty-fifth year, had an extended experience in the army. He was in
+the Rising of 1745, and headed many of his own name. He now found many
+of these former companions who readily listened to his persuasions. All
+the emissaries sent represented they were only visiting their friends
+and relatives. They were all British officers, in the active service.
+
+Partially in confirmation of the above may be cited a letter from Samuel
+Johnston of Edenton, dated July 21, 1775, written to the Committee at
+Wilmington:
+
+   "A vessel from New York to this place brought over two officers who
+   left at the Bar to go to New Bern, they are both Highlanders, one
+   named McDonnel the other McCloud. They pretend they are on a visit to
+   some of their countrymen on your river, but I think there is reason
+   to suspect their errand of a base nature. The Committee of this town
+   have wrote to New Bern to have them secured. Should they escape there
+   I hope you will keep a good lookout for them."[45]
+
+The vigorous campaign for 1776, in the Carolinas was determined upon in
+the fall of 1775, in deference to the oft repeated and urgent
+solicitations of the royal governors, and on account of the appeals made
+by Martin, the brunt of it fell upon North Carolina. He assured the home
+government that large numbers of the Highlanders and Regulators were
+ready to take up arms for the king.
+
+The program, as arranged, was for Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet of
+ships and seven corps of Irish Regulars, to be at the mouth of the Cape
+Fear early in the year 1776, and there form a junction with the
+Highlanders and other disaffected persons from the interior. Believing
+that Sir Henry Clinton's armament would arrive in January or early in
+February Martin made preparations for the revolt; for his "unwearied,
+persevering agent," Alexander MacLean brought written assurances from
+the principal persons to whom he had been directed, that between two and
+three thousand men would take the field at the governor's summons. Under
+this encouragement MacLean was sent again into the back country, with a
+commission dated January 10, 1776, authorizing Allan McDonald, Donald
+McDonald, Alexander McLeod, Donald McLeod, Alexander McLean, Allen
+Stewart, William Campbell, Alexander McDonald and Neal McArthur, of
+Cumberland and Anson counties, and seventeen other persons who resided
+in a belt of counties in middle Carolina, to raise and array all the
+king's loyal subjects, and to march them in a body to Brunswick by
+February 15th.[46]
+
+Donald MacDonald was placed in command of this array and of all other
+forces in North Carolina with the rank of brigadier general, with Donald
+MacLeod next in rank. Upon receiving his orders, General MacDonald
+issued the following:
+
+   "_By His Excellency Brigadier-General Donald McDonald, Commander of
+   His Majesty's Forces for the time being, in North Carolina:_
+
+   A MANIFESTO.
+
+   Whereas, I have received information that many of His Majesty's
+   faithful subjects have been so far overcome by apprehension of
+   danger, as to fly before His Majesty's Army as from the most
+   inveterate enemy; to remove which, as far as lies in my power, I have
+   thought it proper to publish this Manifesto, declaring that I shall
+   take the proper steps to prevent any injury being done, either to the
+   person or properties of His Majesty's subjects; and I do further
+   declare it to be my determined resolution, that no violence shall be
+   used to women and children, as viewing such outrages to be
+   inconsistent with humanity, and as tending, in their consequences, to
+   sully the arms of Britons and of Soldiers.
+
+   I, therefore, in His Majesty's name, generally invite every
+   well-wisher to that form of Government under which they have so
+   happily lived, and which, if justly considered, ought to be esteemed
+   the best birth-right of Britons and Americans, to repair to His
+   Majesty's Royal Standard, erected at Cross Creek, where they will
+   meet with every possible civility, and be ranked in the list of
+   friends and fellow-Soldiers, engaged in the best and most glorious of
+   all causes, supporting the rights and Constitution of their country.
+   Those, therefore, who have been under the unhappy necessity of
+   submitting to the mandates of Congress and Committees--those lawless,
+   usurped, and arbitrary tribunals--will have an opportunity, (by
+   joining the King's Army) to restore peace and tranquility to this
+   distracted land--to open again the glorious streams of commerce--to
+   partake of the blessings of inseparable from a regular administration
+   of justice, and be again reinstated in the favorable opinion of their
+   Sovereign.
+
+     Donald McDonald.
+     By His Excellency's command:
+     Kenn. McDonald, P.S."[47]
+
+On February 5th General MacDonald issued another manifesto in which he
+declares it to be his "intention that no violation whatever shall be
+offered to women, children, or private property, to sully the arms of
+Britons or freemen, employed in the glorious and righteous cause of
+rescuing and delivering this country from the usurpation of rebellion,
+and that no cruelty whatever be offered against the laws of humanity,
+but what resistance shall make necessary; and that whatever provisions
+and other necessaries be taken for the troops, shall be paid for
+immediately; and in case any person, or persons, shall offer the least
+violence to the families of such as will join the Royal Standard, such
+persons or persons, may depend that retaliation will be made; the
+horrors of such proceedings, it is hoped, will be avoided by all true
+Christians."[48]
+
+Manifestos being the order of the day, Thomas Rutherford, erstwhile
+patriot, deriving his commission from the Provincial Congress, though
+having alienated himself, but signing himself colonel, also issues one
+in which he declares that this is "to command, enjoin, beseech, and
+require all His Majesty's faithful subjects within the County of
+Cumberland to repair to the King's Royal standard, at Cross Creek, on or
+before the 16th present, in order to join the King's army; otherwise,
+they must expect to fall under the melancholy consequences of a declared
+rebellion, and expose themselves to the just resentment of an injured,
+though gracious Sovereign."[49]
+
+On February 1st General MacDonald set up the Royal Standard at Cross
+Creek, in the Public Square, and in order to cause the Highlanders all
+to respond with alacrity manifestos were issued and other means resorted
+to in order that the "loyal subjects of His Majesty" might take up arms,
+among which nightly balls were given, and the military spirit freely
+inculcated. When the day came the Highlanders were seen coming from near
+and from far, from the wide plantations on the river bottoms, and from
+the rude cabins in the depths of the lonely pine forests, with
+broadswords at their side, in tartan garments and feathered bonnet, and
+keeping step to the shrill music of the bag-pipe. There came, first of
+all, Clan MacDonald with Clan MacLeod near at hand, with lesser numbers
+of Clan MacKenzie, Clan MacRae, Clan MacLean, Clan MacKay, Clan
+MacLachlan, and still others,--variously estimated at from fifteen
+hundred to three thousand, including about two hundred others,
+principally Regulators. However, all who were capable of bearing arms
+did not respond to the summons, for some would not engage in a cause
+where their traditions and affections had no part. Many of them hid in
+the swamps and in the forests. On February 18th the Highland army took
+up its line of march for Wilmington and at evening encamped on the Cape
+Fear, four miles below Cross Creek.
+
+The assembling of the Highland army aroused the entire country. The
+patriots, fully cognizant of what was transpiring, flew to arms,
+determined to crush the insurrection, and in less than a fortnight
+nearly nine thousand men had risen against the enemy, and almost all the
+rest were ready to turn out at a moment's notice. At the very first
+menace of danger, Brigadier General James Moore took the field at the
+head of his regiment, and on the 15th secured possession of Rockfish
+bridge, seven miles from Cross Creek, where he was joined by a recruit
+of sixty from the latter place.
+
+On the 19th the royalists were paraded with a view to assail Moore on
+the following night; but he was thoroughly entrenched, and the bare
+suspicion of such a project was contemplated caused two companions of
+Cotton's corps to run off with their arms. On that day General MacDonald
+sent the following letter to General Moore:
+
+   "Sir: I herewith send the bearer, Donald Morrison, by advice of the
+   Commissioners appointed by his Excellency Josiah Martin, and in
+   behalf of the army now under my command, to propose terms to you as
+   friends and countrymen. I must suppose you unacquainted with the
+   Governor's proclamation, commanding all his Majesty's loyal subject
+   to repair to the King's royal standard, else I should have imagined
+   you would ere this have joined the King's army now engaged in his
+   Majesty's service. I have therefore thought it proper to intimate to
+   you, that in case you do not, by 12 o'clock to-morrow, join the royal
+   standard, I must consider you as enemies, and take the necessary
+   steps for the support of legal authority.
+
+   I beg leave to remind you of his Majesty's speech to his Parliament,
+   wherein he offers to receive the misled with tenderness and mercy,
+   from motives of humanity. I again beg of you to accept the proffered
+   clemency. I make no doubt, but you will show the gentleman sent on
+   this message every possible civilty; and you may depend in return,
+   that all your officers and men, which may fall into our hands shall
+   be treated with an equal degree of respect. I have the honor to be,
+   in behalf of the army, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+     Don. McDonald.
+     Head Quarters, Feb. 19, 1776.
+     His Excellency's Proclamation is herewith enclosed."
+
+Brigadier General Moore's answer:
+
+   "Sir: Yours of this day I have received, in answer to which, I must
+   inform you that the terms which you are pleased to say, in behalf of
+   the army under your command, are offered to us as friends and
+   countrymen, are such as neither my duty or inclination will permit me
+   to accept, and which I must presume you too much of an officer to
+   accept of me. You were very right when you supposed me unacquainted
+   with the Governor's proclamation, but as the terms therein proposed
+   are such as I hold incompatible with the freedom of Americans, it can
+   be no rule of conduct for me. However, should I not hear farther from
+   you before twelve o'clock to-morrow by which time I shall have an
+   opportunity of consulting my officers here, and perhaps Col. Martin,
+   who is in the neighborhood of Cross Creek, you may expect a more
+   particular answer; meantime you may be assured that the feelings of
+   humanity will induce me to shew that civility to such of your people
+   as may fall into our hands, as I am desirous should be observed
+   towards those of ours, who may be unfortunate enough to fall into
+   yours. I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
+
+     James Moore.
+     Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 19, 1776."
+
+General Moore, on the succeeding day sent the following to General
+MacDonald:
+
+   "Sir: Agreeable to my promise of yesterday, I have consulted the
+   officers under my command respecting your letter, and am happy in
+   finding them unanimous in opinion with me. We consider ourselves
+   engaged in a cause the most glorious and honourable in the world, the
+   defense of the liberties of mankind, in support of which we are
+   determined to hazard everything dear and valuable and in tenderness
+   to the deluded people under your command, permit me, Sir, through you
+   to inform them, before it is too late, of the dangerous and
+   destructive precipice on which they stand, and to remind them of the
+   ungrateful return they are about to make for their favorable
+   reception in this country. If this is not sufficient to recall them
+   to the duty which they owe themselves and their posterity inform them
+   that they are engaged in a cause in which they cannot succeed as not
+   only the whole force of this country, but that of our neighboring
+   provinces, is exerting and now actually in motion to suppress them,
+   and which much end in their utter destruction. Desirous, however, of
+   avoiding the effusion of human blood, I have thought proper to send
+   you a test recommended by the Continental Congress, which if they
+   will yet subscribe we are willing to receive them as friends and
+   countrymen. Should this offer be rejected, I shall consider them as
+   enemies to the constitutional liberties of America, and treat them
+   accordingly.
+
+   I cannot conclude without reminding you, Sir, of the oath which you
+   and some of your officers took at Newbern on your arrival to this
+   country, which I imagine you will find is difficult to reconcile to
+   your present conduct. I have no doubt that the bearer, Capt. James
+   Walker, will be treated with proper civilty and respect in your camp.
+
+     I am, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
+
+     James Moore.
+     Camp at Rockfish, Feb. 20, 1776."
+
+General MacDonald returned the following reply:
+
+   "Sir: I received your favor by Captain James Walker, and observed
+   your declared sentiments of revolt, hostility and rebellion to the
+   King, and to what I understand to be the constitution of the country.
+   If I am mistaken future consequences must determine; but while I
+   continue in my present sentiment, I shall consider myself embarked in
+   a cause which must, in its consequences, extricate this country from
+   anarchy and licentiousness. I cannot conceive that the Scottish
+   emigrants, to whom I imagine you allude, can be under greater
+   obligations to this country than to the King, under whose gracious
+   and merciful government they alone could have been enabled to visit
+   this western region: And I trust, Sir, it is in the womb of time to
+   say, that they are not that deluded and ungrateful people which you
+   would represent them to be. As a soldier in his Majesty's service, I
+   must inform you, if you are to learn, that it is my duty to conquer,
+   if I cannot reclaim, all those who may be hardy enough to take up
+   arms against the best of masters, as of Kings. I have the honor to
+   be, in behalf of the army under my command,
+
+     Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+     Don. McDonald.
+     To the Commanding Officer at Rockfish."[50]
+
+MacDonald realized that he was unable to put his threat into execution,
+for he was informed that the minute-men were gathering in swarms all
+around him; that Colonel Caswell, at the head of the minute men of
+Newbern, nearly eight hundred strong, was marching through Duplin
+county, to effect a junction with Moore, and that his communication with
+the war ships had been cut off. Realizing the extremity of his danger,
+he resolved to avoid an engagement, and leave the army at Rockfish in
+his rear, and by celerity of movement, and crossing rivers at
+unsuspected places, to disengage himself from the larger bodies and fall
+upon the command of Caswell. Before marching he exhorted his men to
+fidelity, expressed bitter scorn for the "base cravens who had deserted
+the night before," and continued by saying:
+
+   "If any amongst you is so faint-hearted as not to serve with the
+   resolution of conquering or dying, this is the time for such to
+   declare themselves."
+
+The speech was answered by a general huzza for the king; but from
+Cotton's corps about twenty laid down their arms. He decamped, with his
+army at midnight, crossed the Cape Fear, sunk his boats, and sent a
+party fifteen miles in advance to secure the bridge over South river,
+from Bladen into Hanover, pushing with rapid pace over swollen streams,
+rough hills, and deep morasses, hotly pursued by General Moore.
+Perceiving the purpose of the enemy General Moore detached Colonels
+Lillington and Ashe to reinforce Colonel Caswell, or if that could not
+be effected, then they were to occupy Widow Moore's Creek bridge.
+
+Colonel Caswell designing the purpose of MacDonald changed his own
+course in order to intercept his march. On the 23rd the Highlanders
+thought to overtake him, and arrayed themselves in the order of battle,
+with eighty able-bodied men, armed with broadswords, forming the center
+of the army; but Colonel Caswell being posted at Corbett's Ferry could
+not be reached for want of boats. The royalists were again in extreme
+danger; but at a point six miles higher up the Black river they
+succeeded in crossing in a broad shallow boat while MacLean and Fraser,
+left with a few men and a drum and a pipe, amused the corps of Caswell.
+
+Colonel Lillington, on the 25th took post on the east side of Moore's
+Creek bridge; and on the next day Colonel Caswell reached the west side,
+threw up a slight embankment, and destroyed a part of the bridge. A
+royalist, who had been sent into his camp under pretext of summoning him
+to return to his allegiance, brought back the information that he had
+halted on the same side of the river as themselves, and could be
+assaulted with advantage. Colonel Caswell was not only a good woodman,
+but also a man of superior ability, and believing he had misled the
+enemy, marched his column to the east side of the stream, removed the
+planks from the bridge, and placed his men behind trees and such
+embankments as could be thrown up during the night. His force now
+amounted to a thousand men, consisting of the Newbern minute-men, the
+militia of Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, and Wake counties, and the
+detachment under Colonel Lillington. The men of the Neuse region, their
+officers wearing silver crescents upon their hats, inscribed with the
+words, "Liberty or Death," were in front. The situation of General
+MacDonald was again perilous, for while facing this army, General Moore,
+with his regulars was close upon his rear.
+
+The royalists, expecting an easy victory, decided upon an immediate
+attack. General MacDonald was confined to his tent by sickness, and the
+command devolved upon Major Donald MacLeod, who began the march at one
+o'clock on the morning of the 27th; but owing to the time lost in
+passing an intervening morass, it was within an hour of daylight when
+they reached the west bank of the creek. They entered the ground without
+resistance. Seeing Colonel Caswell was on the opposite side they reduced
+their columns and formed their line of battle in the woods. Their
+rallying cry was, "King George and broadswords," and the signal for
+attack was three cheers, the drum to beat and the pipes to play. While
+it was still dark Major MacLeod, with a party of about forty advanced,
+and at the bridge was challenged by the sentinel, asking, "Who goes
+there?" He answered, "A friend." "A friend to whom?" "To the king." Upon
+this the sentinels bent their faces down to the ground. Major MacLeod
+thinking they might be some of his own command who had crossed the
+bridge, challenged them in Gaelic; but receiving no reply, fired his own
+piece, and ordered his party to fire also. All that remained of the
+bridge were the two logs, which had served for sleepers, permitting only
+two persons to pass at a time. Donald MacLeod and Captain John Campbell
+rushed forward and succeeded in getting over. The Highlanders who
+followed were shot down on the logs and fell into the muddy stream
+below. Major MacLeod was mortally wounded, but was seen to rise
+repeatedly from the ground, waving his sword and encouraging his men to
+come on, till twenty-six balls penetrated his body. Captain Campbell
+also was shot dead, and at that moment a party of militia, under
+Lieutenant Slocum, who had forded the creek and penetrated a swamp on
+its western bank, fell suddenly upon the rear of the royalists. The loss
+of their leader and the unexpected attack upon their rear threw them
+into confusion, when they broke and fled. The battle lasted but ten
+minutes. The royalists lost seventy killed and wounded, while the
+patriots had but two wounded, one of whom recovered. The victory was
+lasting and complete. The Highland power was thoroughly broken. There
+fell into the hands of the Americans besides eight hundred and fifty
+prisoners, fifteen hundred rifles, all of them excellent pieces, three
+hundred and fifty guns and short bags, one hundred and fifty swords and
+dirks, two medicine chests, immediately from England, one valued at L300
+sterling, thirteen wagons with horses, a box of Johannes and English
+guineas, amounting to about $75,000.
+
+Some of the Highlanders escaped from the battlefield by breaking down
+their wagons and riding away, three upon a horse. Many who were taken
+confessed that they were forced and persuaded contrary to their
+inclinations into the service.[51] The soldiers taken were disarmed, and
+dismissed to their homes.
+
+On the following day General MacDonald and nearly all the chief men were
+taken prisoners, amongst whom was MacDonald of Kingsborough and his son
+Alexander. A partial list of those apprehended is given in a report of
+the Committee of the Provincial Congress, reported April 20th and May
+10th on the guilt of the Highland and Regulator officers then confined
+in Halifax gaol, finding the prisoners were of four different classes,
+viz.:
+
+First, Prisoners who had served in Congress.
+
+Second, Prisoners who had signed Tests or Associations.
+
+Third, Prisoners who had been in arms without such circumstances.
+
+Fourth, Prisoners under suspicious circumstances.
+
+The Highlanders coming under the one or the other of these classes are
+given in the following order:
+
+Farquhard Campbell, Cumberland county.
+Alexander McKay, Capt. of 38 men. Cumberland county.
+Alexander McDonald (Condrach), Major of a regiment.
+Alexander Morrison. Captain of a company of 35 men.
+Alexander MacDonald, son of Kingsborough, a volunteer, Anson county.
+James MacDonald, Captain of a company of 25 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 32 men.
+John MacDonald, Captain of a company of 40 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.
+Murdoch McAskell, Captain of a company of 34 men.
+Alexander McLeod, Captain of a company of 16 men.
+Angus McDonald, Captain of a company of 30 men.
+Neill McArthur, Freeholder of Cross Creek, Captain of a company of 55 men.
+Francis Frazier, Adjutant to General MacDonald's Army.
+John McLeod, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 35 men.
+John McKinzie, of Cumberland county, Captain of company of 43 men.
+Kennith Macdonald, Aide-de-camp to General Macdonald.
+Murdoch McLeod, of Anson county, Surgeon to General Macdonald's Army.
+Donald McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in Captain Morrison's Company.
+Norman McLeod, of Anson county, Ensign in James McDonald's company.
+John McLeod, of Anson county, Lieutenant in James McDonald's company.
+Laughlin McKinnon, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Col.
+Rutherford's corps.
+James Munroe, freeholder in Cumberland county, Lieutenant in Capt. McKay's
+company.
+Donald Morrison, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.
+John McLeod, Ensign to Capt. Morrison's company.
+Archibald McEachern, Bladen county, Lieutenant to Capt. McArthur's company.
+Rory McKinnen, freeholder Anson county, volunteer.
+Donald McLeod, freeholder Cumberland county, Master to two Regiments,
+  General McDonald's Army.
+Donald Stuart, Quarter Master to Col. Rutherford's Regiment.
+Allen Macdonald of Kingsborough, freeholder of Anson county, Col. Regiment.
+Duncan St. Clair.
+Daniel McDaniel, Lieutenant in Seymore York's company.
+Alexander McRaw, freeholder Anson county, Capt. company 47 men.
+Kenneth Stuart, Lieutenant Capt Stuart's company.
+Collin McIver, Lieutenant Capt. Leggate's company.
+Alexander Maclaine, Commissary to General Macdonald's Army.
+Angus Campbell, Captain company 30 men.
+Alexander Stuart, Captain company 30 men.
+Hugh McDonald, Anson county, volunteer.
+John McDonald, common soldier.
+Daniel Cameron, common soldier.
+Daniel McLean, freeholder, Cumberland county, Lieutenant to Angus
+Campbell's company.
+Malcolm McNeill, recruiting agent for General Macdonald's
+Army, accused of using compulsion.[52]
+
+The following is a list of the prisoners sent from North Carolina to
+Philadelphia, enclosed in a letter of April 22, 1776:
+
+"1 His Excellency Donald McDonald Esqr Brigadier General
+  of the Tory Army and Commander in Chief in North Carolina.
+ 2 Colonel Allen McDonald (of Kingsborough) first in
+  Commission of Array and second in Command
+ 3 Alexander McDonald son of Kingsborough
+ 4 Major Alexander McDonald (Condrack)
+ 5 Capt Alexander McRay
+ 6 Capt John Leggate
+ 7 Capt James McDonald
+ 8 Capt Alexr. McLeod
+ 9 Capt Alexr. Morrison
+10 Capt John McDonald
+11 Capt Alexr. McLeod
+12 Capt Murdoch McAskell
+13 Capt Alexander McLeod
+14 Capt Angus McDonald
+15 Capt Neil McArthur[53]
+16 Capt James Mens of the light horse.
+17 Capt John McLeod
+18 Capt Thos. Wier
+19 Capt John McKenzie
+20 Lieut John Murchison
+21 Kennith McDonald, Aid de Camp to Genl McDonald
+22 Murdock McLeod, Surgeon
+23 Adjutant General John Smith
+24 Donald McLeod Quarter Master
+25 John Bethune Chaplain
+26 Farquhard Campbell late a delegate in the provincial
+Congress--Spy and Confidential Emissary of Governor Martin."[54]
+
+Some of the prisoners were discharged soon after their arrest, by making
+and signing the proper oath, of which the following is taken from the
+Records:
+
+   "Oath of Malcolm McNeill and Joseph Smith. We Malcolm McNeil and
+   Joseph Smith do Solemnly Swear on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty
+   God that we will not on any pretence whatsoever take up or bear Arms
+   against the Inhabitants of the United States of America and that we
+   will not disclose or make known any matters within our knowledge now
+   carrying on within the United States and that we will not carry out
+   more than fifty pounds of Gold & Silver in value to fifty pounds
+   Carolina Currency. So help us God.
+
+                                  Malcolm McNeill,
+     Halifax, 13th Augt, 1776.    Joseph Smith."[55]
+
+The North Carolina Provincial Congress on March 5, 1776, "Resolved, That
+Colonel Richard Caswell send, under a sufficient guard, Brigadier
+General Donald McDonald, taken at the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, to
+the Town of Halifax, and there to have him committed a close prisoner in
+the jail of the said Town, until further orders."[56]
+
+The same Congress, held in Halifax April 5th, "Resolved, That General
+McDonald be admitted to his parole upon the following conditions: That
+he does not go without the limits of the Town of Halifax; that he does
+not directly or indirectly, while a prisoner, correspond with any person
+or persons who are or may be in opposition to American measures, or by
+any manner or means convey to them intelligence of any sort; that he
+take no draft, nor procure them to be taken by any one else, of any
+place or places in which he may be, while upon his parole, that shall
+now, or may hereafter give information to our enemies which can be
+injurious to us, or the common cause of America; but that without
+equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation, he pay the most
+exact and faithful attention to the intent and meaning of these
+conditions, according to the rules and regulations of war; and that he
+every day appear between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock to the
+Officer of the Guard."[57]
+
+On April 11th, the same parole was offered to Allan MacDonald of
+Kingsborough.[58]
+
+The Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, at its session in Philadelphia,
+held May 25, 1776, ordered the Highland prisoners, mentioned on page
+219, naming each one separately to be "safely kept in close confinement
+until discharged by the honorable Congress or this Committee."[59] Four
+days later, General MacDonald addressed a letter to the Continental
+Congress, in which he said,
+
+   "That he was, by a party of horsemen, upon the 28th day of February
+   last, taken prisoner from sick quarters, eight miles from Widow
+   Moor's Creek, where he lay dangerously ill, and carried to Colonel
+   Caswell's camp, where General Moore then commanded, to whom he
+   delivered his sword as prisoner of war, which General Moore was
+   pleased to deliver back in a genteel manner before all his officers
+   then present, according to the rules and customs of war practised in
+   all nations; assuring him at the same time that he would be well
+   treated, and his baggage and property delivered to him, &c. Having
+   taken leave of General Moore and Colonel Caswell, Lieutenant-Colonel
+   Bryant took him under his care; and after rummaging his baggage for
+   papers, &c., conducted him to Newbern, from thence with his baggage
+   to Halifax, where the Committee of Safety there thought proper to
+   commit him to the common jail; his horses, saddles, and pistols, &c.,
+   taken from him, and never having committed any act of violence
+   against the person or property of any man; that he remained in this
+   jail near a month, until General Howe arrived there, who did him the
+   honour to call upon him in jail; and he has reason to think that
+   General Howe thought this treatment erroneous and without a
+   precedent; that upon this representation to the Convention, General
+   McDonald was, by order of the Convention, permitted, upon parole, to
+   the limits of the town of Halifax, until the 25th of April last, when
+   he was appointed to march, with the other gentlemen prisoners,
+   escorted from the jail there to this place. General McDonald would
+   wish to know what crime he has since been guilty of, deserving his
+   being recommitted to the jail of Philadelphia, without his bedding or
+   baggage, and his sword and his servant detained from him. The other
+   gentlemen prisoners are in great want for their blankets and other
+   necessaries.
+
+   Donald McDonald."[60]
+
+The Continental Congress, on September 4th, "Resolved, That the proposal
+made by General Howe, as delivered by General Sullivan, of exchanging
+General Sullivan for General Prescot, and Lord Stirling for
+Brigadier-General, be complied with."[61]
+
+This being communicated to General McDonald he addressed, to the
+Secretary of War the following:
+
+     "Philadelphia Gaol, September 6, 1776.
+     To the Secretary of War:
+
+   General McDonald's compliments to the Secretary of War. He is obliged
+   to him for his polite information, that the Congress have been
+   pleased to agree that Generals Prescott and McDonald shall be
+   exchanged for the Generals Sullivan and Stirling. General McDonald is
+   obliged to the Congress for the reference to the Board of War for his
+   departure: The indulgence of eight or ten days will, he hopes, be
+   sufficient to prepare him for his journey. His baggage will require a
+   cart to carry it. He is not provided with horses--submits it to the
+   Congress and Board how he may be conducted with safety to his place
+   of destination, not doubting his servant will be permitted to go
+   along with him, and that his sword may be returned to him, which he
+   is informed the Commissary received from his servant on the 25th of
+   May last.
+
+   General McDonald begs leave to acquaint the Secretary and the Board
+   of War, for the information of Congress, that when he was brought
+   prisoner from sick quarters to General Moore's camp, at Moore's
+   Creek, upon the 28th of February last, General Moore treated him with
+   respect to his rank and commission in the King of Great Britain's
+   service. He would have given him a parole to return to his sick
+   quarters, as his low state of health required it much at that time,
+   but Colonel Caswell objected thereto, and had him conducted prisoner
+   to Newbern, but gently treated all the way by Colonel Caswell and his
+   officers.
+
+   From Newbern he was conducted by a guard of Horse to Halifax, and
+   committed on his arrival, after forty-five miles journey the last
+   day, in a sickly state of health, and immediately ushered into a
+   common gaol, without bed or bedding, fire or candles, in a cold,
+   long night, by Colonel Long, who did not appear to me to behave like
+   a gentleman. That notwithstanding the promised protection for person
+   and property he had from General Moore, a man called Longfield Cox, a
+   wagonmaster to Colonel Caswell's army, seized upon his horse, saddle,
+   pistols, and other arms, and violently detained the same by refusing
+   to deliver them up to Colonel Bryan, who conducted him to Newbern.
+   Colonel Long was pleased to detain his mare at Halifax when sent
+   prisoner from thence to here. Sorry to dwell so long upon so
+   disagreeable a subject."[62]
+
+This letter was submitted to the Continental Congress on September 7th,
+when it "Resolved, That he be allowed four days to prepare for his
+journey; That a copy of that part of his Letter respecting his treatment
+in North Carolina, be sent to the Convention of that State."[63]
+
+Notwithstanding General Sir William Howe had agreed to make the
+specified exchange of prisoners, yet in a letter addressed to
+Washington, September 21, 1776, he states:
+
+   "The exchange you propose of Brigadier-General Alexander, commonly
+   called Lord Stirling, for Mr. McDonald, cannot take place, as he has
+   only the rank of Major by my commission; but I shall readily send any
+   Major in the enclosed list of prisoners that you will be pleased to
+   name in exchange for him."[64]
+
+As Sir William Howe refused to recognize the rank conferred on General
+McDonald, by the governor of North Carolina, Washington was forced,
+September 23, to order his return, with the escort, to Philadelphia.[65]
+But on the same day addressed Sir William Howe, in which he said:
+
+   "I had no doubt but Mr. McDonald's title would have been
+   acknowledged, having understood that he received his commission from
+   the hands of Governor Martin; nor can I consent to rank him as a
+   Major till I have proper authority from Congress, to whom I shall
+   state the matter upon your representation."[65] That body, on
+   September 30th, declared "That Mr. McDonald, having a commission of
+   Brigadier-General from Governor Martin, be not exchanged for any
+   officer under the rank of Brigadier-General in the service either of
+   the United States or any of them."[66]
+
+On the way from North Carolina to Philadelphia, while resting at
+Petersburg, May 2, 1776, Kingsborough indited the following letter:
+
+   "Sir: Your kind favor I had by Mr. Ugin (?) with the Virginia money
+   enclosed, which shall be paid if ever I retourn with thanks, if not I
+   shall take to order payment. Colonel Eliot who came here to receive
+   the prisoners Confined the General and me under a guard and sentries
+   to a Roome; this he imputes to the Congress of North Carolina not
+   getting Brigadier Lewes (who commands at Williamsburg) know of our
+   being on parole by your permission when at Halifax. If any
+   opportunity afford, it would add to our happiness to write something
+   to the above purpose to some of the Congress here with directions (if
+   such can be done) to forward said orders after us. I have also been
+   depressed of the horse I held, and hath little chance of getting
+   another. To walk on foot is what I never can do the length of
+   Philadelphia. What you can do in the above different affairs will be
+   adding to your former favors. Hoping you will pardon freedom wrote in
+   a hurry. I am with real Esteem and respect
+
+     Honble Sir,
+     Your very obedt. Servt.
+     Allen MacDonald."[67]
+
+June 28, 1776, Allen MacDonald of Kingsborough, was permitted, after
+signing a parole and word of honor to go to Reading, in Berks
+county.[68] At the same time the Committee of Safety
+
+   "Resolved, That such Prisoners from North Carolina as choose, may be
+   permitted to write to their friends there; such letters to be
+   inspected by this Committee; and the Jailer is to take care that all
+   the paper delivered in to the Prisoners, be used in such Letters, or
+   returned him."[68]
+
+The action of the Committee of Safety was approved by the Continental
+Congress on July 9th, by directing Kingsborough to be released on
+parole;[69] and on the 15th, his son Alexander was released on parole
+and allowed to reside with him.
+
+Every attempt to exchange the prisoners was made on the part of the
+Americans, and as they appear to have been so unfortunate as to have no
+one to intercede for them among British officers, Kingsborough was
+permitted to go to New York and effect his own exchange, which he
+succeeded in doing during the month of November, 1777, and then
+proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia.[70]
+
+The Highland officers confined in prison became restive, and on October
+31, 1776, presented a memorial, addressed to the North Carolina members
+of the Continental Congress, which at once met with the approval of
+William Hooper:
+
+   "Gentlemen: After a long separation of eight months from our Families
+   & Friends, We the undersubscribers, Prisoners of war from North
+   Carolina now in Philadelphia Prison, think ourselves justifiable at
+   this period in applying to your Honours for permission to return to
+   our Families; which indulgence we will promise on the Faith & honour
+   of gentlemen not to abuse, by interfering in the present disputes, or
+   aiding or assisting your enemies by word, writing, or action.
+
+   This request we have already laid before Congress who are willing to
+   grant it, provided they shall have your approbation.
+
+   Hoping therefore, that you have no particular intention to distress
+   us more than others whom you have treated with Indulgence, we flatter
+   ourselves that your determinations will prove no obstruction to our
+   Enlargement on the above terms; and have transmitted to you the
+   enclosed Copy of the Resolve of Congress in our favor, which if you
+   countenance; it will meet with the warmest acknowledgement of Gentn.
+
+     Your most obedt. humble Servts.,
+
+     Alexander Morison, Ferqd. Campbell, Alexr. Macleod,
+     Alexr. McKay, James Macdonald, John McDonald, Murdoch
+     Macleod, John Murchison, John Bethune, Neill McArthur, John
+     Smith, Murdo MacCaskill, John McLeod, Alexr. McDonald, Angus
+     McDonald, John Ligett."[71]
+
+It was fully apparent to the Americans that so long as the leaders were
+prisoners there was no danger of another uprising among the Highlanders.
+This was fully tested by earl Cornwallis, who, after the battle of
+Guilford Courthouse, retreated towards the seaboard, stopping on the way
+at Cross Creek[72] hoping then to gain recruits from the Highlanders,
+but very few of whom responded to his call. In a letter addressed to Sir
+Henry Clinton, dated from his camp near Wilmington, April 10, 1781, he
+says:
+
+   "On my arrival there (Cross Creek), I found, to my great
+   mortification, and contrary to all former accounts, that it was
+   impossible to procure any considerable quantity of provisions, and
+   that there was not four days' forage within twenty miles. The
+   navigation of Cape Fear, with the hopes of which I had been flattered
+   was totally impracticable, the distance from Wilmington by water
+   being one hundred and fifty miles, the breadth of the river seldom
+   exceeding one hundred yards, the banks generally high, and the
+   inhabitants on each side almost universally hostile. Under these
+   circumstances I determined to move immediately to Wilmington. By this
+   measure the Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of
+   the upper country, to prove the sincerity of their former professions
+   of friendship. But, though appearances are rather more favorable
+   among them, I confess they are not equal to my expectations."[73]
+
+The Americans did not rest matters simply by confining the officers, but
+every precaution was taken to overawe them, not only by their parole,
+which nearly all implicitly obeyed, but also by armed force, for some
+militia was at once stationed at Cross Creek, which remained there until
+the Provincial Congress, on November 21, 1776, ordered it
+discharged.[74] General Charles Lee, who had taken charge of the
+Southern Department, on June 6, 1776, ordered Brigadier-General Lewis to
+take "as large a body of the regulars as can possibly be spared to march
+to Cross Creek, in North Carolina."[75]
+
+Notwithstanding the fact that many of the Highlanders who had been in
+the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge afterwards engaged in the service
+with the Americans, the community was regarded with suspicion, and that
+not without some cause. On July 28, 1777, it was reported that there
+were movements among the royalists that caused the patriots to be in
+arms and watch the Highlanders at Cross Creek. On August 3rd it was
+again reported that there were a hundred in arms with others coming.[76]
+
+As might be anticipated the poor Highlanders also were subjected to fear
+and oppression. They remained at heart, true to their first love. In
+June, 1776, a report was circulated among them that a company of light
+horse was coming into the settlement, and every one thought he was the
+man wanted, and hence all hurried to the swamps and other fastnesses in
+the forest.[77]
+
+From the poor Highland women, who had lost father, husband, brother in
+battle, or whose menfolk were imprisoned in the gaol at Halifax, there
+arose such a wail of distress as to call forth the attention of the
+Provincial Congress, which at once put forth a proclamation, and ordered
+it translated into the "Erse tongue," in which it was declared that they
+"warred not with those helpless females, but sympathized with them in
+their sorrow," and recommended them to the compassion of all, and to the
+"bounty of those who had aught to spare from their necessities."
+
+One of the remarkable things, and one which cannot be accounted for, is,
+that although the North Carolina Highland emigrants were deeply
+religious, yet no clergyman accompanied them to the shores of America,
+until 1770, when Reverend John McLeod came direct from Scotland and
+ministered to them for some time; and they were entirely without a
+minister prior to 1757, when Reverend James Campbell commenced to preach
+for them, and continued in active work until 1770. He was the first
+ordained minister who took up his abode among the Presbyterian
+settlements in North Carolina. He pursued his labors among the
+outspreading neighborhoods in what are now Cumberland and Robeson
+counties. This worthy man was born in Campbelton, on the peninsula of
+Kintyre, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Of his early history but little is
+known, and by far too little of his pioneer labors has been preserved.
+About the year 1730 he emigrated to America, landing at Philadelphia.
+His attention having been turned to his countrymen on the Cape Fear, he
+removed to North Carolina, and took up his residence on the left bank of
+the above river, a few miles north of Cross Creek. He died in 1781. His
+preaching was in harmony with the tenets of his people, being
+presbyterian. He had three regular congregations on the Sabbath, besides
+irregular preaching, as occasion demanded. For some ten years he
+preached on the southwest side of the river at a place called "Roger's
+meeting-house." Here Hector McNeill ("Bluff Hector") and Alexander
+McAlister acted as elders. About 1758 he began to preach at the
+"Barbacue Church,"--the building not erected until about the year 1765.
+It was at this church where Flora MacDonald worshipped. The first elders
+of this church were Gilbert Clark, Duncan Buie, Archibald Buie, and
+Donald Cameron.
+
+[Illustration: BARBACUE CHURCH, WHERE FLORA MACDONALD WORSHIPPED.]
+
+Another of the preaching stations was at a place now known as "Long
+Street." The building was erected about 1766. The first elders were
+Malcolm Smith, Archibald McKay and Archibald Ray.
+
+There came, in the same ship, from Scotland, with Reverend John McLeod,
+a large number of Highland families, all of whom settled upon the upper
+and lower Little Rivers, in Cumberland county. After several years'
+labor, proving himself a man of genuine piety, great worth, and popular
+eloquence, he left America, with a view of returning to his native land;
+having never been heard of afterwards, it was thought that he found a
+watery grave.
+
+With the exception of the Reverend John McLeod, it is not known that
+Reverend James Campbell had any ministerial brother residing in
+Cumberland or the adjoining counties, who could assist him in preaching
+to the Gaels. Although McAden preached in Duplin county, he was unable
+to render assistance because he was unfamiliar with the language of the
+Highlanders.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. IV, p. 931.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Ibid_, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 23: _Ibid_, p. 490.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid_, p. 533.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Ibid_, p.453.]
+
+[Footnote 26: See Appendix, Note C.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid_, Vol. VIII. p. 708.]
+
+[Footnote 28: _Ibid_, Vol. IX. p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 29: _Ibid_, p. 544.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _Ibid_, Vol. VIII, p. XXIII.]
+
+[Footnote 31: _Ibid_, Vol. X. p. 577.]
+
+[Footnote 32: _Ibid_, p. 173.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See Appendix, Note D.]
+
+[Footnote 34: _Ibid_, p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Ibid_, p. 325.]
+
+[Footnote 36: _Ibid_, p. 190.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Ibid_, p. 266.]
+
+[Footnote 38: _Ibid_, p. 326.]
+
+[Footnote 39: _Ibid_, p. 595.]
+
+[Footnote 40: _Ibid_, Vol. XI. p. 403.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Ibid_, p. 324.]
+
+[Footnote 42: American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV, p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 43: See Appendix, Note E.]
+
+[Footnote 44: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 65.]
+
+[Footnote 45: _Ibid_, p, 117.]
+
+[Footnote 46: American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV. p, 981]
+
+[Footnote 47: _Ibid_, p, 982.]
+
+[Footnote 48: _Ibid_, p. 983.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Ibid_, p. 1129.]
+
+[Footnote 50: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI, pp. 276-279.]
+
+[Footnote 51: _Ibid_, Vol. X, p. 485.]
+
+[Footnote 52: _Ibid_, pp. 594-603.]
+
+[Footnote 53: See Appendix, Note H.]
+
+[Footnote 54: _Ibid_, Vol. XI. p. 294.]
+
+[Footnote 55: _Ibid_, Vol. X. p. 743.]
+
+[Footnote 56: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 69.]
+
+[Footnote 57: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 1317.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _Ibid_, p. 1320.]
+
+[Footnote 59: _Ibid_, Vol. VI, p. 663.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Ibid_, p. 613.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Ibid_, Fifth Series, Vol. II. p. 1330.]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Ibid_, p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Ibid_, p. 1333.]
+
+[Footnote 64: _Ibid_, p. 437.]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Ibid_, p. 464.]
+
+[Footnote 66: _Ibid_, p. 1383]
+
+[Footnote 67: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 295.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Am. Archives, 5th Series, Vol. I. p. 1291.]
+
+[Footnote 69: _Ibid_, p. 1570.]
+
+[Footnote 70: "Letter Book of Captain A. MacDonald," p. 387.]
+
+[Footnote 71: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. X. p. 888.]
+
+[Footnote 72: See Appendix Note F.]
+
+[Footnote 73: "Earl Cornwallis' Answer to Sir Henry Clinton," p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 74: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. p. 927.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 721.]
+
+[Footnote 76: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. XI. pp 546, 555.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Ibid_, p. 829.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN GEORGIA.
+
+
+The second distinctive and permanent settlement of Highland Scotch in
+the territory now constituting the United States of America was that in
+what was first called New Inverness on the Alatamaha river in Georgia,
+but now known as Darien, in McIntosh County. It was established under
+the genius of James Oglethorpe, an English general and philanthropist,
+who, in the year 1728, began to take active legislative support in
+behalf of the debtor classes, which culminated in the erection of the
+colony of Georgia, and incidentally to the formation of a settlement of
+Highlanders.
+
+There was a yearly average in Great Britain of four thousand unhappy men
+immured in prison for the misfortune of being poor. A small debt exposed
+a person to a perpetuity of imprisonment; and one indiscreet contract
+often resulted in imprisonment for life. The sorrows hidden within the
+prison walls of Fleet and Marshalsea touched the heart of Oglethorpe--a
+man of merciful disposition and heroic mind--who was then in the full
+activity of middle life. His benevolent zeal persevered until he
+restored multitudes, who had long been in confinement for debt, and were
+now helpless and strangers in the land of their birth. Nor was this all:
+for them and the persecuted Protestants he planned an asylum in America,
+where former poverty would be no reproach, and where the simplicity of
+piety could indulge in the spirit of devotion without fear of
+persecution or rebuke.
+
+The first active step taken by Oglethorpe, in his benevolent designs was
+to move, in the British House of Commons, that a committee be appointed
+"to inquire into the state of the gaols of the kingdom, and to report
+the same and their opinion thereupon to the House." Of this committee
+consisting of ninety-six persons, embracing some of the first men in
+England, Oglethorpe was made chairman. They were eulogized by Thompson,
+in his poem on Winter, as
+
+   "The generous band,
+   Who, touched with human woe, redressive searched
+   Into the horrors of the gloomy gaol."
+
+In the abodes of crime, and of misfortune, the committee beheld all that
+the poet depicted: "The freeborn Briton to the dungeon chained," and
+"Lives crushed out by secret, barbarous ways, that for their country
+would have toiled and bled." One of Britain's authors was moved to
+indite: "No modern nation has ever enacted or inflicted greater legal
+severities upon insolvent debtors than England."[78]
+
+While the report of the committee did honor to their humanity, yet it
+was the moving spirit of Oglethorpe that prompted efforts to combine
+present relief with permanent benefits, by which honest but unfortunate
+industry could be protected, and the poor enabled to reap the fruit of
+their toils, which now wrung out their lives with bitter and unrequited
+labor. On June 9, 1732, a charter was procured from the king,
+incorporating a body by name and style of the Trustees for Establishing
+the Colony of Georgia in America. Among its many provisions was the
+declaration that "all and every person born within the said province
+shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities of free
+denizens, as if abiding and born within Great Britain." It further
+ordained that there should be liberty of conscience, and free exercise
+of religion to all, except Papists. The patrons, by their own request,
+were restrained from receiving any grant of lands, or any emoluments
+whatever.
+
+The charter had in view the settling of poor but unfortunate people on
+lands now waste and desolate, and also the interposing of the colony as
+a barrier between the French, Spanish and Indians on the south and west
+and the other English colonies on the north. Oglethorpe expressed the
+purpose of the colonizing scheme, in the following language:
+
+   "These trustees not only give land to the unhappy who go thither;
+   but are also empowered to receive the voluntary contributions of
+   charitable persons to enable them to furnish the poor adventurers
+   with all necessaries for the expense of the voyage, occupying the
+   land, and supporting them till they find themselves comfortably
+   settled. So that now the unfortunate will not be obliged to bind
+   themselves to a long servitude to pay for their passage; for they may
+   be carried gratis into a land of liberty and plenty, where they
+   immediately find themselves in possession of a competent estate, in a
+   happier climate than they knew before; and they are unfortunate,
+   indeed, if here they cannot forget their sorrow."[79]
+
+Subsidiary to this it was designed to make Georgia a silk, wine, oil and
+drug-growing colony. It was calculated that the mother country would be
+relieved of a large body of indigent people and unfortunate debtors,
+and, at the same time, assist the commerce of Great Britain, increase
+home industries, and relieve, to an appreciative extent, the impost on
+foreign productions. Extravagant expectations were formed of the
+capabilities of Georgia by the enthusiastic friends of the movement. It
+was to rival Virginia and South Carolina, and at once to take the first
+rank in the list of provinces depending on the British crown. Its
+beauties and greatness were lauded by poets, statesmen and divines. It
+attracted attention throughout Europe, and to that promised land there
+pressed forward Swiss, German, Scotch and English alike. The benevolence
+of England was aroused, and the charities of an opulent nation began to
+flow towards the new plantation. The House of Parliament granted
+L10,000, which was augmented, by private subscription, to L36,000.
+
+Oglethorpe had implicit faith in the enterprise, and with the first
+shipload, on board the Ann, he sailed from Gravesend November 17, 1732,
+and arrived at the bar, outside of the port of Charleston, South
+Carolina, January 13, 1733. Having accepted of a hearty welcome, he
+weighed anchor, and sailed directly for Port Royal; and while his colony
+was landing at Beaufort, he ascended the boundary river of Georgia, and
+selected the site for his chief town on the high bluff, where now is the
+city of Savannah. Having established his town, he then selected a
+commanding height on the Ogeechee river, where he built a fortification
+and named it Fort Argyle, in honor of the friend and patron of his early
+years.
+
+Within a period of five years over a thousand persons had been sent over
+on the Trustee's account; several freeholders, with their servants, had
+also taken up lands; and to them and to others also, settling in the
+province, over fifty-seven thousand acres had been granted. Besides
+forts and minor villages there had been laid out and settled the
+principal towns of Augusta, Ebenezer, Savannah, New Inverness, and
+Frederica. The colonists were of different nationalities, widely variant
+in character, religion and government. There were to be seen the
+depressed Briton from London; the hardy Gael from the Highlands of
+Scotland; the solemn Moravian from Herrnhut; the phlegmatic German from
+Salzburg in Bavaria; the reflecting Swiss from the mountainous and
+pastoral Grisons; the mercurial peasant from sunny Italy, and the Jew
+from Portugal.
+
+The settlements were made deliberately and with a view of resisting any
+possible encroachments of Spain. It was a matter of protection that the
+Highlanders were induced to emigrate, and their assignment to the
+dangerous and outlying district, exposed to Spanish forays or invasions,
+is sufficient proof that their warlike qualities were greatly desired.
+Experience also taught Oglethorpe that the useless poor in England did
+not change their characters by emigration.
+
+In company with a retinue of Indian chiefs, Oglethorpe returned to
+England on board the Aldborough man-of-war, where he arrived on June 16,
+1734, after a passage of a little more than a month. His return created
+quite a sensation; complimentary verses were bestowed upon him, and his
+name was established among men of large views and energetic action as a
+distinguished benefactor of mankind. Among many things that engrossed
+his attention was to provide a bulwark against inroads that might be
+made by savages and dangers from the Spanish settlements; so he turned
+his eyes, as already noted, to the Highlands of Scotland. In order to
+secure a sufficient number of Highlanders a commission was granted to
+Lieutenant Hugh Mackay and George Dunbar to proceed to the Highlands
+and "raise 100 Men free or servants and for that purpose allowed to them
+the free passage of ten servants over and above the 100. They farther
+allowed them to take 50 Head of Women and Children and agreed with Mr.
+Simmonds to send a ship about, which he w'd not do unless they agreed
+for 130 Men Heads certain. This may have led the trust into the mistake
+That they were to raise only 130."[80]
+
+The enterprising commissioners, using such methods as were customary to
+the country, soon collected the required number within the immediate
+vicinity of Inverness. They first enlisted the interest and consent of
+some of the chief gentlemen, and as they were unused to labor, they were
+not only permitted but required also to bring each a servant capable of
+supporting him. These gentlemen were not reckless adventurers, or
+reduced emigrants forced by necessity, or exiled by insolvency and want;
+but men of pronounced character, and especially selected for their
+approved military qualities, many of whom came from the glen of
+Stralbdean, about nine miles distant from Inverness. They were commanded
+by officers most highly connected in the Highlands. Their political
+sympathies were with the exiled house of Stuart, and having been more or
+less implicated in the rising of 1715, they found themselves objects of
+jealousy and suspicion, and thus circumstanced seized the opportunity to
+seek an asylum in America and obtain that unmolested quietude which was
+denied them in their native glens.
+
+These people being deeply religious selected for their pastor, Reverend
+John MacLeod, a native of Skye, who belonged to the Dunvegan family of
+MacLeods. He was well recommended by his clerical brethren, and
+sustained a good examination before the presbytery of Edinburgh,
+previous to his ordination and commission, October 13, 1735. He was
+appointed by the directors of the Society in Scotland for Propagating
+Christian Knowledge (from whom he was to receive his annual stipend of
+L50) "not only to officiate as minister of the Gospel to the Highland
+families going hither," and others who might be inclined to the
+Presbyterian form of worship, but "also to use his utmost endeavors for
+propagating Christian knowledge among natives in the colony."
+
+The Trustees were greatly rejoiced to find that they had secured so
+valuable an acquisition to their colony, and that they could settle such
+a bold and hardy race on the banks of their southern boundary, and thus
+establish a new town on the Florida frontier. The town council of
+Inverness, in order to express their regard for Oglethorpe, on account
+of his kind offers to the Highlanders, conferred on him the honor of a
+burgess of the town, through his proxy, Captain George Dunbar.
+
+Besides the military band, others, among whom were MacKays, Bailies,
+Dunbars, and Cuthberts, applied for large tracts of land to people with
+their own servants; most of them going over themselves to Georgia, and
+finally settling there for life.
+
+Of the Highlanders, some of them paid their passage and that of one out
+of two servants, while others paid passage for their servants and took
+the benefit of the trust passage for themselves. Some, having large
+families, wanted farther assistance for servants, which was acceded to
+by Captain Dunbar, who gave them the passage of four servants, which was
+his right, for having raised forty of the one hundred men. Of the whole
+number the Trustees paid for one hundred and forty-six, some of whom
+became indentured servants to the Trust. On October 20, 1735, one
+hundred and sixty-three were mustered before Provost Hassock at
+Inverness. One of the number ran away before the ship sailed, and two
+others were set on shore because they would neither pay their passage
+nor indent as servants to the Trust.
+
+These pioneers, who were to carve their own fortunes and become a
+defense for the colony of Georgia, sailed from Inverness, October 18,
+1735, on board the Prince of Wales, commanded by Captain George Dunbar,
+one of their own countrymen. They made a remarkably quick trip, attended
+by no accidents, and in January, 1736, sailed into Tybee Road, and at
+once the officer in charge set about sending the emigrants to their
+destination. All who so desired, at their own expense, were permitted to
+go up to Savannah and Joseph's Town. On account of a deficiency in
+boats, all could not be removed at once. Seven days after their arrival
+sixty-one were sent away, and on February 4th forty-six more proceeded
+to their settlement on the Alatamaha,--all of whom being under the
+charge of Hugh MacKay. Thus the advanced station, the post of danger,
+was guarded by a bold and hardy race; brave and robust by nature,
+virtuous by inclination, inured to fatigue and willing to labor:
+
+   "To distant climes, a dreary scene, they go,
+   Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe,
+   Far different these from all that charmed before,
+   The various terrors of that distant shore;
+   Those matted woods where birds forget to sing,
+   But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling;
+   Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crown'd,
+   Where the dark scorpion gathers death around,
+   Where at each step the stranger fears to wake
+   The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake,
+   Where crouching tigers wait their hapless prey,
+   And savage men, more murderous still than they.
+   Far different these from every former scene."
+                                        --Goldsmith.
+
+On their first landing at Savannah, some of the people from South
+Carolina endeavored to discourage them by saying that the Spaniards
+would shoot them as they stood upon the ground where they contemplated
+erecting their homes. "Why then," said the Highlanders in reply, "we
+will beat them out of their fort and shall have houses ready built to
+live in." The spot designated for their town is located twenty miles
+northwest from St. Simons and ten above Frederica, and situated on the
+mainland, close to a branch of the Alatamaha river, on a bluff twenty
+feet high, then surrounded on all sides with woods. The soil is a
+brackish sand. Formerly Fort King George, garrisoned by an independent
+company, stood within a mile and a half of the new town, but had been
+abandoned and destroyed on account of a want of supplies and
+communication with Carolina. The village was called New Inverness, in
+honor of the city they had left in Scotland; while the surrounding
+district was named Darien, on account of the settlement attempted on the
+Isthmus of Darien, in 1698-1701. Under the direction of Hugh MacKay, who
+proved himself to be an excellent officer and a man of executive
+ability, by the middle of February they had constructed a fort
+consisting of two bastions and two half bastions, which was so strong
+that forty men could maintain it against three hundred, and on it placed
+four pieces, which, afterwards was so enlarged as to demand twelve
+cannon; built a guardhouse, storehouse, a chapel, and huts for the
+people. One of the men dying, the rest joined and built a house for the
+widow.
+
+In the meantime Oglethorpe had sailed from London on board the Symonds,
+accompanied by the London Merchant, with additional emigrants, and
+arrived in the Tybee Road a short time after the Highlanders had left.
+He had never met them, and desiring to understand their ways and to make
+as favorable an impression on them as possible, he retained Captain
+Dunbar to go with him to the Highlanders and to instruct him fully in
+their customs. On February 22d he left St. Simons and rowing up the
+Alatamaha after three hours, reached the Highland settlement. Upon
+seeing the boat approaching, the Highlanders marched out to meet him,
+and made a most manly appearance in their plaids, with claymores,
+targets and fire-arms. Captain MacKay invited Oglethorpe to lie in his
+tent, where there was a bed with sheets--a rarity as yet in that part of
+the world. He excused himself, choosing to lie at the guard-fire,
+wrapped in his plaid, for he had on the Highland garb. Captain MacKay
+and the other gentlemen did the same, though the night was cold.
+
+Oglethorpe had previously taken the precaution, lest the Highlanders
+might be apprehensive of an attack by the Spaniards, Indians, or other
+enemies, while their houses were in process of construction, to send
+Captain James McPherson, who commanded the rangers upon the Savannah,
+overland to support them. This troop arrived while Oglethorpe was yet
+present. Soon after they were visited by the Indians, who were attracted
+by their costume, and ever after retained an admiration for them, which
+was enhanced by the Highlanders entering into their wild sports, and
+joining them in the chase. In order to connect the new settlement with
+direct land communication with the other colonists, Oglethorpe, in
+March, directed Hugh MacKay, with a detachment of twelve rangers, to
+conduct Walter Augustin, who ran a traverse line from Savannah by Fort
+Argyle to Darien, in order to locate a roadway.
+
+It was during Oglethorpe's first trip to the Highland settlement that he
+encamped on Cumberland island, and on the extreme western point, which
+commands the passage of boats from the southward, marked out a fort to
+be called St. Andrews, and gave Captain Hugh MacKay orders to build it.
+The work commenced immediately, thirty Highlanders being employed in the
+labor. On March 26th Oglethorpe, visiting the place, was astonished to
+find the fort in such an advanced stage of completion; the ditch was
+dug, the parapet was raised with wood and earth on the land side, and
+the small wood was cleared fifty yards round the fort. This seemed to be
+the more extraordinary because MacKay had no engineer, nor any other
+assistance in that way, except the directions originally given. Besides
+it was very difficult to raise the works, the ground being a loose sand.
+They were forced to lay the trees and sand alternately,--the trees
+preventing the sand from falling, and the sand the wood from fire. He
+returned thanks to the Highlanders and offered to take any of them back
+to their settlement, but all refused so long as there was any danger
+from the Spaniards, in whose vicinity they were now stationed. But two
+of them, having families at Darien, he ordered along with him.
+
+The Highlanders were not wholly engaged in military pursuits, for, to a
+great extent, they were engaged in making their settlement permanent.
+They engaged in the cultivation of Indian corn and potatoes; learned to
+cut and saw timber, and laid out farms upon which they lived. For a
+frontier settlement, constantly menaced, all was accomplished that could
+be reasonably expected. In the woods they found ripe oranges and game,
+such as the wild turkey, buffalo and deer, in abundance. But peace and
+prosperity were not their allotted portion, for their lines were now
+cast in troubled waters. The first year witnessed an appeal to arms and
+a struggle with the Spaniards, which eventually resulted in a disaster
+to the Highlanders. Deeds of heroism were now enacted, fully in keeping
+with the tenor of the race.
+
+The Spaniards, who had their main force at St. Augustine, were more or
+less aggressive, which kept the advanced posts in a state of alarm. John
+Mohr Macintosh, who had seen service in Scotland, was directed by
+Oglethorpe to instruct the Highlanders in their military duty, and under
+his direction they were daily exercised. Hugh MacKay, with a company,
+had been directed to the immediate command of Oglethorpe.
+
+Disputes early arose between the English colonists and the Spaniards
+regarding the frontier line between the two nationalities, and loud
+complaints were made by the latter on account of being harrassed by
+Indians. Oglethorpe took steps to restrain the Indians, and to the
+Spaniards sent friendly messengers, who were immediately seized and
+confined and at once took measures against the colonists. A Spanish
+warship sailed by St. Simon's island and passed Fort St. Andrews, but
+was not fired upon by the Highlanders because she answered their
+signals. She made her way back to St. Augustine when the report gained
+currency that the whole coast was covered with war boats armed with
+cannon. On June 8th the colonists were again threatened by a Spanish
+vessel which came close to Fort St. Andrews before she was discovered;
+but when challenged rowed away with the utmost precipitation. On board
+this boat was Don Ignatio with a detachment of the Spanish garrison, and
+as many boatmen and Indians as the launch could hold. It was at this
+time that a Highland lad named Fraser distinguished himself. Oglethorpe
+in endeavoring to meet the Spaniards by a flag of truce, or else obtain
+a conference with them, but unable to accomplish either, and being about
+to withdraw, saw the boy, whom he had sent forward, returning through
+the woods, driving before him a tall man with a musket on his shoulder,
+two pistols stuck in his girdle, and further armed with both a long and
+short sword. Coming up to Oglethorpe the lad said: "Here, sir; I have
+caught a Spaniard for you." The man was found to have in his possession
+a letter from Oglethorpe's imprisoned messengers which imparted certain
+information that proved to be of great value.
+
+The imprisoned messengers were ultimately released and sent back in a
+launch with commissioners to treat with Oglethorpe. In order to make a
+favorable impression on the Spaniards, the Highlanders, under Ensign
+MacKay, were ordered out. June 19th, Ensign MacKay arrived on board the
+man-of-war Hawk, then just off from Amelia island, with the Highlanders,
+and a detachment of the independent company, in their regimentals, who
+lined one side of the ship, while the Highlanders, with their claymores,
+targets, plaids, etc., did the same on the other side. The commissioners
+were very handsomely entertained on board the war vessel, and after
+dinner messages in writing were exchanged. While this hilarity and peace
+protestations were being indulged, an Indian brought the news that forty
+Spaniards and some Indians had fallen upon a party of the Creek nation
+who, then depending upon the general peace between the Indians, Spanish
+and English, without suspicion, and consequently without guard, were
+surrounded and surprised, several killed and others taken, two of whom,
+being boys, were murdered by dashing out their brains.
+
+To the people of New Iverness the year 1737 does not appear to have been
+a propitious one. Pioneers were compelled to endure hardships of which
+they had little dreamed, and the Highland settlement was no exception to
+the rule. The record preserved for this year is exceedingly meagre and
+consists almost wholly in the sworn statement of Alexander Monroe, who
+deserted the colony in 1740. In the latter year he deposed that at
+Darien, where he arrived in 1736 with his wife and child, he had
+cleared, fenced in and planted five acres of land, built a good house in
+the town, and made other improvements, such as gardening, etc.; that he
+was never able to support his family by cultivation, though he planted
+the said five acres three years and had good crops, and that he never
+heard of any white man being able to gain a living by planting; that in
+1737 the people were reduced to such distress for want of provisions,
+having neither corn, peas, rice, potatoes, nor bread-kind of any sort,
+nor fish, nor flesh of any kind in store; that they were forced to go in
+a body, with John Mohr Macintosh at the head, to Frederica and there
+make a demand on the Trust's agent for a supply; that they were relieved
+by Captain Gascoigne of the Hawk, who spared them two barrels of flour,
+and one barrel of beef; and further, he launches an indictment against
+John Mohr Macintosh, who had charge of the Trust's store at Darien, for
+giving the better class of food to his own hogs while the people were
+forced to take that which was rotten.[81]
+
+While this statement of Monroe may possibly be true in the main, and
+that there was actual suffering, yet it must be borne in mind that the
+Highlanders were there living in a changed condition. The labor,
+climate, soil, products, etc., were all new to them, and to the changed
+circumstances the time had been too short for them to adapt themselves;
+nor is it probable that five acres were enough for their subsistence.
+The feeding of cattle, which was soon after adopted, would give them a
+larger field of industry.
+
+Nor was this all. Inevitable war fell upon the people; for we learn that
+the troop of Highland rangers, under Captain MacKay, held Fort St.
+Andrews "with thirty men, when the Spaniards attempted the invasion of
+this Province with a great number of men in the year 1737."[82] Drawing
+the men away from the settlement would necessarily cause more or less
+suffering and disarrangement of affairs.
+
+The record for the year 1738 is more extensive, although somewhat
+contradictory, and exhibits a strong element of dissention. Oglethorpe
+admitted the difficulties under which the people labored, ascribing them
+to the Spanish alarms, but reports that John Mohr Macintosh, pursuant to
+orders from the Trust, had disposed of a part of the servants to the
+freeholders of Darien, which encouragement had enabled the settlement to
+continue.
+
+"The women were a dead charge to the Trust, excepting a few who mended
+the Cloaths, dressed the Victuals and washed the Linnen of the Trustees
+Men Servants. Some of the Soldiers who were Highlanders desiring to
+marry Women, I gave them leave upon their discharging the Trustees from
+all future Charges arising from them."[83]
+
+The difficulties appear also to have arisen from the fact that the
+freeholders were either unable or else unwilling--which is the more
+likely--to perform manual labor. They labored under the want of a
+sufficient number of servants until they had procured some who had been
+indentured to the Trust for passage from Scotland.
+
+The Reverend John MacLeod, who abandoned the colony in 1741, made oath
+that in the year 1738 they found by experience that the produce from the
+land did not answer the expense of time and labor, and the voice of the
+people of Darien was to abandon their improvements, and settle to the
+northward, where they could be free from the restraints which rendered
+incapable of subsisting themselves and families.[84] The declaration of
+Alexander Monroe is still more explicit:
+
+   "That in December, 1738, the said inhabitants of Darien finding that
+   from their first settling in Georgia, their labors turned to no
+   account, that their wants were daily growing on them, and being weary
+   of apprehension, they came to a resolution to depute two men, chosen
+   from amongst them, to go to Charleston, in South Carolina, and there
+   to make application to the government, in order to obtain a grant of
+   lands to which the whole settlement of Darien to a man were to remove
+   altogether, the said John McIntosh More excepted; but that it being
+   agreed among them, first to acquaint the said Colonel with their
+   intentions, and their reasons for such resolutions, John McIntosh L.
+   (Lynvilge) was employed by the said freeholders to lay the same
+   before him, who returned them an answer 'that they should have credit
+   for provisions, with two cows and three calves, and a breeding mare
+   if they would continue on their plantations.' That the people with
+   the view of these helps, and hoping for the further favor and
+   countenance of the said Colonel, and being loth to leave their little
+   all behind them, and begin the world in a strange place, were willing
+   to make out a livelihood in the colony; but whilst they were in
+   expectation of these things, this deponent being at his plantation,
+   two miles from the town, in Dec., 1738, he received a letter from
+   Ronald McDonald, which was sent by order of the said McIntosh More,
+   and brought to this deponent by William, son of the said McIntosh,
+   ordering him, the said deponent, immediately to come himself, and
+   bring William Monro along with him to town, and advising him that,
+   'if he did so, he would be made a man of, but, that if he did not, he
+   would be ruined forever.' That this deponent coming away without loss
+   of time, he got to the said McIntosh More's house about nine of the
+   clock that night, where he found several of the inhabitants together,
+   and where the said McIntosh More did tell this deponent, 'that if he
+   would sign a paper, which he then offered him, that the said Colonel
+   would give him cattle and servants from time to time, and that he
+   would be a good friend to as many as would sign the said paper, but
+   that they would see what would become of those that would not sign
+   it, for that the people of Savannah would be all ruined, who opposed
+   the said Colonel in it.' That this deponent did not know the contents
+   of the said paper, but seeing that some before him had signed it, his
+   hopes on one side, and fears on the other, made him sign it also.
+   That upon his conversing with some of the people, after leaving the
+   house, he was acquainted with the contents and design of said paper,
+   which this deponent believes to be the petition from the eighteen,
+   which the trustees have printed, and that very night he became
+   sensible of the wrong he had done; and that his conscience did
+   thereupon accuse him, and does yet."[85]
+
+The phrase "being weary of oppression" has reference to the accusation
+against Captain Hugh MacKay, who was alleged to have "exercised an
+illegal power there, such as judging in all causes, directing and
+ordering all things according to his will, as did the said McIntosh
+More, by which many unjust and illegal things were done. That not only
+the servants of the said freeholders of Darien were ordered to be tied
+up and whipt; but also this deponent, and Donald Clark, who themselves
+were freeholders, were taken into custody, and bound with ropes, and
+threatened to be sent to Frederica to Mr. Horton, and there punished by
+him; this deponent, once for refusing to cry 'All's well,' when he was
+an out-sentry, he having before advised them of the danger of so doing,
+lest the voice should direct the Indians to fire upon the sentry, as
+they had done the night before, and again for drumming with his fingers
+on the side of his house, it being pretended that he had alarmed the
+town. That upon account of these, and many other oppressions, the
+freeholders applied to Mr. Oglethorpe for a court of justice to be
+erected, and proper magistrates in Darien, as in other towns in Georgia,
+that they might have justice done among themselves, when he gave them
+for answer, 'that he would acquaint the trustees with it'; but that
+this deponent heard no more of it."[86]
+
+One of the fundamental regulations of the Trustees was the prohibition
+of African slavery in Georgia. However, they had instituted a system of
+servitude which indentured both male and female to individuals, or the
+Trustees, for a period of from four to fourteen years. On arriving in
+Georgia, their services were sold for the term of indenture, or
+apportioned to the inhabitants by the magistrates, as their necessities
+required. The sum which they brought when thus bid off varied from L2 to
+L6, besides an annual tax of L1 for five years to defray the expense of
+their voyage. Negro slavery was agitated in Savannah, and on December 9,
+1738, a petition was addressed to the Trustees, signed by one hundred
+and sixteen, and among other things asked was the introduction of Negro
+slavery. On January 3, 1739, a counter petition was drawn up and signed
+by the Highlanders at Darien. On March 13th the Saltzburghers of
+Ebenezer signed a similar petition in which they strongly disapproved of
+the introduction of slave labor into the colony. Likewise the people of
+Frederica prepared a petition, but desisted from sending it, upon an
+assurance that their apprehensions of the introduction of Negroes were
+entirely needless. Many artifices were resorted to in order to gain over
+the Highlanders and have them petition for Negro slaves. Failing in this
+letters were written to them from England endeavoring to intimidate them
+into a compliance. These counter petitions strengthened the Trustees in
+their resolution. It is a noticeable fact, and worthy of record, that at
+the outbreak of the American Revolution the Highlanders of Darien again
+protested against African slavery.
+
+Those persons dissatisfied with the state of affairs increased in
+numbers and gradually grew more rancorous. It is not supposable that
+they could have bettered the condition under the circumstances.
+Historians have been universal in their praise of Oglethorpe, and in all
+probability no one could have given a better administration. His word
+has been taken without question. He declared that "Darien hath been one
+of the Settlements where the People have been most industrious as those
+of Savannah have been most idle. The Trustees have had several Servants
+there who under the direction of Mr. Moore McIntosh have not only earned
+their bread but have provided the Trust with such Quantities of sawed
+stuff as hath saved them a great sum of money. Those Servants cannot be
+put under the direction of anybody at Frederica nor any one that does
+not understand the Highland language. The Woods fit for sawing are near
+Darien and the Trustees engaged not to separate the Highlanders. They
+are very useful under their own Chiefs and no where else. It is very
+necessary therefore to allow Mr. Mackintosh for the overseeing the
+Trust's Servants at Darien."[87]
+
+That such was the actual condition of affairs in 1739 there is no doubt.
+However, a partial truth may change the appearance. George Philp, who at
+Savannah in 1740, declared that for the same year the people "are as
+incapable of improving their lands and raising produces as the people in
+the northern division, as appears from the very small quantity of Indian
+corn which hitherto had been the chief and almost only produce of the
+province, some few potatoes excepted; and as a proof of which, that he
+was in the south in May last, when the season for planting was over, and
+much less was done at Frederica than in former years; and that the
+people in Darien did inform him, that they had not of their own produce
+to carry to market, even in the year 1739, which was the most plentiful
+year they ever saw there, nor indeed any preceding year; nor had they
+(the people of Darien) bread-kind of their own raising, sufficient for
+the use of their families, from one crop to another, as themselves, or
+some of them, did tell this deponent; and further, the said people of
+Darien were, in May last, repining at their servants being near out of
+their time, because the little stock of money they carried over with
+them was exhausted in cultivation which did not bring them a return; and
+they were thereby rendered quite unable to plant their lands, or help
+themselves any way."[88]
+
+It was one of the agreements made by the Trust that assistance should be
+given the colonists. Hence Oglethorpe speaks of "the L58 delivered to
+Mr. McIntosh at Darien, it was to support the Inhabitants of Darien with
+cloathing and delivered to the Trustees' Store there, for which the
+Individuals are indebted to the Trust. Part of it was paid in discharge
+of service done to the Trustees in building. Part is still due and some
+do pay and are ready to pay."[89]
+
+The active war with Spain commenced by the murder of two unarmed
+Highlanders on Amelia Island, who had gone into the woods for fuel. It
+was November 14, 1739, that a party of Spaniards landed on the island
+and skulked in the woods. Francis Brooks, who commanded a scout boat,
+heard reports of musketry, and at once signaled the fort, when a
+lieutenant's squad marched out and found the murdered Highlanders with
+their heads cut off and cruelly mangled. The Spaniards fled with so much
+precipitation that the squad could not overtake them, though they
+pursued rapidly. Immediately Oglethorpe began to collect around him his
+inadequate forces for the invasion of Florida. In January, 1740, he
+received orders to make hostile movements against Florida, with the
+assurance that Admiral Vernon should co-operate with him. Oglethorpe
+took immediate action, drove in the Spanish outposts and invaded
+Florida, having learned from a deserter that St. Augustine was in want
+of provisions. South Carolina rendered assistance; and its regiment
+reached Darien the first of May, where it was joined by Oglethorpe's
+favorite corps, the Highlanders, ninety strong, commanded by Captain
+John Mohr McIntosh and Lieutenant MacKay. They were ordered, accompanied
+by an Indian force, to proceed by land, at once, to Cow-ford (afterwards
+Jacksonville), upon the St. Johns. With four hundred of his regiment,
+Oglethorpe, on May 3d, left Frederica, in boats, and on the 9th reached
+the Cow-ford. The Carolina regiment and the Highlanders having failed to
+make the expected junction at that point, Oglethorpe, who would brook no
+delay, immediately proceeded against Fort Diego, which surrendered on
+the 10th, and garrisoned it with sixty men under Lieutenant Dunbar. With
+the remainder he returned to the Cow-ford, and there met the Carolina
+regiment and McIntosh's Highlanders. Here Oglethorpe massed nine hundred
+soldiers and eleven hundred Indians, and marched the whole force
+against Fort Moosa, which was built of stone, and situated less than two
+miles from St. Augustine, which the Spaniards evacuated without offering
+resistance. Having burned the gates, and made three breaches in the
+walls, Oglethorpe then proceeded to reconnoitre the town and castle.
+Assisted by some ships of war lying at anchor off St. Augustine bar, he
+determined to blockade the town. For this purpose he left Colonel
+Palmer, with ninety-five Highlanders and fifty-two Indians, at Fort
+Moosa, with instructions to scour the woods and intercept all supplies
+for the enemy; and, for safety, encamp every night at different places.
+This was the only party left to guard the land side. The Carolina
+regiment was sent to occupy a point of land called Point Quartel, about
+a mile distant from the castle; while he himself with his regiment and
+the greater part of the Indians embarked in boats, and landed on the
+Island of Anastatia, where he erected batteries and commenced a
+bombardment of the town. The operations of the beseigers beginning to
+relax, the Spanish commander sent a party of six hundred to surprise
+Colonel Palmer at Fort Moosa. The Spaniards had noted that for five
+nights Colonel Palmer had made Fort Moosa his resting place. They came
+in boats with muffled oars at the dead of night, and landed unheard and
+undiscovered. The Indians, who were relied on by Palmer, were watching
+the land side, but never looked towards the water.
+
+Captain Macintosh had remonstrated with Colonel Palmer for remaining at
+Fort Moosa more than one night, until it produced an alienation between
+them. The only thing then left for MacIntosh was to make his company
+sleep on their arms. At the first alarm they were in rank, and as the
+Spanish infantry approached in three columns they were met with a
+Highland shout.
+
+The contest was unequal, and although the Highlanders rallied to the
+support of MacIntosh, their leader, and fought with desperation, yet
+thirty-six of them fell dead or wounded at the first charge. When
+Colonel Palmer saw the overwhelming force that assaulted his command, he
+directed the rangers without the wall to fly; but, refusing to follow
+them, he paid the debt of his obstinacy with his blood.
+
+The surprise at Fort Moosa led to the failure of Oglethorpe's
+expedition. John Mohr MacIntosh was a prisoner, and as Oglethorpe had no
+officer to exchange for him, he was sent to Spain, where he was detained
+several years--his fate unknown to his family--and when he did return to
+his family it was with a broken constitution and soon to die, leaving
+his children to such destiny as might await them, without friends, in
+the wilds of America, for the one who could assist them--General
+Oglethorpe--was to be recalled, in preparation to meet the Highland
+Rising of 1745, when he, too, was doomed to suffer degradation from the
+duke of Cumberland, and injury to his military reputation.
+
+It was the same regiment of Spaniards that two years later was brought
+from Cuba to lead in all enterprises that again was destined to meet the
+remnant of those Highlanders, but both the scene and the result were
+different. It was in the light of day, and blood and slaughter, but not
+victory awaited them.
+
+The conduct of the eldest son of John Mohr MacIntosh is worthy of
+mention. He was named after his grand uncle, the celebrated Old Borlum
+(General William MacIntosh), who commanded a division of the Highlanders
+in the Rising of 1715. William was not quite fourteen years of age when
+his father left Darien for Florida. He wished to accompany the army, but
+his father refused. Determined not to be thwarted in his purpose, he
+overtook the army at Barrington. He was sent back the next day under an
+armed guard. Taking a small boat, he ferried up to Clarke's Bluff, on
+the south side of the Alatamaha, intending to keep in the rear until the
+troops had crossed the St. Mary's river. He soon fell in with seven
+Indians, who knew him, for Darien had become a great rendezvous for
+them, and were greatly attached to the Highlanders, partly on account of
+their wild manners, their manly sports and their costume, somewhat
+resembling their own. They caressed the boy, and heartily entered into
+his views. They followed the advancing troops and informed him of all
+that transpired in his father's camp, yet carefully concealing his
+presence among them until after the passage of the St. Mary's, where,
+with much triumph, led him to his father and said "that he was a young
+warrior and would fight; that the Great Spirit would watch over his
+life, for he loved young warriors." He followed his father until he saw
+him fall at Fort Moosa, covered with wounds, which so transfixed him
+with horror, that he was not aroused to action until a Spanish officer
+laid hold of his plaid. Light and as elastic as a steel bow, he slipped
+from under his grasp, and made his escape with the wreck of the corps.
+
+Those who escaped the massacre went over in a boat to Point Quartel.
+Some of the Chickasaw Indians, who also had escaped, met a Spaniard, cut
+off his head and presented it to Oglethorpe. With abhorence he rejected
+it, calling them barbarian dogs and bidding them begone. As might be
+expected, the Chickasaws were offended and deserted him. A party of
+Creeks brought four Spanish prisoners to Oglethorpe, who informed him
+that St. Augustine had been reinforced by seven hundred men and a large
+supply of provisions. The second day after the Fort Moosa affair, the
+Carolina[90] regiment deserted, the colonel leading the rout; nor did he
+arrest his flight until darkness overtook him, thirty miles from St.
+Augustine. Other circumstances operating against him, Oglethorpe
+commenced his retreat from Florida and reached Frederica July 10, 1740.
+
+The inhabitants of Darien continued to live in huts that were tight and
+warm. Prior to 1740 they had been very industrious in planting, besides
+being largely engaged in driving cattle for the regiment; but having
+engaged in the invasion of Florida, little could be done at home, where
+their families remained. One writer[91] declared that "the people live
+very comfortably, with great unanimity. I know of no other settlement in
+this colony more desirable, except Ebenezer." The settlement was greatly
+decimated on account of the number killed and taken prisoners at Fort
+Moosa. This gave great discontent on the part of those who already felt
+aggrieved against the Trust.
+
+The discontent among many of the colonists, some of whom were
+influential, again broke out in 1741, some of whom went to Savannah,
+October 7th, to consider the best method of presenting their grievances.
+They resolved to send an agent to England to represent their case to
+the proper authorities, "in order to the effectual settling and
+establishing of the said province, and to remove all those grievances
+and hardships we now labor under." The person selected as agent was
+Thomas Stevens, the son of the president of Georgia, who had resided
+there about four years, and who, it was thought, from his connection
+with the president, would give great weight to the proceedings. Mr.
+Stevens sailed for England on March 26, 1742, presented his petition to
+parliament, which was considered together with the answer of the
+Trustees; which resulted in Mr. Stevens being brought to the bar of the
+House of Commons, and upon his knees, before the assembled counsellors
+of Great Britain, was reprimanded for his conduct, and then discharged,
+on paying his fees.
+
+A list of the people who signed the petition and counter petitions
+affords a good criterion of the class represented at Darien, living
+there before and after the battle of Moosa. Among the complainants may
+be found the names of:
+
+   James Campbell, Thomas Fraser, Patrick Grahame, John Grahame, John
+   McDonald, Peter McKay, Benjamin McIntosh, John McIntosh, Daniel
+   McKay, Farquhar McGuilvery, Daniel McDonald, Rev. John McLeod,
+   Alexander Monro, John McIntire, Owen McLeod, Alexander Rose, Donald
+   Stewart.
+
+It is not certain that all the above were residents of Darien. Among
+those who signed the petition in favor of the Trust, and denominated the
+body of the people, and distinctly stated to be living at Darien, are
+the names of:
+
+   John Mackintosh Moore, John Mackintosh Lynvilge, Ronald McDonald,
+   Hugh Morrison, John McDonald, John Maclean, John Mackintosh, son of
+   L., John Mackintosh Bain, John McKay, Daniel Clark, first, Alexander
+   Clarke, Donald Clark, third, Joseph Burges, Donald Clark, second,
+   Archibald McBain, Alexander Munro, William Munro, John Cuthbert.
+
+During the autumn of 1741, Reverend John McLeod abandoned his Highland
+charge at Darien, went to South Carolina and settled at Edisto. In an
+oath taken November 12, 1741, he represents the people of Darien to be
+in a deplorable condition. Oglethorpe, in his letter to the
+Trustees,[92] evidently did not think Mr. McLeod was the man really fit
+for his position, for he says:
+
+   "We want here some men fit for schoolmasters, one at Frederica and
+   one at Darien, also a sedate and sober minister, one of some
+   experience in the world and whose first heat of youth is over."
+
+The long-threatened invasion of Carolina and Georgia by the Spaniards
+sailed from Havana, consisting of a great fleet, among which were two
+half galleys, carrying one hundred and twenty men each and an
+eighteen-pound gun. A part of the fleet, on June 20th, was seen off the
+harbor of St. Simons, and the next day in Cumberland Sound. Oglethorpe
+dispatched two companies in three boats to the relief of Fort William,
+on Cumberland island, which were forced to fight their way through the
+fire from the Spanish galleys. Soon after thirty-two sail came to anchor
+off the bar, with the Spanish colors flying, and there remained five
+days. They landed five hundred men at Gascoin's bluff, on July 5th.
+Oglethorpe blew up Fort William, spiked the guns and signalled his ships
+to run up to Frederica, and with his land forces retired to the same
+place, where he arrived July 6th. The day following the enemy were
+within a mile of Frederica. When this news was brought to Oglethorpe he
+took the first horse he found and with the Highland company, having
+ordered sixty men of the regiment to follow, he set off on a gallop to
+meet the Spaniards, whom he found to be one hundred and seventy strong,
+including forty-five Indians. With his Indian Rangers and ten
+Highlanders, who outran the rest of the company, he immediately attacked
+and defeated the Spaniards. After pursuing them a mile, he halted his
+troops and posted them to advantage in the woods, leaving two companies
+of his regiment with the Highlanders and Indians to guard the way, and
+then returned to Frederica to await further movements of the enemy.
+Finding no immediate movement on the part of his foes, Oglethorpe, with
+the whole force then at Frederica, except such as were absolutely
+necessary to man the batteries, returned to the late field of action,
+and when about half way met two platoons of his troops, with the great
+body of his Indians, who declared they had been broken by the whole
+Spanish force, which assailed them in the woods; and the enemy were now
+in pursuit, and would soon be upon them. Notwithstanding this
+disheartening report, Oglethorpe continued his march, and to his great
+satisfaction, found that Lieutenants Southerland and MacKay, with the
+Highlanders alone, had defeated the enemy, consisting of six hundred
+men, and killed more of them than their own force numbered. At first the
+Spanish forces overwhelmed the colonists by their superior numbers, when
+the veteran troops became seized with a panic. They made a precipitate
+retreat, the Highlanders following reluctantly in the rear. After
+passing through a defile, Lieutenant MacKay communicated to his friend,
+Lieutenant Southerland, who commanded the rear guard, composed also of
+Highlanders, the feelings of his corps, and agreeing to drop behind as
+soon as the whole had passed the defile. They returned through the brush
+and took post at the two points of the crescent in the road. Four
+Indians remained with them. Scarcely had they concealed themselves in
+the woods, when the Spanish grenadier regiment, the _elite_ of their
+troops, advanced into the defile, where, seeing the footprints of the
+rapid retreat of the broken troops, and observing their right was
+covered by an open morass, and their left, as they supposed, by an
+impracticable wall of brushwood, and a border of dry white sand, they
+stacked their arms and sat down to partake of refreshments, believing
+that the contest for the day was over. Southerland and MacKay, who, from
+their hiding places, had anxiously watched their movements, now from
+either end of the line raised the Highland cap upon a sword, the signal
+for the work of death to begin. Immediately the Highlanders poured in
+upon the unsuspecting enemy a well delivered and most deadly fire.
+Volley succeeded volley, and the sand was soon strewed with the dead and
+the dying. Terror and dismay seized the Spaniards, and making no
+resistance attempted to fly along the marsh. A few of their officers
+attempted, though in vain, to re-form their broken ranks; discipline was
+gone; orders were unheeded; safety alone was sought; and, when, with a
+Highland shout of triumph, the hidden foe burst among them with levelled
+musket and flashing claymore, the panic stricken Spaniards fled in
+every direction; some to the marsh, where they mired and were taken;
+others along the defile, where they were met by the claymore, and still
+others into the thicket, where they became entangled and perished; and a
+few succeeded in escaping to their camp. Barba was taken, though
+mortally wounded. Among the killed were a captain, lieutenant, two
+sergeants, two drummers and one hundred and sixty privates, and a
+captain and nineteen men taken prisoners. This feat of arms was as
+brilliant as it was successful. Oglethorpe, with the two platoons, did
+not reach the scene of action, since called the "Bloody Marsh," until
+the victory was won. To show his sense of the services rendered, he
+promoted the brave young officers who had gained it on the very field of
+their valor. But he rested only for a few minutes, waiting for the
+marines and the reserve of the regiment to come up; and then pursued the
+retreating enemy to within a mile and a half of their camp. During the
+night the foe retreated within the ruins of the fort, and under the
+protection of their cannon. A few days later the Spaniards became so
+alarmed on the appearance of three vessels off the bar that they
+immediately set fire to the fort and precipitately embarked their
+troops, abandoning in their hurry and confusion, several cannon, a
+quantity of military stores, and even leaving unburied some of the men
+who had just died of their wounds.
+
+The massacre of Fort Moosa was more than doubly avenged, and that on the
+same Spanish regiment that was then victorious. On the present occasion
+they had set out from their camp with the determination to show no
+quarter. In the action William MacIntosh, now sixteen years of age, was
+conspicuous. No shout rose higher, and no sword waved quicker than his
+on that day. The tract of land which surrounded the field of action was
+afterwards granted to him.
+
+A brief sketch of Ensign John Stuart will not be out of place in this
+record and connection. During the Spanish invasion he was stationed at
+Fort William, and there gained an honorable reputation in holding it
+against the enemy. Afterwards he became the celebrated Captain Stuart
+and father of Sir John Stuart, the victor over General Ranier, at the
+battle of Maida, in Calabria. In 1757 Captain Stuart was taken prisoner
+at Fort Loudon, in the Cherokee country, and whose life was saved by his
+friend, Attakullakulla. This ancient chief had remembered Captain Stuart
+when he was a young Highland officer under General Oglethorpe, although
+years had rolled away. The Indians were now filled with revenge at the
+treachery of Governor Littleton, of Carolina, on account of the
+imprisonment and death of the chiefs of twenty towns; yet no actions of
+others could extinguish, in this generous and high-minded man, the
+friendship of other years. The dangers of that day, the thousand wiles
+and accidents Captain Stuart escaped from, made him renowned among the
+Indians, and centered on him the affections and confidence of the
+southern tribes. It was the same Colonel John Stuart, of the
+Revolutionary War, who, from Pensacola, directed at will the movements
+of the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Choctaws, against all, save
+Georgia. That state suffered but little from Indian aggression during
+the War for Independence. Nor was that feeling extinct among the Creeks
+for a period of fifty years, or until they believed that the people of
+Oglethorpe had passed away.
+
+The year 1743 opened with fresh alarms of a new invasion, jointly of the
+French and Spanish. The Governor of Cuba offered to invade Georgia and
+Carolina, with ten thousand men, most of whom were then in Havanna.
+Oglethorpe, with his greatly reduced force, was left alone to bear the
+burden of defending Georgia. Believing that a sudden blow would enhance
+his prospects, he took his measures, and accordingly, on Saturday,
+February 26, 1743, the detachment destined for Florida, consisting of a
+portion of the Highlanders, rangers and regulars, appeared under arms at
+Frederica, and on March 9th, landed in Florida. He advanced upon St.
+Augustine, and used every device to decoy them into an ambush; but even
+failed to provoke the garrison. Having no cannon with him, he returned
+to Frederica, without the loss of a man. This expedition was attended
+with great toil, fatigue and privation, but borne cheerfully. A few
+slight eruptive efforts were made, but each party kept its own borders,
+and the slight conflicts in America were lost in the universal
+conflagration in Europe.
+
+The Highlanders had borne more than their share of the burdens of war,
+and had lost heavily. Their families had shared in their privations. The
+majority had remained loyal to Oglethorpe, and proved that in every
+emergency they could be depended on. In later years the losses were
+partially supplied by accessions from their countrymen.
+
+With all the advantages that Georgia offered and the inducements held
+out to emigrants, the growth was very slow. In 1761 the whole number of
+white inhabitants amounted to but sixty-one hundred. However, in 1773,
+or twelve years later, it had leaped to eighteen thousand white and
+fifteen thousand black. The reasons assigned for this increase were the
+great inducements held out to people to come and settle where they could
+get new and good lands at a moderate cost, with plenty of good range for
+cattle, horses and hogs, and where they would not be so pent up and
+confined as in the more thickly settled provinces.
+
+The Macintoshes had ever been foremost, and in the attempt to
+consolidate Georgia with Carolina they were prominent in their
+opposition to the scheme.
+
+Forty years in America had endeared the Highlanders of Darien to the
+fortunes of their adopted country. The children knew of none other, save
+as they heard it from the lips of their parents. Free in their
+inclinations, and with their environments it is not surprising that they
+should become imbued with the principles of the American Revolution.
+Their foremost leader, who gained imperishable renown, was Lachlan
+Macintosh, son of John Mor. His brother, William, also took a very
+active part, and made great sacrifices. At one time he was pursued
+beyond the Alatamaha and his negroes taken from him.
+
+To what extent the Darien Highlanders espoused the cause of Great
+Britain would be difficult to fathom, but in all probability to no
+appreciable extent. The records exhibit that there were some royalists
+there, although when under British sway may have been such as a matter
+of protection, which was not uncommon throughout the Southern States.
+The record is exceedingly brief. On May 20, 1780, Charles McDonald,
+justice of peace for St. Andrew's parish (embracing Darien), signed the
+address to the King. Sir James Wright, royal governor of Georgia,
+writing to lord George Germain, dated February 16, 1782, says:
+
+   "Yesterday my Lord I Received Intelligence that two Partys of about
+   140 in the whole were gone over the Ogechee Ferry towards the
+   Alatamaha River & had been in St. Andrews Parish (a Scotch
+   settlement) & there Murdered 12 or 13 Loyal Subjects."[93]
+
+The Highlanders were among the first to take action, and had no fears of
+the calamities of war. The military spirit of their ancestors showed no
+deterioration in their constitutions. During the second week in January,
+1775, a district congress was held by the inhabitants of St. Andrew's
+Parish (now Darien), at which a series of resolutions were passed,
+embodying, with great force and earnestness, the views of the
+freeholders of that large and flourishing district. These resolutions,
+six in number, expressed first, their approbation of "the unparalleled
+moderation, the decent, but firm and manly, conduct of the loyal and
+brave people of Boston and Massachusetts Bay, to preserve their
+liberty;" their approval of "all the resolutions of the Grand American
+Congress," and their hearty and "cheerful accession to the association
+entered into by them, as the wisest and most moderate measure that could
+be adopted." The second resolution condemned the closing of the land
+offices, to the great detriment of Colonial growth, and to the injury of
+the industrious poor, declaring "that all encouragement should be given
+to the poor of every nation by every generous American." The third,
+animadverted upon the ministerial mandates which prevented colonial
+assemblies from passing such laws as the general exigencies of the
+provinces required, an especial grievance, as they affirmed, "in this
+young colony, where our internal police is not yet well settled." The
+fourth condemned the practice of making colonial officers dependent for
+salaries on Great Britain, "thus making them independent of the people,
+who should support them according to their usefulness and behavior." The
+fifth resolution declares "our disapprobation and abhorrence of the
+unnatural practice of slavery in America," and their purpose to urge
+"the manumission of our slaves in this colony, upon the most safe and
+equitable footing for the masters and themselves." And, lastly, they
+thereby chose delegates to represent the parish in a provincial
+congress, and instruct them to urge the appointment of two delegates to
+the Continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia, in May.
+
+Appended to these resolutions were the following articles of agreement
+or association:
+
+   "Being persuaded that the salvation of the rights and liberties of
+   America depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants in
+   its vigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety,
+   and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and
+   confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government,
+   we, the freemen, freeholders, and inhabitants of the province of
+   Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry
+   to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now
+   acting in the Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner,
+   resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties
+   of religion, honor and love of country, to adopt and endeavor to
+   carry into execution, whatever may be recommended by the Continental
+   Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention that shall be
+   appointed, for the purpose of preserving our Constitution, and
+   opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts
+   of the British Parliament, until a reconciliation between Great
+   Britain and America, on constitutional principles, which we most
+   ardently desire, can be obtained; and that we will in all things
+   follow the advice of our general committee, to be appointed,
+   respecting the purposes, aforesaid, the preservation of peace and
+   good order, and the safety of individuals and private property."
+
+Among the names appended to these resolutions there may be selected such
+as:
+
+   Lach. McIntosh, Charles McDonald, John McIntosh, Samuel McClelland,
+   Jno. McCulloch, William McCullough, John McClelland, Seth McCullough.
+
+On July 4, 1775, the Provincial Congress met at Tondee's Long Room,
+Savannah. Every parish and district was represented. St. Andrew's parish
+sent:
+
+   Jonathan Cochran, William Jones, Peter Tarlin, Lachlan McIntosh,
+   William McIntosh, George Threadcroft, John Wesent, Roderick McIntosh,
+   John Witherspoon, George McIntosh, Allen Stuart, John McIntosh,
+   Raymond Demere.
+
+The resolutions adopted by these hardy patriots were sacredly kept.
+Their deeds, however, partake more of personal narration, and only their
+heroic defense need be mentioned. The following narration should not
+escape special notice:
+
+   "On the last of February, 1776, the Scarborough, Hinchinbroke, St.
+   John, and two large transports, with soldiers, then lying at Tybee,
+   came up the river and anchored at five fathoms. On March 2nd, two of
+   the vessels sailed up the channel of Back river, The Hinchinbroke, in
+   attempting to go round Hutchinson's island, and so come down upon the
+   shipping from above, grounded at the west end of the island, opposite
+   Brampton. During the night there landed from the first vessel,
+   between two and three hundred troops, under the command of Majors
+   Grant and Maitland, and silently marched across Hutchinson's island,
+   and through collusion with the captains were embarked by four A.M.,
+   in the merchant vessels which lay near the store on that island. The
+   morning of the 3rd revealing the close proximity of the enemy caused
+   great indignation among the people. Two companies of riflemen, under
+   Major Habersham, immediately attacked the grounded vessel and drove
+   every man from its deck. By nine o'clock it became known that troops
+   had been secreted on board the merchantmen, which news created
+   intense excitement, and three hundred men, under Colonel McIntosh,
+   were marched to Yamacraw Bluff, opposite the shipping, and there
+   threw up a hasty breastwork, through which they trained three
+   four-pounders to bear upon the vessels. Anxious, however, to avoid
+   bloodshed, Lieutenant Daniel Roberts, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+   Mr. Raymond Demere, of St. Andrew's Parish, solicited, and were
+   permitted by the commanding officer, to go on board and demand a
+   surrender of Rice and his people, who, with his boat's crew, had been
+   forcibly detained. Although, on a mission of peace, no sooner had
+   they reached the vessel, on board of which was Captain Barclay and
+   Major Grant, than they were seized and detained as prisoners. The
+   people on shore, after waiting a sufficient length of time, hailed
+   the vessel, through a speaking-trumpet, and demanded the return of
+   all who were detained on board; but receiving only insulting replies,
+   they discharged two four-pounders at the vessel; whereupon they
+   solicited that the people should send on board two men in whom they
+   most confided, and with them they agreed to negotiate. Twelve of the
+   Rangers, led by Captain Screven, of the St. John's Rangers, and
+   Captain Baker, were immediately rowed under the stern of the vessel
+   and there peremptorily demanded the deputies. Incensed by insulting
+   language, Captain Baker fired a shot, which immediately drew on his
+   boat a discharge of swivels and small arms. The batteries then
+   opened, which was briskly answered for the space of four hours. The
+   next step was to set fire to the vessels, the first being the
+   Inverness, which drifted upon the brig Nelly, which was soon in
+   flames. The officers and soldiers fled from the vessels, in the
+   utmost precipitation across the low marshes and half-drained
+   rice-fields, several being killed by the grape shot played upon them.
+   As the deputies were still held prisoners, the Council of Safety, on
+   March 6th, put under arrest all the members of the Royal Council then
+   in Savannah, besides menacing the ships at Tybee. An exchange was not
+   effected until the 27th."
+
+As already stated, Darien experienced some of the vicissitudes of war.
+On April 18, 1778, a small army, under Colonel Elbert, embarked on the
+galleys Washington, Lee and Bullock, and by 10 o'clock next morning,
+near Frederica, had captured the brigantine Hinchinbroke, the sloop
+Rebecca and a prize brig, which had spread terror on the coast.
+
+In 1779 the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James were erected
+into one county, under the name of Liberty.
+
+In March, 1780, the royal governor, Sir James Wright, attempted to
+re-establish the old government, and issued writs returnable May 5.
+Robert Baillie and James Spalding were returned from St. Andrew's
+parish.
+
+The settlement of Darien practically remained a pure Highland one until
+the close of the Revolution. The people proved themselves faithful and
+loyal to the best interests of the commonwealth, and equal to such
+exigencies as befell them. While disasters awaited them and fierce
+ordeals were passed through, yet fortune eventually smiled upon them.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 78: Graham's "History of United States," Vol. II, p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote 79: "Georgia Historical Collections," Vol. I, p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 80: Oglethorpe's letter to the Trustees, Feb. 13, 1786, in
+"Georgia Hist. Coll.," Vol. III, p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p. 115]
+
+[Footnote 82: _Ibid_, Vol. III, p. 114 Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, May 6,
+1741.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 21, 1738, Georgia Hist.
+Society, Vol. III p. 67.]
+
+[Footnote 84: Georgia Hist. Society, Vol. II, p. 113.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Georgia Hist. Coll. Vol. II, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 86: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 87: Oglethorpe to the Trustees, Oct. 20, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 90.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. II, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Oglethorpe to H. Verelst, Dec. 29, 1739. Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. III, p. 96.]
+
+[Footnote 90: See Appendix, Note H.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Thomas Jones, dated Savannah, Sept. 18, 1740 Georgia Hist.
+Coll., Vol. I, p. 200.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Dated April 28, 1741. Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p.
+113.]
+
+[Footnote 93: Georgia Hist. Coll., Vol. III, p. 370.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CAPTAIN LAUCHLAN CAMPBELL'S NEW YORK COLONY.
+
+
+The fruitful soil of America, together with the prospects of a home and
+an independent living, was peculiarly adapted to awaken noble
+aspirations in the breasts of those who were interested in the welfare
+of that class whose condition needed a radical enlargement. Among this
+class of Nature's noblemen there is no name deserving of more praise
+than that of Lauchlan Campbell. Although his name, as well as the
+migration of his infant colony, has gone out of Islay ken, where he was
+born, yet his story has been fairly well preserved in the annals of the
+province of New York. It was first publicly made known by William Smith,
+in his "History of New York."
+
+Lauchlan Campbell was possessed of a high sense of honor and a good
+understanding; was active, loyal, of a military disposition, and,
+withal, strong philanthropic inclinations. By placing implicit
+confidence in the royal governors of New York, he fell a victim to their
+roguery, deception and heartlessness, which ultimately crushed him and
+left him almost penniless. The story has been set forth in the following
+memorial, prepared by his son:
+
+   "Memorial of Lieutenant Campbell to the Lords of Trade. To the Right
+   Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Trade, &c. Memorial of Lieut.
+   Donald Campbell of the Province of New York Plantation. Humbly
+   Showeth,
+
+   That in the year 1734 Colonel Cosby being then Governor of the
+   Province of New York by and with the advice and assent of his Council
+   published a printed Advertisement for encouraging the Resort of
+   Protestants from Europe to settle upon the Northern Frontier of the
+   said Province (in the route from Fort Edward to Crown Point)
+   promising to each family two hundred acres of unimproved land out of
+   100,000 acres purchased from the Indians, without any fee or expences
+   whatsoever, except a very moderate charge for surveying & liable only
+   to the King's Quit Rent of one shilling and nine pence farthing per
+   hundred acres, which settlement would at that time have been of the
+   utmost utility to the Province & these proposals were looked upon as
+   so advantageous, that they could not fail of having a proper effect.
+
+   That these Proposals in 1737, falling into the hands of Captain
+   Lauchlin Campbell of the Island of Isla, he the same year went over
+   to North America, and passing through the Province of Pennsilvania
+   where he rejected many considerable offers that were made him, he
+   proceeded to New York, where, tho' Governor Cosby was deceased,
+   George Clarke Esqr. then Governor, assured him no part of the lands
+   were as yet granted; importuned him & two or three persons that went
+   over with him to go up and visit the lands, which they did, and were
+   very kindly received and greatly caressed by the Indians. On his
+   return to New York he received the most solemn promises that he
+   should have a thousand acres for every family that he brought over,
+   and that each family should have according to their number from five
+   hundred to one hundred and fifty acres, but declined making any Grant
+   till the Families arrived, because, according to the Constitution of
+   that Government, the names of the settlers were to be inserted in
+   that Grant. Captain Campbell accordingly returned to Isla, and
+   brought from thence at a very large expense, his own Family and
+   Thirty other Families, making in all, one hundred and fifty-three
+   Souls. He went again to visit the lands, received all possible
+   respect and kindness from the Government, who proposed an old Fort
+   Anna to be repaired, to cover the new settlers from the French
+   Indians. At the same time, the People of New York proposed to
+   maintain the people already brought, till Captain Campbell could
+   return and bring more, alledging that it would be for the interest of
+   the Infant Colony to settle upon the lands in a large Body; that,
+   covered by the Fort, and assisted by the Indians, they might be less
+   liable to the Incursions of Enemies.
+
+   That to keep up the spirit of the undertaking, Governor Clarke, by a
+   writing bearing date the 4th day of December, 1738, declared his
+   having promised Captain Campbell thirty thousand acres of land at
+   Wood Creek, free of charges, except the expence of surveying & the
+   King's Quit Rent in consideration of his having already brought over
+   thirty families who according to their respective numbers in each
+   family, were to have from one hundred and fifty to five hundred
+   acres. Encouraged by this declaration, he departed in the same month
+   for Isla, and in August, 1739, brought over Forty Families more, and
+   under the Faith of the said promises made a third voyage, from which
+   he returned in November, 1740, bringing with him thirteen Families
+   the whole making eighty-three Families, composed of Four Hundred and
+   Twenty Three Persons, all sincere and loyal Protestants, and very
+   capable of forming a respectable Frontier for the security of the
+   Province. But after all these perilous and expensive voyages, and
+   tho' there wanted but Seventeen Families to complete the number for
+   which he had undertaken, he found no longer the same countenance or
+   protection but on the contrary it was insinuated to him that he could
+   have no land either for himself or the people, but upon conditions in
+   direct violation of the Faith of Government, and detrimental to the
+   interests of those who upon his assurances had accompanied him into
+   America. The people also were reduced to demand separate Grants for
+   themselves, which upon large promises some of them did, yet more of
+   them never had so much as a foot of land, and many listed themselves
+   to join the Expedition to Cuba.
+
+   That Captain Campbell having disposed of his whole Fortune in the
+   Island of Isla, expended the far greatest part of it from his
+   confidence in these fallacious promises found himself at length
+   constrained to employ the little he had left in the purchase of a
+   small farm seventy miles north of New York for the subsistence of
+   himself and his Family consisting of three sons and three daughters.
+   He went over again into Scotland in 1745, and having the command of a
+   Company of the Argyleshire men, served with Reputation under his
+   Royal Highness the Duke, against the Rebels. He went back to America
+   in 1747 and not longer after died of a broken heart, leaving behind
+   him the six children before mentioned of whom your Memoralist is the
+   eldest, in very narrow and distressed circumstances."
+
+   All these facts are briefly commemorated by Mr. Smith in his History
+   of the Colony of New York, page 179, where are some severe, though
+   just strictures on the behavior of those in power towards him and the
+   families he brought with him, and the loss the Province sustained by
+   such behavior towards them.
+
+   "That at the Commencement of the present War, your Memoralist and
+   both his brothers following their Father's principles in hopes of
+   better Fortune entered into the Army & served in the Forty Second,
+   Forty Eighth and Sixtieth Regiments of Foot during the whole War, at
+   the close of which your Memoralist and his brother George were
+   reduced as Lieutenants upon half pay, and their youngest Brother
+   still continues in the service; the small Farm purchased by their
+   father being the sole support of themselves and three sisters till
+   they were able to provide for themselves in the manner before
+   mentioned, and their sisters are now married & settled in the
+   Province of New York.
+
+   That after the conclusion of the Peace, your Memoralist considering
+   the number of Families dispersed through the Province which came over
+   with his Father, and finding in them a general disposition to settle
+   with him on the lands originally promised them, if they could be
+   obtained, in the month of February, 1763, petitioned Governor
+   Monckton for the said lands but was able only to procure a Grant of
+   ten thousand acres, (for obtaining which, he disbursed in Patent and
+   other fees, the sum of two hundred Guineas), the people in Power
+   alledging that land was now at a far greater value than at the time
+   of your Memoralist's Father's coming into the Province, and even this
+   upon the common condition of settling ten Families upon the said
+   lands and paying a Quit Rent to the Crown. Part however of the People
+   who had promised to settle with your Memoralist in case he had
+   prevailed, were drawn to petition for lands to themselves, which they
+   obtained, tho' they never could get one foot of land before, which
+   provision of lands as your Memoralist apprehends, ought in Equity to
+   be considered as an obligation on the Province to perform, so far as
+   the number of those Families goes, the Conditions stipulated with his
+   Father, as those Families never had come into & consequently could
+   not now be remaining in the Province, if he had not persuaded them to
+   accompany him, & been at a very large expence in transporting them
+   thither.
+
+   That there are still very many of these Families who have no land and
+   would willingly settle with your Memoralist. That there are numbers
+   of non commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Regiments disbanded
+   in North America who notwithstanding His Majesty's gracious
+   Intentions are from many causes too long to trouble your Lordship
+   with at present without any settlement provided for them, and that
+   there are also many Families of loyal Protestants in the Islands and
+   other parts of North Britain which might be induced by reasonable
+   proposals and a certainty of their being fulfilled, to remove into
+   the said Province, which would add greatly to the strength, security
+   and opulence thereof, and be in all respects faithful and serviceable
+   subjects to His Majesty.
+
+   That the premisses considered, particularly the long scene of
+   hardships to which your Memoralist's Family has been exposed, for
+   Twenty Six years, in consideration of his own and his Brothers'
+   services, & the perils to which they have been exposed during the
+   long and fatiguing War, and the Prospect he still has of contributing
+   to the settlement of His Majesty's unimproved country, your
+   Memoralist humbly prays that Your Lordships would direct the
+   Government of New York to grant to him the said One Hundred thousand
+   Acres, upon his undertaking to settle One Hundred or One Hundred and
+   Fifty Families upon the same within the space of Three years or such
+   other Recompence or Relief as upon mature Deliberation on the
+   Hardships and Sufferings which his Father and his Family have for so
+   many years endured, & their merits, in respect to the Province of New
+   York which might be incontestably proved, if it was not universally
+   acknowledged, may in your great Wisdom be thought to deserve.
+
+     And your Memoralist: &c., &c., &c.[94]
+
+     May, 1764."
+
+It was the policy of the home government to settle as rapidly as
+possible the wild lands; not so much for the purpose of benefiting the
+emigrant as it was to enhance the king's exchequer. The royal governors
+apparently held out great inducements to the settlers, but the sequel
+always showed that a species of blackmail or tribute must be paid by the
+purchasers before the lands were granted. The governor was one thing to
+the higher authorities, but far different to those from whom he could
+reap advantage. The seeming disinterested motives may be thus
+illustrated:
+
+Under date of New York, July 26, 1736, George Clarke, lieutenant
+governor of New York, writes to the duke of Newcastle, in which he says,
+it was principally
+
+   "To augment his Majesty's Quit rents that I projected a Scheme to
+   settle the Mohacks Country in this Province, which I have the
+   pleasure to hear from Ireland and Holland is like to succeed. The
+   scheme is to give grants gratis of an hundred thousand acres of land
+   to the first five hundred protestant familys that come from Europe in
+   two hundred acres to a family, these being settled will draw
+   thousands after them, for both the situation and quantity of the Land
+   are much preferable to any in Pensilvania, the only Northern Colony
+   to which the Europeans resort, and the Quit rents less. Governor
+   Cosby sent home the proposals last Summer under the Seal of the
+   Province, and under his and the Council's hands, but it did not reach
+   Dublin till the last day of March; had it come there two months
+   sooner I am assured by a letter which I lately received, directed to
+   Governor Cosby, that we should have had two ships belonging to this
+   place (then lying there) loaded with people but next year we hope to
+   have many both from thence and Germany. When the Mohocks Country is
+   settled we shall have nothing to fear from Canada."[95]
+
+The same, writing to the Lords of Trade, under date of New York, June
+15, 1739, says:
+
+   "The lands whereon the French propose to settle were purchased from
+   Indian proprietors (who have all along been subject to and under the
+   protection of the Crown of England) by one Godfrey Dellius and
+   granted to him by patent under the seal of this province in the year
+   1696, which grant was afterwards resumed by act of Assembly whereby
+   they became vested in the Crown; on part of these lands I proposed to
+   settle some Scotch Highland familys who came hither last year, and
+   they would have been now actually settled there, if the Assembly
+   would have assisted them, for they are poor and want help; however as
+   I have promised them lands gratis, some of them about three weeks ago
+   went to view that part of the Country, and if they like the lands I
+   hope they will accept my offer (if the report of the French designs
+   do not discourage them:) depending upon the voluntary assistance of
+   the people of Albany whose more immediate interest it is to encourage
+   their settlement in that part of the country."[96]
+
+That Captain Campbell would have secured the lands there can be no
+question had he complied with Governor Clarke's demands, although said
+demands were contrary to the agreement. Private faith and public honor
+demanded the fair execution of the project, which had been so expensive
+to the undertaker, and would have added greatly to the benefit of the
+colony. The governor would not make the grant unless he should have his
+fees and a share of the land.
+
+The quit rent in the province of New York was fixed at two shillings six
+pence for every one hundred acres. The fees for a grant of a thousand
+acres were as follows: To the governor, $31.25; secretary of state, $10;
+clerk of the council, $10 to $15; receiver general, $14.37; attorney
+general, $7.50; making a total of about $75, besides the cost of survey.
+This amount does not appear to be large for the number of acres, yet it
+must be considered that land was plenty, but money very scarce. There
+were thousands of substantial men who would have found it exceedingly
+difficult to raise the amount in question.
+
+It is possible that Captain Campbell could not have paid this extortion
+even if he had been so disposed; but being high-spirited, he resolutely
+refused his consent. The governor, still pretending to be very anxious
+to aid the emigrants, recommended the legislature of the province to
+grant them assistance; but, as usual, the latter was at war with the
+governor, and refused to vote money to the Highlanders, which they
+suspected, with good reason, the latter would be required to pay to the
+colonial officers for fees.
+
+Not yet discouraged, Captain Campbell determined to exhaust every
+resource that justice might be done to him. His next step was to appeal
+to the legislature for redress, but it was in vain; then he made an
+application to the Board of Trade, in England, which had the power to
+rectify the wrong. Here he had so many difficulties to contend with that
+he was forced to leave the colonists to themselves, who soon after
+separated. But all his efforts proved abortive.
+
+The petition of Lieutenant Donald Campbell, though courteously
+expressed, and eminently just, was rejected. It was claimed that the
+orders of the English government positively forbade the granting of over
+a thousand acres to any one person; yet that thousand acres was denied
+him.
+
+The injustice accorded to Captain Campbell was more or less notorious
+throughout the province. It was generally felt there had been bad
+treatment, and there was now a disposition on the part of the colonial
+authorities to give some relief to his sons and daughters. Accordingly,
+on November 11, 1763, a grant of ten thousand acres, in the present
+township of Greenwich, Washington county, New York, was made to the
+three brothers, Donald, George and James, their three sisters and four
+other persons, three of whom were also named Campbell.
+
+The final success of the Campbell family in obtaining redress inspired
+others who had belonged to the colony to petition for a similar
+recompense for their hardships and losses. They succeeded in obtaining a
+grant of forty-seven thousand, four hundred and fifty acres, located in
+the present township of Argyle, and a small part of Fort Edward and
+Greenwich, in the same county.
+
+On March 2, 1764, Alexander McNaughton and one hundred and six others of
+the original Campbell emigrants and their descendants, petitioned for
+one thousand acres to be granted to each of them
+
+   "To be laid out in a single tract between the head of South bay and
+   Kingsbury, and reaching east towards New Hampshire and westwardly to
+   the mountains in Warren county. The committee of the council to whom
+   this petition was referred reported May 21, 1764, that the tract
+   proposed be granted, which was adopted, the council specifying the
+   amount of land each individual of the petitioners should receive,
+   making two hundred acres the least and six hundred the most that
+   anyone should obtain. Five men were appointed as trustees, to divide
+   and distribute the land as directed. The same instrument incorporated
+   the tract into a township, to be called Argyle, and should have a
+   supervisor, treasurer, collector, two assessors, two overseers of
+   highways, two overseers of the poor and six constables, to be elected
+   annually by the inhabitants on the first day of May. The patent,
+   similar to all others of that period, was subject to the following
+   conditions:
+
+   An annual quit rent of two shillings and six pence sterling on every
+   one hundred acres, and all mines of gold and silver, and all pine
+   trees suitable for masts for the royal navy, namely, all which were
+   twenty-four inches from the ground, reserved to the crown."[97]
+
+The land thus granted lies in the central part of Washington county,
+with a broken surface in the west and great elevations and ridges in the
+east. The soil is rich and the whole well watered.
+
+The trustees were vested with the power to execute title deeds to such
+of the grantees, should they claim the lands, the first of which were
+issued during the winter and spring of 1764-5 by Duncan Reid, of the
+city of New York, _gentleman_; Peter Middleton, of same city,
+_physician_; Archibald Campbell, of same city, _merchant_; Alexander
+McNaughton,[98] of Orange county, _farmer_; and Neil Gillaspie, of
+Ulster county, _farmer_, of the one part, and the grantees of the other
+part.
+
+While the application for the grant was yet pending, the petitioners
+greatly exalted over their future prospects, evolved a grand scheme for
+the survey of the prospective lands, which should include a stately
+street from the banks of the Hudson river on the east through the tract,
+upon which each family should have a town lot, where he might not only
+enjoy the protection of near neighbors, but also have that companionship
+of which the Highlander is so particularly fond. In the rear of these
+town lots were to be the farms, which in time were to be occupied by
+tenants. The surveyors, Archibald Campbell, of Raritan, New Jersey, and
+Christopher Yates, of Schenectady, who began their labors June 19, 1764,
+were instructed to lay off the land as planned, the street to extend
+from east to west, twenty-four rods wide and extending through the width
+of the grant as near the center as practicable, and to set aside a glebe
+lot for the benefit of the school master and the minister. North and
+south of the street, and bordering on it, the surveyors laid off lots
+running back one hundred and eighty rods, varying in width so as to
+contain from twenty to sixty acres. These lots were numbered, making in
+all one hundred and forty-one, seventy-two being on the south side of
+the street, and the remainder on the north. The farms were also
+numbered, also making one hundred and forty-one.
+
+In the plan no allowance had been made for the rugged nature of the
+country, and consequently the magnificent street was located over hills
+whose proportions prevented its use as a public highway, while some of
+the lots were uninhabitable.
+
+The following is a list of the grantees, the number of the lot and its
+contents being set opposite the name:
+
+   Lot.     Name.                    Acres.
+
+   1.     Catharine Campbell           250
+   2.     Elizabeth Cargill            250
+   3.     Allan McDonald               300
+   4.     Neil Gillaspie               450
+   5.     Mary Campbell                350
+   6.     Duncan McKerwan              350
+   7.     Ann McAnthony                250
+   8.     Mary McGowne                 300
+   9.     Catherine McLean             300
+   10.    Mary Anderson                300
+   11.    Archibald McNeil             300
+   12.    Dougall McAlpine             300
+   13.    David Lindsey                250
+   14.    Elizabeth Campbell           300
+   15.    Ann McDuffie                 350
+   16.    Donald McDougall             300
+   17.    Archibald McGowne            300
+   18.    Eleanor Thompson             300
+
+   Lot.     Name.                    Acres.
+
+   19.     Duncan McDuffie            350
+   20.     Duncan Reid                600
+   21.     John McDuffie              250
+   22.     Dougall McKallor           550
+   23.     Daniel Johnson             350
+   24.     Archibald Campbell         250
+   25.     William Hunter             300
+   26.     Duncan Campbell            300
+   27.     Elizabeth Fraser           200
+   28.     Alexander Campbell         350
+           Glebe lot                  500
+   29.     Daniel Clark               350
+   43.     Elizabeth Campbell         300
+   44.     Duncan McArthur            450
+   45.     John Torrey                300
+   46.     Malcolm Campbell           300
+   47.     Florence McKenzie          200
+   48.     John McKenzie              300
+   49.     Jane Cargill               250
+   50.     John McGowan               300
+   59.     John McEwen                500
+   60.     John McDonald              300
+   61.     James McDonald             400
+   62.     Mary Belton                300
+   72.     Rachael Nevin              300
+   73.     James Cargill              400
+
+Lots 29, 43, 44, 50, and 62 are partly in the present limits of the
+township of Greenwich, and the other lots, from 29 to 73, not above
+enumerated, are wholly in that township and in Salem. The following lots
+are located north of the street:
+
+   Lot.     Name.                   Acres.
+
+   74.     John Cargill               300
+   75.     Duncan McDougall           300
+   76.     Alexander Christie         350
+   77.     Alex. Montgomery           600
+   78.     Marian Campbell            250
+   79.     John Gilchrist             300
+   80.     Agnes McDougall            300
+   81.     Duncan McGuire             500
+   82.     Edward McKallor            500
+   83.     Alexander Gilchrist        300
+   84.     Archibald McCullom         350
+   85.     Archibald McCore           300
+   86.     John McCarter              350
+   87.     Neil Shaw                  600
+   88.     Duncan Campbell            300
+   89.     Roger McNeil               300
+   90.     Elizabeth Ray              200
+   91.     James Nutt                 300
+   92.     Donald McDuffie            350
+   93.     George Campbell            300
+   94.     Jane Widrow                300
+   95.     John McDougall             400
+   96.     Archibald McCarter         300
+   97.     Charles McAllister         300
+   98.     William Graham             300
+   99.     Hugh McDougall             300
+   100.    James Campbell             300
+   101.    George McKenzie            400
+   102.    John McCarter              400
+   103.    Morgan McNeil              250
+   104.    Malcolm McDuffie           550
+   105.    Florence McVarick          300
+   106.    Archibald McEwen           300
+   107.    Neil McDonald              500
+   108.    James Gillis               500
+   109.    Archibald McDougall        450
+   110.    Marian McEwen              200
+   111.    Patrick McArthur           350
+   112.    John McGowne, Jr           250
+   113.    John Shaw, Sr              300
+   114.    Angus Graham               300
+   115.    Edward McCoy               300
+   116.    Duncan Campbell, Jr.       300
+   117.    Jenette Ferguson           250
+   118.    Hugh McEloroy              200
+   119.    Dougall Thompson           400
+
+   Lot.     Name.                     Acres
+
+   120.    Mary Graham                300
+   121.    Robert McAlpine            300
+   122.    Duncan Taylor              600
+   123.    Elizabeth Caldwell         250
+   124.    William Clark              350
+   124.    William Clark              350
+   125.    Barbara McAllister         300
+   126.    Mary Anderson              300
+   127.    Donald McMullin            450
+   130.    John Shaw, Sr              300
+   131.    Duncan Lindsey             300
+   132.    Donald Shaw
+   133.    John Campbell              300
+
+Each of the foregoing had a "street lot," with a corresponding number,
+as before mentioned, which contained one-tenth of the area of the farm
+lots; that is, a lot of two hundred acres had a "street lot" of twenty
+acres, and so on.
+
+Ten lots comprehended between Nos. 127 and 146 are now within the
+township of Fort Edward. The number of these lots and the persons to
+whom granted were as follows, varying in area from 250 to 500 acres:
+
+Lot 128, Duncan Shaw; 129, Alex. McDougall; 134, John McArthur; 135,
+John McIntyre; 136, Catharine McIlfender; 137, Mary Hammel; 138, Duncan
+Gilchrist; 139, John McIntyre; 140, Mary McLeod; 141, David Torrey.
+
+The lots originally belonging to Argyle township, but now forming a part
+of Greenwich, were numbered and allotted as follows:
+
+   Lot.      Name.                   Acres.
+   30.     Angus McDougall            300
+   31.     Donald McIntyre            350
+   32.     Alexander McNachten        600
+   33.     John McCore                300
+   34.     William Fraser             350
+   35.     Mary Campbell              250
+   36.     Duncan Campbell, Sr.       450
+   37.     Neil McFadden              300
+   38.     Mary Torry                 250
+   39.     Margaret McAllister        250
+   40.     Robert Campbell, Jr        450
+   41.     Catharine Shaw             250
+   51.     Charles McArthur           350
+   52.     Duncan McFadden            300
+   53.     Roger Reed                 300
+   54.     John McCarter              300
+   65.     Hugh Montgomery            300
+   66.     Isabella Livingston        250
+   67.     Catharine McCarter         250
+   68.     Margaret Gilchrist         250
+   42.     John McGuire               400
+   43.     Elizabeth McNeil           200
+   44.     Duncan McArthur            450
+   29.     Daniel Clark               250
+   50.     John McGowan, Sr           300
+   55.     Ann Campbell               300
+   56.     Archibald McCullom         350
+   57.     Alexander McArthur         250
+   58.     Alex McDonald              250
+   59.     John McEwen                500
+   62.     Mary Baine                 300
+   63.     Margaret Cargyle           300
+   64.     Neil McEachern             450
+   69      Hannah McEwen              400
+   70.     John Reid                  450
+   71.     Archibald Nevin            350
+
+Many of the grantees immediately took possession of the lands alloted to
+them; but others never took advantage of their claims, which, for a
+time, were left unoccupied, and then passed into the hands of others,
+who generally were left in undisputed possession. This state of affairs,
+in connection with the large size of the lots, had the effect of
+retarding the growth of that district.
+
+Before the arrival of the settlers, a desperado, named Rogers, had taken
+possession of a part of the lands on the Batten Kill. He warned the
+people off, making various threats; but the Highlanders knowing their
+titles were perfect, disregarded the menace, and set about industriously
+clearing up their lands and erecting their houses. One day, when
+Archibald Livingston was away, his wife was forcibly carried off by
+Rogers, and set down outside the limits of the claim, who also proceeded
+to remove the furniture from the premises. He was arrested by Roger
+Reid, the constable, and brought before Alexander McNaughton, the
+justice, which constituted the first civil process ever served in that
+county. Rogers did not submit peaceably to be taken, but defended
+himself with a gun, which Joseph McCracken seized, and in his endeavor
+to wrest it from the hands of the ruffian, he burst the buttons from off
+the waist-bands of his pantaloons, which, as he did not wear suspenders,
+slipped over his feet. The little son of Rogers, fully taking in the
+situation, ran up and bit McCracken, which, however, did not cause him
+to desist from his purpose. Rogers was conveyed to Albany, after which
+all trace of him has been lost.
+
+The township of Argyle, embracing what is now both Argyle and Fort
+Edward, was organized in 1771. The record of the first meeting bears
+date April 2, 1771, and was called for the purpose of regulating laws
+and choosing officers. It was called by virtue of the grant in the
+Argyle patent. The officers elected were: supervisor, Duncan Campbell,
+who continued until 1781, and was then succeeded by Roger Reid; town
+clerk, Archibald Brown, succeeded in 1775 by Edward Patterson, who, in
+turn, was succeeded in 1778 by John McNeil, and he by Duncan Gilchrist,
+in 1780; collector, Roger Reid, succeeded in 1778 by Duncan McArthur,
+and the latter in 1781 by Alexander Gilchrist; assessors, Archibald
+Campbell and Neal Shaw; constables, John Offery, John McNiel;
+poor-masters, James Gilles, Archibald McNiel; road-masters, Duncan
+Lindsey, Archibald Campbell; fence viewers, Duncan McArthur, John
+Gilchrist.
+
+The following extracts from township records are not without interest:
+
+   1772.--"All men from sixteen to sixty years old to work on the roads
+   this year. Fences must be four feet and a half high."
+
+   1776.--"Duncan Reid is to be constable for the south part of the
+   patent and Alexander Gillis for the north part; George Kilmore and
+   James Beatty for masters. John Johnson was chosen a justice of the
+   peace."
+
+   1781.--"Alexander McDougall and Duncan Lindsey were elected tithing
+   men."
+
+In order to make the laws more efficient, on March 12, 1772, the county
+of Charlotte was struck off from Albany, which was the actual beginning
+of the present county of Washington. As Charlotte county had been named
+for the consort of George III. and as his troops had devastated it
+during the Revolution, the title was not an agreeable one, so the state
+legislature on April 2, 1784, changed it to Washington, thus giving it
+the most honored appellation known in the annals of American history.
+
+For several years after 1764 the colony on the east, and in what is now
+Hebron township, was augmented by a number of discharged Highland
+soldiers, mostly of the 77th Regiment, who settled on both sides of the
+line of the township. It is a noticeable fact that in every case these
+settlers were Scotch Highlanders. They had in all probability been
+attracted to this spot partly by the settlement of the colony of Captain
+Lachlan Campbell, and partly by that of the Scotch-Irish at New Perth
+(Salem), which has been noted already in its proper connection. These
+additional settlers took up their claims, owing to a proclamation made
+by the king, in October, 1763, offering land in America, without fees,
+to all such officers and soldiers who had served on that continent, and
+who desired to establish their homes there.
+
+Nothing shows more clearly than this proclamation the lofty position of
+an officer in the British service at that time as compared with a
+private. A field officer received four thousand acres; a captain three
+thousand; a lieutenant, or other subaltern commissioned officer, two
+thousand; a non-commissioned officer, whether sergeant or corporal,
+dropped to two hundred acres, while the poor private was put off with
+fifty acres. Fifty acres of wild land, on the hill-sides of Washington
+County, was not an extravagant reward for seven years' service amidst
+all the dangers and horrors of French and Indian warfare.
+
+Many of these grants were sold by the soldiers to their countrymen.
+Their method of exchange was very simple. The corporal and private would
+meet by the roadside, or at a neighboring ale-house, and after greeting
+each other, the American land would immediately be the subject for
+barter. The private, who may be called Sandy, knew his fifty acres was
+not worth the sea-voyage, while Corporal Donald, having already two
+hundred, might find it profitable to emigrate, provided he could add
+other tracts. After the preliminaries and the haggling had been gone
+through with, Donald would draw out his long leather purse and count
+down the amount, saying:
+
+"There, mon; there's your siller."
+
+The worthy Sandy would then dive into some hidden recess of his garments
+and bring forth his parchment, signed in the name of the king by "Henry
+Moore, baronet, our captain-general and governor-in-chief, in and over
+our province of New York, and the lands depending thereon, in America,
+chancellor and vice-admiral of the same." This document would be
+promptly handed to the purchaser, with the declaration,
+
+"An' there's your land, corporal."
+
+Many of the soldiers never claimed their lands, which were eventually
+settled by squatters, some of whom remained thereon so long that they or
+their heirs became the lawful owners.
+
+The famous controversy concerning the "New Hampshire grants," affected
+the Highland settlers; but the more exciting events of the wrangle took
+place outside the limits of Washington county, and consequently the
+Highland settlement. This controversy, which was carried on with
+acrimonious and warlike contention, arose over New York's officials'
+claim to the possession of all the land north of the Massachusetts line
+lying west of the Connecticut river. In 1751 both the governors of New
+York and New Hampshire presented their respective claims to the
+territory in dispute to the Lords of Trade in London. The matter was
+finally adjusted in 1782, by New York yielding her claim.
+
+In 1771 there were riots near the southern boundary of Hebron township,
+which commenced by the forcible expulsion of Donald McIntire and others
+from their lands, perpetrated by Robert Cochran and his associates. On
+October 29th, same year, another serious riot took place. A warrant was
+issued for the offenders by Alexander McNaughton, justice of the peace,
+residing in Argyle. Charles Hutchison, formerly a corporal in
+Montgomery's Highlanders, testified that Ethan Allen (afterwards
+famous), and eight others, on the above date, came to his residence,
+situated four miles north of New Perth, and began to demolish it.
+Hutchison requested them to stop, but they declared that they would make
+a burnt offering to the gods of this world by burning the logs of that
+house. Allen and another man held clubs over Hutchison's head, ordered
+him to leave the locality, and declared that, in case he returned, he
+should be worse treated. Eight or nine other families were driven from
+their homes, in that locality, at the same time, all of whom fled to New
+Perth, where they were hospitably received. The lands held by these
+exiled families had been wholly improved by themselves. They were driven
+out by Allen and his associates because they were determined that no one
+should build under a New York title east of the line they had
+established as the western boundary.
+
+Bold Ethan Allen was neither to be arrested nor intimidated by a
+constable's warrant. Governor Tryon of New York offered twenty pounds
+reward for the arrest of the rioters, which was as inefficient as
+esquire McNaughton's warrant.
+
+The county of Washington was largely settled by people from the New
+England states. The breaking out of the Revolutionary War found these
+people loyal to the cause of the patriots. The Highland settlements were
+somewhat divided, but the greater part allied themselves with the cause
+of their adopted country. Those who espoused the cause of the king, on
+account of the atrocities committed by the Indians, were forced to flee,
+and never returned save in marauding bands. There were a few, however,
+who kept very quiet, and were allowed to remain unmolested.
+
+There were no distinctive Highland companies either in the British or
+Continental service from this settlement. A company of royalists was
+secretly formed at Fort Edwards, under David Jones (remembered only as
+being the betrothed of the lovely but unfortunate Jane McCrea), and
+these joined the British forces. There were five companies from the
+county that formed the regiment under Colonel Williams, one of which was
+commanded by Captain Charles Hutchison, the Highland corporal whom Ethan
+Allen had mobbed in 1771. In this company of fifty-two men it may be
+reasonably supposed that the greater number were the sons of the
+emigrants of Captain Lauchlan Campbell.
+
+The committee of Charlotte county, in September 21, 1775, recommended to
+the Provincial Congress, that the following named persons, living in
+Argyle, should be thus commissioned: Alexander Campbell, captain; Samuel
+Pain, first lieutenant; Peter Gilchrist, second lieutenant; and John
+McDougall, ensign.
+
+Captain Joseph McCracken, on the arrival of Burgoyne, built a fort at
+New Perth, which was finished on July 26th, and called Salem Fort.
+
+Donald, son of Captain Lauchlan Campbell, espoused the cause of the
+people, but his two brothers sided with the British. Soon after all
+these passed out of the district, and their whereabouts became unknown.
+
+The bitter feelings engendered by the war was also felt in the Highland
+settlement, as may be instanced in the following circumstance preserved
+by S.D.W. Bloodgood:[99]
+
+  "When Burgoyne found that his boats were not safe, and were in fact
+   much nearer the main body of our army than his own, it became
+   necessary to land his provisions, of which he had already been short
+   for many weeks, in order to prevent his being actually starved into
+   submission. This was done under a heavy fire from our troops. On one
+   of these occasions a person by name of Mr.----, well known at Salem,
+   and a foreigner by birth, and who had at the very time a son in the
+   British army, crossed the river at De Ruyter's, with a person by name
+   of McNeil; they went in a canoe, and arriving opposite to the place
+   intended, crossed over to the western bank, on which a redoubt called
+   Fort Lawrence had been placed. They crawled up the bank with their
+   arms in their hands, and peeping over the upper edge, they saw a man
+   in a blanket coat loading a cart. They instantly raised their guns to
+   fire, an action more savage than commendable. At the moment the man
+   turned so as to be more plainly seen, when old M---- said to his
+   companion, 'Now that's my own son Hughy; but I'm dom'd for a' that if
+   I sill not gie him a shot,' He then actually fired at his own son, as
+   the person really proved to be, but happily without effect. Having
+   heard the noise made by their conversation and the cocking of the
+   pieces, which the nearness of his position rendered perfectly
+   practicable, he ran round the cart, and the ball lodged in the felly
+   of the wheel. The report drew the attention of the neighboring
+   guards, and the two marauders were driven from their lurking place.
+   While retreating with all possible speed, McNeil was wounded in the
+   shoulder, and, if alive, carries the wound about with him to this
+   day. Had the ball struck the old Scotchman, it is questionable
+   whether any one would have considered it more than even handed
+   justice commending the chalice to his own lips."
+
+A map of Washington County would show that it was on the war path that
+led to some terrible conflicts related in American history. Occupying a
+part of the territory between the Hudson and the northern lakes, it had
+borne the feet of warlike Hurons, Iroquois, Canadians, New Yorkers, New
+Englanders, French, English, Continentals and Hessians, who proceeded in
+their mission of destruction and vengeance. As the district occupied by
+the Highlanders was close to the line of Burgoyne's march, it
+experienced the realities of war and the tomahawk of the merciless
+savage. How terrible was the work of the ruthless savage, and how
+shocking the fate of those in his pathway, has been graphically related
+by Arthur Reid, a native of the township of Argyle, who received the
+account from an aunt, who was fully cognizant of all the facts. The
+following is a condensed account:
+
+During the latter part of the summer of 1777, a scouting party of
+Indians, consisting of eight, received either a real or supposed injury
+from some white persons at New Perth (now Salem), for which they sought
+revenge. While prowling around the temporary fort, they were observed
+and fired upon, and one of their number killed. In the presence of a
+prisoner, a white man,[100] the remaining seven declared their purpose
+to sacrifice the first white family that should come in their way. This
+party belonged to a large body of Indians which had been assembled by
+General Burgoyne, the British commander, then encamped not far distant
+in a northerly direction from Crown Point. In order to inspire the
+Indians with courage General Burgoyne considered it expedient, in
+compliance with their custom, to give them a war-feast, at which they
+indulged in the most extravagant manoeuvres, gesticulations, and
+exulting vociferations, such as lying in ambush, and displaying their
+rude armored devices, and dancing, and whooping, and screaming, and
+brandishing their tomahawks and scalping knives.
+
+The particular band, above mentioned, was in command of an Iroquois
+chief, who, from his bloodthirsty nature, was called Le Loup, the
+wolf,--bold, fiercely revengeful, and well adapted to lead a party bent
+on committing atrocities. Le Loup and his band left New Perth _en route_
+to the place where the van of Burgoyne's army was encamped. The family
+of Duncan McArthur, consisting of himself, wife and four children, lived
+on the direct route. Approaching the clearing upon which the dwelling
+stood, the Indians halted in order to make preparations for their
+fiendish design. Every precaution was taken, even to enhancing their
+naturally ferocious appearance by painting their faces, necks and
+shoulders with a thick coat of vermilion. The party next moved forward
+with stealthy steps to the very edge of the forest, where again they
+halted in order to mature the final plan of attack.
+
+Fortunately for the McArthur family, on that day, two neighbors had come
+for the purpose of assisting in the breaking of a horse, and, when the
+Indians saw them, and also the three buildings, which they mistook for
+residences, they became disconcerted. They decided as there were three
+men present, and the same number of houses, there must also be three
+families.
+
+The Indians withdrew exasperated, but none the less determined to seek
+vengeance. With elastic step, and in single file they pressed forward,
+and an hour later came to another clearing, in the midst of which stood
+a dwelling, occupied by the family of John Allen, consisting of five
+persons, viz., himself and wife and three children. Temporarily with
+them at the time were Mrs. Allen's sister, two negroes and a negress.
+John Allen was notoriously in sympathy with the purposes of the British
+king. When the Indians stealthily crept to the edge of the clearing they
+observed the white men busily engaged reaping the wheat harvest. They
+decided to wait until the reapers retired for dinner. Their white
+prisoner begged to be spared from witnessing the scene about to be
+enacted. This request was finally granted, and one of the Indians
+remained with him as a guard, while the others went forward to execute
+their purpose.
+
+When the family had become seated at the table the Indians burst upon
+them with a fearful yell. When the neighbors came they found the body of
+John Allen a few rods from the house. Apparently he had escaped through
+a back door, but had been overtaken and shot down. Nearer the house, but
+in the same direction, were the bodies of Mrs. Allen, her sister, and
+the youngest child, all tomahawked and scalped. The other two children
+were found hidden in a bed, but also tomahawked and scalped. One of the
+negroes was found in the doorway, his body gashed and mutilated in a
+horrible manner. From the wounds inflicted on his body it was thought he
+had made a desperate resistance. The position of the remaining two has
+not been distinctly recollected.
+
+George Kilmore, father of Mrs. Allen and owner of the negroes, who lived
+three miles distant, becoming anxious on account of the prolonged
+absence of his daughter and servants, on the Sunday following, sent a
+negro boy on an errand of inquiry. As the boy approached the house, the
+keen-scented horse, which he was riding, stopped and refused to go
+farther. After much difficulty he was urged forward until his rider got
+a view of the awful scene. The news brought by the boy spread rapidly,
+and the terror-stricken families fled to various points for protection,
+many of whom went to Fort Edward. After Burgoyne had been hemmed in, the
+families cautiously returned to their former homes.
+
+From Friday afternoon, July 25th, until Sunday morning following, the
+whereabouts of Le Loup and his band cannot be determined. But on that
+morning they made their appearance on the brow of the hill north of Fort
+Edward, and then and there a shocking tragedy was enacted, which
+thoroughly aroused the people, and formed quite an element in the
+overthrow and surrender of Burgoyne's army. It was the massacre of Miss
+Jane McCrea, a lovely, amiable and intelligent lady. This tragedy at
+once drew the attention of all America. She fell under the blow of the
+savage Le Loup, and the next instant he flung down his gun, seized her
+long, luxuriant hair with one hand, with the other passed the scalping
+knife around nearly the whole head, and, with a yell of triumph, tore
+the beautiful but ghastly trophy from his victim's head.
+
+It is a work of superogation to say that the Highland settlers of Argyle
+were strongly imbued with religious sentiments. That question has
+already been fully commented on. The colony early manifested its
+disposition to build churches where they might worship. The first of
+these houses were humble in their pretensions, but fully in keeping with
+a pioneer settlement in the wilderness. Their faith was the same as that
+promulgated by the Scotch-Irish in the adjoining neighborhood, and were
+visited by the pastor of the older settlement. They do not appear to
+have sustained a regular pastor until after the Peace of 1783.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 94: "Documentary and Colonial History of New York," Vol. VII,
+p.630. Should 1763 be read for 1764?]
+
+[Footnote 95: _Ibid_, p.72.]
+
+[Footnote 96: _Ibid_, Vol. VI, p.145.]
+
+[Footnote 97: On record in library at Albany in "Patents," Vol. IV, pp.
+8-17.]
+
+[Footnote 98: See Appendix, Note I.]
+
+[Footnote 99: The Sexagenary, p. 110.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Samuel Standish, who was present at the time of the
+murder of Jane McCrea, and afterwards gave the account to Jared Sparks,
+who records it in his "Life of Arnold." See "Library of American
+Biography," Vol. III, Chap. VII.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT ON THE MOHAWK.
+
+
+Sir William Johnson thoroughly gained the good graces of the Iroquois
+Indians, and by the part he took against the French at Crown Point and
+Lake George, in 1755, added to his reputation at home and abroad. For
+his services to the Crown he was made a baronet and voted L5000 by the
+British parliament, besides being paid L600 per annum as Indian agent,
+which he retained until his death in 1774. He also received a grant of
+one hundred thousand acres of land north of the Mohawk. In 1743 he built
+Fort Johnson, a stone dwelling, on the same side of the river, in what
+is now Montgomery county. A few miles farther north, in 1764, he built
+Johnson Hall, a wooden structure, and there entertained his Indian bands
+and white tenants, with rude magnificence, surrounded by his mistresses,
+both white and red. He had dreams of feudal power, and set about to
+realize it. The land granted to him by the king, he had previously
+secured from the Mohawks, over whom he had gained an influence greater
+than that ever possessed heretofore or since by a white man over an
+Indian tribe. The tract of land thus gained was long known as
+"Kingsland," or the "Royal Grant." The king had bound Sir William to him
+by a feudal tenure of a yearly rental of two shillings and six pence for
+each and every one hundred acres. In the same manner Sir William bound
+to himself his tenants to whom he granted leases. In order to secure the
+greatest obedience he deemed it necessary to secure such tenants as
+differed from the people near him in manners, language, and religion,
+and that class trained to whom the strictest personal dependence was
+perfectly familiar. In all this he was highly favored. He turned his
+eyes to the Highlands of Scotland, and without trouble, owing to the
+dissatisfied condition of the people and their desire to emigrate, he
+secured as many colonists as he desired, all of whom were of the Roman
+Catholic faith. The agents having secured the requisite number,
+embarked, during the month of August, 1773, for America.
+
+A journal of the period states that "three gentlemen of the name of
+Macdonell, with their families, and 400 Highlanders from the counties
+(!) of Glengarry, Glenmorison, Urquhart, and Strathglass lately embarked
+for America, having obtained a grant of land in Albany,"[101]
+
+This extract appears to have been copied from the _Courant_ of August
+28th, which stated they had "lately embarked for America." This would
+place their arrival on the Mohawk some time during the latter part of
+the following September, or first of October. The three gentlemen above
+referred to were Macdonell of Aberchalder, Leek, and Collachie, and also
+another, Macdonell of Scotas. Their fortunes had been shattered in "the
+45," and in order to mend them were willing to settle in America. They
+made their homes in what was then Tryon county, about thirty miles from
+Albany, then called Kingsborough, where now is the thriving town of
+Gloversville. To certain families tracts were allotted varying from one
+hundred to five hundred acres, all subjected to the feudal system.
+
+Having reached the places assigned them the Highlanders first felled the
+trees and made their rude huts of logs. Then the forest was cleared and
+the crops planted amid the stumps. The country was rough, but the people
+did not murmur. Their wants were few and simple. The grain they reaped
+was carried on horseback along Indian trails to the landlord's mills.
+Their women became accustomed to severe outdoor employment, but they
+possessed an indomitable spirit, and bore their hardships bravely, as
+became their race. The quiet life of the people promised to become
+permanent. They became deeply attached to the interests of Sir William
+Johnson, who, by consummate tact soon gained a mastery over them. He
+would have them assemble at Johnson Hall that they might make merry;
+encourage them in Highland games, and invite them to Indian councils.
+Their methods of farming were improved under his supervision; superior
+breeds of stock sought for, and fruit trees planted. But Sir William, in
+reality, was not with them long; for, in the autumn of 1773, he visited
+England, returning in the succeeding spring, and dying suddenly at
+Johnson Hall on June 24th, following.
+
+Troubles were rising beneath all the peaceful circumstances enjoyed by
+the Highlanders, destined to become severe and oppressive under the
+attitude of Johnson's son and son-in-law who were men of far less
+ability and tact than their father. The spirit of democracy penetrated
+the valley of the Mohawk, and open threats of opposition began to be
+heard. The Acts of the Albany Congress of 1774 opened the eyes of the
+people to the possibilities of strength by united efforts. Just as the
+spirit of independence reached bold utterance Sir William died. He was
+succeeded in his title, and a part of his estates by his son John. The
+dreams of Sir William vanished, and his plans failed in the hands of his
+weak, arrogant, degenerate son. Sir John hesitated, temporized, broke
+his parole, fled to Canada, returned to ravage the lands of his
+countrymen, and ended by being driven across the border.
+
+The death of Sir William made Sir John commandant of the militia of the
+Province of New York. Colonel Guy Johnson became superintendent of
+Indian affairs, with Colonel Daniel Claus, Sir William's son-in-law, for
+assistant. The notorious Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) became secretary
+to Guy Johnson. Nothing but evil could be predicated of such a
+combination; and Sir John was not slow to take advantage of his
+position, when the war cloud was ready to burst. As early as March 16,
+1775, decisive action was taken, when the grand jury, judges, justices,
+and others of Tryon county, to the number of thirty-three, among whom
+was Sir John, signed a document, expressive of their disapprobation of
+the act of the people of Boston for the "outrageous and unjustifiable
+act on the private property of the India Company," and of their
+resolution "to bear faith and true allegiance to their lawful Sovereign
+King George the Third."[102] It is a noticeable feature that not one of
+the names of Highlanders appears on the paper. This would indicate that
+they were not a factor in the civil government of the county.
+
+On May 18, 1775, the Committee of Palatine District, Tryon county,
+addressed the Albany Committee of Safety, in which they affirm:
+
+   "This County has, for a series of years, been ruled by one family,
+   the different branches of which are still strenuous in dissuading
+   people from coming into Congressional measures, and even have, last
+   week, at a numerous meeting of the Mohawk District, appeared with all
+   their dependants armed to oppose the people considering of their
+   grievances; their number being so large, and the people unarmed,
+   struck terror into most of them, and they dispersed. We are informed
+   that Johnson-Hall is fortifying by placing a parcel of swivel-guns
+   round the same, and that Colonel Johnson has had parts of his
+   regiment of Militia under arms yesterday, no doubt with a design to
+   prevent the friends of liberty from publishing their attachment to
+   the cause to the world. Besides which we are told that about one
+   hundred and fifty Highlanders, (Roman Catholicks) in and about
+   Johnstown, are armed and ready to march upon the like occasion."[103]
+
+In order to allay the feelings engendered against them Guy Johnson, on
+May 18th, wrote to the Committee of Schenectady declaring "my duty is to
+promote peace,"[104] and on the 20th to the Magistrates of Palatine,
+making the covert threat "that if the Indians find their council fire
+disturbed, and their superintendent insulted, they will take a dreadful
+revenge."[105] The last letter thoroughly aroused the Committee of Tryon
+county, and on the 21st stated, among other things:
+
+   "That Colonel Johnson's conduct in raising fortifications round his
+   house, keeping a number of Indians and armed men constantly about
+   him, and stopping and searching travellers upon the King's highway,
+   and stopping our communication with Albany, is very alarming to this
+   County, and is highly arbitrary, illegal, oppressive, and
+   unwarrantable; and confirms us in our fears, that his design is to
+   keep us in awe, and oblige us to submit to a state of Slavery."[106]
+
+On the 23rd the Albany Committee warned Guy Johnson that his
+interference with the rights of travellers would no longer be
+tolerated.[107] So flagrant had been the conduct of the Johnsons that a
+sub-committee of the city and county of Albany addressed a communication
+on the subject to the Provincial Congress of New York.[108] On June 2nd
+the Tryon County Committee addressed Guy Johnson, in which they affirm
+"it is no more our duty than inclination to protect you in the discharge
+of your province," but will not "pass over in silence the interruption
+which the people of the Mohawk District met in their meeting," "and the
+inhuman treatment of a man whose only crime was being faithful to his
+employers."[109] The tension became still more strained between the
+Johnsons and patriots during the summer.
+
+The Dutch and German population was chiefly in sympathy with the cause
+of America, as were the people generally, in that region, who did not
+come under the direct influence of the Johnsons. The inhabitants deposed
+Alexander White, the Sheriff of Tryon county, who had, from the first,
+made himself obnoxious. The first shot, in the war west of the Hudson,
+was fired by Alexander White. On some trifling pretext he arrested a
+patriot by the name of John Fonda, and committed him to prison. His
+friends, to the number of fifty, went to the jail and released him; and
+from the prison they proceeded to the sheriff's lodgings and demanded
+his surrender. He discharged a pistol at the leader, but without effect.
+Immediately some forty muskets were discharged at the sheriff, with the
+effect only to cause a slight wound in the breast. The doors of the
+house were broken open, and just then Sir John Johnson fired a gun at
+the hall, which was the signal for his retainers and Highland partisans
+to rally in arms. As they could muster a force of five hundred men in a
+short time, the party deemed it prudent to disperse.[110]
+
+The royalists became more open and bolder in their course, throwing
+every impediment in the way of the Safety Committee of Tryon county, and
+causing embarrassments in every way their ingenuity could devise. They
+called public meetings themselves, as well as to interfere with those of
+their neighbors; all of which caused mutual exasperation, and the
+engendering of hostile feelings between friends, who now ranged
+themselves with the opposing parties.
+
+On October 26th the Tryon County Committee submitted a series of
+questions for Sir John Johnson to answer.[111] These questions, with Sir
+John's answers, were embodied by the Committee in a letter to the
+Provincial Congress of New York, under date of October 28th, as follows:
+
+   "As we found our duty and particular reasons to inquire or rather
+   desire Sir John Johnson's absolute opinion and intention of the three
+   following articles, viz:
+
+   1. Whether he would allow that his tenants may form themselves into
+   Companies, according to the regulations of our Continental Congress,
+   to the defence of our Country's cause;
+
+   2. Whether he would be willing himself also to assist personally in
+   the same purpose;
+
+   3. Whether he pretendeth a prerogative to our County Court-House and
+   Jail, and would hinder or interrupt the Committee of our County to
+   make use of the said publick houses for our want and service in our
+   common cause;
+
+   We have, therefore, from our meeting held yesterday, sent three
+   members of our Committee with the aforementioned questions contained
+   in a letter to him directed, and received of Sir John, thereupon, the
+   following answer:
+
+   1. That he thinks our requests very unreasonable, as he never had
+   denied the use of either Court-House or Jail to anybody, nor would
+   yet deny it for the use which these houses have been built for; but
+   he looks upon the Court-House and Jail at Johnstown to be his
+   property till he is paid seven hundred Pounds--which being out of his
+   pocket for the building of the same.
+
+   2. In regard of embodying his tenants into Companies, he never did
+   forbid them, neither should do it, as they may use their pleasure;
+   but we might save ourselves that trouble, he being sure they would
+   not.
+
+   3. Concerning himself he declared, that before he would sign any
+   association, or would lift his hand up against his King, he would
+   rather suffer that his head shall be cut off. Further, he replied,
+   that if we would make any unlawful use of the Jail, he would oppose
+   it; and also mentions that there have many unfair means been used for
+   signing the Association, and uniting the people; for he was informed
+   by credible gentlemen in New-York, that they were obliged to unite,
+   otherwise they could not live there. And that he was also informed,
+   by good authority, that likewise two-thirds of the Canajoharie and
+   German Flatts people have been forced to sign; and, by his opinion,
+   the Boston people are open rebels, and the other Colonies have joined
+   them.
+
+   Our Deputies replied to his expressions of forcing the people to sign
+   in our County; that his authority spared the truth, and it appears by
+   itself rediculous that one-third should have forced two-thirds to
+   sign. On the contrary, they would prove that it was offered to any
+   one, after signing, that the regretters could any time have their
+   names crossed, upon their requests.
+
+   We thought proper to refer these particular inimical declarations to
+   your House, and would be very glad to get your opinion and advice,
+   for our further directions. Please, also, to remember what we
+   mentioned to you in our former letters, of the inimical and provoking
+   behaviour of the tenants of said Sir John, which they still continue,
+   under the authority of said Sir John."[112]
+
+The attitude of Sir John had become such that the Continental Congress
+deemed it best, on December 30th to order General Schuyler "to take the
+most speedy and effective measures for securing the said Arms and
+Military Stores, and for disarming the said Tories, and apprehending
+their chiefs."[113] The action of Congress was none too hasty; for in a
+letter from Governor William Tryon of New York to the earl of Dartmouth,
+under date of January 5, 1776, he encloses the following addressed to
+himself:
+
+   "Sir: I hope the occasion and intention of this letter will plead my
+   excuse for the liberty I take in introducing to your Excellency the
+   bearer hereof Captain Allen McDonell who will inform you of many
+   particulars that cannot at this time with safety be committed to
+   writing. The distracted & convulsed State this unhappy country is now
+   worked up to, and the situation that I am in here, together with the
+   many Obligations our family owe to the best of Sovereigns induces me
+   to fall upon a plan that may I hope be of service to my country, the
+   propriety of which I entirely submit to Your Excellency's better
+   judgment, depending on that friendship which you have been pleased to
+   honour me with for your advice on and Representation to his Majesty
+   of what we propose. Having consulted with all my friends in this
+   quarter, among whom are many old and good Officers, most of whom have
+   a good deal of interests in their respective neighborhoods, and have
+   now a great number of men ready to compleat the plan--We must however
+   not think of stirring till we have a support, & supply of money,
+   necessaries to enable us to carry our design into execution, all of
+   which Mr. McDonell who will inform you of everything that has been
+   done in Canada that has come to our knowledge. As I find by the
+   papers you are soon to sail for England I despair of having the
+   pleasure to pay my respect to you but most sincerely wish you an
+   Agreeable Voyage and a happy sight of Your family & friends. I am.
+
+     Your Excellency's most obedient
+     humble Servant,
+     John Johnson."[114]
+
+General Schuyler immediately took active steps to carry out the orders
+of Congress, and on January 23, 1776, made a very lengthy and detailed
+report to that body.[115] Although he had no troops to carry into
+execution the orders of Congress, he asked for seven hundred militia,
+yet by the time he reached Caughnawaga, there were nearly three thousand
+men, including the Tryon county militia. Arriving at Schenectady, he
+addressed, on January 16th, a letter to Sir John Johnson, requesting him
+to meet him on the next day, promising safe conduct for him and such
+person as might attend him. They met at the time appointed sixteen miles
+beyond Schenectady, Sir John being accompanied by some of the leading
+Highlanders and two or three others, to whom General Schuyler delivered
+his terms. After some difficulty, in which the Mohawk Indians figured as
+peacemakers, Sir John Johnson and Allan McDonell (Collachie) signed a
+paper agreeing "upon his word and honor immediately deliver up all
+cannon, arms, and other military stores, of what kind soever, which may
+be in his own possession," or that he may have delivered to others, or
+that he knows to be concealed; that "having given his parole of honour
+not to take up arms against America," "he consents not to go to the
+westward of the German-Flats and Kingsland (Highlanders') District," but
+to every other part to the southward he expects the privilege of going;
+agreed that the Highlanders shall, "without any kind of exception,
+immediately deliver up all arms in their possession, of what kind
+soever," and from among them any six prisoners may be taken, but the
+same must be maintained agreeable to their respective rank.
+
+[Illustration: Johnson Hall.]
+
+On Friday the 19th General Schulyer marched to Johnstown, and in the
+afternoon the arms and military stores in Sir John's possession were
+delivered up. On the next day, at noon, General Schuyler drew his men up
+in the street, "and the Highlanders, between two and three hundred,
+marched to the front, where they grounded their arms;" when they were
+dismissed "with an exhortation, pointing out the only conduct which
+could insure them protection." On the 21st, at Cagnuage, General
+Schuyler wrote to Sir John as follows:
+
+   "Although it is a well known fact that all the Scotch (Highlanders)
+   people that yesterday surrendered arms, had not broadswords when they
+   came to the country, yet many of them had, and most of them were
+   possessed of dirks; and as none have been given up of either, I will
+   charitably believe that it was rather inattention than a wilful
+   omission. Whether it was the former or the latter must be ascertained
+   by their immediate compliance with that part of the treaty which
+   requires that all arms, of what kind soever, shall be delivered up.
+
+   After having been informed by you, at our first interview, that the
+   Scotch people meant to defend themselves, I was not a little
+   surprised that no ammunition was delivered up, and that you had none
+   to furnish them with. These observations were immediately made by
+   others as well as me. I was too apprehensive of the consequences
+   which might have been fatal to those people, to take notice of it on
+   the spot. I shall, however, expect an eclaircissement on this
+   subject, and beg that you and Mr. McDonell will give it me as soon as
+   may be."
+
+Governor Tryon reported to the earl of Dartmouth, February 7th, that
+General Schuyler "marched to Johnson Hall the 24th of last month, where
+Sr John had mustered near Six hundred men, from his Tenants and
+neighbours, the majority highlanders, after disarming them and taking
+four pieces of artillery, ammunition and many Prisoners, with 360
+Guineas from Sr John's Desk, they compelled him to enter into a Bond in
+1600 pound Sterling not to aid the King's Service, or to remove within a
+limited district from his house."[116]
+
+The six of the chiefs of the Highland clan of the McDonells made
+prisoners were, Allan McDonell, sen. (Collachie), Allan McDonell, Jur.,
+Alexander McDonell, Ronald McDonell, Archibald McDonell, and John
+McDonell, all of whom were sent to Reading, Pennsylvania, with their
+three servants, and later to Lancaster.[117]
+
+Had Sir John obeyed his parole, it would have saved him his vast
+estates, the Highlanders their homes, the effusion of blood, and the
+savage cruelty which his leadership engendered. Being incapable of
+forecasting the future, he broke his parole of honor, plunged headlong
+into the conflict, and dragged his followers into the horrors of war.
+General Schuyler wrote him, March 12, 1776, stating that the evidence
+had been placed in his hands that he had been exciting the Indians to
+hostility, and promising to defer taking steps until a more minute
+inquiry could be made he begged Sir John "to be present when it was
+made," which would be on the following Monday.
+
+Sir John's actions were such that it became necessary to use stringent
+measures. General Schuyler, on May 14th, issued his instructions to
+Colonel Elias Dayton, who was to proceed to Johnstown, "and give notice
+to the Highlanders, who live in the vicinity of the town, to repair to
+it; and when any number are collected there, you will send off their
+baggage, infirm women and children, in wagons." Sir John was to be taken
+prisoner, carefully guarded and brought to Albany, but "he is by no
+means to experience the least ill-treatment in his own person, or those
+of his family."[118] General Schuyler had previously written (May 10th)
+to Sir John intimating that he had "acted contrary to the sacred
+engagements you lay under to me, and through me to the publick," and
+have "ordered you a close prisoner, and sent down to Albany."[119] The
+reason assigned for the removal of the Highlanders as stated by General
+Schuyler to Sir John was that "the elder Mr. McDonald (Allan of
+Collachie), a chief of that part of the clan of his name now in Tryon
+County, has applied to Congress that those people with their families
+may be moved from thence and subsisted."[120] To this Sir John replied
+as follows:
+
+   "Johnson Hall, May 18, 1776.
+
+   Sir: On my return from Fort Hunter yesterday, I received your letter
+   by express acquainting me that the elder Mr. McDonald had desired to
+   have all the clan of his name in the County of Tryon, removed and
+   subsisted. I know none of that clan but such as are my tenants, and
+   have been, for near two years supported by me with every necessary,
+   by which means they have contracted a debt of near two thousand
+   pounds, which they are in a likely way to discharge, if left in
+   peace. As they are under no obligations to Mr. McDonald, they refuse
+   to comply with his extraordinary request; therefore beg there may be
+   no troops sent to conduct them to Albany, otherwise they will look
+   upon it as a total breach of the treaty agreed to at Johnstown. Mrs.
+   McDonald showed me a letter from her husband, written since he
+   applied to the Congress for leave to return to their families, in
+   which he mentions that he was told by the Congress that it depended
+   entirely upon you; he then desired that their families might be
+   brought down to them, but never mentioned anything with regard to
+   moving my tenants from hence, as matters he had no right to treat of.
+   Mrs. McDonald requested that I would inform you that neither herself
+   nor any of the other families would choose to go down.
+
+     I am, sir, your very humble servant,
+     John Johnson."[121]
+
+Colonel Dayton arrived at Johnstown May 19th, and as he says, in his
+report to General John Sullivan, he immediately sent "a letter to Sir
+John Johnson, informing him that I had arrived with a body of troops to
+guard the Highlanders to Albany, and desired that he would fix a time
+for their assembling. When these gentlemen came to Johnson Hall they
+were informed by Lady Johnson that Sir John Johnson had received General
+Schuyler's letter by the express; that he had consulted the Highlanders
+upon the contents, and that they had unanimously resolved not to deliver
+themselves as prisoners, but to go another way, and that Sir John
+Johnson had determined to go with them. She added that, that if they
+were pursued they were determined to make an opposition, and had it in
+their power, in some measure."[122]
+
+The approach of Colonel Dayton's command caused great commotion among
+the inhabitants of Johnstown and vicinity. Sir John determined to
+decamp, take with him as many followers as possible, and travel through
+the woods to Canada. Lieutenant James Gray, of the 42nd Highlanders,
+helped to raise the faithful bodyguard, and all having assembled at the
+house of Allen McDonell of Collachie started through the woods. The
+party consisted of three Indians from an adjacent village to serve as
+guides, one hundred and thirty Highlanders, and one hundred and twenty
+others.[123] The appearance of Colonel Dayton was more sudden than Sir
+John anticipated. Having but a brief period for their preparation, the
+party was but illy prepared for their flight. He did not know whether or
+not the royalists were in possession of Lake Champlain, therefore the
+fugitives did not dare to venture on that route to Montreal; so they
+were obliged to strike deeper into the forests between the headwaters of
+the Hudson and the St. Lawrence. Their provisions soon were exhausted;
+their feet soon became sore from the rough travelling; and several were
+left in the wilderness to be picked up and brought in by the Indians who
+were afterwards sent out for that purpose. After nineteen days of great
+hardships the party arrived in Montreal in a pitiable condition, having
+endured as much suffering as seemed possible for human nature to
+undergo.
+
+Sir John Johnson and his Highlanders, unwittingly, paid the Highest
+possible compliment to the kindness and good intentions of the patriots,
+when they deserted their families and left them to face the foe. When
+the flight was brought to the attention of General Schuyler, he wrote to
+Colonel Dayton, May 27, in which he says:
+
+   "I am favored with a letter from Mr. Caldwell, in which he suggests
+   the propriety of suffering such Highlanders to remain at their
+   habitations as have not fled. I enter fully into his idea; but
+   prudence dictates that this should be done under certain
+   restrictions. These people have been taught to consider us in
+   politicks in the same light that Papists consider Protestants in a
+   religious relation, viz: that no faith is to be kept with either. I
+   do not, therefore, think it prudent to suffer any of the men to
+   remain, unless a competent number of hostages are given, at least
+   five out of a hundred, on condition of being put to death if those
+   that remain should take up arms, or in any wise assist the enemies of
+   our country. A small body of troops * * may keep them in awe; but if
+   an equal body of the enemy should appear, the balance as to numbers,
+   by the junction of those left, would be against us. I am, however, so
+   well aware of the absurdity of judging with precision in these
+   matters at the distance we are from one another, that prudence
+   obliges me to leave these matters to your judgment, to act as
+   circumstances may occur."[124]
+
+Lady Johnson, wife of Sir John, was taken to Albany and there held as a
+hostage until the following December when she was permitted to go to New
+York, then in the hands of the British. Nothing is related of any of the
+Highlanders being taken at that time to Albany, but appear to have been
+left in peaceable possession of their lands.
+
+As might have been, and perhaps was, anticipated, the Highland
+settlement became the source of information and the base of supplies for
+the enemy. Spies and messengers came and went, finding there a welcome
+reception. The trail leading from there and along the Sacandaga and
+through the Adirondack woods, soon became a beaten path from its
+constant use. The Highland women gave unstintingly of their supplies,
+and opened their houses as places of retreat. Here were planned the
+swift attacks upon the unwary settlers farther to the south and west.
+Agents of the king were active everywhere, and the Highland homes became
+one of the resting places for refugees on their way to Canada. This
+state of affairs could not be concealed from the Americans, who, none
+too soon, came to view the whole neighborhood as a nest of treason.
+Military force could not be employed against women and children (for
+from time to time nearly all the men had left), but they could be
+removed where they would do but little harm. General Schuyler discussed
+the matter with General Herkimer and the Tryon County Committee, when it
+was decided to remove of those who remained "to the number of four
+hundred." A movement of this description could not be kept a secret,
+especially when the troops were put in motion. In March, 1777, General
+Schuyler had permitted both Alexander and John MacDonald to visit their
+families. Taking the alarm, on the approach of the troops, in May, they
+ran off to Canada, taking with them the residue of the Highlanders,
+together with a few of the German neighbors. The journey was a very long
+and tedious one, and very painful for the aged, the women, and the
+children. They were used to hardships and bore their sufferings without
+complaint. It was an exodus of a people, whose very existence was almost
+forgotten, and on the very lands they cleared and cultivated there is
+not a single tradition concerning them.
+
+From papers still in existence, preserved in Series B, Vol. 158, p. 351,
+of the Haldeman Papers, it would appear that some of the families,
+previous to the exodus, had been secured, as noted in the two following
+petitions, both written in either 1779 or 1780, date not given although
+first is simply dated "27th July," and second endorsed "27th July":
+
+   "To His Excellency General Haldimand, General and Commander in Chief
+   of all His Majesty's Forces in Canada and the Frontiers thereof,
+
+   The memorial of John and Alexander Macdonell, Captains in the King's
+   Royal Regiment of New York, humbly sheweth,
+
+   That your Memorialist, John Macdonell's, family are at present
+   detained by the rebels in the County of Tryon, within the Province of
+   New York, destitute of every support but such as they may receive
+   from the few friends to Government in said quarters, in which
+   situation they have been since 1777.
+
+   And your Memorialist, Alexander Macdonell, on behalf of his brother,
+   Captain Allan Macdonell, of the Eighty-Fourth Regiment: that the
+   family of his said brother have been detained by the Rebels in and
+   about Albany since the year 1775, and that unless it was for the
+   assistance they have met with from Mr. James Ellice, of Schenectady,
+   merchant, they must have perished.
+
+   Your Memorialists therefore humbly pray Your Excellency will be
+   graciously pleased to take the distressed situation of said families
+   into consideration, and to grant that a flag be sent to demand them
+   in exchange, or otherwise direct towards obtaining their releasement,
+   as Your Excellency in your wisdom shall see fit, and your
+   Memorialists will ever pray as in duty bound.
+
+     John Macdonell,
+     Alexander Macdonell."
+
+   "To the Honourable Sir John Johnson, Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of
+   the King's Royal Regiment of New York.
+
+   The humbel petition of sundry soldiers of said Regiment sheweth,--
+
+   That your humble petitioners, whose names are hereunto subscribed,
+   have families in different places of the Counties of Albany and
+   Tryon, who have been and are daily ill-treated by the enemies of
+   Government.
+
+   Therefore we do humbly pray that Your Honour would be pleased to
+   procure permission for them to come to Canada,
+
+   And your petitioners will ever pray.
+
+   John McGlenny, Thomas Ross. Alexander Cameron, Frederick Goose, Wm.
+   Urchad (Urquhart?), Duncan McIntire, Andrew Mileross, Donald
+   McCarter, Allen Grant, Hugh Chisholm, Angus Grant, John McDonald,
+   Alex. Ferguson, Thomas Taylor, William Cameron, George Murdoff,
+   William Chession (Chisholm), John Christy, Daniel Campbell, Donald
+   Ross, Donald Chissem, Roderick McDonald, Alexander Grant."
+
+   The names and number of each family intended in the written
+   petition:--
+
+         Name of Family         Consisting of             No
+     1, Duncan McIntyre's   Wife, Sister and Child         3
+     2, John Christy's      Wife and 3 Children            4
+     3, George Mordoffs       "  and 6   "                 7
+     4, Daniel Campbell's     "  and 5   "                 6
+     5, Andrew Milross'     Wife                           1
+     6, William Urghad's    Wife and 3   "                 4
+     7, Donald McCarter's     "  and 3   "                 4
+     8, Donald Ross'          "  and 1  Child              2
+     9, Allan Grant's         "  and 1  Child              2
+    10, William Chissim's     "  and 1   "                 2
+    11, Donald Chissim's      "  and 2  Children           3
+    12, Hugh Chissim's        "  and 5   "                 6
+    13, Roderick McDonald's   "  and 4   "                 5
+    14, Angus Grant's         "  and 5   "                 6
+    15, Alexander Grant's     "  and 4   "                 5
+    16, Donald Grant's        "  and 4   "                 5
+    17, John McDonald's     Wife                           1
+    18, John McGlenny's       "  and 2   "                 3
+    19, Alexander Ferguson's  "  and 5   "                 6
+    20, Thomas Ross'          "  and 4   "                 5
+    21, Thomas Taylor's       "  and 1  Child              2
+    22, Alexander Cameron's   "  and 3  Children           4
+    23, William Cameron's     "  and 3   "                 4
+    24, Frederick Goose's     "  and 4   "                 5
+
+Mrs. Helen MacDonell, wife of Allan, the chief, was apprehended and sent
+to Schenectady, and in 1780 managed to escape, and made her way to New
+York. Before she was taken, and while her husband was still a prisoner
+of war, she appears to have been the chief person who had charge of the
+settlement, after the men had fled with Sir John Johnson. A letter of
+hers has been preserved, which is not only interesting, but throws some
+light on the action of the Highlanders. It is addressed to Major Jellis
+Fonda, at Caughnawaga.
+
+   "Sir: Some time ago I wrote you a letter, much to this purpose,
+   concerning the Inhabitants of this Bush being made prisoners. There
+   was no such thing then in agitation as you was pleased to observe in
+   your letter to me this morning. Mr. Billie Laird came amongst the
+   people to give them warning to go in to sign, and swear. To this they
+   will never consent, being already prisoners of General Schuyler. His
+   Excellency was pleased by your proclamation, directing every one of
+   them to return to their farms, and that they should be no more
+   troubled nor molested during the war. To this they agreed, and have
+   not done anything against the country, nor intend to, if let alone.
+   If not, they will lose their lives before being taken prisoners
+   again. They begged the favour of me to write to Major Fonda and the
+   gentlemen of the committee to this purpose. They blame neither the
+   one nor the other of you gentlemen, but those ill-natured fellows
+   amongst them that get up an excitement about nothing, in order to
+   ingratiate themselves in your favour. They were of very great hurt to
+   your cause since May last, through violence and ignorance. I do not
+   know what the consequences would have been to them long ago, if not
+   prevented. Only think what daily provocation does.
+
+   Jenny joins me in compliments to Mrs. Fonda.
+
+     I am, Sir, Your humble servant, Callachie, 15th March, 1777. Helen
+     McDonell."[125]
+
+Immediately on the arrival of Sir John Johnson in Montreal, with his
+party who fled from Johnstown, he was commissioned a Colonel in the
+British service. At once he set about to organize a regiment composed of
+those who had accompanied him, and other refugees who had followed their
+example. This regiment was called the "King's Royal Regiment of New
+York," but by Americans was known as "The Royal Greens," probably
+because the facings of their uniforms were of that color. In the
+formation of the regiment he was instructed that the officers of the
+corps were to be divided in such a manner as to assist those who were
+distressed by the war; but there were to be no pluralities of
+officers,--a practice then common in the British army.
+
+In this regiment, Butler's Rangers, and the Eighty-Fourth, or Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment also then raised, the Highland gentlemen who
+had, in 1773, emigrated to Tryon county, received commissions, as well
+as those who had previously had joined the ranks. After the war proper
+returns of the officers were made, and from these the following tables
+have been extracted. The number of private soldiers of the same name are
+in proportion.
+
+          "FIRST BATTALION KING'S ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK.
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+  Rank |      NAME         |Place of|Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|       |
+------------------------------------|-------|-----------------------------
+Captain|Alexander Macdonell|Scotland| 8 yrs.|200 acres of land in fee
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |        |       |  simple, under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson, at yearly annual
+       |                   |        |       |  rent of L6 per 100.
+Captain|Angus Macdonell    |Scotland|25 yrs.|Ensign in 60th Regt., 8th
+       |                   |        |       |  July, 1760; Lieut. in
+       |                   |        |       |  do. Dec 27, 1770; sold
+       |                   |        |       |  out on account of bad
+       |                   |        |       |  health, May 22, 1775.
+       |                   |        |       |  Had no lands.
+Captain|John Macdonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had landed property, 500
+       |       (Scotas)    |        |       |  acres, purchased and
+       |                   |        |       |  began to improve in
+       |                   |        |       |  April, 1774.
+Captain|Archibald Macdonell|Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant; had no lands.
+       |       (Leek)      |        |       |
+Captain|Allen Macdonell    |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had 200 acres in fee
+Lieut  |       (Leek)      |        |       |  simple, under Sir John,
+       |                   |        |       |  at L6 per 100 acres.
+Lieut  |Hugh Macdonell     |Scotland| 7 yrs.|Son of Captain Macdonell
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |        |       |
+Ensign |Miles Macdonell    |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Son of Captain John
+       |       (Scotas)    |        |       |  Macdonell.
+==========================================================================
+
+        SECOND BATTALION KING'S ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+  Rank |   NAME            |Place of|Service|    REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|       |
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|-----------------------------
+Captain|James Macdonell    |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held ---- acres in fee simple,
+       |                   |        |       |  under Sir John, at
+       |                   |        |       |  L6 per 100 acres.
+Lieut  |Ronald Macdonell   |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Farmer.
+       |       (Leek)      |        |       |
+==========================================================================
+
+CORPS OF BUTLER'S RANGERS, COMMANDED BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
+                        JOHN BUTLER
+-------|-------------------|---------|-------|----------------------------
+  Rank |     NAME          |Place of |Service|    REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|------|----------------------------
+Captain|John Macdonell     |Inverness-|9 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |                   |Scotland  |      |  Highlanders in 1773,
+       |                   |          |      |  settled in Tryon County,
+       |                   |          |      |  near Johnstown, in
+       |                   |          |      |  the Province of New
+       |                   |          |      |  York; entered His
+       |                   |          |      |  Majesty's Service as a
+       |                   |          |      |  Subaltern Officer, June
+       |                   |          |      |  14, 1775, in the 84th
+       |                   |          |      |  or Royal Highland
+       |                   |          |      |    Emigrants.
+First  |                   |          |      |
+Lieut. |Alexander Macdonell|Inverness-|7 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |    (Collachie)    |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |                   |Scotland  |      |  Highland Emigrants in
+       |                   |          |      |  1773, settled in Tryon
+       |                   |          |      |  County, near Johnstown,
+       |                   |          |      |  in the Province
+       |                   |          |      |  of New York; entered
+       |                   |          |      |  His Majesty's Service
+       |                   |          |      |  as a Volunteer in the
+       |                   |          |      |  84th or Royal Highland
+       |                   |          |      |  Emigrants.
+Second |                   |          |      |
+Lieut. |Chichester         |Inverness-|6 yrs.|Came to America with
+       |  Macdonell        |shire     |      |  his father and other
+       |    (Aberchalder)  |Scotland  |      |  Highland Emigrants in
+       |                   |          |      |  1773, and settled near
+       |                   |          |      |  Johnstown; entered
+       |                   |          |      |  His Majesty's Service
+       |                   |          |      |  as a Volunteer in the
+       |                   |          |      |  King's Royal Regiment
+       |                   |          |      |  of New York in
+       |                   |          |      |  the year 1778.
+=======|===================|==========|======|============================
+         EIGHTY-FOURTH OR ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANT REGIMENT
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+  Rank |     NAME          | Place of |Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   | Nativity |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+Captain|Allan Macdonell    |          |       |Prisoner at Lancaster in
+       |   (Collachie)     |          |       |  Pennsylvania.
+Lieut. |Ronald Macdonell   |          |40 yrs.|
+Lieut. |Arch'd Macdonell   |          | 8 yrs.|
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+
+                       SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+  Rank |  NAME             |Place of  |Service|   REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity  |       |
+-------|-------------------|----------|-------|---------------------------
+Lieut  |Angus Macdonell    |          |       |                     "[126]
+=======|===================|==========|=======|===========================
+
+In the month of January, following his flight into Canada, Sir John
+Johnson found his way into the city of New York. From that time he
+became one of the most bitter and virulent foes of his countrymen
+engaged in the contest, and repeatedly became the scourge of his former
+neighbors--in all of which his Highland retainers bore a prominent part.
+In savage cruelty, together with Butler's Rangers, they outrivalled
+their Indian allies. The aged, the infirm, helpless women, and the
+innocent babe in the cradle, alike perished before them. In all this the
+MacDonells were among the foremost. Such warfare met the approval of the
+British Cabinet, and officers felt no compunction in relating their
+achievements. Colonel Guy Johnson writing to lord George Germain,
+November 11, 1779, not only speaks of the result of his conference with
+Sir John Johnson, but further remarks that "there appeared little
+prospect of effecting anything beyond harrassing the frontiers with
+detached partys."[127] In all probability none of the official reports
+related the atrocities perpetrated under the direction of the minor
+officers.
+
+Although "The Royal Greens" were largely composed of the Mohawk
+Highlanders, and especially all who decamped from Johnstown with Sir
+John Johnson, and Butler's Rangers had a fair percentage of the same, it
+is not necessary to enter into a detailed account of their achievements,
+because neither was essentially Highlanders. Their movements were not
+always in a body, and the essential share borne by the Highlanders have
+not been recorded in the papers that have been preserved. Individual
+deeds have been narrated, some of which are here given.
+
+The Royal Greens and Butler's Rangers formed a part of the expedition
+under Colonel Barry St. Leger that was sent against Fort Schuyler in
+order to create a diversion in favor of General Burgoyne's army then on
+its march towards Albany. In order to relieve Fort Schuyler (Stanwix)
+General Herkimer with a force of eight hundred was dispatched and, on
+the way, met the army of St. Leger near Oriskany, August 6, 1777. On the
+3rd St. Leger encamped before Fort Stanwix, his force numbering sixteen
+hundred, eight hundred of whom were Indians. Proper precautions were not
+taken by General Herkimer, while every advantage was enforced by his
+wary enemy. He fell into an ambuscade, and a desperate conflict ensued.
+During the conflict Colonel Butler attempted a _ruse-de guerre_, by
+sending, from the direction of the fort, a detachment of The Royal
+Greens, disguised as American troops, in expectation that they might be
+received as reenforcements from the garrison. They were first noticed by
+Lieutenant Jacob Sammons, who at once notified Captain Jacob Gardenier;
+but the quick eye of the latter had detected the ruse. The Greens
+continued to advance until hailed by Gardenier, at which moment one of
+his own men observing an acquaintance in the opposing ranks, and
+supposing them to be friends, ran to meet him, and presented his hand.
+The credulous fellow was dragged into their lines and notified that he
+was a prisoner.
+
+"He did not yield without a struggle; during which Gardenier, watching
+the action and the result, sprang forward, and with a blow from his
+spear levelled the captor to the dust and liberated his man. Others of
+the foe instantly set upon him, of whom he slew the second and wounded
+the third. Three of the disguised Greens now sprang upon him, and one of
+his spurs becoming entangled in their clothes, he was thrown to the
+ground. Still, contending, however, with almost super-human strength,
+both of his thighs were transfixed to the earth by the bayonets of two
+of his assailants, while the third presented a bayonet to his breast, as
+if to thrust him through. Seizing the bayonet with his left hand, by a
+sudden wrench he brought its owner down upon himself, where he held him
+as a shield against the arms of the others, until one of his own men,
+Adam Miller, observing the struggle, flew to the rescue. As the
+assailants turned upon their new adversary, Gardenier rose upon his
+seat; and although his hand was severely lacerated by grasping the
+bayonet which had been drawn through it, he seized his spear lying by
+his side, and quick as lightning planted it to the barb in the side of
+the assailant with whom he had been clenched. The man fell and
+expired--proving to be Lieutenant McDonald, one of the loyalist
+officers from Tryon county."[128]
+
+This was John McDonald, who had been held as a hostage by General
+Schuyler, and when permitted to return home, helped run off the
+remainder of the Highlanders to Canada, as previously noticed. June 19,
+1777, he was appointed captain Lieutenant in The Royal Greens.[129]
+During the engagement thirty of The Royal Greens fell near the body of
+McDonald. The loss of Herkimer was two hundred killed, exclusive of the
+wounded and prisoners. The royalist loss was never given, but known to
+be heavy. The Indians lost nearly a hundred warriors among whom were
+sachems held in great favor. The Americans retained possession of the
+field owing to the sortie made by the garrison of Fort Schuyler on the
+camp of St. Leger. On the 22nd St. Leger receiving alarming reports of
+the advance of General Arnold suddenly decamped from before Fort
+Schuyler, leaving his baggage behind him. Indians, belonging to the
+expedition followed in the rear, tomahawking and scalping the
+stragglers; and when the army did not run fast enough, they accelerated
+the speed by giving their war cries and fresh alarms, thus adding
+increased terror to the demoralized troops. Of all the men that Butler
+took with him, when he arrived in Quebec he could muster but fifty. The
+Royal Greens also showed their numbers greatly decimated.
+
+Among the prisoners taken by the Americans was Captain Angus McDonell of
+The Royal Greens.[130] For greater security he was transferred to the
+southern portion of the State. On October 12th following, at Kingston,
+he gave the following parole to the authorities:
+
+   "I, Angus McDonell, lieutenant in the 60th or Royal American
+   regiment, now a prisoner to the United States of America and enlarged
+   on my parole, do promise upon my word of honor that I will continue
+   within one mile of the house of Jacobus Hardenburgh, and in the town
+   of Hurley, in the county of Ulster; and that I will not do any act,
+   matter or thing whatsoever against the interests of America; and
+   further, that I will remove hereafter to such place as the governor
+   of the state of New York or the president of the Council of Safety
+   of the said state shall direct, and that I will observe this my
+   parole until released, exchanged or otherwise ordered.
+
+   Angus McDonell."
+
+[Illustration: The Valley of the Wyoming.]
+
+The following year Captain Angus McDonald and Allen McDonald, ensign in
+the same company were transferred to Reading, Pennsylvania. The former
+was probably released or exchanged for he was with the regiment when it
+was disbanded at the close of the War. What became of the latter is
+unknown. Probably neither of them were Sir John Johnson's tenants.
+
+The next movement of special importance relates to the melancholy story
+of Wyoming, immortalized in verse by Thomas Campbell in his "Gertrude of
+Wyoming." Towards the close of June 1778 the British officers at Niagara
+determined to strike a blow at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania. For this
+purpose an expedition of about three hundred white men under Colonel
+John Butler, together with about five hundred Indians, marched for the
+scene of action. Just what part the McDonells took in the Massacre of
+Wyoming is not known, nor is it positive any were present; but belonging
+to Butler's Rangers it is fair to assume that all such participated in
+those heartrending scenes which have been so often related. It was a
+terrible day and night for that lovely valley, and its beauty was
+suddenly changed into horror and desolation. The Massacre of Wyoming
+stands out in bold relief as one of the darkest pictures in the whole
+panorama of the Revolution.
+
+While this scene was being enacted, active preparations were pushed by
+Alexander McDonald for a descent on the New York frontiers. It was the
+same Alexander who has been previously mentioned as having been
+permitted to return to the Johnstown settlement, and then assisted in
+helping the remaining Highland families escape to Canada. He was a man
+of enterprise and activity, and by his energy he collected three hundred
+royalists and Indians and fell with great fury upon the frontiers.
+Houses were burned, and such of the people as fell into his hands were
+either killed or made prisoners. One example of the blood thirsty
+character of this man is given by Sims, in his "Trappers of New York,"
+as follows:
+
+   "On the morning of October 25, 1781, a large body of the enemy under
+   Maj. Ross, entered Johnstown with several prisoners, and not a little
+   plunder; among which was a number of human scalps taken the afternoon
+   and night previous, in settlements in and adjoining the Mohawk
+   valley; to which was added the scalp of Hugh McMonts, a constable,
+   who was surprised and killed as they entered Johnstown. In the course
+   of the day the troops from the garrisons near and militia from the
+   surrounding country, rallied under the active and daring Willett, and
+   gave the enemy battle on the Hall farm, in which the latter were
+   finally defeated with loss, and made good their retreat into Canada.
+   Young Scarsborough was then in the nine months' service, and while
+   the action was going on, himself and one Crosset left the Johnstown
+   fort, where they were on garrison duty, to join in the fight, less
+   than two miles distant. Between the Hall and woods they soon found
+   themselves engaged. Crosset after shooting down one or two, received
+   a bullet through one hand, but winding a handkerchief around it he
+   continued the fight under cover of a hemlock stump. He was shot down
+   and killed there, and his companion surrounded and made prisoner by a
+   party of Scotch (Highlanders) troops commanded by Captain McDonald.
+   When Scarsborough was captured, Capt. McDonald was not present, but
+   the moment he saw him he ordered his men to shoot him down. Several
+   refused; but three, shall I call them men? obeyed the dastardly
+   order, and yet he possibly would have survived his wounds, had not
+   the miscreant in authority cut him down with his own broadsword. The
+   sword was caught in its first descent, and the valiant captain drew
+   it out, cutting the hand nearly in two."[131]
+
+This was the same McDonald who, in 1779, figured in the battle of the
+Chemung, together with Sir John and Guy Johnson and Walter N. Butler.
+
+Just what part the Mohawk Highlanders, if any, had in the Massacre of
+Cherry Valley on October 11, 1778, may not be known. The leaders were
+Walter N. Butler, son of Colonel John Butler, who was captain of a
+company of Rangers, and the monster Brant.
+
+Owing to the frequent depredations made by the Indians, the Royal
+Greens, Butler's Rangers, and the independent company of Alexander
+McDonald, upon the frontiers, destroying the innocent and helpless as
+well as those who might be found in arms, Congress voted that an
+expedition should be sent into the Indian country. Washington detached a
+division from the army under General John Sullivan to lay waste that
+country. The instructions were obeyed, and Sullivan did not cease until
+he found no more to lay waste. The only resistance he met with that was
+of any moment was on August 29, 1779, when the enemy hoping to ambuscade
+the army of Sullivan, brought on the battle of Chemung, near the present
+site of Elmira. There were about three hundred royalists under Colonel
+John Butler and Captain Alexander McDonald, assisting Joseph Brant who
+commanded the Indians. The defeat was so overwhelming that the royalists
+and Indians, in a demoralized condition sought shelter under the walls
+of Fort Niagara.
+
+The lower Mohawk Valley having experienced the calamities of border wars
+was yet to feel the full measures of suffering. On Sunday, May 21,
+1780, Sir John Johnson with some British troops, a detachment of Royal
+Greens, and about two hundred Indians and Tories, at dead of night fell
+unexpectedly on Johnstown, the home of his youth. Families were killed
+and scalped, the houses pillaged and then burned. Instances of daring
+and heroism in withstanding the invaders have been recorded.
+
+Sir John's next achievement was in the fall of the same year, when he
+descended with fire and sword into the rich settlements along the
+Schoharie. He was overtaken by the American force at Klock's Field and
+put to flight.
+
+Sir John Johnson with the Royal Greens, principally his former tenants
+and retainers, appear to have been especially stimulated with hate
+against the people of their former homes who did not sympathize with
+their views. In the summer of 1781 another expedition was secretly
+planned against Johnstown, and executed with silent celerity. The
+expedition consisted of four companies of the Second battalion of Sir
+John's regiment of Royal Greens, Butler's Rangers and two hundred
+Indians, numbering in all about one thousand men, under the command of
+Major Ross. He was defeated at the battle of Johnstown on October 25th.
+The army of Major Ross, for four days in the wilderness, on their
+advance had been living on only a half pound of horse flesh per man per
+day; yet they were so hotly pursued by the Americans that they were
+forced to trot off a distance of thirty miles before they
+stopped,--during a part of the distance they were compelled to sustain a
+running fight. They crossed Canada Creek late in the afternoon, where
+Walter N. Butler attempted to rally the men. He was shot through the
+head by an Oneida Indian, who was with the Americans. When Captain
+Butler fell his troops fled in the utmost confusion, and continued their
+flight through the night. Without food and even without blankets they
+had eighty miles to traverse through the dreary and pathless wilderness.
+
+On August 6, 1781, Donald McDonald, one of the Highlanders who had fled
+from Johnstown, made an attempt upon Shell's Bush, about four miles
+north of the present village of Herkimer, at the head of sixty-six
+Indians and Tories. John Christian Shell had built a block-house of his
+own, which was large and substantial, and well calculated to withstand
+a seige. The first story had no windows, but furnished with loopholes
+which could be used to shoot through by muskets. The second story
+projected over the first, so that the garrison could fire upon an
+advancing enemy, or cast missiles upon their heads. The owner had a
+family of six sons, the youngest two were twins, and only eight years
+old. Most of his neighbors had taken refuge in Fort Dayton; but this
+settler refused to leave his home. When Donald McDonald and his party
+arrived at Shell's Bush his brother with his sons were at work in the
+field; and the children, unfortunately were so widely separated from
+their father, as to fall into the hands of the enemy.
+
+   "Shell and his other boys succeeded in reaching their castle, and
+   barricading the ponderous door. And then commenced the battle. The
+   besieged were well armed, and all behaved with admirable bravery; but
+   none more bravely than Shell's wife, who loaded the pieces as her
+   husband and sons discharged them. The battle commenced at two
+   o'clock, and continued until dark. Several attempts were made by
+   McDonald to set fire to the castle, but without success, and his
+   forces were repeatedly driven back by the galling fire they received.
+   McDonald at length procured a crow-bar and attempted to force the
+   door; but while thus engaged he received a shot in the leg from
+   Shell's Blunderbuss, which put him _hors du combat_. None of his men
+   being sufficiently near at the moment to rescue him, Shell, quick as
+   lightning, opened the door, and drew him within the walls a prisoner.
+   The misfortune of Shell and his garrison was, that their ammunition
+   began to run low; but McDonald was very amply provided, and to save
+   his own life, he surrendered his cartridges to the garrison to fire
+   upon his comrades. Several of the enemy having been killed and others
+   wounded, they now drew off for a respite. Shell and his troops,
+   moreover, needed a little breathing time; and feeling assured that,
+   so long as he had the commanding officer of the beseigers in his
+   possession, the enemy would hardly attempt to burn the citadel, he
+   ceased firing. He then went up stairs, and sang the hymn which was a
+   favorite of Luther during the perils and afflictions of the Great
+   Reformer in his controversies with the Pope. While thus engaged the
+   enemy likewise ceased firing. But they soon after rallied again to
+   the fight, and made a desperate effort to carry the fortress by
+   assault. Rushing up to the walls, five of them thrust the muzzles of
+   their guns through the loopholes, but had no sooner done so, than
+   Mrs. Shell, seizing an axe, by quick and well directed blows ruined
+   every musket thus thrust through the walls, by bending the barrels.
+   A few more well-directed shots by Shell and his sons once more drove
+   the assailants back. Shell thereupon ran up to the second story, just
+   in the twilight, and calling out to his wife with a loud voice,
+   informed her that Captain Small was approaching from Fort Dayton with
+   succors. In yet louder notes he then exclaimed--'Captain Small march
+   your company round upon this side of the house. Captain Getman, you
+   had better wheel your men off to the left, and come up upon that
+   side.' There were of course no troops approaching; but the directions
+   of Shell were given with such precision, and such apparent
+   earnestness and sincerity, that the stratagem succeeded, and the
+   enemy immediately fled to the woods, taking away the twin-lads as
+   prisoners. Setting the best provisions they had before their
+   reluctant guest. Shell and his family lost no time in repairing to
+   Fort Dayton, which they reached in safety--leaving McDonald in the
+   quiet possession of the castle he had been striving to capture in
+   vain. Some two or three of McDonald's Indians lingered about the
+   premises to ascertain the fate of their leader; and finding that
+   Shell and his family had evacuated the post, ventured in to visit
+   him. Not being able to remove him, however, on taking themselves off,
+   they charged their wounded leader to inform Shell, that if he would
+   be kind to him, (McDonald,) they would take good care of his
+   (Shell's) captive boys. McDonald was the next day removed to the fort
+   by Captain Small, where his leg was amputated; but the blood could
+   not be stanched, and he died within a few hours. The lads were
+   carried away into Canada. The loss of the enemy on the ground was
+   eleven killed and six wounded. The boys, who were rescued after the
+   war, reported that they took twelve of their wounded away with them,
+   nine of whom died before they arrived in Canada. McDonald wore a
+   silver-mounted tomahawk, which was taken from him by Shell. It was
+   marked by thirty scalp-notches, showing that few Indians could have
+   been more industrious than himself in gathering that description of
+   military trophies."[132]
+
+The close of the Revolution found the First Battalion of the King's
+Regiment of New York stationed at Isle aux Noix and Carleton Island with
+their wives and children to the number of one thousand four hundred and
+sixty-two. The following is a list of the officers of both Battalions at
+the close of the War:
+
+"RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE FIRST BATTALION, KING'S ROYAL
+                       REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |  NAMES            |Place of|  of   |        REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Lt     |Sir John Johnson   |America | 8 yrs.|Succeeded his father, the late
+Col    |     Bart          |        |       |  Sir Wm. Johnson, as a
+Com    |                   |        |       |  Maj. Gen. of the Northern
+Lt     |                   |        |       |  Dis. of the Prov. of New
+       |                   |        |       |  York; was in possession
+       |                   |        |       |  of nearly 200,000 acres of
+       |                   |        |       |  valuable land, lost in
+                           |        |       |  consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Maj    |James Gray         |Scotland|26 yrs.|Ensign in Lord London's
+       |                   |        |       |  Regt., 1745; Lieut, and
+       |                   |        |       |  Capt. in ye 42nd till after
+       |                   |        |       |  taking the Havannah, at
+       |                   |        |       |  which time he sold out.
+       |                   |        |       |  Had some landed property,
+       |                   |        |       |  part of which is secured
+       |                   |        |       |  to his son, ye remnant
+       |                   |        |       |  lost in consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Capt   |Angus McDonell     |Scotland|25 yrs.|Ensign in 60th Regt. July
+       |                   |        |       |  8th, 1760; Lieut, in same
+       |                   |        |       |  regt., 27th Dec., 1770.
+       |                   |        |       |  Sold out on account of bad
+       |                   |        |       |  state of health, 22nd May,
+       |                   |        |       |  1775. Had no lands.
+Capt   |John Munro         |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had considerable landed
+       |                   |        |       |  property, lost in
+       |                   |        |       |  consequence of ye Rebellion,
+       |                   |        |       |  and served in last war in
+       |                   |        |       |  America.
+Capt   |Patrick Daly       |Ireland | 9 yrs.|Lieut, in the 84th Regt. at
+       |                   |        |       |  the Siege of Quebec,
+       |                   |        |       |  1775-76.
+Capt   |Richard Duncan     |Scotland|13 yrs.|Five years Ensign in the
+       |                   |        |       |  56th Regiment.
+Capt   |Sam'l. Anderson    |America | 8 yrs.|Had landed property, and
+       |                   |        |       |  served in last war in
+       |                   |        |       |  America.
+Capt   |John McDonell      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Had landed property, 500
+       |                   |        |       |  acres, purchased and began
+       |                   |        |       |  to improve in April
+       |                   |        |       |  1774.
+Capt   |Alex McDonell      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|200 acres of land in fee
+       |                   |        |       |  simple under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson. Bart., ye annual
+       |                   |        |       |  rent of L6 per 100
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+"RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE FIRST BATTALION, KING'S ROYAL
+                       REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------+-------+------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |   NAMES           |Place of|  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Capt   |Arch. McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant. No lands.
+Capt   |Allan McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 200 acres of land under
+Lt     |                   |        |       |  Sir John Johnson, at L6
+       |                   |        |       |  per 100.
+Lt     |Mal. McMartin      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 100 acres of land under
+       |                   |        |       |  Sir John Johnson, at L6.
+Lt     |Peter Everett      |America | 7 yrs.|Had some landed property.
+Lt     |John Prentiss      |America | 9 yrs.|A volunteer at the Siege of
+       |                   |        |       |  Quebec, 1775-76.
+Lt     |Hugh McDonell      |Scotland| 7 yrs.|Son of Capt. McDonell.
+Lt     |John F. Holland    |America | 5 yrs.|Son of Major Holland,
+       |                   |        |       |  Surveyor-General,
+       |                   |        |       |  Province of Quebec.
+Lt     |William Coffin     |America | 3 yrs.|Son of Mr. Coffin, merchant,
+       |                   |        |       |  late of Boston.
+Lt     |Jacob Farrand      |America | 7 yrs.|Nephew to Major Gray.
+Lt     |William Claus      |America | 7 yrs.|Son of Col. Claus, deputy
+       |                   |        |       |  agent Indian Affairs.
+Lt     |Hugh Munro         |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. John Munro.
+Lt     |Joseph Anderson    |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. Sam'l Anderson.
+Lt     |Thomas Smith       |Ireland | 4 yrs.|Son of Dr. Smith.
+Ens    |John Connolly      |Ireland | 2 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens    |Jacob Glen         |America | 3 yrs.|Son of John Glen, Esq., of
+       |                   |        |       |  Schenectady. Had
+       |                   |        |       |  considerable landed
+       |                   |        |       |  property.
+Ens    |Miles McDonell     |Scotland| 3 yrs.|Son of Capt. John McDonell.
+Ens    |Eben'r Anderson    |America | 6 yrs.|Son of Capt. Sam'l. Anderson.
+Ens    |Duncan Cameron     |Scotland|14 yrs.|In service last war preceding
+       |                   |        |       |  this one.
+Ens    |John Mann          |America | 8 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens    |Francis McCarthy   |Ireland |28 yrs.|Formerly Sergeant in the
+       |                   |        |       |  34th Regiment.
+Ens    |John Valentine     |America |24 yrs.|18 years in 55th and 62nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Regiments.
+Ch'p   |John Doty          |America | 8 yrs.|Formerly minister of the
+       |                   |        |       |  Gospel at Schenectady.
+Adjt   |James Valentine    |Ireland | 4 yrs.|Son of Ens John Valentine.
+Q.M.   |Isaac Mann         |America | 8 yrs.|Merchant.
+Surg.  |Charles Austin     |England |22 yrs.|14 years in hospital work.
+M'te   |James Stewart      |Scotland|14 yrs.|Surgeon's mate in the 42nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Regt. the war before last.
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+    "RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE SECOND BATTALION, KING'S
+                    ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."
+-------|-------------------|--------+-------+------------------------------
+       |                   |        |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |  NAMES            |Place of|  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity|Service|
+-------|-------------------|--------|-------|------------------------------
+Maj.   |Robert Leake       |England | 7 yrs.|Had some landed property,
+       |                   |        |       |  etc., lost in consequence
+       |                   |        |       |  of the rebellion.
+Capt.  |Thos. Gummesell    |England | 8 yrs.|Formerly Merchant in New
+       |                   |        |       |  York.
+Capt.  |Jacob Maurer       |Foreign'r|28 yrs|Served in ye army in the
+       |                   |        |       |  60th Regt., from 1756 to
+       |                   |        |       |  1763, afterwards in the
+       |                   |        |       |  Quarter-Master General's
+       |                   |        |       |  Dept.
+Capt.  | Wm. Morrison      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Was lieut., 19th June, 1776,
+       |                   |        |       |  in 1st Batt.; Capt., 15th
+       |                   |        |       |  Nov., 1781, in the 2nd
+       |                   |        |       |  Batt.
+Capt.  |James McDonell     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held 200 acres of land in fee
+       |                   |        |       |  simple, under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson, at L6 per 100.
+Capt.  |Geo. Singleton     |Ireland | 8 yrs.|Formerly merchant.
+Capt.  |Wm. Redf'd Crawford|America | 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Capt.  |---- Byrns         |Ireland | 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Capt.  |---- Lepscomb      |England | 7 yrs.|Midshipman Royal Navy.
+Capt.  |---- McKenzie      |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Held lands under Sir John
+       |                   |        |       |  Johnson.
+Lt.    |Patrick Langan     |Ireland | 7 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Lt.    |Walter Sutherland  |Scotland|10 yrs.|Soldier and non-commissioned
+       |                   |        |       |  officer in 26th Regt;
+       |                   |        |       |  ensign, 17th Oct., 1779, in
+       |                   |        |       |  1st Batt., lieut., Nov.,
+       |                   |        |       |  1781, in 2nd Batt.
+Lt.    |William McKay      |Scotland|15 yrs.|7 years volunteer and
+       |                   |        |       |  sergeant in 21st Regt.
+Lt.    |Neal Robertson     |Scotland| 8 yrs.|Merchant.
+Lt.    |Henry Young        |America | 8 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |John Howard        |Ireland |18 yrs.|Farmer; served 6 years last
+       |                   |        |       |  war, from 1755 to 1761, as
+       |                   |        |       |  soldier and
+       |                   |        |       |  non-commissioned officer
+       |                   |        |       |  in 28th Regt.
+-------+-------------------+--------+-------+------------------------------
+
+   "RETURN OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LATE SECOND BATTALION, KING'S
+               ROYAL REGIMENT OF NEW YORK."--Continued.
+-------|-------------------|---------+-------+-----------------------------
+       |                   |         |Length |  FORMER SITUATIONS AND
+  Rank |     NAMES         |Place of |  of   |         REMARKS
+       |                   |Nativity |Service|
+-------|-------------------|---------|-------|-----------------------------
+Lt.    |Jeremiah French    |America  | 7 yrs.| Farmer.
+Lt.    |Phil. P. Lansingh  |America  | 4 yrs.|High Sheriff, Chariot County.
+Lt.    |Hazelt'n Spencer   |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |Oliver Church      |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |William Fraser     |Scotland | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Lt.    |Christian Wher     |Foreign'r| 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |Alex. McKenzie     |N.Britain| 4 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |Ron. McDonell      |N.Britain| 3 yrs.|Farmer.
+Ens.   |---- Hay           |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of Gov. Hay at Detroit.
+Ens.   |Samuel McKay       |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+Ens.   |Timothy Thompson   |America  | 3 yrs.|Private Gentleman.
+Ens.   |John McKay         |America  | 3 yrs.|Son of the late Capt. McKay.
+Ens.   |---- Johnson       |Ireland  | 2 yrs.|Nephew of the late Sir Wm.
+       |                   |         |       |  Johnson, Bart.
+Ens.   |---- Crawford      |America  | 4 yrs.|Son of Capt. Crawford.
+Ch'p   |John Stuart        |America  | 3 yrs.|Missionary for the Mohawk
+       |                   |         |       |  Indians at Fort Hunter.
+Adjt.  |---- Fraser        |Scotland |10 yrs.|7 years soldier and
+       |                   |         |       |  non-commissioned officer in
+       |                   |         |       |  34th Regiment.
+Q.M.   |---- Dies          |America  | 7 yrs.|Farmer.
+Surg.  |R. Kerr            |Scotland | 8 yrs.|Assistant Surgeon.[133]
+=======+===================+=========+=======+=============================
+
+The officers and men of the First Battalion, with their families,
+settled in a body in the first five townships west of the boundary line
+of the Province of Quebec, being the present townships of Lancaster,
+Charlottenburgh, Cornwall, Osnabruck and Williamsburgh; while those of
+the Second Battalion went farther west to the Bay of Quinte, in the
+counties of Lennox and Prince Edward. Each soldier received a
+certificate entitling him to land; of which the following is a copy:
+
+   "His Majesty's Provincial Regiment, called the King's Royal Regiment
+   of New York, whereof Sir John Johnson, Knight and Baronet is
+   Lieutenant-Colonel, Commandant.
+
+   These are to certify that the Bearer hereof, Donald McDonell, soldier
+   in Capt. Angus McDonell's Company, of the aforesaid Regiment, born in
+   the Parish of Killmoneneoack, in the County of Inverness, aged
+   thirty-five years, has served honestly and faithfully in the said
+   regiment Seven Years; and in consequence of His Majesty's Order for
+   Disbanding the said Regiment, he is hereby discharged, is entitled,
+   by His Majesty's late Order, to the Portion of Land allotted to each
+   soldier of His Provincial Corps, who wishes to become a Settler in
+   this Province. He having first received all just demands of Pay,
+   Cloathing, &c., from his entry into the said Regiment, to the Date of
+   his Discharge, as appears from his Receipt on the back hereof.
+
+   Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Montreal, this twenty-fourth
+   Day of December, 1783.
+
+   John Johnson."
+
+   "I, Donald McDonell, private soldier, do acknowledge that I have
+   received all my Cloathing, Pay, Arrears of Pay, and all Demands
+   whatsoever, from the time of my Inlisting in the Regiment and Company
+   mentioned on the other Side to this present Day of my Discharge, as
+   witness my Hand this 24th day of December, 1783.
+
+   Donald McDonell."[134]
+
+There appears to have been some difficulty in according to the men the
+amount of land each should possess, as may be inferred from the petition
+of Colonel John Butler on behalf of The Royal Greens and his corps of
+Rangers. The Order in Council, October 22 1788 allowed them the same as
+that allotted to the members of the Royal Highland Emigrants.[135]
+Ultimately each soldier received one hundred acres on the river front,
+besides two hundred at a remote distance. If married he was entitled to
+fifty acres more, an additional fifty for every child. Each child, on
+coming of age, was entitled to a further grant of two hundred acres.
+
+It is not the purpose to follow these people into their future homes,
+for this would be later than the Peace of 1783. Let it suffice to say
+that their lands were divided by lot, and into the wilderness they went,
+and there cleared the forests, erected their shanties out of round logs,
+to a height of eight feet, with a room not exceeding twenty by fifteen
+feet.
+
+These people were pre-eminently social and attached to the manners and
+customs of their fathers. In Scotland the people would gather in one of
+their huts during the long winter nights and listen to the tales of
+Ossian and Fingal. So also they would gather in their huts and listen to
+the best reciter of tales. Often the long nights would be turned into a
+recital of the sufferings they endured during their flight into Canada
+from Johnstown; and also of their privations during the long course of
+the war. It required no imagination to picture their hardships, nor was
+it necessary to indulge in exaggeration. Many of the women, through the
+wilderness, carried their children on their backs, the greater part of
+the distance, while the men were burdened with their arms and such goods
+as were deemed necessary. They endured perils by land and by water; and
+their food often consisted of the flesh of dogs and horses, and the
+roots of trees. Gradually some of these story tellers varied their tale,
+and, perhaps, believed in the glosses.
+
+A good story has gained extensive currency, and has been variously told,
+on Donald Grant. He was born at Crasky, Glenmoriston, Scotland, and was
+one of the heroes who sheltered prince Charles in the cave of Corombian,
+when wandering about, life in hand, after the battle of Culloden, before
+he succeeded in effecting his escape to the Outer Hebrides. Donald, with
+others, settled in Glengarry, a thousand acres having been allotted to
+him. This old warrior, having seen much service, knew well the country
+between Johnstown and Canada. He took charge of one of the parties of
+refugees in their journey from Schenectady to Canada. Donald lived to a
+good old age and was treated with much consideration by all, especially
+those whom he had led to their new homes. It was well known that he
+could spin a good story equal to the best. As years went on, the number
+of Donald's party rapidly increased, as he told it to open-mouthed
+listeners, constantly enlarging on the perils and hardships of the
+journey. A Highland officer, who had served in Canada for some years,
+was returning home, and, passing through Glengarry, spent a few days
+with Alexander Macdonell, priest at St. Raphael's. Having expressed his
+desire to meet some of the veterans of the war, so that he might hear
+their tales and rehearse them in Scotland, that they might know how
+their kinsmen in Canada had fought and suffered for the Crown, the
+priest, amongst others, took him to see old Donald Grant. The
+opportunity was too good to be lost, and Donald told the general in
+Gaelic the whole story, omitting no details; giving an account of the
+number of men, women and children he had brought with him, their perils
+and their escapes, their hardships borne with heroic devotion; how, when
+on the verge of starvation, they had boiled their moccasins and eaten
+them; how they had encountered the enemy, the wild beasts and Indians,
+beaten all off and landed the multitude safely in Glengarry. The General
+listened with respectful attention, and at the termination of the
+narrative, wishing to say something pleasant, observed: "Why, dear me,
+Donald, your exploits seem almost to have equalled even those of Moses
+himself when leading the children of Israel through the Wilderness from
+Egypt to the Land of Promise." Up jumped old Donald. "Moses," exclaimed
+the veteran with an unmistakable air of contempt, and adding a double
+expletive that need not here be repeated, "Compare ME to Moses! Why,
+Moses took forty years in his vain attempts to lead his men over a much
+shorter distance, and through a mere trifling wilderness in comparison
+with mine, and he never did reach his destination, and lost half his
+army in the Red Sea. I brought my people here without the loss of a
+single man."
+
+It has been noted that the Highlanders who settled on the Mohawk, on the
+lands of Sir William Johnson, were Roman Catholics. Sir William, nor his
+son and successor, Sir John Johnson, took any steps to procure them a
+religious teacher in the principles of their faith. They were not so
+provided until after the Revolution, and then only when they were
+settled on the lands that had been allotted to them. In 1785, the people
+themselves took the proper steps to secure such an one,--and one who was
+able to speak the Gaelic, for many of them were ignorant of the English
+language. In the month of September, 1786, the ship "McDonald," from
+Greenock, brought Reverend Alexander McDonell, Scotus, with five hundred
+emigrants from Knoydart, who settled with their kinsfolk in Glengarry,
+Canada.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 101: Gentleman's Magazine, Sept. 30, 1773.]
+
+[Footnote 102: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. II. p. 151.]
+
+[Footnote 103: _Ibid_, p. 637.]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Ibid_, p. 638.]
+
+[Footnote 105: _Ibid_, p. 661.]
+
+[Footnote 106: _Ibid_, p. 665.]
+
+[Footnote 107: _Ibid_, p. 672.]
+
+[Footnote 108: _Ibid_, p. 712.]
+
+[Footnote 109: _Ibid_, p. 880.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Stone's Life of Brant, Vol. I, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 111: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III. p. 1194.]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Ibid_, p. 1245.]
+
+[Footnote 113: _Ibid_, p. 1963.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 651.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. IV, pp. 818-829.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 668.]
+
+[Footnote 117: See Appendix, Note J.]
+
+[Footnote 118: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 119: _Ibid_, p. 643.]
+
+[Footnote 120: _Ibid_, p. 642.]
+
+[Footnote 121: _Ibid_, p. 644.]
+
+[Footnote 122: _Ibid_, p. 511.]
+
+[Footnote 123: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 683.]
+
+[Footnote 124: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI. p. 647.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Sir John Johnson's Orderly Book, p. LXXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry in Canada, p. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Documentary and Colonial History of New York, Vol. VIII,
+p. 779.]
+
+[Footnote 128: Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. I, p. 238.]
+
+[Footnote 129: Johnson's Orderly Book, p. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 130: _Ibid_, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 131: _Ibid_, p. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, Vol. II, p. 164.]
+
+[Footnote 133: Macdonell's Sketches of Glengarry, p. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 134: _Ibid_, p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 135: See Appendix, Note K.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE GLENALADALE HIGHLANDERS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
+
+
+Highlanders had penetrated into the wilds of Ontario, Nova Scotia and
+Prince Edward Island before they had formed any distinctive settlements
+of their own. Some of these belonged to the disbanded regiments, but the
+bulk had come into the country, either through the spirit of adventure,
+or else to better their condition, and establish homes that would be
+free from usurpation, oppression, and persecution. It cannot be said
+that any portion of Canada, at that period, was an inviting field. The
+Highland settlement that bears the honor of being the first in British
+North America is that on Prince Edward Island, on the north coast at the
+head of Tracadie Bay, almost due north of Charlottetown. This settlement
+was due to John Macdonald, Eighth of Glenaladale, of the family of
+Clanranald.
+
+John Macdonald was but a child at the date of the battle of Culloden.
+When of sufficient age he was sent to Ratisbon, Germany, to be educated,
+where he went through a complete course in the branches of learning as
+taught in the seminary. Returning to his country he was considered to be
+one of the most finished and accomplished gentlemen of his generation.
+But events led him to change his prospects in life. In 1770 a violent
+persecution against the Roman Catholics broke out in the island of South
+Uist. Alexander Macdonald, First of Boisdale, also of the house of
+Clanranald, abandoned the religion of his forbears, and like all new
+converts was over zealous for his new found faith, and at once attempted
+to compel all his tenants to follow his example. After many acts of
+oppression, he summoned all his tenants to hear a paper read to them in
+their native tongue, containing a renunciation of their religion, and a
+promise, under oath, never more to hold communication with a catholic
+priest. The alternative was to sign the paper or lose their lands and
+homes. At once the people unanimously decided to starve rather than
+submit. The next step of Boisdale was to take his gold headed cane and
+drive his tenants before him, like a flock of sheep, to the protestant
+church. Boisdale failed to realize that conditions had changed in the
+Highlands; but, even if his methods had smacked of originality, he would
+have been placed in a far better light. To attempt to imitate the
+example of another may win applause, but if defeated contempt is the
+lot.
+
+The history of _Creideamh a bhata bhuidhe_, or the religion of the
+yellow stick, is such an interesting episode in West Highland story as
+not to be out of place in this connection. Hector MacLean, Fifth of
+Coll, who held the estates from 1559 to 1593, became convinced of the
+truths of the principles of the Reformation, and decided that his
+tenants should think likewise. He passed over to the island of Rum, and
+as his tenants came out of the Catholic church he held his cane straight
+out and said in Gaelic,--"Those who pass the stick to the Kirk are very
+good tenants, and those who go on the other side may go out of my
+island." This stick remained in the family until 1868, when it
+mysteriously disappeared. Mrs. Hamilton Dundas, daughter of Hugh,
+Fifteenth of Coll, in a letter dated March 26, 1898, describing the
+stick says, "There was the crest on the top and initials either H. McL.
+or L. McL. in very flourishing writing engraved on a band or oval below
+the top. It was a polished, yellow brown malacca stick, much taller than
+an ordinary walking stick. I seem to recollect that it had two gold
+rimmed eyelet holes for a cord and tassle."
+
+John Macdonald of Glenaladale, having heard of the proceedings, went to
+visit the people, and was so touched by their pitiable condition, that
+he formed the resolution of expatriating himself, and going off at their
+head to America. He sold out his estates to his cousin Alexander
+Macdonald of Borrodale, and before the close of 1771, he purchased a
+tract of forty thousand acres on St. John's Island (now Prince Edward
+Island), to which he took out about two hundred of his persecuted fellow
+catholics from South Uist, in the year 1772.
+
+Whatever may have been the trials endured by these people, what ship
+they sailed in, how the land was allotted, if at all given to the
+public, has not come under the author's observation. Certain facts
+concerning Glenaladale have been advertised. His first wife was Miss
+Gordon of Baldornie, and his second, Marjory Macdonald of Ghernish, and
+had issue, Donald who emigrated with him, William, drowned on the coast
+of Ireland, John, Roderick and Flora. He died in 1811, and was buried on
+the Island at the Scotch Fort.
+
+Glenaladale early took up arms against the colonists, and having raised
+a company from among his people, he became a Captain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, or 84th. That he was a man of energy and pluck will
+appear from the following daring enterprise. During the Revolution, an
+American man-of-war came to the coast of Nova Scotia, near a port where
+Glenaladale was on detachment duty, with a small portion of his men. A
+part of the crew of the warship having landed for the purpose of
+plundering the people, Glenaladale, with his handful of men, boarded the
+vessel, cut down those who had been left in charge, hoisted sail, and
+brought her as a prize triumphantly into the harbor of Halifax. He there
+got a reinforcement, marched back to his former post, and took the whole
+crew, composed of Americans and French. As regards his military virtues
+and abilities Major John Small, of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to which he was attached, writing to the English
+government, said of him,--
+
+   "The activity and unabating zeal of Captain John Macdonald of
+   Glenaladale in bringing an excellent company into the field is his
+   least recommendation, being acknowledged by all who know his rank in
+   his Majesty's service."
+
+Slight information may be gained of his connection with the Royal
+Highland Emigrant Regiment from the "Letter-Book" of Captain Alexander
+McDonald, of the same regiment. In embodying that regiment he was among
+the very earliest and readiest. Just why he should have exhibited so
+much feeling against the Americans whose country he had never seen and
+who had never harmed him in the least, does not appear. Captain
+McDonald, writing from Halifax, September 1, 1775, to Colonel Allan
+MacLean, says,--
+
+   "What Men that are on the Island of St. Johns (Prince Edward's) are
+   already Engaged with Glenaladall who is now here with me, also young
+   Mcdonald, with whom he came, he will Write to you by this opportunity
+   and from the Contents of his Letter I will Leave you to Judge what
+   sort of a Man he is."
+
+By the same letter, "young Mcdonald" had been sent "to ye Island of St.
+John," unquestionably for the purpose of raising the Highlanders. His
+great zeal is revealed in a letter from Captain Alexander McDonald to
+Major Small, dated at Halifax, November 15, 1775:
+
+   "Mr. McDonald of Glenaladale staid behind at Newfoundland and by the
+   Last accounts from him he and one Lt Fizgerald had Six and thirty
+   men. I dont doubt by this time his having as many more, he is
+   determined to make out his Number Cost what it will, and I hope you
+   will make out a Commission in his brother Donald's name, * * * poor
+   Glenaladall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of him since a
+   small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his having Six &
+   thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost He is unavoidably ruined
+   in his Means."
+
+The last reference is in a letter to Colonel Allan MacLean, dated at
+Halifax June 5, 1776:
+
+   "Glen a la Del is an Ornament to any Corps that he goes into and if
+   the Regiment is not established it had been telling him 300 Guineas
+   that he had never heard of it. On Account of his Affairs upon the
+   Island of St. John's and in Scotland where he was preparing to go to
+   settle his Business when he received the Proposals."
+
+The British government offered Glenaladale the governorship of Prince
+Edward Island, but owing to the oath of allegiance necessary at the
+time, he, being a catholic, was obliged to decline the office.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+HIGHLAND SETTLEMENT IN PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+
+   "What noble courage must their hearts have fired,
+   How great the ardor which their souls inspired,
+   Who leaving far beyond their native plain
+   Have sought a home beyond the western main;
+   And braved the perils of thestormy seas
+   In search of wealth, of freedom, and of ease.
+   Oh, none can tell, but those who sadly share,
+   The bosom's anguish, and its wild despair,
+   What dire distress awaits the hardy bands,
+   That venture first on bleak and desert lands;
+   How great the pain, the danger and the toil
+   Which mark the first rude culture of the soil.
+   When looking round, the lonely settler sees
+   His home amid a wilderness of trees;
+   How sinks his heart in those deep solitudes,
+   Where not a voice upon his ear intrudes;
+   Where solemn silence all the waste pervades,
+   Heightening the horror of its gloomy shades;
+   Save where the sturdy woodman's strokes resound
+   That strew the fallen forest on the ground."
+                                --_H. Goldsmith_.
+
+The second settlement of Highlanders in British America was at Pictou,
+Nova Scotia. The stream of Scottish emigration which flowed in after
+years, not only over the county of Pictou, but also over the greater
+portion of eastern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and
+even the upper provinces of Canada, was largely due to this settlement;
+for these emigrants, in after years, communicated with their friends and
+induced them to take up their abode in the new country. The stream once
+started did not take long to deepen and widen.
+
+A company of gentlemen, the majority of whom lived in Philadelphia,
+received a grant of land in Nova Scotia. Some of the shares passed into
+the hands of the celebrated Dr. John Witherspoon and John Pagan, a
+merchant of Greenock, Scotland. These two men appear to have jointly
+been engaged in promoting emigration to the older colonies. Pagan owned
+a ship called _Hector_, which was engaged in carrying passengers across
+the Atlantic. In 1770 she landed Scottish emigrants in Boston. In order
+to carry out the original obligations of the grant, the proprietors
+offered liberal inducements for the settlement of it. An agent, named
+John Ross, was employed, with whom it was agreed that each settler
+should have a free passage from Scotland, a farm, and a year's free
+provisions. Ross sailed for Scotland on board the Hector, and on his
+arrival proceeded to the Highlands, where he painted in glowing colors a
+picture of the land and the advantages offered. The Highlanders knew
+nothing of the difficulties awaiting them in a land covered over with a
+dense unbroken forest, and, tempted by the prospect of owning splendid
+farms, they were imposed upon, and many agreed to cast their lot on the
+western side of the Atlantic. The Hector was the vessel that should
+convey them, with John Spears as master, James Orr being first mate, and
+John Anderson second. The vessel called first at Greenock, where three
+families and five young men were taken on board. From there she sailed
+for Lochbroom, in Rossshire, where she received thirty-three families
+and twenty-five single men, having all told about two hundred souls.
+
+On July 1, 1773, this band bade adieu to friends, home, and country and
+started for a land they knew naught of. But few had ever crossed the
+ocean. Just as the ship was starting a piper named John McKay came on
+board who had not paid his passage; the captain ordered him ashore, but
+the strains of the national instrument so affected those on board that
+they interceded to have him allowed to accompany them, and offered to
+share their own rations with him, in exchange for his music, during the
+passage. Their request was granted, and his performance aided in no
+small degree to cheer the pilgrims in their long voyage of eleven weeks,
+in a miserable hulk, across the Atlantic. The band of emigrants kept up
+their spirits, as best they could, by song, pipe music, dancing,
+wrestling, and other amusements, during the long and painful voyage. The
+Hector was an old Dutch ship, and a slow sailer. It was so rotten that
+the passengers could pick the wood out of the sides with their fingers.
+They met with a severe gale off the Newfoundland coast, and were driven
+back so far that it required two weeks to recover the lost distance. The
+accommodations on board were wretched and the provisions of inferior
+quality. Small-pox and dysentery broke out among the passengers.
+Eighteen, most of whom were children, died and were committed to the
+deep. The former disease was brought on board by a mother and child,
+both of whom lived to an advanced age. Owing to the voyage being
+prolonged, the stock of provisions and water became low; the remnant of
+food left consisted mostly of salt meat, which, with the scarcity of
+water, added greatly to their sufferings. The oatcake, carried by them,
+became mouldy, so that much of it was thrown away before they thought
+such a long passage was before them; but, fortunately for them, Hugh
+Macleod, more prudent than the rest, gathered into a bag these despised
+scraps, and during the last few days of the voyage, all were glad to
+avail themselves of this refuse food.
+
+At last, all the troubles and dangers of the voyage having been
+surmounted, on September 15th, the Hector dropped anchor, opposite where
+the town of Pictou now stands. Previous to the arrival of the vessel,
+the sparsely inhabited country had been somewhat disturbed by the
+Indians. Word had been received that the Hector was on the way to that
+region with Highland emigrants. The whites warned the Indians that the
+Highlanders were coming--the same men they had seen at the taking of
+Quebec. When the Hector appeared, according to the fashion of that time,
+her sides were painted in imitation of gunports, which induced the
+impression that she was a man-of-war. Though the Highland dress was then
+proscribed at home, this emigrant band, carefully preserving and fondly
+cherishing the national costume, carried it along with them, and, in
+celebration of their arrival, many of the younger men donned themselves
+in their kilts, with _Sgian Dubh_ and the claymore. Just as the vessel
+dropped anchor, the piper blew up his pipes with might and main, and its
+thrilling sounds then first startling the denizens of the endless
+forest, caused the Indians to fly in terror, and were not again seen
+there for quite an interval. After the terror of the Indians had
+subsided, they returned to cultivate the friendship of the Highlanders,
+and proved to be of great assistance. From them they learned to make and
+use snowshoes, to call moose, and acquired the art of woodcraft. Often
+too from them they received provisions. They never gave them any
+trouble, and generally showed real kindness.
+
+The first care of the emigrants was to provide for the sick. The wife of
+Hugh Macleod had just died of smallpox, and the body was sent ashore and
+buried. Several were sick, and others dying. The resident settlers did
+all within their power to alleviate the sufferers; and with the supply
+of fresh provisions most of the sick rapidly recovered, but some died on
+board the vessel.
+
+However great may have been the expectation of these poor creatures on
+the eve of their leaving Scotland, their hopes almost deserted them by
+the sight that met their view as they crowded on the deck of the vessel
+to see their future homes. The primeval forest before them was unbroken,
+save a few patches on the shore between Brown's Point and the head of
+the harbor, which had been cleared by the few people who had preceded
+them. They were landed without the provisions promised them, and without
+shelter of any kind, and were only able, with the help of the earlier
+settlers, to erect camps of the rudest and most primitive description,
+to shelter their sick, their wives and children from the elements. Their
+feelings of disappointment were most bitter, when they compared the
+actual facts with the free farms and the comfort promised them by the
+emigration agent. Although glad to be freed from the pest-house of the
+ship, yet they were so overcome by their disappointment that many of
+them sat down and wept bitterly. The previous settlers could not promise
+food for one-third of those who had arrived on board the Hector, and
+what provisions were there soon became exhausted, and the season was too
+late to raise another crop. To make matters still worse, they were sent
+three miles into the forest, so that they could not even take advantage,
+with the same ease, of any fish that might be caught in the harbor.
+These men were unskilled, and the work of cutting down the gigantic
+trees, and clearing up the land appeared to them to be a hopeless task.
+They were naturally afraid of the Indians and the wild beasts; and
+without roads or paths through the forest, they were frightened to move,
+doubtful about being lost in the wilderness.
+
+Under circumstances, such as above narrated, it is not surprising that
+the people refused to settle on the company's land. In consequence of
+this, when the supplies did arrive, the agents refused to give them any.
+To add still further to the difficulties, there arose a jealously
+between them and the older settlers; Ross quarrelled with the company,
+and ultimately he left the newcomers to their fate. The few who had a
+little money with them bought food of the agents, while others, less
+fortunate, exchanged clothing for provisions; but the majority had
+absolutely nothing to buy with; and what little the others could
+purchase was soon devoured. Driven to extremity they insisted on having
+the supplies that had been sent to them. They were positively refused,
+and now determined on force in order to save the colony from starvation.
+Donald McDonald and Colin Douglass went to the store seized the agents,
+tied them, took their guns from them, which they hid at a distance. Then
+they carefully measured the articles, took account of what each man
+received, that the same might be paid for, in case they should ever
+become able. They then left, leaving behind them Roderick McKay, a man
+of great energy and determination, a leader among them, who was to
+liberate the agents--Robert Patterson and Dr. Harris--as soon as the
+others could get to a safe distance, when he released them and informed
+them where their guns might be found, and then got out of the way
+himself.
+
+Intelligence was at once dispatched to Halifax that the Highlanders were
+in rebellion, from whence orders were sent to Captain Thomas Archibald
+of Truro, to march his company of militia to Pictou to suppress and
+pacify the rebels; but to his honor, be it said, he pointedly refused,
+and made reply, "I will do no such thing; I know the Highlanders, and if
+they are fairly treated there will be no trouble with them." Correct
+representations of the case were sent to Halifax, and as lord William
+Campbell, whose term as governor had just expired, was still there, and
+interesting himself on behalf of the colony as his countrymen, he
+secured orders for the provisions. Robert Patterson, in after years,
+admitted that the Highlanders, who had arrived in poverty, paid him
+every farthing with which he had trusted them, notwithstanding the fact
+that they had been so badly treated.
+
+Difficulties hemming them in on every hand, with rigorous winter
+approaching, the majority removed to Truro, and places adjacent, to
+obtain by their labor food for their families. A few settled at
+Londonderry, some went to Halifax, and still others to Windsor and
+Cornwallis. In, these settlements, the fathers, mothers, and even the
+children were forced to bind themselves, virtually as slaves, that they
+might have subsistence. Those who remained,--seventy in number--lived in
+small huts, covered over only with the bark and branches of trees to
+shelter them from the bitter cold of winter, enduring incredible
+hardships. To procure food for their families, they must trudge eighty
+miles to Truro, through cold and snow and a trackless forest, and there
+obtaining a bushel or two of potatoes, and a little flour, in exchange
+for their labor, they had to return, carrying the supply either on their
+backs, or else dragging it behind them on handsleds. The way was beset
+with dangers such as the climbing of steep hills, the descending of high
+banks, crossing of brooks on the trunk of a single tree, the sinking in
+wet or boggy ground, and the camping out at night without shelter. Even
+the potatoes with which they were supplied were of an inferior grade,
+being soft, and such as is usually fed to cattle. Sometimes the cold was
+so piercing that the potatoes froze to their backs.
+
+Many instances have been related of the privations of this period, some
+of which are here subjoined. Hugh Fraser, after having exhausted every
+means of procuring food for his family, resorted to the expedient of
+cutting down a birch tree and boiling the buds, which he gave them to
+eat. He then went to a heap, where one of the first settlers had buried
+some potatoes, and took out some, intending to inform the owner. Before
+he did so, some of the neighbors maliciously reported him, but the
+proprietor simply remarked that he thanked God he had them there for the
+poor old man's family. On another occasion when the father and eldest
+son had gone to Truro for provisions, everything in the shape of food
+being exhausted, except an old hen, which the mother finally killed, for
+the younger children. She boiled it in salt water for the benefit of the
+salt, with a quantity of herbs, the nature of which she was totally
+ignorant. A few days later the hen's nest was found with ten eggs in it.
+Two young men set off for Halifax, so weak from want of food, that they
+could scarcely travel, and when they reached Gay's River, were nearly
+ready to give up. However they saw there a fine lot of trout, hanging by
+a rod, on a bush. They hesitated to take them, thinking they might
+belong to the Indians who would overtake and kill them. They therefore
+left them, but returned, when the pains of hunger prevailed. Afterwards
+they discovered that they had been caught by two sportsmen, neither of
+whom would carry them. Alexander Fraser, then only sixteen, carried his
+sister on his back to Truro, while the only food he had for the whole
+journey was the tale of an eel. On another occasion the supply of
+potatoes, which had been brought a long distance for seed and planted,
+were dug up by the family and some of the splits eaten. The remembrance
+of these days sank deep into the minds of that generation, and long
+after, the narration of the scenes and cruel hardships through which
+they had to pass, beguiled the winter's night as they sat by their
+comfortable firesides.
+
+During the first winter, the first death among the emigrants was a child
+of Donald McDonald, and the first birth was a son of Alexander Fraser,
+named David, afterwards Captain Fraser. When the following spring opened
+they set to work to improve their condition. They sought out suitable
+spots on which to settle, judging the land by the kind and variety of
+trees produced. They explored the different rivers, and finding the soil
+near their banks to be the most fertile, and capable of being more
+easily improved than the higher lands, they settled upon it.
+Difficulties were thrown in the way of getting their grant. The first
+grant obtained was to Donald Cameron, who had been a soldier in the
+Fraser Highlanders at the taking of Quebec. His lot was situated at the
+Albion Mines. This grant is dated February 8, 1775, and besides the
+condition of the king's quit rent, contains the following:
+
+   "That the grantee, his heirs or assigns, shall clear and work, within
+   three years, three acres for every fifty granted, in that part of the
+   land which he shall judge most convenient and advantageous, or clear
+   and drain three acres of swampy or sunken ground, or drain three
+   acres of marsh, if any such be within the bounds of this grant, or
+   put and keep on his lands, within three years from the date hereof,
+   three neat cattle, to be continued upon the land until three acres
+   for every fifty be fully cleared and improved. But if no part of the
+   said tract be fit for present cultivation, without manuring and
+   improving the same, then this grantee, his heirs and assigns shall be
+   obliged, within three years from the date hereof, to erect on some
+   part of said land a dwelling house, to contain twenty feet in length
+   by sixteen feet in breadth, and to put on said land three neat cattle
+   for every fifty acres, or if the said grantee, his heirs or assigns,
+   shall, within three years, after the passing of this grant, begin to
+   employ thereon, and so continue to work for three years then next
+   ensuing, in digging any stone quarry or any other mine, one good and
+   able hand for every one hundred acres of such tract, it shall be
+   accounted a sufficient seeding, planting, cultivation and
+   improvement, and every three acres which shall be cleared and worked
+   as aforesaid; and every three acres which shall be cleared and
+   drained as aforesaid, shall be accounted a sufficient seeding,
+   planting cultivation and improvement, to save for ever from
+   forfeiture fifty acres in every part of the tract hereby granted."
+
+All were not so fortunate as to secure their grants early. As late as
+January 22, 1781, in a petition to the government, they complained that
+a grant had been often promised but never received; but finally, on
+August 26, 1783, the promise was fulfilled. It contains the names of
+forty-four persons, some of whom were not passengers on board the
+Hector; conveying the lands on which they were located, the size of the
+lots being regulated by the number in the family. The following is a
+list of grantees, with the number of acres received and notices of
+situation of their lots:
+
+ON WEST RIVER: David Stewart, 300 acres; John McKenzie, 500; Hugh
+Fraser, 400; William McLellan,--; James McDonald, 200; James McLellan,
+100; Charles Blaikie, 300, and in another division 250 acres, 550 in
+all; Robert Patterson, 300, and in an after division 500 in all; James
+McCabe, 300; Alex. Cameron,--.
+
+ON MIDDLE RIVER, EAST SIDE: Alex. Fraser, 100 acres; Alex. Ross, Jr.,
+100; John Smith, 350; Robert Marshall, 350; James McCulloch, 240; Alex.
+Ross, 300; Alex. Fraser, Jr., 100; John Crockett, 500; Simon Fraser,
+500; Donald McDonald, 350; David Urquhart, 250; Kenneth Fraser, 450;
+James McLeod, 150.
+
+ON EAST RIVER, EAST SIDE: Walter Murray, 280 acres, and 70 acres in
+after division; James McKay, 70; Donald McKay, Jr., 80; John Sutherland,
+180, and 70 in after division; Rod. McKay, Sr., 300, and in after
+division, 50; James Hays,--; Hugh McKay, 100; Alex. McKay, 100; Heirs of
+Donald McLellan, 260; Hugh Fraser, 400, and in after division, 100; Wm.
+McLeod, 80; John McLellan, 200; Thomas Turnbull, 220, in after division,
+180; Wm. McLeod, 210, and in after division, 60; Alex. McLean,--; Colin
+McKenzie, 370.
+
+ON EAST RIVER, WEST SIDE: Donald Cameron, 100 acres; James Grant, 400;
+Colin McKay, 400; Wm. McKay, 550; Donald Cameron, 100; Donald McKay,
+Sr., 450; Donald Cameron, a gore lot; Anthony Culton, 500.
+
+The following is a list of passengers that arrived on board the Hector,
+originally drawn up, about 1837, by William McKenzie, Loch Broom, Nova
+Scotia:
+
+SHIPPED AT GLASGOW: a Mr. Scott and family; George Morrison and family,
+from Banff, settled on west side of Barnys River; John Patterson,
+prominent in the settlement; George McConnell, settled on West River;
+Andrew Main and family, settled at Noel; Andrew Wesley; Charles Fraser,
+settled at Cornwallis; John Stewart.
+
+FROM INVERNESSHIRE: Wiliam McKay, wife and four children, settled on
+East River; Roderick McKay, wife and daughter, settled on East River;
+Colin McKay and family, on East River; Hugh Fraser, wife and three
+children, on McLellans Brook; Donald Cameron and family, on East River;
+Donald McDonald, wife and two children, on Middle River; Colin Douglass,
+wife and three children, two of the latter lost on the Hector, on Middle
+River; Hugh Fraser and family, on West River; Alex. Fraser, wife and
+five children; James Grant and family, East River; Donald Munroe,
+settled in Halifax, and Donald Mc----.
+
+FROM LOCH BROOM: John Ross, Agent, history unknown; Alexander Cameron,
+wife and two children, settled at Loch Broom; Alex. Ross and wife,
+advanced in life; Alex Ross and Family, on Middle River; Colin McKenzie
+and Family, on East River; John Munroe and family; Kenneth McRitchie and
+family; William McKenzie, at Loch Broom; John McGregor; John McLellan,
+on McLellans Brook; William McLellan, on West River; Alexander McLean,
+East River; Alexander Falconer, Hopewell; Donald McKay, East River;
+Archibald Chisholm, East River; Charles Matheson; Robert Sim, removed to
+New Brunswick; Alexander McKenzie and Thomas Fraser, From
+Sutherlandshire; Kenneth Fraser and family, Middle River; William Fraser
+and family; James Murray and family, Londonderry; David Urquhart and
+family, Londonderry; Walter Murray and family, Merigomish; James McLeod
+and wife, Middle River; Hugh McLeod, wife, and three daughters, the wife
+died as the vessel arrived, West River; Alexander McLeod, wife, and
+three sons, one of the last died in the harbor, and the father drowned
+in the Shubenacadie; John McKay and family, Shubenacadie; Philip McLeod
+and family; Donald McKenzie and family, Shubenacadie(?); Alexander
+McKenzie and family; John Sutherland and family; William Matheson, wife
+and son, first settled at Londonderry, then at Rogers Hill; Donald
+Grant; Donald Graham; John McKay, piper; William McKay, worked for an
+old settler named McCabe, and took his name; John Sutherland, first at
+Windsor, and then on Sutherland river; Angus McKenzie, first at Windsor,
+and finally on Green Hill.
+
+Some interesting facts have been gathered concerning the history of
+these emigrants, Roderick McKay, who took up land on the East River, was
+born in Beauly, and before leaving his native country gained a local
+admiration by rescuing some whiskey from the officers who had seized it,
+and for the offence was lodged in jail in Inverness. He soon ingratiated
+himself into the good graces of the jailer, and had no difficulty in
+sending him for some ale and whiskey. The jailer returning, advanced
+into the cell with both hands full. Roderick stepped behind him, passed
+out the door, locked it, and brought off the key. In Halifax he added to
+his reputation. An officer was paying some attention to a female inmate
+of his house which did not meet the approbation of Roderick, and meeting
+them together upbraided him for his conduct, when the latter drew his
+sword and struck him a cruel blow on the head. Telling the officer he
+would meet him within an hour, he had his wound dressed, and securing a
+stick stood before his antagonist. The officer again drew his sword and
+in the melee, Roderick disarmed him and well repaid him for his cowardly
+assault. Alexander Fraser, who settled on Middle River, although too
+young to serve in the Rising of the Forty Five had three brothers at
+Culloden, of whom two were killed. He was in comfortable circumstances,
+when he left what he thought was a Saxon oppression, which determined
+him to seek freedom in America. His horses and cart were seized by
+gaugers, with some whiskey which they were carrying, and taken to
+Inverness. During the night, the stable boy, a relative of Fraser, took
+out the horses and cart, and driving across country delivered them to
+the owner, who lost no time in taking them to another part of the
+country and disposed of them. He was the last to engage a passage in the
+Hector. Alexander Cameron who gave the name to Loch Broom, after that of
+his native parish was not quite eighteen at the Rising of the Forty
+Five. His brothers followed prince Charles, and he was drawn by the
+crowd that followed the prince to Culloden. When he returned to his
+charge, it was to meet an angry master who attempted to chastize him.
+Cameron ran with his master in pursuit. The latter finding him too
+nimble, stooped down to pick up a stone to throw at him, and in doing so
+wounded himself with his dirk in the leg, so that he was obliged to
+remain some time in hiding, lest he should be taken as having been at
+Culloden, by the soldiers who were scouring the country, killing any
+wounded stragglers from the field. The eldest son of James Grant who
+settled on East River, did not emigrate with the family, but is
+believed to have emigrated afterwards, and was the grandfather of
+General U.S. Grant.
+
+As has already been intimated, amidst all the discouragements and
+disappointments, the Highlanders used every means in their power to
+supply the wants of their families. They rapidly learned from the
+Indians and their neighbors. The former taught them the secrets of the
+forests and they soon became skilled in hunting the moose, and from the
+latter they became adepts in making staves, which were sent in small
+vessels to the older colonies, and in exchange were supplied with
+necessaries. But the population rather decreased, for a return made
+January 1, 1775, showed the entire population to be but seventy-eight,
+consisting of twenty-three men, fourteen women, twenty-one boys and
+twenty-girls. The produce raised in 1775, was two hundred and sixty-nine
+bushels of wheat, thirteen of rye, fifty-six of peas, thirty-six of
+barley, one hundred of oats, and three hundred and forty pounds of flax.
+The farm stock consisted of thirteen oxen, thirteen cows, fifteen young
+neat cattle, twenty-five sheep and one swine. They manufactured
+seventeen thousand feet of boards. While the improvement was somewhat
+marked, the supply was not sufficient; and the same weary journeys must
+be taken to Truro for necessaries. The moose, and the fish in the
+rivers, gave them a supply of meat, and they soon learned to make sugar
+from the sap of the maple tree. They learned to dig a large supply of
+clams in the autumn, heap the same on the shore, and cover with sand.
+
+Scarcely had these people become able to supply themselves, when they
+were again tried by the arrival of a class poorer than themselves.
+Inducements having been held out by the proprietors of Prince Edward
+Island to parties in Scotland, to settle their land, John Smith and
+Wellwood Waugh, living at Lockerbie, in Dumfriesshire, sold out their
+property and chartered a small vessel to carry thither their families,
+and all others that would accompany them. They arrived at Three Rivers,
+in the year 1774, followed by others a few months later. They commenced
+operations on the Island with fair prospects of success, when they were
+almost overwhelmed by a plague of mice. These animals swarmed
+everywhere, consuming everything eatable, even to the potatoes in the
+ground; and for eighteen months the settlers experienced all the
+miseries of a famine, having for several months only what lobsters or
+shell-fish they could gather on the sea-shore. The winter brought them
+to such a state of weakness that they were unable to convey food a
+reasonable distance, even when they had means to buy it. In this
+pitiable condition they heard that the Pictou people were beginning to
+prosper and had provisions to spare. They sent one of their number David
+Stewart to make inquiry. One of the settlers, who had come from one of
+the older colonies, brought with him some negro slaves, and when the
+messenger arrived had just returned from Truro to sell one of them, and
+brought home with him some provisions, the proceeds of the sale of the
+negro. The agent was cheerful in spite of his troubles; and withal was
+something of a wag. On his return to the Island the people gathered
+around him to hear the news. "What kind of a place is Pictou?" inquired
+one. "Oh, an awful place. Why, I was staying with a man who was just
+eating the last of his nigger;" and as the people were reduced
+themselves they did not hesitate to believe the tale. Receiving correct
+information, fifteen of the families went to Pictou, where, for a time,
+they fared little better, but afterwards became prosperous and happy.
+Had it not been for a French settlement a few miles distant the people
+of Lockerbie would have perished during the winter. For supplies,
+principally of potatoes, they exchanged the clothing they had brought
+from Scotland, until they barely had enough for themselves. John Smith
+who was one of the leaders removed to Truro, and Waugh left the Island
+for Pictou, having only a bucket of clams to support his family on the
+way.
+
+The American Revolution effected that distant colony. The people had
+received most of the supplies from the States, which was paid for in
+fish, fur, and lumber. This trade was at once cut off and the people, at
+first, felt it severely. Even salt could only be obtained by boiling
+down sea water. The selection of Halifax as the chief depot for the
+British navy promoted the business interests for that region of
+country. As large sums of money were expended there, the district shared
+in the prosperity. While prices for various kinds of lumber rapidly
+increased, and the Pictou colony was greatly advantaged thereby, still
+they found it difficult to obtain British goods, of which they were in
+need until 1779, when John Patterson went to Scotland and purchased a
+supply. The War had the effect to divide the colony of Pictou. Not only
+the Highlanders but all others from Scotland were loyally attached to
+the British government; while the earlier settlers, who were from the
+States, were loyally attached to the American cause, with the exception
+of Robert Patterson. Although the Americans were so situated as to be
+unable to take up arms, yet they manifested their sympathy in harmless
+ways, as in the refusal of tea, and the more permanent method of naming
+their sons after those who were prominent in the theatre of war. At
+times the feeling became quite violent, in so much so that the circular
+addressed to the magistrates in the Province was sent to Pictou,
+requiring these officers "to be watchful and attentive to the behaviour
+of the people in your county, and that you will apprehend any person or
+persons who shall be guilty of any opposition to the King's authority
+and Government, and send them properly guarded to Halifax." The
+inhabitants were not only required to take the oath of allegiance, but
+the magistrates were compelled to send a list of all who so complied as
+well as those who refused. Robert Patterson, who had been made a
+magistrate in 1774, was very zealous in carrying out this order. He even
+started for Halifax, intending to get copies of the oath required, for
+the purpose of imposing it on the inhabitants. When he reached Truro one
+of the Archibalds discovered his mission and presenting a pistol, used
+its persuasive influence to induce him immediately to return home. So
+officious did Patterson become that his sons several times were obliged
+to hide him in the woods, taking him to Fraser's Point for that purpose.
+
+Many occurrences relating to the War effected the Province, the County
+of Pictou, and indirectly the Highlanders, though not in a marked
+degree. The first special occurrence, was probably during the spring of
+1776, when an American privateer captured a vessel at Merigomish, loaded
+with a valuable cargo of West India produce. The vessel was immediately
+got to sea. The news of the capture was immediately circulated, and
+presuming the privateer would enter the harbor of Pictou, the
+inhabitants collected with every old musket and fowling piece to resist
+the enemy.--The next incident was the capture of Captain Lowden's vessel
+in the harbor in 1777, variously reported to have been the work of
+Americans from Machias, Maine, and also by Americans from Pictou and
+Truro. In all probability the latter were in the plot. The vessel had
+been loading with timber for the British market. The captain was invited
+to the house of Wellwood Waugh, and went without suspicion, leaving the
+vessel in charge of the mate. During the visit he was surrounded and
+informed that he was a prisoner, and commanded to deliver up his arms.
+In the meantime an armed party proceeded to the vessel, which was easily
+secured. As the crew came on deck they were made prisoners and confined
+in the forecastle. Some of the captors took a boat belonging to the ship
+and went to the shop of Roderick McKay some distance up East River, and
+plundered it of tools, iron, &c. In the meantime Roderick and his
+brother Donald had boarded the vessel and were also made prisoners. When
+night came the captors celebrated the event by a carousal. When well
+under the influence of liquor, Roderick proposed to his brother to take
+the ship, the plan being to make a sudden rush up the cabin stairs to
+the deck; that he would seize the sentry and pitch him overboard, while
+Donald should stand with an axe over the companionway and not allow any
+of them to come up. Donald was a quiet, peaceable man, and opposed to
+the effusion of blood and refused to take part in the scheme. The McKays
+were released and the vessel sailed for Bay Verte, not knowing that the
+Americans had retired from the place. The vessel fell into the hands of
+a man-of-war, and the captors took to the woods, where, it is supposed,
+many of them perished. All of Waugh's goods were seized, by the officers
+of the war-vessel, and sold, and he was forced to leave. This affair
+caused the American sympathizers to leave the settlement moving
+eastward, and without selling their farms.
+
+American privateers were frequently off the coast, but had little effect
+on Pictou. One of the passengers of the Hector who had removed to
+Halifax and there married, came to Pictou by land, but sent his baggage
+on a vessel. She was captured and he lost all. A privateer came into the
+harbor, the alarm was given, and the people assembled to repel the
+invader. An American living in the settlement, went on board the vessel
+and urged the commander to leave because there were only a few Scotch
+settlers commencing in the woods, and not yet possessing anything worth
+taking away. In consequence of his representations the vessel put out to
+sea.--The wreck of the Malignant excited some attention at Pictou, near
+the close of the war. She was a man-of-war bound to Quebec, and late in
+the fall was wrecked at a place since known as Malignant Cove. The crew
+came to Pictou and staid through the winter, being provided for through
+the efforts of Robert Patterson.
+
+The cause of the greatest alarm during the War was a large gathering of
+Indians at Fraser's Point in 1779. In that year some Indians, in the
+interest of the Americans, having plundered the inhabitants at
+Miramichi, a British man-of-war seized sixteen of them of whom twelve
+were carried to Quebec as hostages, and from there, afterwards, brought
+to Halifax. Several hundred Indians, for quite a number of days were in
+council, the design of which was believed to join in the war against the
+English. The settlers were greatly alarmed, but the Indians quietly
+dispersed. Most of the Highlanders that emigrated on board the Hector
+were very ignorant. Only a few could read and books among them were
+unknown. The Lockerbie settlers were much more intelligent in religion
+and in everything else. They brought with them from Scotland a few
+religious books, some of which were lost on Prince Edward Island, but
+those preserved were carefully read. In 1779 John Patterson brought a
+supply of books from Scotland, among which was a lot of the New England
+Primer, which was distributed among the young.
+
+The people were all religiously inclined, and some very devout. All were
+desirous of religious ordinances. They would meet at the regular hour on
+the Sabbath, Robert Marshall holding what was called a religious
+teaching for the English, and Colin Douglass doing the same in Gaelic.
+The exercises consisted of praise, prayer and the reading of the
+Scriptures and religious books. They were visited once or twice by
+Reverend David Smith of Londonderry, and Reverend Daniel Cock of Truro
+came among them several times. As the people considered themselves under
+the ministry of the latter, they went on foot to Truro to be present at
+his communions, and carried their children thither on their backs to be
+baptized by him. These people had so little English that they could
+scarcely understand any sermon in that language. This may be judged from
+an incident that occurred some years later. A Highlander, living in
+Truro, attended Mr. Cock's service. The latter one day took for his text
+the words, "Fools make a mock of sin." The former bore the sermon
+patiently, but said afterward, "Mr. Cock's needn't have talked so about
+moccasins; Mr. McGregor wore them many a time."
+
+The people were also visited by itinerant preachers, the most important
+of whom was Henry Alline. In his journal, under date of July 25, 1782,
+he says:
+
+"Got to a place called Picto, where I had no thought of making any stay,
+but finding the spirit to attend my preaching, I staid there thirteen
+days and preached in all the different parts of the settlement, I found
+four Christians in this place, who were greatly revived and rejoiced
+that the Gospel was sent among them."--Reverend James Bennet, missionary
+of the Church of England, in 1775, visited the eastern borders of the
+Province, and in 1780 visited Pictou and Tatamagouche, and on his return
+lost his way in the woods.
+
+The Peace of 1783 brought in an influx of settlers mostly from the
+Highlands, with some who had served in the Revolution against the
+Americans. This added strength gave more solidity to the settlement.
+Although considerable prosperity had been attained the added numbers
+brought increased wealth. Among the fresh arrivals came Reverend James
+McGregor, in 1786, and under his administration the religious tone was
+developed, and the state of society enhanced.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+FIRST HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN AMERICA.
+
+
+The conflict known as THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, which began in 1754,
+forced the English colonies to join in a common cause. The time had come
+for the final struggle between France and England for colonial supremacy
+in America. The principal cause for the war was brought on by the
+conflicting territorial claims of the two nations. Mutual encroachments
+were made by both parties on the other's territory, in consequence of
+which both nations prepared for war. The English ministry decided to
+make their chief efforts against the French in that quarter where the
+aggressions took place, and for this purpose dispatched thither two
+bodies of troops. The first division, of which the 42nd Highlanders
+formed a part, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir James
+Abercromby, set sail in March, 1756, and landed in June following.
+
+The Highland regiments that landed in America and took part in the
+conflict were the 42nd or Royal Highland Regiment, but better known as
+"The Black Watch" (_Am Freiceadan Dubh_), the 77th or Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and the Old 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.
+
+The Black Watch, so called from the sombre appearance of their dress was
+embodied, as the 43rd Regiment, May, 1740, having been composed largely
+of the independent companies raised in 1729. When Oglethorpe's regiment,
+the 42nd was reduced in 1749, the Black Watch received its number, which
+ever since, it has retained. From 1749 to 1756 the regiment was
+stationed in Ireland, and between them and the inhabitants of the
+districts, where quartered, the utmost cordiality existed. Previous to
+the departure of the regiment from Ireland to America, officers with
+parties had been sent to Scotland for recruits. So successful were
+they, that in the month of June, seven hundred embarked at Greenock for
+America. The officers of the regiment were as follows:
+
+===================================================================================
+ Rank  | NAME              | Commission  | Rank   |    NAME          |Commission
+-------+-------------------+-------------+--------+------------------+-------------
+Colonel|Lord John Murray   |Apr. 25, 1745|Lieut.  |John Graham       |Jan. 25, 1756
+Lieut. |                   |             |Lieut.  |Hugh McPherson    | "   26, 1756
+Colonel|Francis Grant      |Dec. 17, 1755|Lieut.  |Alexander Turnbull| "   27, 1756
+Major  |Duncan Campbell,   |Dec. 17, 1755|Lieut.  |Alexander Campbell| "   28, 1756
+       |  Inveraw          |             |Lieut.  |Alexander McIntosh| "   29, 1756
+Capt   |Gordon Graham      |June 3, 1752 |Lieut.  |James Gray        | "   30, 1756
+Capt   |John Read          |     do.     |Lieut.  |William Baillie   | "   31, 1756
+Capt   |John McNeile       |Dec. 16, 1752|Lieut.  |Hugh Arnott       |Apr.  9, 1756
+Capt   |Alan Campbell      |Mar. 15, 1755|Lieut.  |John Sutherland   | "   10, 1756
+Capt   |Thomas Graeme      |Feb. 16, 1756|Lieut.  |John Small        | "   11, 1756
+       |  Duchray          |             |Ensign  |Archibald Campbell|May   5, 1756
+Capt   |James Abercromby   |     do.     |Ensign  |James Campbell    |Jan. 24, 1756
+       |  Son of Glassa    |             |Ensign  |Archibald Lamont  | "   25, 1756
+Capt   |John Campbell      |Apr. 9, 1756 |Ensign  |Duncan Campbell   | "   26, 1756
+Capt.  |  Strachur         |             |Ensign  |George McLagan    | "   27, 1756
+Lieut. |John Campbell, sr  |Feb. 16, 1756|Ensign  |Patrick Balneaves | "   28, 1756
+Lieut. |William Grant      |May 22, 1746 |Ensign  |Patrick Stuart    | "   29, 1756
+Lieut. |Robert Gray        |Aug. 7, 1747 |Ensign  |Norman McLeod     | "   30, 1756
+Lieut. |John Campbell      |May 16, 1748 |Ensign  |George Campbell   | "   31, 1756
+Lieut. |George Farquharson |Mar. 29, 1750|Ensign  |Donald Campbell   | May  5, 1756
+Lieut. |Colin Campbell     |Feb. 9, 1751 |Chaplain|Adam Ferguson     |Apr. 30, 1746
+Lieut. |James Campbell     |June 3, 1752 |Adjutant|James Grant       |June 26, 1751
+Lieut. |Sir James Cockburn,|Mar. 15, 1755|Q.M.    |John Graham       |Feb. 19, 1756
+       |  B't.             |             |Surgeon |David Hepburn     |June 26, 1751
+Lieut. |Kenneth Tolme      |Jan. 23, 1756|        |                  |
+Lieut. |James Grant        | "   24, 1756|        |                  |
+===================================================================================
+
+The regiment known as Montgomery's Highlanders (77th) took its name from
+its commander, Archibald Montgomery, son of the earl of Eglinton. Being
+very popular among the Highlanders, Montgomery very soon raised the
+requisite body of men, who were formed into thirteen companies of one
+hundred and five rank and file each; making in all fourteen hundred and
+sixty effective men, including sixty-five sergeants and thirty pipers
+and drummers. The Colonel's commission was dated January 4, 1757, and
+those of the other officers one day later than his senior in rank. They
+are thus recorded:
+
+Lieut.-Colonel commanding, Archibald Montgomery; majors, James Grant of
+Ballindalloch and Alexander Campbell; captains, John Sinclair, Hugh
+Mackenzie, John Gordon, Alexander Mackenzie, William Macdonald, George
+Munro, Robert Mackenzie, Allan Maclean, James Robertson, Allan Cameron;
+captain-lieut., Alexander Mackintosh; lieutenants, Charles Farquharson,
+Nichol Sutherland, Donald Macdonald, William Mackenzie, Robert
+Mackenzie, Henry Munro, Archibald Robertson, Duncan Bayne, James Duff,
+Colin Campbell, James Grant, Alexander Macdonald, Joseph Grant, Robert
+Grant, Cosmo Martin, John Macnab, Hugh Gordon, Alexander Macdonald,
+Donald Campbell, Hugh Montgomery, James Maclean, Alexander Campbell,
+John Campbell, James Macpherson, Archibald Macvicar; ensigns: Alexander
+Grant, William Haggart, Lewis Houston, Ronald Mackinnon, George Munro,
+Alexander Mackenzie, John Maclachlane, William Maclean, James Grant,
+John Macdonald, Archibald Crawford, James Bain, Allan Stewart; chaplain:
+Henry Munro; adjutant: Donald Stewart; quarter-master: Alexander
+Montgomery; surgeon: Allan Stewart.
+
+The regiment embarked at Greenock for Halifax immediately on its
+organization.
+
+Fraser's Highlanders, or the 78th Regiment was organized by Simon
+Fraser, son of the notorious lord Lovat who was executed by the English
+government for the part he acted in the Rising of the Forty-five.
+Although his estates had been seized by the Crown, and not possessing a
+foot of land, so great was the influence of clanship, that in a few
+weeks he raised eight hundred men, to whom were added upwards of six
+hundred more by the gentlemen of the country and those who had obtained
+commissions. In point of the number of companies and men, the battalion
+was precisely the same as Montgomery's Highlanders. The list of
+officers, whose commissions are dated January 5, 1757, is as follows:
+
+Lieut.-col. commandant: Simon Fraser; majors: James Clephane and John
+Campbell of Dunoon; captains: John Macpherson, brother of Cluny, John
+Campbell of Ballimore; Simon Fraser of Inverallochy, Donald Macdonald,
+brother of Clanranald, John Macdonell of Lochgarry, Alexander Cameron of
+Dungallon, Thomas Ross of Culrossie, Thomas Fraser of Strui, Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthel, Sir Henry Seton of Abercorn and Culbeg, James
+Fraser of Belladrum; capt.-Lieut.: Simon Fraser; lieutenants: Alexander
+Macleod, Hugh Cameron, Ronald Macdonell, son of Keppoch, Charles
+Macdonell, from Glengarry, Roderick Macneil of Barra, William Macdonell,
+Archibald Campbell, son of Glenlyon, John Fraser of Balnain, Hector
+Macdonald, brother of Boisdale, Allan Stewart, son of Innernaheil, John
+Fraser, Alexander Macdonald, son of Boisdale, Alexander Fraser,
+Alexander Campbell of Aross, John Douglas, John Nairn, Arthur Rose,
+Alexander Fraser, John Macdonell of Leeks, Cosmo Gordon, David Baillie,
+Charles Stewart, Ewen Cameron, Allan Cameron, John Cuthbert, Simon
+Fraser, Archibald Macallister, James Murray, Alexander Fraser, Donald
+Cameron, son of Fassifern; ensigns: John Chisolm, Simon Fraser, Malcolm
+Fraser, Hugh Fraser, Robert Menzies, John Fraser of Errogie, James
+Mackenzie, Donald Macneil, Henry Munro, Alexander Gregorson, Ardtornish,
+James Henderson, John Campbell; chaplain: Robert Macpherson; adjutant:
+Hugh Fraser; quarter-master: John Fraser; surgeon: John Maclean.
+
+   "The uniform of the regiment was the full Highland dress with musket
+   and broadsword, to which many of the soldiers added the dirk at their
+   own expense, and a purse of badger's or otter's skin. The bonnet was
+   raised or cocked on one side, with a slight bend inclining down to
+   the right ear, over which were suspended two or more black feathers.
+   Eagle's or hawk's feathers were usually worn by the gentlemen, in the
+   Highlands, while the bonnets of the common people were ornamented
+   with a bunch of the distinguishing mark of the clan or district. The
+   ostrich feathers in the bonnets of the soldiers were a modern
+   addition of that period."[136]
+
+The regiment was quickly marched to Greenock, where it embarked, in
+company with Montgomery's Highlanders, and landed at Halifax in June
+1757, where it remained till it formed a junction with the expedition
+against Louisbourg. The regiment was quartered between Canada and Nova
+Scotia till the conclusion of the war. On all occasions they sustained a
+uniform character for unshaken firmness, incorruptible probity and a
+strict regard to their duties. The men were always anxious to conceal
+their misdemeanors from the _Caipal Mohr_, as they called the chaplain,
+from his large size.
+
+When The Black Watch landed in New York they attracted much notice,
+particularly on the part of the Indians, who, on the march of the
+regiment to Albany, flocked from all quarters to see strangers, whom,
+from the somewhat similarity of dress, they believed to be of the same
+extraction with themselves, and therefore considered them to be
+brothers.
+
+During the whole of 1756 the regiment remained inactive in Albany. The
+winter and spring of 1757 they were drilled and disciplined for
+bush-fighting and sharpshooting, a species of warfare then necessary and
+for which they were well fitted, being in general good marksmen, and
+expert in the management of their arms.
+
+[Illustration: HIGHLAND OFFICER]
+
+In the month of June, 1757, lord Loudon, who had been appointed
+commander-in-chief of the army in North America, with the 22d, 42d,
+44th, 48th, 2d and 4th battalions of the 60th, together with six hundred
+Rangers, making in all five thousand and three hundred men, embarked for
+Halifax, where his force was increased to ten thousand and five hundred
+men by the addition of five regiments lately arrived from England, which
+included Fraser's and Montgomery's Highlanders. When on the eve of his
+departure for an attack on Louisburg, information was received that the
+Brest fleet, consisting of seventeen sail of the line, besides frigates,
+had arrived in the harbor of that fortress. Letters, which had been
+captured in a vessel bound from Louisburg to France, revealed that the
+force was too great to be encountered. Lord Loudon abandoned the
+enterprise and soon after returned to New York taking with him the
+Highlanders and four other regiments.
+
+By the addition of three new companies and the junction of seven hundred
+recruits "The Black Watch" or 42nd, was now augmented to upwards of
+thirteen hundred men, all Highlanders, for at that period, none others
+were admitted.
+
+During the absence of lord Loudon, Montcalm, the French commander, was
+very active, and collecting all his disposable forces, including
+Indians, and a large train of artillery, amounting in all to more than
+eight thousand men, laid siege to Fort William Henry, under the command
+of Colonel Munro. Some six miles distant was Fort Edward, garrisoned by
+four thousand men under General Webb. The siege was conducted with great
+vigor and within six days Colonel Munro surrendered, conditioned on not
+serving again for eighteen months, and allowed to march out of the fort
+with their arms and two field pieces. As soon as they were without the
+gate the Indians fell upon them and committed all sorts of outrages and
+barbarities,--the French being unable to restrain them.
+
+Thus terminated the campaign of 1757 in America, undistinguished by any
+act which might compensate for the loss of territory or the sacrifice of
+lives. With an inferior force the French had been successful at every
+point, and besides having obtained complete control of Lakes George and
+Champlain, the destruction of Oswego gave the dominion of those lakes,
+which are connected with the St. Lawrence, to the Mississippi, thus
+opening a direct communication between Canada and the southwest.
+
+Lord Loudon having been recalled, the command of the army again devolved
+on General James Abercromby. Determined to wipe off the disgrace of
+former campaigns, the new ministry, which had just come into power,
+fitted out, in 1758, a great naval and military force consisting of
+fifty-two thousand men. To the military staff were added Major-General
+Amherst, and Brigadier-General's Wolfe, Townsend and Murray. Three
+expeditions were proposed: the first to renew the attempt on Louisburg;
+the second directed against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the third
+against Fort du Quesne.
+
+General Abercromby took command, in person, of the expedition against
+Ticonderoga, with a force of fifteen thousand three hundred and ninety
+men, of whom over six thousand were regulars, the rest being
+provincials, besides a train of artillery. Among the regulars must be
+reckoned the 42 Highlanders. Ticonderoga, situated on a point of land
+between Lake George and Lake Champlain is surrounded on three sides by
+water, and on one-half of the fourth by a morass. The remaining part of
+the fort was protected by high entrenchments, supported and flanked by
+three batteries, and the whole front of that which was accessible
+intersected by deep traverses, and blocked up with felled trees, with
+their branches turned outwards, and their points sharpened.
+
+On July 5th the army struck their tents at daybreak, and in nine hundred
+small boats and one hundred and thirty-five whale-boats, with artillery
+mounted on rafts, embarked on Lake George. The fleet in stately
+procession, bright with banners and cheered by martial music, moved down
+the beautiful lake, beaming with hope and pride. The solemn forests were
+broken by the echoes of the happy soldiery. There was no one to molest
+them, and victory was their one desire. Over the broader expanse they
+passed to the first narrows, witnessing the mountains rising from the
+water's edge, the dark forest, and the picturesque loveliness of the
+scene. Long afterwards General John Stark recounted that when they had
+halted at Sabbathday Point at twilight, lord Howe, reclining in his tent
+on a bearskin, and bent on winning a hero's name, questioned him closely
+as to the position of Ticonderoga and the fittest modes of attack.
+
+After remaining five hours at their resting place, the army, an hour
+before midnight, moved once more down the lake, and by nine the next
+morning, disembarked on the west side, in a cove sheltered by a point
+which still keeps the name of Lord Howe. The troops were formed into two
+parallel columns and marched on the enemy's advanced posts, which were
+abandoned without a shot. The march was continued in the same order, but
+the guides proving ignorant, the columns came in contact, and were
+thrown into confusion. A detachment of the enemy which had also become
+bewildered in the woods, fell in with the right column, at the head of
+which was lord Howe, and during the skirmish which ensued, Howe was
+killed. Abercromby ordered the army to march back to the landing place.
+
+Montcalm, ever alert, was ready to receive the English army. On July 6th
+he called in all his parties, and when united amounted to two thousand
+eight hundred French and four hundred and fifty Canadians. On the 7th
+the whole army toiled incredibly in strengthening their defenses. On the
+same evening De Levi returned from the projected expedition against the
+Mohawks, bringing with him four hundred chosen men. On the morning of
+the 8th, the drums of the French beat to arms, that the troops, now
+thirty-six hundred and fifty in number, might know their stations and
+resume their work.
+
+The strongest regiment in the army of Abercrombie was the 42nd
+Highlanders, fully equipped, in their native dress. The officers wore a
+narrow gold braiding round their tunics, all other lace being laid aside
+to make them less conspicuous to the French and Canadian riflemen. The
+sergeants wore silver lace on their coats, and carried the Lochaber axe,
+the head of which was fitted for hewing, hooking or spearing an enemy,
+or such other work as might be found before the ramparts of Ticonderoga.
+Many of the men had been out in the Rising of the Forty-five.
+
+When Abercrombie received information from some prisoners that De Levi
+was about to reinforce Montcalm, he determined, if possible to strike a
+blow before a junction could be effected. Report also having reached him
+that the entrenchments were still unfinished, and might be assaulted
+with prospects of success, he immediately made the necessary
+dispositions for attack. The British commander, remaining far behind
+during the action, put the army in motion, on the 8th, the regulars
+advancing through the openings of the provincials, and taking the lead.
+The pickets were followed by the grenadiers, supported by the battalions
+and reserve, which last consisted of the Highlanders and 55th regiment,
+advanced with great alacrity towards the entrenchments, which they found
+much more formidable than they expected. As the British advanced,
+Montcalm, who stood just within the trenches, threw off his coat for the
+sunny work of the July afternoon, and forbade a musket to be fired until
+he had given the order. When the British drew very near, in three
+principal columns, to attack simultaneously the left, the center, and
+the right, they became entangled among the rubbish and broken into
+disorder by clambering over logs and projecting limbs. The quick eye of
+Montcalm saw the most effective moment had come, and giving the word of
+command, a sudden and incessant fire of swivels and small arms mowed
+down brave officers and men by hundreds. The intrepidity of the English
+made the carnage terrible. With the greatest vivacity the attacks were
+continued all the afternoon. Wherever the French appeared to be weak,
+Montcalm immediately strengthened them. Regiment after regiment was
+hurled against the besieged, only to be hurled back with the loss of
+half their number.
+
+The Scottish Highlanders, held in the reserve, from the very first were
+impatient of the restraint; but when they saw the column fall back,
+unable longer to control themselves, and emulous of sharing the danger,
+broke away and pushed forward to the front, and with their broadswords
+and Lochaber axes endeavored to cut through the abattis and
+chevaux-de-frize. For three hours the Highlanders struggled without the
+least appearance of discouragement. After a long and deadly struggle
+they penetrated the exterior defences and reached the breastwork; having
+no scaling ladders, they attempted to gain the summit by mounting on
+each others shoulders and partly by fixing their feet in holes they made
+with their swords, axes and bayonets in the face of the work, but no
+sooner did a man appear on top than he was hurled down by the defending
+troops. Captain John Campbell, with a few men, at length forced their
+way over the breastwork, but were immediately dispatched with the
+bayonet.
+
+While the Highlanders and grenadiers were fighting without faltering and
+without confusion on the French left, the columns which had attacked the
+center and right, at about five o'clock, concentrated themselves at a
+point between the two; but De Levi advanced from the right and Montcalm
+brought up the reserve. At six the two parties nearest the water turned
+desperately against the center, and being repulsed, made a last effort
+on the left, where, becoming bewildered, the English fired on an
+advanced party of their own, producing hopeless dejection.
+
+The British general, during the confusion of battle cowered safely at
+the saw-mills, and when his presence was needed to rally the fugitives,
+was nowhere to be found. The second in command, unable to seize the
+opportunity, gave no commands. The Highlanders persevered in their
+undertaking and did not relinquish their labors until they received the
+third order to retreat, when they withdrew, unmolested, and carrying
+with them the whole of their wounded.
+
+The loss sustained by the 42nd was as follows: eight officers, nine
+sergeants and two hundred and ninety-seven men killed; and seventeen
+officers, ten sergeants and three hundred and six soldiers wounded. The
+officers killed were Major Duncan Campbell of Inveraw, Captain John
+Campbell, Lieutenants George Farquharson, Hugh MacPherson, William
+Baillie, and John Sutherland; Ensigns Patrick Stewart of Bonskied and
+George Rattray. The wounded were Captains Gordon Graham, Thomas Graham
+of Duchray, John Campbell of Strachur, James Stewart of Urrad, James
+Murray; Lieutenants James Grant, Robert Gray, John Campbell of Melford,
+William Grant, John Graham, brother of Duchray, Alexander Campbell,
+Alexander Mackintosh, Archibald Campbell, David Miller, Patrick
+Balneaves; and Ensigns John Smith and Peter Grant.
+
+The intrepid conduct of the Highlanders, in the storming of Ticonderoga,
+was made the topic of universal panegyric throughout the whole of Great
+Britain, the public prints teeming with honorable mention of, and
+testimonies to their bravery. Among these General Stewart copies[137]
+the two following:
+
+   "With a mixture of esteem, grief and envy (says an officer of the
+   55th, lord Howe's regiment), I consider the great loss and immortal
+   glory acquired by the Scots Highlanders in the late bloody affair.
+   Impatient for orders, they rushed forward to the entrenchments, which
+   many of them actually mounted. They appeared like lions, breaking
+   from their chains. Their intrepidity was rather animated than damped
+   by seeing their comrades fall on every side. I have only to say of
+   them, that they seemed more anxious to revenge the cause of their
+   deceased friends, than careful to avoid the same fate. By their
+   assistance, we expect soon to give a good account of the enemy and of
+   ourselves. There is much harmony and friendship between us." "The
+   attack (says Lieutenant William Grant of the 42nd) began a little
+   past one in the afternoon, and, about two, the fire became general on
+   both sides, which was exceedingly heavy, and without any
+   intermission, insomuch that the oldest soldier present never saw so
+   furious and incessant a fire. The affair at Fontenoy was nothing to
+   it. I saw both. We labored under insurmountable difficulties. The
+   enemy's breastwork was about nine or ten feet high, upon the top of
+   which they had plenty of wall pieces fixed, and which was well lined
+   in the inside with small arms. But the difficult access to their
+   lines was what gave them the fatal advantage over us. They took care
+   to cut down monstrous large oak trees, which covered all the ground
+   from the foot of their breastwork about the distance of a cannon shot
+   every way in their front. This not only broke our ranks, and made it
+   impossible for us to keep our order, but put it entirely out of our
+   power to advance till we cut our way through. I have seen men behave
+   with courage and resolution before now, but so much determined
+   bravery can hardly be equalled in any part of the history of ancient
+   Rome. Even those that were mortally wounded cried aloud to their
+   companions, not to mind or lose a thought upon them, but to follow
+   their officers, and to mind the honor of their country. Nay, their
+   ardor was such, that it was difficult to bring them off. They paid
+   dearly for their intrepidity. The remains of the regiment had the
+   honor to cover the retreat of the army, and brought off the wounded,
+   as we did at Fontenoy. When shall we have so fine a regiment again? I
+   hope we shall be allowed to recruit."
+
+The English outnumbered the French four-fold, and with their artillery,
+which was near at hand, could have forced a passage. "Had I to besiege
+Ticonderoga," said Montcalm, "I would ask for but six mortars and two
+pieces of artillery." But Abercrombie, that evening, hurried the army to
+the landing place, with such precipitancy, that but for the alertness of
+Colonel Bradstreet, it would at once have rushed in a mass into the
+boats. On the morning of the 9th the army embarked and Abercrombie did
+not rest until he had placed the lake between himself and Montcalm, and
+even then he sent the artillery and ammunition to Albany for safety.
+
+The expedition against Louisburg, under Major-General Jeffrey Amherst,
+set sail from Halifax on May 28, 1758. It was joined by the fleet under
+Admiral Boscawen. The formidable armament consisted of twenty-five sail
+of the line, eighteen frigates, and a number of bomb and fire ships,
+with the Royals, 15th, 17th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 45th, 47th, 48th,
+58th, the 2d and 3d battalions of the 60th, 78th Highlanders, and New
+England Rangers,--in all, thirteen thousand and nine men. On June 2nd
+the vessels anchored in Garbarus Bay, seven miles from Louisburg. The
+garrison, under the Chevalier Ducour, consisted of twenty-five hundred
+regulars, six hundred militia, and four hundred Canadians and Indians.
+The harbor was protected by six ships of the line and five frigates,
+three of the latter being sunk at its mouth. The English ships were six
+days on the coast before a landing could be attempted, on account of a
+heavy surf continually rolling with such violence, that no boat could
+approach the shore. The violence of the surf having somewhat abated, a
+landing was effected on June 8th. The troops were disposed for landing
+in three divisions. That on the left, which was destined for the real
+attack, commanded by Brigadier General Wolfe, was composed of the
+grenadiers and light infantry, and the 78th, or Fraser's Highlanders.
+While the boats containing this division were being rowed ashore, the
+other two divisions on the right and center, commanded by Brigadier
+Generals Whitmore and Lawrence, made a show of landing, in order to
+divide and distract the enemy. The landing place was occupied by two
+thousand men entrenched behind a battery of eight pieces of cannon and
+swivels. The enemy wisely reserved their fire till the boats were close
+to the shore, and then directed their discharge of cannon and musketry
+with considerable execution. The surf aided the fire. Many of the boats
+were upset or dashed to pieces on the rocks, and numbers of the men were
+killed or drowned before land was reached. Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert of the Highlanders, Lieutenant Nicholson of Amherts,
+and thirty-eight men were killed. Notwithstanding the great
+disadvantages, nothing could stop the troops when led by such a general
+as Wolfe. Some of the light infantry and Highlanders were first ashore,
+and drove all before them. The rest followed, and soon pursued the enemy
+to a distance of two miles, when they were checked by the cannonading
+from the town.
+
+In this engagement the French lost seventeen pieces of cannon, two
+mortars, and fourteen swivels, besides seventy-three prisoners. The
+cannonading from the town enabled Wolfe to prove the range of the
+enemy's guns, and to judge of the exact distance at which he might make
+his camp for investing the town. The regiments then took post at the
+positions assigned them. For some days operations went on slowly. The
+sea was so rough that the landing of stores from the fleet was much
+retarded; and it was not until the 11th that the six pounder field
+pieces were landed. Six days later a squadron was fairly blown out to
+sea by the tempest. By the 24th the chief engineer had thirteen
+twenty-four pounders in position against the place. The first operation
+was to secure a point called Lighthouse Battery, the guns from which
+could play upon the ships and on the batteries on the opposite side of
+the harbor. On the 12th this point was captured by Wolfe at the head of
+his gallant Fraser's and flank companies, with but little loss. On the
+25th, the fire from this post silenced the island battery immediately
+opposite. An incessant fire, however, was kept up from the other
+batteries and shipping of the enemy. On July 9th the enemy made a sortie
+on General Lawrence's brigade, but were quickly repulsed. In this
+affair, the earl of Dundonald was killed. There were twenty other
+casualities. The French captain who led the attack, with seventeen of
+his men, was also killed. On the 16th, Wolfe pushed forward some
+grenadiers and Highlanders, and took possession of the hills in front of
+the Lighthouse battery, where a lodgement was made under a fire from the
+town and the ships. On the 21st one of the French ships was set on fire
+by a bombshell and blew up, and the fire being communicated to two
+others, they were burned to the water's edge. The fate of the town was
+now almost decided, the enemy's fire nearly silenced and the
+fortifications shattered to the ground. All that now remained in the
+reduction was to get possession of the harbor, by taking or burning the
+two ships of the line which remained. For this purpose the admiral, on
+the night of July 25th sent six hundred seamen in boats, with orders to
+take, or burn, the two ships of the line that remained in the harbor,
+resolving if they succeeded to send in some of his larger vessels to
+bombard the town. This enterprise was successfully executed by the
+seamen under Captains Laforey and Balfour, in the face of a terrible
+fire of cannon and musketry. One of the ships was set on fire and the
+other towed off. On the 26th the town surrendered; the garrison and
+seamen amounted to five thousand six hundred and thirty-seven, besides
+one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon, eighteen mortars, seven
+thousand five hundred stand of arms, eleven colors, and eleven ships of
+war. The total loss of the English army and fleet, during the siege
+amounted to five hundred and twenty-five. Besides Captain Baillie and
+Lieutenant Cuthbert the Highlanders lost Lieutenant J. Alexander Fraser
+and James Murray, killed; Captain Donald MacDonald, Lieutenant Alexander
+Campbell (Barcaldine) and John MacDonald, wounded; and sixty-seven rank
+and file killed and wounded.
+
+The third expedition was against Fort du Quesne, undertaken by Brigadier
+General John Forbes. Although the point of attack was less formidable
+and the enemy inferior in numbers to those at either Ticonderoga or
+Louisburg, yet the difficulties were greater, owing to the great extent
+of country to be traversed, through woods without roads, over mountains
+and through almost impassable morasses. The army consisted of six
+thousand two hundred and thirty-eight men, composed of Montgomery's
+Highlanders, twelve hundred and eighty-four strong, five hundred and
+fifty-five of the Royal Americans, and four thousand four hundred
+provincials. Among the latter were the two Virginia regiments, nineteen
+hundred strong, under the command of Washington. Yet vast as were the
+preparations of the army, Forbes never would have seen the Ohio had it
+not been for the genius of Washington, although then but twenty-six
+years of age. The army took up its line of march from Philadelphia in
+July, and did not reach Raystown until the month of September, when they
+were still ninety miles distant from Fort du Quesne. It was Washington's
+earnest advice that the army should advance with celerity along
+Braddock's road; but other advice prevailed, and the army commemorated
+its march by moving slowly and constructing a new route to the Ohio.
+Thus the summer was frittered away. While Washington's forces joined the
+main army, Boquet was detached with two thousand men to take post at
+Loyal Hanna, fifty miles in advance. Here intelligence was received that
+the French garrison consisted of but eight hundred men, of whom three
+hundred were Indians. The vainglory of Boquet, without the consent or
+knowledge of his superior officer urged him to send forward a party of
+four hundred Highlanders and a company of Virginians, under Major James
+Grant to reconnoitre. Major Grant divided his troops, and when near the
+fort, advanced with pipes playing and drums beating, as if he was on a
+visit to a friendly town. The enemy did not wait to be attacked, but
+instantly marched out of their works and invited the conflict. The
+Highlanders threw off their coats and charged sword in hand. At first
+the French gave way, but rallied and surrounded the detachment on all
+sides. Being concealed in the thick foliage, their heavy and destructive
+fire could not be returned with any effect. Major Grant was taken in an
+attempt to force into the woods, where he observed the thickest of the
+fire. On losing their commander, and so many officers killed and
+wounded, the Highlanders dispersed, and were only saved from utter ruin
+by the provincials. Only one hundred and fifty of the Highlanders
+succeeded in making their way back to Loyal Hanna.
+
+In this battle, fought September 14, 1758, two hundred and thirty-one
+Highlander's were killed and wounded. The officers killed were Captain
+William Macdonald and George Munro; Lieutenants Alexander Mackenzie,
+William Mackenzie; Robert Mackenzie, Colin Campbell, and Alexander
+Macdonald; and the wounded were Captain Hugh Mackenzie, Lieutenants
+Alexander Macdonald, Archibald Robertson, Henry Munro, and Ensigns John
+Macdonald and Alexander Grant.
+
+General Forbes did not reach Loyal Hanna until November 5th, and there a
+council of war determined that no farther advance should be made for
+that season. But Washington had plead that owing to his long intimacy
+with these woods, and his familiarity with the difficulties and all the
+passes should be allowed the responsibility of commanding the first
+party. This having been denied him, he prevailed on the commander to be
+allowed to make a second advance. His brigade was of provincials, and
+they toiled cheerfully by his side, infusing his own spirit into the men
+he commanded. Over the hills white with snow, his troops poorly fed and
+poorly clothed toiled onward. His movements were rapid: on November 15th
+he was at Chestnut Ridge; and the 17th at Bushy Run. As he drew near
+Fort du Quesne, the disheartened garrison, about five hundred in number,
+set fire to the fort, and by the light of the conflagration, descended
+the Ohio. On the 25th Washington could point out to the army the
+junction of the rivers, and entering the fortress, they planted the
+British colors on the deserted ruins. As the banner of England floated
+over the Ohio, the place was with one voice named Pittsburg, in honor of
+the great English premier William Pitt.
+
+The troops under Washington were accompanied by a body of Highlanders.
+On the morning of November 25th, the army advanced with the provincials
+in the front. They entered upon an Indian path. "Upon each side of which
+a number of stakes, with the bark peeled off, were stuck into the earth,
+and upon each stake was fixed the head and kilt of a Highlander who had
+been killed or taken prisoner at Grant's defeat. The provincials, being
+front, obtained the first view of these horrible spectacles, which it
+may readily be believed, excited no kindly feelings in their breasts.
+They passed along, however, without any manifestation of their violent
+wrath. But as soon as the Highlanders came in sight of the remains of
+their countrymen, a slight buzz was heard in their ranks, which rapidly
+swelled and grew louder and louder. Exasperated not only by the
+barbarous outrages upon the persons of their unfortunate fellow soldiers
+who had fallen only a few days before, but maddened by the insult which
+was conveyed by the exhibition of their kilts, and which they well
+understood, as they had long been nicknamed the 'petticoat warriors' by
+the Indians, their wrath knew no bounds. Directly a rapid and violent
+tramping was heard, and immediately the whole corps of the Highlanders,
+with their muskets abandoned, and broad swords drawn, rushed by the
+provincials, foaming with rage, and resembling, as Captain Craighead
+coarsely expressed it, 'mad boars engaged in battle,' swearing vengeance
+and extermination upon the French troops who had permitted such
+outrages. Their march was now hastened--the whole army moved forward
+after the Highlanders, and when they arrived somewhere about where the
+canal now passes, the Fort was discovered to be in flames, and the last
+of the boats, with the flying Frenchmen, were seen passing down the Ohio
+by Smoky Island. Great was the disappointment of the exasperated
+Highlanders at the escape of the French, and their wrath subsided into a
+sullen and relentless desire for vengeance."[138]
+
+The Highlanders passed the winter of 1758 in Pittsburg, and in May
+following marched to the assistance of General Amherst in his
+proceedings at Ticonderoga, Crown Point and the Lakes.
+
+Before the heroic action of The Black Watch at Ticonderoga was known in
+England, a warrant was issued conferring upon the regiment the title of
+Royal, so that it became known also by the name of 42d Royal Highland
+Regiment, and letters were issued to raise a second battalion. So
+successful were the recruiting officers that within three months, seven
+companies, each one hundred and twenty men strong were embodied at Perth
+in October 1758. Although Highlanders only were admitted, yet two
+officers, anxious to obtain commissions, enlisted eighteen Irishmen,
+several of whom were O'Donnels, O'Lachlans, O'Briens, &c. The O was
+changed to Mac, and the Milesians passed muster as true Macdonels,
+Maclachlans, and Macbriars, without being questioned.
+
+The second battalion immediately embarked at Greenock for the West
+Indies, under the convoy of the Ludlow Castle; and after the reduction
+of Guadaloupe, it was transferred to New York, and in July, 1759, was
+combined with the first battalion, in order to engage in the operations
+then projected against the French settlements in Canada. General Wolfe
+was to proceed up the St. Lawrence and besiege Quebec. General Amherst,
+who had succeeded Abercromby as commander-in-chief, was to attempt the
+reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then effect a junction
+with General Wolfe before Quebec. Brigadier General John Prideaux was to
+proceed against the French fort near the falls of Niagara, the most
+important post of all French America.
+
+The army first put in motion was that under Amherst, which assembled at
+Fort Edward on June 19th. It included the 42nd and Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and when afterwards joined by the second battalion of the
+42nd, numbered fourteen thousand five hundred men. On the 21st, preceded
+by The Black Watch the army moved forward and encamped on Lake George,
+where, during the previous year, the army rested prior to the attack on
+Ticonderoga. Considerable time was spent in preparations for assaulting
+this formidable post, but on seeing the preparations made by the English
+generals for a siege, the French set fire to the magazines and
+buildings, and retired to Crown Point.
+
+The plan of campaign on the part of the French appeared to have been to
+embarrass Amherst by retarding the advance of his army, but not to
+hazard any considerable engagement, nor to allow themselves to be so
+completely invested as to cut off all retreat. The main object of their
+tactics was so to delay the advance of the English that the season for
+action on the Lakes would pass away without showing any decisive
+advantage on the part of the invaders, whilst their own forces could be
+gradually concentrated, and thus arrest the progress of Amherst down the
+St. Lawrence.
+
+On taking possession of Ticonderoga, which effectually covered the
+frontiers of New York, General Amherst proceeded to repair the
+fortifications; and, while superintending this work, was indefatigable
+in preparing batteaux and other vessels for conveying his troops, and
+obtaining the superiority on the Lakes. Meanwhile the French abandoned
+Crown Point and retired to Isle aux Noix, on the northern extremity of
+Lake Champlain. General Amherst moved forward and took possession of the
+fort which the French had abandoned, and the second battalion of the
+42nd was ordered up. Having gained a naval superiority on Lake Champlain
+the army went into winter quarters at Crown Point.
+
+The main undertaking of the campaign was the reduction of Quebec, by far
+the most difficult operation, where General Wolfe was expected to
+perform an important part with not more than seven thousand effective
+men. The movement commenced at Sandy Hook, Tuesday May 8, 1759 when the
+expedition set sail for Louisburg, under convoy of the Nightingale, the
+fleet consisting of about twenty-eight sail, the greater part of which
+was to take in the troops from Nova Scotia, and the rest having on board
+Fraser's Highlanders. They arrived at Louisburg on the 17th. and there
+remained until June 4th, when the fleet again set sail, consisting of
+one hundred and fifty vessels, twenty-two of which were ships of the
+line. They entered the St. Lawrence on the 13th, and on the 23rd
+anchored near Isle aux Coudres. On the 26th, the whole armament arrived
+off the Isle of Orleans, and the next day disembarked. Montcalm depended
+largely on the natural position of the city of Quebec for defence,
+although he neglected nothing for his security. Every landing-place was
+intrenched and protected. At midnight on the 28th a fleet of fireships
+came down the tide, but was grappled by the British soldiers and towed
+them free of the shipping. Point Levi, on the night of the 29th was
+occupied, and batteries constructed, from which red-hot balls were
+discharged, demolishing the lower town of Quebec and injuring the upper.
+But the citadel and every avenue from the river to the cliff were too
+strongly entrenched for an assault.
+
+General Wolfe, enterprising, daring, was eager for battle. Perceiving
+that the eastern bank of the Montmorenci was higher than the position of
+Montcalm, on July 9th he crossed the north channel and encamped there;
+but not a spot on the line of the Montmorenci was left unprotected by
+the vigilant Montcalm. General Wolfe planned that two brigades should
+ford the Montmorenci at the proper time of the tide, while Monckton's
+regiments should cross the St. Lawrence in boats from Point Levi. The
+signal was given and the advance made in the face of shot and shell.
+Those who got first on shore, not waiting for support, ran hastily
+towards the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder that they
+could not again come into line. Wolfe was compelled to order a retreat.
+Intrepidity and discipline could not overcome the heavy fire of a well
+protected enemy. In that assault, which occurred on July 31st, Wolfe
+lost four hundred in killed.
+
+General Murray was next sent with twelve hundred men, above the town, to
+destroy the French ships and open communication with General Amherst.
+They learned that Niagara had surrendered and that Ticonderoga and Crown
+Point had been abandoned. But General Wolfe looked in vain for General
+Amherst. The commander-in-chief, opposed by no more than three thousand
+men, was loitering at Crown Point; nor was even a messenger received
+from him. The heroic Wolfe was left to struggle alone against odds and
+difficulties which every hour made more appalling. Everyone able to bear
+arms was in the field fighting for their homes, their language, and
+their religion. Old men of seventy and boys of fifteen fired at the
+English detachments from the edges of the woods.
+
+The feeble frame of General Wolfe, disabled by fever, began to sink
+under the fearful strain. He laid before his chief officers three
+desperate methods of attacking Montcalm, all of which they opposed, but
+proposed to convey five thousand men above the town, and thus draw
+Montcalm from his intrenchments. General Wolfe acquiesced and prepared
+to carry it into effect. On the 5th and 6th of September he marched the
+army from Point Levi, and embarked in transports, resolving to land at
+the point that ever since has borne his name, and take the enemy by
+surprise. Every officer knew his appointed duty, when at one o'clock on
+the morning of the 13th, about half the army glided down with the tide.
+When the cove was reached, General Wolfe and the troops with him leaped
+ashore, and clambered up the steep hill, holding by the roots and boughs
+of the maple, spruce and ash trees, that covered the declivity, and with
+but little difficulty dispersed the picket which guarded the height. At
+daybreak General Wolfe, with his battalions, stood on the plains of
+Abraham. When the news was carried to Montcalm, he said, "They have at
+last got to the weak side of this miserable garrison; we must give
+battle, and crush them before mid-day." Before ten o'clock the two
+opposing armies were ranged in each other's presence. The English, five
+thousand strong, were all regulars, perfect in discipline, terrible in
+their fearless enthusiasm, and commanded by a man whom they obeyed with
+confidence and admiration. Montcalm had but five weak battalions of two
+thousand men, mingled with disorderly peasantry. The French with three
+and the English with two small pieces of artillery cannonaded each other
+for nearly an hour.
+
+Montcalm led the French army impetuously to the attack. The
+ill-disciplined companies broke by their precipitation and the
+unevenness of the ground, fired by platoons without unity. The English
+received the shock with calmness, reserving their fire until the enemy
+were within forty yards, when they began a regular, rapid firing.
+Montcalm was everywhere, braving dangers, though wounded, cheered others
+by his example. The Canadians flinching from the hot fire, gave way when
+General Wolfe placing himself at the head of two regiments, charged with
+bayonets. General Wolfe was wounded three times, the third time
+mortally. "Support me," he cried to an officer near him; "let not my
+brave fellows see me drop." He was carried to the rear. "They run, they
+run," cried the officer on whom he leaned. "Who run?" asked Wolfe, as
+his life was fast ebbing. "The French," replied the officer, "give way
+everywhere." "What," cried the dying hero, "do they run already? Go, one
+of you, to Colonel Burton; bid him march Webb's regiment with all speed
+to Charles River to cut off the fugitives." "Now, God be praised, I die
+happy," were the last words he uttered. The heroic Montcalm, struck by a
+musket ball, continued in the engagement, till attempting to rally a
+body of fugitive Canadians, was mortally wounded. On September 17th, the
+city surrendered.
+
+The rapid sketch thus given does not represent the part taken by
+Fraser's Highlanders. Fortunately Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser kept a
+journal, and from it the following is gleaned: June 30th, the
+Highlanders with Kennedy's or the 43rd, crossed the river and joined the
+15th, or Amhersts', with some Rangers, marched to Point Levi, having
+numerous skirmishes on the way. Captain Campbell posted his company in
+St. Joseph's church, and there fired a volley upon an assaulting party.
+On Sunday, July 1st, the regiment was cannonaded by some floating
+batteries, losing four killed and eight wounded. On the 9th, before
+daylight, the Highlanders struck tents at Point Levi, and marched out of
+sight of the town. On the 11th three men were wounded by the fire of the
+great guns from the city. On the 21st, it was reported that fourteen
+privates of Fraser's Highlanders were wounded by the Royal Americans,
+having, in the dark, mistaken them for the enemy. On the night of July
+24th, Colonel Fraser, with a detachment of about three hundred and fifty
+men of his regiment, marched down the river, in order to take up such
+prisoners and cattle as might be found. Lieutenant Alexander Fraser,
+Jr., returned to the camp with the information that Colonel Fraser had
+been wounded by a shot from some Canadians in ambush; and the same shot
+wounded Captain MacPherson; both of whom returned that day to camp. On
+the 27th the detachment returned bringing three women and one man
+prisoners, and almost two hundred cattle. July 31st Fraser's and
+Amherst's regiments embarked in boats at Point Levi and landed on the
+Montmorenci, where, on that day, General Wolfe fought the battle of
+Beauport Flats, in which he lost seven hundred killed and wounded. His
+retreat was covered by the Highlanders, without receiving any hurt,
+although exposed to a battery of two cannons which kept a very brisk
+fire upon them. The regiment went to the island of Orleans, and on
+August 1st to Point Levi. On Wednesday, August 15th, Captain John
+MacDonell, seven subalterns, eight sergeants, eight corporals and one
+hundred and forty-four men of Fraser's regiment, crossed from Point
+Levi to the Island of Orleans and lodged in the church of St. Peter's,
+and the next day marched to the east end of the island, and on the 17th
+crossed to St. Joachim, where they met with slight resistance. They
+fortified the Priest's house, and were not reinforced until the 23rd,
+and then all marched to attack the village, which was captured, with "a
+few prisoners taken, all of whom the barbarous Captain Montgomery, who
+commanded us, ordered to be butchered in a most inhuman and cruel
+manner.... After this skirmish we set about burning the houses with
+great success, setting all in flames till we came to the church of St.
+Anne's, where we put up for this night, and were joined by Captain Ross,
+with about one hundred and twenty men of his company." The work of
+devastation continued the following day, until the forces reached Ange
+Gardien. August 28, Captain MacDonell with Captain Ross took post at
+Chateau Richer. September 1st, Chateau Richer was burned, and the force
+marched to Montmorenci, burning all the houses on the way. On the 2nd
+the Highlanders returned to their camp at Point Levi. Captain Alexander
+Cameron of Dungallon died on the 3rd. On the 4th Captain Alexander
+Fraser of Culduthell arrived with a fourteenth company to the regiment.
+On the 6th a detachment of six hundred Highlanders with the 15th and
+43rd regiments, marched five miles above Point Levi and then crossed the
+river in crowded vessels, but for several days remained mostly on board
+the ships. On September 17th, the Highlanders landed at Wolfe's Cove,
+with the rest of the army, and were soon on the plains of Abraham. When
+the main body of the French commenced to retreat "our regiment were then
+ordered by Brigadier General Murray to draw their swords and pursue
+them; which I dare say increased their panic but saved many of their
+lives. * * * In advancing we passed over a great many dead and wounded
+(French regulars mostly) lying in the front of our regiment, who,--I
+mean the Highlanders--to do them justice behaved extremely well all day,
+as did the whole of the army. After pursuing the French to the very
+gates of the town, our regiment was ordered to form fronting the town,
+on the ground whereon the French formed first. At this time the rest of
+the army came up in good order. General Murray having then put himself
+at the head of our regiment ordered them to face to the left and march
+thro' the bush of wood, towards the General Hospital, when they got a
+great gun or two to play upon us from the town, which however did no
+damage, but we had a few men killed and officers wounded by some
+skulking fellows, with small arms, from the bushes and behind the houses
+in the suburbs of St. Louis and St. John's. After marching a short way
+through the bush, Brigadier Murray thought proper to order us to return
+again to the high road leading from Porte St. Louis, to the heights of
+Abraham, where the battle was fought, and after marching till we got
+clear of the bushes, we were ordered to turn to the right, and go along
+the edge of them towards the bank at the descent between us and the
+General Hospital, under which we understood there was a body of the
+enemy who, no sooner saw us, than they began firing on us from the
+bushes and from the bank; we soon dispossessed them from the bushes, and
+from thence kept firing for about a quarter of an hour on those under
+cover of the bank; but, as they exceeded us greatly in numbers, they
+killed and wounded a great many of our men, and killed two officers,
+which obliged us to retire a little, and form again, when the 58th
+Regiment with the 2nd Battalion of Royal Americans having come up to our
+assistance, all three making about five hundred men, advanced against
+the enemy and drove them first down to the great meadow between the
+hospital and town and afterwards over the river St. Charles. It was at
+this time and while in the bushes that our regiment suffered most;
+Lieutenant Roderick, McNeill of Barra, and Alexander McDonell, and John
+McDonell, and John McPherson, volunteer, with many of our men, were
+killed before we were reinforced; and Captain Thomas Ross having gone
+down with about one hundred men of the 3rd Regiment to the meadow, after
+the enemy, when they were out of reach, ordered me up to desire those on
+the height would wait till he would come up and join them, which I did,
+but before Mr. Ross could get up, he unfortunately was mortally wounded.
+* * * We had of our regiment three officers killed and ten wounded, one
+of whom Captain Simon Fraser, afterwards died. Lieutenant Archibald
+Campbell was thought to have been mortally wounded, but to the surprise
+of most people recovered, Captain John McDonell thro' both thighs;
+Lieut. Ronald McDonell thro' the knee; Lieutenant Alexander Campbell
+thro' the leg; Lieutenant Douglas thro' the arm, who died of this wound
+soon afterwards; Ensign Gregorson, Ensign McKenzie and Lieutenant
+Alexander Fraser, all slightly, I received a contusion in the right
+shoulder or rather breast, before the action become general, which
+pained me a good deal, but it did not disable me from my duty then, or
+afterwards.
+
+The detachment of our regiment consisted, at our marching from Point
+Levi, of six hundred men, besides commissioned and non commissioned
+officers; but of these, two officers and about sixty men were left on
+board for want of boats, and an officer and about thirty men left at the
+landing place; besides a few left sick on board, so that we had about
+five hundred men in the action. We suffered in men and officers more
+than any three regiments in the field. We were commanded by Captain John
+Campbell; the Colonel and Captain McPherson having been unfortunately
+wounded on the 25th July, of which they were not yet fully recovered. We
+lay on our arms all the night of the 13th September."
+
+On the 14th the Highlanders pitched their tents on the battlefield,
+within reach of the guns of the town. On the following; day they were
+ordered to camp near the wood, at a greater distance from the town.
+Here, within five hundred yards of the town, they commenced to make
+redoubts. After the surrender of Quebec the Highlanders marched into the
+city and there took up their quarters. On February 13, 1760, in an
+engagement with the French at Point Levi, Lieutenant McNeil was killed,
+and some of the soldiers wounded. March 18th Captain Donald McDonald,
+with some detachments, in all five hundred men, attacked the French
+posts at St. Augustin, and without loss took eighty prisoners, and that
+night returned to Quebec.
+
+Scurvy, occasioned by salt provisions and cold, made fierce work in the
+garrison, and in the army scarce a man was free from it. On April 30th a
+return of Fraser's Highlanders, in the garrison at Quebec, showed three
+hundred and fourteen fit for duty, five hundred and eighty sick, and one
+hundred and six dead since September 18, 1759.
+
+April 27th, the French under De Levi, in strong force advanced against
+the English, the latter being forced to withdraw within the walls of
+Quebec. Fraser's Highlanders was one of the detachments sent to cover
+the retreat of the army, which was effected without loss. At half-past
+six, the next morning General Murray marched out and formed his army on
+the heights of Abraham. The left wing was under Colonel Simon Fraser
+composed of the Highlanders, the 43rd, and the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers. The
+Highlanders were exposed to a galling fire from the bushes in front and
+flank and were forced to fall back; and every regiment made the best of
+its way into the city. The British loss was two hundred and fifty-seven
+killed and seven hundred and sixty-one wounded.
+
+The Highlanders had about four hundred men in the field, nearly one-half
+of whom had that day, of their own accord, come out of the hospital.
+Among the killed were Captain Donald Macdonald, Lieutenant Cosmo Gordon
+and fifty-five non-commissioned officers, pipers and privates; their
+wounded were Colonel Fraser, Captains John Campbell of Dunoon, Alexander
+Fraser, Alexander MacLeod, Charles Macdonell; Lieutenants Archibald
+Campbell, son of Glenlyon, Charles Stewart, Hector Macdonald, John
+Macbean, Alexander Fraser, senior, Alexander Campbell, John Nairn,
+Arthur Rose, Alexander Fraser, junior, Simon Fraser, senior, Archibald
+McAlister, Alexander Fraser, John Chisholm, Simon Fraser, junior,
+Malcolm Fraser, and Donald McNeil; Ensigns Henry Munro, Robert Menzies,
+Duncan Cameron, of Fassifern, William Robertson, Alexander Gregorson and
+Malcolm Fraser, and one hundred and twenty-nine non-commissioned
+officers and privates.
+
+Lieutenant Charles Stewart, engaged in the Rising of the Forty-Five, in
+Stewart of Appin's regiment, was severely wounded at Culloden. As he lay
+in his quarters after the battle on the heights of Abraham, speaking to
+some brother officers on the recent actions, he exclaimed, "From April
+battles, and Murray generals, good Lord deliver me!" alluding to his
+wound at Culloden, where the vanquished blamed lord George Murray for
+fighting on the best field in the country for regular troops, cavalry
+and artillery; and likewise alluding to his present wound, and to
+General Murray's conduct in marching out of a garrison to attack an
+enemy, more than treble his numbers, in an open field, where their whole
+strength could be brought to act. No time was lost in repeating to the
+general what the wounded officer had said; but Murray, who was a man of
+humor and of a generous mind, on the following morning called on his
+subordinate, and heartily wished him better deliverance in the next
+battle, when he hoped to give him occasion to pray in a different
+manner.
+
+On the night of the battle De Levi opened trenches within six hundred
+yards of the walls of the city, and proceeded to besiege the city, while
+General Murray made preparations for defence. On May 1st the largest of
+the English blockhouses accidentally blew up, injuring Captain Cameron.
+On the 17th the French suddenly abandoned their entrenchments. Lord
+Murray pursued but was unable to overtake them. He formed a junction, in
+September with General Amherst.
+
+General Amherst had been notified of the intended siege of Quebec by De
+Levi; but only persevered in the tardy plans which he had formed. Canada
+now presented no difficulties only such as General Amherst might create.
+The country was suffering from four years of scarcity, a disheartened,
+starving peasantry, and the feeble remains of five or six battalions
+wasted by incredible hardships. Colonel Haviland proceeded from Crown
+Point and took the deserted fort at Isle aux Noix. Colonel Haldimand,
+with the grenadiers, light infantry and a battalion of The Black Watch,
+took post at the bottom of the lake. General Amherst led the main body
+of ten thousand men by way of Oswego; why, no one can tell. The labor of
+going there was much greater than going direct to Montreal. After
+toiling to Oswego, he proceeded cautiously down the St. Lawrence,
+treating the people humanely, and without the loss of life, save while
+passing the rapids, he met, on September 7th, the army of lord Murray
+before Montreal, the latter on his way up from Quebec, intimidated the
+people and amused himself by burning villages and harrying Canadians. On
+the 8th Colonel Haviland joined the forces. Thus the three armies came
+together in overwhelming strength, to take an open town of a few hundred
+inhabitants who were ready to surrender on the first appearance of the
+English.
+
+The Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders remained in America until the
+close of the year 1761. The officers were Lieutenant Colonel Francis
+Grant; Majors, Gordon Graham and John Reid; Captains, John McNeil, Allan
+Campbell, Thomas Graeme, James Stewart, James Murray, Thomas Stirling,
+William Murray, John Stuart, Alexander Reid, William Grant, David
+Haldane, Archibald Campbell, John Campbell, Kenneth Tolmie, William
+Cockburne; Captain-Lieutenant, James Grant; Lieutenants, John Graham,
+Alexander Turnbull, Alexander McIntosh, James Gray, John Small,
+Archibald Campbell, James Campbell, Archibald Lamont, David Mills, Simon
+Blair, David Barclay, Alexander Mackay, Robert Menzies, Patrick
+Balneaves, John Campbell, senior, John Robertson, John Grant, George
+Leslie, Duncan Campbell, Adam Stuart, George Grant, James McIntosh, John
+Smith, Peter Grant, Simon Fraser, Alexander Farquharson, John Campbell,
+junior, William Brown, Thomas Fletcher, Elbert Herring, John Leith,
+Archibald Campbell, Alexander Donaldson, Archibald Campbell, Patrick
+Sinclair, John Gregor, Lewis Grant, Archibald Campbell, John Graham,
+Allan Grant, Archibald McNab; Ensigns, Charles Menzies, John Charles St.
+Clair, Neil McLean, Thomas Cunison, Alexander Gregor, William Grant,
+George Campbell, Nathaniel McCulloch, Daniel Robertson, John Sutherland,
+Charles Grant, Samuel Stull, James Douglass, Thomas Scott, Charles
+Graham, James Robertson, Patrick Murray, Lewis Grant; Chaplain, Lauchlan
+Johnston; Adjutants, Alexander Donaldson, John Gregor; Quarter-Masters,
+John Graham, Adam Stewart; Surgeons, David Hepburn, Robert Drummond.
+
+At the close of the year 1761 The Black Watch, with ten other regiments,
+among which was Montgomery's Highlanders, embarked for Barbadoes, there
+to join an armament against Martinique and Havanna. After the surrender
+of Havanna, the first battalion of the 42nd, and Montgomery's
+Highlanders embarked for New York, which they reached in the end of
+October, 1762. Before leaving Cuba, all the men of the second battalion
+of the 42nd, fit for service were consolidated with the first, and the
+remainder shipped to Scotland, where they were reduced the following
+year.
+
+The 42nd, or The Black Watch was stationed at Albany till the summer of
+1763 when they, with a detachment of Montgomery's Highlanders and
+another of the 60th, under command of Colonel Henry Boquet, were sent to
+the relief of Fort Pitt, then besieged by the Indians. This expedition
+consisting of nine hundred and fifty-six men, with its convoy, reached
+Fort Bedford, July 25, 1763. The whole country in that region was
+aroused by the depredations of the Indians. On the 28th Boquet moved his
+army out of Fort Bedford and marched to Fort Ligonier, where he left his
+train, and proceeded with pack-horses. Before them lay a dangerous
+defile, several miles in length, commanded the whole distance by high
+and craggy hills. On August 5th, when within half a mile of Bushy-Run,
+about one o'clock in the afternoon, after a harrassing march of
+seventeen miles, they were suddenly attacked by the Indians; but two
+companies of the 42nd Highlanders drove them from their ambuscade. When
+the pursuit ceased, the savages returned. These savages fought like men
+contending for their homes, and their hunting grounds. To them it was a
+crisis which they were forced to meet. Again the Highlanders charged
+them with fixed bayonets; but as soon as they were driven from one post
+they appeared at another, and at last entirely surrounded the English,
+and would have entirely cut them off had it not been for the cool
+behavior of the troops and the good manoeuvering of the commander.
+Night came on, and the English remained on a ridge of land, commodious
+for a camp, except for the total want of water. The next morning the
+army found itself still in a critical position. If they advanced to give
+battle, then their convoy and wounded would fall a prey to the enemy; if
+they remained quiet, they would be picked off one by one, and thus
+miserably perish. Boquet took advantage of the resolute intrepidity of
+the savages by feigning a retreat. The red men hurried to the charge,
+when two companies concealed for the purpose fell upon their flank;
+others turned and met them in front; and the Indians yielding to the
+irresistible shock, were utterly routed.
+
+The victory was dearly bought, for Colonel Boquet, in killed and
+wounded, in the two days action, lost about one-fourth of his men, and
+almost all his horses. He was obliged to destroy his stores, and was
+hardly able to carry his wounded. That night the English encamped at
+Bushy Run, and four days later were at Fort Pitt. In the skirmishing and
+fighting, during the march, the 42nd, or The Black Watch, lost
+Lieutenants John Graham and James Mackintosh, one sergeant and
+twenty-six rank and file killed; and Captain John Graham of Duchray,
+Lieutenant Duncan Campbell, two serjeants, two drummers, and thirty rank
+and file, wounded. Of Montgomery's Highlanders one drummer and five
+privates were killed; and Lieutenant Donald Campbell and volunteer John
+Peebles, three serjeants and seven privates wounded.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BLOCK HOUSE, FORT DUQUESNE.]
+
+The 42nd regiment passed the winter at Fort Pitt, and during the summer
+of 1764, eight companies were sent with the army of Boquet against the
+Ohio Indians. After a harrassing warfare the Indians sued for peace.
+Notwithstanding the labors of a march of many hundred miles among dense
+forests, during which they experienced the extremes of heat and cold,
+the Highlanders did not lose a single man from fatigue or exhaustion.
+The army returned to Fort Pitt in January, 1765, during very severe
+weather. Three men died of sickness, and on their arrival at Fort Pitt
+only nineteen men were under the surgeon's charge. The regiment was now
+in better quarters than it had been for years. It was greatly reduced
+in numbers, from its long service, the nature and variety of its
+hardships, amidst the torrid heat of the West Indies, the rigorous
+winters of New York and Ohio, and the fatalities on the field of battle.
+
+The regiment remained in Pennsylvania until the month of July, 1767,
+when it embarked at Philadelphia for Ireland. Such of the men who
+preferred to remain in America were permitted to join other regiments.
+These volunteers were so numerous, that, along with those who had been
+previously sent home disabled, and others discharged and settled in
+America, the regiment that returned was very small in proportion of that
+which had left Scotland.
+
+The 42nd Royal Highlanders, or The Black Watch, made a very favorable
+impression in America. The _Virginia Gazette_, July 30, 1767, published
+an article from which the following extracts have been taken:
+
+   "Last Sunday evening, the Royal Highland Regiment embarked for
+   Ireland, which regiment, since its arrival in America, has been
+   distinguished for having undergone most amazing fatigues, made long
+   and frequent marches through an unhospitable country, bearing
+   excessive heat and severe cold with alacrity and cheerfulness,
+   frequently encamping in deep snow, such as those that inhabit the
+   interior parts of this province do not see, and which only those who
+   inhabit the most northern parts of Europe can have any idea of,
+   continually exposed in camp and on their marches to the alarms of a
+   savage enemy, who, in all their attempts, were forced to fly. * * *
+   And, in a particular manner, the freemen of this and the neighboring
+   provinces have most sincerely to thank them for that resolution and
+   bravery with which they, under Colonel Boquet, and a small number of
+   Royal Americans, defeated the enemy, and ensured to us peace and
+   security from a savage foe; and, along with our blessings for these
+   benefits, they have our thanks for that decorum in behavior which
+   they maintained during their stay in this city, giving an example
+   that the most amiable behavior in civil life is no way inconsistent
+   with the character of the good soldier; and for their loyalty,
+   fidelity, and orderly behavior, they have every wish of the people
+   for health, honor, and a pleasant voyage."
+
+The loss sustained by the regiment during the seven years it was
+employed in America and the West Indies was as follows:
+
+                   |    KILLED             ||      WOUNDED
+                   |--------------------------------------------------
+                   | F | C | S | S | D | P || F | C | S | S | D | P
+                   | e | a | u | e | r | r || e | a | u | e | r | r
+                   | d.| p | b | r | u | i || d.| p | b | r | u | i
+                   | O | t | a | j | m | v || O | t | a | j | m | v
+                   | f | a | l | e | m | a || f | a | l | e | m | a
+                   | f | i | t | a | e | t || f | i | t | a | e | t
+                   | i | n | e | n | r | e || i | n | e | n | r | e
+                   | c | s | r | t | s | s || c | s | r | t | s | s
+                   | e |   | n | s |   |   || e |   | n | s |   |
+                   | r |   | s |   |   |   || r |   | s |   |   |
+                   | s |   |   |   |   |   || s |   |   |   |   |
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Ticonderoga,      |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   July 7, 1758    | 1 | 1 | 6 | 9 |   |267||   | 5 | 12| 10|   |306
+ Martinique,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   January, 1759   |   |   |   |   |   | 8 ||   |   | 1 | 2 |   | 22
+ Guadeloupe,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  February and     |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  March, 1759      |   |   | 1 | 1 |   | 25||   |   | 4 | 3 |   |57
+ General Amherst's |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Expedition to    |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  the Lakes, July  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  and August, 1759 |   |   |   |   |   | 3 ||   |   |   | 1 |   | 4
+ Martinique,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  January and      |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  February, 1762   |   | 1 | 1 | 1 |   | 12|| 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 |72
+ Havanna, June     |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  and July, 1762,  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  both battalions. |   |   |   |   | 1 | 3 ||   |   |   |   | 1 | 4
+ Expedition under  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+ Colonel Boquet,   |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  August, 1763     |   | 1 | 1 | 1 |   | 26||   | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30
+ Second Expedition |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  under Boquet,    |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  in 1764 and 1765 |   |   |   |   |   |  7||   |   |   | 1 |   | 9
+ Total in the Seven|   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Years War        | 1 | 3 | 9 | 12| 1 |381|| 1 | 7 | 25| 22| 4 |504
+
+Comparing the loss sustained by the 42nd in the field with that of other
+corps, it has generally been less than theirs, except at the defeat at
+Ticonderoga. The officers who served in the corps attributed the
+comparative loss to the celerity of their attack and the use of the
+broadsword, which the enemy could never withstand.
+
+Of the officers who were in the regiment in 1759 seven rose to be
+general officers, viz., Francis Grant of Grant, John Reid of Strathloch,
+Allan Campbell of Glenure, James Murray, son of lord George Murray, John
+Campbell of Strachur, Thomas Stirling of Ardoch, and John Small. Those
+who became field officers were, Gordon Graham, Duncan Campbell of
+Inneraw, Thomas Graham of Duchray, John Graham his brother, William
+Murray of Lintrose, William Grant, James Abercromby of Glassa, James
+Abercromby junior, Robert Grant, James Grant, Alexander Turnbull of
+Strathcathro, Alexander Donaldson, Thomas Fletcher of Landertis, Donald
+Robertson, Duncan Campbell, Alexander Maclean and James Eddington. A
+corp of officers, respectable in their persons, character and rank in
+private society, was of itself sufficient to secure esteem and lead a
+regiment where every man was a soldier.
+
+It has already been noticed that in the spring of 1760, the thought of
+General Amherst was wholly engrossed on the conquest of Canada. He was
+appealed to for protection against the Cherokees who were committing
+cruelties, in their renewed warfare against the settlements. In April he
+detached, from the central army, that had conquered Ohio, Colonel
+Montgomery with six hundred Highlanders of his own regiment and six
+hundred Royal Americans to strike a blow at the Cherokees and then
+return. The force embarked at New York, and by the end of April was in
+Carolina. At Ninety-six, near the end of May, the army was joined by
+many gentlemen of distinction, as volunteers, besides seven hundred
+Carolina rangers, which constituted the principal strength of the
+country. On June 1st, the army crossed Twelve-mile River; and leaving
+their tents standing on advantageous ground, at eight in the evening
+moved onward through the woods to surprise Estatoe, about twenty miles
+from the camp. On the way Montgomery surprised Little Keowee and put
+every man to the sword, sparing only women and children. Early the next
+morning they reached Estatoe only to find it abandoned, except by a few
+who could not escape. The place was reduced to ashes, as was Sugar Town,
+and every other settlement in the lower nation destroyed. For years, the
+half-charred rafters of their houses might be seen on the desolate
+hill-sides. "I could not help pitying them a little," wrote Major Grant;
+"their villages were agreeably situated; their houses neatly built;
+there were everywhere astonishing magazines of corn, which were all
+consumed." The surprise in every town was almost equal, for the whole
+was the work of only a few hours; the Indians had no time to save what
+they valued most; but left for the pillagers money and watches, wampum
+and furs. About sixty Cherokees were killed; forty, chiefly women and
+children, were made prisoners; but the warriors had generally escaped to
+the mountains.
+
+Meanwhile Fort Prince George had been closely invested, and Montgomery
+marched to its relief. From this place he dispatched two friendly chiefs
+to the middle settlements, to offer terms of peace, and orders were sent
+to Fort London to bring about accommodations for the upper towns. The
+Indians would not listen to any overtures, so Montgomery was constrained
+to march against them. The most difficult part of the service was now to
+be performed; for the country to be passed through was covered by dark
+thickets, numerous deep ravines, and high river banks; where a small
+number of men might distress and even wear out the best appointed army.
+
+Colonel Montgomery began his march June 24, 1760, and at night encamped
+at the old town of Oconnee. The next evening he arrived at the
+War-Woman's Creek; and on the 20th, crossed the Blue Mountains, and made
+his encampment at the deserted town of Stecoe. The army trod the rugged
+defiles, which were as dangerous as men had ever penetrated, with
+fearless alacrity, and the Highlanders were refreshed by coming into the
+presence of the mountains. "What may be Montgomery's fate in the
+Cherokee country," wrote Washington, "I cannot so readily determine. It
+seems he has made a prosperous beginning, having penetrated into the
+heart of the country, and he is now advancing his troops in high health
+and spirits to the relief of Fort Loudon. But let him be wary. He has a
+crafty, subtle enemy to deal with, that may give him most trouble when
+he least expects it."[139]
+
+The morning of the 27th found the whole army early on the march to the
+town of Etchowee, the nearest of the Cherokee settlements, and eighteen
+miles distant. When within five miles of the town, the army was attacked
+in a most advantageous position for the Indians. It was a low valley, in
+which the bushes were so thick that the soldiers could see scarcely
+three yards before them; and through this valley flowed a muddy river,
+with steep clay banks. Captain Morrison, in command of a company of
+rangers, was in the advance. When he entered the ravine, the Indians
+emerged from their ambush, and, raising the war-whoop, darted from
+covert to covert, at the same time firing at the whites. Captain
+Morrison was immediately shot down, and his men closely engaged. The
+Highlanders and provincials drove the enemy from their lurking-places,
+and, returning to their yells three huzzas and three waves of their
+bonnets and hats, they chased them from height and hollow. The army
+passed the river at the ford; and, protected by it on their right, and
+by a flanking party on the left, treading a path, at times so narrow as
+to be obliged to march in Indian file, fired upon from both front and
+rear, they were not collected at Etchowee until midnight; after a loss
+of twenty killed and seventy-six wounded. Of these, the Highlanders had
+one Serjeant, and six privates killed, and Captain Sutherland,
+Lieutenants Macmaster and Mackinnon, and Assistant-Surgeon Munro, and
+one Serjeant, one piper, and twenty-four rank and file wounded.
+
+   "Several soldiers of this (Montgomery's) and other regiments fell
+   into the hands of the Indians, being taken in an ambush. Allan
+   Macpherson, one of these soldiers, witnessing the miserable fate of
+   several of his fellow-prisoners, who had been tortured to death by
+   the Indians, and seeing them preparing to commence the same
+   operations upon himself, made signs that he had something to
+   communicate. An interpreter was brought. Macpherson told them, that,
+   provided his life was spared for a few minutes, he would communicate
+   the secret of an extraordinary medicine, which, if applied to the
+   skin, would cause it to resist the strongest blow of a tomahawk, or
+   sword, and that, if they would allow him to go to the woods with a
+   guard, to collect the plants proper for this medicine, he would
+   prepare it, and allow the experiment to be tried on his own neck by
+   the strongest and most expert warrior among them. This story easily
+   gained upon the superstitious credulity of the Indians, and the
+   request of the Highlander was instantly complied with. Being sent
+   into the woods, he soon returned with such plants as he chose to pick
+   up. Having boiled these herbs, he rubbed his neck with their juice,
+   and laying his head upon a log of wood, desired the strongest man
+   among them to strike at his neck with his tomahawk, when he would
+   find he could not make the smallest impression. An Indian, levelling
+   a blow with all his might, cut with such force, that the head flew
+   off to a distance of several yards. The Indians were fixed in
+   amazement at their own credulity, and the address with which the
+   prisoner had escaped the lingering death prepared for him; but,
+   instead of being enraged at this escape of their victim, they were
+   so pleased with his ingenuity that they refrained from inflicting
+   farther cruelties on the remaining prisoners."[140]
+
+Only for one day did Colonel Montgomery rest in the heart of the
+Alleghanies. On the following night, deceiving the Indians by kindling
+lights at Etchowee, the army retreated, and, marching twenty-five miles,
+never halted, till it came to War-Woman's Creek. On the 30th, it crossed
+the Oconnee Mountain, and on July 1st reached Fort Prince George, and
+soon after returned to New York.
+
+The retreat of Colonel Montgomery was the knell of the famished Fort
+London, situated on the borders of the Cherokee country. The garrison
+was forced to capitulate to the Indians, who agreed to escort the men in
+safety to another fort. They were, however, made the victims of
+treachery; for the day after their departure a body of savages waylaid
+them, killed some, and captured others, whom they took back to Fort
+Loudon.
+
+The expedition of Montgomery but served to inflame the Indians. July
+11th the General Assembly represented their inability to prevent the
+ravages made by the savages on the back settlements, and by unanimous
+vote entreated the lieutenant governor "to use the most pressing
+instances with Colonel Montgomery not to depart with the king's troops,
+as it might be attended with the most pernicious consequences."
+Montgomery, warned that he was but giving the Cherokees room to boast
+among the other tribes, of their having obliged the English army to
+retreat, not only from the mountains, but also from the province,
+shunned the path of duty, and leaving four companies of the Royal Scots,
+sailed for Halifax by way of New York, coldly writing "I cannot help the
+people's fears." Afterwards, in the House of Commons, he acted as one
+who thought the Americans factious in peace and feeble in war.
+
+In 1761 the Montgomery Highlanders were in the expedition against
+Dominique, and the following year against Martinique and Havanna. At the
+end of October were again in New York. Before the return of the six
+companies to New York, the two companies that had been sent against the
+Indians in 1761, were sent, with a small force, to retake St. John's,
+New Foundland, which was occupied by a French force. The English army
+consisted of the flank companies of the Royals, a detachment of the
+45th, two companies of Fraser's Highlanders, a small party of
+provincials, besides Montgomery's. The army landed on September 12,
+1762, seven miles northward of St. John's. On the 17th the French
+surrendered. Of Montgomery's Highlanders, Captain Mackenzie and four
+privates were killed, and two privates wounded. After this service the
+two companies joined the regiment at New York and there passed the
+winter. As already noticed a detachment was with Colonel Boquet to the
+relief of Fort Pitt in 1763. After the termination of hostilities an
+offer was made to the officers and men either to settle in America, or
+return to their own country. Those who remained obtained a grant of land
+in accordance to their rank.[141]
+
+The following table shows the number of killed and wounded of
+Montgomery's Highlanders during the war:--
+
+======================================================================
+                                |  KILLED       ||      WOUNDED
+                                |-------------------------------------
+                                | O | S |D &| R || O | S |D &| R
+                                | f | e |r  | a || f | e |r  | a
+                                | f | r |u P| n || f | r |u P| n
+                                | i | j |m i| k || i | j |m i| k
+                                | c | e |m p| & || c | e |m p| &
+                                | e | a |e e| F || e | a |e e| F
+                                | r | n |r r| i || r | n |r r| i
+                                | s | t |s s| l || s | t |s s| l
+                                |   | s |   | e ||   | s |   | e
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Fort du Quesne, Sept. 11, 1758  | 7 | 3 | 2 | 92|| 9 | 7 | 3 | 201
+Little Keowe, June 1, 1760      |   |   |   |  2||   |   |   |
+Etchowee, June 27, 1760         |   | 2 |   |  6|| 4 | 1 | 1 |  24
+Martinique, 1761                | 1 |   |   |  4|| 1 | 1 |   |  26
+Havanna, 1762                   | 1 |   |   |  2||   |   |   |   6
+St. John's, September, 1762     | 1 |   |   |  4||   |   |   |   2
+On Passage to West Indies       | 1 |   |   |   ||   |   |   |
+                                --------------------------------------
+Total during the war           |11 | 5 | 2 |110|| 14| 9 | 4 |259
+======================================================================
+
+After the surrender of Montreal, Fraser's Highlanders were not called
+into action, until the fall of 1762, when the two companies were with
+the expedition under Colonel William Amherst, against St. John's,
+Newfoundland. In this service Captain Macdonell was mortally wounded,
+three rank and file killed, and seven wounded. At the conclusion of the
+war, a number of the officers and men having expressed a desire to
+remain in America, had their wishes granted, and an allowance of land
+granted them. The rest returned to Scotland and were discharged.
+
+The following is a return of the killed and wounded of Fraser's
+Highlanders during the war from 1756 to 1763:--
+
+======================================================================
+                   |    KILLED             ||      WOUNDED
+                   |--------------------------------------------------
+                   | F | C | S | S | D | R || F | C | S | S | D | R
+                   | d | a | u | e | r | a || d | a | u | e | r | a
+                   | . | p | b | r | u | n || . | p | b | r | u | n
+                   | O | t | a | j | m | k || O | t | a | j | m | k
+                   | f | a | l | e | m |   || f | a | l | e | m |
+                   | f | i | t | a | e | & || f | i | t | a | e | &
+                   | i | n | e | n | r |   || i | n | e | n | r |
+                   | c | s | r | t | s | F || c | s | r | t | s | F
+                   | e |   | n | s |   | i || e |   | n | s |   | i
+                   | r |   | s |   |   | l || r |   | s |   |   | l
+                   | s |   |   |   |   | e || s |   |   |   |   | e
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+Louisburg,         |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   July 1758       |   | 1 | 3 |   |   | 17||   | 1 |  2|   |   | 41
+Montmorency,       |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+   Sept. 2, 1759   |   |   | 2 |   | 1 | 18|| 1 | 2 | 3 |   |   | 85
+Heights of Abraham,|   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  Sept 13, 1769    |   | 1 | 2 | 1 |   | 14||   | 2 | 8 | 7 |   |131
+Quebec, April, 1760|   | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 51|| 1 | 4 |22 |10 |   |119
+St. John's, Sept.  |   |   |   |   |   |   ||   |   |   |   |   |
+  1762             |   | 1 |   |   |   |  3||   |   |   |   |   |  7
+                   ---------------------------------------------------
+ Total during
+   the war         |   | 4 |10 |  4| 2 |103|| 2 | 9 | 35| 17|   |383
+
+Whatever may be said of the 42nd, or The Black Watch, concerning its
+soldierly bearing may also be applied to both Montgomery's and Fraser's
+regiments. Both officers and men were from the same people, having the
+same manners, customs, language and aspirations. The officers were from
+among the best families, and the soldiers respected and loved those who
+commanded them.
+
+For three years after the fall of Montreal the war between France and
+England lingered on the ocean. The Treaty of Paris was signed February
+10, 1763, which gave to England all the French possessions in America
+eastward of the Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville, and
+thence through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico.
+Spain, with whom England had been at war, at the same time ceded East
+and West Florida to the English Crown. France was obliged to cede to
+Spain all that vast territory west of the Mississippi, known as the
+province of Louisiana. The Treaty deprived France of all her possessions
+in North America. To the genius of William Pitt must be ascribed the
+conquest of Canada and the deprivation of France of her possessions in
+the New World.
+
+The acquisition of Canada, by keen sighted observers, was regarded as a
+source of danger to England. As early as the year 1748, the Swedish
+traveller Kalm, having described in vivid language the commercial
+oppression under which the colonists were suffering, added these
+remarkable words:
+
+   "I have been told, not only by native Americans, but by English
+   emigrants publicly, that within thirty or fifty years the English
+   colonies in North America may constitute a separate state entirely
+   independent of England. But as this whole country towards the sea is
+   unguarded, and on the frontier is kept uneasy by the French, these
+   dangerous neighbors are the reason why the love of these colonies for
+   their metropolis does not utterly decline. The English government
+   has, therefore, reason to regard the French in North America as the
+   chief power which urges their colonies to submission."[142]
+
+On the definite surrender of Canada, Choiseul said to those around him,
+"We have caught them at last"; his eager hopes anticipating an early
+struggle of America for independence. The French ministers consoled
+themselves for the Peace of Paris by the reflection that the loss of
+Canada was a sure prelude to the independence of the colonies.
+Vergennes, the sagacious and experienced ambassador, then at
+Constantinople, a grave, laborious man, remarkable for a calm temper and
+moderation of character, predicted to an English traveller, with
+striking accuracy, the events that would occur. "England," he said,
+"will soon repent of having removed the only check that could keep her
+colonies in awe. They stand no longer in need of her protection. She
+will call on them to contribute towards supporting the burdens they have
+helped to bring on her, and they will answer by striking off all
+dependence."
+
+It is not to be presumed that Englishmen were wholly blind to this
+danger. There were advocates who maintained that it would be wiser to
+restore Canada and retain Guadaloupe, with perhaps Martinico and St.
+Lucia. This view was supported with distinguished ability in an
+anonymous paper, said to have been written by William Burke, the friend
+and kinsman of the great orator. The views therein set forth were said
+to have been countenanced by lord Hardwicke. The tide of English opinion
+was, however, very strongly in the opposite direction.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 136: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 66.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. I, p. 289.]
+
+[Footnote 138: The Olden Time, Vol. I, p. 181.]
+
+[Footnote 139: Spark's Writings of Washington, Vol. II, p. 332.]
+
+[Footnote 140: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 61.]
+
+[Footnote 141: See Appendix, Note L.]
+
+[Footnote 142: Pinkerton's Travels, Vol. XIII.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+SCOTCH HOSTILITY TO AMERICA.
+
+
+The causes which led to the American Revolution have been set forth in
+works pertaining to that event, and fully amplified by those desiring to
+give a special treatise on the subject. Briefly to rehearse them, the
+following may be pointed out: The general cause was the right of
+arbitrary government over the colonies claimed by the British
+parliament. So far as the claim was concerned as a theory, but little
+was said, but when it was put in force an opposition at once arose. The
+people had long been taught to act and think upon the principle of
+eternal right, which had a tendency to mould them in a channel that
+looked towards independence. The character of George III. was such as to
+irritate the people. He was stubborn and without the least conception of
+human rights; nor could he conceive of a magnanimous project, or
+appreciate the value of civil liberty. His notions of government were
+despotic, and around him, for advisers, he preferred those as
+incompetent and as illiberal as himself. Such a king could not deal with
+a people who had learned freedom, and had the highest conceptions of
+human rights. The British parliament, composed almost entirely of the
+ruling class, shared the views of their master, and servilely did his
+bidding, by passing a number of acts destructive of colonial liberty.
+The first of these was a strenuous attempt to enforce in 1761 THE
+IMPORTATION ACT, which gave to petty constables the authority to enter
+any and every place where they might suspect goods upon which a duty had
+not been levied. In 1763 and 1764 the English ministers attempted to
+enforce the law requiring the payment of duties on sugar and molasses.
+In vain did the people try to show that under the British constitution
+taxation and representation were inseparable. Nevertheless English
+vessels were sent to hover around American ports, and soon succeeded in
+paralyzing the trade with the West Indies.
+
+The close of the French and Indian war gave to England a renewed
+opportunity to tax America. The national debt had increased from
+L52,092,238 in 1727 to L138,865,430 in 1763. The ministers began to urge
+that the expenses of the war ought to be borne by the colonies. The
+Americans contended, that they had aided England as much as she had
+aided them; that the cession of Canada had amply remunerated England for
+all her losses; and, further, the colonies did not dread the payment of
+money, but feared that their liberties might be subverted. Early in
+March 1765, the English parliament, passed the celebrated STAMP ACT,
+which provided that every note, bond, deed, mortgage, lease, licence,
+all legal documents of every description, every colonial pamphlet,
+almanac, and newspaper, after the first day of the following November,
+should be on paper furnished by the British government, the stamp cost
+being from one cent to thirty dollars. When the news of the passage of
+this act was brought to America the excitement was intense, and action
+was resolved on by the colonies. The act was not formally repealed until
+March 18, 1766. On June 29, 1767, another act was passed to tax America.
+On October 1, 1768, seven hundred troops, sent from Halifax, marched
+with fixed bayonets into Boston, and quartered themselves in the State
+House. In February 1769 parliament declared the people of Massachusetts
+rebels, and the governor was directed to arrest those deemed guilty of
+treason, and send them to England for trial. In the city of New York, in
+1770, the soldiers wantonly cut down a liberty pole, which had for
+several years stood in the park. The most serious affray occurred on
+March 5th, in Boston between a party of citizens and some soldiers, in
+which three citizens were shot down and several wounded. This massacre
+inflamed the city with a blaze of excitement. On that day lord North
+succeeded in having all the duties repealed except that on tea; and that
+tax, in 1773, was attempted to be enforced by a stratagem. On the
+evening of December 16th, the tea, in the three tea-ships, then in
+Boston harbor, was thrown overboard, by fifty men disguised as Indians.
+Parliament, instead of using legal means, hastened to find revenge. On
+March 31, 1774, it was enacted that Boston port should be closed.
+
+The final act which brought on the Revolution was the firing upon the
+seventy minute men, who were standing still at Lexington, by the English
+soldiers under Major Pitcairn, on April 19, 1775, sixteen of the
+patriots fell dead or wounded. The first gun of the Revolution fired the
+entire country, and in a few days Boston was besieged by the militia
+twenty thousand strong. Events passed rapidly, wrongs upon wrongs were
+perpetrated, until, finally, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of
+Independence was published to the world. By this act all hope of
+reconciliation was at an end. Whatever concessions might be made by
+England, her own acts had caused an impassable gulf.
+
+America had done all within her power to avert the impending storm. Her
+petitions had been spurned from the foot of the English throne. Even the
+illustrious Dr. Franklin, venerable in years, was forced to listen to a
+vile diatribe against him delivered by the coarse and brutal Wedderburn,
+while members of the Privy Council who were present, with the single
+exception of lord North, "lost all dignity and all self-respect. They
+laughed aloud at each sarcastic sally of Wedderburn. 'The indecency of
+their behaviour,' in the words of Shelburne, 'exceeded, as is agreed on
+all hands, that of any committee of elections;' and Fox, in a speech
+which he made as late as 1803, reminded the House how on that memorable
+occasion 'all men tossed up their hats and clapped their hands in
+boundless delight at Mr. Wedderburn's speech.'"[143]
+
+George III., his ministers and his parliament hurled the country
+headlong into war, and that against the judgment of her wisest men, and
+her best interests. To say the least the war was not popular in England.
+The wisest statesmen in both Houses of Parliament plead for
+reconciliation, but their efforts fell on callous ears. The ruling class
+was seized with the one idea of humbling America. They preferred to
+listen to such men as Major James Grant,--the same who allowed his men,
+(as has been already narrated) to be scandalously slaughtered before
+Fort du Quesne, and had made himself offensive in South Carolina under
+Colonel Montgomery. This braggart asserted, in the House of Commons,
+"amidst the loudest cheering, that he knew the Americans very well, and
+was certain they would not fight; 'that they were not soldiers and
+never could be made so, being naturally pusillanimous and incapable of
+discipline; that a very slight force would be more than sufficient for
+their complete reduction'; and he fortified his statement by repeating
+their peculiar expressions, and ridiculing their religious enthusiasm,
+manners and ways of living, greatly to the entertainment of the
+house."[144]
+
+The great Pitt, then earl of Chatham, in his famous speech in January
+1775, declared:
+
+   "The spirit which resists your taxation in America is the same that
+   formerly opposed loans, benevolences, and ship-money in England. * *
+   * This glorious spirit of Whiggism animates three millions in America
+   who prefer poverty with liberty to gilded chains and sordid
+   affluence, and who will die in defence of their rights as freemen. *
+   * * For myself, I must declare that in all my reading and
+   observation--and history has been my favorite study; I have read
+   Thucydides, and have studied and admired the master states of the
+   world--that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom
+   of conclusion under such a complication of difficult circumstances,
+   no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the General
+   Congress at Philadelphia. * * * All attempts to impose servitude upon
+   such men, to establish despotism over such a mighty continental
+   nation, must be vain, must be fatal. We shall be forced ultimately to
+   retreat. Let us retreat while we can, not when we must."
+
+In accordance with these sentiments Chatham withdrew his eldest son from
+the army rather than suffer him to be engaged in the war. Lord
+Effingham, finding his regiment was to serve against the Americans,
+threw up his commission and renounced the profession for which he had
+been trained and loved, as the only means of escaping the obligation of
+fighting against the cause of freedom. Admiral Keppel, one of the most
+gallant officers in the British navy, expressed his readiness to serve
+against the ancient enemies of England, but asked to be released from
+employment against the Americans. It is said that Amherst refused to
+command the army against the Americans. In 1776 it was openly debated in
+parliament whether British officers ought to serve their sovereign
+against the Americans, and no less a person then General Conway leaned
+decidedly to the negative, and compared the case to that of French
+officers who were employed in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Just
+after the battle of Bunker Hill, the duke of Richmond declared in
+parliament that he "did not think that the Americans were in rebellion,
+but that they were resisting acts of the most unexampled cruelty and
+oppression." The Corporation of London, in 1775, drew up an address
+strongly approving of the resistance of the Americans, and similar
+addresses were expressed by other towns. A great meeting in London, and
+also the guild of merchants in Dublin, returned thanks to lord Effingham
+for his recent conduct. When Montgomery fell at the head of the American
+troops before Quebec, he was eulogized in the British parliament.
+
+The merchants of Bristol, September 27, 1775, held a meeting and passed
+resolutions deprecating the war, and calling upon the king to put a stop
+to it. The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Livery of London, September 29th,
+issued an address to the Electors of Great Britain, against carrying on
+the war. A meeting of the merchants and traders of London was held
+October 5th, and moved an address to the king "relative to the unhappy
+dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies," and that he
+should "cause hostilities to cease." The principal citizens,
+manufacturers and traders of the city of Coventry, October 10th,
+addressed the sovereign beseeching him "to stop the effusion of blood,
+to recommend to your Parliament to consider, with all due attention, the
+petition from America lately offered to be presented to the throne." The
+mayor and burgesses of Nottingham, October 20th, petitioned the king in
+which they declared that "the first object of our desires and wishes is
+the return of peace and cordial union with our American
+fellow-subjects," and humbly requested him to "suspend those
+hostilities, which, we fear, can have no other than a fatal issue." This
+was followed by an address of the inhabitants of the same city, in which
+the king was asked to "stay the hand of war, and recall into the bosom
+of peace and grateful subjection your American subjects, by a
+restoration of those measures which long experience has shown to be
+productive of the greatest advantages to this late united and
+flourishing Empire." The petition of the free burgesses, traders and
+inhabitants of Newcastle-upon-Tyne declared that "in the present
+unnatural war with our American brethren, we have seen neither
+provocation nor object; nor is it, in our humble apprehension, consonant
+with the rights of humanity, sound policy, or the Constitution of our
+Country." A very great majority of the gentlemen, clergy and freeholders
+of the county of Berks signed an address, November 7th, to the king in
+which it was declared that "the disorders have arisen from a complaint
+(plausible at least) of one right violated; and we can never be brought
+to imagine that the true remedy for such disorders consists in an attack
+on all other rights, and an attempt to drive the people either to
+unconstitutional submission or absolute despair." The gentlemen,
+merchants, freemen and inhabitants of the city of Worcester also
+addressed the king and besought him to adopt such measures as shall
+"seem most expedient for putting a stop to the further effusion of
+blood, for reconciling Great Britain and her Colonies, for reuniting the
+affections of your now divided people, and for establishing, on a
+permanent foundation, the peace, commerce, and prosperity of all your
+Majesty's Dominions."
+
+It is a fact, worthy of special notice, that in both England and Ireland
+there was a complete absence of alacrity and enthusiasm in enlisting for
+the army and navy. This was the chief reason why George III. turned to
+the petty German princes who trafficked in human chattels. There people
+were seized in their homes, or while working the field, and sold to
+England at so much per head. On account of the great difficulty in
+England in obtaining voluntary recruits for the American war, the
+press-gang was resorted to, and in 1776, was especially fierce. In less
+than a month eight hundred men were seized in London alone, and several
+lives were lost in the scuffles that took place. The press-gang would
+hang about the prison-gates, and seize criminals whose sentences had
+expired and force them into the army.
+
+"It soon occurred to the government that able-bodied criminals might be
+more usefully employed in the coercion of the revolted colonists, and
+there is reason to believe that large numbers of criminals of all but
+the worst category, passed at this time into the English army and navy.
+In estimating the light in which British soldiers were regarded in
+America, and in estimating the violence and misconduct of which British
+soldiers were sometimes guilty, this fact must not be forgotten." In
+Ireland criminals were released from their prisons on condition of
+enlisting in the army or navy.[145]
+
+The regular press-gang was not confined to England, and it formed one of
+the grievances of the American colonists. One of the most terrible riots
+ever known in New England, was caused, in 1747, by this nefarious
+practice, under the sanction of Admiral Knowles. An English vessel was
+burnt, and English officers were seized and imprisoned by the crowd; the
+governor was obliged to flee to the castle; the sub-sheriffs were
+impounded in the stocks; the militia refused to act against the people;
+and the admiral was compelled to release his captives. Resistance, in
+America, was shown in many subsequent attempts to impress the people.
+
+The king and his ministers felt it was necessary to sustain the acts of
+parliament in the American war by having addresses sent to the king
+upholding him in the course he was pursuing. Hence emissaries were sent
+throughout the kingdom who cajoled the ignorant into signing such
+papers. The general sentiment of the people cannot be estimated by the
+number of addresses for they were obtained by the influence of the
+ministers of state. Every magistrate depending upon the favor of the
+crown could and would exert his influence as directed. Hence there were
+numerous addresses sent to the king approving the course he was bent
+upon. When it is considered that the government had the advantage of
+more than fifty thousand places and pensions at its disposal, the
+immense lever for securing addresses is readily seen. From no section of
+the country, however, were these addresses so numerous as from Scotland.
+
+It is one of the most singular things in history that the people of
+Scotland should have been so hostile to the Americans, and so forward in
+expressing their approbation of the attitude of George III. and his
+ministers. The Americans had in no wise ever harmed them or crossed
+their path. The emigrants from Scotland had been received with open arms
+by the people. If any had been mistreated, it was by the appointees of
+the crown. With scarcely an exception the whole political
+representation in both Houses of Parliament supported lord North, and
+were bitterly opposed to the Americans. Lecky has tried to soften the
+matter by throwing the blame on the servile leaders who did not
+represent the real sentiment of the people:
+
+   "Scotland, however, is one of the very few instances in history, of a
+   nation whose political representation was so grossly defective as not
+   merely to distort but absolutely to conceal its opinions. It was
+   habitually looked upon as the most servile and corrupt portion of the
+   British Empire; and the eminent liberalism and the very superior
+   political qualities of its people seem to have been scarcely
+   suspected to the very eve of the Reform Bill of 1832. That something
+   of that liberalism existed at the outbreak of the American war, may,
+   I think, be inferred from the very significant fact that the
+   Government were unable to obtain addresses in their favor either from
+   Edinburgh or Glasgow. The country, however, was judged mainly by its
+   representatives, and it was regarded as far more hostile to the
+   American cause than either England or Ireland."[146]
+
+A very able editor writing at the time has observed:
+
+   "It must however be acknowledge, that an unusual apathy with respect
+   to public affairs, seemed to prevail with the people, in general, of
+   this country; of which a stronger proof needs not to be given, that
+   than which will probably recur to every body's memory, that the
+   accounts of many of the late military actions, as well as of
+   political procedings of no less importance, were received with as
+   much indifference, and canvassed with as much coolness and unconcern,
+   as if they had happened between two nations with whom they were
+   scarcely connected. We must except from all these observations, the
+   people of North Britain (Scotland), who, almost to a man, so far as
+   they could be described or distinguished under any particular
+   denomination, not only applauded, but proffered life and fortune in
+   support of the present measures."[147]
+
+The list of addresses sent from Scotland to the king against the
+Colonies is a long one,--unbroken by any remonstrance or correction. It
+embraces those sent by the provost, magistrates, and common (or town)
+council of Aberbrothock, Aberdeen, Annan, Ayr, Burnt-Island, Dundee,
+Edinburgh, Forfar, Forres, Inverness, Irvine, Kirkaldy, Linlithgow,
+Lochmaben, Montrose, Nairn, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and
+Stirling; by the magistrates and town council of Brechine, Inverary, St.
+Andrews, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Kirkcudbright, Kirkwall, and Paisley; by the
+magistrates, town council and all the principal inhabitants of Fortrose;
+by the provost, magistrates, council, burgesses and inhabitants of
+Elgin; by the chief magistrates of Dunfermline, Inverkeithing and
+Culross; by the magistrates, common council, burgesses, and inhabitants
+of Dumfries; by the lord provost, magistrates, town council and deacons
+of craft of Lanark; by the magistrates, incorporated societies, and
+principal inhabitants of the town and port of Leith; by the principal
+inhabitants of Perth; by the gentlemen, clergy, merchants,
+manufacturers, incorporated trades and principal inhabitants of Dundee;
+by the deacon convenier, deacons of fourteen incorporated trades and
+other members of trades houses of Glasgow; by the magistrates, council
+and incorporations of Cupar in Fife, and Dumbarton; by the freeholders
+of the county of Argyle and Berwick; by the noblemen, gentlemen and
+freeholders of the counties of Aberdeen and Fife; by the noblemen,
+gentlemen, freeholders and others of the county of Linlithgow; by the
+noblemen and gentlemen of the county of Roxburgh; by the noblemen,
+justices of the peace, freeholders, and commissioners of supply of the
+counties of Perth and Caithness; by the noblemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of the land-tax of the counties of Banff
+and Elgin; by the freeholders and justices of the peace of the county of
+Dumbarton; by the gentlemen, justices of the peace, clergy, freeholders
+and committee of supply of the county of Clackmanan; by the gentlemen,
+justices of the peace and commissioners of land tax of the counties of
+Kincardine, Lanark and Renfrew; by the freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the counties of Kinross and Orkney;
+by the justices of the peace, freeholders and commissioners of land tax
+of the county of Peebles; by the gentlemen, freeholders, justices of the
+peace and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn; by the
+gentlemen, heretors, freeholders and clergy of the counties of Ross and
+Cromarty; by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; by the
+ministers and elders of the provincial synod of Angus and Mearns; also
+of the synod of Glasgow and Ayr; by the provincial synod of Dumfries,
+and by the ministers of the presbytery of Irvine.
+
+The list ascribes but eight of the addresses to the Highlands. This does
+not signify that they were any the less loyal to the pretensions of
+George III. The probability is that the people generally stood ready to
+follow their leaders, and these latter exerted themselves against the
+colonists. The addresses that were proffered, emanating from the
+Highlands, in chronological order, may be thus summarized: The
+freeholders of Argyleshire, on October 17, 1775, met at Inverary with
+Robert Campbell presiding, and through their representative in
+Parliament, Colonel Livingston, presented their "humble Address" to the
+king, in which they refer to their predecessors who had "suffered early
+and greatly in the cause of liberty" and now judge it incumbent upon
+themselves "to express our sense of the blessings we enjoy under your
+Majesty's mild and constitutional Government; and, at the same time, to
+declare our abhorrence of the unnatural rebellion of our deluded
+fellow-subjects in America, which, we apprehend, is encouraged and
+fomented by several discontented and turbulent persons at home." They
+earnestly desire that the measures adopted by parliament may be
+"vigorously prosecuted;" "and we beg leave to assure your Majesty, that,
+in support of such measures, we are ready to risk our lives and
+fortunes."
+
+The address of the magistrates, town council, and all the principal
+inhabitants of Fortrose, is without date, but probably during the month
+of October of the same year. They met with Colonel Hector Munro, their
+representative in parliament, presiding, and addressing the king
+declared their "loyal affection" to his person; are "filled with a just
+sense of the many blessings" they enjoy, and "beg leave to approach the
+throne, and express our indignation at, and abhorrence of, the measures
+adopted by our unhappy and deluded fellow-subjects in America, in direct
+opposition to law and justice, and to every rational idea of
+civilization;" "with still greater indignation, if possible, we behold
+this rebellious disposition, which so fatally obtains on the other side
+of the Atlantic, fomented and cherished by a set of men in Great
+Britain;" that the "deluded children may quickly return to their duty,"
+and if not, "we hope your Majesty will direct such vigorous, speedy, and
+effectual measures to be pursued, as may bring them to a due sense of
+their error."
+
+The provost, magistrates and town council of Nairn met November 6, 1775,
+and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as his "most faithful
+subjects" and it was their "indispensable duty" to testify their
+"loyalty and attachment;" they were "deeply sensible of the many
+blessings" they enjoyed; they viewed with "horror and detestation" the
+"audacious attempts that have been made to alienate the affections of
+your subjects." "Weak as our utmost efforts may be deemed, and limited
+our powers, each heart and hand devoted to your service will, with the
+most ardent zeal, contribute in promoting such measures as may be now
+thought necessary for re-establishing the violated rights of the British
+Legislature, and bringing back to order and allegiance your Majesty's
+deluded and unhappy subjects in America."
+
+On the same day, the same class of men at Inverness made their address
+as "dutiful and loyal subjects," and declared "the many blessings" they
+enjoyed; and expressed their "utmost detestation and abhorrence of that
+spirit of rebellion which has unhappily broke forth among your Majesty's
+subjects in America," and "the greatest sorrow we behold the seditious
+designs of discontented and factious men so far attended with success as
+to seduce your infatuated and deluded subjects in the colonies from
+their allegiance and duty," and they declared their "determined
+resolution of supporting your Majesty's Government, to the utmost of our
+power, against all attempts that may be made to disturb it, either at
+home or abroad."
+
+The following day, or November 7th, the gentlemen, freeholders, justices
+of the peace, and commissioners of supply of the county of Nairn, met in
+the city of Nairn, and addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign,"
+declaring themselves the "most dutiful and loyal subjects," and it was
+their "indispensable duty" "to declare our abhorrence of the present
+unnatural rebellion carried on by many of your infatuated subjects in
+America." "With profound humility we profess our unalterable attachment
+to your Majesty's person and family, and our most cordial approbation
+of the early measures adopted for giving a check to the first dawnings
+of disobedience. This county, in the late war, sent out many of its sons
+to defend your Majesty's ungrateful colonies against the invasion of
+foreign enemies, and they will now, when called upon, be equally ready
+to repel all the attempts of the traitorous and disaffected, against the
+dignity of your crown, and the just rights of the supreme Legislature of
+Great Britain."
+
+The gentlemen, heretors, freeholders, and clergy of the Counties of Ross
+and Cromarty assembled at Dingwall, November 23, 1775, and also
+addressed their "Most Gracious Sovereign" as the "most faithful and
+loyal subjects," acknowledging "the protection we are blessed with in
+the enjoyment of our liberties," it is "with an inexpressible concern we
+behold many of our fellow-subjects in America, incited and supported by
+factions and designing men at home," and that "we shall have no
+hesitation in convincing your rebellious and deluded subjects in
+America, that with the same cheerfulness we so profusely spilled our
+blood in the last war, in defending them against their and our natural
+enemies, we are now ready to shed it, if necessary, in bringing them
+back to a just sense of their duty and allegiance to your Majesty, and
+their subordination to the Mother Country."
+
+The magistrates and town council of Inverary met on November 28, 1775,
+and to their "Most Gracious Sovereign" they were also the "most dutiful
+and loyal subjects," and further "enjoyed all the blessings of the best
+Government the wisdom of man ever devised, we have seen with
+indignation, the malignant breath of disappointed faction, by
+prostituting the sacred sounds of liberty, too successful in blowing the
+sparks of a temporary discontent into the flames of a rebellion in your
+Majesty's Colonies, that we from our souls abhor;" and they desired to
+be applied "such forcive remedies to the affected parts, as shall be
+necessary to restore that union and dependency of the whole on the
+legislative power."
+
+At Thurso, December 6, 1775, there met the noblemen, gentlemen,
+freeholders, justices of the peace and commissioners of supply of the
+county of Caithness, and in an address to their
+
+"Most Gracious Sovereign" declared themselves also to be the "most
+dutiful and loyal subjects;" they approved the "lenient measures" which
+had hitherto been taken in America by parliament, "and that they will
+support with their lives and fortunes, the vigorous exertions which they
+forsee may soon be necessary to subdue a rebellion premeditated,
+unprovoked, and that is every day becoming more general, untainted by
+the vices that too often accompany affluence, our people have been
+inured to industry, sobriety, and, when engaged in your Majesty's
+service, have been distinguished for an exact obedience to discipline,
+and a faithful discharge of duty; and we hope, if called forth to action
+in one combined corps, it will be their highest ambition to merit a
+favorable report to your Majesty from their superior officers. At the
+same time, it is our most ardent prayer to Almighty God, that the eyes
+of our deluded fellow-subjects in America may soon be opened, to see
+whether it is safe to trust in a Congress unconstitutionally assembled,
+in a band of officers unconstitutionally appointed, or in a British King
+and Parliament whose combined powers have indeed often restrained the
+licentiousness, but never invaded the rational liberties of mankind."
+
+A survey of the addresses indicates that they were composed by one
+person, or else modelled from the same formula. All had the same source
+of inspiration. This, however, does not militate against the moral
+effect of those uttering them. So far as Scotland is concerned, it must
+be regarded as a fair representation of the sentiment of the people.
+While only an insignificant part of the Highlands gave their humble
+petitions, yet the subsequent acts must be the criterion from which a
+judgment must be formed.
+
+It is possible that some of the loyal addresses were accelerated by the
+prohibition placed on Scotch emigration to America. Early in September,
+1775, Henry Dundas, lord-advocate for Scotland, urged the board of
+customs to issue orders to all inferior custom houses enjoining them to
+grant no clearances for America of any ship which had more than the
+common complement of hands on board. On September 23, 1775, Archibald
+Cockburn, sheriff deputy of Edinburgh, issued the following order:
+
+   "Whereas a letter[148] was received by me some time ago, from His
+   Majesty's Advocate for Scotland, intimating that, on account of the
+   present rebellion in America, it was proper a stop should be put for
+   the present to emigrations to that Country, and that the necessary
+   directions were left at the different sea-ports in Scotland to that
+   purpose; I think it my duty, in obedience to his Lordship's
+   requisition contained in that letter, to take this publick method of
+   notifying to such of the inhabitants within my jurisdiction, if any
+   such there be, who have formed resolutions to themselves of leaving
+   this Country, and going in quest of settlements in America, that they
+   aught not to put themselves to the unnecessary trouble and expense of
+   preparing for a removal of their habitations, which they will not, so
+   far as it lies in my power to prevent, be permitted to effectuate."
+
+The British government had every assurance of the undivided support of
+all Scotland in its attempt to subjugate America. It also put a strong
+dependence in enlisting in the army such Highlanders as had emigrated,
+and especially those who had belonged to the 42nd, Fraser's, and
+Montgomery's regiments, but remained in the country after the peace of
+1763. This alone would make a very unfavorable impression on the minds
+of Americans. But when to this is added the efforts of British officers
+to organize the emigrants from the Highlands into a special regiment, as
+early as November, 1775, the rising of the Highlanders both in North
+Carolina and on the Mohawk, the enlisting of emigrants on board vessels
+before landing and sailing by Boston to join their regiments at Halifax,
+and on the passage listening to the booming of the cannon at Bunker
+Hill; and the further fact that both the 42nd and Fraser's Highlanders
+were ordered to embark at Greenock for America, five days before the
+battle of Lexington, it is not a matter of surprise that a strong
+resentment should be aroused in the breasts of many of the most devoted
+to the cause of the Revolution.
+
+The feeling engendered by the acts of Scotland towards those engaged in
+the struggle for human liberty crops out in the original draft of the
+Declaration of Independence as laid before Congress July 1, 1776. In the
+memorable paper appeared the following sentence: "At this very time,
+too, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over, not only
+soldiers of our common blood, but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to
+invade and destroy us." The word "Scotch" was struck out, on motion of
+Dr. John Witherspoon, himself a native of Scotland; and subsequently the
+whole sentence was deleted.
+
+The sentence was not strictly true, for there were thousands of
+Americans of Scotch ancestry, but principally Lowland. There were also
+thousands of Americans, true to the principles of the Revolution, of
+Highland extraction. If the sentence had been strictly true, it would
+have served no purpose, even if none were alienated thereby. But, the
+records show that in the American army there were men who rendered
+distinguished services who were born in the Highlands; and others, from
+the Lowlands, rendered services of the highest value in their civil
+capacities.
+
+The armies of the Colonies had no regiments or companies composed of
+Highland Scotch, or even of that extraction, although their names abound
+scattered through a very large percentage of the organized forces. The
+only effort[149] which appears to have been made in that direction rests
+on two petitions by Donald McLeod. The first was directed to the
+Committee for the City and County of New York, dated at New York, June
+7, 1775:
+
+   "That your petitioner, from a deep sense of the favors conferred on
+   himself, as well as those shown to many of his countrymen when in
+   great distress after their arrival into this once happy city, is
+   moved by a voluntary spirit of liberty to offer himself in the manner
+   and form following, viz: That your said petitioner understands that a
+   great many Companies are now on foot to be raised for the defence of
+   our liberties in this once happy land, which he thinks to be a very
+   proper maxim for the furtherance of our rights and liberty; that your
+   said petitioner (although he has nothing to recommend himself but the
+   variety of calling himself a Highlander, from North-Britain) flatters
+   himself that if this honorable Committee were to grant him a
+   commission, under their hand and seal, that he could, without
+   difficulty, raise one hundred Scotch Highlanders in this City and the
+   neighboring Provinces, provided they were to be put in the Highland
+   dress, and under pay during their service in defence of our
+   liberties. Therefore, may it please your Honors to take this petition
+   under your serious consideration; and should your Honors think proper
+   to confer the honor upon him as to have the command of a Highland
+   Company, under the circumstances proposed, your petitioner assures
+   you that no person shall or will be more willing to accept of the
+   offer than your humble petitioner."
+
+On the following day Donald McLeod sent a petition, couched in the
+following language to the Congress for the Colony of New York:
+
+   "That yesterday your said petitioner presented a petition before this
+   honorable body, and as to the contents of which he begs leave to give
+   reference. That since, a ship arrived from Scotland, with a number of
+   Highlanders passengers. That your petitioner talked to them this
+   morning, and after informing them of the present state of this as
+   well as the neighboring Colonies, they all seemed to be very desirous
+   to form themselves into companies, with the proviso of having liberty
+   to wear their own country dress, commonly called the Highland habit,
+   and moreover to be under pay for the time they are in the service for
+   the protection of the liberties of this once happy country, but by
+   all means to be under the command of Highland officers, as some of
+   them cannot speak the English language. That the said Highlanders are
+   already furnished with guns, swords, pistols, and Highland dirks,
+   which, in case of occasion, is very necessary, as all the above
+   articles are at this time very difficult to be had. Therefore may it
+   please your Honors to take all and singular the premises under your
+   serious and immediate consideration; and as your petitioner wants an
+   answer as soon as possible, he further prays that as soon as they
+   think it meet, he may be advised. And your petitioner, is in duty
+   bound, shall ever pray."
+
+This petition was presented during the formative state of the army, and
+when the colonies were in a state of anarchy. Congress had not yet
+assumed control of the army, although on the very eve of it. With an
+empire to found and defend, the continental Congress had not at its
+disposal a single penny. When Washington was offered the command of the
+army there was little to bring out the unorganized resources of the
+country. At the very time of Donald McLeod's petition, the provincial
+congress of New York was engaged with the distracted state of its own
+commonwealth. Order was not brought out of chaos until the strong hand
+and great energy of Washington had been felt.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 143: Lecky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 151.]
+
+[Footnote 144: Bancroft's History United States, Vol. VI, p. 136;
+American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. I, p. 1543.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Leeky's History of England, Vol. IV. p. 346]
+
+[Footnote 146: History of England, Vol. IV, p. 338.]
+
+[Footnote 147: Annual Register, 1776, p. 39.]
+
+[Footnote 148: See Appendix, Note M.]
+
+[Footnote 149: See Appendix, Note N.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+HIGHLAND REGIMENTS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+The great Pitt, in his famous eulogy on the Highland regiments,
+delivered in 1766, in Parliament, said: "I sought for merit wherever it
+could be found. It is my boast that I was the first minister who looked
+for it, and found it, in the mountains of the north. I called it forth,
+and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men; men who,
+when left by your jealousy, became a prey to the artifices of your
+enemies, and had gone nigh to have overturned the State, in the war
+before the last. These men, in the last war, were brought to combat on
+your side; they served with fidelity, as they fought with valor, and
+conquered for you in every quarter of the world."
+
+
+ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANT REGIMENT.
+
+These same men were destined to be brought from their homes and help
+swell the ranks of the oppressors of America. The first attempt made was
+to organize the Highland regiments in America. The MacDonald fiasco in
+North Carolina and the Highlanders of Sir John Johnson have already been
+noticed. But there were other Highlanders throughout the inhabited
+districts of America, who had emigrated, or else had belonged to the
+42nd, Fraser's or Montgomery's Highlanders. It was desired to collect
+these, in so far as it was possible, and organize them into a distinct
+regiment. The supervision of this work was given to Colonel Allan
+MacLean of Torloisk, Mull, an experienced officer who had seen hard
+service in previous wars. The secret instructions given by George III.
+to William Tryon, governor of New York, is dated April 3, 1775:
+
+   "Whereas an humble application hath been made to us by Allen McLean
+   Eqre late Major to our 114th Regiment, and Lieut Col: in our Army
+   setting forth, that a considerable number of our subjects, who have,
+   at different times, emigrated from the North West parts of North
+   Britain, and have transported themselves, with their families, to New
+   York, have expressed a desire, to take up Lands within our said
+   Province, to be held of us, our heirs and successors, in fee simple;
+   and whereas it may be of public advantage to grant lands in manner
+   aforesaid to such of the said Emigrants now residing within our said
+   province as may be desirous of settling together upon some convenient
+   spot within the same. It is therefore our Will and pleasure, that
+   upon application to you by the said Allen McLean, and upon his
+   producing to you an Association of the said Emigrants to the effect
+   of the form hereunto annexed, subscribed by the heads of the several
+   families of which such Emigrants shall consist, you do cause a proper
+   spot to be located and surveyed in one contiguous Tract within our
+   said Province of New York, sufficient in quantity for the
+   accommodation of such Emigrants, allowing 100 acres to each head of a
+   family, and 500 acres for every other person of which the said family
+   shall consist; and it is our further will and pleasure that when the
+   said Lands shall have been located as aforesaid, you do grant the
+   same by letters patent under the seal of our said Province unto the
+   said Allen Maclean, in trust, and upon the conditions, to make
+   allotments thereof in Fee Simple to the heads of Families, whose
+   names, together with the number of persons in each family, shall have
+   been delivered in by him as aforesaid, accompanied with the said
+   association, and it is Our further will and pleasure that it be
+   expressed in the said letters patent, that the lands so to be granted
+   shall be exempt from the payment of quit-rents for 20 years from the
+   date thereof, with a proviso however that all such parts of the said
+   Tracts as shall not be settled in manner aforesaid within two years
+   from the date of the grant shall revert to us, and be disposed of in
+   such manner as we shall think fit; and it is our further will and
+   pleasure, that neither yourself, nor any other of our Officers,
+   within our said Province, to whose duty it may appertain to carry
+   these our orders into execution do take any Fee or reward for the
+   same, and that the expense of surveying and locating any Tract of
+   Land in the manner and for the purpose above mentioned be defrayed
+   out of our Revenue of Quit rents and charged to the account thereof.
+   And we do hereby, declare it to be our further will and pleasure,
+   that in case the whole or any part of the said Colonists, fit to bear
+   Arms, shall be hereafter embodied and employed in Our service in
+   America, either as Commission or non Commissioned Officers or private
+   Men, they shall respectively receive further grants of Land from us
+   within our said province, free of all charges, and exempt from the
+   payment of quit rents for 20 years, in the same proportion to their
+   respective Ranks, as is directed and prescribed by our Royal
+   Proclamation of the 7th of October 1763 in regard to such officers
+   and soldiers as were employed in our service during the last War."
+
+This paltry scheme concocted to raise men for the royal cause could have
+but very little effect. The Highlanders, it proposed to reach, were
+scattered, and the work proposed must be done secretly and with
+expedition. To raise the Highlanders required address, a number of
+agents, and necessary hardships. Armed with the warrant Colonel Maclean
+and some followers preceded to New York and from there to Boston, where
+the object of the visit became known through a sergeant by name of
+McDonald who was trying to enlist "men to join the King's Troops; they
+seized him, and on his examination found that he had been employed by
+Major Small for this Purpose; they sent him a Prisoner into Connecticut.
+This has raised a violent suspicion against the Scots and Highlanders
+and will make the execution of Coll Maclean's Plan more difficult."[150]
+
+The principal agents engaged with Colonel Maclean in raising the new
+regiment were Major John Small and Captain Alexander McDonald. The
+latter met with much discouragement and several escapes. His
+"Letter-Book" is a mine of information pertaining to the regiment. As
+early as November 15, 1775, he draws a gloomy picture of the straits of
+the Macdonalds on whom so much was relied by the English government. "As
+for all the McDonalds in America they may Curse the day that was born as
+being the means of Leading them to ruin from my Zeal and attachment for
+government poor Glanaldall I am afraid is Lost as there is no account of
+him since a small Schooner Arrived which brought an account of his
+having Six & thirty men then and if he should Not be Lost he is
+unavoidably ruined in his Means all those up the Mohawk river will be
+tore to pieces and those in North Carolina the same so that if
+Government will Not Consider them when Matters are Settled I think they
+are ill treated."[151]
+
+The commissions of Colonel Maclean, Major John Small and Captain
+William Dunbar bear date of June 13, 1775, and all the other captains
+one day later.
+
+The regiment raised was known as the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment
+and was composed of two battalions, the first of which was commanded by
+Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean, and was composed of Highland emigrants
+in Canada, and the discharged men of the 42nd, of Fraser's and
+Montgomery's Highlanders who had settled in North America after the
+peace of 1763. Great difficulty was experienced in conveying the troops
+who had been raised in the back settlements to their respective
+destinations. This battalion made the following return of its officers:
+
+Isle Aux Noix, 15th April, 1778.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Rank         |   NAMES                      |Former Rank in the Army
+-------------+------------------------------+-------------------------
+Lieut.-Col   |Allan McLean                  |Lieutenant-Colonel
+Major        |Donald McDonald               |
+Captain      |William Dunbar                |Capt. late 78th Regt
+             |John Nairne                   |
+             |Alexander Fraser              |Lieut. late 78th Regt
+             |George McDougall              |Lieut. 60th Regt
+             |Malcolm Fraser                |Lieut. late 8th Regt
+             |Daniel Robertson              |Lieut. 42nd Regt
+             |George Laws                   |
+Lieutenant   |Neil McLean, (prisoner)       |Lieut. 7th Regt
+             |John McLean                   |Ensign late 114th Regt
+             |Alexander Firtelier           |
+             |Lachlan McLean                |
+             |Fran. Damburgess, (prisoner)  |Ensign, 21 Nov. 1775
+             |David Cairns                  |Ensign, 1st June 1775
+             |Don. McKinnon                 |Ensign, 20th Nov. 1775
+             |Ronald McDonald               |Ensign, 14th June 1775
+             |John McDonell                 |Ensign, 14th June 1775
+             |Alexander Stratton, (prisoner)|
+             |Hector McLean                 |
+Ensign       |Ronald McDonald               |
+             |Archibald Grant               |
+             |David Smith                   |
+             |George Darne                  |
+             |Archibald McDonald            |
+             |William Wood                  |
+-------------+------------------------------+-------------------------
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Rank      |   NAMES                      |  Former Rank in the Army
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------
+ Ensign      | John Pringle                 |
+   "         | Hector McLean, (prisoner)    |
+ Chaplain    | John Bethune                 |
+ Adjutant    | Ronald McDonald              |
+ Qr. Master  | Lachlan McLean               |
+ Surgeon     | James Davidson               |
+ Surg's Mate | James Walker                 |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------
+
+The second battalion was commanded by Major John Small, formerly of the
+42nd, and then of the 21st regiment, which was raised from emigrants
+arriving in the colonies and discharged Highland soldiers who had
+settled in Nova Scotia. Each battalion was to consist of seven hundred
+and fifty men, with officers in proportion. In speaking of the raising
+of the men Captain Alexander McDonald, in a letter to General Sir
+William Howe, under date of Halifax, November 30, 1775, says:
+
+   "Last October was a year when I found the people of America were
+   determind on Rebellion, I wrote to Major Small desiring he would
+   acquaint General Gage that I was ready to join the Army with a
+   hundred as good men as any in America, the General was pleased to
+   order the Major to write and return his Excellency's thanks to me for
+   my Loyalty and spirited offers of Service, but that he had not power
+   at that time to grant Commissions or raise any troops; however the
+   hint was improved and A proposal was Sent home to Government to raise
+   five Companies and I was in the meantime ordered to ingeage as many
+   men as I possibly Could, Accordingly I Left my own house on Staten
+   Island this same day year and travelled through frost snow & Ice all
+   the way to the Mohawk river, where there was two hundred Men of my
+   own Name, who had fled from the Severity of their Landlords in the
+   Highlands of Scotland, the Leading men of whom most Cheerfully agreed
+   to be ready at a Call, but the affair was obliged to be kept a
+   profound Secret till it was Known whether the government approved of
+   the Scheme and otherwise I could have inlisted five hundred men in a
+   months time, from thence I proceeded straight to Boston to know for
+   Certain what was done in the affair when General Gage asur'd me that
+   he had recommended it to the Ministry and did not doubt of its
+   Meeting with approbation. I Left Boston and went home to my own
+   house and was ingeaging as Many men as I Could of those that I
+   thought I could intrust but it was not possible to keep the thing
+   Long a Secret when we had to make proposals to five hundred men; in
+   the Mean time Coll McLean arrived with full power from Government to
+   Collect all the Highlanders who had Emigrated to America Into one
+   place and to give Every man the hundred Acres of Land and if need
+   required to give Arms to as many men as were Capable of bearing them
+   for His Majesty's Service. Coll McLean and I Came from New York to
+   Boston to know how Matters would be Settled by Genl Gage: it was then
+   proposed and Agreed upon to raise twenty Companies or two Battalions
+   Consisting of one Lt Colonl Commandant two Majors and Seventeen
+   Captains, of which I was to be the first or oldest Captain and was
+   confirmed by Coll McLean under his hand Writeing."[152]
+
+At the time of the beginning of hostilities a large number of
+Highlanders were on their way from Scotland to settle in the colonies.
+In some instances the vessels on which were the emigrants, were boarded
+from a man-of-war before their arrival. In some families there is a
+tradition that they were captured by a war vessel. Those who did arrive
+were induced partly by threats and partly by persuasion to enlist for
+the war, which they were assured would be of short duration. These
+people were not only in poverty, but many were in debt for their
+passage, and they were now promised that by enlisting their debts should
+be paid, they should have plenty of food as well as full pay for their
+services, besides receiving for each head of a family two hundred acres
+of land and fifty more for each child, while, in the event of refusal,
+there was presented the alternative of going to jail to pay their debts.
+The result of the artifices used can be no mystery. Under such
+conditions most of the able-bodied men enlisted, in some instances
+father and son serving together. Their wives and children were sent to
+Halifax, hearing the cannon of Bunker Hill on their passage.
+
+These enlistments formed a part of the Battalion under Major
+Small,--five companies of which remained in Nova Scotia during the war,
+and the remaining five joining Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis to
+the southward. That portion of which remained in Nova Scotia, was
+stationed at Halifax, Windsor, and Cumberland, and were distinguished by
+their uniform good behavior.
+
+The men belonging to the first battalion were assembled at Quebec. On
+the approach of the American army by Lake Champlain, Colonel Maclean was
+ordered to St. Johns with a party of militia, but got only as far as St.
+Denis, where he was deserted by his men. When Quebec was threatened by
+the American army under Colonel Arnold, Colonel Maclean with his
+regiment consisting of three hundred and fifty men, was at Sorel, and
+being forced to decamp from that place, by great celerity of movement,
+evaded the army of Colonel Arnold and passed into Quebec with one
+hundred of his regiment. He arrived just in time, for the citizens were
+about to surrender the city to the Americans. On Colonel Maclean's
+arrival, November 13, 1775, the garrison consisted only of fifty men of
+the Fusiliers and seven hundred militia and seamen. There had also just
+landed one hundred recruits of Colonel Maclean's corps from
+Newfoundland, which had been raised by Malcolm Fraser and Captain
+Campbell. Also, at the same time, there arrived the frigate Lizard, with
+L20,000 cash, all of which put new spirits into the garrison. The
+arrival of the veteran Maclean greatly diminished the chances of Colonel
+Arnold. Colonel Maclean now bent his energies towards saving the town;
+strengthened every point; enthused the lukewarm, and by emulation kept
+up a good spirit among them all. When General Carleton, leaving his army
+behind him, arrived in Quebec he found that Colonel Maclean had not only
+withstood the assaults of the Americans but had brought order and system
+out of chaos. In the final assault on the last day of the year, when the
+brave General Montgomery fell, the Highlanders were in the midst of the
+fray.
+
+Many of the Americans were captured at this storming of Quebec. One of
+them narrates that "January 4th, on the next day, we were visited by
+Colonel Maclean, an old man, attended by other officers, for a peculiar
+purpose, that is, to ascertain who among us were born in Europe. We had
+many Irishmen and some Englishmen. The question was put to each; those
+who admitted a British birth, were told they must serve his majesty in
+Colonel Maclean's regiment, a new corps, called the emigrants. Our poor
+fellows, under the fearful penalty of being carried to Britain, there to
+be tried for treason, were compelled by necessity, and many of them did
+enlist."[153]
+
+Such men could hardly prove to be reliable, and it can be no
+astonishment to read what Major Henry Caldwell, one of the defenders of
+Quebec says of it:
+
+   "Of the prisoners we took, about 100 of them were Europeans, chiefly
+   from Ireland; the greatest part of them engaged voluntarily in Col.
+   McLean's corps, but about a dozen of them deserting in the course of
+   a month, the rest were again confined, and not released till the
+   arrival of the Isis, when they were again taken into the corps."[154]
+
+Colonel Arnold despairing of capturing the town by assault, established
+himself on the Heights of Abraham, with the intention of cutting off
+supplies and blockading the town. In this situation he reduced the
+garrison to great straits, all communication with the country being cut
+off. He erected batteries and made several attempts to get possession of
+the lower town, but was foiled at every point by the vigilance of
+Colonel Maclean. On the approach of spring, Colonel Arnold, despairing
+of success, raised the siege.
+
+The battalion remained in the province of Canada during the war, and was
+principally employed in small, but harrassing enterprises. In one of
+these, Captain Daniel Robertson, Lieutenant Hector Maclean, and Ensign
+Archibald Grant, with the grenadier company, marched twenty days through
+the woods with no other direction than the compass, and an Indian guide.
+The object being to surprise a small post in the interior, which was
+successful and attained without loss. By long practice in the woods the
+men had become very intelligent and expert in this kind of warfare.
+
+The reason why this regiment was not with the army of General Burgoyne,
+and thus escaped the humiliation of the surrender at Saratoga, has been
+stated by that officer in the following language: that he proposed to
+leave in Canada "Maclean's Corps, because I very much apprehend
+desertions from such parts of it as are composed of Americans, should
+they come near the enemy. In Canada, whatsoever may be their
+disposition, it is not so easy to effect it."[155]
+
+Notwithstanding the conduct of Colonel Allan Maclean at the siege of
+Quebec and his great zeal in behalf of Britain his corps was not yet
+recognized, though he had at the outset been promised establishment and
+rank for it. He therefore returned to England where he arrived on
+September 1, 1776, to seek justice for himself and men. They were not
+received until the close of 1778, when the regiment was numbered the
+84th, at which time Sir Henry Clinton was appointed its Colonel, and the
+battalions ordered to be augmented to one thousand men each. The uniform
+was the full Highland garb, with purses made of raccoons' instead of
+badger's skins. The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men
+a half basket sword.
+
+"On a St. Andrew's day a ball was given by the officers of the garrison
+in which they were quartered to the ladies in the vicinity. When one of
+the ladies entered the ball-room, and saw officers in the Highland
+dress, her sensitive delicacy revolted at what she though an indecency,
+declaring she would quit the room if these were to be her company. This
+occasioned some little embarrassment. An Indian lady, sister of the
+Chief Joseph Brant, who was present with her daughters, observing the
+bustle, inquired what was the matter, and being informed, she cried out,
+'This must be a very indelicate lady to think of such a thing; she shows
+her own arms and elbows to all the men, and she pretends she cannot look
+at these officers' bare legs, although she will look at my husband's
+bare thighs for hours together; she must think of other things, or she
+would see no more shame in a man showing his legs, than she does in
+showing her neck and breast.' These remarks turned the laugh against the
+lady's squeamish delicacy, and the ball was permitted to proceed without
+the officers being obliged to retire."[156]
+
+With every opportunity offered the first battalion to desert, in
+consequence of offers of land and other inducements held out by the
+Americans, not one native Highlander deserted; and only one Highlander
+was brought to the halberts during the time they were embodied.
+
+The history of the formation of the two battalions is dissimilar; that
+of the second was not attended with so great difficulties. In the
+formation of the first all manner of devices were entered into, and
+various disguises were resorted to in order to escape detection. Even
+this did not always protect them.
+
+"It is beyond the power of Expression to give an Idea of the expence &
+trouble our Officers have Undergone in these expeditions into the
+Rebellious provinces. Some of them have been fortunate enough to get off
+Undiscovered--But Many have been taken abused by Mobs in an Outragious
+manner & cast into prisons with felons, where they have Suffered all the
+Evils that revengeful Rage ignorance Bigotry & Inhumanity could
+inflict--There has been even Skirmishes on such Occasions.***** It was
+an uncommon Exertion in one of our Offrs. to make his Escape with forty
+highlanders from the Mohawk river to Montreal havg. had nothing to eat
+for ten days but their Dogs & herbs & in another to have on his private
+Credit & indeed ruin, Victualled a Considerable Number of Soldiers he
+had engaged in hopes of getting off with them to Canada, but being at
+last taken & kept in hard imprisonmt for near a year by the Rebels to
+have effected his escape & Collecting his hundred men to have brot them
+thro' the Woods lately from near Abany to Canada."[157]
+
+Difficulties in the formation of the regiment and placing it on the
+establishment grew out of the opposition of Governor Legge, and from
+him, through General Gage transmitted to the ministry, when all
+enlistments, for the time being were prohibited. The officers, from the
+start had been assured that the regiment should be placed on the
+establishment, and each should be entitled to his rank and in case of
+reduction should go on half pay. The officers should consist of those on
+half pay who had served in the last war, and had settled in America.
+When the regiment had been established and numbered, through the
+exertions of Colonel Maclean the ranks were rapidly filled, and the
+previous difficulties overcome.
+
+The winter of 1775-1776, was very severe on the second battalion.
+Although stationed in Halifax they were without sufficient clothing or
+proper food, or pay, and the officer in charge--Captain Alexander
+McDonald--without authority to draw money, or a regular warrant to
+receive it. In January "the men were almost stark naked for want of
+clothing," and even bare-footed. The plaids and Kilmarnocks could not be
+had. As late as March 1st there was "not a shoe nor a bit of leather to
+be had in Halifax for either love or money," and men were suffering from
+their frosted feet. "The men made a horrid and scandalous appearance on
+duty, insulted and despised by the soldiers of the other corps." In
+April 1778, clothing that was designed for the first battalion, having
+been consigned to Halifax, was taken by Captain McDonald and distributed
+to the men of the second. Out of this grew an acrimonious
+correspondence. Of the food, Captain McDonald writes:
+
+   "We are served Served Since prior to September last with Flower that
+   is Rank poison at lest Bread made of Such flower--The Men of our
+   Regiment that are in Command at the East Battery brought me a Sample
+   of the fflower they received for a Months provision, it was exactly
+   like Chalk & as Sower as Vinegarr I asked the Doctors opinion of it
+   who told me it was Sufficient to Destroy all the Regiment to eatt
+   Bread made of Such fflower; it is hard when Mens Lives are So
+   precious and so much wanted for the Service of their King and
+   country, that they Should thus wantonly be Sported with to put money
+   in the pocket of any individuall."[158]
+
+It appears to have been the policy to break up the second battalion and
+have it serve on detached duty. Hence a detachment was sent to
+Newfoundland, another to Annapolis, at Cumberland, Fort Howe, Fort
+Edward, Fort Sackville and Windsor, but rallying at Halifax as the
+headquarters--to say nothing of those sent to the Southern States. No
+wonder Captain McDonald complains, "We have absolutely been worse used
+than any one Regiment in America and has done more duty and Drudgery of
+all kinds than any other Bn. in America these thre Years past and it is
+but reasonable Just and Equitable that we should now be Suffered to Join
+together at least as early as possible in the Spring and let some Other
+Regimt relieve the difft. posts we at present Occupy."[159]
+
+But it was not all garrison duty. Writing from Halifax, under date of
+July 13th, 1777, Captain McDonald says:
+
+   "Another Attempt has been made from New England to invade this
+   province wch. is also defeated by a detachmt from our Regt & the
+   Marines on board of Captn Hawker. Our Detachmt went on board of him
+   here & he having a Quick passage to the River St John's wch. divides
+   Nova Scotia from New England & where the Rebells were going to take
+   post & Rebuild the old fort that was there the last War. Immediately
+   on Captn Hawker's Arrival there Our men under the Commd. of Ensn. Jno
+   McDonald & the Marines under that of a Lieut were landed & Engaged
+   the Enemy who were abt. a hundred Strong & after a Smart firing &
+   some killed & wounded on both Sides the Rebells ran with the greatest
+   precipitation & Confusion to their boats. Some of our light Armed
+   vessells pursued them & I hope before this time they are either taken
+   or starving in the Woods."[160]
+
+Whatever may be said of the good behavior of the men of the second
+battalion, there were three at least whom Captain McDonald describes as
+"rascales." He also gives the following severe rebuke to one of the
+officers:
+
+     "Halifax 16th Febry 1777
+     Mr. Jas. McDonald.
+
+   I am sorry to inform you that every Accot I receive from Windsor is
+   very unfavorable in regard to you. Your Cursed Carelessness &
+   slovenlyness about your own Body and your dress Nothing going on but
+   drinking Calybogus Schewing Tobacco & playing Cards in place of that
+   decentness & Cleanliness that all Gentlemen who has the least Regard
+   for themselves & Character must & does observe. I am afraid from your
+   Conduct that you will be no Credit or honor to the Memories of those
+   Worthies from whom you are descended & if you have no regard for them
+   or your self I need not expect you'll be at any pains to be of Any
+   Credit to me for anything I can do for you. I am about Giving you
+   Rank agreeable to Col. McLean's plan & on Accot. of your having bro't
+   more men to the Regimt. than either Mr. Fitz Gerd. or Campbell You
+   are to be the Second in Command at that post Lt. Fitz Ger'd. the
+   third & Campbell the fourth. And I hope I shall never have Occasion
+   to write to you in this Manner again. I beg you will begin now to
+   mend your hand to write & learn to keep Accots. that you may be able
+   to do Some thing like an officer if ever you expect to make a figure
+   in the Army You must Change your plan & lay yr. money out to Acquire
+   such Accomplishm'ts befitting an officer rather than Tobacco,
+   Calybogus and the Devil knows what. I am tired of Scolding of you, so
+   will say no more."[161]
+
+But little has been recorded of the five companies of the second
+battalion that joined Sir Henry Clinton and lord Cornwallis. The company
+called grenadiers was in the battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina,
+fought September 8, 1781. This was one of the most closely contested
+battles of the Revolution, in which the grenadier company was in the
+thickest and severest of the fight. The British army, under Colonel
+Alexander Stuart, of the 3rd regiment was drawn up in a line extending
+from Eutaw creek to an eighth of a mile southward. The Irish Buffs
+(third regiment) formed the right; Lieutenant Colonel Cruger's Loyalists
+the center; and the 63rd and 64th regiments the left. Near the creek was
+a flank battalion of infantry and the grenadiers, under Major
+Majoribanks, partially covered and concealed by a thicket on the bank of
+the stream. The Americans, under General Greene, having routed two
+advanced detachments, fell with great spirit on the main body. After the
+battle had been stubbornly contested for some time, Major Majoribank's
+command was ordered up, and terribly galled the American flanks. In
+attempting to dislodge them, the Americans received a terrible volley
+from behind the thicket. Soon the entire British line fell back, Major
+Majoribanks covering the movement. They abandoned their camp, destroyed
+their stores and many fled precipitately towards Charleston, while Major
+Majoribanks halted behind the palisades of a brick house. The American
+soldiers, in spite of the orders of General Greene and the efforts of
+their officers began to pillage the camp, instead of attempting to
+dislodge Major Majoribanks. A heavy fire was poured upon the Americans
+who were in the British camp, from the force that had taken refuge in
+the brick house, while Major Majoribanks moved from his covert on the
+right. The light horse or legion of Colonel Henry Lee, remaining under
+the control of that officer, followed so closely upon those who had fled
+to the house that the fugitives in closing the doors shut out two or
+three of their own officers. Those of the legion who had followed to the
+door seized each a prisoner, and interposing him as a shield retreated
+beyond the fire from the windows. Among those captured was Captain
+Barre, a brother of the celebrated Colonel Barre of the British
+parliament, having been seized by Captain Manning. In the terror of the
+moment Barre began to recite solemnly his titles: "I am Sir Henry Barre
+deputy adjutant general of the British army, captain of the 52nd
+regiment, secretary of the commandant at Charleston--" "Are you indeed?"
+interrupted Captain Manning; "you are my prisoner now, and the very man
+I was looking for; come along with me." He then placed his titled
+prisoner between him and the fire of the enemy, and retreated.
+
+The arrest of the Americans by Major Majoribanks and the party that had
+fled into the brick house, gave Colonel Stuart an opportunity to rally
+his forces, and while advancing, Major Majoribanks poured a murderous
+fire into the legion of Colonel Lee, which threw them into confusion.
+Perceiving this, he sallied out seized the two field pieces and ran them
+under the windows of the house. Owing to the crippled condition of his
+army, and the shattering of his cavalry by the force of Major
+Majoribanks, General Greene ordered a retreat, after a conflict of four
+hours. The British repossessed the camp, but on the following day
+decamped, abandoning seventy-two of their wounded. Considering the
+numbers engaged, both parties lost heavily. The Americans had one
+hundred and thirty rank and file killed, three hundred and eighty-five
+wounded, and forty missing. The loss of the British, according to their
+own report, was six hundred and ninety-three men, of whom eighty-five
+were killed.
+
+At the conclusion of the war the transports bearing the companies were
+ordered to Halifax, where the men were discharged; but, owing to the
+violence of the weather, and a consequent loss of reckoning, they made
+the island of Nevis and St. Kitt's instead of Halifax. This delayed the
+final reduction till 1784. In the distant quarters of the first
+battalion, they were forgotten. By their agreement they should have been
+discharged in April 1783, but orders were not sent until July 1784.
+
+It is possible that a roll of the officers of the second battalion may
+be in existence. The following names of the officers are preserved in
+McDonald's "Letter-Book":
+
+Major John Small, commandant; Captains Alexander McDonald, Duncan
+Campbell, Ronald McKinnon, Murdoch McLean, Alexander Campbell, John
+McDonald and Allan McDonald; Lieutenants Gerald Fitzgerald, Robert
+Campbell, James McDonald and Lachlan McLean; Ensign John Day; chaplain,
+Doctor Boynton.
+
+The uniform of the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment was the full
+Highland garb, with purses made of raccoon's instead of badger's skins.
+The officers wore the broad sword and dirk, and the men a half basket
+sword, as previously stated.
+
+At the conclusion of the war grants of land were given to the officers
+and men, in the proportion of five thousand acres to a field officer,
+three thousand to a captain, five hundred to a subaltern, two hundred to
+a serjeant and one hundred to each soldier. All those who had settled in
+America previous to the war, remained, and took possession of their
+lands, but many of the others returned to Scotland. The men of Major
+Small's battalion went to Nova Scotia, where they settled a township,
+and gave it the name of Douglas, in Hants County; but a number settled
+on East River.
+
+The first to come to East River, of the 84th, was big James Fraser, in
+company with Donald McKay and fifteen of his comrades, and took up a
+tract of three thousand four hundred acres extending along both sides of
+the river. Their discharges are dated April 10, 1784, but the grant
+November 3, 1785. About the same time of the occupation of the East
+River, in Pictou County, the West Branch was occupied by men of the same
+regiment; the first of whom were David McLean and John Fraser.
+
+The settlers of East Branch, or River, of the 84th, on the East side
+were Donald Cameron, a native of Urquhart, Scotland; served eight years;
+possessed one hundred and fifty acres; his son Duncan served two years
+as a drummer boy in the regiment. Alexander Cameron, one hundred acres.
+Robert Clark, one hundred acres. Finlay Cameron, four hundred. Samuel
+Cameron, one hundred acres. James Fraser, a native of Strathglass, three
+hundred and fifty acres. Peter Grant, James McDonald, Hugh McDonald, one
+hundred acres.
+
+On the west side of same river: James Fraser, one hundred acres. Duncan
+McDonald, one hundred acres. John McDonald, two hundred and fifty acres.
+Samuel Cameron, three hundred acres. John Chisholm, sen., three hundred
+acres. John Chisholm, jun., two hundred acres. John McDonald, two
+hundred and fifty acres.
+
+Those who settled at West Branch and other places on East River were,
+William Fraser, from Inverness, three hundred and fifty acres. John
+McKay, three hundred acres. John Robertson, four hundred and fifty.
+William Robertson, two hundred acres. John Fraser, from Inverness, three
+hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, from Inverness, two hundred acres. Thomas
+McKinzie, one hundred acres. David McLean, a sergeant in the army, five
+hundred acres. Alexander Cameron, three hundred acres. Hector McLean,
+four hundred acres. John Forbes, from Inverness, four hundred acres.
+Alexander McLean, five hundred acres. Thomas Fraser, Jun., one hundred
+acres. James McLellan, from Inverness, five hundred acres. Donald
+Chisholm, from Strathglass, three hundred and fifty acres. Robert Dundas
+(four hundred and fifty acres), Alexander Dunbar (two hundred acres),
+and William Dunbar, (three hundred acres), all three brothers, from
+Inverness, and of the 84th regiment. James Cameron, 84th regiment, three
+hundred acres. John McDougall, two hundred and fifty acres. John
+Chisholm, three hundred acres. Donald Chisholm, Jun., from Inverness,
+four hundred acres. Robert Clark, 84th, one hundred acres. Donald Shaw,
+from Inverness, three hundred acres. Alexander McIntosh, from Inverness,
+five hundred acres, and John McLellan, from Inverness, one hundred
+acres. Of the grantees of the West Branch, those designated from
+Inverness, were from the parish of Urquhart and served in the 84th, as
+did also those so specified. It is more than probable that all the
+others were not in the Royal Highland Emigrant regiment, or even served
+in the war.
+
+The members of the first, or Colonel MacLean's battalion settled in
+Canada, many of whom at Montreal, where they rallied around their
+chaplain, John Bethune. This gentleman acted as chaplain of the
+Highlanders in North Carolina, and was taken prisoner at the battle of
+Moore's Creek Bridge. After remaining a prisoner for about a year, he
+was released, and made his way to Nova Scotia and for some time resided
+at Halifax. He received the appointment of chaplain in the Royal
+Highland Emigrant regiment. He received a grant of three thousand acres,
+located in Glengarry, and having a growing family to provide for, each
+of whom was entitled to two hundred acres, he removed to Williamstown,
+then the principal settlement in Glengarry. Besides his allotment of
+land, he retired from the army on half pay. In his new home he ever
+maintained an honorable life.
+
+
+FORTY-SECOND OR ROYAL HIGHLAND REGIMENT.
+
+The 42nd, or Black Watch, or Royal Highlanders, left America in 1767,
+and sailed direct for Cork, Ireland. In 1775 the regiment embarked at
+Donaghadee, and landed at Port Patrick, after an absence of thirty-two
+years from Scotland. From Port Patrick it marched to Glasgow. Shortly
+after its arrival in Glasgow two companies were added, and all the
+companies were augmented to one hundred rank and file, and when
+completed numbered one thousand and seventy-five men, including
+serjeants and drummers.
+
+Hitherto the officers had been entirely Highlanders and Scotch. Contrary
+to the remonstrances of lord John Murray, the lord lieutenant of Ireland
+succeeded in admitting three English officers into the regiment,
+Lieutenants Crammond, Littleton, and Franklin, thus cancelling the
+commissions of Lieutenants Grant and Mackenzie. Of the soldiers nine
+hundred and thirty-one were Highlanders, seventy-four Lowland Scotch,
+five English, one Welsh and two Irish.
+
+On account of the breaking out of hostilities the regiment was ordered
+to embark for America. The recruits were instructed in the use of the
+firelock, and, from the shortness of the time allowed, were even drilled
+by candle-light. New arms and accoutrements were supplied to the men,
+and the Colonel, at his own expense, furnished them with broad swords
+and pistols.
+
+April 14, 1776, the Royal Highlanders, in conjunction with Fraser's
+Highlanders, embarked at Greenock to join an expedition under General
+Howe against the Americans. After some delay, both regiments sailed on
+May 1st under the convoy of the Flora, of thirty-two guns, and a fleet
+of thirty-two ships, the Royal Highlanders being commanded by Colonel
+Thomas Stirling of Ardoch. Four days after they had sailed, the
+transports separated in a gale of wind. Some of the scattered transports
+of both regiments fell in with General Howe's army on their voyage from
+Halifax; and others, having received information of this movement,
+followed the main body and joined the army at Staten Island.
+
+When Washington took possession of Dorchester heights, on the night of
+March 4, 1776, the situation of General Howe, in Boston, became
+critical, and he was forced to evacuate the city with precipitation. He
+left no cruisers in Boston bay to warn expected ships from England that
+the city was no longer in his possession. This was very fortunate for
+the Americans, for a few days later several store-ships sailed into the
+harbor and were captured. The Scotch fleet also headed that way, and
+some of the transports, not having received warning, were also taken in
+the harbor, but principally of Fraser's Highlanders. By the last of
+June, about seven hundred and fifty Highlanders belonging to the Scotch
+fleet, were prisoners in the hands of the Americans.
+
+The Royal Highlanders lost but one of their transports, the Oxford, and
+at the same time another transport in company with her, having on board
+recruits for Fraser's Highlanders, in all two hundred and twenty men.
+They were made prizes of by the Congress privateer, and all the
+officers, arms and ammunition were taken from the Oxford, and all the
+soldiers were placed on board that vessel with a prize crew of ten men
+to carry her into port. In a gale of wind the vessels became separated,
+and then the carpenter of the Oxford formed a party and retook her, and
+sailed for the Chesapeake. On June 20th, they sighted Commodore James
+Barron's vessel, and dispatched a boat with a sergeant, one private and
+one of the men who were put on board by the Congress to make inquiry.
+The latter finding a convenient opportunity, informed Commodore Barren
+of their situation, upon which he boarded and took possession of the
+Oxford, and brought her to Jamestown. The men were marched to
+Williamsburgh, Virginia, where every inducement was held out to them to
+join the American cause. When the promise of military promotion failed
+to have an effect, they were then informed that they would have grants
+of fertile land, upon which they could live in happiness and freedom.
+They declared they would take no land save what they deserved by
+supporting the king. They were then separated into small parties and
+sent into the back settlements; and were not exchanged until 1778, when
+they rejoined their regiments.
+
+Before General Sir William Howe's army arrived, or even any vessels of
+his fleet, the transport Crawford touched at Long Island. Under date of
+June 24, 1776, General Greene notified Washington that "the Scotch
+prisoners, with their baggage, have arrived at my Quarters." The list of
+prisoners are thus given:
+
+   "Forty second or Royal Highland Regiment: Captain John Smith and
+   Lieutenant Robert Franklin. Seventy-first Regiment: Captain Norman
+   McLeod and lady and maid; Lieutenant Roderick McLeod; Ensign Colin
+   Campbell and lady; Surgeon's Mate, Robert Boyce; John McAlister,
+   Master of the Crawford transport; Norman McCullock, a passenger: two
+   boys, servants; McDonald, servant to Robert Boyce; Shaw, servant to
+   Captain McLeod. Three boys, servants, came over in the evening."[162]
+
+General Howe, on board the frigate Greyhound, arrived in the Narrows,
+from Halifax, on June 25th, accompanied by two other ships-of-war. He
+came in advance of the fleet that bore his army, in order to consult
+with Governor Tryon and ascertain the position of affairs at New York.
+For three or four days after his arrival armed vessels kept coming, and
+on the twenty-ninth the main body of the fleet arrived, and the troops
+were immediately landed on Staten Island. General Howe was soon after
+reinforced by English regulars and German mercenaries, and at about the
+same time Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Parker, with their broken forces
+came from the south and joined them. Before the middle of August all the
+British reinforcements had arrived at Staten Island and General Howe's
+army was raised to a force of thirty thousand men. On August 22nd, a
+large body of troops, under cover of the guns of the Rainbow, landed
+upon Long Island. Soon after five thousand British and Hessian troops
+poured over the sides of the English ships and transports and in small
+boats and galleys were rowed to the Long Island shore, covered by the
+guns of the Phoenix, Rose and Greyhound. The invading force on Long
+Island numbered fifteen thousand, well armed and equipped, and having
+forty heavy cannon.
+
+The three Highland battalions were first landed on Staten Island, and
+immediately a grenadier battalion was formed by Major Charles Stuart.
+The staff appointments were taken from the Royal Highlanders. The three
+light companies also formed a battalion in the brigade under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Abercromby. The grenadiers were remarkable for
+strength and height, and considered equal to any company in the army.
+The eight battalion companies were formed into two temporary battalions,
+the command of one was given to Major William Murray, and that of the
+other to Major William Grant. These small battalions were brigaded under
+Sir William Erskine, and placed in the reserve, with the grenadiers and
+light infantry of the army, under command of lord Cornwallis.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling, from the moment of landing, was active in
+drilling the 42d in the methods of fighting practiced in the French and
+Indian war, in which he was well versed. The Highlanders made rapid
+progress in this discipline, being, in general, excellent marksmen.
+
+It was about this time that the broadswords and pistols received at
+Glasgow were laid aside. The pistols were considered unnecessary, except
+in the field. The broadswords retarded the men when marching by getting
+entangled in the brushwood.
+
+The reserve of Howe's army was landed first at Gravesend Bay, and being
+moved immediately forward to Flat Bush, the Highlanders and a corps of
+Hessians were detached to a little distance, where they encamped. The
+whole army encamped in front of the villages of Gravesend and Utrecht. A
+woody range of hills, which intersected the country from east to west,
+divided the opposing armies.
+
+General Howe resolved to bring on a general action and make the attack
+in three divisions. The right wing under General Clinton seized, on the
+night of August 26th, a pass on the heights, about three miles from
+Bedford. The main body pushed into the level country which lay between
+the hills and the lines of General Israel Putnam. Whilst these movements
+were in process, Major-General Grant of Ballindalloch, with his brigade,
+supported by the Royal Highlanders from the reserve, was directed to
+march from the left along the coast to the Narrows, and make an attack
+in that quarter. At nine o'clock, on the morning of the 22nd, the right
+wing having reached Bedford, attacked the left of the American army,
+which, after a short resistance, quitted the woody grounds, and in
+confusion retired to their lines, pursued by the British troops, Colonel
+Stuart leading with his battalion of Highland grenadiers. When the
+firing at Bedford was heard at Flat Bush, the Hessians advanced, and,
+attacking the center of the American army, drove them through the woods,
+capturing three cannon. Previously, General Grant, with the left of the
+army, commenced the attack with a cannonade against the Americans under
+lord Stirling. The object of lord Stirling was to defend the pass and
+keep General Grant in check. He was in the British parliament when Grant
+made his speech against the Americans, and addressing his soldiers said,
+in allusion to the boasting Grant that he would "undertake to march from
+one end of the continent to the other, with five thousand men." "He may
+have his five thousand men with him now--we are not so many--but I think
+we are enough to prevent his advancing further on his march over the
+continent, than that mill-pond," pointing to the head of Gowanus bay.
+This little speech had a powerful effect, and in the action showed how
+keenly they felt the insult. General Grant had been instructed not to
+press an attack until informed by signal-guns from the right wing.
+These signals were not given until eleven o'clock, at which time lord
+Stirling was hemmed in. When the truth flashed upon him he hurled a few
+of his men against lord Cornwallis, in order to keep him at bay while a
+part of his army might escape. Lord Cornwallis yielded, and when on the
+point or retreating received large reinforcements which turned the
+fortunes of the day against the Americans. General Grant drove the
+remains of lord Stirling's army before him, which escaped across Gowanus
+creek, by wading and swimming.
+
+The victorious troops, made hot and sanguinary by the fatigues and
+triumphs of the morning, rushed upon the American lines, eager to carry
+them by storm. But the day was not wholly lost. Behind the entrenchments
+were three thousand determined men who met the advancing British army by
+a severe cannonade and volleys of musketry. Preferring to win the
+remainder of the conquest with less bloodshed, General Howe called back
+his troops to a secure place in front of the American lines, beyond
+musket shot, and encamped for the night.
+
+During the action Washington hastened over from New York to Brooklyn and
+galloped up to the works. He arrived there in time to witness the
+catastrophe. All night he was engaged in strengthening his position; and
+troops were ordered from New York. When the morning dawned heavy masses
+of vapor rolled in from the sea. At ten o'clock the British opened a
+cannonade on the American works, with frequent skirmishes throughout the
+day. Rain fell copiously all the afternoon and the main body of the
+British kept their tents, but when the storm abated towards evening,
+they commenced regular approaches within five hundred yards of the
+American works. That night Washington drew off his army of nine thousand
+men, with their munitions of war, transported them over a broad ferry to
+New York, using such consummate skill that the British were not aware of
+his intention until next morning, when the last boats of the rear guard
+were seen out of danger.
+
+The American loss in the battle of Long Island did not exceed sixteen
+hundred and fifty, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. General Howe
+stated his own loss to have been, in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
+three hundred and sixty-seven. The loss of the Highlanders was,
+Lieutenant Crammond and nine rank and file wounded, of the 42d; and
+three rank and filed killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file
+wounded, of the 71st regiment.
+
+In a letter to lord George Germaine, under date of September 4, 1776,
+lord Dunmore says:
+
+   "I was with the Highlanders and Hessians the whole day, and it is
+   with the utmost pleasure I can assure your lordship that the ardour
+   of both these corps on that day must have exceeded his Majesty's most
+   sanguine wish."[163]
+
+Active operations were not resumed until September 15th, when the
+British reserve, which the Royal Highlanders had rejoined after the
+action at Brooklyn, crossed the river in flat boats from Newtown creek,
+and landed at Kip's bay covered by a severe cannonade from the
+ships-of-war, whose guns played briskly upon the American batteries.
+Washington, hearing the firing, rode with speed towards the scene of
+action. To him a most alarming spectacle was presented. The militia had
+fled, and the Connecticut troops had caught the panic, and ran without
+firing a gun, when only fifty of the British had landed. Meeting the
+fugitives he used every endeavor to stop their flight. In vain their
+generals tried to rally them; but they continued to flee in the greatest
+confusion, leaving Washington alone within eighty yards of the foe. So
+incensed was he at their conduct that he cast his chapeau to the ground,
+snapped his pistols at several of the fugitives, and threatened others
+with his sword. So utterly unconscious was he of danger, that he
+probably would have fallen had not his attendants seized the bridle of
+his horse and hurried him away to a place of safety. Immediately he took
+measures to protect his imperilled army. He retreated to Harlem heights,
+and sent an order to General Putnam to evacuate the city instantly. This
+was fortunately accomplished, through the connivance of Mrs. Robert
+Murray. General Sir William Howe, instead of pushing forward and
+capturing the four thousand troops under General Putnam, immediately
+took up his quarters with his general officers at the mansion of Robert
+Murray, and sat down for refreshments and rest. Mrs. Murray knowing the
+value of time to the veteran Putnam, now in jeopardy, used all her art
+to detain her uninvited guests. With smiles and pleasant conversation,
+and a profusion of cakes and wine, she regaled them for almost two
+hours. General Putnam meanwhile receiving his orders, immediately
+obeyed, and a greater portion of his troops, concealed by the woods,
+escaped along the Bloomingdale road, and before being discovered had
+passed the encampment upon the Ineleberg. The rear-guard was attacked by
+the Highlanders and Hessians, just as a heavy rain began to fall; and
+the drenched army, after losing fifteen men killed, and three hundred
+made prisoners, reached Harlem heights.
+
+   "This night Major Murray was nearly carried off by the enemy, but
+   saved himself by his strength of arm and presence of mind. As he was
+   crossing to his regiment from the battalion which he commanded, he
+   was attacked by an American officer and two soldiers, against whom he
+   defended himself for some time with his fusil, keeping them at a
+   respectful distance. At last, however, they closed upon him, when
+   unluckily his dirk slipped behind, and he could not, owing to his
+   corpulence, reach it. Observing that the rebel (American) officer had
+   a sword in his hand, he snatched it from him, and made so good use of
+   it, that he compelled them to fly, before some men of the regiment,
+   who had heard the noise, could come up to his assistance. He wore the
+   sword as a trophy during the campaign."[164]
+
+On the 16th the light infantry was sent out to dislodge a party of
+Americans who had taken possession of a wood facing the left of the
+British. Adjutant-General Reed brought information to Washington that
+the British General Leslie was pushing forward and had attacked Colonel
+Knowlton and his rangers. Colonel Knowlton retreated, and the British
+appeared in full view and sounded their bugles. Washington ordered three
+companies of Colonel Weedon's Virginia regiment, under Major Leitch, to
+join Knowlton's rangers, and gain the British rear, while a feigned
+attack should be made in front. The vigilant General Leslie perceived
+this, and made a rapid movement to gain an advantageous position upon
+Harlem plains, where he was attacked upon the flank by Knowlton and
+Leitch. A part of Leslie's force, consisting of Highlanders, that had
+been concealed upon the wooded hills, now came down, and the entire
+British body changing front, fell upon the Americans with vigor. A short
+but severe conflict ensued. Major Leitch, pierced by three balls, was
+borne from the field, and soon after Colonel Knowlton was brought to the
+ground by a musket ball. Their men fought on bravely, contesting every
+foot of the ground, as they fell back towards the American camp. Being
+reinforced by a part of the Maryland regiments of Griffiths and
+Richardson, the tide of battle changed. The British were driven back
+across the plain, hotly pursued by the Americans, till Washington,
+fearing an ambush, ordered a retreat.
+
+In the battle of Harlem the British loss was fourteen killed, and fifty
+officers and seventy men wounded. The 42nd, or Royal Highlanders lost
+one sergeant and three privates killed, and Captains Duncan Macpherson
+and John Mackintosh, Ensign Alexander Mackenzie (who died of his
+wounds), and three sergeants, one piper, two drummers, and forty-seven
+privates wounded.
+
+This engagement caused a temporary pause in the movements of the
+British, which gave Washington an opportunity to strengthen both his
+camp and army. The respite was not of long duration for on October 12th,
+General Howe embarked his army in flat-bottomed boats, and on the
+evening of the same day landed at Frogsneck, near Westchester; but on
+the next day he re-embarked his troops and landed at Pell's Point, at
+the mouth of the Hudson. On the 14th he reached the White Plains in
+front of Washington's position. General Howe's next determination was to
+capture Fort Washington, which cut off the communication between New
+York and the continent, to the eastward and northward of Hudson river,
+and prevented supplies being sent him by way of Kingsbridge. The
+garrison consisted of over two thousand men under Colonel Magaw. A
+deserter informed General Howe of the real condition of the garrison and
+the works on Harlem Heights. General Howe was agreeably surprised by the
+information, and immediately summoned Colonel Magaw to surrender within
+an hour, intimating that a refusal might subject the garrison to
+massacre. Promptly refusing compliance, he further added: "I rather
+think it a mistake than a settled resolution in General Howe, to act a
+part so unworthy of himself and the British nation." On November 16th
+the Hessians, under General Knyphausen, supported by the whole of the
+reserve under earl Percy, with the exception of the 42nd, who were to
+make a feint on the east side of the fort, were to make the principal
+attack. Before daylight the Royal Highlanders embarked in boats, and
+landed in a small creek at the foot of the rock, in the face of a severe
+fire. Although the Highlanders had discharged the duties which had been
+assigned them, still determined to have a full share in the honors of
+the day, resolved upon an assault, and assisted by each other, and by
+the brushwood and shrubs which grew out of the crevices of the rocks,
+scrambled up the precipice. On gaining the summit, they rushed forward,
+and drove back the Americans with such rapidity, that upwards of two
+hundred, who had no time to escape, threw down their arms. Pursuing
+their advantage, the Highlanders penetrated across the table of the
+hill, and met lord Percy as he was coming up on the other side. By
+turning their feint into an assault, the Highlanders facilitated the
+success of the day. The result was that the Americans surrendered at
+discretion. They lost in killed and wounded one hundred and about
+twenty-seven hundred prisoners. The loss of the British was twenty
+killed and one hundred and one wounded; that of the Royal Highlanders
+being one sergeant and ten privates killed, and Lieutenants Patrick
+Graeme, Norman Macleod, and Alexander Grant, and for sergeants and
+sixty-six rank and file, wounded.
+
+The hill, up which the Highlanders charged, was so steep, that the ball
+which wounded Lieutenant Macleod, entering the posterior part of his
+neck, ran down on the outside of his ribs, and lodged in the lower part
+of his back. One of the pipers, who began to play when he reached the
+point of a rock on the summit of the hill, was immediately shot, and
+tumbled from one piece of rock to another till he reached the bottom.
+Major Murray, being a large and corpulent man, could not attempt the
+steep assent without assistance. The soldiers eager to get to the point
+of duty, scrambled up, forgetting the position of Major Murray, when he,
+in a supplicating tone cried, "Oh soldiers, will you leave me!" A party
+leaped down instantly and brought him up, supporting him from one ledge
+of rocks to another till they got him to the top.
+
+The next object of General Howe was to possess Fort Lee. Lord
+Cornwallis, with the grenadiers, light infantry, 33rd regiment and Royal
+Highlanders, was ordered to attack this post. But on their approach the
+fort was hastily abandoned. Lord Cornwallis, re-enforced by the two
+battalions of Fraser's Highlanders, pursued the retreating Americans,
+into the Jerseys, through Elizabethtown, Neward and Brunswick. In the
+latter town he was ordered to halt, where he remained for eight days,
+when General Howe, with the army, moved forward, and reached Princeton
+in the afternoon of November 17th.
+
+The army now went into winter quarters. The Royal Highlanders were
+stationed at Brunswick, and Fraser's Highlanders quartered at Amboy.
+Afterwards the Royal Highlanders were ordered to the advanced posts,
+being the only British regiment in the front, and forming the line of
+defence at Mt. Holly. After the disaster to the Hessians at Trenton, the
+Royal Highlanders were ordered to fall back on the light infantry at
+Princeton.
+
+Lord Cornwallis, who was in New York at the time of the defeat of the
+Hessians, returned to the army and moved forward with a force consisting
+of the grenadiers, two brigades of the line, and the two Highland
+regiments. After much skirmishing in advance he found Washington posted
+on some high ground beyond Trenton. Lord Cornwallis declaring "the fox
+cannot escape me," planned to assault Washington on the following
+morning. But while he slept the American commander, marched to his rear
+and fell upon that part of the army left at Princeton. Owing to the
+suddenness of Washington's attacks upon Trenton and Princeton and the
+vigilance he manifested the British outposts were withdrawn and
+concentrated at Brunswick where lord Cornwallis established his
+headquarters.
+
+The Royal Highlanders, on January 6, 1777 were sent to the village of
+Pisquatua on the line of communication between New York and Brunswick
+by Amboy. This was a post of great importance, for it kept open the
+route by which provisions were sent for the forces at Brunswick. The
+duty was severe and the winter rigorous. As the homes could not
+accommodate half the men, officers and soldiers sought shelter in barns
+and sheds, always sleeping in their body-clothes, for the Americans gave
+them but little quietude. The Americans, however, did not make any
+regular attack on the post till May 10th, when, at four in the morning,
+the divisions of Generals Maxwell and Stephens, attempted to surprise
+the Highlanders. Advancing with great caution they were not preceived
+until they rushed upon the pickets. Although the Highlanders were
+surprised, they held their position until the reserve pickets came to
+their assistance, when they retired disputing every foot, to afford the
+regiment time to form, and come to their relief. Then the Americans were
+driven back with precipitation, leaving upwards of two hundred men, in
+killed and wounded. The Highlanders, pursuing with eagerness, were
+recalled with great difficulty. On this occasion the Royal Highlanders
+had three sergeants and nine privates killed; and Captain Duncan
+Macpherson, Lieutenant William Stewart, three sergeants, and thirty-five
+privates wounded.
+
+   "On this occasion, Sergeant Macgregor, whose company was immediately
+   in the rear of the picquet, rushed forward to their support, with a
+   few men who happened to have their arms in their hands, when the
+   enemy commenced the attack. Being severely wounded, he was left
+   insensible on the ground. When the picquet was overpowered, and the
+   few survivors forced to retire, Macgregor, who had that day put on a
+   new jacket with silver lace, having besides, large silver buckles in
+   his shoes, and a watch, attracted the notice of an American soldier,
+   who deemed him a good prize. The retreat of his friends not allowing
+   him time to strip the sergeant on the spot, he thought the shortest
+   way was to take him on his back to a more convenient distance. By
+   this time Macgregor began to recover; and, perceiving whither the man
+   was carrying him, drew his dirk, and, grasping him by the throat,
+   swore that he would run him through the breast, if he did not turn
+   back and carry him to the camp. The American, finding this argument
+   irresistible, complied with the request, and, meeting Lord Cornwallis
+   (who had come up to the support of the regiment when he heard the
+   firing) and Colonel Stirling, was thanked for his care of the
+   sergeant; but he honestly told him, that he only conveyed him thither
+   to save his own life. Lord Cornwallis gave him liberty to go
+   whithersoever he chose."[165]
+
+Summer being well advanced, Sir William Howe made preparations for
+taking the field. The Royal Highlanders, along with the 13th, 17th, and
+44th regiments were put under the command of General Charles Gray.
+Failing to draw Washington from his secure position at Middlebrook,
+General Howe resolved to change the seat of war, and accordingly
+embarked thirty-six battalions of British and Hessians, and sailed for
+the Chesapeake. Before the embarkation, the Royal Highlanders received
+one hundred and seventy recruits from Scotland, who, as they were all of
+the best description, more than supplied the loss that had been
+sustained.
+
+After a tedious voyage the army, on August 24th, landed at Elk Ferry. It
+did not begin the march until September 3rd, for Philadelphia. In the
+meantime Washington marched across the country and took up a position at
+Red Clay Creek, but having his headquarters at Wilmington. His effective
+force was about eleven thousand men while that of General Howe was
+eighteen thousand strong.
+
+The two armies met on September 11th, and fought the battle of
+Brandywine. During the battle, lord Cornwallis, with four battalions of
+British grenadiers and light infantry, the Hessian grenadiers, a party
+of the 71st Highlanders, and the third and fourth brigades, made a
+circuit of some miles, crossed Jefferis' Ford without opposition, and
+turned short down the river to attack the American right. Washington,
+being apprised of this movement, detached General Sullivan, with all the
+force he could spare, to thwart the design. General Sullivan, having
+advantageously posted his men, lord Cornwallis was obliged to consume
+some time in forming a line of battle. An action then took place, when
+the Americans were driven through the woods towards the main army.
+Meanwhile General Knyphausen, with his division, made demonstrations for
+crossing at Chad's Ford, and as soon as he knew from the firing of
+cannon that lord Cornwallis had succeeded, he crossed the river and
+carried the works of the Americans. The approach of night ended the
+conflict. The Americans rendezvoused at Chester, and the next day
+retreated towards Philadelphia, and encamped near Germantown.
+
+The British had fifty officers killed and wounded and four hundred and
+thirty-eight rank and file. The battalion companies of the 42nd being in
+the reserve, sustained no loss, as they were not brought into action;
+but of the light company, which formed part of the light brigade, six
+privates were killed, and one sergeant and fifteen privates wounded.
+
+On the night of September 20th, General Gray was detached with the 2nd
+light infantry and the 42nd and 44th regiments to cut off and destroy
+the corps of General Wayne. They marched with great secrecy and came
+upon the camp at midnight, when all were asleep save the pickets and
+guards, who were overpowered without causing an alarm. The troops then
+rushed forward, bayoneted three hundred and took one hundred Americans
+prisoners. The British loss was three killed and several wounded.
+
+On the 26th the British army took peaceable possession of Philadelphia.
+In the battle of Germantown, fought on the morning of October 4, 1777,
+the Highlanders did not participate.
+
+The next enterprise in which the 42nd was engaged was under General
+Gray, who embarked with that regiment, the grenadiers and the light
+infantry brigade, for the purpose of destroying a number of privateers,
+with their prizes at New Plymouth. On September 5, 1778, the troops
+landed on the banks of the Acushnet river, and having destroyed seventy
+vessels, with all the cargoes, stores, wharfs, and buildings, along the
+whole extent of the river, the whole were re-embarked the following day
+and returned to New York.
+
+The British army during the Revolutionary struggle took the winter
+season for a period of rest, although engaging more or less in marauding
+expeditions. On February 25, 1779, Colonel Stirling, with a detachment
+consisting of the light infantry of the Guards and the 42nd, was ordered
+to attack a post at Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, which was taken
+without opposition. In April following the Highland regiment was
+employed on an expedition to the Chesapeake, to destroy the stores and
+merchandise at Portsmouth, in Virginia. They were again employed with
+the Guards and a corps of Hessians in another expedition under General
+Mathews, which sailed on the 30th, under the convoy of Sir George
+Collier, in the Reasonable, and several ships of war, and reached their
+destination on May 10th, when the troops landed on the glebe on the
+western bank of Elizabeth. After fulfilling the object of the expedition
+they returned to New York in good time for the opening of the campaign,
+which commenced by the capture, on the part of the British, of Verplanks
+and Stony Point. A garrison of six hundred men, among whom were two
+companies of Fraser's Highlanders, took possession of Stony Point.
+Washington planned its capture which was executed by General Wayne. Soon
+after General Wayne moved against Verplanks, which held out till the
+approach of the light infantry and the 42nd, then withdrew his forces
+and evacuated Stony Point. Shortly after, Colonel Stirling was appointed
+aide-de-camp to the king, when the command of the 42nd devolved on Major
+Charles Graham, to whom was entrusted the command of the posts of Stony
+Point and Verplanks, together with his own regiment, and a detachment of
+Fraser's Highlanders, under Major Ferguson. This duty was the more
+important, as the Americans surrounded the posts in great numbers, and
+desertion had become so frequent among a corps of provincials, sent as a
+reinforcement, that they could not be trusted on any military duty,
+particularly on those duties which were most harassing. In the month of
+October these posts were withdrawn and the regiment sent to Greenwich,
+near New York.
+
+The winter of 1779 was the coldest that had been known for forty years;
+and the troops, although in quarters, suffered more from that
+circumstance than in the preceding winter when in huts. But the
+Highlanders met with a misfortune that greatly grieved them, and which
+tended to deteriorate, for several years, the heretofore irreproachable
+character of the Royal Highland Regiment. In the autumn of this year a
+draft of one hundred and fifty men, recruits raised principally from the
+refuse of the streets of London and Dublin, was embarked for the
+regiment by orders from the inspector-general at Chatham. These men were
+of the most depraved character, and of such dissolute habits, that
+one-half of them were unfit for service; fifteen died in the passage,
+and seventy-five were sent to the hospital from the transport as soon as
+they disembarked. The infusion of such immoral ingredients must
+necessarily have a deleterious effect. General Stirling made a strong
+remonstrance to the commander-in-chief, in consequence of which these
+men were removed to the 26th regiment, in exchange for the same number
+of Scotchmen. The introduction of these men into the regiment dissolved
+the charm which, for nearly forty years, had preserved the Highlanders
+from contamination. During that long period there were but few
+courts-martial, and, for many years, no instance of corporal punishment
+occurred.
+
+With the intention of pushing the war with vigor, the new
+commander-in-chief, Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Sir William
+Howe, in May, 1778, resolved to attack Charleston, the capital of South
+Carolina. Having left General Knyphausen in command at New York, General
+Clinton with his army set sail December 26, 1779. Such was the severity
+of the weather, however, that, although the voyage might have been
+accomplished in ten days, it was February 11, 1780, before the troops
+disembarked on John's Island, thirty miles from Charleston. So great
+were the impediments to be overcome, and so cautious was the advance of
+the general, that it was March 29th before they crossed the Ashley
+river. The following day they encamped opposite the American lines.
+Ground was broken in front of Charleston on April 1st. General Lincoln,
+who commanded the American forces, had strengthened the place in all its
+defences, both by land and water, in such a manner as to threaten a
+siege that would be both tedious and difficult. When General Clinton,
+anticipating the nature of the works he desired to capture, sent for the
+Royal Highlanders and Queen's Rangers to join him, which they did on
+April 18th, having sailed from New York on March 31st. The siege
+proceeded in the usual way until May 12th, when the garrison surrendered
+prisoners of war. The loss of the British forces on this occasion
+consisted of seventy-six killed and one hundred and eighty-nine
+wounded; and that of the 42nd, Lieutenant Macleod and nine privates
+killed, and Lieutenant Alexander Grant and fourteen privates wounded.
+
+After Sir Henry Clinton had taken possession of Charleston, the 42nd and
+light infantry were ordered to Monck's Corner as a foraging party, and,
+returning on the 2nd, they embarked June 4th for New York, along with
+the Grenadiers and Hessians. After being stationed for a time on Staten
+Island, Valentine's Hill, and other stations in New York, went into
+winter quarters in the city. About this time one hundred recruits were
+received from Scotland, all young men, in the full vigor of health, and
+ready for immediate service. From this period, as the regiment was not
+engaged in any active service during the war, the changes in encampments
+are too trifling to require notice.
+
+On April 28, 1782, Major Graham succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy of
+the Royal Highland Regiment, and Captain Walter Home of the fusileers
+became major.
+
+While the regiment was stationed at Paulus Hook several of the men
+deserted to the Americans. This unprecedented and unlooked for event
+occasioned much surprise and various causes were ascribed for it; but
+the prevalent opinion was that the men had received from the 26th
+regiment, and who had been made prisoners at Saratoga, had been promised
+lands and other indulgences while prisoners to the Americans. One of
+these deserters, a man named Anderson, was soon afterwards taken, tried
+by court-martial, and shot. This was the first instance of an execution
+in the regiment since the mutiny of 1743. The regiment remained at
+Paulus Hook till the conclusion of the war, when the establishment was
+reduced to eight companies of fifty men each. The officers of the ninth
+and tenth companies were not put on half-pay, but kept as
+supernumeraries to fill up vacancies as they occurred in the regiment. A
+number of the men were discharged at their own request, and their places
+supplied by those who wished to remain in the country, instead of going
+home with their regiments. These were taken from Fraser's and
+Macdonald's Highlanders, and from the Edinburgh and duke of Hamilton's
+regiments.
+
+The 42nd left New York for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on October 22, 1783,
+where they remained till the year 1786, when the battalion embarked and
+sailed for Cape Breton, two companies being detached to the island of
+St. John. In the month of August, 1789, the regiment embarked for
+England, and landed in Portsmouth in October. In May, 1790, they arrived
+in Glasgow.
+
+During the American Revolutionary War the loss of the Royal Highlanders
+was as follows:
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                                   |Killed  ||Wounded
+                                                   |--------||---------
+                                                   |O |S |DR||O |S |DR
+                                                   |f |e |ra||f |e |ra
+                                                   |f |r |un||f |r |un
+                                                   |i |j |mk||i |j |mk
+                                                   |c |e |m ||c |e |m
+                                                   |e |a |ea||e |a |ea
+                                                   |r |n |rn||r |n |rn
+                                                   |s |t |sd||s |t |sd
+                                                   |  |s |  ||  |s |
+                                                   |  |  |aF||  |  |aF
+                                                   |  |  |ni||  |  |ni
+                                                   |  |  |dl||  |  |dl
+                                                   |  |  | e||  |  | e
+---------------------------------------------------+--+--+--++--+--+---
+1776, August 22nd and 27th, Long Island, including |  |  |  ||  |  |
+the battle of Brooklyn                             |  |  | 5|| 1| 1|19
+September 16th, York Island Supporting             |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Light Infantry                                     | 1| 1| 3|| 3| 3|47
+November 16th, Attack on Fort Washington           |  | 1|10|| 3| 4|66
+December 22nd, At Black Horse, on the              |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Delaware                                           |  |  | 1||  | 1| 6
+1777, February 13th, At Amboy, Grenadier           |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Company                                            |  |  | 3||  | 3|17
+May 10th, Piscataqua, Jerseys                      |  | 3| 9|| 2| 3|30
+September 11th, Battle of Brandywine               |  |  | 6||  | 1|15
+October 5th, Battle of Germantown, the             |  |  |  ||  |  |
+light company                                      |  | 1|  ||  |  | 4
+1778, March 22nd, Foraging parties, Jerseys        |  |  |  ||  |  | 4
+June 28th, Battle of Monmouth, Jerseys             |  | 2|20|| 1| 1|17
+1779, February 26th, Elizabethtown, Jerseys        |  |  |  ||  |  | 9
+1780, April and May to 12th, Siege of Charleston   | 1|  |12|| 1|  |14
+March 16th, Detachment sent to forage from         |  |  |  ||  |  |
+New York to the Jerseys                            |  |  |  || 1|  | 3
+1781, September and October. Yorktown, in          |  |  |  ||  |  |
+Virginia, light company                            |  | 1| 5||  |  | 6
+                                                   |__|__|__||__|__|__
+TOTAL                                              | 2| 9|74||12|17|257
+=======================================================================
+
+
+FRASER'S HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The breaking out of hostilities in America in 1775 determined the
+English government to revive Fraser's Highlanders. Although
+disinherited of his estates Colonel Fraser, through the influence of
+clan feeling, was enabled to raise twelve hundred and fifty men in 1757,
+it was believed, since his estates had been restored in 1772, he could
+readily raise a strong regiment. So, in 1775, Colonel Fraser received
+letters for raising a Highland regiment of two battalions. With ease he
+raised two thousand three hundred and forty Highlanders, who were
+marched up to Stirling, and thence to Glasgow in April, 1776. This corps
+had in it six chiefs of clans besides himself. The regiment consisted of
+the following nominal list of officers:
+
+
+FIRST BATTALION.
+
+Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Sir William Erskine
+of Torry; Majors: John Macdonell of Lochgarry and Duncan Macpherson of
+Cluny; Captains: Simon Fraser, Duncan Chisholm of Chisholm, Colin
+Mackenzie, Francis Skelly, Hamilton Maxwell, John Campbell, Norman
+Macleod of Macleod, Sir James Baird of Saughtonhall and Charles Cameron
+of Lochiel; Lieutenants: Charles Campbell, John Macdougall, Colin
+Mackenzie, John Nairne, William Nairne, Charles Gordon, David Kinloch,
+Thomas Tause, William Sinclair, Hugh Fraser, Alexander Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Dougald Campbell, Robert Macdonald, Alexander Fraser, Roderick
+Macleod, John Ross, Patrick Cumming, and Thomas Hamilton; Ensigns:
+Archibald Campbell, Henry Macpherson, John Grant, Robert Campbell, Allan
+Malcolm, John Murchison, Angus Macdonell, Peter Fraser; Chaplain: Hugh
+Blair, D.D.; Adjutant: Donald Cameron; Quarter-Master: David Campbell;
+Surgeon: William Fraser.
+
+
+SECOND BATTALION.
+
+Colonel: Simon Fraser of Lovat; Lieutenant-Colonel: Archibald Campbell;
+Majors: Norman Lamont and Robert Menzies; Captains: Angus Mackintosh of
+Kellachy, Patrick Campbell, Andrew Lawrie, Aeneas Mackintosh of
+Mackintosh, Charles Cameron, George Munro, Boyd Porterfield and Law
+Robert Campbell; Lieutenants: Robert Hutchison, Alexander Sutherland,
+Archibald Campbell, Hugh Lamont, Robert Duncanson, George Stewart,
+Charles Barrington Mackenzie, James Christie, James Fraser, Thomas
+Fraser, Archibald Balnevis, Dougald Campbell, Lodovick Colquhoun, John
+Mackenzie, Hugh Campbell, John Campbell, Arthur Forbes, Patrick
+Campbell, Archibald Maclean, David Ross, Robert Grant and Thomas Fraser;
+Ensigns: William Gordon, Charles Main, Archibald Campbell, Donald
+Cameron, Smollet Campbell, Gilbert Waugh, William Bain, and John Grant;
+Chaplain: Malcolm Nicholson; Adjutant: Archibald Campbell;
+Quarter-Master: J. Ogilvie; Surgeon: Colin Chisholm.
+
+At the time Fraser's Regiment, or the 71st, was mustered in Glasgow,
+there were nearly six thousand Highlanders in that city, of whom three
+thousand, belonging to the 42nd, and 71st, were raised and brought from
+the North in ten weeks. More men had come up than were required. When
+the corps marched for Greenock, these were left behind. So eager were
+they to engage against the Americans that many were stowed away, who had
+not enlisted. On none of the soldiers was there the appearance of
+displeasure at going.
+
+Sometime after the sailing of the fleet it was scattered by a violent
+gale, and several of the single ships fell in with, and were scattered
+by, American privateers. A transport having Captain, afterward Sir
+Aeneas Mackintosh, and his company on board, with two six pounders, made
+a resolute defence against a privateer with eight guns, till all the
+ammunition was expended, when they bore down with the intention of
+boarding; but, the privateer not waiting to receive the shock, set sail,
+the transport being unable to follow.
+
+As has been previously noticed, General Howe, on evacuating Boston, did
+not leave a vessel off the harbor to warn incoming British ships. Owing
+to this neglect, the transport with Colonel Archibald Campbell and Major
+Menzies on board sailed into Boston Harbor. The account of the capture
+of this transport and others is here subjoined by the participants.
+Captain Seth Harding, commander of the Defence, in his report to
+Governor Trumbull, under date of June 19, 1776, said:
+
+   "I sailed on Sunday last from Plymouth. Soon after we came to sail, I
+   heard a considerable firing to the northward. In the evening fell in
+   with four armed schooners near the entrance of Boston harbor, who
+   informed me they had been engaged with a ship and brig, and were
+   obliged to quit them. Soon after I came up into Nantasket Roads,
+   where I found the ship and brig at anchor. I immediately fell in
+   between the two, and came to anchor about eleven o'clock at night. I
+   hailed the ship, who answered, from Great Britain. I ordered her to
+   strike her colors to America. They answered me by asking, What brig
+   is that? I told them the Defence. I then hailed him again, and told
+   him I did not want to kill their men; but have the ship I would at
+   all events, and again desired them to strike; upon which the Major
+   (since dead) said, Yes, I'll strike, and fired a broadside upon me,
+   which I immediately returned, upon which an engagement begun, which
+   continued three glasses, when the ship and brig both struck. In this
+   engagement I had nine wounded, but none killed. The enemy had
+   eighteen killed, and a number wounded. My officers and men behaved
+   with great bravery; no man could have outdone them. We took out of
+   the above vessels two hundred and ten prisoners, among whom is
+   Colonel Campbell, of General Frazer's Regiment of Highlanders. The
+   Major was killed.
+
+   Yesterday a ship was seen in the bay, which came towards the entrance
+   of the harbor, upon which I came to sail, with four schooners in
+   company. We came up with her, and took her without any engagement.
+   There were on board about one hundred and twelve Highlanders. As
+   there are a number more of the same fleet expected every day, and the
+   General here urges my stay, I shall tarry a few days, and then
+   proceed for New London. My brig is much damaged in her sails and
+   rigging."
+
+Colonel Campbell made the following report to Sir William Howe, dated at
+Boston, June 19, 1776:
+
+   "Sir: I am sorry to inform you that it has been my unfortunate lot to
+   have fallen into the hands of the Americans in the middle of Boston
+   harbor; but when the circumstances which have occasioned this
+   disaster are understood, I flatter myself no reflection will arise to
+   myself or my officers on account of it. On the 16th of June the
+   George and Annabella transports, with two companies of the
+   Seventy-First Regiment of Highlanders, made the land off Cape Ann,
+   after a passage of seven weeks from Scotland, during the course of
+   which we had not the opportunity of speaking to a single vessel that
+   could give us the smallest information of the British troops having
+   evacuated Boston. On the 17th, at daylight, we found ourselves
+   opposite to the harbor's mouth at Boston; but, from contrary winds,
+   it was necessary to make several tacks to reach it. Four schooners
+   (which we took to be pilots, or armed vessels in the service of his
+   Majesty, but which were afterwards found to be four American
+   privateers, of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty men
+   each) were bearing down upon us at four o'clock in the morning. At
+   half an hour thereafter two of them engaged us, and about eleven
+   o'clock the other two were close alongside. The George transport (on
+   board of which were Major Menzies and myself, with one hundred and
+   eight of the Second Battalion, the Adjutant, the Quartermaster, two
+   Lieutenants, and five volunteers, were passengers) had only six
+   pieces of cannon to oppose them; and the Annabella (on board of which
+   was Captain McKenzie, together with two subalterns, two volunteers,
+   and eighty-two private men of the First Battalion) had only two
+   swivels for her defence. Under such circumstances, I thought it
+   expedient for the Annabella to keep ahead of the George, that our
+   artillery might be used with more effect and less obstruction. Two of
+   the privateers having stationed themselves upon our larboard quarter
+   and two upon our starboard quarter, a tolerable cannonade ensued,
+   which, with very few intermissions, lasted till four o'clock in the
+   evening, when the enemy bore away, and anchored in Plymouth harbor.
+   Our loss upon this occasion was only three men mortally wounded on
+   board the George, one killed and one man slightly wounded on board
+   the Annabella. As my orders were for the port of Boston, I thought it
+   my duty, at this happy crisis, to push forward into the harbor, not
+   doubting I should receive protection either from a fort or some ship
+   of force stationed there for the security of our fleet.
+
+   Towards the close of the evening we perceived the four schooners that
+   were engaged with us in the morning, joined by the brig Defence, of
+   sixteen carriage-guns, twenty swivels, and one hundred and seventeen
+   men, and a schooner of eight carriage-guns, twelve swivels, and forty
+   men, got under way and made towards us. As we stood up for Nantasket
+   Road, an American battery opened upon us, which was the first serious
+   proof we had that there could scarcely be many friends of ours at
+   Boston; and we were too far embayed to retreat, especially as the
+   wind had died away, and the tide of flood not half expended. After
+   each of the vessels had twice run aground, we anchored at George's
+   Island, and prepared for action; but the Annabella by some
+   misfortune, got aground so far astern of the George we could expect
+   but a feeble support from her musketry. About eleven o'clock four of
+   the schooners anchored right upon our bow, and one right astern of
+   us. The armed brig took her station on our starboard side, at the
+   distance of two hundred yards, and hailed us to strike the British
+   flag. Although the mate of our ship and every sailor on board (the
+   Captain only excepted) refused positively to fight any longer, I have
+   the pleasure to inform you that there was not an officer,
+   non-commissioned officer, or private man of the Seventy-First but
+   what stood to their quarters with a ready and cheerful obedience. On
+   our refusing to strike the British flag, the action was renewed with
+   a good deal of warmth on both sides, and it was our misfortune, after
+   the sharp combat of an hour and a half, to have expended every shot
+   that we had for our artillery. Under such circumstances, hemmed in as
+   we were with six privateers, in the middle of an enemy's harbor,
+   beset with a dead calm, without the power of escaping, or even the
+   most distant hope of relief, I thought it became my duty not to
+   sacrifice the lives of gallant men wantonly in the arduous attempt of
+   an evident impossibility. In this unfortunate affair Major Menzies
+   and seven private soldiers were killed, the Quartermaster and twelve
+   private soldiers wounded. The Major was buried with the honors of war
+   at Boston.
+
+   Since our captivity, I have the honor to acquaint you that we have
+   experienced the utmost civility and good treatment from the people of
+   power at Boston, insomuch, sir, that I should do injustice to the
+   feelings of generosity did I not make this particular information
+   with pleasure and satisfaction. I have now to request of you that, so
+   soon as the distracted state of this unfortunate controversy will
+   admit, you will be pleased to take an early opportunity of settling a
+   cartel for myself and officers.
+
+   I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient
+   and most humble servant,
+
+        Archibald Campbell,
+     Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment.
+
+   P.S. On my arrival at Boston I found that Captain Maxwell, with the
+   Light-Infantry of the first battalion of the Seventy-First Regiment,
+   had the misfortune to fall into the hands of some other privateers,
+   and were carried into Marblehead the 10th instant. Captain Campbell,
+   with the Grenadiers of the second battalion, who was ignorant, as we
+   were, of the evacuation of Boston, stood into the mouth of this
+   harbor, and was surrounded and taken by eight privateers this
+   forenoon.
+
+   In case of a cartel is established, the following return is, as near
+   as I can effect, the number of officers, non-commissioned officers,
+   and private men of the Seventy-First Regiment who are
+   prisoners-of-war at and in the neighborhood of Boston:
+
+   The George transport: Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell;
+   Lieutenant and Adjutant Archibald Campbell; Lieutenant Archibald
+   Balneaves; Lieutenant Hugh Campbell; Quartermaster William Ogilvie;
+   Surgeon's Mate, David Burns; Patrick McDougal, private, and acting
+   Sergeant-Major; James Flint, volunteer; Dugald Campbell, ditto;
+   Donald McBane, John Wilson, three Sergeants, four corporals, two
+   Drummers, ninety private men.
+
+   The Annabella transport: Captain George McKinzie; Lieutenant Colin
+   McKinzie; Ensign Peter Fraser; Mr. McKinzie and Alexander McTavish,
+   volunteers; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two Drummers, eighty-one
+   private men.
+
+   Lord Howe transport: Captain Lawrence Campbell; Lieutenant Robert
+   Duncanson; Lieutenant Archibald McLean; Lieutenant Lewis Colhoun;
+   Duncan Campbell, volunteer; four Sergeants, four Corporals, two
+   Drummers, ninety-six private men.
+
+   Ann transport: Captain Hamilton Maxwell; Lieutenant Charles Campbell;
+   Lieutenant Fraser; Lieutenant----; four Sergeants, four Corporals,
+   two Drummers, ninety-six private men.
+
+        Archibald Campbell,
+     Lieut. Col. 2d Bat. 71st Regiment."[166]
+
+On account of the treatment received by General Charles Lee, a prisoner
+in the hands of Sir William Howe, and the covert threat of condign
+punishment on the accusation of treason, Congress resolved, January 6,
+1777, that "should the proffered exchange of General Lee, for six
+Hessian field-officers, not be accepted, and the treatment of him as
+aforementioned be continued, then the principles of retaliation shall
+occasion first of the said Hessian field-officers, together with
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, or any other officers that are or
+may be in our possession, equivalent in number or quality, to be
+detained, in order that the same treatment, which general Lee shall
+receive, may be exactly inflicted upon their persons."
+
+In consequence of this act Colonel Campbell was thrown into Concord
+gaol. On February 4th he addressed a letter to Washington giving a
+highly colored account of his severe treatment, making it equal to that
+inflicted upon the most atrocious criminals; and for the reasons he was
+so treated declaring that "the first of this month, I was carried and
+lodged in the common gaol of Concord, by an order of Congress, through
+the Council of Boston, intimating for a reason, that a refusal of
+General Howe to give up General Lee for six field-officers, of whom I
+was one, and the placing of that gentleman under the charge of the
+Provost at New York, were the motives of their particular ill treatment
+of me."
+
+Washington, on February 28, 1777, wrote to the Council of Massachusetts
+remonstrating with them and directing Colonel Campbell's enlargement, as
+his treatment was not according to the resolve of Congress. The
+following day he wrote Colonel Campbell stating that he imagined there
+would be a mitigation of what he now suffered. At the same time
+Washington wrote to the Congress on the impolicy of so treating Colonel
+Campbell, declaring that he feared that the resolutions, if adhered to,
+might "produce consequences of an extensive and melancholy nature." On
+March 6th he wrote to the president of Congress reaffirming his position
+on the impolicy of their attitude towards Colonel Campbell. To the same
+he wrote May 28th stating that "notwithstanding my recommendation,
+agreeably to what I conceived to be the sense of Congress,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell's treatment continues to be such as cannot
+be justified either on the principles of generosity or strict
+retaliation; as I have authentic information, and I doubt not you will
+have the same, that General Lee's situation is far from being rigorous
+or uncomfortable." To Sir William Howe, he wrote June 10th, that
+"Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field-officers, will be
+detained till you recognise General Lee as a prisoner of war, and put
+him on the footing of claim. * * * The situation of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell, as represented by you, is such as I neither wished nor
+approve. Upon the first intimation of his complaints, I wrote upon the
+subject, and hoped there would have been no further cause of uneasiness.
+That, gentleman, I am persuaded, will do me the justice to say, he has
+received no ill treatment at my instance. Unnecessary severity and every
+species of insult I despise, and, I trust, none will ever have just
+reason to censure me in this respect." At this time Colonel Campbell was
+not in the gaol but in the jailer's house. On June 2d Congress ordered
+that Colonel Campbell and the five Hessian officers should be treated
+"with kindness, generosity, and tenderness, consistent with the safe
+custody of their persons."
+
+Congress finally decided that General Prescott, who had been recently
+captured, should be held as a hostage for the good treatment of General
+Lee, and Washington was authorized to negotiate an exchange of
+prisoners.
+
+March 10, 1778, in a letter addressed to Washington by Sir William Howe,
+he concludes as follows:
+
+   "When the agreement was concluded upon to appoint commissioners to
+   settle a general exchange, I expected there would have been as much
+   expedition used in returning Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the
+   Hessian field-officers, as in returning Major-General Prescott, and
+   that the cartel might have been finished by the time of the arrival
+   of General Lee. If, however, there should be any objection to General
+   Prescott's remaining at New York, until the aforementioned officers
+   are sent in, he shall, to avoid altercation, be returned upon
+   requisition."
+
+To this Washington replied:
+
+     "Valley Forge, 12 March, 1778.
+
+   Sir:--Your letter of the 10th came to hand last night. The meeting of
+   our commissioners cannot take place till the time appointed in my
+   last.
+
+   I am not able to conceive on what principle it should be imagined,
+   that any distinction, injurious to Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and
+   the Hessian field officers, still exists. That they have not yet been
+   returned on parole is to be ascribed solely to the remoteness of
+   their situation. Mr. Boudinot informs me, that he momentarily expects
+   their arrival, in prosecution of our engagement. You are well aware,
+   that the distinction originally made, with respect to them, was in
+   consequence of your discrimination to the prejudice of General Lee.
+   On your receding from that discrimination, and agreeing to a mutual
+   releasement of officers on parole, the difficulty ceased, and General
+   Prescott was sent into New York, in full expectation, that General
+   Lee would come out in return. So far from adhering to any former
+   exception, I had particularly directed my commissary of prisoners to
+   release Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, in lieu of Lieutenant Colonel
+   Ethan Allen."
+
+It was not, however, until May 5, 1778 that Washington succeeded in
+exchanging Colonel Campbell for Colonel Ethan Allen.[167] His
+imprisonment did not have any effect on his treatment of those who
+afterwards fell into his hands.
+
+The death of Major Menzies was an irreparable loss to the corps, for he
+was a man of judgment and experience, and many of the officers and all
+the sergeants and soldiers totally inexperienced. Colonel Campbell was
+experienced as an engineer, but was a stranger to the minor and interior
+discipline of the line. But when it is considered that the force opposed
+to Fraser's regiment was also undisciplined, the duty and responsibility
+became less arduous.
+
+The greater part of the 71st safely landed towards the end of July, 1776
+on Staten Island and were immediately brought to the front. The
+grenadiers were placed in the battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
+Stuart, and the light infantry in Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Abercromby's
+brigade; the other companies were formed into three small battalions in
+brigades, under Sir William Erskine, then appointed Brigadier-General.
+In this manner, and, as has been noticed, without training, these men
+were brought into action at Brooklin. Nine hundred men of the 42nd,
+engaged on this occasion, were as inexperienced as those of the 71st,
+but they had the advantage of the example of three hundred old soldiers,
+on which to form their habits, together with officers of long
+experience.
+
+The first proof of their capacity, energy and steadfastness was at the
+battle of Brooklin, where they fully met the expectations of their
+commander. They displayed great eagerness to push the Americans to
+extremities, and to compel them to abandon their strong position.
+General Howe, desiring to spare their lives, called them back. The loss
+sustained by this regiment, in the engagement was three rank and file
+killed, and two sergeants and nine rank and file wounded.
+
+The regiment passed the winter at Amboy, and in the skirmishing warfare
+of the next campaign was in constant employment, particularly so in the
+expeditions against Willsborough and Westfield, with which the
+operations for 1777 commenced. Immediately afterwards the army embarked
+for the Chesapeake. In the battle of Brandywine, a part of the 71st was
+actively engaged, and the regiment remained in Pennsylvania until
+November, when they embarked for New York. Here they were joined by two
+hundred recruits who had arrived from Scotland in September. These men
+along with one hundred more recovered from the hospital, formed a small
+corps under Captain Colin Mackenzie and acted as light infantry in an
+expedition up the North river to create a diversion in favor of General
+Burgoyne's movements. This corps led a successful assault on Fort
+Montgomery on October 6th, in which they displayed great courage.
+Captain Mackenzie's troops led the assault, and although so many were
+recruits, it was said that they exhibited conduct worthy of veterans.
+
+In the year 1778, the 71st regiment accompanied lord Cornwallis on an
+expedition into the Jerseys, distinguished by a series of movements and
+countermovements. Stewart says that on the excursion into the Jerseys "a
+corps of cavalry, commanded by the Polish count Pulaski, were surprised
+and nearly cut to pieces by the light infantry under Sir James
+Baird."[168] This must refer to the expedition against Little Egg
+Harbor, on the eastern coast of New Jersey, which was a noted place of
+rendezvous for American privateers. The expedition was commanded by
+Captain Patrick Ferguson, many of whose troops were American royalists.
+They failed in their design, but made extensive depredations on both
+public and private property. A deserter from count Pulaski's command
+informed Captain Ferguson that a force had been sent to check these
+ravages and was now encamped twelve miles up the river. Captain Ferguson
+proceeded to surprise the force, and succeeded. He surrounded the houses
+at night in which the unsuspecting infantry were sleeping, and in his
+report of the affair said:
+
+   "It being a night-attack, little quarter, of course, could be given;
+   so there were only five prisoners!"
+
+He had butchered fifty of the infantry on the spot, when the approach of
+count Pulaski's horse caused him to make a rapid retreat to his boats,
+and a flight down the river.[169] Such expeditions only tended to arouse
+the Americans and express the most determined hatred towards their
+oppressors. They uttered vows of vengeance which they sought in every
+way to execute.
+
+An expedition consisting of the Highlanders, two regiments of Hessians,
+a corps of provincials, and a detachment of artillery, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, sailed from Sandy Hook, November
+29, 1778, and after a stormy passage reached the Savannah river by the
+end of December. The 1st battalion of the 71st, and the light infantry,
+under the immediate command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, landed,
+without opposition a short distance below the town of Savannah. Captain
+Cameron, without delay, advanced to attack the American advanced posts,
+when he and three of his men were killed by a volley. The rest instantly
+charged and drove the Americans back on the main body, drawn up in a
+line on an open plain in the rear of the town. The disembarkation, with
+the necessary arrangements for an attack was soon completed. At that
+time Savannah was an open town, without any natural strength, save that
+of the woods which covered both sides. Colonel Campbell formed his
+troops in line, and detached Sir James Baird with the light infantry
+through a narrow path, to get round the right flank of the Americans,
+while the corps, which had been Captain Cameron's, was sent round the
+left. The main army in front made demonstrations to attack. The
+Americans were so occupied with the main body that they did not perceive
+the flanking movements, and were thus easily surrounded. When they
+realized the situation they fled in great confusion. The light infantry
+closing in upon both flanks of the retreating Americans, they greatly
+suffered, losing upwards of one hundred killed and five hundred wounded
+and prisoners, with a British loss of but four soldiers killed and five
+wounded. The town then surrendered and the British took possession of
+all the shipping, stores, and forty-five cannon.
+
+Flushed with success Colonel Campbell made immediate preparations to
+advance against Augusta, situated in the interior about one hundred and
+fifty miles distant. No opposition was manifested, and the whole
+province of Georgia, apparently submitted. Colonel Campbell established
+himself in Augusta, and detached Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, with two
+hundred men to the frontiers of Georgia. Meanwhile General Prevost,
+having arrived at Savannah from Florida, assumed command. Judging the
+ground occupied to be too extensive, he ordered Augusta evacuated and
+the lines narrowed. This retrograde movement emboldened the Americans
+and they began to collect in great numbers, and hung on the rear of the
+British, cutting off stragglers, and frequently skirmishing with the
+rear guard. Although uniformly maintaining themselves, this retreat
+dispirited the royalists (commonly called tories), and left them
+unprotected and unwilling to render assistance.
+
+It appears that the policy of General Prevost was not to encourage the
+establishing of a provincial militia, so that the royalists were left
+behind without arms or employment, and the patriots formed bands and
+traversed the country without control. To keep these in check, inroads
+were made into the interior, and in this manner the winter months
+passed. Colonel Campbell, who had acted on a different system, obtained
+leave of absence and embarked for England, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel
+Maitland in command of the 71st regiment.
+
+The regiment remained inactive till the month of February 1779, when it
+was employed in an enterprise against Brier Creek, forty miles below
+Augusta, a strong position defended by upwards of two thousand men,
+besides one thousand occupied in detached stations. In front was a deep
+swamp, rendered passable only by a narrow causeway, and on each flank
+thick woods nearly impenetrable, but the position was open to the rear.
+In order to dislodge the Americans from this position Lieutenant-Colonel
+Duncan Macpherson, with the first battalion of the Highlanders, was
+directed to march upon the front of the position; whilst Colonel Prevost
+and Lieutenant Colonels Maitland and Macdonald, with the 2d battalion of
+the Highlanders, the light infantry, and a detachment of provincials,
+were ordered to attempt the rear by a circuitous route of forty-nine
+miles. Notwithstanding the length of the march through a difficult
+country, the movements were so well regulated, that in ten minutes after
+Colonel Macpherson appeared at the head of the causeway in front,
+Colonel Maitland's fire was heard in the rear, and Sir James Baird, with
+the light infantry rushed through the openings in the swamp on the left
+flank. The attack was made on March 3rd. The Americans under General
+Ashe were completely surprised. The entire army was lost by death,
+captivity and dispersion. On this occasion one fourth of General
+Lincoln's army was destroyed. The loss of the Highlanders being five
+soldiers killed, and one officer and twelve rank and file wounded.
+
+General Prevost was active and next determined to invade South Carolina.
+Towards the close of April he crossed the Savannah river, with the
+troops engaged at Brier's Creek, and a large body of royalists and Creek
+Indians, and made slow marches towards Charleston. In the meantime
+General Lincoln had been active and recruited vigorously, and now
+mustered five thousand men under his command. Whilst General Prevost
+marched against General Lincoln's front, the former ordered the 71st to
+make a circuitous march of several miles and attack the rear. Guided by
+a party of Creek Indians the Highlanders entered a woody swamp at eleven
+o'clock at night, in traversing which they were frequently up to the
+shoulders in the swamp. They emerged from the woods the next morning at
+eight o'clock with their ammunition destroyed. They were now within a
+half mile of General Lincoln's rear guard which they attacked and drove
+from their position without sustaining loss. Reaching Charleston on May
+11th General Prevost demanded instantly its surrender, but a dispatch
+from General Lincoln notified the people that he was coming to their
+relief. General Prevost, fearing that General Lincoln would cut off his
+communication with Savannah, commenced his retreat towards that city, at
+midnight, along the coast. This route exposed his troops to much
+suffering, having to march through unfrequented woods, salt water
+marshes and swamps. Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost, the Quartermaster-General,
+and a man of the name of Macgirt, and a person under his orders, had gone
+on a foraging expedition, and were not returned from their operations; and
+in order to protect them Colonel Maitland, with a battalion of Highlanders
+and some Hessians, was placed in a hastily constructed redoubt at Stono
+Ferry, ten miles below Charleston. On June 20th these men were attacked by
+a part of General Lincoln's force. When their advance was reported,
+Captain Colin Campbell, with four officers and fifty-six men, was sent
+out to reconnoitre. A thick wood covered the approach of the Americans till
+they reached a clear field on which Captain Campbell's party stood.
+Immediately he attacked the Americans and a desperate resistance ensued;
+all the officers and non-commissioned officers of the Highlanders fell,
+seven soldiers alone remaining on their feet. It was not intended that
+the resistance should be of such a nature, but most of the men had been
+captured in Boston Harbor, and had only been recently exchanged, and
+this being their first appearance before an enemy, and thought it was
+disgraceful to retreat when under fire. When Captain Campbell fell he
+directed his men to make the best of their way to the redoubt; but they
+refused to obey, and leave their officers on the field. The Americans,
+at this juncture ceased firing, and the seven soldiers carried their
+officers along with them, followed by such as were able to walk. The
+Americans advanced on the redoubts with partial success. The Hessians
+having got into confusion in the redoubt, which they occupied, the
+Americans forced an entrance, but the 71st having driven back those who
+attacked their redoubt, Colonel Maitland was enabled to detach two
+companies of Highlanders to the support of the Hessians. The Americans
+were instantly driven out of the redoubt at the point of the bayonet,
+and while preparing for another attempt, the 2d battalion of Highlanders
+came up, when despairing of success they retreated at all points,
+leaving many killed and wounded.
+
+The resistance offered by Captain Campbell afforded their friends in the
+redoubts time to prepare, and likewise to the 2d battalion in the island
+to march by the difficult and circuitous route left open for them. The
+delay in the 2d battalion was also caused by a want of boats. Two
+temporary ferry-boats had been established, but the men in charge ran
+away as soon as the firing began. The Americans opened a galling fire on
+the men as they stood on the banks of the river. Lieutenant Robert
+Campbell plunged into the water and swam across, followed by a few
+soldiers, returned with the boats, and thus enabled the battalion to
+cross over to the support of their friends. Five hundred and twenty
+Highlanders and two hundred Hessians successfully resisted all the
+efforts of the Americans twelve hundred strong, and this with a trifling
+loss in comparison to the service rendered. When the Americans fell
+back, the whole garrison sallied out, but the light troops covered the
+retreat so successfully, that all the wounded were brought off. In
+killed and wounded the Americans lost one hundred and forty-six and one
+hundred and fifty missing. The British loss was three officers and
+thirty-two soldiers killed and wounded. Three days afterwards, the
+foraging party having returned, the British evacuated Stono Ferry, and
+retreated from island to island, until they reached Beaufort, on Port
+Royal, where Colonel Maitland was left with seven hundred men, while
+General Prevost, with the main body of the army, continued his difficult
+and harrassing march to Savannah.
+
+In the month of September 1779, the count D'Estaing arrived on the coast
+of Georgia with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two fifty gun ships,
+seven frigates, and transports, with a body of troops on board for the
+avowed purpose of retaking Savannah. The garrison consisted of two
+companies of the 16th regiment, two of the 60th, one battalion of
+Highlanders, and one weak battalion of Hessians; in all about eleven
+hundred effective men. The combined force of French and Americans was
+four thousand nine hundred and fifty men. While General Lincoln and his
+force were approaching the French effected a landing at Beuley and
+Thunderbolt, without opposition. General McIntosh urged count D'Estaing
+to make an immediate assault upon the British works. This advice was
+rejected, and count D'Estaing advanced within three miles of Savannah
+and demanded an unconditional surrender to the king of France. General
+Prevost asked for a truce until next day which was granted, and in the
+meanwhile twelve hundred white men and negroes were employed in
+strengthening the fortifications and mounting additional ordnance. This
+truce General Lincoln at once perceived was fatal to the success of the
+beseigers, for he had ascertained that Colonel Maitland, with his
+troops, was on his way from Beaufort, to reinforce General Prevost, and
+that his arrival within twenty-four hours, was the object which was
+designed by the truce. Colonel Maitland, conducted by a negro fisherman,
+passed through a creek with his boats, at high water, and concealed by a
+fog, eluded the French, and entered the town on the afternoon of
+September 17th. His arrival gave General Prevost courage, and towards
+evening he sent a note to count D'Estaing, bearing a positive refusal to
+capitulate. All energies were now bent towards taking the town by
+regular approaches. Ground was broken on the morning of September 23rd,
+and night and day the besiegers plied the spade, and so vigorously was
+the work prosecuted, that in the course of twelve days fifty-three
+cannon and fourteen mortars were mounted. During these days two sorties
+were made. The morning of September 24th, Major Colin Graham, with the
+light company of the 16th regiment, and the two Highland battalions,
+dashed out, attacked the besiegers, drove them from their works, and
+then retired with the loss of Lieutenant Henry Macpherson of the 71st,
+and three privates killed, and fifteen wounded. On September 27th, Major
+Macarthur, with the pickets of the Highlanders advanced with such
+caution and address, that, after firing a few rounds, the French and
+Americans, mistaking their object, commenced a fire on each other, by
+which they lost fifty men; and, in the meantime Major Macarthur retired.
+These sorties had no effect on the general operations.
+
+On the morning of October 4th, the batteries having been all completed
+and manned, a terrible bombardment was opened upon the British works and
+the town. The French frigate Truite also opened a cannonade. Houses were
+shattered, men, women and children were killed or maimed, and terror
+reigned. Day and night the cannonade was continued until the 9th.
+Victory was within the grasp of the besiegers, when count D'Estaing
+became impatient and determined on an assault. Just before dawn on the
+morning of the 9th four thousand five hundred men of the combined armies
+moved to the assault, in the midst of a dense fog and under cover of a
+heavy fire from the batteries. They advanced in three columns, the
+principal one commanded by count D'Estaing in person, assisted by
+General Lincoln; another column by count Dillon. The left column taking
+a great circuit got entangled in a swamp, and, being exposed to the guns
+of the garrison, was unable to advance. The others made the advance in
+the best manner, but owing to the fire of the batteries suffered
+severely. Many entered the ditch, and even ascended and planted the
+colors on the parapet, where several were killed. Captain Tawse, of the
+71st, who commanded the redoubt, plunged his sword into the first man
+who mounted, and was himself shot dead by the man who followed. Captain
+Archibald Campbell then assumed the command, and maintained his post
+till supported by the grenadiers of the 60th, when the assaulting column
+being attacked on both sides, was completely broken, and driven back
+with such expedition, that a detachment of the 71st, ordered by Colonel
+Maitland to hasten and assist those who were so hard pressed by superior
+numbers, could not overtake them. The other columns, seeing the
+discomfiture of the principal attack, retired without any further
+attempt.
+
+It is the uniform testimony of those who have studied this siege that if
+count D'Estaing had immediately on landing made the attack, the garrison
+must have succumbed. General Lincoln, although his force was greatly
+diminished by the action just closed, wished to continue the siege; but
+count D'Estaing resolved on immediate departure. General Lincoln was
+indignant, but concealed his wrath; and being too weak to carry on the
+siege alone, he at last consented to abandon it.
+
+The French loss, in killed and wounded, was six hundred and thirty-seven
+men, and the American four hundred and fifty-seven. The British lost one
+captain, two subalterns, four sergeants, and thirty-two soldiers,
+killed; and two captains, two sergeants, two drummers, and fifty-six
+soldiers, wounded. Colonel Maitland was attacked with a bilious disease
+during the siege and soon after died. The British troops had been sickly
+before Savannah was attacked; but the soldiers were reanimated, and
+sickness, in a manner, was suspended, during active operations. But when
+the Americans withdrew, and all excitement had ceased, sickness returned
+with aggravated violence, and fully one fourth the men were sent to the
+hospital.
+
+While these operations were going on in Georgia and South Carolina a
+disaster overtook the grenadiers of the 71st who were posted at Stony
+Point and Verplanks, in the state of New York. Washington planned the
+attack on Stony Point and deputed General Wayne to execute it. So
+secretly was the whole movement conducted, that the British garrison was
+unsuspicious of danger. At eight o'clock, on the evening of July 15,
+1779, General Wayne took post in a hollow, within two miles of the fort
+on Stony Point, and there remained unperceived until midnight, when he
+formed his men into two columns, Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury leading one
+division and Major Stewart the other. At the head of each was a forlorn
+hope of twenty men. Both parties were close upon the works before they
+were discovered. A skirmish with the pickets at once ensued, the
+Americans using the bayonet only. In a few moments the entire works were
+manned, and the Americans were compelled to press forward in the face of
+a terrible storm of grape shot and musket balls. Over the ramparts and
+into the fort both columns pushed their way. At two o'clock the morning
+of the 16th, General Wayne wrote to Washington:
+
+   "The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours. The officers
+   and men behaved like men who were determined to be free."
+
+The British lost nineteen soldiers killed, and one captain, two
+subalterns, and seventy two soldiers, wounded; and, in all, including
+prisoners, six hundred. The principal part of this loss fell upon the
+picket, commanded by Lieutenant Cumming of the 71st, which resisted one
+of the columns till almost all of the men of the picket, were either
+killed or wounded, Lieutenant Cumming being among the latter. The
+Americans lost fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded.
+
+The force which had so ably defended Savannah remained there in quarters
+during the winter of 1779 and 1780. In the month of March 1780, Sir
+Henry Clinton arrived before Charleston with a force from New York,
+which he immediately invested and rigorously pushed the siege. The chief
+engineer, Captain Moncrieff was indefatigable, and being fearless of
+danger, was careless of the lives of others. Having served two years
+with the 71st, and believing it would gratify the Highlanders to select
+them for dangerous service, he generally applied for a party of that
+corps for all exposed duties.
+
+After the surrender of Charleston, on May 12, 1780, to the army under
+Sir Henry Clinton, the British forces in the southern states were placed
+under the command of lord Cornwallis. The 71st composed a part of this
+army, and with it advanced into the interior. In the beginning of June,
+the army amounting to twenty-five hundred, reached Camden, a central
+place fixed upon for headquarters. The American general, Horatio Gates,
+having, in July, assembled a force marched towards Camden. The people
+generally were in arms and the British officers perplexed. Major
+Macarthur who was at Cheraw to encourage the royalists, was ordered to
+fall back towards Camden. Lord Cornwallis, seeing the gathering storm
+hastily left Charleston and joined lord Rawdon at Camden, arriving there
+on August 13th. Both generals of the opposing forces on the night of
+August 15th moved towards each other with the design of making an
+attack. The British troops consisted of the 23d and 33d regiments, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Webster; Tarleton's legion; Irish volunteers; a part
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton's North Carolina Regiment; Bryan's corps
+of royalists, under lord Rawdon, with two six and two three pounders
+commanded by Lieutenant McLeod; and the 71st regiment. Camden was left
+in the care of Major Macarthur, with the sick and convalescents.
+
+Both armies were surprised, and each fired at the same moment, which
+occurred at three o'clock on the morning of August 16th. Both generals,
+ignorant of each other's force, declined general action, and lay on
+their arms till morning. When the British army formed in line of battle,
+the light infantry of the Highlanders, and the Welsh fusileers were on
+the right; the 33d regiment and the Irish volunteers occupied the
+center; the provincials were on the left, with the marshy ground in
+their front. While the army was thus forming, Captain Charles Campbell,
+who commanded the Highland light companies on the right, placed himself
+on the stump of an old tree to reconnoitre, and observing the Americans
+moving as with the intention of turning his flank, leaped down, and
+giving vent to an oath, called to his men, "Remember you are light
+infantry; remember you are Highlanders: Charge!" The attack was rapid
+and irresistible, and being made before the Americans had completed
+their movement by which they were to surround the British right, they
+were broken and driven from the field, prior to the beginning of the
+battle in other parts of the line. When the battle did commence the
+American center gained ground. Lord Cornwallis opened his center to the
+right and left, till a considerable space intervened, and then directed
+the Highlanders to move forward and occupy the vacant space. When this
+was done, he cried out, "My brave Highlanders, now is your time." They
+instantly rushed forward accompanied by the Irish volunteers and the
+33d, and penetrated and completely overthrew the American column.
+However the American right continued to advance and gained the ground on
+which the Highlanders had been placed originally as a reserve. They gave
+three cheers for victory; but the smoke clearing up they saw their
+mistake. A party of Highlanders turning upon them, the greater part
+threw down their arms, while the remainder fled in all directions. The
+victory was complete. The loss of the British was one captain, one
+subaltern, two sergeants, and sixty-four soldiers killed; and two field
+officers, three captains, twelve subalterns, thirteen sergeants, and two
+hundred and thirteen soldiers wounded. The Highlanders lost Lieutenant
+Archibald Campbell and eight soldiers killed; and Captain Hugh Campbell,
+Lieutenant John Grant, two sergeants, and thirty privates wounded. The
+loss of the Americans was never ascertained, but estimated at seven
+hundred and thirty two.
+
+General Sumter, with a strong corps, occupied positions on the Catawba
+river, which commanded the road to Charleston, and from which lord
+Cornwallis found it necessary to dislodge him. For this purpose Colonel
+Tarleton was sent with the cavalry and a corps of light infantry, under
+Captain Charles Campbell of the 71st regiment. The heat was excessive;
+many of the horses failed on the march, and not more than forty of the
+infantry were together in front, when, on the morning of the 18th, they
+came in sight of Fishing Creek, and on their right saw the smoke at a
+short distance. The sergeant of the advanced guard halted his party and
+then proceeded to ascertain the cause of the smoke. He saw the
+encampment, with arms piled, but a few sentinels and no pickets. He
+returned and reported the same to Captain Campbell who commanded in
+front. With his usual promptness Captain Campbell formed as many of the
+cavalry as had come up, and with the party of Highland infantry, rushed
+forward, and directing their route to the piled arms, quickly secured
+them and surprised the camp. The success was complete; a few were
+killed; nearly five hundred taken prisoners, and the rest dispersed. But
+the victory was dampened by the loss of the gallant Captain Campbell,
+who was killed by a random shot.
+
+These partial successes were soon counterbalanced by defeats of greater
+importance. From what had been of great discouragement, the Americans
+soon rallied, and threatened the frontiers of South Carolina, and on
+October 7th overthrew Major Ferguson at King's Mountain, who sustained a
+total loss of eleven hundred and five men, out of eleven hundred and
+twenty-five. At the plantation of Blackstocks, November 20th, Colonel
+Tarleton, with four hundred of his command, engaged General Sumter, when
+the former was driven off with a loss of ninety killed, and about one
+hundred wounded. The culminating point of these reverses was the battle
+of the Cowpens.
+
+A new commander for the southern department took charge of the American
+forces, in the person of Major-General Nathaniel Greene, who stood, in
+military genius, second only to Washington, and who was thoroughly
+imbued with the principles practiced by that great man. Lord Cornwallis,
+the ablest of the British tacticians engaged in the American Revolution,
+found more than his equal in General Greene. He had been appointed to
+the command of the Southern Department, by Washington, on October 30,
+1780, and immediately proceeded to the field of labor, and on December
+3rd, took formal command of the army, and was exceedingly active in the
+arrangement of the army, and in wisely directing its movements. His
+first arrangement was to divide his army into two detachments, the
+larger of which, under himself was to be stationed opposite Cheraw Hill,
+on the east side of the Pedee river, about seventy miles to the right of
+the British army, then at Winnsborough. The other, composed of about one
+thousand troops, under General Daniel Morgan, was placed some fifty
+miles to the left, near the junction of Broad and Parcolet rivers.
+Colonel Tarleton was detached to disperse the little army of General
+Morgan, having with him, the 7th or Fusileers, the 1st battalion of
+Fraser's Highlanders, or 71st, two hundred in number, a detachment of
+the British Legion, and three hundred cavalry. Intelligence was
+received, on the morning of January 17, 1781, that General Morgan was
+drawn up in front on rising ground. The British were hastily formed,
+with the Fusileers, the Legion, and the light infantry in front, and the
+Highlanders and cavalry forming the reserve. As soon as formed the line
+was ordered to advance rapidly. Exhausted by running, it received the
+American fire at the distance of thirty or forty paces. The effect was
+so great as to produce something of a recoil. The fire was returned; and
+the light infantry made two attempts to charge, but were repulsed with
+loss. The Highlanders next were ordered up, and rapidly advancing in
+charge, the American front line gave way and retreated through an open
+space in the second line. This manoeuvre was made without interfering
+with the ranks of those who were now to oppose the Highlanders, who ran
+in to take advantage of what appeared to them to be a confusion of the
+Americans. The second line threw in a fire upon the 71st, when within
+forty yards which was so destructive that nearly one half their number
+fell; and those who remained were so scattered, having run a space of
+five hundred yards at full speed, that they could not be united to form
+a charge with the bayonet. They did not immediately fall back, but
+engaged in some irregular firing, when the American line pushed forward
+to the right flank of the Highlanders, who now realized that there was
+no prospect of support, and while their number was diminishing that of
+their foe was increasing. They first wavered, then began to retire, and
+finally to run. This is said to have been the first instance of a
+Highland regiment running from an enemy.[170] This repulse struck a
+panic into those whom they left in the rear, and who fled in the
+greatest confusion. Order and command were lost, and the rout became
+general. Few of the infantry escaped, and the cavalry saved itself by
+putting their horses to full speed. The Highlanders reformed in the
+rear, and might have made a soldier-like retreat if they had been
+supported.
+
+The battle of the Cowpens was disastrous in its consequences to the
+British interests, as it inspired the Americans with confidence. Colonel
+Tarleton had been connected with frequent victories, and his name was
+associated with that of terror. He was able on a quick dash, but by no
+means competent to cope with the solid judgment and long experience of
+General Morgan. The disposition of the men under General Morgan was
+judicious; and the conduct of Colonels Washington and Howard, in
+wheeling and manoeuvering their corps, and throwing in such
+destructive volleys on the Highlanders, would have done credit to any
+commander. To the Highlanders the defeat was particularly unfortunate.
+Their officers were perfectly satisfied with the conduct of their men,
+and imputing the disaster altogether to the bad dispositions of Colonel
+Tarleton, made representations to lord Cornwallis, not to be employed
+again under the same officer, a request with which compliance was made.
+This may be the reason that Colonel Tarleton gives them no credit in his
+"History of the Campaigns," published in 1787. He admits his loss to
+have been three hundred killed and wounded and near four hundred
+prisoners.[171]
+
+After the battle of the Cowpens lord Cornwallis with increased exertions
+followed the main body of the Americans under General Greene, who
+retreated northward. The army was stripped of all superfluous baggage.
+The two battalions of the 71st now greatly reduced, were consolidated
+into one, and formed in a brigade with the 33d and Welsh Fusileers. Much
+skirmishing took place on the march, when, on March 16th, General Greene
+believing his army sufficiently strong to withstand the shock of battle
+drew up his force at Guilford Court House, in three lines.
+
+The British line was formed of the German regiment of De Bos, the
+Highlanders, and guards, under General Leslie, on the right; and the
+Welsh Fusileers, 33d regiment, and second battalion of guards, under
+General Charles O'Hara, on the left; the cavalry was in the rear
+supported by the light infantry of the guards and the German Yagers. At
+one o'clock the battle opened. The Americans, covered by a fence in
+their front, maintained their position with confidence, and withheld
+their fire till the British line was within forty paces, when a
+destructive fire was poured into Colonel Webster's brigade, killing and
+wounding nearly one-third. The brigade returned the fire, and rushed
+forward, when the Americans retreated on the second line. The regiment
+of De Bos and the 33d met with a more determined resistance, having
+retreated and advanced repeatedly before they succeeded in driving the
+Americans from the field. In the meantime, a party of the guards pressed
+on with eagerness, but were charged on their right flank by a body of
+cavalry which broke their line. The retreating Americans seeing the
+effect of this charge, turned and recommenced firing. The Highlanders,
+who had now pushed round the flank, appeared on a rising ground in rear
+of the left of the enemy, and, rushing forward with shouts, made such an
+impression on the Americans, that they immediately fled, abandoning
+their guns and ammunition.
+
+This battle, although nominally a victory for the British commander, was
+highly beneficial to the patriots. Both armies displayed consummate
+skill. Lord Cornwallis on the 19th decamped, leaving behind him between
+seventy and eighty of his wounded soldiers, and all the American
+prisoners who were wounded, and left the country to the mercy of his
+enemy. The total loss of the British was ninety-three killed, and four
+hundred and eleven wounded. The Highlanders lost Ensign Grant, and
+eleven soldiers killed, and four sergeants and forty-six soldiers
+wounded. It was long a tradition, in the neighborhood, that many of the
+Highlanders, who were in the van, fell near the fence, from behind which
+the North Carolinians rose and fired.
+
+The British army retreated in the direction of Cross Creek, the
+Americans following closely in the rear. At Cross Creek, the heart of
+the Highland settlement in North Carolina, lord Cornwallis had hoped to
+rest his wearied army, a third of whom was sick and wounded and was
+obliged to carry them in wagons, or on horseback. The remainder were
+without shoes and worn down with fatigue. Owing to the surrounding
+conditions, the army took up its weary march to Wilmington, where it was
+expected there would be supplies, of which they were in great need. Here
+the army halted from April 17th to the 26th, when it proceeded on the
+route to Petersburg, in Virginia, and to form a junction with General
+Phillips, who had recently arrived there with three thousand men. The
+march was a difficult one. Before them was several hundred miles of
+country, which did not afford an active friend. No intelligence could be
+obtained, and no communication could be established. On May 25th the
+army reached Petersburg, where the united force amounted to six thousand
+men. The army then proceeded to Portsmouth, and when preparing to cross
+the river at St. James' Island, the Marquis de Lafayette, ignorant of
+their number, with two thousand men, made a gallant attack. After a
+sharp resistance he was repulsed, and the night approaching favored his
+retreat. After this skirmish the British army marched to Portsmouth, and
+thence to Yorktown, where a position was taken on the York river on
+August 22nd.
+
+From the tables given by lord Cornwallis, in his "Answer to the
+Narrative of Sir Henry Clinton"[172] the following condition of the 71st
+at different periods on the northward march, is extracted:
+
+ January 15, 1781, 1st Battalion    249  2nd Battalion 237 Light Company 69
+ February 1, 1781,    "             ---     "          234      ----
+ March 1,    1781,    "             ---     "          212      ----
+ April 1,    1781,    "             ---     "          161      ----
+ May 1,      1781, Two Battalions   175
+ June 1,     1781, Second Battalion 164
+ July 1,     1781,     "    "       161
+ August 1,   1781,     "    "       167
+ Sept. 1,    1781,     "    "       162
+ Oct. 1,     1781,     "    "       160
+
+The encampment at Yorktown was formed on an elevated platform, nearly
+level, on the bank of the river, and of a sandy soil. On the right of
+the position, extended from the river, a ravine of about forty feet in
+depth, and more than one hundred yards in breadth; the center was formed
+by a horn-work of entrenchments; and an extensive redoubt beyond the
+ravine on the right, and two smaller redoubts on the left, also advanced
+beyond the entrenchments, constituted the principal defences of the
+camp.
+
+On the morning of September 28, 1781, the combined French and American
+armies, twelve thousand strong, left Williamsburg by different roads,
+and marched towards Yorktown, and on the 30th the allied armies had
+completely invested the British works. Batteries were erected, and
+approaches made in the usual manner. During the first four days the fire
+was directed against the redoubt on the right, which was reduced to a
+heap of sand. On the left the redoubts were taken by storm and the guns
+turned on the other parts of the entrenchments. One of these redoubts
+had been manned by some soldiers of the 71st. Although the defence of
+this redoubt was as good and well contested as that of the others, the
+regiment thought its honor so much implicated, that a petition was drawn
+up by the men, and carried by the commanding officer to lord Cornwallis,
+to be permitted to retake it. The proposition was not acceded to, for
+the siege had reached such a stage that it was not deemed necessary.
+
+Among the incidents related of the Highlanders during the siege, is that
+of a soliloquy, overheard by two captains, of an old Highland gentleman,
+a lieutenant, who, drawing his sword, said to himself, "Come, on,
+Maister Washington, I'm unco glad to see you; I've been offered money
+for my commission, but I could na think of gangin' hame without a sight
+of you. Come on."[173]
+
+The situation of the besieged daily grew more critical, the whole
+encampment was open to assault, and exposed to a constant and enfilading
+fire. In this dilemma lord Cornwallis resolved to decamp with the elite
+of his army, by crossing the river and leaving a small force to
+capitulate. The first division embarked and some had reached the
+opposite shore at Gloucester Point, when a violent storm of wind
+rendered the passage dangerous, and the attempt was consequently
+abandoned. The British army then surrendered to Washington, and the
+troops marched out of their works on October 20th.
+
+The loss of the garrison was six officers, thirteen sergeants, four
+drummers and one hundred and thirty-three rank and file killed; six
+officers, twenty-four sergeants, eleven drummers, and two hundred and
+eighty-four wounded. Of these the 71st lost Lieutenant Thomas Fraser and
+nine soldiers killed; three drummers and nineteen soldiers wounded. The
+whole number surrendered by capitulation was a little more than seven
+thousand making a total loss of about seven thousand eight hundred. Of
+the arms and stores there were seventy-five brass, and one hundred and
+sixty iron cannon; seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-four muskets;
+twenty-eight regimental standards; a large quantity of cannon and
+musket-balls, bombs, carriages, &c., &c. The military chest contained
+nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie.
+
+Thus ended the military service of an army, proud and haughty, that had,
+within a year marched and counter-marched nearly two thousand miles, had
+forded streams, some of them in the face of an enemy, had fought two
+pitched battles and engaged in numerous skirmishes. With all their
+labors and achievements, they accomplished nothing of real value to the
+cause they represented.
+
+Fraser's Highlanders remained prisoners until the conclusion of
+hostilities. During their service their character was equal to their
+courage. Among them disgraceful punishments were unknown. When prisoners
+and solicited by the Americans to join their standard and settle among
+them, not one of them broke the oath he had taken, a virtue not
+generally observed on that occasion, for many soldiers joined the
+Americans. On the conclusion of hostilities the 71st was released,
+ordered to Scotland, and discharged at Perth in 1783.
+
+
+SEVENTY-FOURTH OR ARGYLE HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The particulars of the 74th or Argyle Highlanders, and the 76th, or
+Macdonald's Highlanders, are but slightly touched upon by Colonel David
+Stewart of Garth, in his "Sketches of the Highlanders," by Dr. James
+Browne, in his "History of the Highlands," and by John S. Keltie, in his
+"History of the Scottish Highlands." Even Lieutenant-General Samuel
+Graham, who was a captain in the 76th, in his "Memoirs," gives but a
+slight account of his regiment. So a very imperfect view can only be
+expected in this narration.
+
+The 74th or Argyle Highlanders was raised by Colonel John Campbell of
+Barbreck, who had served as captain and major of Fraser's Highlanders in
+the Seven Years' War. In the month of December 1777 letters of service
+were granted to him, and the regiment was completed in May 1778. In this
+regiment were more Lowlanders, than in any other of the same description
+raised during that period. All the officers, except four, were
+Highlanders, while of the soldiers only five hundred and ninety were of
+the same country, the others being from Glasgow, and the western
+districts of Scotland. The name of Campbell mustered strong; the three
+field-officers, six captains, and fourteen subalterns, being of that
+name. Among the officers was the chief of the Macquarries, being
+sixty-two years of age when he entered the army in 1778.
+
+The regiment mustering nine hundred and sixty, rank and file, embarked
+at Greenock in August, and landed at Halifax in Nova Scotia, where it
+remained garrisoned with the 80th and the 82d regiments; the whole being
+under the command of Brigadier-General Francis Maclean. In the spring of
+1779, the grenadier company, commanded by Captain Ludovick Colquhoun of
+Luss, and the light company by Captain Campbell of Bulnabie, were sent
+to New York, and joined the army immediately before the siege of
+Charleston.
+
+In June of the same year, the battalion companies, with a detachment of
+the 82d regiment, under the command of Brigadier-General Maclean,
+embarked from Halifax, and took possession of Penobscot, with the
+intention of establishing a post there. Before the defences were
+completed, a hostile fleet from Boston, with two thousand troops on
+board, under Brigadier-General Solomon Lovell, appeared in the bay, and
+on July 28th effected a landing on a peninsula, where the British were
+erecting a fort, and immediately began to construct batteries for a
+regular siege. These operations were frequently interrupted by sallies
+of parties from the fort. General Maclean exerted himself to the utmost
+to strengthen his position, and not only kept the Americans in check,
+but preserved communication with the shipping, which they endeavored to
+cut off. Both parties kept skirmishing till August 13th, when Sir George
+Collier appeared in the bay, with a fleet intended for relief of the
+post. This accession of strength disconcerted the Americans, and
+completely destroyed their hopes, so that they quickly decamped and
+retired to their boats. Being unable to re-embark all the troops, those
+who remained, along with the sailors of several vessels which had run
+aground in the hurry of escaping, formed themselves into a body, and
+endeavored to penetrate through the woods. In the course of this attempt
+they ran short of provisions, quarrelled among themselves, and, coming
+to blows, fired on each other till their ammunition was expended.
+Upwards of sixty men were killed and wounded; the rest dispersed through
+the woods, numbers perishing before they could reach an inhabited
+country.
+
+The conduct of General Maclean and his troops met with approbation. In
+his dispatch, giving an account of the attack and defeat of his foes, he
+particularly noticed the exertions and zeal of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Alexander Campbell of the 74th. The loss of this regiment was two
+sergeants, and fourteen privates killed, and seventeen rank and file
+wounded.
+
+General Maclean returned to Halifax with the detachment of the 82d,
+leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Campbell of Monzie with the 74th at
+Penobscot, where they remained till the termination of hostilities, when
+they embarked for England. They landed at Portsmouth whence they marched
+for Stirling, and, after being joined by the flank companies, were
+reduced in the autumn of 1783.
+
+
+SEVENTY-SIXTH OR MACDONALD'S HIGHLANDERS.
+
+In the month of December 1777, letters of service were granted to lord
+Macdonald to raise a regiment in the Highlands and Isles. On his
+recommendation Major John Macdonell of Lochgarry was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel commandant of the regiment. The regiment was
+numbered the 76th, but called Macdonald's Highlanders. Lord Macdonald
+exerted himself in the formation of the regiment, and selected the
+officers from the families of the Macdonalds of Glencoe, Morar,
+Boisdale, and others of his own clan, and likewise from those of others,
+as Mackinnon, Fraser of Culduthel, Cameron of Callart, &c. A body of
+seven hundred and fifty Highlanders was raised. The company of Captain
+Bruce was principally raised in Ireland; and Captains Cunningham of
+Craigend, and Montgomery Cunningham, as well as Lieutenant Samuel
+Graham, raised their men in the low country. These amounted to nearly
+two hundred men, and were kept together in two companies; while Bruce's
+company formed a third. In this manner each race was kept distinct. The
+whole number, including non-commissioned officers and men, amounted to
+one thousand and eighty-six. The recruits assembled at Inverness, and in
+March 1778 the regiment was reported complete. The men on their arrival
+were attested by a justice of the peace, and received the king's bounty
+of five guineas. As Major John Macdonell, who had been serving in
+America in the 71st or Fraser's Highlanders, was taken prisoner, on his
+passage home from that country, the command devolved on Captain
+Donaldson, of the 42d or Royal Highland Regiment. Under this officer the
+regiment was formed, and a code of regulations established for the
+conduct of both officers and men.
+
+Soon after its formation the 76th was sent to Fort George where it
+remained a year. It so happened that few of the non-commissioned
+officers who understood the drill were acquainted with the Gaelic
+language, and as all words of command were given in English, the
+commander directed that neither officers nor non-commissioned officers
+ignorant of the former language should endeavor to learn it. The
+consequence was that the Highlanders were behind-hand in being drilled,
+as they had, besides other duties, to acquire a new language. But the
+Highlanders took uncommon pains to learn their duties, and so exact were
+they in the discharge of them that upon one occasion, Colonel Campbell,
+the lieutenant-governor, was seized and made prisoner by the sentry
+posted at his own door, because the man conceived a trespass had been
+committed on his post, nor would the sentinel release the colonel until
+the arrival of the corporal of the guard.
+
+In March 1779 the regiment was removed to Perth, and from there marched
+to Burnt Island, where they embarked on the 17th. Major Donaldson's
+health not permitting him to go abroad, the command devolved on lord
+Berridale, second major, who accompanied them to New York, where they
+landed in August. The fleet sailed from the Firth of Forth for
+Portsmouth, and in a short time anchored at Spithead. While waiting
+there for the assembling of a fleet with reinforcements of men and
+stores for the army in America, an order was received to set sail for
+the island of Jersey, as the French had made an attempt there. But the
+French having been repulsed before the 70th reached Jersey, the regiment
+returned to Portsmouth, and proceeded on the voyage to America, and
+arrived in New York on August 27th.
+
+On the arrival of the regiment in New York the flank companies were
+attached to the battalion of that description. The battalion companies
+remained between New York and Staten Island till February 1781, when
+they embarked with a detachment of the army, commanded by General
+Phillips, for Virginia. The light company, being in the 2d battalion of
+light infantry, also formed a part of the expedition. The grenadiers
+remained at New York.
+
+This year, lord Berridale, on the death of his father, became earl of
+Caithness, and being severely wounded at the siege of Charleston, soon
+after returned to Scotland. The command of the 70th regiment devolved on
+Major Needham, who had purchased Major Donaldson's commission.
+
+General Phillips landed at Portsmouth, in Virginia, in March. A number
+of boats had been constructed under the superintendence of General
+Benedict Arnold, for the navigation of the rivers, most of them
+calculated to hold one hundred men. Each boat was manned by a few
+sailors, and was fitted with a sail as well as oars. Some of them
+carried a piece of ordnance in their bows. In these boats the light
+infantry, and detachments of the 76th and 80th regiments, with the
+Queen's Rangers, embarked, leaving the remainder of the 76th, with other
+troops, to garrison Portsmouth. The detachment of the 76th which
+embarked consisted of one major, three captains, twelve subalterns, and
+three hundred men, under Major Needham. The troops proceeded up the
+James river destroying warlike stores, shipping, barracks, foundaries
+and private property. After making many excursions the troops marched to
+Bermuda Hundreds, opposite City Point, where they embarked, on May 2d;
+but receiving orders from lord Cornwallis, returned and entered
+Petersburg on May 10th.
+
+When the 76th regiment found themselves with an army which had been
+engaged in the most incessant and fatiguing marches through difficult
+and hostile countries, they considered themselves as inferiors and as
+having done nothing which could enable them to return to their own
+country. They were often heard murmuring among themselves, lamenting
+their lot, and expressing the strongest desire to signalize themselves.
+This was greatly heightened when visited by men of Fraser's Highlanders.
+The opportunity presented itself, and their behavior proved they were
+good soldiers. On the evening of July 6th, the Marquis de Lafayette
+pushed forward a strong corps, forced the pickets, and drew up in front
+of the British lines. The pickets in front of the army that morning
+consisted of twenty men of the 70th and ten of the 80th. When the attack
+on the pickets commenced, they were reinforced by fifteen Highlanders.
+The pickets defended the post till every man was either killed or
+wounded.
+
+A severe engagement took place between the contending armies, the weight
+of which was sustained on the part of the British by the left of Colonel
+Dundas's brigade, consisting of the 76th and 80th, and it so happened
+that while the right of the line was covered with woods they were drawn
+up in an open field, and exposed to the attack of the Americans with a
+chosen body of troops. The 76th being on the left, and lord Cornwallis,
+coming up in rear of the regiment, gave the word to charge, which was
+immediately repeated by the Highlanders, who rushed forward with
+impetuosity, and instantly decided the contest. The Americans retired,
+leaving their cannon and three hundred men killed and wounded behind
+them.
+
+Soon after this affair lord Cornwallis ordered a detachment of four
+hundred chosen men of the 76th to be mounted on such horses as could be
+procured and act with the cavalry. Although four-fifths of the men had
+never before been on horseback, they were mounted and marched with
+Tarleton's Legion. After several forced marches, far more fatiguing to
+the men than they had ever performed on foot, they returned heartily
+tired of their new mode of travelling. No other service was performed by
+the 76th until the siege and surrender of Yorktown. During the siege,
+while the officers of this regiment were sitting at dinner, the
+Americans opened a new battery, the first shot from which entered the
+mess-room, killed Lieutenant Robertson on the spot, and wounded
+Lieutenant Shaw and Quartermaster Barclay. It also struck Assistant
+Commissary General Perkins, who happened to dine there that day.
+
+The day following the surrender of lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown (October
+20th), the British prisoners moved out in two divisions, escorted by
+regiments of militia; one to the direction of Maryland, the other, to
+which the 76th belonged, moved to the westward in Virginia for
+Winchester. On arriving at their cantonment, the officers were lodged in
+the town on parole, and the soldiers were marched several miles off to a
+cleared spot in the woods, on which stood a few log huts, some of them
+occupied by prisoners taken at the Cowpens. From Winchester the regiment
+was removed to Lancaster in Pennsylvania. After peace was declared they
+embarked for New York, sailed thence for Scotland, and were disbanded in
+March 1784 at Stirling Castle.
+
+This regiment maintained a very high standard for their behavior. Thefts
+and other crimes, implying moral turpitude, were totally unknown. There
+were only four instances of corporal punishment inflicted on the
+Highlanders of the regiment, and these were for military offences. Moral
+suasion and such coercion as a father might use towards his children
+were deemed sufficient to keep them in discipline or self-restraint.
+
+In the year 1775, George III. resolved to humble the thirteen colonies.
+In the effort put forth he created a debt of L121,267,993, with an
+annual charge of L5,088,336, besides sacrificing thousands of human
+lives, and causing untold misery; and, at last, weary of the war, on
+July 25, 1782, he issued a warrant to Richard Oswald, commissioning him
+to negotiate a peace. The definite articles of peace were signed at
+Paris, September 3, 1783. Then the United States of America took her
+position among the nations of the earth. George III. and his ministers
+had exerted themselves to the utmost to subjugate America. Besides the
+troops raised in the British Isles there were of the German mercenaries
+twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. The mercenaries and
+British troops were well armed, clothed and fed. But the task undertaken
+was a gigantic one. It would have required a greater force than that
+sent to America to hold and garrison the cities alone. The fault was not
+with the army, the navy, or the commanding officers. The impartial
+student of that war will admit that the army fought well, likewise the
+navy, and the generals and admirals were skilled and able in the art of
+war. The British foreign office was weak. Nor was this all. The
+Americans had counted the cost. They were singularly fortunate in their
+leader. Thirty-nine years after his death, lord Brougham wrote of
+Washington that he was "the greatest man of our own or of any age. * * *
+This eminent person is presented to our observation clothed in
+attributes as modest, as unpretending, as little calculated to strike or
+to astonish, as if he had passed unknown through some secluded region of
+private life. But he had a judgment sure and sound; a steadiness of mind
+which never suffered any passion or even any feeling to ruffle its calm;
+a strength of understanding which worked rather than forced its way
+through all obstacles,--removing or avoiding rather than over-leaping
+them. His courage, whether in battle or in council, was as perfect as
+might be expected from this pure and steady temper of soul. A perfectly
+just man, with a thoroughly firm resolution never to be misled by others
+any more than by others over-awed; never to be seduced or betrayed, or
+hurried away by his own weaknesses or self-delusions, and more than by
+other men's arts, nor ever to be disheartened by the most complicated
+difficulties any more than to be spoilt on the giddy heights of
+fortune--such was this great man,--whether we regard him sustaining
+alone the whole weight of campaigns, all but desperate, or gloriously
+terminating a just warfare by his resources and his courage."[174]
+
+The British generals proved themselves unable to cope with this great
+and good man. More than six thousand five hundred Highlanders left their
+homes amidst the beautiful scenery of their native land, crossed a
+barrier of water three thousand miles in width, that they might fight
+against such a man and the cause he represented. Their toils, sacrifices
+and sufferings were in vain. Towards them Washington bore good will.
+Forgetting the wrongs they had done, he could write of them:
+
+   "Your idea of bringing over Highlanders appears to be a good one.
+   They are a hardy, industrious people, well calculated to form new
+   settlements, and will, in time, become valuable citizens."[175]
+
+War is necessarily cruel and barbarous; and yet there were innumerable
+instances of wanton cruelty during the American Revolution. No instances
+of this kind have been recorded against the soldiers belonging to the
+Highland regiments. There were cruelties perpetrated by those born in
+the Highlands of Scotland, but they were among those settled by Sir
+William Johnson on the Mohawk and afterwards joined either Butler's
+Rangers or else Sir John Johnson's regiment. Even this class was few in
+numbers.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 150: Governor Golden to Earl of Dartmouth. New York Docs.
+Relating to Colonial History, Vol. VIII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 151: Letter Book, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 152: _Ibid_, p. 223.]
+
+[Footnote 153: Henry's Campaign Against Quebec, 1775, p. 136.]
+
+[Footnote 154: Invasion of Canada 1775, p. 14.]
+
+[Footnote 155: State of the Expedition, p. VI.]
+
+[Footnote 156: Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 186.]
+
+[Footnote 157: Letter-Book, p. 856.]
+
+[Footnote 158: _Ibid_, p. 303.]
+
+[Footnote 159: _Ibid_, p. 472.]
+
+[Footnote 160: _ibid_, p. 350.]
+
+[Footnote 161: _Ibid_, p. 330.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Am. Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 1055.]
+
+[Footnote 163: _Ibid_, Series V. Vol. II, p. 159.]
+
+[Footnote 164: Stewart's Sketches, Vol. I, p. 360.]
+
+[Footnote 165: _Ibid_, p. 867]
+
+[Footnote 166: Am. Archives, Series 4, Vol. VI, p. 982.]
+
+[Footnote 167: For Correspondence see Spark's Washington's Writings,
+Vols. IV, V.]
+
+[Footnote 168: Sketches, Vol. II, p. 97.]
+
+[Footnote 169: Lossing's Washington and American Republic, Vol. II, p.
+643.]
+
+[Footnote 170: Stewart's Sketches, Vol. II, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 171: History of Campaigns, p. 218.]
+
+[Footnote 172: Pages 53, 77, 137.]
+
+[Footnote 173: Memoir of General Graham, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 174: Edinburg Review, October, 1838; Collected Contributions,
+Vol. I, p. 344.]
+
+[Footnote 175: Letter to Robert Sinclair, May 6,1792. Spark's Writings
+of Washington, Vol. XII, p. 304.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS WHO SERVED IN AMERICA IN THE INTERESTS OF
+GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+If the list of distinguished Highlanders who served in America in the
+interests of Great Britain was confined to those who rose to eminence
+while engaged in said service, it certainly would be a short one. If
+amplified to those who performed feats of valor or rendered valuable
+service, then the list would be long. The measure of distinction is too
+largely given to those who have held prominent positions, or else
+advanced in military rank. In all probability the names of some have
+been overlooked, although care has been taken in finding out even those
+who became distinguished after the American Revolution. The following
+biographical sketches are limited to those who were born in the
+Highlands of Scotland:
+
+
+GENERAL SIR ALAN CAMERON, K.C.B.
+
+Sir Alan Cameron of the Camerons of Fassifern, known in the Highlands as
+Ailean an Earrachd, almost a veritable giant, was born in Glen Loy,
+Lochaber, about the year 1745. In early manhood, having fought a duel
+with a fellow clansman, he fled to the residence of his mother's
+brother, Maclean of Drimnim, who, in order to elude his pursuers, turned
+him over to Maclean of Pennycross. Having oscillated between Morvern and
+Mull for a period of two years, he learned that another relative of his
+mother's, Colonel Allan Maclean of Torloisk, was about to raise a
+regiment for the American war. He embarked for America, and was kindly
+received by his relative who made him an officer in the 84th or Highland
+Emigrant regiment. During the siege of Quebec, he was taken prisoner and
+sent to Philadelphia, where he was kept for two years, but finally
+effected his escape, and returned to his regiment. Being unfit for
+service, in 1780, he returned to England on sick leave. In London he
+courted the only heir of Nathaniel Philips, and eloping with her they
+were married at Gretna Green. Soon after he received an appointment on
+the militia staff of one of the English counties. In 1782 he was elected
+a member of the Highland Society of London. In August 1793 Alan was
+appointed major-commandant, and preceded to Lochaber to raise a
+regiment, which afterwards was embodied as the 79th, or Cameron
+Highlanders. Not unmindful of his brother-officers of the Royal Highland
+Emigrant Regiment, he named two of his own, and five officers of the
+Clan Maclean. The regiment in January 1794 numbered one thousand, which
+advanced Alan to the lieutenant-colonelcy. The regiment was then
+embarked for Flanders to reinforce the British and Austrians against the
+French. It was in the disastrous retreat to Westphalia, and lost two
+hundred men. From thence it was sent to the Isle of Wight, and Colonel
+Cameron was ordered to recruit his regiment to the extent of its losses
+in Flanders. The regiment was sent to the island of Martinique, and in
+less than two years, from the unhealthy location, it was reduced to less
+than three hundred men. But few of the men ever returned to Scotland.
+Colonel Cameron having been ordered to recruit for eight hundred men,
+fixed his headquarters at Inverness. Within less than nine months after
+his return from Martinique he produced a fresh body of seven hundred and
+eighty men. In 1798 he was ordered with his regiment to occupy the
+Channel Islands. He was severely wounded at Alkmaar. Colonel Cameron was
+sent to help drive the French out of Egypt. From Egypt he was
+transferred to Minorca and from there to England. He took part in the
+capture of the Danish fleet--a neutral power--and entered Copenhagen.
+Soon after the battle of Vimiera, Alan was made a brigadier and
+commandant of Lisbon. He was in command of a brigade at Oporto when that
+city was besieged. He was twice wounded at the battle of Talavera. After
+a military career covering a period of thirty-six years, on account of
+ill-health, he resigned his position in the army, and for several years
+was not able to meet his friends. He died at Fulham, April 9, 1828.
+
+
+GENERAL SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, K.B.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL.]
+
+Sir Archibald Campbell second son of James Campbell of Inverneil was
+born at Inverneil on August 21, 1739. By special recommendation of Mr.
+Pitt he received, in 1757, a captain's commission in Fraser's
+Highlanders, and served throughout the campaign in North America, and
+was wounded at the taking of Quebec in 1758. On the conclusion of the
+war he was transferred to the 29th regiment, and afterwards major and
+lieutenant-colonel in the 42nd or Royal Highlanders, with which he
+served in India until 1773, when he returned to Scotland, and was
+elected to Parliament for the Stirling burgs in 1774. In 1775 he was
+selected as lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd battalion of Fraser's
+Highlanders. He was captured on board the George transport, in Boston
+Harbor June 17, 1776, and remained a prisoner until May 5, 1778, when he
+was exchanged for Colonel Ethan Allen. He was then placed in command of
+an expedition against the State of Georgia, which was successful. He was
+superseded the following year by General Augustine Prevost. Disagreeing
+with the policy adopted by that officer in regard to the royalist
+militia, Colonel Campbell returned to England, on leave. In 1779 he
+married Amelia, daughter of Allan Ramsay, the artist. November 20, 1782,
+he was promoted major-general, and the following month commissioned
+governor of Jamaica. His vigilance warded off attacks from the French,
+besides doing all in his power in sending information, supplies and
+reinforcements to the British forces in America. For his services, on
+his return to England, he was invested a knight of the Bath, on
+September 30, 1785. The same year he was appointed governor and
+commander-in-chief at Madras. On October 12, 1787, he was appointed
+colonel of the 74th Highlanders, which had been raised especially for
+service in India. In 1789 General Campbell returned to England, and at
+once was re-elected to Parliament for the Stirling burghs. He died March
+31, 1791, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+JOHN CAMPBELL OF STRACHUR.
+
+John Campbell was appointed lieutenant in Loudon's Highlanders in June
+1745; served throughout the Rising of 1745-6; made the campaign in
+Flanders in 1747, in which year he became a captain; and at the peace of
+1748 went on half pay. In 1756 he was called into active service and
+joined the 42nd. He was wounded at Ticonderoga, and on his recovery was
+appointed major of the 17th foot. February 1762, he became a
+lieutenant-colonel in the army, and commanded his regiment in the
+expedition against Martinico and Havanna. He became lieutenant-colonel
+of the 57th foot, May 1, 1773, and returned to America on the breaking
+out of the Revolution. On February 19, 1779 he was appointed
+major-general; colonel of his regiment November 2, 1780, and commanded
+the British forces in West Florida, where he surrendered Pensacola to
+the Spaniards, May 10, 1781; became lieutenant-general in 1787, and
+general January 26, 1797. General Campbell died August 28, 1806.
+
+
+LORD WILLIAM CAMPBELL.
+
+Lord William Campbell was the youngest son of the 4th duke of Argyle. He
+entered the navy, and became a captain August 20, 1762, when he was put
+in command of the Nightingale, of twenty guns. In May 1763, he married
+Sarah, daughter of Ralph Izard, of Charleston, South Carolina, and in
+1764, was elected to represent Argyleshire in parliament. On November
+27, 1766 he became governor of Nova Scotia, whose affairs he
+administered until 1773, when he was transferred to the government of
+South Carolina, in which province he arrived in June 1775, during the
+sitting of the first Provincial Congress, which presented him a
+congratulatory address, but he refused to acknowledge that body. For
+three months after his arrival he was undisturbed, though indefatigable
+in fomenting opposition to the popular measures; but in September,
+distrustful of his personal safety, and leaving his family behind, he
+retired on board the Tamar sloop-of-war, where he remained, although
+invited to return to Charleston. Lady Campbell was treated with great
+respect, but finally went on board the vessel, and was landed at
+Jamaica. In the attack on the city of Charleston, in June 1776, under
+Sir Henry Clinton, lord Campbell served as a volunteer on board the
+Bristol, on which occasion he received a wound that ultimately proved
+mortal. Presumably he returned with the fleet and died September 5,
+1778.
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER
+
+Brigadier Simon Fraser was the tenth son of Alexander Fraser, second of
+Balnain. The lands of Balnain had been acquired from Hugh, tenth lord of
+Lovat, by Big Hugh, grandfather of Simon. Alexander was in possession
+of the lands as early as 1730, and for his first wife had Jane, daughter
+of William Fraser, eighth of Foyers, by whom he had issue six sons and
+one daughter. In 1716 he married Jean, daughter of Angus, tenth
+Mackintosh of Kyllachy, by whom he had issue five sons and three
+daughters, Simon being the fourth son, and born May 26th, 1729.
+
+[Illustration: GENL FRASER.]
+
+In all probability it would be a difficult task to determine the date of
+General Fraser's first commission in the British army owing to the fact
+that no less than eight Simon Frasers appear in the Army List of 1757,
+six of whom belonged to Fraser's Highlanders. The subsequent commissions
+may positively be traced as follows: In the 78th Foot, lieutenant
+January 5, 1757, captain-lieutenant September 27, 1758, captain April
+22, 1759; major in the army March 15, 1761; in the 24th Foot, major
+February 8, 1762, and lieutenant-colonel July 14, 1768. January 10,
+1776, General Carleton appointed him to act as a brigadier till the
+king's pleasure could be known, which in due time was confirmed. His
+last commission was that of colonel in the army, being gazetted July 22,
+1777. He served in the Scots Regiment in the Dutch service and was
+wounded at Bergen ap-Zoon in 1747. He was with his regiment in the
+expedition against Louisburg in 1758 and accompanied General Wolfe to
+Quebec in 1759, and was the officer who answered the hail of the enemy's
+sentry in French and made him believe that the troops who surprised the
+Heights of Abraham were the Regiment de la Rhine.
+
+After the fall of Quebec, for a few years he did garrison duty at
+Gibraltar. Through the interest of the marquis of Townshend, who
+appointed him his aide-de-camp in Ireland, he was selected as
+quartermaster-general to the troops then stationed in that country.
+While in Ireland he was selected by General Burgoyne as one of his
+commanders for his expedition against the Americans. On April 5, 1776,
+he embarked with the 24th Foot, and arrived in Quebec on the 28th of the
+following May. He commanded the light brigade on General Burgoyne's
+campaign, and was thus ever in advance, rendering throughout the most
+efficient services, and had the singular good fortune to increase his
+reputation. He assisted in driving the Americans out of Canada, and
+defeated them in the battle of Three Rivers, followed by that of
+Hubbardton, July 7, 1777. Had his views prevailed, the blunder of
+sending heavy German dismounted dragoons to Bennington, and the
+consequent disaster would never have been committed.
+
+The career of this dauntless hero now rapidly drew near to its close. Up
+to the battle of Bennington almost unexampled success had attended the
+expedition of Burgoyne. The turning point had come. The battle of
+Bennington infused the Americans with a new and indomitable spirit; the
+murder, by savages, of the beautiful Miss Jane MacRae aroused the
+passions of war; the failure of Sir Henry Clinton to co-operate with
+General Burgoyne; the rush of the militia to the aid of General Gates,
+and the detachment of Colonel Morgan's riflemen by Washington from his
+own army to the assistance of the imperiled north, all conspired to turn
+the tide of success, and invite the victorious army to a disaster,
+rendered famous in the annals of history.
+
+On September 13, the British army crossed the Hudson, by a bridge of
+rafts with the design of forming a junction with Sir Henry Clinton at
+Albany. The army was in excellent order and in the highest spirits, and
+the perils of the expedition seemed practically over. The army marched a
+short distance along the western bank of the Hudson, and on the 14th
+encamped on the heights of Saratoga, distant about sixteen miles from
+Albany. On the 19th a battle was fought between the British right wing
+and a strong body of Americans. In this action the right column was led
+by General Fraser, who, on the first onset, wheeled his troops and
+forced Colonel Morgan to give way. Colonel Morgan was speedily
+re-enforced, when the action became general. When the battle appeared to
+be in the grasp of the British, and just as General Fraser and Colonel
+Breymann were preparing to follow up the advantage, they were recalled
+by General Burgoyne and reluctantly forced to retreat. Both Generals
+Fraser and Riedesel (commander of the Brunswick contingent) bitterly
+criticised the order, and in plain terms informed General Burgoyne that
+he did not know how to avail himself of his advantage. The next day
+General Burgoyne devoted himself to the laying out of a fortified camp.
+The right wing was placed under the command of General Fraser. The
+situation now began to grow critical. Provisions became scarce. October
+5th a council of war was held, and the advice of both Generals Fraser
+and Riedesel was to fall back immediately to their old position beyond
+the Batten Kil. General Burgoyne finally determined on a reconnaissance
+in force. So, on the morning of October 7th, with fifteen hundred men,
+accompanied by Generals Fraser, Riedesel and Phillips, the division
+advanced in three columns towards the left wing of the American
+position. In advance of the right wing, General Fraser had command of
+five hundred picked men. The Americans fell upon the British advance
+with fury, and soon a general battle was engaged in. Colonel Morgan
+poured down like a torrent from the ridge that skirted the flanking
+party of General Fraser, and forced the latter back; and then by a
+rapid movement to the left fell upon the flank of the British right with
+such impetuosity that it wavered. General Fraser noticing the critical
+situation of the center hurried to its succor the 24th Regiment. Dressed
+in full uniform, General Fraser was conspicuously mounted on an iron
+grey horse. He was all activity and vigilance, riding from one part of
+the division to another, and animated the troops by his example. At a
+critical point, Colonel Morgan, who, with his riflemen was immediately
+opposite to General Fraser's corps, perceiving that the fate of the day
+rested upon that officer, called a few of his sharpshooters aside, among
+whom was the famous marksman, Timothy Murphy, men on whose precision of
+aim he could rely, and said to them, "That gallant officer yonder is
+General Fraser; I admire and respect him, but it is necessary for our
+good that he should die. Take you station in that cluster of bushes and
+do your duty." A few moments later, a rifle ball cut the crouper of
+General Fraser's horse, and another passed through the horse's mane.
+General Fraser's aid, calling attention to this, said: "It is evident
+that you are marked out for particular aim; would it not be prudent for
+you to retire from this place?" General Fraser replied, "My duty forbids
+me to fly from danger." The next moment he fell wounded by a ball from
+the rifle of Timothy Murphy, and was carried off the field by two
+grenadiers. After he was wounded General Fraser told his friends "that
+he saw the man who shot him, and that he was a rifleman posted in a
+tree." From this it would appear that after Colonel Morgan had given his
+orders Timothy Murphy climbed into the forks of a neighboring tree.
+
+General Burgoyne's surgeons were reported to have said had not General
+Fraser's stomach been distended by a hearty breakfast he had eaten just
+before going into action he would doubtless have recovered from his
+wound.
+
+Upon the fall of General Fraser, dismay seized the British. A retreat
+took place exactly fifty-two minutes after the first shot was fired.
+General Burgoyne left the cannon on the field, except two howitzers,
+besides sustaining a loss of more than four hundred men, and among them
+the flower of his officers. Contemporary military writers affirmed that
+had General Fraser lived the British would have made good their retreat
+into Canada. It is claimed that he would have given such advice as would
+have caused General Burgoyne to have avoided the blunders which finally
+resulted in his surrender.
+
+The closing scene of General Fraser's life has been graphically
+described by Madame Riedesel, wife of the German general. It has been
+oft quoted, and need not be here repeated. General Burgoyne has
+described the burial scene with his usual felicity of expression and
+eloquence.
+
+Burgoyne was not unmindful of the wounded general. He was directing the
+progress of the battle, and it was not until late in the evening that he
+came to visit the dying man. A tender scene took place between him and
+General Fraser. The latter was the idol of the army and upon him General
+Burgoyne placed most reliance. The spot where General Fraser lies buried
+is on an elevated piece of ground commanding an extensive view of the
+Hudson, and a great length of the interval on either side. The grave is
+marked by a tablet placed there by an American lady.
+
+The American reader has a very pleasant regard for the character of
+General Fraser. His kindly disposition attracted men towards him. As an
+illustration of the humane disposition the following incident, taken
+from a rare work, may be cited: "Two American officers taken at
+Hubbardstown, relate the following anecdote of him. He saw that they
+were in distress, as their continental paper would not pass with the
+English; and offered to loan them as much as they wished for their
+present convenience. They took three guineas each. He remarked to
+them--Gentlemen take what you wish--give me your due bills and when we
+reach Albany, I trust to your honor to take them up; for we shall
+doubtless overrun the country, and I shall, probably, have an
+opportunity of seeing you again.'" As General Fraser fell in battle,
+"the notes were consequently never paid; but the signers of them could
+not refrain from shedding tears at the fate of this gallant and generous
+enemy."[176]
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER OF LOVAT.
+
+General Simon Fraser, thirteenth of Lovat, born October 19, 1726, was
+the son of the notorious Simon, twelfth lord Lovat, who was executed in
+1747. With six hundred of his father's vassals he joined prince Charles
+before the battle of Falkirk, January 17, 1746, and was one of the
+forty-three persons included in the act of attainder of June 4, 1746.
+Having surrendered to the government he was confined in Edinburgh Castle
+from November,
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIMON FRASER OF LOVAT.]
+
+1746, to August 15, 1747, when he was allowed to reside in Glasgow
+during the king's pleasure. He received a full pardon in 1750, and two
+years later entered as an advocate. At the commencement of the seven
+years' war, by his influence with his clan, without the aid of land or
+money he raised eight hundred recruits in a few weeks, in which as many
+more were shortly added. His commission as colonel was dated January 5,
+1757. Under his command Fraser's Highlanders went to America, where he
+was at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, and in the expedition under
+General Wolfe against Quebec, where he was wounded at Montmorenci. He
+was again wounded at Sillery, April 28, 1760. In 1762 he was a
+brigadier-general in the British force sent to Portugal; in the
+Portuguese army he held the temporary rank of major-general, and in 1768
+a lieutenant-general. In 1771 he was a major-general in the British
+army. By an act of parliament, on the payment of L20,983, all his
+forfeited lands, lordships, &c., were restored to him, on account of the
+military services he had rendered the country. On the outbreak of the
+American Revolution General Fraser raised another regiment of two
+battalions, known as Fraser's Highlanders or 71st, but did not accompany
+the regiment. When, in Canada, in 1761, he was returned to parliament,
+and thrice re-elected, representing the constituency of the county of
+Inverness until his death, which occurred in Downing Street, London,
+February 8, 1782.
+
+
+GENERAL SIMON FRASER.
+
+Lieutenant-General Simon Fraser, son of a tacksman, born in 1738, was
+senior of the Simon Frasers serving as subalterns in Fraser's
+Highlanders in the campaign in Canada in 1759-1761. He was wounded at
+the battle of Sillery, April 28, 1760, and three years later was placed
+on half-pay as a lieutenant. In 1775 he raised a company for the 71st or
+Fraser's Highlanders; became senior captain and afterwards major of the
+regiment, with which he served in America in the campaigns of 1778-1781.
+In 1793 he raised a Highland regiment which was numbered 133rd foot or
+Fraser's Highlanders, which after a brief existence, was broken up and
+drafted into other corps. He became a major-general in 1795, commanded a
+British force in Portugal in 1797-1800. In 1802 he became
+lieutenant-general, and for several years second in command in Scotland,
+in which country he died March 21, 1813.
+
+
+GENERAL JAMES GRANT OF BALLINDALLOCH.
+
+General James Grant was born in 1720, and after studying law obtained a
+commission in the army in 1741, and became captain in the Royal Scots,
+October 24, 1744. General Grant served with his regiment in Flanders and
+in Ireland, and became major in Montgomery's Highlanders, with which he
+went to America in 1757. In the following year he was surprised before
+Fort Duquesne, and lost a third of his command in killed, wounded and
+missing, besides being captured himself with nineteen of his officers.
+He became lieutenant-colonel of the 40th foot in 1760, and governor of
+East Florida. In May, 1761, he led an expedition against the Cherokee
+Indians, and defeated them in the battle of Etchoe. On the death of his
+nephew he succeeded to the family estate; became brevet-colonel in 1772;
+in 1773 was returned to parliament for Wick burghs, and the year after
+for Sutherlandshire; and in 1775 was appointed colonel of the 55th
+foot. As a brigadier, in 1776, he went to America with the reinforcement
+under Sir William Howe; commanded two brigades at the battle of Long
+Island, Brandywine and Germantown. In May, 1778, was unsuccessful in his
+attempt to cut off the marquis de Lafayette on the Schuylkill. In
+December, 1778, he captured St. Lucia, in the West Indies. In 1777, he
+became major-general, in 1782 lieutenant-general, and in 1796 general;
+and, in succession became governor of Dumbarton and Stirling Castles. In
+1787, 1790, 1796, and 1801, he was again returned to parliament for
+Sutherlandshire. He was noted for his love of good living, and in his
+latter years was immensely corpulent. He died at Ballindalloch April 13,
+1806.
+
+
+GENERAL ALLAN MACLEAN OF TORLOISK.
+
+General Allan Maclean, son of Torloisk, Island of Mull, was born there
+in 1725, and began his military career in the service of Holland, in the
+Scots brigade. At the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1747, a portion of the
+brigade cut its way with great loss through the French. Lieutenants
+Allan and Francis Maclean, having been taken prisoners, were carried
+before General Lowendahl, who thus addressed them: "Gentlemen, consider
+yourselves on parole. If all had conducted themselves as your brave
+corps have done, I should not now be master of Bergen-op-Zoom." January
+8, 1756, Allan became lieutenant in the 62nd regiment, and on July 8,
+1758, was severely wounded at Ticonderoga. He became captain of an
+independent company, January 16, 1759, and was present at the surrender
+of Niagara, where he was again dangerously wounded. Returning to Great
+Britain, he raised the 114th foot or Royal Highland Volunteers, of which
+he was appointed major commandant October 18, 1761. The regiment being
+reduced in 1763, Major Maclean went on half-pay. He became
+lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and early in 1775 devised a
+colonization scheme which brought him to America, landing in New York of
+that year. At the outbreak of the Revolution he identified himself with
+the British king; was arrested in New York; was released by denying he
+was taking a part in the dispute; thence went to the Mohawk, and on to
+Canada, where he began to set about organizing a corps, which became the
+nucleus of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Of this regiment Major Allan
+was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first battalion which he had
+raised. On the evidence of American prisoners taken at Quebec, Colonel
+Maclean resorted to questionable means to recruit his regiment. All
+those of British birth who had been captured were given permission to
+join the regiment or else be carried to England and tried for treason.
+But these enforced enlistments proved of no value. Quebec unquestionably
+would have fallen into the hands of General Arnold had not Colonel
+Maclean suddenly precipitated himself with a part of his corps into the
+beleaguered city. Had Quebec fallen, Canada would have become a part of
+the United States. To Colonel Allan Maclean Great Britain owes the
+possession of Canada. During the prolonged siege Colonel Maclean
+suffered an injury to his leg, whereby he partially lost the use of it
+during the remainder of his life. On May 11, 1776, Colonel Maclean was
+appointed adjutant-general of the army, which he held until June 6,
+1777, when he became brigadier-general, and placed in command at
+Montreal. As dangers thickened around General Burgoyne, General Maclean
+was ordered, October 20th, with the 31st and his battalion of the Royal
+Highland Emigrants, to Chimney Point, but the following month was
+ordered to Quebec. He left Quebec July 27, 1776, for England, in order
+to obtain rank and establishment for his regiment which had been
+promised. He returned to Canada, arriving in Quebec May 28, 1777. In
+1778 he again went to England and made a personal appeal to the king in
+behalf of his regiment, which proved successful. May 1, 1779, he sailed
+from Spithead and arrived at Quebec on August 16th. He became colonel in
+the army November 17, 1780, and in the winter of 1782 had command from
+the ports at Oswegatchie to Michilimackinac. Soon after the peace of
+1783, General Maclean retired from the service. He married Janet,
+daughter of Donald Maclean of Brolass, and died without issue, in
+London, in March, 1797. From the contents of many letters directed to
+John Maclean of Lochbuie, it is to be inferred that he died in
+comparative poverty. His correspondence during his command of the
+Highland Emigrants is among the Haldimand MSS, in the British Museum.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ALLAN MACLEAN, BART.]
+
+General Allan Maclean of Torloisk has been confused by some
+writers--notably by General Stewart in his "Sketches of the Highlands"
+and Dr. James Brown in his "History of the Highlands and Highland
+Clans"--with Sir Allan Maclean, twenty-second chief of his clan. Sir
+Allan served in different parts of the globe. The first notice of his
+military career is as a captain under the earl of Drumlanrig in the
+service of Holland. July 16, 1757, he became a captain in Montgomery's
+Highlanders, and June 25, 1762, major in the 119th foot or the Prince's
+Own. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel May 25, 1772, and died
+on Inch Kenneth, December 10, 1783. He married Anna, daughter of Hector
+Maclean of Coll. Dr. Samuel Johnson visited him during his tour of the
+Hebrides, and was so delighted with the baronet and his amiable
+daughters that he broke out into a Latin sonnet.
+
+
+GENERAL FRANCIS MACLEAN.
+
+General Francis Maclean, of the family of Blaich, as soon as he was able
+to bear arms, obtained a commission in the same regiment with his
+father; was at the defence of Bergen-op Zoom in 1747, and was detained
+prisoner in France for some time; was appointed captain in the 2nd
+battalion of the 42nd Highlanders on its being raised in October, 1758.
+At the capture of the island of Guadaloupe, he was severely wounded, but
+owing to his gallant conduct was promoted to the rank of major, and
+appointed governor of the island of Marie Galante. In January, 1761, he
+exchanged into the 97th regiment, and April 13, 1762, was appointed
+lieutenant-colonel in the army. In the war in Canada, he commanded a
+body of troops under General Wolfe, and participated in the capture of
+Montreal. He was sent, in 1762, to aid the Portuguese against the
+combined attack of France and Spain, and was made commander of Almeida,
+a fortified town on the Spanish frontier, which he held for several
+years; and on being promoted to the rank of major-general, was nominated
+to the government of Estremadura and the city of Lisbon. On leaving
+Portugal in 1778, the king presented him with a handsomely mounted
+sword, and the queen gave him a valuable diamond ring. On his return to
+England--having been gazetted colonel of the 82nd foot, December 16,
+1777--he was immediately dispatched with a corps of the army for
+America, and appointed to the government of Halifax in Nova Scotia,
+where he held the rank of brigadier-general. During the month of June,
+1779, with a part of his army, General Maclean repaired to the
+Penobscot, and there proceeded to erect defenses. The American army
+under General Lovell, from Boston, appeared in the bay on July 28th, and
+began to erect batteries for a siege. Commodore Sir George Collier,
+August 13th, entered the bay with a fleet and raised the siege. General
+Maclean returned to Halifax, where he died, May 4, 1781, in the
+sixty-fourth year of his age, and unmarried.
+
+
+GENERAL JOHN SMALL.
+
+General John Small was born in Strathardale in Athole, in the year 1726,
+and entered the army early in life, his first commission being in the
+Scotch Brigade. He obtained an ensigncy in 1747, and was on half-pay in
+1756, when appointed lieutenant in the 42nd Highlanders on the eve of
+its departure for America. He accompanied the regiment in 1759 in the
+expedition to northern New York, and in 1760 went down from Oswego to
+Montreal. In 1762 he served in the expedition to the West Indies, and on
+August 6th of the same year was promoted to a company. On the reduction
+of the regiment in 1763, Captain Small went on half-pay until April,
+1765, when he was appointed to a company in the 21st or Royal North
+British Fusileers, which soon after was sent to America. With this
+regiment he continued until 1775, when he received a commission to raise
+a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia. Having raised the 2nd battalion
+of the Royal Highland Emigrants, he was appointed major commandant, with
+a portion of which he joined the army with Sir Henry Clinton at New York
+in 1779, and in 1780, became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In 1782
+he was quartered on Long Island. November 18, 1790, he was appointed
+colonel in the army, and in 1794, lieutenant-governor of the island of
+Guernsey; he was promoted to the rank of major-general October 3, 1794,
+and died at Guernsey on March 17, 1796, in the seventieth year of his
+age.
+
+
+FLORA MACDONALD.
+
+No name in the Scottish Highlands bears such a charm as that of Flora
+Macdonald. Her praise is frequently sung, sketches of her life
+published, and her portrait adorns thousands of homes. While her
+distinction mainly rests on her efforts in behalf of the luckless prince
+Charles, after the disastrous battle of Culloden; yet, in reality, her
+character was strong, and she was a noble type of womanhood in her
+native isle.
+
+[Illustration: FLORA MACDONALD.]
+
+Flora Macdonald--or "Flory," as she always wrote her name, even in her
+marriage contract--born in 1722, was a daughter of Ranald Macdonald,
+tacksman of Milton, in South Uist, an island of the Hebrides. Her father
+died when she was about two years old, and when six years old she was
+deprived of the care of her mother, who was abducted and married by Hugh
+Macdonald of Armadale in Skye. Flora remained in Milton with her brother
+Angus till her thirteenth year, when she was taken into the mansion of
+the Clanranalds, where she became an accomplished player on the spinet.
+In 1739 she went to Edinburgh to complete her studies where, until 1745,
+she resided in the family of Sir Alexander Macdonald of the Isles.
+While on a visit to the Clanranalds in Benbecula, prince Charles Edward
+arrived there after the battle of Culloden in 1746. She enabled the
+prince to escape to Skye. For this she was arrested and thrown into the
+Tower of London. On receiving her liberty, in 1747, she stayed for a
+time in the house of Lady Primrose, where she was visited by many
+persons of distinction. Before leaving London she was presented with
+L1500. On her return to Scotland she was entertained at Monkstadt in
+Skye, at a banquet, to which the principal families were invited.
+November 6, 1750, she married Allan Macdonald, younger of Kingsburgh. At
+first they resided at Flodigarry; but on the death of her father-in-law
+they went in 1772 to Kingsburgh. Here she was visited, in 1773, by the
+celebrated Samuel Johnson. Her husband, oppressed by debts, was caught
+in that great wave of emigration from the Highlands to America. In the
+month of August, 1774, leaving her two youngest children with friends at
+home, Flora, her husband and older children, sailed in the ship Baliol,
+from Campbelton, Kintyre, for North Carolina. Flora's fame had preceded
+her to that distant country, and her departure from Scotland having
+become known to her countrymen in Carolina, she was anxiously expected
+and joyfully received on her arrival. Demonstrations on a large scale
+were made to welcome her to America. Soon after her landing, a largely
+attended ball was given in her honor at Wilmington. On her arrival at
+Cross Creek she received a truly Highland welcome from her old neighbors
+and kinsfolk, who had crossed the Atlantic years before her. The strains
+of the Piobaireachd, and the martial airs of her native land, greeted
+her on her approach to the capital of the Scottish settlement. Many
+families of distinction pressed upon her to make their dwellings her
+home, but she respectfully declined, preferring a settled place of her
+own. As the laird of Kingsburgh intended to become a planter, he left
+his family in Cross Creek until he could decide upon a location. The
+house in which they lived during this period was built immediately on
+the brink of the creek, and for many years afterwards was known as
+"Flora Macdonald's house." Northwest of Cross Creek, a distance of
+twenty miles, is a hill about six hundred feet in height, now called
+Cameron's hill, but then named Mount Pleasant. Around and about this
+hill, in 1775, many members of the Clan Macdonald had settled, all of
+whom were of near kin to the laird and lady of Kingsburgh. Hard by are
+the sources of Barbeque Creek, and not many miles down that stream stood
+the old kirk, where the clansmen worshipped, and where Flora inscribed
+her name on the membership roll.
+
+Mount Pleasant stands in the very midst of the pinery region, and from
+it in every direction stretches the great pine forest. Near this center
+Allan Macdonald of Kingsburgh purchased of Caleb Touchstone a plantation
+embracing five hundred and fifty acres on which were a dwelling house
+and outhouses which were more pretentious than was then customary among
+Highland settlers. The sum paid, as set forth in the deed, was four
+hundred and sixty pounds. Here Flora established herself, that with her
+family she might spend the rest of her days in peace and quiet. But the
+times were not propitious. There was commotion which soon ended in a
+long and bitter war. Even this need not have materially disturbed the
+family had not Kingsburgh precipitated himself into the conflict,
+needlessly and recklessly. With blind fatuity he took the wrong side in
+the controversy; and even then by the exercise of patience might have
+overcome the effects of his folly. Before Flora and her family were
+settled in America the storm gave its ominous rumble. When Governor
+Martin, who had deserted his post and fled to an armed cruiser in the
+mouth of the Cape Fear river, issued his proclamation, Allan Macdonald
+was among the first to respond. The war spirit of Flora was stirred
+within her, and she partook of the enthusiasm of her husband. According
+to tradition, when the Highlanders gathered around the standard Flora
+made them an address in their own Gaelic tongue that excited them to the
+highest pitch of warlike enthusiasm. With the due devotion of an
+affectionate wife, Flora followed her husband for several days, and
+encamped one night with him in a dangerous place, on the brow of
+Haymount, near the American forces. For a time she refused to listen to
+her husband's entreaties to return home, for he thought his life was
+enough to be in jeopardy. Finally when the army took up its march with
+banners flying and martial music, she deemed it time to retrace her
+steps, and affectionately embraced her husband, her eyes dimmed with
+tears as she breathed an earnest prayer to heaven for his safe and
+speedy return to his family and home. But alas! she never saw him again
+in America.
+
+The rebellion of the Highlanders in North Carolina, which ended in a
+fiasco, has already been narrated. Flora was soon aroused to the fact
+that the battle was against them, and her husband and one son were
+confined in Halifax jail. It appears that even she was brought before
+the Committee of Safety, where she exhibited a "spirited behavior."[177]
+Sorrows, indeed, had accumulated rapidly upon her: a severe typhus fever
+attacked the younger members of the family and two of her children died,
+a boy and a girl aged respectively eleven and thirteen, and her
+daughter, Fanny, was still in precarious health, from the dregs of a
+recent fever. By the advice of her imprisoned husband she resolved to
+return to her native country. Fortunately for her she secured the favor
+and good offices of Captain Ingram, an American officer, who promised to
+assist her. He furnished her with a passport to Wilmington, and from
+thence she found her way to Charleston, from which port she sailed to
+her native land, in 1779. In this step she was partly governed by the
+state of health of her daughter Fanny. Crossing the Atlantic with none
+of her family but Fanny--her five sons and son-in-law actively engaged
+in the war--the Scottish heroine met with the last of her adventures.
+The vessel in which she sailed engaged a French privateer, and during
+the conflict her left arm was broken. So, in after years, she truthfully
+said that she had served both the House of Stuart and the House of
+Hanover, but had been worsted in the cause of each. For some time she
+resided at Milton, where her brother built her a cottage: but on the
+return of her husband they again settled at Kingsburgh, where she died
+March 5, 1790.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 176: Memoir General Stark, 1831, p. 252.]
+
+[Footnote 177: Captain Alexander McDonald's Letter-Book, p. 387.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+DISTINGUISHED HIGHLANDERS IN AMERICAN INTERESTS
+
+
+The attitude of the Highlanders during the Revolutionary War was not of
+such a nature as to bring them prominently into view in the cause of
+freedom. Nor was it the policy of the American statesmen to cater to
+race distinctions and prejudices. They did not regard their cause to be
+a race war. They fought for freedom without regard to their origin,
+believing that a just Providence would smile upon their efforts. Many
+nationalities were represented in the American army. Men left their
+homes in the Old World, purposely to engage in the cause of
+Independence, some of whom gained immortal renown, and will be
+remembered with honor by generations yet unborn. As has been already
+noted, there were natives of the Highlands of Scotland, who had made
+America their home and imbibed the principles of political liberty, and
+early identified themselves with the cause of their adopted country. The
+lives of some of these patriots are herewith imperfectly sketched.
+
+
+GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOUGALL.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. ALEXANDER MCDOUGALL.]
+
+There are few names in the annals of the American Revolution upon which
+one can linger with more satisfaction than that of the gallant and
+true-hearted Alexander McDougall. As early as August 20, 1775,
+Washington wrote to General Schuyler concerning him: his "zeal is
+unquestionable."[178] Writing to General McDougall, May 23, 1777,
+Washington says: "I wish every officer in the army could appeal to His
+own heart and find the same principles of conduct, that I am persuaded
+actuate you."[179] The same writing to Thomas Jefferson, August 1,
+1786, lamented the brave "soldier and disinterested patriot," and
+exclaimed, "Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall."[180]
+
+Alexander McDougall was born in the island of Islay in Scotland, in
+1731, being the son of Ranald McDougall, who emigrated to the province
+of New York in 1735. The father purchased a small farm near the city of
+New York, and there peddled milk, in which avocation he was assisted by
+his son, who never was ashamed of the employment of his youth. Alexander
+was a keen observer of passing events and took great interest in the
+game of politics. With vigilance he watched the aggressive steps of the
+royal government; and when the Assembly, in the winter of 1769, faltered
+in its opposition to the usurpations of the crown and insulted the
+people by rejecting a proposition authorizing the vote by ballot, and by
+entering on the favorable consideration of a bill of supplies for troops
+quartered in the city to overawe the inhabitants, he issued an address,
+under the title of "A Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the
+Colony," in which he contrasted the Assembly with the legislative bodies
+in other parts of the country, and held up their conduct to unmitigated
+and just indignation. The bold and deserved rebuke was laid before the
+house by its speaker, and, with the exception of Philip Schuyler, every
+member voted that it was "an infamous and seditious libel." A
+proclamation for the discovery of the author was issued by the governor,
+and it being traced to Alexander McDougall, he was arrested in February,
+1770, and refusing to give bail was committed to prison by order of
+chief justice Horsmanden. As he was being carried to prison, clearly
+reading in the signs about him the future of the country, he exclaimed,
+"I rejoice that I am the first sufferer for liberty since the
+commencement of our glorious struggle." During the two months of his
+confinement he was overrun with visitors. He poured forth continued
+appeals to the people, and boldly avowed his revolutionary opinions. In
+every circle his case was the subject of impassioned conversation, and
+in an especial manner he became the idol of the masses. A packed jury
+found an indictment against him, and on December 20th he was arraigned
+at the bar of the Assembly on the same charge, on which occasion he was
+defended by George Clinton, afterwards the first governor of the State
+of New York. In the course of the following month a writ of habeas
+corpus was sued out, but without result, and he was not liberated until
+March 4, 1771, when the assembly was prorogued. When the Assembly
+attempted to extort from him a humiliating recantation, he undauntingly
+answered their threat, that "rather than resign my rights and privileges
+as a British subject, I would suffer my right hand to be cut off at the
+bar of the house." When set at liberty he entered into correspondence
+with the master-spirits in all parts of the country; and when the
+celebrated meetings in the fields were held, on July 6, 1774,
+preparatory to the election of the New York delegates to the First
+General Congress, he was called to preside, and resolutions prepared by
+him were adopted, pointing out the mode of choosing deputies, inveighing
+against the Boston Port Bill, and urging upon the proposed congress the
+prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. In March
+1775, he was a member of the Provincial Convention, and was nominated as
+one of the candidates for the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but
+was not elected. In the same year he received a commission as colonel of
+the 1st New York regiment, and on August 9, 1776, was created
+brigadier-general. On the evening of the 29th of the same month he was
+selected by Washington to superintend the embarkation of the troops from
+Brooklyn; was actively engaged on Chatterton's Hill and in various
+places in New Jersey; and when General William Heath, in the spring of
+1777, left Peekskill to assume the command of the eastern department, he
+succeeded that officer, but was compelled, by a superior force under Sir
+William Howe, to retreat from the town, after destroying a considerable
+supply of stores, on March 23rd. After the battle of Germantown, in
+which he participated, Washington, writing to the president of Congress,
+under date of October 7, 1777, says:
+
+"I cannot however omit this opportunity of recommending General
+McDougall to their notice. This gentleman, from the time of his
+appointment as brigadier, from his abilities, military knowledge, and
+approved bravery, has every claim to promotion."[181]
+
+On the 20th of the same month he was commissioned major-general. On
+March 16, 1778, he was directed to assume the command of the different
+posts on the Hudson, and, with activity, pursued the construction of the
+fortifications in the Highlands, and, after the flight of General
+Arnold, was put in command of West Point, October 5, 1780. Near the
+close of that year he was called upon by New York to repair to Congress
+as one of their representatives. It was a critical moment, and
+Washington urged his acceptance of the post; accordingly he took his
+seat in the Congress the next January. Congress having organized an
+executive department, in 1781, General McDougall was appointed Minister
+of Marine. He did not remain long in Philadelphia, for his habits,
+friendships, associations and convictions of duty recalled him to the
+camp. The confidence felt in his integrity and good judgment by all
+classes in the service, was such, that when the army went into winter
+quarters at Newburgh, in 1783, he was chosen at the head of the
+delegation to Congress to represent their grievances. The same year,
+after the close of the war, he was elected to represent the Southern
+District in the senate of New York and continued a member of that body
+until his death, which occurred in the city of New York June 8, 1786. At
+the time of his decease, General McDougall was president of the Bank of
+New York. In politics he adhered to the Hamilton party.
+
+
+GENERAL LACHLAN M'INTOSH.
+
+The history of the emigration of John Mohr McIntosh to Georgia, and the
+settlement upon the Alatamaha, where now stands the city of Darien, has
+already been recorded. The second son of John Mohr was Lachlan, born
+near Raits in Badenoch, Scotland, March 17, 1725, and consequently was
+eleven years old at the time he emigrated to America. As has been
+already noted John Mohr McIntosh was captured by the Spaniards at Fort
+Moosa, carried to Spain, and after several years, returned in broken
+health.
+
+Both Lachlan and his elder brother William were placed as cadets in the
+regiment by General Oglethorpe. When General Oglethorpe made his final
+preparations for his return to England, the two young brothers were
+found hid away in the hold of another vessel, for they had heard of the
+attempts then being made by prince Charles to regain the throne of his
+ancestors, and they hoped to regain something that the family of Borlam
+had lost, of which they were members. General Oglethorpe had the two
+boys brought to his cabin; he spoke to them of the friendship he had
+entertained for their father, of the kindness he had shown to
+themselves, of the hopelessness of every attempt of the house of Stuart,
+of their own folly in engaging in this wild and desperate struggle, of
+his own duty as an officer of the house of Brunswick; but if they would
+go ashore, their secret should be his. He received their pledge and they
+never saw him again.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL LACHLAN MCINTOSH.]
+
+At that time the means of education in Georgia were limited, yet under
+his mother's care Lachlan McIntosh was well instructed in English,
+mathematics and other branches necessary for future military use.
+Lachlan sought the promising field of enterprise in Charleston, South
+Carolina, where the fame of his father's gallantry and misfortunes
+secured to him a kind reception from Henry Laurens, afterwards president
+of Congress, and the first minister of the United States to Holland. In
+the house of that patriot he remained several years, and contracted
+friendships that lasted while he lived, with some of the leading
+citizens of the southern colonies. Having adopted the profession of
+surveyor, and married, he returned to Georgia, where he acquired a wide
+and honorable reputation. On account of his views concerning certain
+lands between the Alatamaha and St. Mary's rivers which did not coincide
+with those of Governor Wright of Georgia, it afforded the latter a
+pretence, for a long and deliberate opposition to the interests of
+Lachlan McIntosh, which gradually schooled him for the approaching
+conflict between England and her American colonies. When that event
+began to dawn upon the people every eye in Georgia was turned to General
+McIntosh as the leader of whatever force that province might bring into
+the struggle. When, therefore, the revolutionary government was
+organized and an order was made for raising a regiment was adopted,
+Lachlan McIntosh was made colonel commandant; and when the order was
+issued for raising three other regiments, in September, 1776, he was
+immediately appointed brigadier-general commandant. About this time
+Button Gwinnett was elected governor, who had been an unsuccessful
+competitor for the command of the troops. He was a man unrestrained by
+any honorable principles, and used his official authority in petty
+persecutions of General McIntosh and his family. The general bore all
+this patiently until his opponent ceased to be governor, when he
+communicated to him the opinion he entertained of his conduct. He
+received a challenge, and in a duel wounded him mortally. General
+McIntosh now applied, through his friend Colonel Henry Laurens, for a
+place in the Continental army, which was granted, and with his staff was
+invited to join the commander-in-chief. He soon won the confidence of
+Washington, and for a long time was placed in his front, while watching
+the superior forces of Sir William Howe in Philadelphia.
+
+While the army was in winter quarters at Valley Forge, the attention of
+the government was called to the exposed condition of the western
+frontier, upon which the British was constantly exciting the Indians to
+the most terrible atrocities. It was determined that General McIntosh
+should command an expedition against the Indians on the Ohio. In a
+letter to the President of Congress, dated May 12, 1778, Washington
+says:
+
+"After much consideration upon the subject, I have appointed General
+McIntosh to command at Fort Pitt, and in the western country, for which
+he will set out as soon as he can accommodate his affairs. I part with
+this gentleman with much reluctance, as I esteem him an officer of great
+worth and merit, and as I know his services here are and will be
+materially wanted. His firm disposition and equal justice, his assiduity
+and good understanding, added to his being a stranger to all parties in
+that quarter, pointed him out as a proper person."[182]
+
+With a reinforcement of five hundred men General McIntosh marched to
+Fort Pitt, of which he assumed the command, and in a short time he gave
+repose to all western Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the spring of 1779,
+he completed arrangements for an expedition against Detroit, but in
+April was recalled by Washington to take part in the operations proposed
+for the south, where his knowledge of the country, added to his stirling
+qualities, promised him a useful field. He joined General Lincoln in
+Charleston, and every preparation in their power was made for the
+invasion of Georgia, then in possession of the British, as soon as the
+French fleet under count D'Estaing should arrive on the coast. General
+McIntosh marched to Augusta, took command of the advance of the troops,
+and proceeding down to Savannah, drove in all the British outposts.
+Expecting to be joined by the French, he marched to Beauly, where count
+D'Estaing effected a landing on September 12th, 13th, and 14th, and on
+the 15th was joined by General Lincoln. General McIntosh pressed for an
+immediate attack, but the French admiral refused. In the very midst of
+the siege the French fleet put to sea, leaving Generals Lincoln and
+McIntosh to retreat to Charleston, where they were besieged by an
+overwhelming force under Sir Henry Clinton, to whom the city was
+surrendered on May 12, 1780. With this event the military life of
+General McIntosh closed. He was long detained a prisoner of war, and
+when finally released, retired with his family to Virginia, where he
+remained until the British troops were driven from Savannah. Upon his
+return to Georgia, he found his personal property wasted and his real
+estate much diminished in value. From that time to the close of his
+life, in a great measure, he lived in retirement and comparative
+poverty until his death, which took place at Savannah, February 20,
+1806.
+
+
+GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.]
+
+The life of Major General Arthur St. Clair was a stormy one, full of
+disappointments, shattered hopes, and yet honored and revered for the
+distinguished and disinterested services he performed. He was a near
+relative of the then earl of Roslin, and was born in 1734, in the town
+of Thurso, Caithness in Scotland. He inherited the fine personal
+appearance and manly traits of the St. Clairs. After graduating at the
+University of Edinburgh, he entered upon the study of medicine under the
+celebrated Doctor William Hunter of London; but receiving a large sum of
+money from his mother's estate in 1757, he changed his purpose and
+sought adventures in a military life, and the same year entered the
+service of the king of Great Britain, as ensign in the 60th or Royal
+American Regiment of Foot. In May of the succeeding year he was with
+General Amherst before Louisburg. Gathered there were men soon to become
+famous among whom were Wolfe, Montcalm, Murray and Lawrence. For gallant
+conduct Arthur St. Clair received a lieutenant's commission, April 17,
+1759, and was with General Wolfe in that brilliant struggle before
+Quebec, in September of the same year, and soon after was made a
+captain. In 1760 he married at Boston, Miss Phoebe Bayard, with a
+fortune of L40,000, which added to his own made him a man of wealth. On
+April 16. 1762 he resigned his commission in the army, and soon after
+led a colony of Scotch settlers to the Ligonier Valley, in
+Pennsylvania, where he purchased for himself one thousand acres of land.
+Improvements everywhere sprang up under his guiding genius. He held
+various offices, among which was member of the Proprietory Council of
+Pennsylvania, and colonel of militia. The mutterings which preceded the
+American Revolution were early heard in the beautiful valley of the
+Ligonier. Colonel St. Clair was not slow to take action, and espoused
+the cause of the patriots with all the intensity of his character, and
+never, even for a moment, swerved in the cause. He was destined to
+receive the enduring friendship of Washington, La Fayette, Hamilton,
+Schuyler, Wilson, Reed, and others of the most distinguished patriots of
+the Revolution. Early in the year 1776, he resigned his civil offices,
+and led the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment in the invasion of Canada, and on
+account of the remarkable skill there displayed in saving from capture
+the army of General Sullivan, he received the rank of brigadier-general,
+August 6, 1776. He claimed to have pointed out the Quaker road to
+Washington on the night before the battle of Princeton. On account of
+his meritorious services in that battle, he was made a major-general,
+February 19, 1777. On the advance of General Burgoyne, who now
+threatened the great avenue from the north, General St. Clair was placed
+in command of Ticonderoga. Discovering that he could not hold the
+position, with great reluctance he ordered the fort evacuated. A great
+clamor was raised against him, especially in the New England States, and
+on account of this he was suspended, and a court-martial ordered.
+Retaining the confidence of Washington he was a volunteer aid to that
+commander at the battle of Brandywine. In September 1778, the
+court-martial acquitted him of all the charges. He was on the
+court-martial that condemned Major John Andre, adjutant-general of the
+British army, as a spy, who had been actively implicated in the treason
+of Benedict Arnold, and soon after was placed in command of West Point.
+He assisted in quelling the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line, and shared
+in the crowning glory of the Revolution, the capture of the British army
+under lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Soon afterwards General St. Clair
+retired to private life, but his fellow-citizens soon determined
+otherwise. In 1783 he was on the board of censors for Pennsylvania, and
+afterwards chosen vendue-master of Philadelphia; in 1786 was elected a
+member of Congress, and in 1787 was president of that body, which at
+that time, was the highest office in America. In 1788 he was elected
+governor of the North West Territory, which imposed upon him the duty of
+governing, organizing, and bringing order out of chaos, over that region
+of country. In 1791, Washington made him commander-in-chief of the army,
+and in the autumn, with an ill-appointed force, set out, under the
+direct orders from Henry Knox, then Secretary of War, on an expedition
+against the Indians, but met with an overwhelming defeat on November
+4th. The disaster was investigated by Congress, and the general was
+justly exonerated from all blame. He resigned his commission as general
+in 1792, but continued in office as governor until 1802, when he was
+summarily dismissed by Thomas Jefferson, then president. In poverty he
+retired to a log-house which overlooked the valley he had once owned. In
+vain he pressed his claims against the government for the expenditures
+he had made during the Revolution, in aid of the cause. In 1812 he
+published his "Narrative." In 1813 the legislature of Pennsylvania
+granted him an annuity of $400, and finally the general government gave
+him a pension of $60 per month. He died at Laural Hill, Pennsylvania,
+August 31, 1818, from injuries received by being thrown from a wagon.
+
+Years afterwards Judge Burnet wrote, declaring him to have been
+"unquestionably a man of superior talents, of extensive information, and
+of great uprightness of purpose, as well as suavity of manners. * * * He
+had been accustomed from infancy to mingle in the circles of taste and
+refinement, and had acquired a polish of manners, and a habitual respect
+for the feelings of others, which might be cited as a specimen of
+genuine politeness."[183]
+
+In 1870 the State of Ohio purchased the papers of General St. Clair, and
+in 1882 these were published in two volumes, containing twelve hundred
+and seventy pages.
+
+
+SERGEANT DONALD M'DONALD
+
+The lives of men who have won a great name on the field of battle throw
+a glamor over themselves which is both interesting and fascinating; and
+those treading the same path but cut off in their career are forgotten.
+However, the American Revolution affords many acts of heroism performed
+by those who did not command armies, some of whom performed many acts
+worthy of record. Perhaps, among the minor officers none had such a
+successful run of brilliant exploits as Sergeant Macdonald, many of
+which are sufficiently well authenticated. Unfortunately the essential
+particulars relating to him have not been preserved. The warlike deeds
+which he exhibited are recorded in the "Life of General Francis Marion"
+by General Horry, of Marion's brigade, and Weems. Just how far Weems
+romanced may never be known, but in all probability what is related
+concerning Sergeant Macdonald is practically true, save the shaping up
+of the story.
+
+Sergeant Macdonald is represented to have been a son of General Donald
+Macdonald, who headed the Highlanders in North Carolina, and met with an
+overwhelming defeat at Moore's Creek Bridge. The son was a remarkably
+stout, red-haired young Scotsman, cool under the most trying
+difficulties, and brave without a fault. Soon after the defeat and
+capture of his father he joined the American troops and served under
+General Horry. One day General Horry asked him why he had entered the
+service of the patriots. In substance he made the following reply:
+
+"Immediately on the misfortune of my father and his friends at the Great
+Bridge, I fell to thinking what could be the cause; and then it struck
+me that it must have been owing to their own monstrous ingratitude.
+'Here now,' said I to myself, 'is a parcel of people, meaning my poor
+father and his friends, who fled from the murderous swords of the
+English after the massacre at Culloden. Well, they came to America, with
+hardly anything but their poverty and mournful looks. But among this
+friendly people that was enough. Every eye that saw us, had pity; and
+every hand was reached out to assist. They received us in their houses
+as though we had been their own unfortunate brothers. They kindled high
+their hospitable fires for us, and spread their feasts, and bid us eat
+and drink and banish our sorrows, for that we were in a land of
+friends. And so indeed, we found it; for whenever we told of the woeful
+battle of Culloden, and how the English gave no quarter to our
+unfortunate countrymen, but butchered all they could overtake, these
+generous people often gave us their tears, and said, O! that we had been
+there to aid with our rifles, then should many of these monsters have
+bit the ground.' They received us into the bosoms of their peaceful
+forests, and gave us their lands and their beauteous daughters in
+marriage, and we became rich. And yet, after all, soon as the English
+came to America, to murder this innocent people, merely for refusing to
+be their slaves, then my father and friends, forgetting all that the
+Americans had done for them, went and joined the British, to assist them
+to cut the throats of their best friends! Now,' said I to myself, 'if
+ever there was a time for God to stand up to punish ingratitude, this
+was the time.' And God did stand up; for he enabled the Americans to
+defeat my father and his friends most completely. But, instead of
+murdering the prisoners as the English had done at Culloden, they
+treated us with their usual generosity. And now these are the people I
+love and will fight for as long as I live."
+
+The first notice given of the sergeant was the trick which he played on
+a royalist. As soon as he heard that Colonel Tarleton was encamped at
+Monk's Corner, he went the next morning to a wealthy old royalist of
+that neighborhood, and passing himself for a sergeant in the British
+corps, presented Colonel Tarleton's compliments with the request that he
+would send him one of his best horses for a charger, and that he should
+not lose by the gift.
+
+"Send him one of my finest horses!" cried the old traitor with eyes
+sparkling with joy. "Yes, Mr. Sergeant, that I will, by gad! and would
+send him one of my finest daughters too, had he but said the word. A
+good friend of the king, did he call me, Mr. Sergeant? yes, God save his
+sacred majesty, a good friend I am indeed, and a true. And, faith, I am
+glad too, Mr. Sergeant, that colonel knows it. Send him a charger to
+drive the rebels, hey? Yes, egad will I send him one, and as proper a
+one too as ever a soldier straddled. Dick! Dick! I say you Dick!"
+
+"Here, massa, here! here Dick!"
+
+"Oh, you plaguey dog! so I must always split my throat with bawling,
+before I can get you to answer hey?"
+
+"High, massa, sure Dick always answer when he hear massa hallo!"
+
+"You do, you villain, do you? Well then run! jump, fly, you rascal, fly
+to the stable, and bring me out Selim, my young Selim! do you hear? you
+villain, do you hear?"
+
+"Yes, massa, be sure!"
+
+Then turning to the sergeant he went on:
+
+"Well, Mr. Sergeant, you have made me confounded glad this morning, you
+may depend. And now suppose you take a glass of peach; of good old
+peach, Mr. Sergeant? do you think it would do you any harm?"
+
+"Why, they say it is good of a rainy morning, sir," replied the
+sergeant.
+
+"O yes, famous of a rainy morning, Mr. Sergeant! a mighty antifogmatic.
+It prevents you the ague, Mr. Sergeant; and clears a man's throat of the
+cobwebs, sir."
+
+"God bless your honor!" said the sergeant as he turned off a bumper.
+
+Scarcely had this conversation passed when Dick paraded Selim; a proud,
+full-blooded, stately steed, that stepped as though he were too lofty to
+walk upon the earth. Here the old man brightening up, broke out again:
+
+"Aye! there, Mr. Sergeant, there is a horse for you! isn't he, my boy?"
+
+"Faith, a noble animal, sir," replied the sergeant.
+
+"Yes, egad! a noble animal indeed; a charger for a king, Mr. Sergeant!
+Well, my compliments to Colonel Tarleton; tell him I've sent him a
+horse, my young Selim, my grand Turk, do you hear, my son of thunder?
+And say to the colonel that I don't grudge him either, for egad! he's
+too noble for me, Mr. Sergeant. I've no work that's fit for him, sir; no
+sir, if there's any work in all this country that's good enough for him
+but just that which he is now going on; the driving the rebels out of
+the land."
+
+He had Selim caparisoned with his elegant new saddle and holsters, with
+his silver-mounted pistols. Then giving Sergeant Macdonald a warm
+breakfast, and loaning him his great coat, he sent him off, with the
+promise that he would, the next morning, come and see how Colonel
+Tarleton was pleased with Selim. Accordingly he waited on the English
+colonel, told him his name with a smiling countenance; but, to his
+mortification received no special notice. After partially recovering
+from his embarrassment he asked Colonel Tarleton how he liked his
+charger.
+
+"Charger, sir?" said the colonel.
+
+"Yes, sir, the elegant horse I sent you yesterday."
+
+"The elegant horse you sent me, sir?"
+
+"Yes, sir, and by your sergeant, sir, as he called himself."
+
+"An elegant horse! and by my sergeant? Why really, sir, I-I-I don't
+understand all this."
+
+"Why, my dear, good sir, did you not send a sergeant yesterday with your
+compliments to me, and a request that I would send you my very best
+horse for a charger, which I did?"
+
+"No, sir, never!" replied the colonel; "I never sent a sergeant on any
+such errand. Nor till this moment did I ever know that there existed on
+earth such a being as you."
+
+The old man turned black in the face; he shook throughout; and as soon
+as he could recover breath and power of speech, he broke out into a
+torrent of curses, enough to make one shudder at his blasphemy. Nor was
+Colonel Tarleton much behind him when he learned what a valuable animal
+had slipped through his hands.
+
+When Sergeant Macdonald was asked how he could reconcile the taking of
+the horse he replied:
+
+"Why, sir, as to that matter, people will think differently; but for my
+part I hold that all is fair in war; and besides, sir, if I had not
+taken him Colonel Tarleton, no doubt, would have got him. And then, with
+such a swift strong charger as this he might do us as much harm as I
+hope to do to them."
+
+Harm he did with a vengeance; for he had no sense of fear; and for
+strength he could easily drive his sword through cap and skull of an
+enemy with irresistible force. He was fond of Selim, and kept him to the
+top of his metal; Selim was not much his debtor; for, at the first
+glimpse of a red-coat, he would paw, and champ his iron bit with rage;
+and the moment of command, he was off among them like a thunderbolt. The
+gallant Highlander never stopped to count the number, but would dash
+into the thickest of the fight, and fall to hewing and cutting down like
+an uncontrollable giant.
+
+General Horry, when lamenting the death of his favorite sergeant said
+that the first time he saw him fight was when the British held
+Georgetown; and with the sergeant the two set out alone to reconnoitre.
+The two concealed themselves in a clump of pines near the road, with the
+enemy's lines in full view. About sunrise five dragoons left the town
+and dashed up the road towards the place where the heroes were
+concealed. The face of Sergeant Macdonald kindled up with the joy of
+battle. "Zounds, Macdonald," said General Horry, "here's an odds against
+us, five to two." "By my soul now captain," he replied, "and let 'em
+come on. Three are welcome to the sword of Macdonald." When the dragoons
+were fairly opposite, the two, with drawn sabres broke in upon them like
+a tornado. The panic was complete; two were immediately overthrown, and
+the remaining three wheeled about and dashed for the town, applying the
+whip and spur to their steeds. The sergeant mounted upon the
+swift-footed Selim out-distanced his companion, and single-handed cut
+down two of the foe. The remaining one would have met a like fate had
+not the guns of the fort protected him. Although quickly pursued by the
+relief, the sergeant had the address to bring off an elegant horse of
+one of the dragoons whom he had killed.
+
+A day or two after the victory of General Marion over Colonel Tynes,
+near the Black river, General Horry took Captain Baxter, Lieutenant
+Postell and Sergeant Macdonald, with thirty privates, to see if some
+advantage could not be gained over the enemy near the lines of
+Georgetown. While partaking of a meal at the house of a planter, a
+British troop attempted to surprise them. The party leaped to their
+saddles and were soon in hot pursuit of the foe. While all were
+excellently mounted, yet no horse could keep pace with Selim. He was the
+hindmost when the race began, but with widespread nostrils, long
+extended neck, and glaring eyeballs, he seemed to fly over the course.
+Coming up with the enemy Sergeant Macdonald drew his claymore, and
+rising on his stirrups, with high-uplifted arm, he waved it three times
+in circles over his head, and then with terrific force brought it down
+upon the fleeing dragoon. One of the British officers snapped his pistol
+at him, but before he could try another the sergeant cut him down.
+Immediately after, at a blow apiece, three more dragoons were brought to
+the earth by the resistless claymore. Of the twenty-five, not a man
+escaped, save one officer, who struck off at right angles, for a swamp,
+which he gained, and so cleared himself. So frightened was Captain
+Meriot, the British officer, that his hair, from a bright auburn,
+before night, had turned gray.
+
+[Illustration: SERGEANT MACDONALD AND COLONEL GAINEY.]
+
+On the following day General Horry encountered one third of Colonel
+Gainey's men, and in the encounter the latter lost one half his men who
+were in the action. In the conflict, as usual the sergeant performed
+prodigies of valor. Later in the day Colonel Gainey's regiment again
+commenced the attack, when Sergeant Macdonald made a dash for the
+leader, in full confidence of getting a gallant charger. Colonel Gainey
+proved to have been well mounted; but the sergeant, regarding but the
+one enemy passed all others. He afterwards said he could have slain
+several in the charge, but wished for no meaner object than their
+leader. Only one, who threw himself in the way, became his victim, whom
+he shot down as they went at full speed along the Black river road. When
+they reached the corner of Richmond fence, the sergeant had gained so
+far upon his enemy, as to be able to plunge his bayonet into his back.
+The steel parted from the gun, and, with no time to extricate it,
+Colonel Gainey rushed into Georgetown, with the weapon still
+conspicuously showing how close and eager had been the charge, and how
+narrow the escape. The wound was not fatal.
+
+On another occasion General Marion ordered Captain Withers to take
+Sergeant Macdonald, with four volunteers, and search out the intentions
+of the enemy in Georgetown. On the way they stopped at a wayside house
+and drank too much brandy. Sergeant Macdonald, feeling the effects of
+the potion, with a red face, reined up Selim, and drawing his claymore,
+began to pitch and prance about, cutting and slashing the empty air, and
+cried out, "Huzza, boys! let's charge!" Then clapping spurs to their
+steeds these six men, huzzaing and flourishing their swords, charged at
+full tilt into a town garrisoned by three hundred British. The enemy
+supposing this was the advance guard of General Marion, fled to their
+redoubts; but all were not fortunate enough to reach that haven, for
+several were overtaken and cut down in the streets, among whom was a
+sergeant-major, who fell from a back-handed stroke of a claymore dealt
+by Sergeant Macdonald. Out of the town the young men galloped without
+receiving any injury.
+
+Not long after the above incident, the sergeant, as usual employing
+himself in watching the movements of the British, climbed up into a
+bushy tree, and thence, with a musket loaded with pistol bullets, fired
+at the guard as they passed by; of whom he killed one man and badly
+wounded Lieutenant Torquano; then sliding down the tree, mounted Selim,
+and was soon out of harm's was. Repassing the Black river he left his
+clothes behind him, which were seized by the enemy. He sent word to
+Colonel Watson if he did not immediately send back his clothes, he would
+kill eight of his men to compensate for them. He felt it was a point of
+honor that he should recover his clothes. Colonel Watson greatly
+irritated by a late defeat, was furious at the audacious message. He
+contemptuously ordered the messenger to return; but some of his
+officers, aware of the character of the sergeant, urged that the
+clothes might be returned to the partisan, as he would positively keep
+his word. Colonel Watson yielded, and when the messenger returned to the
+sergeant, he said, "You may now tell Colonel Watson that I will kill but
+four of his men."
+
+The last relation of Sergeant Macdonald, as given by General Peter
+Horry, is in reference to Captains Snipes and McCauley, with the
+sergeant and forty men, having surprised and cut to pieces a large party
+of the enemy near Charleston.
+
+Sergeant Macdonald did not live to reap the fruit of his labors, or even
+to see his country free. He was killed at the siege of Fort Motte, May
+12, 1781. In this fort was stationed a British garrison of one hundred
+and fifty men under Captain McPherson, which had been reinforced by a
+small force of dragoons sent from Charleston with dispatches for lord
+Rawdon. General Marion, with the assistance of Colonel Henry Lee, laid
+siege to the fortress, which was compelled to surrender, owing to the
+burning of the mansion in the center of the works. Mrs. Rebecca Motte,
+the lady that owned the mansion, furnished the bow and arrows used to
+carry the fire to the roof of the building. Nathan Savage, a private in
+the ranks of General Marion's men, winged the arrow with the lighted
+torch. The British did not lose a man, and General Marion lost two of
+his bravest,--Lieutenant Cruger and Sergeant Macdonald. His resting
+place is unknown. No monument has been erected to his memory; but his
+name will endure so long as men shall pay respect to heroism and
+devotion to country.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 178: Spark's Washington's Writings, Vol. III, p. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 179: _Ibid_, Vol. IV, p. 430.]
+
+[Footnote 180: _Ibid_, Vol. IX, p. 186.]
+
+[Footnote 181: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 85.]
+
+[Footnote 182: _Ibid_, Vol. V, p. 361.]
+
+[Footnote 183: Notes on the North-Western Territory, p. 378]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Since the publication of "Scotch Highlanders in America," I have secured
+the following complete list of the officers of the 2nd Battalion of the
+84th or Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment, from hon. Aeneas A. MacDonald,
+Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He also has a complete list of the
+enlisted men. The original document is in private hands in St. John,
+N.B.
+
+
+LIST OF OFFICERS OF 2ND BATTALION OF ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANTS.
+
+Muster of January 21st, 1778, at Halifax 2nd Battalion of His Majesty's
+Young Royal Highland Regiment of Foot whereof the Honble Lieut. Genl.
+Thomas Gage is Colonel in Chief.
+
+_1st Company_, Major Commandant, John Small, Commissioned June 13th,
+1715, and April 8th, 1777; Captain Lieutenant, John MacLean,
+Commissioned April 9th, 1776; Ensign, Lauchlan McQuarrie, Commissioned
+April 9th, 1776; Chaplain, Revd Alexr McKenzie, Commissioned July 12th,
+1776, Absent by leave, Revd Doctr Brinston officiating; Adjutant, Hector
+MacLean, Commissioned April 25th, 1776; Quarter Master, Angus Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Surgeon, George Fr. Boyd, Commissioned May
+8th, 1776; Surgeon's Mate, Donald Cameron, Commissioned Oct 25th, 1776.
+3 Sergeants 3 Corporals 2 Drummers and 46 Privates.
+
+_2nd Company_, Captain, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775:
+Lieutenant, Gerald Fitzgerald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; On
+recruiting service in Newfoundland; Ensign, Kenneth Macdonald,
+Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and 38
+Privates.
+
+_3rd Company_, Captain, Duncan Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Thomas Lunden, Commissioned June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Christr
+Seaton, Commissioned April 9th, 1777. 8 non-commissioned officers and 48
+Privates.
+
+_4th Company_, Captain, Ronald McKinnon, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenants, Robert Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, and James
+McDonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8 non-commissioned officers and
+50 Privates.
+
+_5th Company_, Captain, Alexr Campbell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Absent on Comr in Chief's leave; Lieutenant, Samuel Bliss, Commissioned
+June 14th, 1775; Ensign, Joseph Hawkins, Commissioned Decr 25th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.
+
+_6th or Grenadier Company_, Captain, Murdoch McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Recruiting; Lieutenants, Lauchlin McLaine, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Charles McDonald, Commissioned May 18th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 50 Privates.
+
+_7th Company_, Captain, Neil McLean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Serving with the Army in Canada and under orders to join; Lieutenant,
+Hugh Frazier, Commissioned Feby 27th, 1776, Prisoner with the Rebels;
+Ensign, John Macdonald, Commissioned Octr 7th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned
+officers and 32 Privates.
+
+_8th Company_, Captain, Allen Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with Rebels; Lieutenant, Alexr Macdonald, Commissioned June
+14th, 1775, Prisoner with Rebels; Ensign, Alexr Maclean, Commissioned
+Decr 25th, 1776. 8 non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.
+
+_9th Company_, Captain, John Macdonald, Commissioned June 14th, 1775;
+Lieutenant, Alexr McDonell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775, Prisoner with
+the Rebels; Ensign, James Robertson, Commissioned Oct 30th, 1776. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 34 Privates.
+
+_10th Company_, Captain, Allan Macdonnell, Commissioned June 14th, 1775,
+Prisoner with the Rebels; Lieutenant, John Macdonnell, Major Genl
+Massey's leave; Ensign, Hector Maclean, Commissioned June 14th, 1775. 8
+non-commissioned officers and 40 Privates.
+
+At this Muster the 3rd or Captain Duncan Campbell's Company and the 5th
+or Captain Alexr Campbell's Company could not have been present as the
+Muster Rolls of these Companies, while containing the list of Officers
+and Men, are not completed and not signed by the officers or by the
+Deputy Officer taking the Muster. The 5th Company was in Newfoundland at
+the time and the 3rd probably there also.
+
+At a Muster of the Regiment held at Halifax on 2nd of September 1778 the
+Regiment appears as His Majesty's Royal Highland Regiment of Emigrants.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+FIRST EMIGRANTS TO AMERICA.
+
+Parties bearing Highland names were in America and the West Indies
+during the seventeenth century, none of whom may have been born north of
+the Grampians. The records fail to give us the details. It has been
+noted that on May 15, 1635, Henri Donaldson left London for Virginia on
+the Plaine Joan, the master of which was Richard Buckam. On May 28,
+1635, Melaskus McKay was transported from the same port and to the same
+place, on board the Speedwell, Jo. Chappell, master. Dowgall Campbell
+and his wife Mary were living in Barbadoes, September 1678, as was also
+Patric Campel, in August 1679. Malcum Fraser was physician on board the
+Betty, that carried seventy-five "convicted rebells," one of whom was a
+woman, in 1685, sailed from Port Weymouth for the Barbadoes, and there
+sold into slavery. Many persons by name of Morgan also left various
+English ports during that century, but as they occur in conjunction with
+that of Welsh names it is probable they were from the same country.
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+LETTER OF DONALD MACPHERSON.
+
+Communication between the two countries was difficult and uncertain,
+which would inevitably, in a short time, stop friendly correspondence.
+More or less effort was made to keep up old friendships. The friends in
+the New World did not leave behind them their love for the Highlands,
+for home, for father and mother. The following curious letter has been
+preserved from Donald MacPherson, a young Highland lad, who had been
+sent to Virginia with Captain Toline, and was born near the house of
+Culloden where his father lived, and addressed to him. It was written
+about 1727:
+
+   "Portobago in Marilante, 2 June, 17--.
+Teer Lofen Kynt Fater:
+
+Dis is te lat ye ken, dat I am in quid healt, plessed be Got for dat,
+houpin te here de lyk frae yu, as I am yer nane sin, I wad a bine ill
+leart gin I had na latten yu ken tis, be kaptin Rogirs skep dat geangs
+te Innernes, per cunnan I dinna ket sika anither apertunti dis towmen
+agen. De skep dat I kam in was a lang tym o de see cumin oure heir, but
+plissis pi Got for a'ting wi a kepit our heels unco weel, pat Shonie
+Magwillivray dat hat ay sair heet. Dere was saxty o's a'kame inte te
+quintry hel a lit an lim an nane o's a'dyit pat Shonie Magwillivray an
+an otter Ross lad dat kam oure wi's an mai pi dem twa wad a dyit gintey
+hed bitten at hame. Pi mi fait I kanna kamplin for kumin te dis quintry,
+for mestir Nicols, Lort pliss hem, pat mi till a pra mestir, dey ca him
+Shon Bayne, an hi lifes in Marylant in te rifer Potomak, he nifer gart
+mi wark ony ting pat fat I lykit mi sel: de meast o a' mi wark is
+waterin a pra stennt hors, and pringin wyn an pread ut o de seller te mi
+mestir's tebil. Sin efer I kam til him I nefer wantit a pottle o petter
+ele nor isi m a' Shon Glass hous, for I ay set toun wi de pairns te
+dennir. Mi mestir seys til mi, fan I kon speek lyk de fouk hier dat I
+sanna pe pidden di nating pat gar his plackimors wurk, for de fyt fouk
+dinna ise te wurk pat te first yeer aftir dey kum in te de quintry. Tey
+speek a' lyk de sogers in Inerness. Lofen fater, fan de sarvants hier he
+deen wi der mestirs, dey grou unco rich, an its ne wonter for day mak a
+hantil o tombako; and des sivites anahels and de sheries an de pires
+grou in de wuds wantin tyks apout dem, De Swynes te ducks and durkies
+geangs en de wuds wantin mestirs. De tombako grous shust lyk de dockins
+en de bak o de lairts yart an de skeps dey kum fra ilka place an bys dem
+an gies a hantel o silder an gier for dem. Mi nane mestir kam til de
+quintry a sarfant an weil I wot hi's nou wort mony a susan punt. Fait ye
+mey pelive mi de pirest plantir hire lifes amost as weil as de lairt o
+Collottin. Mai pi fan mi tim is ut I wel kom hem an sie yu pat not for
+de fust nor de neest yeir til I gater somtig o mi nane, for I fan I ha
+dun wi mi mestir, hi maun gi mi a plantashon te set mi up, its de
+quistium hier in dis quintry; an syn I houp te gar yu trink wyn insteat
+o tippeni in Innerness. I wis I hat kum our hier twa or tri yiers seener
+nor I dit, syn I wad ha kum de seener hame, pat Got bi tanket dat I kam
+sa seen as I dit. Gin yu koud sen mi owr be ony o yur Innesness skeps,
+ony ting te mi, an it war as muckle clays as mak a quelt it wad, mey pi,
+gar mi meistir tink te mere o mi. It's tru I ket clays eneu fe him bat
+out ting fe yu wad luck weel an pony, an ant plese Got gin I life, I sal
+pey yu pack agen. Lofen fater, de man dat wryts dis letir for mi is van
+Shames Macheyne, hi lifes shust a myl fe mi, hi hes pin unko kyn te mi
+sin efer I kam te de quintrie. Hi wes porn en Petic an kom our a sarfant
+fe Klesgou an hes peen hes nane man twa yeirs, an has sax plockimors
+wurkin til hem alrety makin tombako ilka tay. Heil win hem, shortly an
+a' te geir dat he hes wun hier an py a lerts kip at hem. Luck dat yu
+duina forket te vryt til mi ay, fan yu ket ony occashion: Got Almichte
+plis yu Fater an a de leve o de hous, for I hana forkoten nane o yu, nor
+dinna yu forket mi, for plise Got I sal kum hem wi gier eneuch te di yu
+a' an mi nane sel guid. I weit yu will be veri vokie, fan yu sii yur
+nane sins fesh agen, for I heive leirt a hautle hevens sin I sau yu an I
+am unco buick leirt.
+
+   A tis fe yur lofen an Opetient Sin,
+     Tonal Mackaferson.
+
+Directed--For Shames Mackaferson neir te Lairt o Collottin's hous, neir
+Innerness en de Nort o Skotlan."[184]
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+EMIGRATION DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+The emigration from the Highlands to America was so pronounced that the
+Scottish papers, notably the "Edinburgh Evening Courant," the
+"Caledonian Mercury," and the "Scots Magazine," made frequent reference
+and bemoan its prevalence. It was even felt in London, for the
+"Gentleman's Magazine" was also forced to record it. While all these
+details may not be of great interest, yet to obtain a fair idea of this
+movement, some record will be of service.
+
+The "Scots Magazine," for September 1769, records that the ship Molly
+sailed from Islay on August 21st of that year full of passengers to
+settle in North Carolina; which was the third emigration from Argyle
+"since the close of the late war." A subsequent issue of the same paper
+states that fifty-four vessels full of emigrants from the Western
+Islands and other parts of the Highlands sailed for North Carolina,
+between April and July 1770, conveying twelve hundred emigrants. Early
+in 1771, according to the "Scots Magazine," there were five hundred
+emigrants from Islay, and the adjacent Islands, preparing to sail in the
+following summer for America "under the conduct of a gentleman of wealth
+and merit whose predecessors resided in Islay for many centuries past."
+The paper farther notes that "there is a large colony of the most
+wealthy and substantial people in Skye making ready to follow the
+example of the Argathelians in going to the fertile and cheap lands on
+the other side of the Atlantic ocean. It is to be dreaded that these
+migrations will prove hurtful to the mother country; and therefore its
+friends ought to use every proper method to prevent them." These Skye
+men to the number of three hundred and seventy, in due time left for
+America. The September issue states that "several of them are people of
+property who intend making purchases of land in America. The late great
+rise of the rents in the Western Islands of Scotland is said to be the
+reason of this emigration."
+
+The "Scots Magazine" states that the ship Adventure sailed from Loch
+Erribol, Sunday August 17, 1772, with upwards of two hundred emigrants
+from Sutherlandshire for North Carolina. There were several emigrations
+from Sutherlandshire that year. In June eight families arrived in
+Greenock, and two other contingents--one of one hundred and the other of
+ninety souls--were making their way to the same place en route to
+America. The cause of this emigration they assign to be want of the
+means of livelihood at home, through the opulent graziers engrossing the
+farms, and turning them into pasture. Several contributions have been
+made for these poor people in towns through which they passed.
+
+During the year 1773, emigrants from all parts of the Highlands sailed
+for America. The "Courant" of April 3, 1773, reports that "the unlucky
+spirit of emigration" had not diminished, and that several of the
+inhabitants of Skye, Lewis, and other places were preparing to emigrate
+to America during the coming summer "and seek for the sustenance abroad
+which they allege they cannot find at home." In its issue for July 3,
+1773, the same paper states that eight hundred people from Skye were
+then preparing to go to North Carolina and that they had engaged a
+vessel at Greenock to carry them across the Atlantic. In the issue of
+the same paper for September 15th, same year, appears the gloomy
+statement that the people of Badenoch and Lochaber were in "a most
+pitiful situation for want of meal. They were reduced to live on blood
+which they draw from their cattle by repeated bleedings. Need we wonder
+to hear of emigrations from such a country." On September 1, 1773,
+according to the "Courant," a ship sailed from Fort William for America
+with four hundred and twenty-five men, women, and children, all from
+Knoydart, Lochaber, Appin, Mamore, and Fort William. "They were the
+finest set of fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they carried at
+least L6000 sterling in ready cash with them; so that by this
+emigration the country is not only deprived of its men, but likewise of
+its wealth. The extravagant rents started by the landlords is the sole
+cause given for this spirit of emigration which seems to be only in its
+infancy." On September 29, 1773, the "Courant," after stating that there
+were from eight to ten vessels chartered to convey Highland emigrants
+during that season across the Atlantic, adds: "Eight hundred and forty
+people sailed from Lewis in July. Alarmed with this Lord Fortrose, their
+master, came down from London about five weeks ago to treat with the
+remainder of his tenants. What are the terms they asked of him, think
+you? 'The land at the old rents; the augmentation paid for three years
+backward to be refunded; and his factor to be immediately dismissed.'"
+The "Courant" added that unless these terms were conceded the island of
+Lewis would soon be an uninhabited waste. Notwithstanding the visit of
+lord Fortrose, emigration went on. The ship Neptune with one hundred and
+fifty emigrants from Lewis arrived in New York on August 23, 1773; and,
+according to the "Scots Magazine," between seven hundred and eight
+hundred emigrants sailed from Stornoway for America on June 23rd, of the
+same year.
+
+The "Courant" for September 25, 1773, in a communication from Dornoch,
+states that on the 10th of that month there sailed from Dornoch Firth,
+the ship Nancy, with two hundred and fifty emigrants from
+Sutherlandshire for New York. The freight exceeded 650 guineas. In the
+previous year a ship from Sutherlandshire paid a freight of 650 guineas.
+
+In October 1773, three vessels with seven hundred and seventy-five
+emigrants from Moray, Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness, sailed from
+Stromness for America.
+
+The "Courant" for November 10, 1773, records that fifteen hundred people
+had left the county of Sutherland for America within the two preceding
+years. The passage money cost L3 10s each, and it was computed that on
+an average every emigrant brought L4 with him. "This amounts to L7500,
+which exceeds a year's rent of the whole county."
+
+The "Gentleman's Magazine" for June 30, 1775, states that "four vessels,
+containing about seven hundred emigrants, have sailed for America from
+Port Glasgow and Greenock, in the course of the present month, most of
+them from the north Highlands." The same journal for September 23rd,
+same year, says, "The ship Jupiter from Dunstaffnage Bay, with two
+hundred emigrants on board, chiefly from Argyleshire, set sail for North
+Carolina. They declare the oppressions of their landlords are such that
+they can no longer submit to them."
+
+The perils of the sea did not deter them. Tales of suffering must have
+been heard in the glens. Some idea of these sufferings and what the
+emigrants were sometimes called upon to endure may be inferred from the
+following:
+
+"In December (1773), a brig from Dornock, in Scotland, arrived at New
+York, with about 200 passengers, and lost about 100 on the
+passage."[185]
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+APPEAL TO THE HIGHLANDERS LATELY ARRIVED FROM SCOTLAND.
+
+   Williamsburgh, November 23, 1775.
+
+"FRIENDS AND COUNTRYMEN:--A native of the same island, and on the same
+side of the Tweed with yourselves, begs, for a few moments, your serious
+attention. A regard for your happiness, and the security of your
+posterity, are the only motives that could have induced me to occupy
+your time by an epistolary exhortation. How far I may fall short of the
+object I have thus in view, becomes me not to surmise. The same claim,
+however, has he to praise (though, perhaps, never equally rewarded) who
+endeavors to do good, as he who has the happiness to effect his purpose.
+I hope, therefore, no views of acquiring popular fame, no partial or
+circumstantial motives, will be attributed to me for this attempt. If
+this, however, should be the case, I have the consolation to know that I
+am not the first, of many thousands, who have been censured unjustly.
+
+I have been lately told that our Provincial Congress have appointed a
+Committee to confer with you, respecting the differences which at
+present subsist between Great Britain and her American Colonies; that
+they wish to make you their friends, and treat with you for that
+purpose; to convince you, by facts and argumentation, that it is
+necessary that every inhabitant of this Colony should concur in such
+measures as may, through the aid of a superintending Providence, remove
+those evils under which this Continent is at present depressed.
+
+The substance of the present contest, as far as my abilities serve me to
+comprehend it, is, simply, whether the Parliament of Great Britain shall
+have the liberty to take away your property without your consent. It
+seems clear and obvious to me that it is wrong and dangerous they should
+have such a power; and that if they are able to carry this into
+execution, no man in this Country has any property which he may safely
+call his own. Adding to the absurdity of a people's being taxed by a
+body of men at least three thousand miles distant, we need only observe
+that their views and sentiments are opposite to ours, their manners of
+living so different that nothing but confusion, injustice, and
+oppression could possibly attend it. If ever we are justly and
+righteously taxed, it must be by a set of men who, living amongst us,
+have an interest in the soil, and who are amenable to us for all their
+transactions.
+
+It was not to become slaves you forsook your native shores. Nothing
+could have buoyed you up against the prepossessions of nature and of
+custom, but a desire to fly from tyranny and oppression. Here you found
+a Country with open arms ready to receive you; no persecuting landlord
+to torment you; none of your property exacted from you to support court
+favorites and dependants. Under these circumstances, your virtue and
+your interest were equally securities for the uprightness of your
+conduct; yet, independent of these motives, inducements are not wanting
+to attach you to the cause of liberty. No people are better qualified
+than you, to ascertain the value of freedom. They only can know its
+intrinsick worth who have had the misery of being deprived of it.
+
+From the clemency of the English Nation you have little to expect; from
+the King and his Ministers still less. You and your forefathers have
+fatally experienced the malignant barbarity of a despotick court. You
+cannot have forgot the wanton acts of unparalleled cruelty committed
+during the reign of Charles II. Mercy and justice were then strangers to
+your land, and your countrymen found but in the dust a sanctuary from
+their distresses. The cries of age, and the concessions of youth, were
+uttered but to be disregarded; and equally with and without the
+formalities of law, were thousands of the innocent and deserving ushered
+to an untimely grave. The cruel and unmerited usage given to the Duke of
+Argyle, in that reign, cannot be justified or excused. No language can
+paint the horrors of this transaction; description falters on her way,
+and, lost in the labyrinth of sympathy and wo, is unable to perform the
+duties of her function. This unhappy nobleman had always professed
+himself an advocate for the Government under which he lived, and a
+friend to the reigning monarch. Whenever he deviated from these
+principles, it must have been owing to the strong impulses of honor, and
+the regard he bore to the rights of his fellow-creatures. 'It were
+endless, as well as shocking, (says an elegant writer,) to enumerate all
+the instances of persecution, or, in other words, of absurd tyranny,
+which at this time prevailed in Scotland. Even women were thought proper
+objects on whom they might exercise their ferocious and wanton
+dispositions; and three of that sex, for refusing to sign some test
+drawn up by tools of Administration, were devoted, without the solemnity
+of a trial, to a lingering and painful death.'
+
+I wish, for the sake of humanity in general and the royal family in
+particular, that I could throw a veil over the conduct of the Duke of
+Cumberland after the last rebellion. The indiscriminate punishments
+which he held out equally to the innocent and the guilty, are facts of
+notoriety much to be lamented. The intention may possibly, in some
+measure, excuse, though nothing can justify the barbarity of the
+measure.
+
+Let us, then, my countrymen, place our chief dependence on our virtue,
+and, by opposing the standard of despotism on its first appearance,
+secure ourselves against those acts in which a contrary conduct will
+undoubtedly plunge us. I will venture to say, that there is no American
+so unreasonable as even to wish you to take the field against your
+friends from the other side of the Atlantick. All they expect or desire
+from you is, to remain neutral, and to contribute your proportion of the
+expenses of the war. This will be sufficient testimony of your
+attachment to the cause they espouse. As you participate of the
+blessings of the soil, it is but reasonable that you should bear a
+proportionate part of the disadvantages attending it.
+
+To the virtuous and deserving among the Americans, nothing can be more
+disagreeable than national reflections; they are, and must be, in the
+eyes of every judicious man, odious and contemptible, and bespeak a
+narrowness of soul which the virtuous are strangers to. Let not, then,
+any disrespectful epithets which the vulgar and illiterate may throw
+out, prejudice you against them; and endeavor to observe this general
+rule, dictated at least by humanity, 'that he is a good man who is
+engaged in a good cause.'
+
+Your enemies have said you are friends to absolute monarchy and
+despotism, and that you have offered yourselves as tools in the hands of
+Administration, to rivet the chains forging for your brethren in
+America. I hope and think my knowledge of you authorizes the assertion
+that you are friends to liberty, and the natural and avowed enemies of
+tyranny and usurpation. All of you, I doubt not, came into the Country
+with a determined resolution of finishing here your days; nor dare I
+doubt but that, fired with the best and noblest species of human
+emulation, you would wish to transmit to the rising generation that best
+of all patrimonies, the legacy of freedom.
+
+Private views, and offers of immediate reward, can only operate on base
+and unmanly minds. That soul in which the love of liberty ever dwelt
+must reject, with honest indignation, every idea of preferment, founded
+on the ruins of a virtuous and deserving people. I would have you look
+up to the Constitution of Britain as the best and surest safeguard to
+your liberties. Whenever an attempt is made to violate its fundamental
+principles, every effort becomes laudable which may tend to preserve its
+natural purity and perfection.
+
+The warmest advocates for Administration have candor sufficient to admit
+that the people of Great Britain have no right to tax America. If they
+have not, for what are they contending? It will, perhaps, be answered,
+for the dignity of Government. Happy would it be for those who advance
+this doctrine to consider, that there is more real greatness and genuine
+magnanimity in acknowledging an error, than in persisting in it.
+Miserable must that state be, whose rulers, rather than give up a little
+punctilio, would endanger the lives of thousands of its subjects in a
+quarrel, the injustice and impropriety of which is universally
+acknowledged. If the Americans wish for anything more than is set forth
+in the address of the last Congress to the King and people of Great
+Britain--if independence is their aim--by removing their real
+grievances, their artificial ones (if any they should avow) will soon
+appear, and with them will their cause be deserted by every friend to
+limited monarchy, and by every well-wisher to the interests of America.
+I have endeavored, in this uncultivated home-spun essay, to avoid
+prolixity as much as possibly I could. I have aimed at no flowers of
+speech, no touches of rhetorick, which are too often made use of to
+amuse, and not to instruct or persuade the understanding. I have no
+views but your good, and the credit of the Country from whence you came.
+
+In case Government should prevail, and be able to tax America without
+the least show of representation, it would be to me a painful reflection
+to think, that the children of the land to which I owe my existence,
+should have been the cause of plunging millions into perpetual bondage.
+
+If we cannot be of service to the cause, let us not be an injury to it.
+Let us view this Continent as a country marked out by the great God of
+nature as a receptacle for distress, and where the industrious and
+virtuous may range in the fields of freedom, happy under their own fig
+trees, freed from a swarm of petty tyrants, who disgrace countries the
+most polished and civilized, and who more particularly infest that
+region from whence you
+
+Scotius Americanus."[186]
+
+
+NOTE E.
+
+INGRATITUDE OF THE HIGHLANDERS.
+
+"Brigadier-General Donald McDonald was in rebellion in the year 1745,
+against his lawful sovereign, and headed many of the same clan and name,
+who are now his followers. These emigrants, from the charity and
+benevolence of the Assembly of North-Carolina, received large pecuniary
+contributions, and, to encourage them in making their settlements, were
+exempted from the payment of taxes for several years. It is a fact, that
+numbers of that ungrateful people, who have been lately in arms, when
+they arrived in Carolina, were without the necessaries of life--their
+passage even paid by the charitable contributions of the inhabitants.
+They have since, under every encouragement that the Province of
+North-Carolina could afford them, acquired fortunes very rapidly, and
+thus they requite their benefactor.--Virginia Gazette."[187]
+
+
+NOTE F.
+
+WERE THE HIGHLANDERS FAITHFUL TO THEIR OATH TAKEN BY THE AMERICANS?
+
+General David Stewart, the faithful and admiring historian of the
+Highlanders, makes the following strange statements that need
+correction, especially in the view that the Highlander had a very high
+regard for his oath: After the battle of Guilford Court House "the
+British retired southward in the direction of Cross Creek, the Americans
+following close in the rear; but nothing of consequence occurred. Cross
+Creek, a settlement of emigrant Highlanders, had been remarkable for its
+loyalty from the commencement of the war, and they now offered to bring
+1,500 men into the field, to be commanded by officers from the line, to
+find clothing and subsistence for themselves, and to perform all duties
+whether in front, flanks, or rear; and they required nothing but arms
+and ammunition. This very reasonable offer was not received, but a
+proposition was made to form them into what was called a provincial
+corps of the line. This was declined by the emigrant Highlanders, and
+after a negotiation of twelve days, they retired to their settlements,
+and the army marched for Wilmington, where they expected to find
+supplies, of which they now stood in great need.
+
+There was among these settlers a gentleman of the name of Macneil, who
+had been an officer in the Seven Years' War. He joined the army with
+several followers, but soon took his leave, having been rather sharply
+reprimanded for his treatment of a republican family. He was a man of
+tall stature, and commanding aspect, and moved, when he walked among his
+followers, with all the dignity of a chieftain of old. Retaining his
+loyalty, although offended with the reprimand, he offered to surprise
+the republican garrison, the governor, and council, assembled at
+Willisborough. He had three hundred followers, one-half of them old
+country Highlanders, the other half born in America, and the off-spring
+of Highlanders. The enterprise was conducted with address, and the
+governor, council, and garrison, were secured without bloodshed, and
+immediately marched off for Wilmington, Macneil and his party travelling
+by night, and concealing themselves in swamps and woods by day. However,
+the country was alarmed, and a hostile force collected. He proceeded in
+zig-zag directions, for he had a perfect knowledge of the country, but
+without any provisions except what chance threw in his way. When he had
+advanced two-thirds of the route, he found the enemy occupying a pass
+which he must open by the sword, or perish in the swamps for want of
+food. At this time he had more prisoners to guard than followers. 'He
+did not secure his prisoners by putting them to death;' but, leaving
+them under a guard of half his force on whom he could least depend, he
+charged with the others sword in hand through the pass, and cleared it
+of the enemy, but was unfortunately killed from too great ardor in the
+pursuit. The enemy being dispersed, the party continued their march
+disconsolate for the loss of their leader; but their opponents again
+assembled in force, and the party were obliged to take refuge in the
+swamps, still retaining their prisoners. The British commander at
+Wilmington, hearing of Macneil's enterprise, marched out to his support,
+and kept firing cannon, in expectation the report would reach them in
+the swamps. The party heard the reports, and knowing that the Americans
+had no artillery, they ventured out of the swamps towards the quarter
+whence they heard the guns, and meeting with Major (afterwards Sir
+James) Craig, sent out to support them, they delivered over their
+prisoners half famished with hunger, and lodged them safely in
+Wilmington. Such partizans as these are invaluable in active
+warfare."[188]
+
+Dr. James Browne, who follows Stewart very closely, gives[189] the first
+paragraph of the above quotation, but makes no reference to the exploit
+of Macneil. Keltie who copies almost literally from Dr. Browne, also
+gives[190] the first paragraph, but no reference to the second.
+
+General Stewart gives no clue as to the source of his information. If
+the number of Highlanders reported to have offered their services under
+such favorable conditions was true, lord Cornwallis was not in a
+position to refuse. He had been and still was on a very fatiguing
+campaign. His army was not only worn down but was greatly decimated by
+the fatigues of a long and harrassing march, and the results of two
+pitched battles. In his letter to Sir Henry Clinton,[191] already
+quoted, not a word of this splendid relief is intimated. From lord
+Cornwallis' statement he must have made scarcely a stop at Cross Creek,
+in his flight from Guilford Court House to Wilmington. He says that at
+Cross Creek "there was not four days' forage within twenty miles"; that
+he "determined to move immediately to Wilmington," and that "the
+Highlanders have not had so much time as the people of the upper
+country, to prove the sincerity of their friendship."[192] This would
+amount to positive proof that the Highlanders did not offer their
+services. The language of lord Cornwallis to lord George Germain, under
+date of Wilmington, North Carolina, April 18th, 1781, is even stronger:
+"The principal reasons for undertaking the Winter's Campaign were, the
+difficulty of a defensive War in South Carolina, & the hopes that our
+friends in North Carolina, who were said to be very numerous, would make
+good their promises of assembling & taking an Active part with us, in
+endeavouring to re-establish His Majesty's Government. Our experience
+has shown that their numbers are not so great as had been represented
+and that their friendship was only passive; For we have received little
+assistance from them since our arrival in the province, and altho' I
+gave the _strongest & most pulick assurances_ that after refitting &
+depositing our Sick and Wounded, I _should return to the upper Country_,
+not above two hundred have been prevailed upon to follow us either as
+Provincials or Militia." Colonel Tarleton, the principal officer under
+lord Cornwallis, observes: "Notwithstanding the cruel persecution the
+inhabitants of Cross creek had constantly endured for their partiality
+to the British, they yet retained great zeal for the interest of the
+royal army. All the flour and spirits in the neighborhood were
+collected and conveyed to camp, and the wounded officers and soldiers
+were supplied with many conveniences highly agreeable and refreshing to
+men in their situation. After some expresses were dispatched to lord
+Rawdon, to advertise him of the movements of the British and Americans,
+and some wagons were loaded with provisions, earl Cornwallis resumed his
+march for Wilmington."[193] Not a word is said of the proposed
+reinforcement by the Highlanders. Stedman, who was an officer under lord
+Cornwallis, and was with him in the expedition, says:[194] "Upon the
+arrival of the British commander at Cross Creek, he found himself
+disappointed in all his expectations: Provisions were scarce: Four days'
+forage not to be procured within twenty miles; and the communication
+expected to be opened between Cross Creek and Wilmington, by means of
+the river, was found to be impracticable, the river itself being narrow,
+its banks high, and the inhabitants, on both sides, for a considerable
+distance, inveterately hostile. Nothing therefore now remained to be
+done but to proceed with the army to Wilmington, in the vicinity of
+which it arrived on the seventh of April. The settlers upon Cross Creek,
+although they had undergone a variety of persecutions in consequence of
+their previous unfortunate insurrections, still retained a warm
+attachment to their mother-country, and during the short stay of the
+army amongst them, all the provisions and spirits that could be
+collected within a convenient distance, were readily brought in, and the
+sick and wounded plentifully supplied with useful and comfortable
+refreshments." Again he says (page 348): "Lord Cornwallis was greatly
+disappointed in his expectations of being joined by the loyalists. Some
+of them indeed came within the lines, but they only remained a few
+days." Nothing however occurs concerning Highland enlistments or their
+desire so to engage with the army. General Samuel Graham, then an
+officer in Fraser's Highlanders, in his "Memoirs," though speaking of
+the march to Cross Creek, is silent about Highlanders offering their
+services. Nor is it at all likely, that, in the sorry plight the British
+army reached Cross Creek in, the Highlanders would unite, especially
+when the outlook was gloomy, and the Americans were pressing on the
+rear.
+
+As to the exploit of Macneil, beyond all doubt, that is a confused
+statement of the capture of Governor Burke, at Hillsboro, by the
+notorious Colonel David Fanning. This was in September 1781. His report
+states, "We killed 15 of the rebels, and wounded 20; and took upwards of
+200 prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his Council, and part of
+the Continental Colonels, several captains and subalterns, and 71
+continental soldiers out of a church." Colonel Fanning was a native of
+Wake County, North Carolina, and had no special connection with the
+Highlanders; but among his followers were some bearing Highland names.
+The majority of his followers, who were little better than highway
+robbers, had gathered to his standard as the best representative of the
+king in North Carolina, after the defeat at Moore's Creek.
+
+There is not and never has been a Willisborough in North Carolina. There
+is a Williamsboro in Granville county, but has never been the seat of
+government even for a few days. Hillsboro, practically, was the capital
+in 1781.
+
+The nearest to an organization of Highlanders, after Moore's Creek, was
+Hamilton's Loyal North Carolina regiment; but this was made up of
+refugees from over all the state.
+
+It is a fact, according to both history and tradition, that after the
+battle of Moore's Creek, the Highlanders as a race were quiet. The blow
+at Moore's Creek taught them a needed lesson, and as an organization
+gave no more trouble. Whatever numbers, afterwards entered the British
+service, must have been small, and of little consequence.
+
+
+NOTE G.
+
+MARVELLOUS ESCAPE OF CAPTAIN MCARTHUR.
+
+The following narration I find in the "Celtic Magazine," vol. I.
+1875-76, pp. 209-213 and 241-245. How much of it is true I am unable to
+discover. Undoubtedly the writer, in some parts, draws on his
+imagination. Unfortunately no particulars are given concerning either
+the previous or subsequent life of Captain McArthur. We are even
+deprived of the knowledge of his Christian name, and hence cannot
+identify him with the same individual mentioned in the text.
+
+Upon the defeat of the Highlanders at Moore's Creek, "Captain McArthur
+of the Highland Regiment of Volunteers, was apprehended and committed to
+the county jail in the town of Cross-Creek. But the gallant officer
+determined to make a death grasp for effecting his escape, and happily
+for him the walls of his confinement were not of stone and mortar. In
+his lonely prison, awaiting his fate, and with horrid visions of death
+haunting him, he summons up his muscular strength and courage, and with
+incredible exertion he broke through the jail by night, and once more
+enjoyed the sweets of liberty. Having thus made his escape he soon found
+his way to the fair partner of his joys and sorrows. It needs hardly be
+said that her astonishment was only equalled by her raptures of joy.
+She, in fact, became so overpowered with the unexpected sight that she
+was for the moment quite overcome, and unable to comply with the
+proposal of taking an immediate flight from the enemy's country. She
+soon, however, regains her sober senses, and is able to grasp the
+reality of the situation, and fully prepared with mental nerve and
+courage to face the scenes of hardship and fatigue which lay before
+them. The thought of flight was, indeed, a hazardous one. The journey to
+the sea board was far and dangerous; roads were miserably constructed,
+and these, for the most part, had to be avoided; unbroken forests,
+immense swamps, and muddy creeks were almost impassable barriers; human
+habitations were few and far between, and these few could scarcely be
+looked to as hospitable asylums; enemies would be on the lookout for the
+capture of the 'Old Tory,' for whose head a tempting reward had been
+offered; and withal, the care of a tender infant lay heavy upon the
+parental hearts, and tended to impede their flight. Having this sea of
+troubles looming before them, the imminent dangers besetting their path,
+you can estimate the heroism of a woman who was prepared to brave them
+all. But when you further bear in mind that she had been bred in the
+ease and delicate refinements of a lairdly circle at home, you can at
+once conceive the hardships to be encountered vastly augmented, and the
+moral heroism necessary for such an undertaking to be almost incredible,
+finding its parallel only in the life of her famous countrywoman, the
+immortal 'Flora.' Still, life is dear, and a desperate attempt must be
+made to preserve it--she is ready for any proposal. So off they start at
+the dead hour of midnight, taking nothing but the scantiest supply of
+provisions, of which our heroine must be the bearer, while the hardy
+sire took his infant charge in his folded plaid over one shoulder, with
+the indispensable musket slung over the other. Thus equipped for the
+march, they trudge over the heavy sand, leaving the scattered town of
+Cross-Creek behind in the distance, and soon find themselves lost to all
+human vision in the midst of the dense forest. There is not a moment to
+lose; and onward they speed under cover of night for miles and miles,
+and for a time keeping the main road to the coast. Daylight at length
+lightened their path, and bright sunrays are pouring through the forest.
+But that which had lightened the path of the weary fugitives had, at the
+same time, made wonderful disclosures behind. The morning light had
+revealed to the astonished gaze of the keeper of the prison the flight
+of his captive. The consternation among the officials is easily
+imagined. A detachment of cavalry was speedily dispatched in pursuit; a
+handsome reward was offered for the absconded rebel, and a most
+barbarous punishment was in reserve for him in the event of his being
+captured. With a knowledge of these facts, it will not be matter of
+surprise that the straits and perplexities of a released captive had
+already commenced. Who can fancy their terror when the noise of cavalry
+in the distance admonished them that the enemy was already in hot
+pursuit, and had taken the right scent. What could they do! Whither
+could they fly? They dart off the road in an instant and began a race.
+But alas, of what use, for the tall pines of the forest could afford no
+shelter or concealment before the pursuers could reach the spot. In
+their extremity they change their course, running almost in the face of
+the foe. They rush into the under brush covert of a gum pond which
+crossed the road close by, and there, in terrible suspense, awaited
+their fate, up to the knees in water. In a few moments the equestrians,
+in full gallop, are within a gunshot of them. But on reaching the pond
+they slacken their speed, and all at once came to a dead halt! Had they
+already discovered their prey? In an instant their fears were relieved
+on this score. From their marshy lair they were able, imperfectly, to
+espy the foe, and they saw that the cause of halting was simply to water
+their panting steeds. They could also make out to hear the enemy's
+voice, and so far as they could gather, the subject was enough to
+inspire them with terror, for the escaped prisoner was evidently the
+exciting topic. Who could mistake the meaning of such detached phrases
+and epithets as these--'Daring fellow,' 'Scotch dog,' 'British slup,'
+and 'Steel fix him.' And who can realize the internal emotion of him
+whom they immediately and unmistakably concerned? But the fates being
+propitious, the posse of cavalry resumed their course, first in a slow
+pace, and afterwards in a lively canter, until they were out of sight
+and out of hearing.
+
+This hair-breadth escape admonished our hero that he must shift his
+course and avoid the usual route of communication with the coast. The
+thought struck him, that he would direct his course towards the Cape
+Fear river, which lay some ten miles to the right; feeling confident, at
+the same time, that his knowledge of the water in early days could now
+be made available, if he could only find something in the shape of a
+boat. And, besides, he saw to his dismay that his fair partner in
+travel, however ardent in spirit, could not possibly hold out under the
+hardships incident to the long journey at first meditated. For the Cape
+Fear river then they set off; and after a wearisome march, through swamp
+and marsh, brush and brier, to the great detriment of their scanty
+wardrobe and danger of life and limb, they reached the banks of that
+sluggish stream before the sun had set, foot sore and dispirited,
+exhausted and downcast. But what is their chance of a boat now? Alas,
+not even the tiniest craft could be seen. There is nothing for it but to
+camp in the open air all night and try to refresh their weary limbs and
+await to see what luck the following morn had in store. Fortunately for
+them the climate was warm, too much so indeed, as they had found, to
+their great discomfort, during the day that was now past. In their
+present homeless situation, however, it was rather opportune; and there
+was nothing to fear, unless from the effects of heavy dew, or the
+expected invasion of snakes and mosquitoes. But for these there was a
+counteracting remedy. The thick foliage of a stately tree afforded ample
+protection from dew, while a blazing fire, struck from the musket flint,
+defied the approach of any infesting vermin or crawling reptiles, and
+also answered the needed purpose of setting to rights their hosiery
+department which had suffered so much during the day. Here they are snug
+and cozy, under the arching canopy, which nature had provided, and
+prepared to do fair justice to the scanty viands and refreshments in
+their possession, before betaking themselves to their nocturnal slumbers
+which nature so much craved. But can we take leave of our pilgrims for
+the night without taking a glance at the innocent babe as it lay upon
+the folded plaid in blissful ignorance of the cares and anxieties which
+racked the parental breast. The very thought of its sweet face and
+throbbing little heart as it breathed in unconscious repose under the
+open canopy of heaven, was enough to entwine a thousand new chords of
+affection around the heart of its keepers, like the clasping ivy around
+the tree which gave them shelter, and to nerve them anew, for its sake,
+for the rough and perilous journey upon which they had entered. The fond
+mother imprints a kiss upon its cheek, and moistens it with tears of
+mingled joy and grief, and clasping it to her bosom is instantly
+absorbed in the sweet embrace of Morpheus. The hardy sire, it was
+agreed, would keep the first watch and take his rest in turn, the latter
+part of the night. He is now virtually alone, in deep and pensive
+meditation. He surveys with tender solicitude his precious charge, which
+was dearer to him than his own life, and for whose sake he would risk
+ten lives. He paces the sward during the night watches. He meditates his
+plans for the following day. He deliberates and schemes how he can take
+advantage of the flowing sheet of water before him, for the more easy
+conveyance of his precious belongings. The mode of travel hitherto
+adopted, he saw, to be simply impossible. The delay involved might be
+ruinous to his hopes. With these cogitations he sat down, without
+bringing any plan to maturity. He gazed at the burning embers as if in a
+reverie, and as he gazed he thought he had seen, either by actual vision
+or by the 'second sight,' in which he was a firm believer, the form of a
+canoe with a single sable steersman coming to his rescue. He felt
+tempted to communicate the vision to his sleeping partner; but, thinking
+it unkind to disturb her slumbers, he desists from his resolution,
+reclines on the ground, and without intending it, he falls fast asleep.
+But imagine his astonishment and alarm when he came to consciousness, to
+find that he had slept for three full hours without interruption. He
+could hardly realize it, the interval seemed like an instant. However,
+all was well; his wife and babe were still enjoying unbroken rest, and
+no foe had discovered their retreat; and withal, the gladsome light of
+day is now breaking in around them and eclipsing the glare of the
+smouldering embers. Up starts our hero much refreshed and invigorated,
+and exulting in surprising buoyancy of spirit for running the race of
+the new day now ushering in. He withdraws a gunshot from the camp: and
+what does he descry in the grey dawn but, apparently, a small skiff with
+a single rower crossing the river towards them, but a short distance
+down the stream. The advancing light of day soon confirmed his hopes. He
+at once started in the direction of the skiff, having armed himself with
+his loaded musket, and resolved to get possession of it by fair means or
+by foul. A few minutes brought him to the spot, and to his great
+astonishment he found himself in the undisputed possession of the object
+of his wishes, a tiny little canoe drawn up on the beach. In connection
+with the night's vision he would have positively declared that there was
+something supernatural in the affair, but having marked the bare
+footprints of its late occupant on the muddy soil, and heard the
+rustling of leaves in the distance, calling attention to the woolly head
+of its owner getting out of sight through the bush, and making his way
+for a neighboring plantation. He could explain the event upon strict
+natural principles. The happy coincidence, however, filled him with
+emotions of joy, in so readily securing the means of an earlier and more
+expeditious transit. He retraces his steps and joins his little circle,
+and in joyous ecstacy relates to his sympathetic spouse, just aroused
+from her long slumbers, the tenor of his lucky adventure. There is now
+no time to lose. The crimson rays of the rising sun peering through a
+dense morning atmosphere and a dense forest, are reflected upon the
+surface of the stream to which they are about to commit their fortune,
+and admonish them to be off. They break their fast upon the remnants of
+the dry morsels with which they last appeased their hunger. This
+dispatched, they hasten to the beach, and speedily embark, seating
+themselves with the utmost caution in the narrow hull, which good luck
+and Sambo had placed at their disposal, and with less apprehension of
+danger from winds and waves than from the angry billows of human
+passion. A push from the shore and the voyage is fairly and auspiciously
+begun, the good lady seated in the prow in charge of the tender object
+of her unremitting care, and giving it the shelter of her parasol from
+the advancing rays of the sun, and the skilful Palinurus himself
+squatted in the stern, with a small paddle in his hand, giving alternate
+strokes, first to the right and then to the left, and thus, with the aid
+of the slow current propelling his diminutive barque at the rate of
+about six knots an hour, and enjoying the simultaneous pleasure of
+'paddling his own canoe.' Onward they glide, smoothly and pleasantly,
+over the unruffled water, the steersman taking occasional rests from his
+monotonous strokes, while having the satisfaction of noting some
+progress by the flow of the current. Thus, hours passed away without the
+occurrence of anything worth noting, except the happy reflection that
+their memorable encampment was left several leagues in the distance. But
+lo! here is the first interruption to their navigation! About the hour
+of noon a mastless hull is seen in the distance. Their first impulse was
+fear, but this was soon dispelled on discovering it to be a flat or
+'pole boat,' without sail or rigging, used for the conveyance of
+merchandise to the head of navigation, and propelled by long poles which
+the hardy craftsmen handled with great dexterity. It was, in fact, the
+steamer of the day, creating upon its arrival the same stir and bustle
+that is now caused by its more agreeable and efficient substitute, the
+'Flora Macdonald.' The sight of this advancing craft, however, suggested
+the necessity of extreme caution, and of getting out of its way for a
+time. The Highland royalist felt greatly tempted to wait and hail the
+crew, whom he felt pretty sure to be his own friendly countrymen, and
+who, like their sires, in the case of prince Charlie, thirty years
+before, would scorn to betray their brother Celt, even for the gold of
+Carolina. Still, like the royal outlaw in his wanderings, he also deemed
+it more prudent to conceal his whereabouts even from his most
+confidential friends. He at once quits the river, and thus for a good
+while suspends his navigation. He takes special precaution to secure his
+little transport by drawing it a considerable distance from the water, a
+feat which required no great effort. The party stroll out of the way,
+and up the rising beach, watching for a time the tardy movement of the
+'flat.' Tired of this they continue their slow ramble further into the
+interior, in hopes, at the same time, of making some accidental
+discovery by which to replenish their commissariat, which was quite
+empty, and made their steps faint and feeble, for it was now
+considerably past noon. As 'fortune favors the brave' they did succeed
+in making a discovery. They saw 'the opening' of a small plantation in
+the forest, an event which, in Carolina, is hailed with immense
+satisfaction by those who chance to lose their way in the woods, as
+suggestive of kindness and hospitality. Nothing short of such a
+treatment would be expected by our adventurers as a matter of course, if
+they could only afford to throw themselves upon the hospitality of
+settlers. In their situation, however, they must take their bearings
+with anxious circumspection, and weigh the consequences of the
+possibility of their falling into the hands of foes. But here, all of a
+sudden, their path is intercepted by the actual presence of a formidable
+foe. One of the pursuers? No, but one equally defiant. It is a huge
+serpent of the 'Whip snake' species, which never gives way, but always
+takes a bold and defiant stand. It took its stand about fifty yards
+ahead, ready for battle, its head, and about a yard of its length, in
+semi-erect posture, and displaying every sign of its proverbial enmity
+to Adam's race. It has no poison, but its mode of attack is still more
+horrible, by throwing itself with electric speed in coils around its
+antagonist, tight as the strongest cord, and lashing with a yard of its
+tail, till it puts its combatant to death. Knowing its nature, the
+assailed levels his piece, and in an instant leaves the assailant
+turning a thousand somersaults until its strength is spent, and, is at
+last, wriggling on the ground.
+
+The discharge of the musket was the signal to those within hearing that
+somebody was about. It awakened to his senses an old negro, the honest
+'Uncle Ned,' and brought him to the edge of the 'clearing,' in order to
+satisfy his curiosity, and to see if it was 'old Massa' making an
+unceremonious visit to the farm of which Ned was virtually overseer. Our
+disconsolate party could not avoid an interview even if they would. They
+summoned their courage and affected to feel at ease. And truly they
+might, for Ned, like the class to which he belonged, would never dream
+of asking impertinent questions of any respectable white man, his known
+duty being to answer, not to ask, questions. Our weary party invited
+themselves to 'Uncle Ned's' cabin, which stood in the edge of the
+clearing close by, and turned out to be a tidy log cottage. The
+presiding divinity, of its single apartment was our kind hostess, 'Aunt
+Lucy,' Ned's better half, who felt so highly charmed and flattered by
+the visit of such distinguished guests that she scarcely knew what she
+was saying or doing. She dropt her lighted pipe on the floor, hustled
+and scraped and curtsied to the gentle lady over and over, and caressed
+the beautiful little 'Missie' with emotions which bordered on
+questionable kindness. This ovation over, our hungry guests began to
+think of the chief object of their visit--getting something in the shape
+of warm luncheon--and with this in view they eyed with covetous interest
+the large flock of fine plump pullets about the door. There was fine
+material for a feast to begin with. The hint was given to 'Aunt Lucy,'
+and when that aged dame became conscious of the great honor thus to be
+conferred upon her, she at once set to work in the culinary department
+with a dexterity and skill of art which is incredible to those who are
+ignorant of the great speciality of negresses. There was sudden havoc
+among the poultry, and fruit and vegetables found their way from the
+corn field in abundant variety to the large chimney place. Meanwhile the
+captain shouldered his piece and brought, from an adjacent thicket, two
+large fox squirrels to add to the variety of the feast, extorting from
+the faithful Ned the flattering compliment 'b' gollies, Boss, you is the
+best shot I ever see'd.' Preparation is rapidly advancing, and so is the
+appetite of the longing expectants. But such preparation was not the
+work of a moment, especially, from the scantiness of Lucy's cooking
+utensils. So the guests thought they would withdraw for a time in order
+to relieve the busy cook of all ceremony, and at the same time relieve
+themselves of the uncomfortable reflection of three blazing fires in the
+chimney place. After partaking of a few slices of a delicious
+water-melon, they retired to the shade of a tree in the yard, and there
+enjoyed a most refreshing nap. In due course the sumptuous meal is
+ready; the small table is loaded with a most substantial repast, the
+over plus finding a receptacle upon the board floor of the apartment,
+which was covered with white sand. It is needless to say that the guests
+discharged their duty with great gusto, notwithstanding the absence of
+any condiments, save pepper and salt, in their case hunger being the
+best sauce. Who but an epicure could grumble at the repast before them?
+What better than stewed fowls and squirrels, boiled rice, Indian hoe
+cake and yams smoking hot from the ashes, squashes, pumpkin pies and
+apple dumpling, and all this followed by a course of fruit, peaches and
+apples, musk and water-melons, all of a flavor and size inconceivable by
+any but the inhabitants of the sunny climes which brought them to
+maturity. Her ladyship could not help making the contrast with a
+service of fruit upon an extra occasion in her home circle, which cost
+several golden guineas, and yet was not to be compared with that
+furnished for the merest trifle by these sable purveyors--so much for
+the sun rays of the latitude. There was, however, the absence of any
+beverage stronger than water, not even tea, a name which the humble
+hostess scarcely comprehended. But a good substitute was readily
+presented, in the form of strong coffee, without cream or sugar. It was
+now drawing late in the afternoon, and our party refreshed and delighted
+with their adventure, must begin to retrace their steps towards the
+canoe. The reckoning was soon settled. A few shillings, the idex of the
+late regime of George in the colony, more than satisfied all demands,
+and surpassed all expectations. But the fair visitor was not content,
+without leaving an additional, and more pleasant memento. She took a
+beautiful gold ring, bearing the initials B.J.C., and placed it upon the
+swarthy finger of 'Aunt Lucy,' with many thanks and blessings for her
+kindness, on that eventful occasion. This kindly expression was heartily
+reciprocated by the negress, and responded by a flood of tears from her
+eyes, and a volley of blessings from her lips. The party bade a final
+adieu to their entertainers, and they had to veto their pressing offer
+of escorting them to the river. Off they went, leaving the aged couple
+gazing after them, and lost in amazement as to who they could be, or
+whither they were going, and all the more astonished that the mysterious
+visitors had supplied themselves with such a load of the leavings of the
+repast.
+
+The navigation was at length resumed, and onward they glide as before,
+without the sight of anything to obstruct their course. Their prosperous
+voyaging continued till about midnight, for they resolved to continue
+their course during the whole night, unless necessity compelled them to
+do otherwise. Long before this hour, the mother and child resigned
+themselves to sleep, which was only interrupted by occasional starts,
+while the indefatigable steersman watched his charge, and plied his
+vocation with improving expertness. At this hour again, in the dim light
+of the crescent moon, a second 'pole boat' was discovered making towards
+them, but which they easily avoided by rowing to the opposite side of
+the river, thus continuing their course, and escaping observation. In
+passing the 'flat' an animated conversation was overheard among the
+hands, from which it was easily gathered that the escape of the rebel
+was the engrossing topic in the town of Wilmington, the place of their
+departure, and towards which the rebel himself was now finding his way
+as fast as the tide and paddle could carry him. At present, however, he
+felt no cause of alarm. One of the hands speaking in vulgar English
+accent was heard to depone, 'By George if I could only get that prize
+I'd be a happy man, and would go back to old h-England.' To this base
+insinuation a threatening proof was administered by other parties, who
+replied in genuine Gaelic idiom and said, 'It's yourself that would need
+to have the face and the conscience, the day you would do that;' and
+they further signified their readiness to render any assistance to their
+brave countryman should opportunity offer. Those parties were readily
+recognized from their accent to be no other than Captain McArthur's
+intimate acquaintances, Sandie McDougall and Angus Ray, and who were so
+well qualified from their known strength and courage to render most
+valuable assistance in any cause in which their bravery might be
+enlisted. If he only gave them the signal of his presence they would
+instantly fly into his service and share his fate. However, it was
+deemed the wisest course to pass on, and not put their prowess to the
+test. Hours had now passed in successful progress without notice or
+interruption; and they are at long last approaching Wilmington, their
+seaport, but a considerable distance from the mouth of the river. The
+question is how are they to pass it, whether by land or water, for it is
+now approaching towards day. What is to be done must be done without a
+moment's delay. It is at length resolved to hazard the chance of passing
+it by canoe rather than encountering the untried perils of a dismal
+swamp. The daring leader puts his utmost strength to the test, striking
+the water right and left with excited vigor. His feeling is 'now or
+never'; for he knew this to be the most critical position of his whole
+route; unless he could get past it before break of day his case was
+hopeless. The dreaded town is at length in view, engendering fear and
+terror, but not despair. Several large crafts are seen lying at the
+wharf, and lights are reflected from adjacent shipping offices. Two
+small boats are observed crossing the river, and in rather uncomfortable
+proximity. With these exceptions the inhabitants are evidently in the
+enjoyment of undisturbed repose, and quite unconscious of the phenomenon
+of such a notorious personage passing their doors with triumphant
+success. Scarcely a word was heard, it was like a city of the dead. Who
+can imagine the internal raptures of our lucky hero, on leaving behind
+him, in the distance, that spot upon which his fate was suspended, and
+in having the consciousness that he is now not far from the goal of
+safety. Even now there are signals which cheer his heart. He begins
+already to inhale the ocean breeze, and from that he derives an
+exhilirating sensation such as he had not experienced for many years. He
+gets the benefit of the ocean tide, fortunately, in his favor, and
+carrying his little hull upon its bosom at such a rate as to supersede
+the use of the paddle except in guiding the course. The ocean wave,
+however, is scarcely so favorable. It rocks and rolls their frail abode
+in such a way as to threaten to put a sad finish to the successful
+labors of the past. There is no help for it but to abandon the canoe a
+few miles sooner than intended. There is, however, little cause for
+complaint, for they can now see their way clear to their final terminus,
+if no untoward circumstance arises. They leave the canoe on the beach,
+parting with it forever, but not without a sigh of emotion, as if
+bidding farewell to a good friend. But the paddle they cling to as a
+memento of its achievements, the operator remarking--'It did me better
+service than any sword ever put into my hand.' A few miles walk from the
+landing, which is on the southern shore of the estuary, and they are in
+sight of a small hamlet, which lies upon the shore. And what is more
+inspiring of hope and courage, they are in sight of a vessel of
+considerable tonnage, lying at anchor off the shore, and displaying the
+British flag, floating in the morning breeze, evidently preparing to
+hoist sail. Now is their chance. This must be their ark of safety if
+they are ever to escape such billows of adversity as they have been
+struggling with for some days past. To get on board is that upon which
+their hearts are set, and all that is required in order to defy all
+enemies and pursuers. Not thinking that there is anything in the wind,
+in this pretty hamlet, they make straight for the vessel, but they go
+but a few paces in that direction before another crisis turns up.
+Enemies are still in pursuit. A small body of men, apparently under
+commission, are observed a short distance beyond the hamlet as if
+anticipating the possibility of the escaped prisoner making his way to
+the British ship. Nor is the surmise groundless, as the signal proves.
+In their perplexity the objects of pursuit have to lie in ambush and
+await the course of events. Their military pursuers are now wending
+their way in the opposite direction until they are almost lost to view.
+Now is the time for a last desperate effort. They rush for the shore,
+and there accost a sallow lank-looking boatman followed by a negro, on
+the lookout for custom, in their marine calling. A request is made for
+their boat and services, for conveyance to the ship. At first the man
+looks suspicious and sceptical, but on expostulation that there was the
+utmost necessity for an interview with the captain before sailing, and
+important dispatches to be sent home, and a hint given that a fee for
+services in such a case was of no object, he at once consents; the ferry
+boat is launched, and in a few minutes the party are off from the shore.
+But the military party observing these movements begin to retrace their
+steps in order to ascertain what all this means, and who the party are.
+They put to their heels and race towards the shore as fast as their feet
+can carry them. They feel tantalised to find that they have been
+sleeping at their post, and that the very object of their search is now
+halfway to the goal of safety. They signal and halloo with all their
+might, but getting no answer they fire a volley of shot in the direction
+of the boat. This has no effect, except for an instant, to put a stop to
+the rowing. The boatman gets alarmed as he now more than guesses who the
+noted passenger is, and he signifies his determination to put back and
+avoid the consequences that may be fatal to himself. The hero puts a
+sudden stop to further parley. He flings a gold sovereign to the swarthy
+rower, commands him simply to fulfil his promise, but to refund the
+balance of change upon their return from the ship--'he must see the
+captain before sailing.' To enforce his command the sturdy Highlander,
+who was more than a match for the two, took up his loaded musket and
+intimated what the consequences would be if they refused to obey orders.
+This had the desired effect. The rowers pulled with might and main, and
+in a few minutes the passengers were left safe and sound on board the
+gallant ship, and surrounded by a sympathising and hospitable crew. The
+fugitives were at last safe, despite rewards and sanguine pursuers. But
+their situation they could scarcely realize, their past life seemed more
+like a dream than a reality. Our brave heroine was again quite overcome.
+The reaction was too much for her nerves. In being led to the cabin she
+would have fallen prostrate on the deck had she not been supported. And
+who can wonder, in view of her fatigues and privations, her hair-breadth
+escapes and mental anxieties. But she survived it all. Sails are now
+hoisted to the favoring breeze, anchor weighed, and our now rejoicing
+pilgrims bade a lasting farewell to the ever memorable shores of
+Carolina. In care of the courteous commander they, in due time, reached
+their island home in the Scottish Highlands, and there lived to a good
+old age in peace and contentment. They had the pleasure of seeing the
+tender object of their solicitude grow up to womanhood, and afterwards
+enjoying the blessings of married life. And the veteran officer himself
+found no greater pleasure in whiling away the hours of his repose than
+in rehearsing to an entranced auditory, among the stirring scenes of the
+American Revolution, the marvellous story of his own fate: the principal
+events of which are here hurriedly and imperfectly sketched from a
+current tradition among his admiring countrymen in the two
+hemispheres."--_John Darroch._
+
+
+NOTE H.
+
+HIGHLANDERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+There was no distinctively Highland settlement in South Carolina,
+although there was quite an influx of emigrants of this class into the
+province. Efforts were made to divert the Highlanders into the new
+settlements. As early as 1716 Governor Daniel informed the Assembly that
+he had bought thirty of the Highland Scots rebels at L30 per head, for
+whom the London agent had petitioned, and requested power to purchase
+more. This purchase was sanctioned by the Assembly, but wished no more
+"till we see how these behave themselves." On August 4th another issue
+of L15000 in bills was authorized to be stamped to pay for these Scots,
+who were to be employed as soldiers in defending the province.
+
+Inducements were held out to the Highlanders, who had left their homes
+after the battle of Culloden, to settle in South Carolina. The "High
+Hills of Santee," which lie between Lynche's creek and the Wateree, in
+what is now Sumter County, were designed for them. The exiles, however,
+baffled by contrary winds, were driven into the Cape Fear, and from
+thence a part of them crossed and settled higher up, in what is now
+Darlington County, the rest having taken up their abode in North
+Carolina.
+
+The war fever engendered by the Revolution was exhibited by these
+people, some of whom, at least, took up arms against their adopted
+country. October 31, 1776, at Charleston, South Carolina, the following,
+who had been taken prisoners by the navy, signed their parole, which
+also stipulated that they should go to Salisbury, North Carolina:
+
+Dun McNicol, Cap. R.H.E., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Dun MacDougall,
+Walter Cunningham, Angus Cameron, Laughlin McDonald, Hector McQuary,
+Alexr. Chisholm.
+
+"We also undertake for Neal McNicol, James Fraser, Alexr. McDonald &
+David Donaldson, that they shall be on the same footing with
+ourselves."[195]
+
+"Jany 28. 177.
+
+These are to certify that Duncan Nicol, Hugh Fraser, Alex. Chisholm,
+Angs. Cameron, Lach. MacDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham.
+Duncan MacDougall. Alen. McDonald, David Donaldson, Jas. Fraser. Niel
+McNicol--prisoners of war from the neighboring state of South Carolina
+have been on Parole in this town and within ten miles Y. of for upwards
+of ten weeks--during which time they have behaved themselves agreeable
+to their Parole and that they are now removed to Halifax by order of the
+commanding officer of the District, in order to be forwarded to the
+northward agreeable to order of Congress.
+
+(Signed) Duncan McNicol, Capt., Hugh Fraser, Lieut. R.H.E., Alex.
+McDonald, James Fraser, David Donaldson, Niel McNicol, Alex Chisholm,
+Angus Cameron, Lach McDonald, Hector McQuarrie, Walter Cunningham,
+Privates, Dun, McDougall, Ensign.
+
+N.B. The Parole of the prisoners of war above mentd was sent to the
+Congress at Halifax, at their last sitting. They are now sent under the
+direction of Capt. Martin Fifer--Certified by orders of Committee at
+Salisbury this 28 Jan'y, 1777.
+
+    (Signed) May Chambers, Chr. Com."[196]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 184: Burt's Letters from the North of Scotland, Vol. I, p.
+198.]
+
+[Footnote 185: Holmes' Annals of America, Vol. II, p. 183.]
+
+[Footnote 186: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III, p. 1649.]
+
+[Footnote 187: _Ibid_, Vol. IV, p. 983.]
+
+[Footnote 188: Sketches of the Highlanders, Vol. II, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 189: History of the Highland Clans, Vol. IV, p. 274.]
+
+[Footnote 190: History of the Highland Clans, Vol. II, p. 473.]
+
+[Footnote 191: See page 141.]
+
+[Footnote 192: Cornwallis' Letter to Sir Henry Clinton, April 10, 1781.]
+
+[Footnote 193: Campaigns of 1780-1781, p. 281.]
+
+[Footnote 194: History of the American War, Vol. II, p. 352.]
+
+[Footnote 195: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. X, p. 830.]
+
+
+NOTE I.
+
+ALEXANDER MCNAUGHTON.
+
+Miss Jennie M. Patten of Brush, Colorado, a descendant of Alexander
+McNaughton, in a letter dated Feb. 20th, 1900, gives some very
+interesting facts, among which may be related that at the close of the
+Revolution all of the Highland settlers of Washington county would have
+been sent to Canada, had it not been for Hon. Edward Savage, son-in-law
+of Alexander McNaughton, who had been an officer in the Revolutionary
+army, and had sufficient influence to prevent his wife's relatives and
+friends being sent out of the country on account of their tory
+proclivities. They considered that they had sworn allegiance to the
+king, and considered themselves perjured persons if they violated their
+oath. This idea appeared to be due from the fact that the land given to
+them was in "the name of the king." From this the colonists thought the
+land was given to them by the king.
+
+The colonists did not all come to Washington county to occupy the land
+allotted to them, for some remained where they had settled after the
+collapse of Captain Campbell's scheme, but those who did settle in
+Argyle were related either by blood, or else by marriage.
+
+Alexander McNaughton came to America in 1738, accompanied by his wife,
+Mary McDonald, and his children, John, Moses, Eleanor and Jeannette.
+They first settled at a place called Kaket, where they lived several
+years, when they removed up the river to Tappan, and there continued
+until the grant was made in Argyle. Alexander McNaughton died at the
+home of his son-in-law, Edward Savage, near Salem, and was buried on the
+land that had been granted him. The first to be interred in the old
+Argyle cemetery was the daughter Jeannette. The wife. Mary, died on the
+way home from Burgoyne's camp. The children of the colonists were loyal
+Americans, although many of the colonists had been carried to the
+British camp for protection.
+
+
+NOTE J.
+
+ALLAN MCDONALD'S COMPLAINT TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+   "Philadelphia, March 25, 1776.
+
+Sir: It is now several weeks since the Scotch inhabitants in and about
+Johnstown, Tryon County, have been required by General Schuyler to
+deliver up their arms; and that each and all of them should parade in
+the above place, that he might take from this small body six prisoners
+of his own nomination. The request was accordingly complied with, and
+five other gentlemen with myself were made prisoners of. As we are not
+conscious of having acted upon any principle that merits such severe
+proceedings from Congress, we cannot help being a good deal surprised at
+such treatment; but are willing to attribute this rather to malicious,
+ill-designing people, than to gentlemen of so much humanity and known
+character as the Congress consists of. The many difficulties we met with
+since our landing on this Continent, (which is but very lately,)
+burdened with women and children, we hope merit a share in their
+feeling; and that they would obtain the surest conviction, before we
+were removed from our families; as, by a separation of the kind, they
+are rendered destitute, and without access to either money or credit.
+This is the reason why you will observe, in the article of capitulation
+respecting the Scotch, that they made such a struggle for having their
+respective families provided for in their absence. The General declared
+he had no discretionary power to grant such, but that he would represent
+it, as he hoped with success, to Congress; and in this opinion two other
+gentlemen present supported him. The request is so just in itself that
+it is but what you daily grant to the meanest of your prisoners. As we
+cannot, we do not claim it by any agreement. Though, by a little
+attention to that part of the capitulation, you will observe that we
+were put in the hope and expectation of having them supported in their
+different situations.
+
+As to ourselves, we are put into a tavern, with the proper allowance of
+bed and board. This is all that is necessary so far. But what becomes of
+the external part of the body? This requires its necessaries, and
+without the decent part of such, a gentleman must be very intolerable to
+himself and others. I know I need not enter so minutely in representing
+those difficulties to Congress or you, as your established character and
+feelings will induce you to treat us as gentlemen and prisoners, removed
+from all means of relief for ourselves or families, but that of
+application to Congress. I arrived here last night in order to have the
+honor of laying those matters personally, or in writing, before you and
+them. Shall accordingly expect to be honored with an answer.
+
+   I am, most respectfully, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
+
+     Allan McDonald."[197]
+
+
+NOTE K.
+
+THE GLENGARRY SETTLERS.
+
+Major General D. McLeod, of the Patriot Army, Upper Canada, in his
+"Brief Review of the Settlement of Upper Canada," published in 1841,
+adds the following interesting statements: "Gen. Howe, the then
+commander in chief of the British forces in North America, on hearing
+that the Scots in Virginia had joined the continentals, and were among
+the most active of the opposers of British domination, despatched Sir
+John Johnstone to the Scots settlement on the Mohawk--Captain James
+Craig, afterwards Governor of Lower Canada, and Lieut. Donald Cameron of
+the Regulars, to other parts, to induce the Highlanders to join the
+Royal Standard, and to convince them, that their interest and safety
+depended on their doing so.
+
+They persuaded the uninstructed Highlanders, that the rebels had neither
+money, means, nor allies; that it was impossible they could for any
+length of time, withstand the mighty power and means of Great Britain;
+that their property would be confiscated, and apportioned to the
+royalists who should volunteer to reduce them to subjection. The
+Highlanders having duly weighed these circumstances, came to the
+conclusion, that the Americans would, like the Scots, in 1746 be
+ultimately overpowered;--that it was therefore to their interest, as
+they would not be permitted to remain neutral, to join the British
+standard.
+
+The greater part of them volunteered under the command of Sir. J.
+Johnstone, and served faithfully with him until the peace of 1783. On
+the exchange of the ratification of peace, these unfortunate
+Highlanders, saw themselves once more bereft of house and home. The
+reward of their loyalty, and attachment to British supremacy, after
+fighting the battles of England for seven long and doubtful years, and
+sacrificing their all, was finally, an ungenerous abandonment by the
+British government of their interests, in not securing their property
+and personal safety in the treaty of peace. The object for which their
+services were required, not being accomplished, they were
+unceremoniously left to shift for themselves in the lower Province,
+among a race of people, whose language they did not understand, and
+whose manners and habits of life were quite dissimilar to their own.
+Col. McDonald, a near kinsman of the chief of that name, and who had,
+also, taken an active part in the royal army, during the revolution,
+commiserating their unfortunate condition, collected them together, and
+in a friendly manner, in their own native language, informed them, that
+if it were agreeable to their wishes, he would forthwith apply to the
+governor for a tract of land in the upper Province, where they might
+settle down in a body; and where, as they spoke a language different to
+that of the natives, they might enjoy their own society, and be better
+able to assist each other.
+
+This, above all things, was what they wished for, and they therefore
+received the proposal with gratitude. Without much further delay, the
+Colonel proceeded to the Upper Province, pitched upon the eastern part
+of the eastern District; and after choosing a location for himself,
+directed his course to head quarters--informed the Governor of his plans
+and intentions, praying him to confirm the request of his countrymen,
+and prevent their return to the United States. The governor approved of
+his design, and promised every assistance. Satisfied that all was done,
+that could be reasonably expected, the Colonel lost no time, in
+communicating the result of his mission to his expectant countrymen; and
+they, in a short time afterwards, removed with him to their new
+location. The Highlanders, not long after, proposed to the Colonel as a
+mark of their approbation for his services, to call the settlement
+Glengarry, in honor of the chief of his clan, by which name it is
+distinguished to this day. It may be proper, to remember, in this place,
+that many of these were the immediate descendants of the proscribed
+Highlanders of 1715, and not a few the descendants of the relatives of
+the treacherously murdered clans of Glencoe (for their faithful and
+incorruptible adherence to the royal family of Stuart,) by king William
+the 3d, of Bloody memory, the Dutch defender of the English christian
+tory faith. But by far the major part, were the patriots of 1745,--the
+gallant supporters of the deeply lamented prince Charles Edward, and
+who, as before stated, had sought refuge in the colonies, from the
+British dungeons and bloody scaffolds.
+
+It was not, therefore, their attachment to the British crown, nor their
+love of British institutions, that induced them to take up arms against
+the Americans; but their fears that the insurrection, would prove as
+disastrous to the sons of Liberty, as the Rebellion and the fatal field
+of Culloden had been to themselves; and that if any of them were found
+in the ranks of the discontented, they would be more severely dealt with
+in consequence of their former rebellion. Their chagrin was great
+indeed, especially, when they compared their former comfortable
+circumstances, in the state of New York, with their present miserable
+condition; and particularly, when they reflected how foolishly they had
+permitted themselves to be duped, out of their once happy homes by the
+promises of a government, which they knew from former experience, to be
+as false and treacherous, as it was cruel and over-bearing. They settled
+down, but with no very friendly feelings towards a government which had
+allured them to their ruin, and which at last, left them to their own
+resources, after fighting their battles for eight sanguinary years. Nor
+are their descendants, at this day, remarkable for either their loyalty,
+or attachment, to the reigning family. These were the first settlers of
+Glengarry. It is a singular circumstance, that, nearly all the
+Highlanders, who fought for liberty and independence, and who remained
+in the U.S., afterwards became rich and independent, while on the other
+hand, with a very few exceptions, every individual, whether American or
+European, who took up arms against the revolution, became blighted in
+his prospects," (pp. 33-36).
+
+Having mentioned in particular Butler's Rangers the following from
+Lossing's "Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812," may be of some
+interest: "Some of Butler's Rangers, those bitter Tory marauders in
+Central New York during the Revolution, who in cruelty often shamed
+Brant and his braves, settled in Toronto, and were mostly men of savage
+character, who met death by violence. Mr. John Ross knew a Mr. D----,
+one of these Rangers, who, when intoxicated, once told him that 'the
+sweetest steak he ever ate was the breast of a woman, which he cut off
+and broiled,'" (p. 592).
+
+
+NOTE TO CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The method of warfare carried on by Sir John Johnson and his adherents
+did not sway the lofty mind of Washington, as may be illustrated in the
+following narration furnished the author by Rev. Dr. R. Cameron,
+grandson of Alexander Cameron, who was a direct descendant of Donald
+Dubh of Lochiel. This Alexander Cameron came to America in 1773, and on
+the outbreak of the Revolution enlisted as a private under Sir John
+Johnson. Three times he was taken prisoner and condemned to be executed
+as a spy. How he escaped the first time is unknown. The second time, the
+wife of the presiding officer at the court-martial, informed him in
+Gaelic that he would be condemned, and assisted him in dressing him in
+her own clothes, and thus escaped to the woods. The third time, his
+mother, Mary Cameron of Glennevis, rode all the way from Albany to
+Valley Forge on horseback and personally plead her cause before
+Washington. Having listened to her patiently, the mighty chief replied:
+"Mrs. Cameron, I will pardon your son for your sake, but you must
+promise me that you will take him to Canada at once, or he will be
+shot." The whole family left for Canada.
+
+
+NOTE L.
+
+MORAVIAN INDIANS.
+
+It is now scarcely known that one company of Montgomery's Highlanders
+took part in the attempted expatriation of the Christian Indians--better
+known as Moravian Indians--in Pennsylvania. Owing to an attack made by
+savages, in 1763, against a Scotch-Irish settlement, those of that
+nationality at Paxton became bitterly inflamed against the Moravian
+Indians and determined upon their extermination. As these Indians were
+harmless and never engaged in strife, they appealed to the governor of
+Pennsylvania for protection. These people, then living at Nazareth, Nain
+and Bethlehem, under the decree of the Council and the Assembly, were
+ordered by Governor Penn to be disarmed and taken to Philadelphia.
+Although their arms were the insignia of their freedom, yet these they
+surrendered to Sheriff Jennings, and on the eighth of November the
+procession moved towards Philadelphia. On their arrival in Philadelphia
+they were ordered to the "British Barracks," which had been erected soon
+after Braddock's defeat. At this time several companies of Montgomery's
+Highlanders were there quartered. On the morning of the eleventh, the
+first three wagons, filled with women and children, passed in at the
+gate. This movement aroused the Highlanders, and seizing their muskets,
+they rushed tumultuously together, stopped the rest of the wagons, and
+threatened to fire among the cowering women and children in the yard if
+they did not instantly leave. Meanwhile a dreadful mob gathered around,
+the Indians, deriding, reviling, and charging them with all the outrages
+committed by the savages, threatening to kill them on the spot. From ten
+o'clock until three these Indians, with the missionaries, endured every
+abuse which wild frenzy and ribald vulgarity could clothe in words. In
+the midst of this persecution some Quakers braved the danger of the mob
+and taking the Indians by the hand gave them words of encouragement.
+During all this tumult the Indians remained silent, but considered "what
+insult and mockery our Savior had suffered on their account."
+
+The soldiers persisting in their refusal to allow the Moravian Indians
+admission, after five hours, the latter were marched through the city,
+thousands following them with great clamor, to the outskirts, where the
+mob dispersed. The Indians were from thence conveyed to Province Island.
+
+The Scotch-Irish of Paxton next turned their attention to a party of
+peaceable Indians who had long lived quietly among white people in the
+small village of Canestoga, near Lancaster, and on the fourteenth of
+December attacked and murdered fourteen of them in their huts. The rest
+fled to Lancaster and for protection were lodged in the work-house, a
+strong building and well secured. They were followed by the miscreants
+who broke into the building, and though the Indians begged their lives
+on their knees, yet all were cruelly murdered and their mangled remains
+thrown into the court-yard.
+
+The assassins became emboldened by many hundreds from Paxton and other
+parts of the county of Lancaster joining their number, and planned to
+set out for Philadelphia, and not rest until all the Indians were
+massacred. While these troubles were brewing the Moravian Indians
+celebrated the Lord's Supper at the commencement of the year 1764, and
+renewed their covenant to show forth his death in his walk and
+conversation.
+
+In order to protect them the government determined to send them out of
+the colony and place them under the care of Sir William Johnson, in New
+York, as the Indians had expressed their desire to be no longer detained
+from their families.[198] On January 4, 1764, the Moravian Indians
+numbering about one hundred and forty persons,[199] were placed under
+the convoy of Captain James Robertson, of Montgomery's Highlanders, and
+seventy Highlanders, for New York City. The Highlanders "behaved at
+first very wild and unfriendly, being particularly troublesome to the
+young women by their profane conversation, but were persuaded by degrees
+to conduct themselves with more order and decency." On arriving at
+Amboy, one of the soldiers exclaimed: "Would to God, all the white
+people were as good Christians, as these Indians."
+
+The Indians were not allowed to enter New York, but were returned to
+Philadelphia under a guard of one hundred and seventy men from General
+Gage's army, commanded by Captain Schloffer, one party leading the van,
+and the other bringing up the rear. Captain Robertson and his
+Highlanders passed over to New York.[200]
+
+
+NOTE M.
+
+HIGHLANDERS REFUSED LANDS IN AMERICA.
+
+"To the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council,
+
+The Humble Petition of James Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle
+of Sky and Normand Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate. The Reverend Mr. William Macqueen and
+Alexander Macdonald of the said Island of Sky and county of Inverness
+
+Most Humbly Sheweth
+
+That your petitioners having had in view to form a settlement to
+themselves and Families in your Majesty's Province in North Carolina
+have for some time been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging
+Servants and disposing of their effects in this country.
+
+And being now ready to embark and carry their intentions into Execution.
+
+They most humbly pray your Majesty will be graciously pleased to Grant
+unto your petitioners Forty thousand Acres of Land in the said province
+of North Carolina upon the Terms and Conditions it has been usual to
+give such Grants or as to your Majesty shall seem proper,
+
+   "And your petitioners shall ever pray,
+     Jas Macdonald,
+     Normand Macdonald."[201]
+
+   "To the Right Honble the Lords of the Committee of his Majesty's most
+   Honble Privy Council for Plantation Affairs.
+     Whitehall 21st of June 1771.
+
+My Lords,
+
+In obedience to His Majesty's Order in Council, dated June 14th, 1771,
+we have taken into consideration, the humble Petition of James
+Macdonald, Merchant in Porterie in the Isle of Sky and Normand Macdonald
+of Slate in the said Island for themselves and on behalf of Hugh
+Macdonald, Edmund Macqueen, John Belton and Alexander Macqueen of Slate
+the Reverend Mr William Macqueen and Alexander Macdonald of the said
+Isle of Sky and County of Inverness, setting forth that the Petitioners
+having had in view to form a Settlement to themselves and their Families
+in His Majesty's province of North Carolina, have for some time been
+making dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants and disposing
+of their effects in this Country and being now ready to embark and carry
+their said intention into execution, the Petitioners humbly pray, that
+His Majesty will be pleased to grant them forty thousand Acres of Land
+in the said Province upon the terms and conditions it hath been usual to
+grant such Lands. Whereupon We beg leave to report to your Lordships,
+
+That the emigration of inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the
+American Colonies is a circumstance which in our opinion cannot fail to
+lessen the strength and security and to prejudice the landed Interest
+and Manufactures of these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this
+emigration hath of late years prevailed renders it an object well
+deserving the serious attention of government.
+
+Upon the ground of this opinion We have thought it necessary in Cases
+where we have recommended Grants of Land in America, to be made to
+persons of substance and ability in this Kingdom, to propose amongst
+other conditions, that they should be settled by foreign Protestants;
+and therefore We can on no account recommend to your Lordships to advise
+His Majesty to comply with the prayer of a Petition, founded on a
+resolution taken by a number of considerable persons to abandon their
+settlements in this Kingdom and to pass over into America, with their
+Families and Dependants in a large Body and which therefore holds out a
+Plan that we think, instead of meriting the Encouragement, ought rather
+to receive the discountenance of government.
+
+   We are My Lords &c.
+     Hillsborough
+     Ed: Eliot
+     John Roberts
+     Wm Fitzherbert."[202]
+
+"At the Court of St James's the 19th day of June 1772. Present The
+King's most Excellent Majesty in Council.
+
+Whereas there was this day read at the Board a Report from the Right
+Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Council for plantation affairs
+Dated the 17th of this Instant in the words following viz,
+
+Your Majesty having been pleased by your order in council of the 14th
+June 1771, to refer to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations
+the humble petition of James Macdonald Merchant of Portrie in the Isle
+of Sky and Norman Macdonald of Slate in the said Island for themselves
+and on behalf of Hugh Macdonald Edmund Macqueen John Betton and
+Alexander Macqueen of Slate and Reverend Mr Wm Macqueen and Alexander
+Macdonald of the said Isle of Sky and County of Inverness setting forth
+that the petitioners have had in view to form a settlement to themselves
+and their families in your Majesty's Province of North Carolina have for
+sometime been making Dispositions for that purpose by engaging servants
+and disposing of their Effects in this Country and being now ready to
+embark and carry their said intention into execution the petitioners
+humbly pray that your Majesty will be pleased to grant them Forty
+thousand acres of Land in the said Province upon the terms and
+conditions it hath been usual to grant such Lands. The said Lords
+Commissioners have reported to this Committee "that the emigration of
+the Inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland to the American Colonies is
+a circumstance which in their opinion cannot fail to lessen the strength
+and security and to prejudice the landed Interest and manufactures of
+these Kingdoms and the great extent to which this emigration has of late
+years prevailed renders it an object well deserving the serious
+attention of Government that upon the Ground of this opinion they have
+thought it necessary in cases where they have recommended Grants of Land
+in America to be made to persons of substance and ability in this
+Kingdom to propose amongst other conditions that they should be settled
+by foreign protestants and therefore the said Lords Commissioners can on
+no account recommend to this committee to advise your Majesty to comply
+with the prayer of a petition founded on a resolution taken by a number
+of considerable persons to abandon their settlements in this Kingdom and
+to pass over to America with their Families and Dependants in a large
+body and which therefore holds out a plan that they think instead of
+meeting the encouragement ought rather to receive the discouragement of
+Government. The Lords of the Committee this day took the said
+Representation and petition into consideration and concurring in opinion
+with the said Lord Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do agree
+humbly to report as their opinion to your Majesty that the said Petition
+of the said James and Norman Macdonald ought to be dismissed.
+
+His Majesty taking the said Report into consideration was pleased with
+the advise of his Privy Council to approve thereof and to order as it is
+hereby ordered that the said Petition of the said James and Norman
+Macdonald be and it is hereby dismissed this board."[203]
+
+
+NOTE N.
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES STEWART COMMISSIONED TO RAISE A COMPANY OF HIGHLANDERS.
+
+The Records of the New York Convention of July 25, 1775, contain the
+following:
+
+"The Committee appointed to take into consideration and report the most
+proper mode for employing in the service of this State Mr. James
+Stewart, late Lieutenant in Colonel Livingston's Regiment, delivered in
+their Report, which was read; and the same being read, paragraph by
+paragraph, and amended, was agreed to, and is in the words following, to
+wit:
+
+_Resolved_, That the said James Stewart is desiring a Captain's
+Commission in the service of this State, and that a Warrant be
+immediately given to him to raise a Company with all possible despatch.
+
+That the said Company ought to consist of Scotch Highlanders, or as many
+of them as possible, and that they serve during the war, unless sooner
+discharged by this Convention, or a future Legislature of this State.
+
+That the said Company shall consist of one Captain, one Lieutenant, one
+Ensign, four Sergeants, four Corporals, one Drum, one Fife, and not less
+than sixty-two Privates.
+
+That a Bounty of fifteen dollars be allowed to each Non-Commissioned
+Officer and Private.
+
+That they be entitled to Continental Pay and Rations, and subject to the
+Continental Articles of War, till further orders from this Convention or
+a future Legislature of this State.
+
+That the said James Stewart shall not receive pay as a Captain until he
+shall have returned to this Convention, or a future Legislature of this
+State, a regular muster roll, upon oath, of thirty able-bodied men, duly
+inlisted.
+
+That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to advance to the said
+James Stewart L144, in order to enable him to advance the bounty to
+those he may inlist taking his receipt to account for the same to the
+Treasurer of this State.
+
+That as soon as the said James Stewart shall have returned to this
+Convention, or a future Legislature of this State, a regular muster-roll
+of thirty able-bodied men, duly inlisted, certifying that the said men
+have been mustered, in the presence of a person to be appointed by the
+Chairman of the Committee of the City and County of Albany, or of a
+person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of the City and
+County of New York, that then, and not before, the said James Stewart
+shall be authorized to draw upon the Chairman of the Committee of the
+City and County of Albany for the further sum of L100 in order that he
+may be enabled to proceed in his inlistment, giving his receipt to
+account for the same to the Treasurer of this State; and that when the
+said James Stewart shall have been duly inlisted and mustered, in the
+presence of a person to be appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of
+the City and County of Albany, the whole of his Company, or as many as
+he can inlist, and then he shall be entitled to receive of the said
+Chairman of the County Committee the remaining proportion of bounty due
+to the non-commissioned officers and privates which he shall have
+inlisted.
+
+That if the said James Stewart shall not be able to complete the
+inlistment of this Company, that he shall make a report of the same,
+with all dispatch, to the President of this Convention, or to a future
+Legislature, who will either order his Commission to issue, or make such
+further provision for his trouble in recruiting as the equity of the
+case shall require.
+
+That the Treasurer of this Convention be ordered to remit into the hands
+of John Barclay, Esquire, of the City of Albany, the sum of L288, on or
+before the last day of December next, in order to enable him to make
+unto the said James Stewart the disbursements aforesaid.
+
+That the said James Stewart shall be authorized to engage to each man
+the sum of 7s. per week, billeting money, till such time as further
+provision is made for the subsistence of his recruits.
+
+That the said Company, when raised, shall be either employed as an
+independent Company, or incorporated into any Battallion as to this
+Convention, or to a future proper authority of this State, shall appear
+advisable."[204]
+
+There is no evidence that this action of the Convention terminated in
+any thing tangible. There was a James Stewart, captain of the third
+company, in the Fifth regiment of the New York Line, and while there was
+a large percentage in that regiment bearing Highland names, yet Captain
+Stewart's company had but five. It is not to be assumed that the two
+names represented the same person.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 196: _Ibid_, Vol. XI, p. 370.]
+
+[Footnote 197: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. V, p. 495.]
+
+[Footnote 198: Colonial Records of Penna., Vol. IX, p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 199: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 200: See Loskiel's Hist. Indian Mission, Book II, Chapter XVI.
+Schweinitz's Life of Zeisberger, Chap, XV.]
+
+[Footnote 201: North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. VIII, p. 620.]
+
+[Footnote 202: _Ibid_, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 203: N.C. Colonial Records, Vol. IX, p. 303.]
+
+[Footnote 204: American Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. I, p. 1441.]
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Adams, Comfort A., 46 Streator ave. Cleveland, O.
+Alabama Polytechnic Institute Library. Auburn, Ala.
+Alexander, M. J, Lilac St, E.E.  Pittsburg, Pa.
+Alexander, William H., 302 South 31st St. Omaha, Neb.
+Allread, Hon. J.I., Attorney-at-Law, Greenville, O.
+Ammons, Mrs. Harriet McL., Franklin, O.
+Bain, James, Jr., Public Library, Toronto, Ont.
+Bedford, Miss Florence E., Springboro, O.
+Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Mass.
+Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick, Me.
+Brown, William, Bookseller, Edinburgh. Scot. (4 copies).
+Buchanan, Charles J., 79 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y.
+Butte Free Public Library, Butte, Mont.
+Cameron, Mrs. Angus, La Crosse, Wis.
+Cameron, Rev. Robert, D.D., 487 Hope St., Providence, R.I.
+Camp, Mrs. B.H., Brookfield, Conn.
+Campbell, A.A., Pharmacist, 235 Rondo St., St Paul, Minn.
+Campbell, E.K., Attorney-at-Law, Birmingham, Ala.
+Campbell, J.D., General Solicitor, P. & R. Railway, Wyncote, Pa.
+Campbell, Mrs. Mary C., 2 Congress St., Hartford. Conn.
+Campbell, Rev. Clement C., Hartford, Wis.
+Carnegie Free Library, Braddock, Pa.
+Carnegie Library, Allegheny, Pa.
+Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+Carruthers, David, New York City.
+Casselman, Prof. A.C., 36 St. James ave., Toronto, Ont.
+Chisholm, W.P., M.D., Brockton, Mass.
+Colquhoun, Sir James of Luss, Bart., (2 copies)
+Colwell, Irving S., Bookseller, Auburn, N.Y.
+Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
+Cowan, George, Edinburgh, Scot.
+Cowles, Dr. Edward, Supt. McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass.
+Craig, Allen, Mauch Chunk, Pa.
+Cumming, J. McGregor, 1 East 39th St., New York City.
+Cushing & Co., Booksellers, Baltimore, Md.
+Day, Prof. Alfred, Day's School of Shorthand, Cleveland, O.
+Deacon, Edward, Bridgeport, Conn.
+Davenport, Benjamin Rush, 83 Halsey, Cleveland, O.
+Drake, R. Ingalton, Bookseller, Eton.
+Douglas, Percy, 1002 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. (2 copies).
+Drummond, Josiah H., Attorney-at-Law, Portland, Me.
+Duncan, Rev. Herman C., S.T.D., Alexandria, La.
+Fairbanks, Rev. Edward T., St Johnsbury. Vt.
+Ferguson, Henry, 123 Vernon St., Hartford, Conn.
+Ferguson, S.P., Blue Hill Observatory, Hyde Park, Mass.
+Fiske, Prof. John, LL. D., 22 Berkeley St., Cambridge, Mass.
+Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass.
+Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles of Drummond, LL. D., F.S.A. Scot.
+Free Public Library, Newark, N.J.
+Free Public Library, Paterson, N.J.
+Free Public Library, Salt Lake City, Utah
+Free Public Library, St. Joseph, Mo.
+Free Public Library, Worcester, Mass.
+Goulden & Curry, Booksellers, Tunbridge Wells.
+Graham, Geo. S., 509 Crozer Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
+G.P. Putnam's Sons, Publishers & Booksellers, New York City.
+Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harris, Joseph S., 168 School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Herrick, L.C., M.D., 106 E. Broad St., Columbus, O.
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Howard, A. McLean, Toronto, Ont.
+Humphrey, Geo. P., Bookseller, Rochester, N.Y.
+Huntington, Geo., Librarian Carleton College, Northfield, Minn.
+Indianapolis Public Library, Indianapolis, Ind.
+Indiana University Library, Bloomington, Ind.
+James Prendergast Free Library, Jamestown, N.Y.
+Johnston, John., Banker, Milwaukee, Wis.
+Kenan, Spalding, M.D., Darien, Ga.
+Leggat Brothers, Booksellers. New York City.
+Little, Brown & Co., Booksellers, Boston, Mass. (2 copies).
+Macdonald, Aeneas A., Barrister-at-Law, Charlottetown, P.E.I.
+Macdonald, Alexander, Town Clerk, Govan, Glasgow, Scot.
+Macdonald, John Archibald, Traccadie Cross, P.E.I.
+MacInnis, Rev. J.M., Hallock, Minn.
+Mackay, John, C.E., J.P., Hereford. Scot. (2 copies).
+Maclean, Alex. C., M.D., 346 S.W. Temple St., Salt Lake City, Utah.
+MacLean, Archibald, M.D., Sarnia, Ont.
+Maclean, Arthur A., 712 People's Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.
+MacLean, Daniel., P.O. Box 65, Durango, Colo.
+MacLean, Donald, M.D., LL. D., 821 Woodward ave., Detroit, Mich.
+Maclean, K.T., Thomasville, Ga.
+Maclean, Malcolm, P.M., Walkerton, Ont.
+MacLean, R.E., Wells Delta Co., Mich.
+MacLean, Rev. James T., Oakryn, Pa.
+Macleod, Norman, Bookseller, Edinburgh.
+MacRae, Capt. Donald, Wilmington. N.C.
+MacRae, Prof. Jas. C., Dean of Law School, Chapel Hill, N.C.
+McAdam, Judge David, New York City.
+McCarrell, Hon. Sam'l J.M., Attorney-at-Law, Harrisburg, Pa.
+McClain, E.L., Greenfield, O.
+McClain, Robert A., No. 9 Central Square, Youngstown, O.
+McClean, Miss Abby M., 208 Melrose St., Melrose Highlands, Mass.
+McClellan, Prof. H.B., Prin. Sayre Female Inst. Lexington, Ky.
+McCook, Colonel John J., 120 Broadway, New York City.
+McCook, J.J., New York City.
+McCook, Rev. Henry C., D.D., The Manse, 3700 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa.
+McCorvey, Prof. Thomas Chalmers, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
+McCowan, Prof. J.S., 12 N. 2nd St., Marshalltown, Iowa.
+McCulloch, H.M., Presho, N.Y.
+McDonald, M.G., Rome, Ga.
+McDonald, Wm., 51 Lancaster St., Albany, N.Y.
+McGee, Prof. W.J., Bureau Am. Ethnology, Washington, D.C.
+McGlauflin, Rev. W.H., D.D., 243 Baker St., Atlanta, Ga.
+McGrew, Hon. J.C., Kingwood, West Va.
+McIlhenny, John, 1339 Cherry St., Philadelphia. Pa.
+McIntosh, William Swinton, Darien, Ga.
+McIver, Mrs. G.W., 1611 Larkin St., San Francisco, Calif.
+McKeithen, N.A., Aberdeen, N.C.
+McKenzie, Alexander A., Hanover, N.H.
+McLane, James, Franklin, O.
+McLaughlin, Rev. D.N., Chester, S.C.
+McLaren, Rt. Rev. W.E., D.D., D.C.L., Chicago, Ill.
+McLean, Angus W., Attorney-at-Law, Lumberton, N.C.
+McLean, Col. Hugh H., Barrister, St. John, N.B.
+McLean, David, Danbury, Conn.
+McLean, Harry D., Souris, P.E.I.
+McLean, Hon. Donald, Counselor-at-Law, 27 William St., New York City.
+McLean, John, Danbury, Conn.
+McLean, John, M.D., 3 111th St., Pullman, Chicago, Ill.
+McLean, Mrs. C.B., Winebiddle Ave., & Harriet St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+McLean, Prof. Andrew C., Oneida St., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+McLean, Rev. J.C., St. Georges, P.E.I.
+McLean, Rev. J.K., D.D. Pres't Pacific Theol. Seminary, Oakland, Calif.
+McLean, Wm., Albion, Neb.
+McLeod, Hugh M., Attorney-at-Law, Wausa, Neb.
+McMillan, Rev. D.J., D.D., New York City.
+McNeill, John, New York City.
+McNeill, Malcolm, Lake Forest, Ill.
+McQueen, Joseph P., Attorney-at-Law, Eutaw, Ala.
+Mercantile Library, Astor Place, New York City.
+Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Mo.
+Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn.
+Mitchell Library, Glasgow, Scot.
+Monroe, Prof. Will S., State Normal School, Westfield, Mass.
+Montgomery, D.B., Owensville. Ind.
+Montgomery, H.P., Attorney-at-Law, Georgetown, Ky.
+Morey, Hon. H.L., Attorney-at-Law, Hamilton, O.
+Munro, David A., New York City.
+Munro, Rev. G.A., Milford, Neb.
+Munro, Rev. John J., 894 Forest ave., New York City.
+Munro, Robert F., New York City.
+New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, N.H.
+New Harmony Working Men's Institute, New Harmony, Ind.
+New York Historical Society, New York City.
+New York Public Library, New York City.
+Nickerson, Sereno D., Masonic Temple, Boston. Mass.
+Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus, O.
+Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
+Pardoe, Avern, Legislative Librarian, Toronto, Ont.
+Patten, Miss Jennie M., Brush, Colo.
+Patten, James A., 51-53 Board of Trade, Chicago. Ill. (3 copies).
+Peoria Public Library, Peoria, Ill.
+Preston & Rounds Co., Booksellers, Providence, R.I.
+Public Library and Reading Room, Bridgeport, Conn.
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+Public Library, Milwaukee, Wis.
+Reid, Wm. M., Kansas City, Mo.
+Robertson, Major G.C., of Widmerpool.
+Robertson, R.S., Attorney-at-Law, Fort Wayne, Ind.
+Ross, A.W., Columbia, B.C.
+Selby, Prof. J.L., Greenville, O.
+Slocum, Chas. E., M.D., Ph. D., Defiance, O.
+Smith, Mrs. J. Morgan, Birmingham, Ala.
+State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
+State Library, Columbus, O.
+State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.
+Stewart, John A., New York City.
+St. Paul Book and Stationary Co., St. Paul, Minn.
+Stuart, Henry C., Custom House, New York City.
+Syracuse Central Library, Syracuse. N.Y.
+The Bowen-Merrill Co., Booksellers, Indianapolis, Ind. (2 copies).
+The John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill.
+The Robert Clarke Co., Booksellers, Cincinnati, O.
+Thomson, Hon. Wm., Judge Judicial District, Burlingame, Kan.
+Thomson, William, New York City.
+University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
+Vaughn, Wm. J., Nashville, Tenn.
+War Department Library, Washington, D.C.
+W.B. Clarke Co., Booksellers, Boston, Mass.
+Welsh, R.G., New York City.
+Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, O.
+Westfield Athanaeum, Westfield, Mass.
+Wheeling Public Library, Wheeling, W. Va.
+Wilkinson, Mrs. Henry W., 168 Bowen St., Providence, R.I.
+Williams College Library, Williamstown, Mass.
+Wilson, Mrs. Obed J., 378 Lafayette ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.
+Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, D.D., LL. D., Oberlin, O.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account of the
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