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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/25675-8.txt b/25675-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6152f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/25675-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4354 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting + Washington D.C. September 26, 27 and 28 1923 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: June 2, 2008 [EBook #25675] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION (INCORPORATED) + +REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING + +WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 26, 27 and 28, 1923 + + + + +CONTENTS + + Officers and Committees of the Association 3 + + State Vice-Presidents 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and By-Laws 11 + + Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Convention 15 + + Report of the Secretary 19 + + Some Further Notes on Nut Culture in Canada, Jas. A. Neilson 24 + + Address by Dr. L. C. Corbett 28 + + Address by C. A. Reed 33 + + Commercial Nut Culture, T. P. Littlepage 36 + + Notes by Mr. Bixby 39 + + Address, Mrs. W. N. Hutt 41 + + Report of Chairman of the Committee on Incorporation 47 + + Minutes of First Meeting of Directors 50 + + Report of the Finance Committee 51 + + Address by Dr. Oswald Schreiner 51 + + Address by Dr. W. E. Safford 54 + + Extension Work in Nut Growing, Professor C. P. Close 60 + + Roadside Planting vs. Reforestation, Hon. W. S. Linton 61 + + Encouragement from Failures in Grafting, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman 64 + + Letter from F. H. Wielandy 76 + + The Chestnut, C. A. Reed 77 + + Report of the Committee on Nomenclature 81 + + Notes from an Experimental Nut Orchard 81 + + Appendix 88 + + + + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ HARRY R. WEBER, Cincinnati, Ohio + + _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES. Lancaster, Pennsylvania + + _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING, 983 Main St., Hartford, Conn. + + _Treasurer_ H. J. HILLIARD, Sound View, Connecticut + + +DIRECTORS + +JAMES S. MCGLENNON, DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, WILLARD G. BIXBY, HARRY R. +WEBER, DR. W. C. DEMING. + + +_COMMITTEES_ + +_Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED. + +_Executive_--HARRY R. WEBER, J. F. JONES, W. C. DEMING, H. J. HILLIARD, +W. S. LINTON, J. S. MCGLENNON. + +_Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING. + +_Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE. + +_Membership_--H. R. WEBER, H. D. SPENCER, J. A. SMITH, J. S. MCGLENNON, +R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON, W. C. DEMING. + +_Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES. + +_Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING. + +_Programme_--H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. +BIXBY. + +_Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. +NEILSON. + + + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + California Will J. Thorpe 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco + + Canada James A. Neilson Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland, Ontario + + China P. W. Wang Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. + Sechuan Road, Shanghai + + Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden + + Dist. + of Columbia Prof. C. P. Close Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, + Washington, D. C. + + England Howard Spence The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + Georgia J. M. Patterson Putney + + Illinois Henry D. Spencer Decatur + + Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport + + Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point + + Kansas James Sharp Council Grove + + Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie + + Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + + Nebraska William Caha Wahoo + + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + + New York Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger 510 East Ave., Rochester + + North Carolina C. W. Matthews N. C. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + + Ohio W. R. Fickes Wooster, R. No. 6 + + Oregon Earl C. Frost Gates Road, Portland, Route 1, + Box 515 + + Pennsylvania John Rick 438 Penn Square, Reading + + South Carolina Thomas Taylor 1112 Bull St., Columbia + + Tennessee J. W. Waite Normandy + + Utah Joseph A. Smith Edgewood Hall, Providence + + Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro + + Virginia D. S. Harris Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, + Williamsburg, R. F. D. 3 + + Washington Richard H. Turk Washougal + + West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek + + + + +MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + ARKANSAS + *Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville. + Dunn, D. K., Wynne + + CALIFORNIA + Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco + + CANADA + McRitchie, Prof. A. R., Arthur, Ontario. + Neilson, Jas. A., Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland. + + CHINA + *P. W. Wang, Sec'y, Kinsan Arboretum, 147 No. Szechuan Road, Shanghai. + + CONNECTICUT + Barrows, Paul M., Stamford, R. F. D. No. 30 + Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford + Bielefield, F. J., South Farms, Middletown + Deming, Dr. W. C, 983 Main St., Hartford + Gotthold, Mrs. Frederick, Wilton + Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton + Hilliard, H. J., South View + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 100 + Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + *Morris Dr. R. T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + Agriculture, Library of U. S. Dept. of + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture + Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W. + Gravatt, G. F., Forest Pathology, B. P. I. Agriculture + *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building + Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture + Williams, A. Ray, Union Trust Bldg. + Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards + + ENGLAND + Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + GEORGIA + Killian, C. M., Valdosta + Parrish, John S., Cornelia, Box 57 + Patterson, J. M., Putney + Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun Co. + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + ILLINOIS + Brown, Roy W., 220 E. Cleveland St., Spring Valley + Buckman, Benj., Farmingdale + Buxton, T. C., Stine Bldg., Decatur + Casper, O. H., Anna + Clough, W. A., 929 Monadnoch Bldg., Chicago + Falrath, David, 259 N. College St., Decatur + Flexer, Walter G., 210 Campbell St., Joliet + Foote, Lorezo S., Anna + Holden, Dr. Louis Edward, Decatur + Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian) + Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Aledo + Mosnat, H. R., 10910 Prospect Ave., Morgan Park, Chicago + Mueller, Robert, Decatur + Nash, C. J., 1302 E. 53rd St., Chicago + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Powers, Frank S., 595 Powers Lane, Decatur + Reihl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Rodhouse, T. W., Jr., Pleasant Hill, R. R. 2 + Shaw, James B., Champaign, Box 644 + Spencer, Henry D., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur + Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown + Vulgamott, Chas. E., Cerro Gordo + White, W. Elmer, 175 Park Place, Decatur + + INDIANA + Clayton, C. L., Owensville + Copp, Lloyd, 819 W. Foster St., Kokomo + Gilmer, Frank, 1012 Riverside Drive, South Bend + Reed, W. C, Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IOWA + Adams, Gerald W., Moorhead + Bricker, C. W., Ladora + Pfeiffer, W. F., Fayette + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Snyder, S. W., Center Point. + + KANSAS + Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs + Fossenden, C. D., Cherokee + Hardin, Martin, Horton + Hitchcock, Chas. W., Belle Plaine + Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton + Sharpe, James, Council Grove + + MARYLAND + Jordan, Dr. Llewellyn, 100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park + Keenan, Dr. John F. Brentwood + O'Connor, P. J., Bowie + Perkins, H., 401 Nat. Marine Bank Bldg., Baltimore + Wall, A. V., Baltimore + + MASSACHUSETTS + *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston + Bowles, Francis T., Barnstable + Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center + Collins, Geo. D., 388 Union St., Springfield + Johnstone, Edward O., North Carver + Sawyer, James C., Andover + Wright, G. F., Chelmsford + + MICHIGAN + Banine, Chester H., Vandalia + Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac + Copland, A. W., 670 E. Woodbridge St., Detroit + Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek + *Linton, W. S., Saginaw + Penney, Senator Harvey A., 425 So. Jefferson Ave., Saginaw + Wallace, Henry, Detroit + + MISSOURI + Crosby, Miss Jessie M., 4241 Harrison St., Kansas City + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + Youkey, J. M., 2519 Monroe Ave., Kansas City + + NEBRASKA + Caha, William, Wahoo + Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln + + NEW JERSEY + Brown, Jacob S., Elmer, Salem Co. + Clarke, Miss E. A., W. Point Pleasant, Box 57 + Franck, M., Box 89, Franklin + Gaty, Theo. E., 50 Morris Ave., Morristown + *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City + Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Parry, T. Morrel, Riverton + Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton + + NEW YORK + Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Bennett, Howard S., 851 Joseph Ave., Rochester + Bethea, J. G., 243 Rutgers St., Rochester + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I. + Bixby, Mrs. Willard G, 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin + Brinton, Mrs. Willard Cope, 36 So. Central Pk., N. Y. City + Buist, Dr. G. L., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester + Cothran, John C., 104 High St., Lockport + Corsan, G. H., 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn + Culver, M. L., 238 Milburn St., Rochester + Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester + Dunbar, John, Dep't. of Parks, Rochester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn + Gaty, Theo. E. Jr., Clermont + Gillett, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City + Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca + Hart, Frank E., Landing Road, Brighton + Haws, Elwood D., Public Market, Rochester + Henshall, H., 5 W. 125th St., N. Y. C. + Hoag, Henry S., Delhi + Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.) + *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + Jewett, Edmund G., 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn + Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 15th St. & 4th Ave., New York City + Krieg, Fred J., 11 Gladys St., Rochester + Lattin, Dr. H. W., Albion + Lauth, John C., 67 Tyler St., Rochester + Liveright, Frank I., 120 W. 70th St., N. Y. C. + MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of + Agriculture, Ithaca + McGlennon, J. S., 28 Cutler Building, Rochester + Motondo, Grant F., 198 Monroe Ave., Rochester + Nolan, Mrs. C. R., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester + Nolan, M. J., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester + Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and + Barry Building, Rochester + Paterno, Dr. Chas. V., 117 W. 54th St., N. Y. City + Pierce, H. Gordon, 103 Park Ave., N. Y. City + Pirrung, Miss L. M., 779 East Ave., Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St., Rochester + Rawnsley, James B., 242 Linden St., Rochester + Schroeder, E. A., 223 East Ave., Rochester + Shutt, Erwin E., 509 Plymouth Ave., Rochester + Snyder, Leroy E., 241 Barrington St., Rochester + Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City + Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Tucker, Arthur R., Chamber of Commerce, Rochester + Tucker, Geo. B., 110 Harvard St., Rochester + Vick, C. A., 142 Harvard St., Rochester + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Waller, Percy, 284 Court St., Rochester + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St., New York City + *Wisman, Mrs. F. de R. Westchester, New York City + Wyckoff, E. L., Aurora + + NORTH CAROLINA + Hutchings, Miss L. G., Pine Bluff + Matthews, C. D., North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.), Pomona + + OHIO + Beatty, Dr. W. M. L., Route 3, Croton Road, Centerburg + Coon, Charles, Groveport + Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville + Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6 + Hinnen, Dr. G. A., 1343 Delta Ave., Cincinnati + Neff, Wm. N., Martel + *Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + + OREGON + Frost, Earl C., Route 1, Box 515, Gates Rd., Portland + + PENNSYLVANIA + Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St., Reading + Anders, Stanley S., Norristown + Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown + Bohn, Dr. H. W., 34 No. 9th St., Reading + Bolton, Charles G., Zieglerville + Boy Scouts of America, Reading + Druckemiller, W. H., 31 N. 4th St., Sunbury + Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata + Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote + Hershey, John W., Ronks + Hess, Elam G., Manheim + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville + Horst, John D., Reading + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia + Jockers, Fred'k J., 4 E. Township Line, Jenkintown + *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton + Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia + Minick, C. G., Ridgway + Paden, Riley W., Enon Valley + Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes Barre + Pratt, Arthur H., Kennett Square + *Rick, John, 438 Penn Square, Reading + Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S., Lorane + Rose, William J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg, "Personal" + Rosenberry, W. H., Box 114, Lansdale + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1 + Smedley, Mrs. Samuel L., Newtown Sq., R. F. D. No. 1 + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore + Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Whitner, Harry D., Reading + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + *Wister, John C., Clarkson and Wister Sts., Germantown + Wolf, D. D., 527 Vine St., Philadelphia + Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., Piketown + + RHODE ISLAND + Allen, Philip, Providence + + SOUTH CAROLINA + Taylor, Thos., 1112 Bull St., Columbia + + TENNESSEE + Waite, J. W., Normandy + + UTAH + Smith, Joseph A., Edgewood Hall, Providence + + VERMONT + Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3 + Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven + Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro + + VIRGINIA + +Dodge, Harrison H., Mount Vernon + Gould, Katherine Clemons, Boonsboro, Care of C. M. Daniels, + via Lynchburg, R. F. D. 4 + Harris, D. S., Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg, R. 3 + Hopkins, N. S., Dixondale + Jordan, J. H., Bohannon + Moock, Harry C, Roanoke, Route 5 + + WASHINGTON + Berg, D. H., Nooksack + Turk, Richard H., Washougal + + WEST VIRGINIA + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown + Mish, A. F., Inwood + + * Life Member + + Honorary Member + + + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + + ARTICLE I + + _Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION. + + + ARTICLE II + + _Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in + nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture. + + + ARTICLE III + + _Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all + persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to + place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and + regulations of the committee on membership. + + + ARTICLE IV + + _Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a + secretary and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the + annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which + the president, the two last retiring presidents, the + vice-president, the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. + There shall be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, + or country represented in the membership of the association, who + shall be appointed by the president. + + + ARTICLE V + + _Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be + elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating + officers for the following year. + + + ARTICLE VI + + _Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be + selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no + selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall + choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. + Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the + president and executive committee. + + + ARTICLE VII + + _Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, + but must include two of the four elected officers. + + + ARTICLE VIII + + _Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote + of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such + amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a + copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to + each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + ARTICLE I + + _Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as + follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and + publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, + and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make + recommendations to the association as to the discipline or + expulsion of any member. + + + ARTICLE II + + _Fees._ Annual members shall pay three dollars annually, or five + dollars, including a year's subscription to the American Nut + Journal. Contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually, this + membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut + Journal. Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and + shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt + from dues. + + + ARTICLE III + + _Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the + first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the + Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter + preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and + the Treasurer. + + + ARTICLE IV + + _Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of + members present at any annual meeting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS + +AT THE + +FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +New National Museum, Washington, D. C. + +September 26-27-28, 1923. + + +(In making up this report the transcript of the stenographer's full +report has been unsparingly cut, in accordance with the vote of the +convention. Copies of the full report are in the possession of the +secretary.) + +The Convention was called to order at 2 p. m., Sept. 26, 1923, in the +New National Museum. + +In his opening address the president spoke of the need for increased +membership and improved financial condition. He also recommended a +return to the old method of combining the secretary and treasurer in one +office and that the secretary-treasurer should have a fair salary, +suitable quarters, and adequate help. He spoke of his own efforts to +increase the usefulness of the association and expressed his fears that +they had amounted to very little. He quoted the statement of the editor +of the American Nut Journal that what people want to know is whether +they can make any money by the cultivation of nut trees. That statement +led to a campaign to try to locate in the territory of the association +groups of nut trees in profitable bearing. He felt satisfied that there +are numerous paying nut orchards, and he recommended a continuance of +the campaign for locating such orchards. + +The president then went on to instance the experience of Mr. Frederick +G. Brown of Salisbury, Mass., at whose place, about two miles from the +ocean, there are two Persian walnut trees, 12 to 15 years old, one of +them about a foot in diameter and twenty feet high, that have borne for +two years. Peach trees will not live at this place. Two miles away at +Newburyport is a tree a year or two younger that bore a half peck of +nuts last year, and another tree 35 years old in bearing for 15 or 20 +years. The nuts were spoken of as of high quality. + +He referred to Edward Selkirk of North East, Pa., who has a grove of 250 +trees about 22 years old of the Pomeroy variety. Last year the crop was +one ton and brought in a little over $500.00. This year the crop is much +larger. For best development of the trees the land should be given over +entirely to their culture. + +The president quoted a letter from E. A. Riehl of Godfrey, Illinois as +follows: + +My nut plantings are mostly young, many just coming into bearing, while +many others have been top-worked to better varieties, so that money +returns are not what they would be had I started out planting improved +varieties. Part of my aim was to originate better varieties than we had +when I began. In this, I think, I have been fairly successful. + +My plantings consist mostly of chestnuts. These have sold readily at 35 +to 40 cents per pound wholesale. It is rather a hard matter to give any +idea as to profit, except that we gathered 23 pounds from one tree five +years after topworking on a tree then about three inches in diameter. In +1920, the net return was $1,172.54, in 1921, $1,019.44, in 1922, which +was about a half crop, $1,196.81. All this on land so rough no crop +could be grown on it but pasture. This year's crop promises to be a full +one. + +As to walnuts, we have made no record of single trees. The Thomas, by +actual test, gives ten pounds of meat to the bushel, which we sold to +dealers last season at $1.00 per pound, and could not nearly supply the +demand. + +Walnut crop here a failure this season. Only a few Thomas trees have a +crop. + +If the meeting was after nut harvest, I would send the best chestnut +exhibit that has ever been shown at any meeting. + +H. C. Fletcher of Clarkson, N. Y., was quoted as estimating the nuts +produced from two trees each year from 1911 to 1915 as $25 worth. +(Presumably these were Persian walnuts, but this was not stated.) In +1916 and 1917 there were about six bushels of nuts, probably $75 worth. +In 1918 a market basket full. In 1919 and 1920 about $40 worth, +including some trees sold. In 1921 about $50 worth were produced and in +1922 $60 worth of nuts and $30 worth of trees. + +In the president's own filbert nursery at Rochester over 300 pounds of +fine nuts were produced for which 30 cents a pound were offered by +grocerymen. + +Mr. W. R. Mattoon of the Forest Service of the U. S. Dept. of +Agriculture spoke as follows: + +Two years ago, when the Forest Service was planning to get up a bulletin +on growing walnut trees for timber, we found the need to include +information on the nuts also. Mr. C. A. Reed and I together prepared a +manuscript on growing the walnut tree both for timber and for nuts. + +It pays to grow walnuts in small groups and singly, rather than in large +blocks, for while they have not proven altogether failures when planted +in large quantities they have been disappointing. Many of the trees +which we planted as close as 6 x 8 feet several years ago, have not +given very satisfactory results because they have not had enough light +and air. The black walnut grows singly in the forest, although there may +be full stands of other trees around it. Our idea is to recommend +planting the black walnut in spots around on the farm, in little +inaccessible places and on the hillsides, where the soil is good; for +the black walnut requires good soil, and we cannot find that quality in +large patches, nor is it usual on slopes of ground. So we must put it +here and there on the farm, along the fence rows and in various places, +but not in groups. The farmer planting in this way becomes its wood +which is used in the most expensive furniture. I believe that mahogany +is the only other wood so valuable. On the other side of the world they +have the mahogany tree for cabinet use, and here in America we have the +black walnut, a cabinet wood that is not surpassed. + +The present available publications on this subject are limited but we +are referring people who inquire about it to Department of Agriculture +Bulletin No. 933, "The Black Walnut, Its Growth and Management." That is +midway between a technical and a popular bulletin, and it comprises +about the only available publication that we have at the present time on +the subject of growing the tree. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1123, "Growing +and Planting Hardwood Seedlings on the Farm", deals with the black +walnut along with other trees. Another publication is Department of +Agriculture Bulletin No. 153, "Forest Planting in the Eastern United +States," which considers the black walnut along with the other available +trees for planting. + +MR. OLCOTT: For a small orchard would it be proper to plant 160 to 180 +feet apart? + +MR. MATTOON: When planted in that way you would get nut production and +at the same time, a timber growth. If pruned you get a good log at the +base. The small, ten-foot logs from these trees pay as much as you would +get for an 18 foot log of a taller tree. For forestry purposes, pruning +is a desirable practice. + +THE PRESIDENT: But for nut-bearing, what is your opinion? + +MR. MATTOON: I should suppose that you would want your orchard trees to +be as low-branched as possible, and with as full foliage as possible. + +Mr. Bixby (acting as secretary) then read a paper by H. R. Mosnat of +Morgan Park, Illinois in which he spoke of the number of doctors +interested in nut growing and the need of all men of that character +having a hobby of that kind. He thought that the taxes on many farms +might be paid out of the profits of nut trees planted on the farms and +along the highways. But these nut trees should not be seedling trees. +The apple and the black walnut are said to be the only trees that grow +in every state of the Union. Nuts were one of the staple foods of our +ancestors. We should not be discouraged if we have not yet found the +right nut for the East and the Middle West. We should seek them promptly +because of the rate at which nut trees are being converted into logs. By +next year, he said, he expected to have 25 varieties of black walnuts in +his collection including some hybrids. Machines for cracking black +walnuts by power are now practically perfect and one firm in that +business has cracked about a million pounds in the last few years and +expects to treble or quadruple its business this season if supplies can +be secured. The trouble with most walnut cracking machines is that they +crush instead of crack and small bits of shell are apt to stick to the +meats. But there is machinery now to remove these bits of shell. There +are wild black walnuts that run 16 to 18 per cent kernels, though the +average is only 12-1/2%. It is not always the largest nuts that produce +the greatest proportionate weight of kernels. The picking and cracking +expense with black walnuts is very little greater than with pecans, but +the final cleaning to render the meat absolutely free of shells has been +very expensive. Cultivated black walnuts will of course give better +results, because they have been selected for easy cracking, have kernels +that separate readily from the shell, the product is uniform, and the +nuts require much less grading before cracking than the wild black +walnuts, where every tree bears nuts differing in size, as in almost +every other quality. Figuring 50,000 pounds to the carload it will take +about eight carloads of wild black walnuts to make one carload of +kernels of the same weight. More and more English walnuts and pecans are +being sold in the form of kernels, and black walnuts also will best be +sold in kernels. These can be canned in vacuum glass or metal cans, and +the housewife will use more nuts when she can get the shell-free meats +with her favorite cooking utensil, the can-opener. Confectioners and +bakers will take black walnut meats by the carload in preference to +other nut meats because they have more flavor, and so "go further." + +The growing of black walnuts in a commercial way will require education, +but already there is a growing interest. Several of the large weekly +publications have, within the last couple of months, carried full page, +illustrated articles on black walnuts. One of these, in a magazine of +general circulation which is over half a million, within a month +resulted in almost one hundred letters asking for additional +information, which shows that a great many people want to know more +about the possibilities of black walnuts. This interest will certainly +increase when profitable black walnut orchards are actually growing and +paying good profits. Already men are putting in black walnut orchards or +groves of several hundred acres, and one such planting of 1,600 acres is +proposed, but it will be partly hardy pecans. This shows rapid +development into a real industry of magnitude. + + + + +Report of the Secretary. + +On March 1, 1923, the treasurer, Mr. W. G. Bixby, handed over to the +secretary the funds and books of the association, saying that his time +had become so much taken up that he was able to give too little of it to +the duties of his office. Thus it became necessary for the secretary to +assume the functions of the treasurer as well. + +These functions were, in the first place, the payment of the obligations +of the association from the funds available. The funds available for +current expenses were not sufficient for the payment of these +obligations. The secretary therefore took it upon himself to pay these +obligations with funds of the association put aside for other purposes. +These funds were money received from life membership payments that had +been deposited in the Litchfield Savings Society, as a sort of +contingent fund, and other funds from the same source held by the +treasurer and handed over by him to the secretary. These two funds were +completely used up in the payment of current expenses, as will appear in +the detailed statement of the secretary. + +These funds, however, were still insufficient to pay the current +expenses, which were, chiefly, the expenses of the stenographer's report +and transcripts of the thirteenth annual convention, at Rochester, and +the cost of printing the annual report. The cost of printing the report +was paid out of the available funds. The stenographer's bill, amounting +to $169.00 originally, but reduced to $135.00 by the stenographer on +representation by the officers of the association that the amount was +excessive, was paid by Mr. Bixby personally, and the association is +indebted to Mr. Bixby in that amount at this moment. + +The second function that developed upon the secretary was the management +of the membership lists and matters relating thereto, which, though +perhaps essentially a duty of the secretary of an association such as +this, had been managed by the treasurer since the time when he took over +the duties of the secretary in 1918. This had involved quite an +expenditure for clerical work. This clerical work would still be an +expense to the association, had not one of our members, Mr. H. J. +Hilliard, of Sound View, Connecticut, volunteered to do it. Mr. Hilliard +was formerly connected with a bank, is entirely familiar with the +keeping of accounts, is a man of means and leisure, and I shall take +pleasure in offering his name to fill the vacant treasurership. +Heretofore, this association has had to pay little or nothing for +clerical work which has been done either by the secretary, or by the +treasurer and his personal clerical force. + +In accordance with the vote of the Rochester convention the secretary +drafted two letters, one entitled, "To the State Vice-Presidents of the +N. N. G. A. and All Members of the Association"; the other, "To All +Women Members of the N. N. G. A. and to All Women Interested, or +Interestable, in Nut Culture." Both of these letters were sent to all +members of the association, and the letter to women was sent also to a +considerable list of women not members. The results of these letters +were, so far as the secretary has means of knowing, not over a half +dozen letters of appreciation from members, one new woman member, and a +letter of appreciation from another woman. + +The secretary has reason to believe, however, that the letters were the +means of stimulating several of the state vice-presidents to activity +in the matter of getting new members, in writing articles for the press +and in giving illustrated talks on nut growing. Among those who are +known to have given such talks or articles, are Dr. Morris, Mr. Weber, +Mr. Spencer, Mr. Smith, Mr. Turk, Mr. O'Connor, Mr. and Mrs. Corsan, Mr. +Reed, Mr. Neilson, Wilkinson, Snyder, Matthews, Kains, MacDaniels, +Fagan, Kaufman, Rick, Bixby, the secretary, and, doubtless, a number of +others. + +The secretary has a collection of slides on nut growing which he has +lent two or three times to members for illustrating their lectures. It +was necessary to provide a box for the safe transportation of these +slides which the secretary purchased, at a cost to the association of +$8.85. The secretary also furnished a typed, running commentary for +these slides and, in one or two instances, has furnished negatives and +photographs for making slides and illustrations. The secretary also +offers to furnish outlines for lectures or articles, and has a small +collection of nuts which is available for lectures. + +If the funds were available, it would be possible to enlarge the +collections of slides, illustrations and nuts for the use of members who +wished to give talks or write articles. + +Possibly the suggestion of the secretary was responsible for the +formation of a subsidiary association in Rochester. On this a report is +desirable from President McGlennon or Mr. Olcott. One or two other +members have written of their intention to form subsidiary associations. + +A leaflet was also issued by the secretary announcing Mr. Jones' offer +to give seedling nut trees as a premium to new members. The demand for +these trees not being up to expectation, Mr. Jones very generously sent +out five such trees in place of the original offer of one or two. I hope +that Mr. Jones will make a report of the number of trees thus +distributed. Although the circular distinctly stated that these trees +were premiums for new members, many members understood it as an offer +for renewal of membership as well, and I think that in every such +instance, Mr. Jones himself forgot and sent the trees. A few members, +whose names came in too late, were disappointed in not getting trees. +Mr. Jones has intimated that it may be possible to correct these +omissions this fall. I hope that Mr. Jones will make a statement about +this, and I hope also, that the association will not overlook Mr. Jones' +liberality in distributing these trees entirely at his own expense. + +There have been expressions of regret, and I am sure that many more +have felt it, that it has not been possible to go on with the nut +contests and the giving of prizes for new and valuable nuts. As there is +not likely to be any one else willing to assume the really immense labor +involved in the nut contests, conducted as Mr. Bixby has conducted them, +I suppose that all we can do is to hope that circumstances will sometime +again make it possible for Mr. Bixby to resume these very valuable +services for the development of nut culture in the United States. I say +intentionally "the United States," because I believe that these services +have benefitted the whole country. This fact makes me the bolder in +uttering the daring suggestion that perhaps, now that Mr. Bixby has +shown the way, and developed exact methods that may be safely followed, +which, if I do not misapprehend, is what it states that it desires +before presuming to take up any new line of work, the Department of +Agriculture itself might consider it a matter worthy of its attention. +Professor J. A. Neilson, of the less cautious Canadian Department of +Agriculture, is rendering very valuable services of this kind for the +Dominion of Canada. + +There is evidence that several more state agricultural institutions are +giving attention to nut growing. (MacDaniels, at Ithaca; J. C. +Christensen, University of Michigan). + +There is no need of taking your time now to recapitulate the many things +that ought to be done to promote the planting of nut trees and the +scientific investigation of nut growing. Dean Watt's address, published +in the 12th annual report, and the letter of the secretary to state +vice-presidents, contain outlines for these things. The attention of the +present convention is more particularly to be given to advocating nut +tree planting on a production basis. + +Regarding the campaign for new members, perhaps the chairman of the +committee on membership will make some remarks. The present membership +of the association is 337, if we drop no names this year for non-payment +of dues. Of course, those who do not pay their dues should be dropped. +But the association has never made any ruling as to how long names +should be carried on the rolls. The secretary has been easy in sending +copies of the annual reports to members in arrears, hoping that the +conscience-stricken recipients would hasten to pay up. But there is no +proof that such has been the case, and the secretary would recommend +making a rule as to when a member is no longer in good standing, when he +should be dropped from the rolls, and what members are entitled to +copies of the annual report. The secretary would make the suggestion +that there be an amendment to the by-laws to the effect that members +who have not paid their dues within three months from the time of their +first notification, be sent a second notification to the effect that +they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are +not entitled to receive a copy of the annual report; but that all +privileges may be restored on payment of dues. At the end of three +months from the sending of the second notice, the names of members not +in good standing should be dropped. The annual report should be sent +only to members in good standing. + +Mr. Hilliard asked me what our fiscal year was. I answered that I did +not think we had any. It would undoubtedly be a convenience if we are to +have a bank man for a treasurer, and a ruling by the association would +be in place. + +Our accredited list of nut nurserymen is out of date and a new list +should be issued. Recommendations as to changes in or additions to that +list, should be considered by the members. + +It is desirable that the annual reports of the association should be +indexed and bound, but no hand has yet been found to do it. + +Our ambitions have so far outstripped our sources of revenue that we +have come to look on an annual deficit as a normal and defensible thing. +I think it is indefensible. I think it is going to have a bad effect on +our attendance and our morals if the members have to look forward to +what amounts to a good big assessment at every convention. A deficit is +not inevitable. The secretary-treasurer was able to report a surplus at +the first, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh meetings. The income from +membership dues should be enough to enable the printing of the annual +report. But if not I should be in favor of not printing the report until +funds were on hand to pay for it. + +In rendering an account of the funds of the association I will first +state that there is on hand, cash in bank, $84.89. This amount must be +charged with the Bowditch hickory prize fund, $25, which leaves $59.89, +cash on hand. We owe Mr. Bixby for paying the stenographer's bill, +$135.00, and Mr. Olcott for printing, $24.58, a total of $159.58. This +makes our deficit $99.69, practically just one hundred dollars. + +It should be recalled that in arriving at this result it was necessary +to use up our reserve fund from life memberships, amounting to $225.00. +If we count that in with the deficit, it amounts to $325.00. + +A detailed account of receipts and expenditures is herewith submitted. +At the present moment, on account of a rush of other work, on account +of difficulties of other kinds, and because of a division of the work +between Mr. Hilliard and myself, I am unable to give the exact amount +received from memberships and sale of reports and bulletins. This I hope +to correct before the annual report goes to press. + + + RECEIPTS + + Turned over by the Treasurer, Mar. 1, 1923: + Money for current expenses $ 89.66 + From life memberships 95.00 + Bowditch hickory prize 25.00 + From Litchfield Savings Society 130.00 + Membership dues + Sale of reports and bulletins + + EXPENDITURES + + Printing report $378.00 + Misc. printing and postals 7.50 + Clerical hire and postage 47.65 + Postage, telegrams, carriage 38.09 + Box for lantern slides 8.85 + ------- + $480.09 + + Due Mr. Bixby, stenographer's bill $135.00 + Due Mr. Olcott, printing 24.00 + ------- + $159.58 + +The report of the secretary was adopted. + +The following paper was read by the acting secretary as Mr. Neilson was +unable to be present: + + + + +SOME FURTHER NOTES ON NUT CULTURE IN CANADA. + +JAS. A. NEILSON, B. S. A., M. S., Extension Horticulturist, Hort. Expt. +Station, Vineland Sta., Ont. + +The nut culture activities outlined in the paper presented by the writer +at the convention in Rochester were carried on as much as time and means +would permit during the past year. The search for nut trees has been +continued and has yielded some interesting results. Several valuable +trees of kinds already noted have been located and additional species +discovered. Among these were five pecan trees which have been growing on +the farm of C. R. James at Richmond Hill, a small town fifteen miles +north of Toronto. These trees were about fifty years old and appeared to +be perfectly hardy, as far as growth was concerned, but owing to the +northern location (43.45") seldom produced ripened nuts. The season of +1919, however, was longer and somewhat warmer than most seasons, and a +fully ripened crop of nuts was gathered. The nuts are small with a thin +shell and a fine sweet kernel. The largest tree in the lot is about 35 +feet tall with a trunk diameter of 16" and a spread of branches equal to +its height. Another small plantation of pecans was found at +Niagara-on-the-Lake on the fruit farm of John Morgan. Some of these +trees were of grafted sorts and others were seedlings. Both grafted and +seedling trees were making a good growth and appeared to be perfectly +healthy. + +In as much as the pecan is native to a country having a longer growing +season and higher average summer temperatures than southern Ontario, it +is quite encouraging to find that these trees will even grow here, to +say nothing of bearing nuts. This would seem to indicate that there are +possibilities for some of the pecan-bitternut and pecan-shagbark hybrids +in southern Ontario where the shagbark and the bitternut grow quite +freely. + +I also located two excellent shagbark hickories which have fair-sized +nuts with thin shell and fine kernels. One of these trees grows about +twelve miles west of Simcoe, Ontario, and produces quite a large nut +with a shell so thin that it can be easily cracked with the teeth. This +particular tree is about seventy feet tall and bore ten bushels of nuts +in one season. I have records of several other good hickories and plan +to inspect these at the earliest opportunity. + +Several more good English walnuts have been located and examined. Among +these there is one tree over seventy-five years old which at one time +bore thirty bushels of ripe nuts. + +A few good heartnut trees have been located at various points. One of +these trees is about thirty-five feet tall, with a spread of nearly +sixty feet from tip to tip of branches. The present owner harvested +several bushels of good nuts in one season from this tree. + +I bought with my own funds a bushel of nuts from this tree and sent them +in lots ranging from six to thirty to interested parties in various +parts of Ontario. Of course I know that this is not in accordance with +the best nut cultural principals, but I thought it was one way of +getting nut trees started. If these nuts do not reproduce true to type, +they will serve as a good stock for budding or grafting with the best +introduced heartnuts later on. Another good heartnut was located almost +on the outskirts of Toronto. At five years from planting this tree bore +one-half bushel of fine, thin-shelled nuts. + +In my last paper I stated that filberts had not done well in Ontario. I +am glad to state that I will now have to retract that statement and +inform you that good filbert trees have been found near Ancaster, which +is close to Hamilton. These trees were about fifty years old, the +largest specimen being nearly a foot in diameter at the base and about +25 feet tall. The trees bore well, but on account of the hordes of black +and grey squirrels very few nuts were harvested. A fine lot of filberts +was also found at Tyroconnell, a small hamlet on the north shore of Lake +Erie, in Elgin County. These trees are nearly fifty years old and bear +excellent nuts. Much to my surprise I found a fine clump of filberts +growing quite near the campus of the O. A. C. at Guelph. These trees +were introduced from England about sixteen years ago and at first they +did not appear to be hardy, but eventually they established themselves +and are now doing well in growth and fruitfulness. I was somewhat amused +to think that I was searching so diligently for valuable nut trees all +over the Province and did not even know of the existence of these trees, +until a year and a half after I made my initial attempt to discover +valuable nut trees. + +I will have to correct another statement made at the last meeting, to +the effect that almonds do not grow well in Canada except on Vancouver +Island. Since then I have found a few, good, hard-shelled almond trees +growing and yielding well in the Lake Erie country. This leads me to +believe that almonds can be grown, with reasonable success, anywhere in +the peach belt, particularly in the lake district. + +In addition to my efforts to locate good trees I persuaded the +authorities at the O. A. C. to establish small plantings of some of the +best black walnuts, hickories, Japanese walnuts, and Chinese chestnuts. +I also obtained about five bushels of Chinese walnuts and one bushel of +Chinese chestnuts from northwest China for testing at the experiment +stations, and by other interested individuals. Owing to the length of +time the nuts were in transit the majority of them were unfit for +germination. A few have grown, however, and we hope to get good results +from these. + +A collection of nuts containing 60 plates and 21 different species was +prepared and exhibited at the Royal Winter Fair at Toronto and also at +the Livestock Show at Guelph. I was in attendance almost constantly at +Toronto, and endeavored to give all the information possible on nut +culture. Both exhibits attracted a great deal of attention and called +forth favorable comments from visitors and the press. + +Experimental plantings of English, Japanese, Chinese, and American +walnuts, filberts and hickories, have been established at the +Horticultural Experiment Station. Mr. W. J. Strong pollenated about 200 +black walnut blossoms with pollen of the English walnut. Apparently a +good number (approximately 75%) have set fruit. + +A graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College, who has become +interested in nut culture, procured 2,000 black walnut seedlings from +the Forestry Station at St. Williams. These trees were budded, in August +last, with local grown English walnuts, but unfortunately only a few +buds took. An attempt will be made next spring to whip graft the trees +that did not set buds this summer. + +There is a marked increase in the interest in nut culture shown by the +public during the past year. This is shown by numerous requests for +information and addresses on nut growing and by the public endorsement +of nut culture by three important horticultural organizations. The +Ontario Horticultural Council, the Federal Horticultural Council and the +Ontario Horticultural Societies Convention each passed a resolution +asking the Dominion Department of Agriculture to appoint a man to +investigate the possibilities of nut culture in Canada. No definite +action has been taken as yet, but it is expected that an appointment +will be made in the near future. + +We are giving the boys and girls of Ontario an opportunity to assist us +in our work by hunting for good nut trees, and as an incentive we have +offered prizes of $5.00 each for the best specimens of our various +native and introduced nut trees. This should bring results, because if +there is anyone in this wide world who knows where good nuts are, it is +the small boy. + +The work during the past year has generally been encouraging, but like +every other line of human endeavor there have been disappointments. For +example, one bushel of Chinese walnuts was stolen, and a number of good +specimens of other kinds mysteriously disappeared from my exhibition +collection. + +Another disappointing feature has been the apathy, and even hostility, +shown by some officials. I do not intend, however, to let these +difficulties discourage me in the least, but plan to carry on and preach +the gospel of beauty and utility as exemplified in our best nut trees. + + + + +ADDRESS BY DR. L. C. CORBETT + +U. S. Department of Agriculture + + +The work in nut culture by the Department of Agriculture antedates the +present Bureau of Plant Industry, and to confine the history of the work +to the present Bureau of Plant Industry would not quite do the subject +justice. + +From the time of the beginning of fruit work in the Department of +Agriculture, in 1885, nuts have received more or less attention. After +the formation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in 1901, special +appropriations were received from Congress for the support of nut +investigations, and individuals were appointed to that service in the +department. Mr. C. A. Reed, whom you all know very well, was the first +appointee of this service, devoting his whole time and attention to the +work. He has been with the department for several years, and has given +his time exclusively to the nut problems of the country. Naturally, the +nut problems are not confined to any geographic area, but are +nation-wide; but certain of the plants which have entered into the +problems of nut culture have demanded more attention than others, for +reasons that are the same as in fruit culture. The older fruits, those +better known and longer in cultivation, whose problems are better +understood, require less attention from the grower and from the +experimenter than do the newer ones in the field. + +Nut culture in America, as I understand it, not being a nut culturist +myself, consists of two types of projects. We have one type that has +long been practiced by man, that we imported from European countries and +established on this continent. People have cultivated these nuts more or +less intensively for generations, and many of the problems have been +worked out, so far as Europe is concerned. Of course, when introduced in +America, new problems confronted the growers here. The other type of nut +industry is based upon indigenous nuts of which we know little, either +from the orchard standpoint or as to the varieties concerned. Our native +nuts, particularly the pecan, have forced themselves upon the attention +of investigators of the department to much greater extent, perhaps, than +any other nut with which we have to deal. Being a native, indigenous +plant, not yet under cultivation, there is immediately presented the +problem of the choice of varieties, adaption to changed conditions, and +all of the problems arising in connection with a rapidly developing +commercial industry; certain enthusiasts soon become enamored with the +possibilities in the southern parts of the United States for pecan +culture, and they immediately transplant it into new and untried +regions, and as a result their problems have become legion. + +The work of the Department of Agriculture in nut culture has developed +really around the growing industries of the country; primarily, around +the pecan, and secondly, around the almond and the walnut, for these are +the more important, commercially. Naturally, the most pressing problems +arise in connection with growing industries; they have growing pains +which have to be eased the same as with small boys. + +The Department of Agriculture has therefore found itself in the position +of seeking answers to numerous questions which have been made in +connection with these developing industries. I believe that we have +contributed very materially to the knowledge of varieties, particularly +as regards their adaptation to different geographic locations. We have +also assisted the industries to solve some of their problems of +cultivation, particularly of propagation, and also the problems growing +out of the maintenance of soil fertility. With a new crop, in a new +environment, it is always a problem to know how to manage the soil, and +this is one of the leading lines of activity in the field, at the +present time. In the Bureau of Plant Industry, two offices, that of +Horticulture and Pomology and that of Soil Fertility, are co-operating +in the solution of the soil fertility problems in the pecan regions. + +Of course, as the industry developed and became established, the natural +enemies of the pecan and of the other nut trees asserted themselves, as +a result of which there have been set up investigations in the Bureau of +Plant Industry to study the life histories of the various fungi that +attack pecans; and outside of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the Bureau +of Entomology has been devoting time to the study of the control of +insect enemies. So that, at the present, the department is so organized +that three or four important lines of attack are being made upon +problems of these industries. Thus, while at the beginning of the Bureau +of Plant Industry, in 1901, there was no single, individual person +devoting his time and attention to the problems of nut culture, at +present there are quite a group of individuals giving their whole time. +I feel we are making progress in the work, and while we may be lagging +very much behind what we should like to do, we are assisting as best we +can, and are at least keeping in sight of the industry, as it goes +forward. + +I will not try to go into details about the work we are carrying on, +because it is better to tell of what we have accomplished than to tell +what we hope to do. We have a man on the Pacific Coast giving his whole +time and attention to the study of breeding and of the cultural problems +of almonds. Besides this, we have two men giving all of their time to +pecans; and during the last year, there has been established near +Albany, Georgia, a station devoted to the cultural problems of pecans. +One gentleman is continuously on the ground with the work, and two +others devote more or less of their time to it. + +Now, while these problems connected with the industries are the ones +occupying most attention, the workers in the Department of Agriculture +have not been unmindful of other native nut-bearing plants, such as the +native black walnuts, the hickories and the chestnut up to the time of +the very destructive attack of blight. The chestnut, however, has not +passed out of our sphere of activity, because at the present time, (and +I think you will see tomorrow at the Bell Station, some interesting +possibilities in the future of chestnut culture in this country), the +Chinese forms, which are much more resistant to blight, bid fair to give +us a progeny to make it possible for us also to have a chestnut industry +from the horticultural standpoint. + +Probably the day of timber supply from our native chestnut is at an end. +We hope not, but it looks that way at the present time. The +possibilities of growing trees from China, the mollissima, or hybrids of +them, bids fair to place the chestnut industry so that we can contend +with the blight. We probably will not have immune varieties, but those +which are able to live with the blight. That, it seems to me, is a very +important consideration, because chestnuts have always been an important +nut in our eastern markets, and are important in the European markets as +well. While the larger forms of southern Europe will probably not be of +value to us here, if we can establish a nut industry with nuts of fair +quality, as large as our native sweet chestnuts, based on the Chinese +species, the mollissima, then we will be making progress. You may see +some of these trees at Bell Station which are eight or ten years old; +they are bearing quite abundantly, and some of the chestnuts are really +very palatable and of satisfactory size. + +In addition to this breeding work with chestnuts, there is under way +intensive breeding work with almonds which has for its object the +development of those more hardy than those now in cultivation in +California. This almond industry, though large, is handicapped because +of the late frost injury, and it is desirable to get those which will +bloom later and withstand lower temperatures. + +The varietal problem with pecans will be ever with us, as long as +varieties are found in the wilds and as long as people continue to plant +seedlings in different localities. That is one of the subjects that is +being given considerable attention. + +In addition, the relative productivity of the plants to use as mother +plants is an important one. In the work of the Department of Agriculture +in connection with citrus fruits, it has been found that the individual +bud carries over into its progeny the ability to produce fruit not only +of a given type, but also the productivity of the parent to the progeny. +A long series of records of the behavior of individual trees have been +secured; we are building up a mass of information on which to base +selections for better parent trees than any available at the present +time. If the pecan behaves like the citrus fruits of California, we will +be able in the future to have strains and varieties which will be very +much less variable than those at the present time. + +The propagation, selection, disease and cultural work covers the field +that is handled by the Bureau of Plant Industry. We always like to dream +of the future, and we are pleased to have the dreams come true. We must +have in mind the possibility of better black walnuts than we have at +present; and after the great inroad into the industry made at the time +of the War, when the trees were used for timber purposes, there should +be a greater effort on the part of the people in the northern districts +to propagate black walnuts, not only for nuts but also for timber. The +black walnut is a very great asset not only for timber and for +ammunition purposes, but for food as well. + +The hickory tree is in the same class as the black walnut--it is a +valuable timber tree as well as nut tree. No other timber is as valuable +for the construction of wheels as hickory, and while the "disc wheel" +has served a useful purpose in railroad car construction, it is not +likely that it will replace hickory altogether in the construction of +wheels of motor vehicles. We are veritably a nation on wheels and we +will always be looking for material with which to carry us through the +country. As I have said, we are a nation of people on wheels, and if +your propaganda did nothing more than to stimulate an increased interest +in the production of hickory for timber purposes, it would be +accomplishing a great result. But I believe that there are varieties +among the hickories which should be to the North what the pecan is to +the South. There are those which are very large and those which are +thin-shelled, and those of fine flavor; as a food product I think the +shellbark is second only to the pecan. And I should hail the day with +great interest when there are good, recognized varieties of hickories +corresponding with the best varieties of pecans. I believe they will be +found and developed. + +I have told you something of what we are doing and of what we hope may +result. I hope that you will all visit the offices of the Department +carrying on this work, and that you will get acquainted with the men +handling the various projects, and tell them what your troubles are, +that they may know how to proceed, and that they may discuss with you +the best ways of attacking and handling the problems with which you are +confronted. + +Prof. Lumsden of the Federal Horticultural Board spoke of the chestnut +bark disease and the fact that our experts advise us that within the +period of twenty-five years the destruction of the native American +chestnut will have been accomplished. The tanners and related interests +of the country are now scouting around to find some species of tree to +use as a substitute for tanning operations. Castanea mollissima is +capable of developing into a good sized tree. From an economic +standpoint the texture of its lumber is good, while the quality of its +fruit is fair, and as an ornamental tree it has a future. It has +resistance to the chestnut bark disease. It may become a substitute for +C. dentata. Several crosses have been made between C. dentata and C. +mollissima and some of them show considerable merit. Selection of these +hybrids will have to be made for two purposes, namely wood production +and fruit production. + +Corylus colurna, the Constantinople filbert, is destined to become +popular as an ornamental. On the Pacific Coast a bacterial blight occurs +in some sections on corylus. A great work can be done in this country by +the Northern Nut Growers Association by publishing bulletins advocating +plantings of nut bearing trees for a three-fold purpose, timber, food, +and beauty. + +Communications were read from Miss Frances L. Stearns, Instructor in +Botany of the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Junior Colony, asking information +about planting nut trees, and from Mr. J. A. Young, Secretary of the +Tree Lovers Association of America, asking the association to adopt +their slogan and to co-operate with it in urging the more intelligent +planting of trees, shrubs and flowers. + +The evening session on Sept. 26th was called to order at 8:10 and a +moving picture reel, "The Almond Industry in California," loaned by the +Dept. of the Interior, was shown. Following that an address with lantern +slides was given by Mr. C. A. Reed of the Dept. of Agriculture, on his +recent trip to China. + +MR. REED: In 1910 certain Americans in China conceived the idea of +exporting the walnuts produced in that country to America. The +experiment proved so successful that they continued to do so, and +shipped their walnuts to this country year after year. The business +built up very rapidly, until the war broke out when, for the time being, +the industry was forced to a standstill. But as soon as the war was over +the business picked up again, and had assumed such proportions, about +two years ago, that American growers wanted to know how much longer the +Chinese would be able to send walnuts over here. Most of the nuts from +China were of inferior quality to those produced in this country. +Records of the exports showed that there had been an increase from China +each year; but as to the methods used, the extent of orcharding, or the +growth in planting, etc., the matter had not been written up, and the +consuls had not the remotest idea. It was finally decided by Congress, +therefore, that a special appropriation for an investigation should be +made. So a special trip was made to China to ascertain, first of all, +the probable trade from there for the next ten or twenty years. Our +people felt that more walnuts would be coming here, and they wanted to +know about this before they planted any more here. It fell to my lot to +make the trip, a year ago this summer. + +We went first to Honolulu; then to Manila and Japan, and finally to +China. We went into the section just to the right of Tientsin. By +superimposing a map of China over that of the United States you may see +that China more than covers this country; China is considerably larger +than the United States. + +Our basic point was Peking, which is in about the same latitude as +Philadelphia. We found that walnuts were grown all through this section +of China, not very much farther north than Peking, but not much farther +south than Shanghai. There are walnuts cultivated here, in the Chinese +way, over a great area; but we were convinced that the exportation of +walnuts to this country was not likely to increase, for the business has +apparently reached its height. American trade takes the best nuts; the +second best go to Canada, the third to Europe and the fourth and fifth +to Australia. + +Our first expedition into the country was almost directly north of +Peking. We went down the railroad about 15 miles, to Shaho, where we +employed donkeys and a ricksha, and rode across country some 12 or 15 +miles. Here we found a very excellent Chinese hotel, and surrounding +orchards of perhaps 300 trees. Some of the consular reports in China +stated that this place was one of the three sections in which the finest +shipments of nuts were produced. + +We next went to the east of Tientsin where we found quite a number of +orchards and trees claimed to be from 150 to 200 years of age, although +we found, after travelling a short time and inquiring from the Chinese +farmers, that the figures they gave to us were probably inaccurate. We +finally ceased to ask the Chinese farmers for figures of that sort. It +was very interesting to note the difference in Chinese and American +methods. For instance, in China, the land may be owned by one or by +several people, who will lease the land or the trees, or perhaps even an +individual tree, for a period of years. White marks placed on the trees +indicate their ownership. + +Young walnut trees were very scarce. We were told in one province that +Chinese merchants, who had been forced out of Russia because of economic +conditions there, and had lost everything, had come home and were +seeking something with which to make money. They were already planting a +considerable number of walnut trees, and were growing crops under the +trees, planting crops of millet first, and then of soy beans later in +the season. Another crop they use is called kaolin (pronounced "gollin" +in this country). + +Very few of the trees are ever pruned systematically, or taken care of; +the Chinese seem to have no idea of this. Of course, the rainfall there +is at a different time of the year than ours. Fall, winter and spring, +in North China, are practically without rain. Consequently, the +atmosphere is very dry. + +Here and there we found trees that struck us so favorably that we made +notes with the intention of going back to the trees to get scions for +propagating purposes for this country. We were told that one of these +trees had borne 800 pounds of nuts. I suppose, however, if that was so, +it was green weight, and included the hulls. This tree was on the +grounds of the Y. M. C. A., about 80 miles below Shanghai, the farthest +south we went. The tree had been planted by missionaries, and had made +splendid growth. There were not many walnuts south of that point, +however. In the province of Shanshi the soil is of a washed nature, +subjected to rains, and we found there huge gorges that had evidently +been forming for centuries. All of the soil there, that is not too +uneven to be cultivated, is terraced; and along the sides of the +terraces walnut trees are planted. We usually found tunnels along the +sides of the terraces. These were dug around the bank so that the water +would run through the tunnels instead of over the terrace. + +We saw no indications of blight. We thought we saw it in one case, but +when we examined the nuts, it proved to be nothing but insects working +on the hulls. + +Wherever we went, we were told by the Chinese that they harvest their +walnuts at about the time of the year which in America would be about +the first week in September. We found, however, that the nuts were off +of the trees and assembled on the ground for sorting and drying, long +before that. They were put in windrows covered with millet straw and +left for ten days, after which time the hulls were chipped off with +knives and the nuts immediately washed and put on the market. I was +particularly struck with the mechanical motion with which the Chinese +men worked; it was just as regular as a machine. This was the first time +that characteristic came to my attention, and afterwards I was struck +with the same thing everywhere. + +Each farmer takes his products, whatever they may be, to a common town +called "market town," and there they are bought by the local merchants, +or the "compradors." The exporters are missionaries and foreigners who +make no effort to buy from the farmers, for the tradesman, or comprador, +can get the nuts at a better figure than can the foreigners. The +tradesman gets his commission in addition. The baskets of nuts are +carried on poles placed over the shoulders of the Chinese. + +One of the principal walnut centers of Chantung Province is 25 miles +from the railroad, and we made quite an effort to reach it. An +agricultural missionary, a Mr. Gordan, made the trip there with me, and +we found it a badly infested section. We arrived about three o'clock in +the afternoon and took about one hour going around to see the nuts. +There were places within the wall where nuts had been assembled, and we +made estimates as to the number of pounds. I think there were from 100 +to 150 sacks of nuts in a pile. + +Many of the women and children grow walnuts and these crops are +inspected and sorted before being shipped to Peking. In the early +summer, we saw quantities of apricot kernels being transported to the +market and sold as almonds. We had understood that China was quite an +important almond-producing country, but I doubt if there are any almonds +in China. I did not see a tree, nor did I get an indication that there +were any there. + +One of the largest chestnut trees that I saw measured eight feet and +would have been valuable for timber purposes. It was in one of the very +attractive little orchards of chestnut trees in the north of Shansi and +northeast of Tientsin. We understood that there were very large orchards +to the north, but you might say that there is no such thing as a large +orchard in China. We counted about 100 trees in such orchards, and we +made notes as to their bearing habits. We found the chestnuts of +pleasing quality, of a fair size, and not quite as large as European +nuts but larger than the American. We did not see many of the trees +which had been allowed to develop normally. They are not of special +value in China, and consequently, the branches are removed as high as +possible, and often the tops are cut out. + +The Chinese have a species of native peanut which is very shrivelled and +hard; but missionaries from this country have introduced there the +American peanut, which is now grown so extensively that Chinese exports +have disturbed our market conditions considerably. + +The Chinese allow nothing to go to waste. When the peanuts are removed +from the ground and cared for, the soil is sifted so that no peanuts +will be lost. The American peanut grown there is served in little +butterdishes on the hotel tables, as a delicacy. + + + + +THURSDAY MORNING SESSION, SEPTEMBER 27 + + +Meeting called to order by President McGlennon, 10:15 a. m. + +The president appointed as Nominating Committee to nominate officers for +the ensuing year, Dr. Robert T. Morris, Prof. C. P. Close, J. S. +McGlennon. + +Mr. T. P. Littlepage, of Washington, D. C., then spoke on the subject of +Commercial Nut Culture. + +This is a very difficult subject to discuss, for the reason that, as +yet, there are very few facts upon which to base any conclusions about +commercial nut culture in the North. + +First, let me say that the principal point upon which we base our +opinion that nut culture in the North has commercial possibilities, is +the fact that growing throughout many sections of the North are +thousands of nut trees, pecans, walnuts, hickories and butternuts, many +of which grow very fine nuts. It would be a repudiation of all known +laws of natural science to conclude that trees budded and grafted from +these desirable parents would not grow and bear the same as they do. +Therefore, we are perfectly safe in concluding that if there are +successful nut trees growing, others also will grow. Let us proceed to +consider some of the requirements. + +First, there is the soil requirement. But before considering the soil +requirement, I might add that we must keep within reasonable latitude of +the homes of the native trees. This subject has been fully covered in +previous reports of our association, and I do not care to go into a +detailed discussion of it, except to say that prospective planters of +commercial orchards should read the previous reports of the association +on this subject, and keep in mind that somewhere north of the home of +the parent trees, is a line north of which these trees will not bear. +This line is dependent upon several things, altitude, topography and +other elements. As an example, I merely mention that orange orchards +flourish in California at the Philadelphia latitude. + +Going on with the question of soil, upon this subject alone might be +written a whole volume. But a few points are essential. Most nut trees +require a deep, well-drained soil that is not swampy or seepy, and over +which there are no overflows during the summer season. Pecans grow along +the river bottoms where there are heavy overflows in the winter, but +such an overflow in the summer would probably kill the trees. Nut trees +seem to flourish well on land that is underlaid with clay as a subsoil. +In fact, almost any kind of good farm land is suitable for some of the +different kinds of nut trees, provided it does not come within the +restrictions above mentioned. The better the land, however, the more +successful will be the growth of the trees, and I very much doubt +whether it pays to put any kind of desirable tree on undesirable land. I +have heard it said of pedigreed stock that about ninety percent of the +pedigree is in the corn crib, five percent in the man that does the +feeding, and five percent in the blood. Perhaps these percentages might +be subject to some variations. I shouldn't reduce the corn crib +requirement, and I think about ninety percent of the success of our nut +trees will depend upon the land. + +The next point to be considered is the question of varieties and, in +this connection, it is essential to remember that nuts are produced to +be sold and eaten; therefore, it is important to keep in mind the +requirements of the consuming public. Upon this question also have been +written many thousands of pages which, when all summed up, simply +amounts to this: get the best varieties that will bear in your +particular locality. This can be determined to some extent by what +native trees are growing in your particular locality, although not +entirely so. In many sections of the country, there are no native pecan +trees, and yet these trees flourish very successfully when brought from +some other section. On this point the prospective planter of commercial +orchards should seek the best advice obtainable. + +The third requirement for a commercial nut orchard is cultivation and +attention. Many of the nut trees will grow and bear without any +attention whatsoever, but they will take your time for it. I have seen +wild pecan trees that were not over twelve or fifteen feet high at +twenty-five years of age. I have seen cultivated trees larger than that +at eight years of age. A tree responds to care and cultivation the same +as corn or potatoes or any other of the cultivated crops. The lack of +cultivation is just as detrimental to them as to these crops. Young +pecan trees should be hoed five or six times each summer, and when they +get to be four to seven years of age, there ought to be a constant, +clean cultivation, from early spring until late in the summer, followed +by a good cover crop to be turned under the following spring at the +beginning of the cultivating period. They should also be given plenty of +good, commercial fertilizer. + +If the prospective planter of commercial nut orchard has enough faith +and hope and follows the suggestions given above, he will not be +dependent upon charity in his old age. + +DR. JORDAN: I am interested as an amateur pecan grower, and I would like +to ask what varieties will be of most profit, commercially, that can be +grown with a reasonable hope of success in the northern latitude. + + * * * * * + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The question is a very difficult one to answer, but the +important thing is to stick to the kind that grows the best in your +locality. The Posey is grown in Lancaster County, Pa. The parent Posey +tree grows in Indiana, and I had the pleasure of naming it. That tree is +a good bearer, and it is the thinnest-shelled northern-grown pecan with +which I am familiar. It is a very beautiful nut, with the exception that +frequently one side of the kernel will not fill out as it does on the +other sides. It is not defective, but simply deficient. It will have one +full sized kernel but it is not perfect in shape. I myself do not think +this a very serious objection. + +The Major is a fine bearing pecan, but the question is whether it is +large enough to be good commercially. The Niblack is the highest +flavored pecan. + +The following letter from Mr. J. F. Jones, vice-president of the +association, was then read: + +I am very sorry not to be able to attend the meeting this year. My son, +who has the overseeing of the outside work and, in my absence, the +general work, is incapacitated, due to an operation for appendicitis +last week and, with a number of men at work on particular jobs, I cannot +get away. + +I am sending a few nuts which may be of interest to visitors. About half +of my young pecan trees are bearing this year and a few trees are quite +full. So far, Busseron shows up the best in bearing, with Posey second, +and Niblack third. The English walnuts are a good crop. Mr. Bush has a +big crop of these, and older trees in general have a good crop. The Rush +hazel is bearing a big crop as usual. So far this is the only variety in +any species to bear heavy annual crops here. The weather, seemingly, has +no effect on the setting of the nuts. Last spring we had it down to 10 +above zero when this was in bloom, but it set a full crop from both hand +and natural pollenization. Hybrids of this and the best large fruited +Europeans which have come into bearing are very promising, but it is too +early to judge as to their bearing. + +Put me down for new memberships or cash as last year, or for my part in +any arrangement that may be decided upon to take care of the +indebtedness of the association, or to advance its usefulness. I shall +also be glad to extend the offer of two nut trees as last year, to new +members, if it is thought this will help in securing the new members. +Offerings this year would be Stabler black walnut seedlings, Chinese, +Mayette, Franquette, Eureka, etc., in the English or Persians. Also +seedlings of the Rush hazel, if wanted. + +Having been nominated vice-president of the association two years ago, +it may be understood that I am in line for the presidency this year upon +the retirement of our honorable president Mr. McGlennon. If so, I wish +to ask the nominating committee not to consider my name as I cannot +accept this responsibility. With the vast amount of correspondence +incidental to supplying information to those wanting to engage in the +growing of nuts or nut trees, and growing and selling nut trees, +experimental work and breeding new types and varieties, I have my hands +full and could not do this position justice. We also have members in the +association better fitted for this position who can give it better +thought and attention, and who can advance the association and the +interests of nut growers more than I can, while I can be of more benefit +to the association and the nut industry in general without taking on the +duties imposed by any official position. + + + + +NOTES BY MR. BIXBY + +Thursday, Sept. 27 + + +Trip by automobiles to Mr. Littlepage's farm at Bowie, Md., and to the +U. S. Experiment Station at Bell. + +Mr. Littlepage has an orchard of 275 trees covering thirty acres of +pecans and Stabler black walnuts, the first pecan trees being set in +1914, and the Stabler black walnuts some three years later. Now both are +starting to bear, a few nuts having appeared last year, and a very few +nuts the year before. + +The trees are growing finely, the leaves have a fine dark green color, +and nuts were noticed in clusters, the pecans being in clusters of 2, 3, +4 and 5; and the black walnuts in ones and twos. + +That the orchard has been given good care is evident. Commercial +fertilizers and green manures have been used. A winter cover crop of rye +was grown last fall and plowed under this spring, and a summer cover +crop of soy beans was grown this summer and will be plowed under this +fall. + +The varieties noticed in bearing were the Major, the Greenriver, Stuart, +Busseron and the Indiana. Of the above, all are northern varieties, +excepting the Stuart, which is a southern variety which has given +evidence elsewhere of being able to grow and to bear further north than +almost any other southern variety. + +The pecans are set in blocks, the earlier ones being set 60' x 60'. Mr. +Littlepage became convinced after his first plantings that this was too +close, and the last planting of pecans was 100' x 120'. + +The black walnuts are planted along two fence rows, the trees being +fifty feet apart, the total length of the rows being about +three-quarters of a mile. The peculiarity of the Stabler black walnut of +bearing some nuts where the kernel is in one piece, that is where one +lobe of the kernel has not developed, was noticed in some of Mr. +Littlepage's trees. There is going to be, in future years at Mr. +Littlepage's place, an opportunity to study this peculiar behavior of +the Stabler black walnut, that could be carried on at the parent tree +only with great difficulty, because of the inaccessibility of the tree, +in the first place, and the inaccessibility of the flowers, owing to +their great height above the ground, in the second. + +At Bell Station was seen Dr. Van Fleet's work on chestnuts. Some ten +years ago Dr. Van Fleet began this work for the purpose of getting +something that should be blight proof, or at least strongly blight +resisting and that would furnish the nuts which the chestnut blight is +rapidly making impossible of production. With this end in view, some ten +years ago Dr. Van Fleet planted nuts of the Chinese chestnut, Castanea +mollissima, and planted out the seedlings. He also procured from the +place of J. W. Killen, at Fenton, Md., nuts of Japan chestnuts that had +withstood the blight up to the time the nuts were planted. The first +thing to be found out was how well these would resist the blight. None +were found to be immune, although the trees are still alive after ten +years exposure. Dr. Van Fleet's ambition was to get a blight-resistant +chestnut the size of the Japan chestnut with the delicious flavor of the +chinkapin. This, as yet, has not been accomplished, although some very +good nuts much larger than chinkapins were seen. One interesting fact +noted as to resistance was that the Japan chestnut, which is not +generally supposed to be as resistant as the Chinese chestnut, was at +Bell Station apparently standing up just as well. + + * * * * * + +At the evening session, Thursday, Sept. 27, a rising vote of thanks was +given to Mr. and Mrs. Littlepage for their hospitality of the afternoon. +The president then introduced Mrs. W. N. Hutt, editor of the Progressive +Farm Woman, of North Carolina. + +Mrs. Hutt quoted H. G. Wells as saying, "The primeval savage was both +herbivorous and carnivorous. He had for food hazel nuts, beech nuts, +sweet chestnuts, earth nuts and acorns." She went on to say: + +In Spain and Southern France, the chestnut is now used much more than in +the past. You should know in what appetizing forms they are cooked. It +is a question how you should cook the chestnut if you do not want to +spoil its flavor. Should you steam it, boil it, or what? When you want +it in bread, or when you use the tasteless forms, it is first steamed or +boiled, and later is mashed up and made into bread, or mixed with +cheese or tomatoes. But if you want to develop the flavor, then roast +it, pick it out from the shell and crush it, using almost no other +flavor with it. + +Have you ever realized how much we depend on the walnut in cooking? Take +the pecan, or perhaps almost all of the nuts; the flavor is diminished +by cooking. But the walnut is the one nut that gains in flavor by being +cooked. This means a great deal for the popularity of the walnut. + +A friend of mine was captured by the Germans, and was sent out each day +into the forests to gather acorns to be used in the prisoners' food. The +friend said that many a time he thought he would rather die than to have +to eat or gather any more acorns. + +Farmers' Bulletin No. 712, "The School Lunch," by Caroline Hunt, has +been especially valuable in the preparation of the school lunch with +nuts. There is a man who comes to North Carolina every winter, who will +tell you that he lives on ten types of nut oils and nut butter. + +The great mass of people out through the country are not yet ready to +comprehend this; but once they are educated to the value of nuts, the +demand for them will be unlimited. + +As to the question of economy, the prices should not go up any farther; +they will not be used enough until they become cheaper. With many boys +and girls in a family, a dollar's worth of nuts, at $1 a pound, will not +go far. If we could get nuts at more reasonable prices it seems to me +that women would consider them more than they do for food. They want +them not only for their parties, but in everyday life. + +We should popularize nuts through newspapers. It pays to advertise, and +little notices in the paper are much more far-reaching than any other +way of telling the story of the nourishment to be found in nuts. + +As to the value of nut trees in landscape work, a real estate man told +me that when he wanted a good price for a house he planted fruit trees +at the back of the house, and nut trees on the sides. He would talk +about those trees to the people who came to buy, and has sold many +houses in this way. + +Then take Arbor Day, and we have one in nearly every state in the Union. +If we could get the papers and the forest magazines to talk about Arbor +Day, and urge everybody to plant something, and particularly to plant a +nut tree, it would not be long before we got results. I could not think +of anything much more patriotic than planting avenues of memorial nut +trees. Nut trees are better to look at than are many of the monuments +erected, and the patriotic societies do not realize the truth in this. +There is a case where with a stroke of the pen, the nut trees could be +increased all over the country. + +Then consider the home demonstration agents in the country. They have +the women organized and are in touch with the men of progressive thought +and feeling everywhere; and it seems to me that we could make more use +of them. It would seem that if this organization could in some way raise +the money to have someone talk at these demonstration meetings, it would +not be long before the value and the beauty of nut trees would show the +use of doing this splendid work. What more effective methods could there +be than to go to the state meetings held by home demonstration agents +twice a year, and talk nuts to those people? They go home and talk these +same things to all of the women in their little organizations and +communities. There is no rapid transit method more effective than that. +Then, when the women are taking up a subject like that, men are apt to +read it also. + +Another form of advertising that is equally important is in men's +organizations. A number of years ago Mr. Hutt went down through the +eastern part of the state on the old farmers' institute work. He took +with him a case fixed up to display nuts. He talked about them, and +especially about pecans. The people had never seen anything but the +little, old, wild pecan, and they became enthusiastic. When you get a +farmer enthusiastic you are doing something. The people became quite +enthusiastic and planted quite a number of orchards. Mr. Hutt left the +department and the new man who came in was not particularly enthusiastic +about nuts. Then Mr. Curran came into the work and decided there was +nothing he could do better than to urge them to plant nut trees. He is +trying to get an unlimited quantity of pecans and walnut trees planted +and he hopes to have a large number of trees put in within a few years. + +To paraphrase what Mr. Littlepage said this morning, in connection with +the raising of hogs, in getting the world to plant more trees, to use +more nuts and to appreciate the value of nut trees for both beauty and +use, you need 90 percent of advertising; and let the 8 percent be the +man and 2 percent be the nut. + + * * * * * + +DR. MORRIS: Last year, when my experiments with the use of paraffin +grafting had apparently been completed, I included what I knew of this +subject in a little book, and this brought out letters from all parts of +the country, in fact from all parts of the world, reminding me that I +had not completed the subject of the use of paraffin in grafting. From +tropical countries men complained that my suggestions about the use of +one particular kind of paraffin, "Parowax," were not applicable to their +part of the country where the paraffin would melt in the summer sun. +Then, from some of the regions where the nights were cold, they said the +paraffin would crack and leave the stocks bare, owing to the change of +temperature. + +We are consequently faced with a necessity for extending our information +on this subject. My reason for presenting it, before I have completed +investigations, is to get suggestions from members of the audience here, +and from practical nurserymen. I have written a number of books on +various topics, and have never sent one out without feeling sorry that +it was not time for the next edition. + +The theory is that if we cover a graft completely with melted paraffin, +including the entire scion, buds and all, we have accomplished several +things. In the first place, the paraffin prevents the graft from drying +out before new cells can make union with cells of the scion. + +In the second place it fills all interstices where sap would collect. + +In the third place it provides an airtight covering so that the free sap +pressures, negative and positive, under different temperatures, will be +analogous in stock and scion. When there is low sap pressure we assume +that some of the sap may be drawn out of the scion. This airtight +covering prevents that. + +In the fourth place it provides a translucent covering, which allows +action by the actinic rays of light, which brings the chlorophyll into +activity. All plant growth is conducted under the influence of +chlorophyll, and the actinic rays of light activate this. Consequently, +I seemed to have a perfect grafting material in this Parowax, which we +may find in any grocery store. In my locality this wax worked perfectly +and, theoretically, nothing more was to be desired. It melts at 125 +degrees farenheit. + +I have brought with me a specimen of a pear tree that I grafted in this +way in July of this year. You will see that the Parowax covering is +still complete. The new shoots have grown about eight inches since July +1, and I do not see how you could imagine anything more perfect than +this specimen, from which I wrote my description in the book. As a +matter of fact it is by the use of the paraffin method that I seemed to +have solved the very great problem of making it possible for anybody to +graft anything, and at any time of the year. The most difficult thing to +graft is the shagbark hickory, and we have even done that every month of +the year, except December and January. This year we are going to try +those months, for I believe that the hickory tree may be grafted any +month of the year. + +Now the point of my remarks will relate to different kinds of paraffin. +This Parowax, which melts at 125 degrees farenheit, will be satisfactory +in the north temperate regions. We may raise the melting point ten +degrees, if we like, by the addition of the carnauba wax, which, +however, is highly crystalline. A crystalline wax is not desirable +because it cracks and permits the air to enter and we have a desiccation +of the scion. The Standard Oil people will furnish paraffin with a +melting point of 138 degrees, and that will cover all of our needs for +hot countries. But in getting paraffins that melt at 136, 137 or 138 +degrees we have a rather definite crystalline element. Mr. Bixby has +suggested the use of the earth wax which is mined in Australia. It is +really a fossil paraffin and is not so granular. I found that it is not +to be had in this country at the present time, however, although various +dealers told me that they had it, and I obtained from a firm in New York +City a misbranded specimen called "Ozokerite," which they said is a +technical term for this particular fossil paraffin. But it was nothing +of the sort; it was something they had made up for themselves. Mr. Bixby +kindly gave me a pound or so of the real "Ozokerite," so I had the +genuine thing to experiment with. We may then settle the question of +obtaining paraffines which have a high melting point, by knowing that +they may be obtained from any of the Standard Oil people. + +Knowing that we must have, in addition, the elastic feature, I found one +man who had succeeded by adding something to a high melting-point +paraffin. He said that it was a secret, but I soon found that it would +be no secret to a bee. It would seem, then, that this quality in beeswax +would be valuable, since the secret formula from this same dealer has +little more than beeswax in it. Beeswax is a different kind of organic +product from paraffin and I would not expect them to mingle naturally +when in melted solution, but apparently they do. You will find that the +specimens which contain this wax are very smooth to the touch, and +apparently are more homogeneous than paraffin. + +The subject for experiment then, for members of this audience, is that +of finding some substance that may be added to give elasticity, but +which will not change the melting point. In the South we may require in +addition something to whiten our paraffin. Some men in Southern +California wrote me that they had fastened white paper about each graft +and put a rubber band over it. I suggested this plan to one or two men +in Australia and in Ceylon, who had complained about the melting of the +Parowax, and I have not yet received their replies. I have been trying, +however, to simplify things in the way of grafting. In addition to the +elasticity that we need, we must have whitening, and for this purpose we +must add something that will not be poisonous to the tree but will mix +with the paraffin readily and give a white paraffin, which will +interfere somewhat with the actinic light. I have found that carbonate +of lead will mix well with paraffin. Carbonate of zinc will also mix +well. They are both heavy, so heavy that they need a certain amount of +stirring. A lighter substance is citrate of zinc, which will give +elasticity, and which will probably also give a white effect. It melts +with the paraffin and, being neutral, it will do no harm to the tree. + +I have given you an outline on which I wish discussion, for I hope to +get from this audience the information and suggestions that will enable +me to make my experiments in the right way so that by next spring we may +have no further need for discussing the question as to the correct +paraffin method in grafting. + +MR. BIXBY: There is another wax that is not so crystalline as the +Parowax, and that is Candelilla, which is produced in Texas and New +Mexico. It may be obtained from the wax importers in New York City, not +from the Standard Oil Co., but the importers. I will find out just where +it is from. I can easily get samples. Its melting point is not so high +as Parowax, but it is much higher than any of the other waxes. + +DR. MORRIS: Then by mixing it with the high-melting point waxes, those +of about 138 degrees, we might get good results. + +MR. BIXBY: I think so, and without introducing the crystalline element. + +Prof. H. H. Hume of Glen St. Mary, Florida was then asked to speak. He +said that he uses fresh pine gum from the turpentine cups to make +grafting wax stick. This will mix with beeswax and give the elasticity +needed for winter work (in the South). Also it is unaffected by a +temperature as high as 120 degrees. He uses a mixture of high grade +rosin, beeswax and pine gum with which pieces of cloth are saturated. +Gum should be obtained in the spring when it is purest. It is thin +enough to pour out. + +Dr. Zimmerman said that he had tried pine gum with paraffine and it +would not mix. + +Prof. Hume said that beeswax can be had in various shades up to pure +white. + +Dr. Morris said that black grafting wax attracts heat and excludes +actinic rays. He prefers a translucent wax. + +Prof. Hume stated that in the country where Jacksonville, Florida, is +there are 100 miles of roadway under construction which will be planted +with nut trees where possible. He added that once when he was ill for a +long time the doctor finally ordered a glassful of milk and a handful of +pecan kernels for his diet. He tried it and it worked. + +Dr. Zimmerman said that for grafting wax he had used equal parts of +paraffin, stearic acid and beeswax with good results. + +Dr. Morris stated his belief that the simple splice graft is the +strongest kind. + + + + +FRIDAY MORNING SESSION + +Sept. 28th. + + +The chairman of the Committee on Incorporation was called upon for a +report and spoke as follows: + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: Under the Code of the District of Columbia there is a +provision of law whereby any educational, scientific or charitable +association can be incorporated and become a body corporate with all of +the rights of any other corporation, so far as the corporate entity and +liability is concerned. The provision of the District Code is a very +liberal one and drafted to encourage such societies as this. The +committee therefore thought it better to incorporate under this +provision of the law than under that of some other state. + +The advantages of incorporating a society of this kind are several. It +makes the action of the organization that of a legalized corporation and +takes away liability of individual members. If anyone should desire to +donate money to the organization, we would have a corporate entity that +would be responsible under the law for the safe handling of such funds. +Under the law we can hold such funds up to the point where the income is +not more than $25,000 a year. In the District of Columbia a corporation +can take title to real estate, transfer property and do all necessary +things in accordance with its by-laws. We therefore concluded that there +could be no objection to incorporating under such laws. So with the +consent of the other members of the committee, I prepared in my office +the proper certificate of incorporation which, under the requirements of +the Code of the District, are as follows: + + KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That we, the undersigned, all of + whom are citizens of the United States and a majority of whom are + residents of the District of Columbia, desiring to associate + ourselves for scientific and educational purposes and for mutual + improvement; and to organize a corporation under sub-chapter three + (3) of the Incorporation Laws of the District of Columbia, as + provided in the Code of Law of the District of Columbia, enacted by + Congress and approved by the President of the United States, do + hereby certify: + + FIRST: That the corporate name of this company shall be The + Northern Nut Growers Association, Incorporated. + + SECOND: The term for which is it organized is perpetual. + + THIRD: The particular business and objects of the society are the + promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and + their culture, and, in general, to do and to perform every lawful + act and thing necessary or expedient to be done or performed for + the efficient conduct of said business as authorized by the laws of + Congress, and to have and to exercise all the powers conferred by + the laws of the District of Columbia upon corporations under said + sub-chapter three (3) of the Incorporation Laws of the District of + Columbia. + + FOURTH: The number of directors of the said corporation for the + first year of its existence shall be five. + + IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have hereunto affixed our hands and seals + this 27th day of September A. D. 1923. + + Karl W. Greene (Seal) + Albert R. Williams (Seal). + Thomas P. Littlepage (Seal). + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, TO WIT: + + I, Alice B. Watt, a Notary Public in and for the District + aforesaid, do hereby certify that Karl W. Greene (of the District + of Columbia), Albert R. Williams (of the District of Columbia) and + Thomas P. Littlepage (of the State of Maryland), parties to the + foregoing and annexed certificate of Incorporation of _THE NORTHERN + NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED_, bearing date on the 27th + day of September, 1923, personally appeared before me in the + District aforesaid the said Karl W. Greene, Albert R. Williams and + Thomas P. Littlepage, being personally known to me to be the + persons who made and signed the said certificate and severally + acknowledged the same to be their act and deed for the purposes + therein set forth. + + WITNESS my hand and seal this 27th day of September, 1923. + + ALICE R. WATT, + Notary Public. + + My commission expires December 17, 1923. + +The smallest number of members with which corporation is possible, is +three; so I secured two members, Mr. Greene and Mr. Williams, who, +together with myself, prepared this, and put it in proper form. We then +filed it with the Recorder of Deeds, keeping a copy for the files of the +incorporation. The Recorder received it, and the fact that he received +it was proof that it was satisfactory. We are now, therefore, a +corporation. + +Of course, we want to put that machinery into action, but in order to do +so a board of directors has to be selected. Then will follow the +election of officers of the Association. Therefore, I have prepared a +report of the meeting of the incorporators, which I will read. As I +said, however, we did this to get the machinery into operation. Next +year the directors will be elected by the members. + + + + +MEETING OF THE INCORPORATORS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, +INCORPORATED. + +The organization meeting of the Incorporators of the Northern Nut +Growers Association, Incorporated, was held at Washington, D. C., +September 28th, 1923, at 10:00 o'clock a. m. + +Present: Karl W. Greene, Albert R. Williams, and Thomas P. Littlepage. + +Upon motion, Thomas P. Littlepage became Chairman of the meeting. + +Upon motion of Mr. Greene, seconded by Mr. Williams and unanimously +passed, the following were elected Directors of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Incorporated, for the first year of its existence or +thereafter until the annual meeting of the company in 1924. + + James S. McGlennon, of Rochester, New York. + W. C. Deming, of Hartford, Connecticut. + Willard G. Bixby, of Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y. + Harry R. Weber, of Cincinnati, Ohio. + Robert T. Morris, of New York, N. Y. + +Upon motion of Mr. Greene seconded by Mr. Williams and unanimously +passed, by-laws of the corporation were adopted. + +There being no further business, the meeting of the Incorporators +adjourned. + + KARL W. GREENE, + ALBERT R. WILLIAMS, + THOMAS P. LITTLEPAGE, + Incorporators. + + +THE PRESIDENT: The next action, then, Mr. Littlepage, would be to get +the report of the nominating committee. I call for that now. + +Mr. Littlepage: (Reads as follows): + + + + +MINUTES OF FIRST MEETING OF DIRECTORS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION, INC. + +The first meeting of the Directors of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Incorporated, was held at Washington, D. C., September +28th, 1923. + +Present: James S. McGlennon, Willard G. Bixby, Robert T. Morris. + +Upon motion of Mr. Bixby seconded and unanimously passed, the following +officers were elected for the ensuing year, or thereafter until the +annual meeting of the Incorporation to be held in 1924: + +President, Harry R. Weber; Vice-President, J. F. Jones; Treasurer, H. J. +Hilliard; Secretary, W. C. Deming. + +There being no further business, the meeting adjourned. + + WILLARD G. BIXBY, + + Secretary of Directors' Meeting. + +(The report was adopted by the convention). + + + + +REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE + +_By Willard G. Bixby_ + + +MR. BIXBY: The finance committee asks the association to instruct the +secretary in the printing of the next report to endeavor to reduce the +size to one-half of the present report. + +(Adopted by the convention). + +MR. BIXBY: I move as an amendment to Article Two of the By-Laws, that +annual membership be $3, or $5 including a year's subscription to the +Journal. Contributing members to pay $10, this including a year's +subscription to the Journal. + +(Motion seconded and adopted by the convention, and the committee on +Incorporation discharged with the thanks of the association). + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I have nearly overlooked the fact that the organization +must now have a corporate seal, with an appropriate inscription. An +appropriate inscription would be "The Northern Nut Growers' Association, +Incorporated." All such seals generally carry some appropriate design, +and there are various ones to be had. I move that a committee of three +be appointed to determine upon the design of this seal, and then later, +if the chairman of the committee will send the design to me, I will have +the seal made and send it to the association. + +(Motion seconded and adopted, and Dr. Deming, Mr. Bixby, and Dr. Morris +appointed as committee by the president). + +After considerable discussion New York City was selected as the place +for the next convention and the dates Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, +September 3rd, 4th and 5th, 1924. + +A vote of thanks to the president, Mr. James S. McGlennon, was adopted. +The secretary was also instructed to write to Mrs. Hutt expressing the +thanks of the convention for her address. + +Dr. Oswald Schreiner of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of +Agriculture was then introduced and spoke as follows: + +In the successful growing of pecan trees, the proper care of the orchard +is of enormous importance. (To illustrate this point, slides were shown +of a good orchard and a poor orchard on a rather thin soil in the +Coastal Plain Region. In the good orchard, the trees had been well cared +for, the soil fertilized by the growing of legumes and cover crops +plowed under; in the poor orchard, the trees had been neglected and the +soil impoverished by the continuous growing of cultivated crops, such as +cotton and corn. The two views very clearly showed which orchard was on +a paying basis and likely to prove a profitable investment). It is +needless to say that the crop from such a poor, intercropped orchard +would be meagre and unprofitable until the methods were changed. The +growing of legumes to furnish humus, and even the growing of winter +cover crops, such as rye, to be plowed under in the spring, cannot be +too strongly recommended as soil improvers. + +When nut trees are grown in orchards, they can no longer be considered +as forest trees to be left to take care of themselves until a rich +harvest of nuts is produced, but must be cared for just as much as any +other fruit tree or cultivated crop or the harvest of nuts will never be +forthcoming. + +The fertilizing of nut trees, however, offers more difficulties than do +the annual crops. Experiments on this subject have been few and the +information obtainable is rather meagre. Consequently, a few years ago, +the Office of Soil Fertility Investigation, which is conducting +fertilizer investigations on a large number of the annual crops grown on +the prominent soil types or soil regions of the United States, started, +in co-operation with the Office of Horticultural Investigations of the +Bureau of Plant Industry, a number of fertilizer experiments on pecan +orchards, involving a study of several soil types suitable for nut +production and attempting to ascertain the proper fertilizer +requirements for the pecan on these soils. While these experiments have +been running only five years, which in point of time is very small in +the life of a pecan tree, yet the different fertilizers employed already +show some highly interesting results, sufficient to indicate that +certain fertilizer applications undoubtedly influence the growth of the +tree, its productiveness, and quality of the nut produced. + +The experimental fertilizer mixtures are all prepared here in Washington +in a fertilizer-mixing plant on the department's Arlington Farm, on the +Virginia side of the river. The fertilizer house is well stocked with +all of the various fertilizer substances used in agriculture, ready for +mixing; nitrate of soda from Chili, potash from France and Germany, and +our own far western states; cottonseed meal from the South, tankage and +dried blood from the slaughter houses of Chicago and Omaha, Tennessee or +Florida phosphates, and acid phosphate, ammonium sulfate from the coke +ovens of Pennsylvania, Thomas slag from England, in short, all sorts of +commercial materials from near and remote sources, for study and use in +fertilizers. + +(Slides were then shown of the exterior and interior of the plant where +literally thousands of experimental fertilizer mixtures are prepared to +study the requirements of the various soils and crops, and are then +shipped in freight cars to the various experiment places. Two slides +showing the application of fertilizer in a large orchard where tractors +are employed in carrying on the various cultural operations and also in +a small orchard where hand labor is employed, were also shown). + +The scheme of fertilizer experimentation adopted in this work is rather +complete and so planned as to include fertilizers carrying the principal +fertilizer constituents, phosphate, ammonia and potash, singly, in +combinations of two elements, and in combinations of three elements, in +various proportions in a regularly graded manner. The following scheme +illustrates these mixtures of different analyses, the first figure +denoting the percentage of phosphate, the second the percentage of +ammonia, and the third the percentage of potash in the fertilizer. The +various mixtures are numbered consecutively. + + 1 + --- + 20-0-0 + 2 3 + --- --- + 16-0-4 16-4-0 + 4 5 6 + --- --- --- + 12-0-8 12-4-4 12-8-0 + 7 8 9 10 + --- --- --- --- + 8-0-12 8-4-8 8-8-4 8-12-0 + 11 12 13 14 15 + --- --- --- --- --- + 4-0-16 4-4-12 4-8-8 4-12-4 4-16-0 + 16 17 18 19 20 21 + --- --- --- --- --- --- + 0-0-20 0-4-16 0-8-12 0-12-8 0-16-4 0-20-0 + +It is quite apparent that in this scheme the entire field of fertilizer +formulas is covered in a regular way. In addition to this formula plan +other experiments are also under way to determine the influence of the +different fertilizing materials, carrying the phosphate, ammonia and +potash, and the influence of lime, rock phosphate, various green +manuring crops, etc. The experiments are carried out in commercial +orchards on several soil types and in several localities. + +While the years the experiments have been running are yet too few for +any final conclusions, and the details too numerous to present in a +brief sketch here, there have nevertheless been some very interesting +results from the use of fertilizers which is readily shown by a few +lantern slides. Here is, for instance, a view of a fertilized and an +unfertilized section of one of our experiments in Georgia. The views +were obtained in the fall, and one could tell at a glance, not only that +the unfertilized trees were not as large, but also quite strikingly that +they had nearly lost all of their foliage, whereas the trees on the +fertilized section were still in full foliage, thus presenting a very +strong contrast. The effect of fertilizers on the foliage is shown also +in a series of slides of representative trees, from one of our +experiments in Louisiana, likewise taken in the fall. The first tree had +not been fertilized, the second had been fertilized with phosphate and +the third with potash. The one fertilized with phosphate appeared +slightly larger, but it can again be observed that all three trees were, +at the time the picture was taken, nearly three-fourths defoliated. The +next two trees from the same experiment, fertilized respectively with a +nitrogenous fertilizer and with a complete fertilizer, and photographed +at the same time, show the influence of these fertilizers strikingly in +that they are still in complete foliage, as well as showing a more +vigorous growth. Three slides of fertilized and unfertilized trees from +still different experiments all show the fuller foliage and better +branching of the fertilized trees, especially those fertilized with the +nitrogenous fertilizers or the complete fertilizers. + +The yields of these trees cannot here be taken up but, in general, these +fertilized trees came into bearing earlier and have yielded double and +treble the number of nuts produced by the unfertilized trees. + +(In conclusion, there was shown a slide of the yield of nuts from an +experimental tract of a commercial orchard of about 20 acres, in which +the yield from a fertilized acre was compared with the yield from an +unfertilized acre. It was noted that the unfertilized acre gave a yield +of approximately two barrels, whereas the fertilized acre gave an +increase of two bushel baskets more than the unfertilized.) + +Dr. W. E. Safford, Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, then spoke on the +Use of Nuts by the Aboriginal Americans. + +DR. SAFFORD: My interest in nuts has been confined almost entirely to +those of American origin. For a good many years, I have been studying +the plants, and plant products, utilized for food, and for other +purposes, by the aboriginal Americans, before the arrival in this +hemisphere of Columbus and his companions. + +In this connection, there is a striking contrast between the American +Indians and the primitive Polynesians. The chief economic plants +encountered by early explorers on the islands of the Pacific Ocean were +identical with well known Asiatic species. Coconuts, breadfruit, taro, +sugar cane, yams and bananas, the most important food staples of the +Polynesians, had been known to the Old World for centuries before the +Pacific Islands were visited by Europeans; the shrub, from the bark of +which the Polynesians made their tapa cloth, was identical with the +paper mulberry of China and Japan; and the principal screwpine, or +Pandanus, from which the Polynesians made their mats, was a well-known +species of southern Asia. A number of these plants had even carried +their Asiatic names with them to Polynesia. The Polynesian language +itself, with its varied dialects, spoken in Hawaii, Samoa, New Zealand, +Easter Island and on other island groups, can be traced without +difficulty to the Malay Archipelago, the cradle of the Polynesian race. + +In America, on the other hand, every cultivated plant encountered by +Columbus and his companions was new. Not a single Old World food crop +had found its way to our hemisphere before the Discovery; not a grain of +wheat, rye, oats, or barley; no peas, cabbage, beets, turnips, +watermelon, musk-melon, egg-plant, or other Old World vegetable; no +apple, quince, pear, peach, plum, orange, lemon, mango, or other Old +World fruit, had reached America. Even the cotton which was encountered +in the West Indies by Columbus the very morning after the Discovery, +proved to be a distinct species and could not be made to hybridize with +Old World cottons. Conversely, no American cultivated plants; no maize, +no beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes; no cacao (from which +chocolate is made); no pine-apples, avocadoes, custard apples nor +guavas; no Brazil nuts, pecans, or hickory nuts; nor any other American +food staple had found their way to the Old World; even the beeches, +chestnuts, oaks, and maples were distinct; and the same is true of the +New World ground nuts and the grapes, which were the parent species of +our delicious American varieties. Quite unlike anything in the Old World +were such cultivated plants as the Cactaceae, the capsicum peppers, and +the manioc from which cassava is made. + +In Polynesia the evidence thus offered by cultivated plants points to +the spread of Asiatic culture eastward across the Pacific, while the +peculiarities of the cultivated plants of America point to its isolation +from all the rest of the world; an isolation which is further +established by a radical dissimilarity of all American languages from +Old World linguistic stocks. In no language of the New World, for +example, is there a vestige of Hebrew, which would support the cherished +theory of the migration to this continent of the lost tribes of Israel; +nor is there a suggestion of any linguistic element to indicate +connection with the Chinese, nor any relationship between the builders +of the American pyramids and those of Egypt. + +There are many distinct groups of American languages. Very often the +language of a tribe is quite unlike that of its nearest neighbors; while +at the same time it may resemble the languages of tribes quite remote. +This fact indicates former segregation of the various groups speaking +the unlike languages and a common ancestry or close association of the +tribes speaking the allied dialects. As examples, I might mention the +Quichua Indians of Peru, whose language is very unlike the languages +spoken by the Arawak and Carib Indians to their northward and, at the +same time, quite distinct from the languages of their Brazilian +neighbors to the eastward. The Aztecs of Mexico spoke a language +differing radically in structure as well as in vocabulary from the Maya +language of their Yucatan neighbors; yet there is unquestionably a +relationship between the Aztecs and a number of very distant tribes, +shown by resemblances of their languages, as in the case of the Shoshone +Indians of the northern United States and the Nuhuatl tribes of Salvador +and Costa Rica. In the same way, the Algonquian dialects, which differ +greatly from those of the Iroquoian, show a close relationship between +very widely scattered tribes in North America, from North Carolina to +Quebec. Such resemblances and radical differences point to a very remote +and long-continued segregation which permitted the independent formation +of distinct linguistic stocks; while the antiquity of man in America, +both north and south of the equator, is further attested by the +development of such a cultivated and highly specialized food staple as +maize, whose ancestral prototype we have sought in vain. Its endless +varieties, fitted for widely diverse conditions of soil and climate, +also point to a long period of cultivation in dissimilar culture-areas, +which enabled them to adapt themselves to conditions very different from +those of the original stock from which they sprang. + +All this evidence points to the peopling of this continent at a very +remote time, perhaps as far back as the close of the Glacial Epoch; and +it also indicates that the early progenitors of our Indian tribes had +left their original homes in the Old World before any of the linguistic +Old-World stocks had taken shape; before Sanscrit was Sanscrit; before +the languages of China or any other Asiatic people had become +established; and just as in this hemisphere the natives developed their +own languages from the most primitive elements of speech, so most +certainly did they develop their agriculture from the wild plants of the +fields, the swamps, the hillsides, and the forests. In both respects, as +I have already pointed out, they differed from the Polynesians who +brought with them to their island homes not only their language but +their agriculture, from the cradle of their race in the Malay +Archipelago; cuttings of seedless breadfruit and of sugarcane, fleshy +roots of taro and yams; even trees, like the Indian almond and the +candlenut. + +Here I would like to point out to the members of the Nut Growers' +Association the chief difference between nuts and other food staples. +Nearly all of our cultivated vegetables, including maize, beans, +potatoes, sweet potatoes, squashes and pumpkins, are annuals, sensitive +to frost, which must be raised from seed each year, and which differ so +greatly from the primitive plants from which they came that their +ancestral forms cannot be definitely determined. Most of these +vegetables are in all probability of hybrid origin, the result of cross +pollination and selection. In the case of our native nuts the conditions +are quite different. We know the original ancestor of the pecan, our +hickories and our walnuts. The fine varieties now cultivated are not +hybrids but have been selected from wild trees. In connection with nuts +I would also point out that in all probability they were the most +important food-staple of primitive man, as well as of his simian +ancestors. It required no great intelligence to gather them or to store +them after the fashion followed by squirrels. Intelligence, however, is +required to plant nuts and to transplant nut trees. Still greater +intelligence is involved in the process of preparing certain nuts for +food. A delicious creamy emulsion, for instance, was prepared by the +Virginian Indians from hickory nuts. Cracking them and removing the +kernels was too long and tedious an operation; so they developed a +method of gathering them in quantities and crushing them in a hollowed +log, together with water, pounding them to a paste and then straining +out the fragments of shells through a basket sieve. The milky fluid +which was thus formed was allowed to stand until the thick creamy +substance separated from the water. The water was then poured off, and +the delicious cream which remained was used as a component of various +dishes. This substance was called by the Virginian Algonkian Indians +"_Pawcohiccora_," a word which has been abbreviated and modified to +"_Hickory_," the name by which we now designate not only the nuts, but +the tree and its wood. + +It is interesting to note that a similar creamy or butter-like substance +was derived by a similar process from various palm nuts in Central and +South America. Cieza de Leon describes such a process in his Chronicle +of Peru, in connection with a nut which was described as _Cocos +butyraceæ_, but which was not a true _Cocos_, or coconut. Long before +the discovery of America, a somewhat similar process was used in the +Nicobar Islands for extracting a creamy substance from the grated kernel +of the true coconut, _Cocos nucifera_, which in early times was called +_Nux indica_. This process is still followed throughout Polynesia. Some +of the most savory dishes of the Samoans and the natives of Guam are +enriched and flavored with this coconut cream, which is a substance +quite distinct from the water, or so-called milk, contained in the +hollow kernel of the nut, which is so commonly used for drinking. + +Coming back to America, I would call attention to the value of some of +our native pine nuts and acorns as food staples. Certain Indian tribes +of the Southwest live upon pine nuts at certain seasons when they are +ripe. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has told of the utilization of acorns by +various tribes of Indians in a beautifully illustrated article published +in the National Geographic Magazine, 1918, entitled "The Acorn, a +Possibly Neglected Source of Food." "To the native Indians of +California," he says, "the acorn is, and always has been, the staff of +life, furnishing the material for their daily mush and bread." He +describes the process of gathering and storing them, shelling, drying, +grinding the kernels, leaching out the bitter tannic acid, and preparing +the acorn meal in various ways for food. In eastern North America, +several species of acorns were somewhat similarly used, including those +of the live oaks of our southern states. The Spaniards of Florida +sometimes toasted them and used them as a substitute for chocolate or +coffee. Chinkapins were used for food by the earliest English colonists. +They are mentioned by Herriot, the historian of Sir Walter Raleigh's +colony at Roanoke. In addition to these, the early colonists learned to +eat the so-called "water-chinkapins", which are fruits of the beautiful +golden-flowered American lotus, _Nelumbo lutea_, a plant closely allied +to the sacred lotus of India, China and Japan, whose nuts are even now +used as a food staple. The split kernels of the latter may be bought in +the Chinese shops on Pennsylvania Avenue in this city. The rootstocks of +both the American and the Oriental lotus are also used for food. They +resemble bananas joined together end to end, with several hollow +longitudinal tubes running through them. + +Before I close, I should like to call attention to a plant, endemic in +eastern North America, whose tubers were called "ground-nuts," or +"Indian potatoes" by the early colonists. The latter name caused the +plant to be mistaken by certain early writers for the white potato, +which was unknown in North America in early colonial days, but which was +confused with the ground nut on account of the resemblance of the +descriptions of the two plants. The white potato, _Solanum tuberosum_, +was discovered in the Andes of South America by Cieza de Leon; it was +quite unknown in North America or in the West Indies in the days of Sir +Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake, both of whom have erroneously been +given the credit of introducing the potato into England. The "potato" +which they observed in the West Indies was not _Solanum tuberosum_, +which we now call the "white potato" or "Irish potato," but a very +distinct plant, _Ipomoea batatas_, which we now call the "sweet potato," +but which in early days was known as the _batata_ or _potato_. The error +which has become widely spread, can be traced to John Gerarde, the first +author to publish an illustration of _Solanum tuberosum_. In his +celebrated _Herball_ he declares that the potatoes figured by him were +grown in his garden from tubers which came from "Virginia, or +Norembega." It is quite certain that this statement was untrue, and +that, as certain English writers have already suggested, Gerard "wished +to mystify his readers." Whatever may have been his motive, the error +became widely spread. Even Thomas Jefferson was led to believe that +_Solanum tuberosum_ was encountered in Virginia by the early colonists, +and Schoolcraft declared that its tubers were gathered wild in the woods +like other wild roots. The Indian potato of the early colonists is still +abundant in "moist and marish grounds," as described by Herriot. It is a +tuber-bearing plant of the bean family, and is known botanically as +_Glycine apios_. + +But I fear my talk has become too discursive, in turning from nuts to +ground nuts, and from ground nuts to potatoes; but the subject, bearing +as it does on the origin and history of cultivated plants, is one which +has great attraction for me, and I hope it may have been of interest to +the members of this association. + +Professor C. P. Close, Pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, spoke as +follows: + +MR. CLOSE: The subject I had intended to speak on was "Extension Work in +Nut Growing." Many of you know that I am putting in most of my time on +the fruit end of extension work, but I am also doing some extension nut +work. I was hoping that there would be representatives from many of the +states here, because I wanted to encourage them to get in touch with the +state extension men, to work up interest in nut culture. + +My talk will be very brief, but I would like to mention that very few of +the states as yet are doing extension work with nuts, especially in the +North. Some work is being done with pecans in the South. + +I have been astounded in talking with the landscape men in the North to +find that they have not considered nut trees as ornamental trees. But +after I mentioned that a walnut or a hickory or a pecan tree is an +ornamental tree, and just as much so as the elm, the oak, or the maple, +they thought it would be a good idea to use them and agreed to recommend +the use of nut trees as shade, lawn and roadside trees. Then I suggested +the filbert for clump planting as an ornamental. I hope in the future +that nut trees and filberts will be used more extensively by the +landscape extension men in their work throughout the country. + +In most of the states there are fruit extension specialists but only an +occasional landscape extension specialist; so I try to interest the +fruit men in the planting of nut trees, and a few of them are doing +this, particularly in Indiana, where the fruit extension specialist has +been interested in having pecan and English walnut trees planted in +school yards. It seems difficult to get people to comprehend and +practice nut tree growing and to understand the various uses of nut +trees. We can judge from the small audience at this meeting that there +are not enough people interested in nut growing. In my journey +throughout the country I occasionally run across men interested in +growing a few nut trees, and I try to induce them to become members of +this association; but it seems to be a hard thing to do. + +A few days ago I called on a man in New Jersey who said he would have +twenty bushels of hickory nuts and two or three bushels of English +walnuts if the squirrels did not take them. He is up against a state law +which protects the squirrels but does not protect him. + +I wish we could send out word with you to the states to get at least a +few people interested in nut culture, and have them write to the +agricultural colleges and the experiment stations and arouse some +interest along this line at those institutions, not only among the fruit +extension men and the teachers, but also among the landscape men as +well. There ought to be more interest taken in this work at our colleges +and universities, and nut culture courses ought to be organized. The +foresters ought to be induced to use nut trees wherever possible. + +That is all of the time I care to take at present, Mr. President, but I +wish to say that if there is any way of arousing interest in the states, +I would be glad to carry the word from Washington and to push it just as +hard as possible. + +Hon. W. S. Linton, Saginaw, Michigan, spoke on "Roadside Planting vs. +Reforestation," as follows: + +As a delegate to the National Tax Association convention at White +Sulphur Springs, it has been my lot to have been named on both federal +and state committees, with the idea of exempting from taxation those who +would produce trees for the future. My experience has been that +exemption from taxation for the purpose of producing our future forests +is a wrong one. The sentiment of the people is against exemption from +taxation, and I do not know how it may be practically applied to the +growing of the forests that our country must have in the future. But the +individual will not carry out the work, and the corporations will not +undertake it, so it devolves upon the government of the state to +reproduce those forests. The government lives for a long period in +between many life-times, and ours should live as long as the earth. It +is therefore up to us to reproduce those forests which we once had and, +as all things come back to the state, then the state should reforest. + +Next the roadways are to be considered. Roadways will grow a better +class of timber and trees; they are rich in soil, generally, because +they pass through the most fertile regions of the country and, up to +this time, they have been waste land. I believe that the farmer is right +in his wish that trees which shut in the roadsides should be cut away, +that the sunlight should be let in and the roads hard-surfaced. We saw +in our trip that where the trees shaded the roads they were almost +impassable at times, while in the open places, they were fine. + +In Michigan we took up the question of roadside planting, and Senator +Penny fathered the bill, the pioneer measure, that caused our state to +plant roadways. We have a very competent landscape engineer in charge of +one of the departments, and he is planning to grow roadside trees, using +nut-bearing trees, so that the next generation will profit largely by +the work of today. And this is just because of this association. + +When I was honored with your presidency, one of the features of the work +we carried on was in getting nut trees from historic places, especially +from Mt. Vernon. The Superintendent of Mt. Vernon very kindly told us +that we could have the walnut crop from trees that were started there +during Washington's time, and the only stipulation was that we should +not commercialize the idea; that those nuts were priceless, and that we +should not receive any money for them, but should distribute them in the +schools and in a public way cause interest in the planting of nut trees. +That very movement brought about wonderful results, and today there are +from five to ten thousand walnut trees growing in our state, about the +height of a man, all of them having come from Mt. Vernon. + +On our way through from White Sulphur Springs, we passed through the +home of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, and we found some magnificent nut +trees planted by Jefferson. Some of our best trees today are from those +given to Washington by Thomas Jefferson; and I arranged at Mt. Vernon to +secure some of the nuts from the trees Jefferson planted there. + +Just yesterday Mr. Dodge, the superintendent at Mt. Vernon, again said +that we could have the crop for this year. We will have a number of +bushels from there, although the trees have not been as fruitful this +year as usual, and I leave it to you to judge as to what we should do +with those nuts this year. Some of you have ideas about this, and I +would be glad to adopt them. But when the fact is known that the walnuts +can be secured in that way the entire country will want them. At present +I have letters from Texas and other places asking for some of Mt. +Vernon's nuts. It is a movement that will cause more people, in my +opinion, to have nut trees than any other, and we should push it to the +limit. + +I had a letter from Henry Ford's secretary, asking for a dozen trees +which might be planted at Mr. Ford's place in Michigan. Mr. Ford is +doing great good, so far as the saving of the forests is concerned. He +has immense tracts of land where he is caring for every root and branch. + +Letter from C. F. Bobler, Landscape Engineer in Michigan: + +The laws of Michigan, as you are well aware, encourage the planting of +trees and shrubs by the highway authorities, and protect existing +roadside trees from injury or destruction. Under those laws considerable +planting has already been done, and in such planting a liberal use has +been made of the nut-bearing varieties of trees, especially the black +walnut, which is indigenous to much of Michigan. + +Besides the economic value of nut trees, on account of their food +products while growing and their timber products when mature, they are +generally very attractive in appearance, and, therefore, very well +adapted to roadside planting. + +Roadside development presents a field for considerable study to produce +plantings which afford a variety of effects in trees and shrubs, by +using varieties best adapted to the soil and climatic conditions, which +best harmonize with the local topography and which to a considerable +extent have an economic value in addition to their ornamental value. Nut +trees admirably fulfill these requirements for roadside planting and +while I believe that such other desirable varieties of trees as the +American elm, the sugar maple, and others, should be used in proper +proportions, I am fully convinced that the varieties of nut trees +adapted to our soil and climate should be used liberally in the planting +of the roadsides of Michigan. + +The plans for the future development of the state trunk line highways in +this state, contemplate the planting of the black walnut, butternut, +sweet chestnut, hickory, beech, and other varieties of nut bearing trees +in considerable quantities, and I am confident that their use will add +to man's enjoyment of the highways and that these trees will become an +economic asset to the regions where they are planted. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is one thing Mr. Linton mentioned that I wish to +put special emphasis upon; the distribution of trees grown from +Washington's home. Last year Mr. Jones sent out a lot of seedling +walnuts and there are quite a few in Rochester. It was delightful to see +the interest manifested by the people receiving those seedlings and to +hear how the people were succeeding. Some of them have written me. + +MR. REED: Possibly it would help if, when any of us here present should +chance to visit historic spots, we would get nuts from such places and +send them to Mr. Linton; from Gettysburg or any of those places. We +should each consider ourselves committees of one to get those nuts and +to deliver them to Mr. Linton. + +MR. BIXBY: I will see what I can do about it, and will get some of the +nuts today. + +MR. O'CONNOR: I do not know how Mr. Linton would feel about sending to +different schools some of the nuts that were given him by the +superintendent at Monticello, and in letting the children have a little +nursery, and the means to beautify their home towns, but I will say that +if you get the children started in a thing like this, you will have the +parents following up. + +MR. LINTON: There is another point I wish to mention. Mr. Dodge sent one +bushel of the walnuts which he said were taken from a particular tree +that he admired. He thought it was the best variety of all of them. That +tree, a year ago, was struck by lightning; so he requests that some of +the trees produced from the nuts of that particular tree, be sent back +to Mt. Vernon, in order that he may have some seedlings from the +original tree. It is a fact that those nuts produced the best yields of +any that we planted in Michigan, showing that the seeds from the best +tree will bring the best results. + + + + +ENCOURAGEMENT FROM FAILURES IN GRAFTING + +_Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa._ + + +After improving from an illness of several years, and feeling tired, +impatient and at times discouraged with progress in my physical +condition, last spring I secured a few bunches of scion wood and turned +to my old boyhood hobby for diversion; this time, however, by working on +nut trees instead of fruit. In presenting the following at the request +of others, I do not claim any originality, but simply draw the attention +of interested parties to some possibilities and probabilities. My +results have been very variable and many of them show as successful a +failure as any one could possibly obtain. The scions referred to in the +following tabulated record were put in from May 20th to July 20th and +were well "mixed together" in the hope of giving better opportunity for +cross pollenization, a few of every variety except the Hales being put +in every day. The Hales were all put in late in July. I have grafted +many other varieties of fruits and nuts but a record of the hickory only +is shown below: + + No. Growing Died % Growing % Died + Weiker 46 0 46 0 100 One graft to tree + 5 3 2 60 40 T.W.T 1-1/4" diameter + 5 1 4 20 80 U.W.T. + 23 1 22 4.2 95.8 U.W.T. + Taylor 5 2 3 40 60 U.W.T. 10" diameter + 27 7 20 25.9 74.1 + Fairbanks 15 11 4 73.3 26.7 + Vest 27 1 26 3.7 96.3 + Manahan 22 7 15 31.8 68.2 + 7 0 7 0 100 U.W.T. 3" diameter + Laney 13 6 7 46.1 53.9 + 15 1 14 6.6 93.4 U.W.T. 6" diameter + Beaver 5 2 3 40 60 Scions poor. But one + grew 7 ft. 4 in. + Kentucky 19 7 12 36.8 67.2 + 10 1 9 10 90 U.W.T. 5" diameter + Kirtland 12 5 7 41.6 58.4 + 16 5 11 31.3 68.7 U.W.T. 5" diameter + 7 1 6 14.2 85.8 U.W.T. Put on late + as also the Hales + Hales a 6 1 5 16.6 83.4 U.W.T. 3" diameter + b 35 0 35 0 100 U.W.T. 10" diameter + c 2 2 0 100 0 T.W.T. 1-1/2%" diameter + d 4 4 0 100 0 T.W.T. 2" diameter + e 3 3 0 100 0 T.W.T. + f 3 2 1 66.6 33.3 T.W.T. + g 6 4 2 66.6 33.3 T.W.T. + ---- -- --- ----- ----- + Total 338 75 263 22.2 77.8 + + The last two series of the Hales made 100% start also but bugs + killed three grafts. + + U. W. T. means a tree from which all the lower limbs were cut back + to about a foot or eighteen inches and grafted, a few top limbs + having been left intact. + + T. W. T. means a tree from which the top had been cut, the lower + limbs and stub having been grafted, although a few of the lower + limbs were not sawed off. + +A study of the above record is interesting. All of my stocks are of the +mockernut type, varying from three-fourths to two inches in diameter, +except a few trees to which I refer specially as T.W.T. and U.W.T. It +will be noted that the Weiker and the Vest made the poorest catches. It +could not have been due entirely to weather conditions or the condition +of the scions, for the scions of these two varieties were equal to +anything I had. In view of the fact that they are both very desirable +nuts, I always carried a few scions and kept placing them frequently as +I placed other varieties. Many Vests were placed at the same time as the +Fairbanks, which shows 73.3% catches. The one Vest that did catch, +however, made a very thrifty growth, showing that it is possible +apparently to do well on the mockernut. + +With the Weiker, about the 15th of July, I put five scions on the limbs +and trunk of a tree about 1-1/4 inches in diameter, the top having been +cut out, with three catches, 60%, against another lot of 46 with 100% +failure and 23 more with 4.2% success. Such antics are difficult to +understand. + +Many of the scions were put in the trunks of the trees; others were put +on the small branches with the splice graft. The scions placed on the +trunks, or the larger limbs near the trunk, apparently did somewhat +better than the splice grafts further out on the limbs. In the walnut +and other sappy trees, however, the splice graft out on the small limbs +did better. + +It is of peculiar interest that all of the large trees from which the +lower limbs were sawed and the stubs grafted, the topmost limbs having +been left, designated as U.W.T., did badly. While in the case of the +five Hales, three had 100% and two had 66.6% catches. These two also had +100% catches but bugs ate the tender shoots and killed three of them. +These trees had the tops cut off last fall leaving only a few lower +limbs. They were put in on July 20th after the sprouts had well started +on the trees. The sprouts were not taken off but their tops were pinched +out. These grafts made a growth of from one to two feet or more. At the +same time a tree was trimmed (Hales b in the record) and all the lower +limbs grafted with Hales, leaving a few top branches only. Thirty-five +were set and not a single one grew. The location of this tree was better +than any of the five above referred to, because a couple of those trees +were standing on the top of a rock where one would wonder how they could +exist, and it was so hot when I placed the grafts that I had to quit and +get out of the sun. In spite of that 100% grew. + +A study of the above record leads to the conclusion that there is very +little difference in plant and animal cells and it seems clear that +certain old, underlying principles must be dealt with. I need not refer +to heredity because, while it is undoubtedly quite possible, perhaps, +to influence heredity tendencies so as to get stocks to accept scions +more readily, it is not the major issue for most of us just now. Next +spring we will take what heredity has given us and be satisfied. +However, it appears certain that our results in grafting the various +stocks we now have will depend largely on our ability to: + + 1. Regulate plant circulation. + 2. Stimulate cellular activity to a point compatible with wound + repair, defensive and growing processes. + 3. Control plant cell nutrition. + +One of the very first things we physicians do upon seeing a patient is +to investigate his circulation. If the pressure is too low or too high, +for any reason, we immediately take measures to correct it, because we +know that disastrous results will quickly follow if that is not looked +after. Plant circulation, or sap flow, is no less important. Mr. Riehl, +Mr. Jones and Dr. Morris made great strides when they advanced the ideas +of covering the wound and the scion completely to prevent evaporation, +thereby also controlling the sap pressure. With the exception of +shading, pruning and defoliating, this is about the only method we have +of preventing evaporation. Defoliation, of course, interferes with the +tree's power of growth. Controlling the humidity is probably not +practical on a large scale. + +A proper and careful cutting of the tree beforehand is important. It +appears that to cut the top completely out while the tree is dormant, so +disrupts the routine circulation that the few lower branches which are +left intact, are well taken care of and, it seems to me, that this, +together with the stimulation of WOUND REPAIR by cutting and allowing +time enough for the cells to get into action, was the prime reason for +the 100% success in the three Hales and the cause of the 100% failure in +the other Hales tree. + +Other methods of controlling the circulation are of course drainage, +irrigation, mulching, location of the orchard, placing of condensers of +moisture, such as stones and other hard substances beneath the trees, +and many other contrivances which are in use, and which I shall not +discuss. + +With reference to stimulation of cellular activity we are considerably +concerned. In medicine I have found the subject of wound repair and +immunity most interesting, the two subjects seeming to be more or less +related. Some animals will repair wounds and immunize readily, while +others will not. In a general way young healthy animals and human +beings immunize most readily, while older ones frequently fail almost +entirely. Interestingly enough plants seem to be strangely similar in +this respect, and the thing that stimulates cellular activity for +defensive purposes (immunity) apparently stimulates growth and wound +repair. The thing that stimulates most actively for a special purpose is +the thing itself, the best stimulant for wound repair being the simple +injury. To illustrate briefly: In my work last summer I came in contact +with two enemies, yellow jackets and copperheads. The copperhead +stimulated me to carry a club in defense, while for the yellow jacket +the club was of little value and I rather preferred carbon bisulphide. +Had I ignored my senses and allowed nature full sway, as a tree does, +the snake would have injected his venom and the yellow jacket his toxin, +and my cells would have accepted their only alternative and proceeded at +once to build up a specific defense, after which they would have been in +better shape for development, providing the poison would not have been +so great as to prove fatal. Injury to a tree certainly does stimulate +wound repair, defense and growth. It is well known that trees with many +transplantings, root injuries, transplant much more readily, and the +nurserymen use this method of stimulation as a routine procedure. I +learn in Florida that in order to transplant a good size palmetto, they +are in the habit of digging down on one side and cutting the roots the +year before removal. It will then transplant more readily. Pruning has +the same cell stimulating effect if done at a time that will retain the +stored nutrition. An attack of disease just as surely stimulates +cellular activity and growth but it is too frequently followed by +disaster. + +We have all heard of driving rusty nails into trees (thinking the iron +produced the beneficial results), cutting a slit in the bark of the +limbs and trunk for "bark bound" so called, etc., all of which have +stimulating effects with more or less permanent injury to the tree. Who +knows but what the sap sucker, with his ability to dig into the bark and +extract a piece of cambium, was not sent to us to aid in preserving our +trees by stimulating new growth? + +In my work last summer trees that were subjected to slight injury before +hand apparently accepted a larger proportion of grafts. I will briefly +cite two specific illustrations. A little butternut tree located near +the house was the object of my efforts for over two years. During my +illness I frequently went out and pruned a few branches or put on a few +buds. Something would happen to me and possibly I would not see it +again for months, and in the meantime the buds would be strangled or +knocked off. Another little hickory tree stood in the roadway. Harrows, +plows, wagons and even logs were dragged over it. Grafts on both these +trees caught rather readily last spring. In fact two black walnut grafts +on this little butternut were two of the very few that I got to grow at +all last year. My walnut grafting was almost a total failure. I have +this to say, however, that I had no dormant walnut scions, my scions all +being cut in May or June. + +Mr. Jones, by marking the site of his patch bud several days in advance, +admirably carries out this idea by locally stimulating the cambium +cells. Dr. Morris's scheme of using white wax, besides regulating sap +pressure, allows the actinic rays of the sun to stimulate cellular +activity. Cutting the top out of the tree, which disrupts the normal +circulation and throws it into the few lower limbs, besides stimulating +the cells into activity, has apparently in a large measure accounted for +the slight success that I have had. Other methods such as injecting some +substance under the bark, applying antiseptics, or some stimulating +chemical in a similar way, as "Scarlet Red" is used in skin grafting to +increase epithelial growth, may aid materially. Certain chemicals +applied to the tree and leaves, as used in sprays, seems sometimes to +stimulate growth in a way that can hardly always be accounted for by the +checking of the disease for which it was placed. + +Much more could be written on cellular stimulation but enough has been +said to encourage others to make observation in this connection, for it +is highly probable that the lack of proper stimulation of the cambium +accounts for more failures in top working trees than we are aware of. + + + + +3RD CONTROL OF PLANT CELL NUTRITION + +With this topic we are probably less concerned in its relation to +grafting than when the growing and bearing stages come. However, certain +nutritional disturbances appear early and the more vigorously the stock +is growing beforehand the better progress, of course, the grafts will +make when they are started. Whether or not they will start more readily +have I been unable to ascertain, but I have a bunch of little fellows +with a growth of only an inch or so, and so puny that I cannot account +for it in any other way than a lack of proper nutrition. Many of these +little trees, used as stock, are very old in comparison with their size +and they will probably be dwarfs all their lives. It is a question +whether many such trees should be grafted at all. Further observations +will have to be made to decide that point. Perhaps proper preparation +for a year or two would be beneficial. + +This topic will largely be left for future discussion under another +subject, but it occurs to me that much might be accomplished by proper +attention to nutrition, especially when setting out trees for grafting, +selection of proper site, fertility of soil, cultivation to aid +absorption, etc. I have observed limbs of animals much smaller than +normal due to prohibited movements or lack of proper circulation, one +side of a tree developed out of proportion, eggs without hard shell due +to lack of calcium in the hen's diet, and I know of an old English +walnut tree that bears nuts with shells so thin as to be almost +negligible. I am told that at one time this tree bore a nut with a much +thicker shell. It has never had any attention and it is quite probable +that the lack of proper shell building elements causes the trouble. I +have grafted a few of these and I want to see what happens by furnishing +better nutrition. + +Concerning scion wood, I have "ringed" some limbs, similar to the method +used sometimes in producing extra large fruit, in an effort to have the +scion store up a large amount of nutrition. This experiment I shall +continue in the spring. + +This article is based entirely on my own ideas, observations and +conclusions in connection with old standing principles. As previously +stated, I claim nothing new and my only desire is to stimulate others to +make like observations. + +Carrying out my conclusions in my work next spring I propose to cut the +tops out of all my trees, leaving a few lower limbs instead of the top +ones, allow them to start growth a little before grafting, pinch the tip +from that growth, and, in addition to covering with paraffin or some +combination of it, shade the scions on the south-west side, either by +tipping branches over them or some other way. Paper bags seem to absorb +the paraffin. Double grafting in the case of the Vest and the Weiker +will be tried. Whitewashing the stock to prevent sun burn will be used +where necessary. Several other experiments based on the idea of cellular +stimulation before the scions are placed in position will be tried. + +Dr. M. B. Waite, of the Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board, U. S. +Department of Agriculture, spoke as follows: + +DR. WAITE: Some of you may recall that several years ago, when you were +meeting here in this hall, I gave you a paper on the nut diseases of the +northeastern part of the United States, and it would not be desirable to +go over that same ground again. At that time, we took up the bacteriosis +of the Persian Walnut, and filbert blight, and I outlined a program of +proposed treatment for the filbert blight. It might be interesting to +note here that Dr. Morris, and I believe also Mr. Bean, put that +treatment into practice with success. The situation still remains, +however, that we do not know of diseased plantings of any size. If we +find a real plantation of filberts we will be glad to attempt control +measures ourselves. I have planted about two dozen filberts and they +still remain free from the disease. There are very few local hazel nuts, +wild or cultivated, around Washington; but we understand that the few +hazel nuts are free from this disease. + +There are two or three things I wish to mention. One is the repeated +inquiries reaching my office with regard to the non-filling of nuts, +mostly the cultivated nuts, sometimes the pecan, sometimes the black +walnut, and frequently the English walnut. The subject is a complicated +one and the disease is not one that we can put under the microscope and +diagnose at once. The trouble is due to a complex of varietal and +environmental conditions, the effect of the conditions of growth, of +soil fertility, temperature, soil, water and humidity, sunshine, etc., +on that plant. Very often it is because people get the wrong variety and +do not know what they have. They may have an unproductive seedling. + +On the other hand a good variety may fail to bear in a locality where it +is not suited. Very frequently the real lack is in soil fertility. Of +course the success of the pecan trees down South around pig pens is an +old joke to you gentlemen, but there is truth in that. For good nuts +there is often need for a little extra manure or fertilizer, or perhaps +both. Sometimes there are rich pockets in the earth where those trees +would like to grow, or rich bottom lands which will produce without +manure. I think one of the best ways is to fertilize with manure, if +possible. Pollination troubles in connection with the non-filling and +dropping of the nuts should be thought of. + +Then there is another angle to be considered, and perhaps I can express +it most definitely to you by citing the example of the June drop of +peaches. Whenever a tree, like the peach tree or the pecan or the black +walnut, sets its fruit in the spring, you will find that there are +cross-pollinated and self-pollinated fruits. These will begin to drop +their nuts or their fruit at definite stages. Furthermore we will find +the abortive seeds are not one size. This means that there were definite +stages of the pollination and of the fertilization. I should like to +work that up and find what the stages are. + +The last big step in the dropping of the peach tree is the shedding of +the fruit just as the pits are hardening. When they are hard the fruit +does not fall. So this June-drop question ties in with the complications +of pollination and nutrition. We know from experiments on the sterility +of the pear tree, if highly fed and cultivated, such as those I worked +on in the city of Rochester, that those highly fed trees will have some +self-fertilized pears. In all of the pears we got no pears resulted when +pollinized with the pollen of the same variety, except on those well fed +trees. We learned this in the East, and have since found the same type +of self-fertilized pear occurring naturally in California and other +places in the West. In nut production that whole question of setting and +filling is tied up in a complicated way with pollination and nutrition. + +Aside from nutrition the other thing to be considered is that of +disease. The common black walnut around Washington is generally poor +from fungus leaf diseases. Those of us familiar with it around here know +that they do not fruit well. This is not a good place for the common +black walnut. The wild ones are nearly all poor. I was raised in the +Mississippi Valley, where there were large nuts and fine ones, and we +gathered those which fell from the specially good trees. They do not +grow so well here, except the Stabler and a few others. + +Leaving that subject, there is another I wish to take up. That is, the +great number of complaints about winter-killing of the English walnut. +Wherever we have been able to trace that down, as we frequently have, we +find that the English walnut suffers more from winter-killing right +around Washington, D. C., and in Pennsylvania, than up in Rochester; and +we also have complaints of winter-killing as far south as Georgia. A +common cause is the variation of moisture. After a dry spring and early +summer soaking rains come in August and September, and the trees, +brought suddenly into growth at the close of the season, when they +should be drying out, the walnut tree in particular, show +winter-killing. So I think one of the main troubles with the English +walnut in the Eastern United States is the winter-killing. Even in +Georgia we may have this trouble with the pecan, young trees two and +three years old, and I have photographed them. + +As to false stimulation, in the woods, where these trees grow native and +under the conditions to which they are necessarily adapted, they are +mulched and crowded when young by their competitors. In cultivation we +do not get the crowding and the mulching that makes steady growth and +proper ripening. So you should, by some process, growing corn, cover +crops, or other trees, keep your delicate nut trees a little crowded +and, if possible, mulched while young; and then later, cut out the +undesirable things and let the trees have room. + +I am not fully prepared to speak about the nut work of the Bureau of +Plant Industry, because that should be handled by the chief of the +bureau. I have charge only of the diseases of fruits and nuts. We have +had $8,200 allotted to the project and will have $2,000 more this year, +making $10,200. Originally that was $3,000 for nut diseases all over the +United States. We started to work mainly on the southern pecan diseases, +and partly on the bacteriosis of the walnuts of the United States. But +the Southern Pecan Growers' Association got some additional money for +the bureau, $5,000 of which was given to the fruit disease +investigations, and was tied up with the other $3,000. But the wording +of the bill said, "All for pecan diseases." So we transferred more to +the project and made it $8,200 for the nut diseases. That means we have +done very little work for the nut diseases except on Southern pecans, +and I have been warned that one must not stress southern pecans with the +Northern Nut Growers' Association. + +We have had, however, one man, and will have two men, on the southern +pecan diseases in Georgia, on pecan scab and pecan leaf diseases, who +are winning out beautifully, and have nearly solved many of the +problems, including the pecan scab. One of the difficulties is the +occasional late summer rainy spell, bringing diseases and bad +conditions. But in general we have solved the problem pretty well. + +Then we have the more permanently dangerous disease, pecan rosette, +which has taken about half of the pecans in some sections of the South, +especially in south Georgia and in Florida. That disease is being +experimented upon in the most extensive way of any of our projects. +There is only one word to say about pecan rosette, and that +is--humus--the disease is cured by the application of humus. + +MR. REED: How far north is the walnut rosette disease? + +DR. WAITE: As far as Falls Church, Va., but not much in the North. + +MR. REED: The question was asked yesterday as to whether it could not be +overcome in this latitude. + +DR. WAITE: That nobody knows. The soils east and south of Washington are +all acid, and the conditions are wrong for rosette. The soils have no +tendency to chlorosis. They are, in fact, antichlorotic. Theoretically +you could get the rosette conditions in the Piedmont region, but you are +almost certain not to find them over this way. + +Now in the organization of the Bureau of Plant Industry there are at +least two main offices where nut problems would be studied; in the +Division of Horticultural and Pomological Investigations and in my +office, where the diseases are studied. Remember, also, that the insect +pests are studied in the Bureau of Entomology; they have experimented +quite extensively with pecan insect pests, and have the organization to +handle such pests. Of course there is a Bureau of Markets and the Office +of Soil Fertility in the Bureau of Plant Industry, which handle the +pecan, incidental to the other studies. + +MR. BIXBY: I would like to ask Dr. Waite a question. The association has +spent a good deal of time in developing exact methods of measuring +quantitatively the various characteristics of nuts which are considered +valuable, and that study has given us methods of comparing notes from +year to year, comparing the same nut, and I have noticed that it is +quite frequent that the kind of nut that is good one year, will not be +so good the next year. To take an example, the Clark hickory, which took +the prize one year, the next year fell so far down that it would not +take any prize. But after a good deal of trouble I found that by careful +examination I could pick out from the nuts a few which tested up as they +did before. It occurred to me that a condition of that kind would be +more likely to be due to difference in the soil than in the fertility of +the pollen. Dr. Waite has had more or less experience in noting the +effect of the pollen, and I would like to ask if he thought this the +cause of the difference in the nuts. + +DR. WAITE: I think it might be the cause for a little difference, but we +could account for the difference by entirely different things. By +environment and other conditions. Take the apples grown in this +vicinity; I have observed that certain seasons fit certain varieties. +This year it was favorable for Ben Davis, and yet we have had a poor +crop of most varieties; the conditions were bad for the Winesap to set, +but yet the fruit is good. Every year and every day is different; and +plants are subjected to these complications, and the yield, or the +result in fruit, is a response to environment. They are so very +susceptible to these things. I came here this morning after picking some +cross pollenated pears on the Arlington Farm. We have a lot of crosses +there where we study the hybrid seedlings. Some will be almost too poor, +in certain years, to deserve further attention, and good another season. +In other words, these nuts probably do not vary any more from year to +year than many of our fruits and vegetables do, and the main factor is +probably response to environment, namely, temperature, air humidity, +soil moisture and sunshine. + +THE PRESIDENT: I might mention that we have had a filbert orchard at +Rochester for eleven years, and there has not been the slightest +indication of blight there yet. + +MR. REED: I would like to ask Senator Penny how the Roadside Bill is +taken in Michigan. + +SENATOR PENNY: According to the Michigan law, the people along the +roadside consider that their property is subject to the right of +transportation on the highway; just as a stream is owned by individuals +in Michigan, subject to the right of individuals to use it. This bill +says, "Give the right to plant trees on the highway," and I think the +planting is done with the consent of the owner. The agricultural college +has a landscape gardener connected with the landscape department; he +will have charge of planting along the roadside, and I think it will be +done in a scientific manner; but I believe it is necessary to get the +consent of the owners first. + +MR. BIXBY: Last evening Mr. Franklin Weims, of Washington, was with me +on the state highway of Maryland, coming south from Baltimore. The +highway is being constructed at the rate of about eight miles a year, +and funds have been provided. Mr. Weims feels that something should be +done to see that the new highway is properly planted with trees, +preferably nut-bearing trees. I was thinking that the association might, +by some resolution, bring that matter to the attention of proper +authorities. I would like suggestions. + +MR. CLOSE: It might not be out of order to adopt a resolution and +address it to the Governor of the state, Governor Richie; and also to +the State Forester, Dr. Besly, suggesting that perhaps some of the trees +and seedlings might be presented to the state, some of the trees that +Professor Linton spoke of this morning. Trees of that sort might carry +some weight. + +THE PRESIDENT: Suppose we adopt a resolution and name Professor Close to +take up this matter with the proper state authorities, speaking +particularly of our ability to furnish seedlings from the Mt. Vernon +trees. + +MR. CLOSE: If it is the wish of the association, I would be glad to do +that. (Motion made, seconded and adopted). + + + + +LETTER FROM F. H. WIELANDY, ST. LOUIS + +Gentlemen: + +First of all I congratulate you most heartily on being members of an +organization which means so much to the public, as consumption of nuts +is largely increasing and I much fear that the present day production is +not in line with the demand. + +Although only a nut culturist by proxy I have manifested a deep interest +in this for many years, which is exemplified by the fact that on my +different hunting trips, in which I have indulged for over thirty-five +years, in the past twenty-five years I have also made it a point in the +fall of the year, to have with me a large pocket full of such nuts as I +thought would more easily come up and benefit some one in the future. I +usually carried with me black walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans and acorns, +and in my rambles through the woods and along the highways, I would +plant these where I thought there would be less chance of their being +molested if they developed. + +In going over the same ground quail shooting, last fall, ground that I +had covered more or less for a good many years, I began to see the fruit +of my efforts, and felt repaid many fold for what I had accomplished. + +Unfortunately we are a nation of destruction, rather than of +construction, so far as our timber is concerned, and this is more +noticeable in fruit and nut trees than in other varieties; although, +being interested chiefly in these I possibly am biased. + +When we stop to consider that a country such as Norway began to replant +and reclaim their forests before Columbus discovered America, it strikes +me that it should be a lesson for everyone in this country. Consider +too, if you please, that before the war Germany paid her entire road +taxes from nothing but the production of nut trees along the public +roads. We also know, although a very small country in area, that it +produced enough timber each year to satisfy the need for building and +commercial purposes in the form of packing cases, casks, etc. And here +we are, a country forty times larger than Germany, and forced to depend +on countries such as Canada and Norway for wood pulp out of which we +manufacture a great many grades of paper. + +Some twenty years ago I had a political friend introduce a bill during a +meeting of the state legislature, which made it mandatory for the road +overseer to plant nut trees along the right of way all over the state; +but like many meritorious bills, it was pigeon-holed until the next +meeting of the legislature. It seemed an impossibility to resurrect this +and an exceptionally fine forestry bill. + +Unfortunately I promised to preside at a meeting of conservationists and +it is for that reason that I am unable to meet and be with your +honorable body, for I would like so much to be permitted in a humble +capacity to assist in carrying on the work which you gentlemen are +doing, as it is going to mean so much to future generations. I am sure +that each of you feels as I do in this matter and that is that "He who +serves others, best serves himself." + +When the matter comes up for consideration I would like very much to +have your next convention here in the Middle West, either in St. Louis +or Alton, Ill., which is only a few miles north of St. Louis and in the +vicinity of a splendid nut-producing section, particularly the pecan. + + + + +THE CHESTNUT + +_C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture_ + + +No discussion of the nut industry in the North at this time would be +complete without a brief review of the chestnut situation. The +destruction wrought by blight in wiping out practically all of the +native chestnut trees within its path, with almost equally fatal results +to the European species has for the time being all but eliminated the +chestnut from the consideration of planters in the eastern part of the +country. + +The chestnut bark disease has cost the country untold millions of +dollars, and no wonder the public pauses for a second thought before +investing in eastern-grown chestnut trees. Nevertheless, it is not to +be supposed that chestnut growing has disappeared from this country for +all time. No plague has ever been known to wipe a race completely out of +existence, and it is unthinkable that the blight will do so with the +genus _Castanea_. + +The native range of the American sweet chestnut centers largely in the +Appalachian region from Portland, Maine, south to Atlanta, Georgia. The +species becomes more sparsely represented as the distance increases in +any direction from this central area, practically disappearing on the +west; in the region of the Mississippi above Memphis. Its northern +boundary might roughly be described as extending from lower Illinois +through northern Indiana, southwestern Michigan, southern Ontario, +central New York and middle New England. As was to have been expected, +the blight has wrought its greatest destruction in places of densest +representation of the chestnut species. It is in the outlying districts +of scant frequency that the danger of infection from chestnut trees from +the forest is least to planted trees, and likewise, there it is that +combative measures should be most successful. Obviously, the farther +from the center of the native range trees can be planted, the less is +the likelihood of infection. + +Well outside the native range of the chestnut species, there are a +number of districts in the United States within which it should be +possible to build up a new chestnut-orchard industry. In proof of this, +there are many profitable trees and small orchards in the mid-west and +on the Pacific Coast, particularly in western Michigan, northern +Indiana, southwestern Illinois, in the eastern foot-hill region of +northern California and in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Probably the +most outstanding instance of successful chestnut orcharding now existing +in the entire country is a planting of Mr. E. A. Riehl, of Godfrey, +Illinois, situated on the bluff of the Mississippi River eight miles +west of Alton. Here Mr. Riehl has produced half a dozen or more hybrid +varieties which are paying very satisfactory dividends on fertile +hillside land which is mainly too steep for cultivation. A number of +these varieties have been taken to northern California where they are +proving highly successful. + +In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, two species are represented with +about equal frequency. These are the native chestnut from the eastern +states and that from Japan. Neither has performed in such a way as to be +particularly encouraging. The former has not been productive and the +latter has produced nuts of quality so inferior as to prejudice the +planters against the entire genus. It is a difficult matter, therefore, +to induce prospective planters in that section to consider any species +of chestnut. + +In the East, it is well known that the native species does not come into +bearing until 12 or 15 years of age at best, and that to induce +pollination and a set of nuts, it is necessary to inter-plant a number +of varieties together. Had groups of varieties of American or European +origin been planted on the Coast, instead of single trees of the former +or varieties from Asia, it is not improbable that the present attitude +toward the chestnut in the Pacific Northwest would have been quite +different. + +The work of the late Dr. Van Fleet, in hybridizing various chestnut +species and in testing out Chinese and Japanese species with a view to +determining their value as nut producers and their resistance to the +bark disease, is familiar to most members of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. Since the death of Dr. Van Fleet, the work has been taken +over by other hands in the Bureau of Plant Industry; but apparently, all +of the hybrids now growing in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., are +destined to succumb to blight. At present, practically every tree of the +Chinese chestnut _Castanea molissima_, planted by Dr. Van Fleet at Bell +Station, Maryland, where his work was mainly centered, likewise shows +large blight cankers. But despite the gravity of the infections, it does +not appear wholly improbable that many of these trees can be preserved. +However, the wisdom of continuing propagation of the Japanese species is +very doubtful, as the quality of nuts is usually of low order. Chestnut +trees from China are generally light producers; but out of the total of +several hundred at Bell, several this year have borne good crops. The +flavor of the nuts is sometimes sweet, but oftener, otherwise; yet the +average is superior to that of the Japanese chestnuts produced in the +same orchard. Fortunately, it happens that the nuts from some of the +trees of Chinese species which have been most prolific during the past +season, have proved to be of high quality, comparing favorably in this +respect with the native sweet chestnut. In size, the Chinese chestnuts +average much above those of the American species, and while perhaps a +shade smaller than those from Europe, they are of a size and quality +which should readily appeal to market demands. + +An early planting of Chinese chestnut trees at Lancaster, Pa., put out +by Mr. J. F. Jones, Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, proved so susceptible to blight that all were subsequently +destroyed. On the other hand, not infrequent reports are reaching the +Federal Department of Agriculture of instances in which the species is +shown to be highly resistant, even when grown within blight-affected +districts. Secretary Deming is one of those from whom reports of this +kind have been received. His planting, consisting of 12 trees put out in +1915 near Georgetown, Conn., has recently borne some nuts. Other cases, +some reporting one way and others the other, might be cited; but let it +suffice to say that the chestnut industry, although temporarily set back +seriously, is not necessarily doomed. + + + + +REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE + +_C. A. Reed, Chairman_ + + +While no new names of varieties appear to need consideration at this +time, it may be well for the Association to refresh its memory regarding +a few of the outstanding rules of the standard code of nomenclature by +which the Society is guided in the recognition of names. In common with +practically all other leading horticultural organizations of the +country, including the National Pecan Growers' Association of the South, +the Northern Nut Growers' Association follows the code of nomenclature +of the American Pomological Society. Some of the provisions of this code +are substantially as follows: + + 1. A name shall consist, preferably, of but one word, although + under specified circumstances, two words may be permitted. + + 2. In selecting a name, "The paramount right of the originator, + discoverer or introducer of a new variety within the limitations + of this code, is recognized and established." + + 3. A name shall be recognized as fixed and shall have the right + of priority over any others subsequently applied, after having + appeared in print in such a way as to be definitely tied + to a variety, or established. + +These references call attention to the fact that the code does not +define the meaning of the term "variety," and as it does not appear that +a clear cut definition has appeared elsewhere in recent literature, in +modern application, it may be well to state how it is being interpreted +by this committee. + +In horticultural practice a plant is not regarded as acquiring varietal +status until it becomes distinctive among seedlings, because of +superiority of product, unusual history, or other similar reason. Few +tree varieties are recognized as such until after having been propagated +by at least one asexual method, such as budding, grafting, layering or +dividing. + +The Committee calls special attention to a recent report on +nomenclature, appearing in a bound volume of 546 pages, under the title +"Standardized Plant Names." This report was prepared and published by +the American Joint Committee on Nomenclature, which was duly appointed +by the leading horticultural societies of the country. It represents the +latest authority on matters of horticultural nomenclature, and is +indorsed by the leading horticultural authorities of the present time. +Of immediate interest to this Association is the fact that _Hicoria_ +replaces _Carya_ as being the proper generic name of the hickory group. + + + + +NOTES FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL NUT ORCHARD + +_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._ + + +For several years the association has been advocating the planting of +experimental nut orchards, and ever since I heard of this suggestion I +have been desirous of having one and being able to contribute +information to our knowledge of nut growing. Therefore since 1917 I have +been assembling at Baldwin material which I hoped would aid in this. At +the Rochester meeting some of the results were noted, and this year, I +trust, something presented will prove of interest. + +CHESTNUTS--Last year I expressed the belief that by carefully watching +chestnut trees and cutting out the blight as soon as it appeared it +should be possible to grow and fruit almost any variety in the blight +area. This I have done with every variety that I have, but that is about +all, apparently, that it is possible to do, for nearly all of my trees +have been badly attacked by the blight at the crown; that is at the +junction of the root and trunk, and to cut out the blight means to cut +down the tree. The most resistant variety noticed so far is the Boone, +which has some Japanese chestnut parentage, but probably the Boone trees +will not last over a year longer. + +Apparently it is going to be necessary to get some resistant stock and +do the grafting high enough to prevent fatal attack of the blight at the +crown. Mr. P. W. Wang sent some Chinese chestnuts in the fall of 1921, +and I have now several hundred seedlings of what I suppose are Castanea +mollissima, of which I plan to grow a number to rather large size, set +them out where the next planting of chestnut trees is to stand, and +graft the branches to fine varieties. It will take at least two or three +years, however, before this can be done. + +HAZELS--For some four years I have been assembling, for hybridizing +purposes, selected American hazels from various sections of the United +States as well as the various European cultivated varieties that gave +promise of being hardy. This year both blossomed rather freely, but the +only variety of which I had enough pollen to work with was the Italian +Red. The staminate flowers were picked from some six or eight American +hazels which were blooming well and the pistillate flowers were +pollinated with Italian Red pollen, in the hope that some hybrid nuts +would result. Although the pollination was repeated twice I was much +disappointed to find only an occasional nut as a result. + +It is to be said in this connection, however, that there were +practically no nuts on these American hazels which had not been +pollinated with strange pollen; so the lack of nuts could not be laid to +the artificial treatment given the flowers of those plants where it had +been planned to make hybrids. Apparently it was due to climatic +conditions that nuts were almost lacking on all hazels here this year; +but I do not recall any severe cold spells when the hazels were in +flower. Still, on one or two branches which I had tagged, as being +particularly full of pistillate flowers, there were noticed an almost +equal number of dead pistillate flowers a little later. It is seemingly +going to be well to carefully study the development of the hazel flowers +into nuts. They grow differently from the walnuts and the hickories. The +hazel flowers apparently, after being fertilized, develop into stems on +which the existence of nuts escapes the attention, at least of the +casual observer, until about August, while the nuts on the walnuts and +the hickories even though small at first, are plainly visible from the +time they are formed by fertilized flowers until they are matured. + +HICKORIES--The bearing age of the transplanted hickory so far has been +almost an unknown quantity, and what we did know has been such that the +association has hesitated to say much about planting hickories, its +recommendations on the hickory being confined to that of topworking +existing hickories. These are known to begin bearing soon after +topworking, records of bearing in two or three years not being unusual. + +On transplanted hickories, however, about all the information of which I +know is as follows: The late Mr. J. W. Kerr, of Denton, Md., many years +ago bought a number of shagbark hickories from a nursery, set them out +and noted that the time that elapsed before they bore was about 25 +years. Mr. Rush's Weiker tree, which bore in 11 years after being set +out, cut down this time materially. + +A Kentucky hickory on my place set out in the fall of 1917, flowered +this year, but I had no pollen with which to fertilize the blossoms, and +the nutlets dropped off. A young shagbark seedling set in its present +location in the fall of 1919 and grafted to Barnes this spring, also set +a nut, but this dropped off like those on the Kentucky and apparently +for the same reason. It would certainly seem as if under favorable +conditions, the transplanted hickory is not going to be anywhere near as +slow as feared in coming into bearing. + +WALNUTS--A Royal and a Paradox walnut each supposed to be grafted trees +with scions from Burbank's original trees, bloomed this year, and the +Royal has a number of nuts on it. The Paradox has been here a very much +shorter time, not over two or three years; so perhaps it is too soon to +be expecting nuts. The Paradox is said to be a very shy bearer, setting +nuts only occasionally, and then but few; still, one of my Paradox trees +which is not over three feet high, blossomed full. It would seem as if +it might pay to study this tree and see if the sterility or fancied +sterility of this tree could not be overcome by seeing that proper +pollen is at hand at the right time. A Cording walnut, a hybrid between +the English walnut and the Japan walnut not quite 3 feet high, is +bearing a nut this year. + +Grafting--Perhaps the most interesting thing to be related is the result +of attempts to determine the species of hickories best suited as stock +for the fine varieties of hickories that we have. In preparation for +this and through the kindness of Mr. Henry Hicks of Westbury, L. I., +over 100 each of hickory trees of several species were obtained and set +out in the fall of 1919. They were in fine condition for grafting this +spring. There are some fifteen species of hickories native in the United +States. The fine varieties of hickories that we have which are generally +supposed to be largely shagbarks may prove to be much better adapted for +grafting on some stocks than on others. A knowledge of this will prove +to be of great value in top working. The grafting was done by Dr. +Deming, on May 29, 30,31 and June 1 of this year, 31 grafts being set on +shagbark stock, 52 on mockernut, 53 on pignut, 47 on pecan and 91 on +bitternut, a total of 274. There were also 343 walnut grafts set on +walnuts of four species. The results of this work are summarized in the +tables following: + + HICKORIES, SCIONS FROM YOUNG TREES + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Bitternut Mockernut[1] Pecan Pignut Shagbark Total + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % + Barnes, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 6 100.0 18 100.0 + Gobble, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 0.0 5 80.0 + Griffin, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 1 100.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 5 60.0 + Hales, scions + W. G. Bixby's trees 5 100.0 5 60.0 5 80.0 4 25.0 19 68.4 + Kirtland, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 66.7 3 33.3 3 66.7 3 66.7 12 58.3 + Laney, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 6 66.7 6 66.7 + Long Beach, scions + Parent Tree 3 33.3 3 66.7 4 50.0 4 25.0 3 100.0 17 53.0 + Siers, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 5 100.0 5 100.0 + Stanley, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 66.7 3 66.7 3 66.7 9 66.7 + Taylor, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 4 75.0 5 60.0 5 80.0 3 100.0 17 86.5 + + Total 34 80.8 24 60.8 22 68.1 22 72.9 11 75.0 113 74.0 + +[Footnote 1: The mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted +excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote. They were +grafted mostly on branches.] + + HICKORIES, SCIONS FROM OLD TREES + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Bitternut Mockernut[2] Pecan Pignut Shagbark Total + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % + Brooks, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 40.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 5 40.0 20 20.0 + Clark, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 40.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 5 40.0 5 20.0 25 20.0 + [3]Fairbanks, scions from + parent tree (?), dry but + otherwise good 27 57.8 27 57.8 + Kentucky, from parent tree, + poor condition 5 20.0 3 33.3 5 80.0 5 80.0 5 80.0 23 60.8 + Manahan, scions from parent + tree, poor condition 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 6 33.3 5 20.0 26 24.6 + Vest, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 40.0 5 60.0 5 20.0 25 20.8 + Weiker, scions from parent + tree 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 60.0 15 26.8 + -- ---- -- --- -- ---- -- ---- -- ---- --- ---- + Total 57 45.0 28 5.5 25 36.0 31 45.6 20 35.0 161 32.9 + +[Footnote 2: The mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted +excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote. They were +grafted mostly on branches.] + +[Footnote 3: Of these scions 5 were set in branches on two trees 1-1/4 +or so in diameter and showed 100% catches; balance were set in the top +on small trees 1/2 diameter or less, and showed 54.5% catches.] + + BLACK WALNUTS, JAPAN WALNUTS, PERSIAN WALNUTS BUTTERNUTS + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Black Walnut Butternut Japan Walnut Persian Walnut + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % + + Adams Black Walnut, scions + parent tree 13 15.4 + Alley Black Walnut, scions + parent tree 9 0.0 + O'Connor Hybrid Walnut, Persian + Walnut and Black Walnut (?) + scions parent tree 9 22.2 + --- ---- + 31 12.9 + + Ohio Black Walnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 17 64.7 + McCoy Black Walnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 9 77.0 + Stabler Black Walnut, scions some + W. G. Bixby's trees, and some Dr. + Deming's trees 85 51.2 + [4]Ten Eyck Black Walnut, scions + W. G. Bixby's trees 32 97.0 + Thomas Black Walnut, scions W. + G. Bixby's trees 23 100.0 + Wasson Black Walnut, scions W. + G. Bixby's trees 8 75.0 + --- ---- + 174 69.5 + + Persian Walnuts 4 varieties, scions + about 2-3 from parent trees, all + of which were quite vigorous + growers 46 0.0 + Aiken Butternut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 39 38.5 + Lancaster Heartnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 53 3.8 + +[Footnote 4: One scion was overlooked in tying and waxing, otherwise +apparently we would have had 100% catches.] + + * * * * * + +In the above two groups of hickories the one where scions were cut from +young, rapidly growing trees, contrasts unmistakably with those where +scions were cut from old bearing trees. The same is shown in the table +of black walnut grafts, where the Alley, Adams, and O'Connor scions were +cut from old bearing trees, and the others from young, rapidly growing +trees. + +The poor success with the heartnuts is quite in line with previous +attempts at propagating this species by grafting. Results shown here +with the butternut are deemed reasonably satisfactory, in view of the +well known difficulty of grafting this species. It should be noted here +that, in the case of every graft that took and grew, it was the small +buds that were successful, not the large ones. The total lack of success +with the Persian walnut is inexplicable to the writer, but he knows of +no previous attempts to graft Persian walnut on Persian walnut root. + +Black walnuts show a very high percentage of catches, in the case of the +Thomas and Ten Eyck varieties 100%, but in the case of the Stabler this +is reduced to 51.2%. I would say in this connection that neither of my +two Stabler trees are vigorous growers, and so the trees grafted with +scions from these are really cases where we have not been using scions +from vigorous growing trees, and we know that this does not give a high +percentage of catches. + +The proper species to be used as a stock for the various varieties of +hickories has not been shown conclusively for the number of grafts of +each kind set was too few to be conclusive, and these experiments should +be repeated. In the case of most of these varieties where results are +poor, it was particularly noted when the grafts were set that the scions +were in poor condition, a number of scions being thrown away because the +cambium layer was dead. It is to be hoped that a species will be found +to which will be well adapted the Vest hickory, which the writer +regards, everything considered, as the best hickory that we have. +Seemingly the pecan is the stock that gets the greatest number of +catches; but the difficulty the writer has had in making Vest hickories +on pecan root live, leads him to question as to whether another stock +might not prove better. Another thing disappointing so far is in the +seeming poorness of the mockernut as a stock. Over quite a large section +of the United States the mockernut is the prevailing hickory, and in +that section the mockernut will be most generally available for top +working; moreover it will grow well in sandy soils where the shagbark is +not found. In Petersburg, Va., the writer has seen it seemingly outgrow +the black walnut. + +The adaptability of the Barnes hickory on all stocks is notable, for it +is the only one of the 10 fine hickories tested in the 1919 contest, of +which this is true. If these grafts continue to flourish, and especially +if future experiments check the results this year, the Barnes will have +a peculiar value for top working. It is one of our best hickories, and, +apparently is our surest variety for top working. + +MR. CLOSE: I would suggest that we extend our thanks to the Smithsonian +Institute for the use of this room for the meeting. + +THE PRESIDENT: Will you vote for that? (Motion voted upon favorably). I +believe then, that brings to a close the Fourteenth Annual Convention, +to meet in New York for the Fifteenth Convention in 1924, on September +3,4 and 5. + +This meeting is now adjourned. + +Time--2:30 p. m. + + * * * * * + +Notes of this convention by Mrs. B. W. Gahn, U. S. Dept. of Agr., +Washington, D. C. + + + + +APPENDIX + +Among those present were the following: + + Senator Penney--Saginaw, Michigan. + B. K. Ogden--3306 19th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. + W. G. Slappey--12 Boyd Avenue, Takoma Park, D. C. + S. von Ammon--Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. + A. M. Greene--Ridge Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. + Alfred Heine--Bowie, Md. + H. Harold Hume--Glen St. Mary, Fla. + R. H. Hartshorn,--Washington, D. C. + Wm. S. Linton--Saginaw, Mich. + W. E. Safford--Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Dr. M. B. Waite--Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board, Bureau of + Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Dr. Oswald Schreiner--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Karl Wallace Greene--Washington, D. C + C. A. Reed--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Mrs. C. A. Reed--Washington, D. C. + C. P. Close--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Mrs. C. P. Close--Washington, D. C. + W. R. Mattoon--Forest Service, Washington, D. C. + Thomas P. Littlepage--Washington, D. C. + John M. Littlepage--Washington, D. C. + Eunice M. Obenschain--Hotel Monmouth, Washington, D. C. + J. M. Richardson--Stormville, N. Y. + Robert T. Morris--114 E. 54th St., N. Y. + Dr. Llewellyn Jordan--100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park, Md. + Alfred V. Wall--2305 W. Lanvale St., Baltimore, Md. + Jacob E. Brown---Elmer, N. J. + Albert R. Williams--Washington, D. C. + Mrs. B. W. Gahn--Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + James S. McGlennon--Rochester, N. Y. + Ralph T. Olcott--Rochester, N. Y. + Zenas H. Ellis--Fair Haven, Vt. + G. A. Zimmerman, M. D.--Piketown, Pa. + G. F. Gravatt--Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, + Washington, D. C. + Willard B. Bixby--Baldwin, N. Y. + John W. Hershey--Banks, Pa. + P. H. O'Connor--Bowie, Md. + John E. Carmoday--Charlottesville, Va. + Mrs. John Carmoday--Charlottesville, Va. + Mrs. W. N. Hutt--"The Progressive Farmer," Southern Pines, N. C. + Ammon P. Fritz--55 E. Franklin St., Ephrata, Pa. + W. A. Orton--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + J. C. Corbett--Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + W. G. Pollaret--The Star, Washington, D. C. + Prof. Lumsden--Federal Horticultural Board, Washington, D. C. + + + + +EXHIBITS LISTED + +Crops of 1923 + + Exhibit of Robt. T. Morris + 1. Hybrid chinkapin (burrs and nuts). + 2. Graft of pear tree (paraffin method). + + Exhibit of C. A. Reed + "Rush" American Hazel. + + Exhibit of C. P. Close + 1. Seedling filbert. + 2. "Van Fleet" hybrid chinkapin. + 3. "Glady" walnut. + + Exhibit of J. F. Jones + Persian Walnuts. + 1. Wiltz Mayette. + 2. Meylan. + 3. Lancaster. + 4. Lancaster (Same). + 5. Eureka. + 6. Hall. + Pecans. + 1. Posey. + 2. Busseron. + 3. Niblack. + Hazels. + 1. Rush (Three exhibits). + Cobnut. + 1. (No name). + Filberts. + 1. Fichtendersche. + 2. Daviana. + 3. Blumenberger. + 4. Italian red. + 5. Lambert nut. + 6. Friehe Longe. + 7. Gunzelebenner. + 8. White Aveline. + 9. Grosse Ronde. + 10. Barcellona. + 11. Spanik Gr. + 12. Prolific. + 13. Noce Lunghe. + 14. Du Chilly. + 15. Grant de Halle. + 16. Buttners. + Exhibit of W. G. Bixby + 1. Lancaster Heartnuts. + 2. Royal Walnuts. + 3. Hall Persian Walnuts. + 4. Rush Persian Walnuts. + Exhibit of T. P. Littlepage (Grown on his farm). + 1. Chinkapins. + 2. "O'Connor" walnuts. + 3. Mixture of varieties of European filberts. + 4. Cluster of pecans (Indiana). + 5. Littlepage hazels (which Mr. Littlepage called "American"). + 6. Spanish chestnut. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 25675-8.txt or 25675-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/7/25675/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/25675-8.zip b/25675-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cd9807 --- /dev/null +++ b/25675-8.zip diff --git a/25675.txt b/25675.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..851d076 --- /dev/null +++ b/25675.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4354 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting + Washington D.C. September 26, 27 and 28 1923 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: June 2, 2008 [EBook #25675] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION (INCORPORATED) + +REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING + +WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 26, 27 and 28, 1923 + + + + +CONTENTS + + Officers and Committees of the Association 3 + + State Vice-Presidents 4 + + Members of the Association 5 + + Constitution and By-Laws 11 + + Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Convention 15 + + Report of the Secretary 19 + + Some Further Notes on Nut Culture in Canada, Jas. A. Neilson 24 + + Address by Dr. L. C. Corbett 28 + + Address by C. A. Reed 33 + + Commercial Nut Culture, T. P. Littlepage 36 + + Notes by Mr. Bixby 39 + + Address, Mrs. W. N. Hutt 41 + + Report of Chairman of the Committee on Incorporation 47 + + Minutes of First Meeting of Directors 50 + + Report of the Finance Committee 51 + + Address by Dr. Oswald Schreiner 51 + + Address by Dr. W. E. Safford 54 + + Extension Work in Nut Growing, Professor C. P. Close 60 + + Roadside Planting vs. Reforestation, Hon. W. S. Linton 61 + + Encouragement from Failures in Grafting, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman 64 + + Letter from F. H. Wielandy 76 + + The Chestnut, C. A. Reed 77 + + Report of the Committee on Nomenclature 81 + + Notes from an Experimental Nut Orchard 81 + + Appendix 88 + + + + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ HARRY R. WEBER, Cincinnati, Ohio + + _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES. Lancaster, Pennsylvania + + _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING, 983 Main St., Hartford, Conn. + + _Treasurer_ H. J. HILLIARD, Sound View, Connecticut + + +DIRECTORS + +JAMES S. MCGLENNON, DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, WILLARD G. BIXBY, HARRY R. +WEBER, DR. W. C. DEMING. + + +_COMMITTEES_ + +_Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED. + +_Executive_--HARRY R. WEBER, J. F. JONES, W. C. DEMING, H. J. HILLIARD, +W. S. LINTON, J. S. MCGLENNON. + +_Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING. + +_Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE. + +_Membership_--H. R. WEBER, H. D. SPENCER, J. A. SMITH, J. S. MCGLENNON, +R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON, W. C. DEMING. + +_Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES. + +_Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING. + +_Programme_--H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. +BIXBY. + +_Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. +NEILSON. + + + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + California Will J. Thorpe 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco + + Canada James A. Neilson Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland, Ontario + + China P. W. Wang Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. + Sechuan Road, Shanghai + + Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden + + Dist. + of Columbia Prof. C. P. Close Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, + Washington, D. C. + + England Howard Spence The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + Georgia J. M. Patterson Putney + + Illinois Henry D. Spencer Decatur + + Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport + + Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point + + Kansas James Sharp Council Grove + + Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie + + Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + + Nebraska William Caha Wahoo + + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + + New York Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger 510 East Ave., Rochester + + North Carolina C. W. Matthews N. C. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + + Ohio W. R. Fickes Wooster, R. No. 6 + + Oregon Earl C. Frost Gates Road, Portland, Route 1, + Box 515 + + Pennsylvania John Rick 438 Penn Square, Reading + + South Carolina Thomas Taylor 1112 Bull St., Columbia + + Tennessee J. W. Waite Normandy + + Utah Joseph A. Smith Edgewood Hall, Providence + + Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro + + Virginia D. S. Harris Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, + Williamsburg, R. F. D. 3 + + Washington Richard H. Turk Washougal + + West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek + + + + +MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + ARKANSAS + *Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville. + Dunn, D. K., Wynne + + CALIFORNIA + Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco + + CANADA + McRitchie, Prof. A. R., Arthur, Ontario. + Neilson, Jas. A., Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland. + + CHINA + *P. W. Wang, Sec'y, Kinsan Arboretum, 147 No. Szechuan Road, Shanghai. + + CONNECTICUT + Barrows, Paul M., Stamford, R. F. D. No. 30 + Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford + Bielefield, F. J., South Farms, Middletown + Deming, Dr. W. C, 983 Main St., Hartford + Gotthold, Mrs. Frederick, Wilton + Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton + Hilliard, H. J., South View + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 100 + Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden + *Morris Dr. R. T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + Agriculture, Library of U. S. Dept. of + Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture + Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W. + Gravatt, G. F., Forest Pathology, B. P. I. Agriculture + *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building + Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture + Williams, A. Ray, Union Trust Bldg. + Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards + + ENGLAND + Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + GEORGIA + Killian, C. M., Valdosta + Parrish, John S., Cornelia, Box 57 + Patterson, J. M., Putney + Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun Co. + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + ILLINOIS + Brown, Roy W., 220 E. Cleveland St., Spring Valley + Buckman, Benj., Farmingdale + Buxton, T. C., Stine Bldg., Decatur + Casper, O. H., Anna + Clough, W. A., 929 Monadnoch Bldg., Chicago + Falrath, David, 259 N. College St., Decatur + Flexer, Walter G., 210 Campbell St., Joliet + Foote, Lorezo S., Anna + Holden, Dr. Louis Edward, Decatur + Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian) + Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Aledo + Mosnat, H. R., 10910 Prospect Ave., Morgan Park, Chicago + Mueller, Robert, Decatur + Nash, C. J., 1302 E. 53rd St., Chicago + Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion + Powers, Frank S., 595 Powers Lane, Decatur + Reihl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Rodhouse, T. W., Jr., Pleasant Hill, R. R. 2 + Shaw, James B., Champaign, Box 644 + Spencer, Henry D., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur + Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown + Vulgamott, Chas. E., Cerro Gordo + White, W. Elmer, 175 Park Place, Decatur + + INDIANA + Clayton, C. L., Owensville + Copp, Lloyd, 819 W. Foster St., Kokomo + Gilmer, Frank, 1012 Riverside Drive, South Bend + Reed, W. C, Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + IOWA + Adams, Gerald W., Moorhead + Bricker, C. W., Ladora + Pfeiffer, W. F., Fayette + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Snyder, S. W., Center Point. + + KANSAS + Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs + Fossenden, C. D., Cherokee + Hardin, Martin, Horton + Hitchcock, Chas. W., Belle Plaine + Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton + Sharpe, James, Council Grove + + MARYLAND + Jordan, Dr. Llewellyn, 100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park + Keenan, Dr. John F. Brentwood + O'Connor, P. J., Bowie + Perkins, H., 401 Nat. Marine Bank Bldg., Baltimore + Wall, A. V., Baltimore + + MASSACHUSETTS + *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston + Bowles, Francis T., Barnstable + Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center + Collins, Geo. D., 388 Union St., Springfield + Johnstone, Edward O., North Carver + Sawyer, James C., Andover + Wright, G. F., Chelmsford + + MICHIGAN + Banine, Chester H., Vandalia + Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac + Copland, A. W., 670 E. Woodbridge St., Detroit + Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek + *Linton, W. S., Saginaw + Penney, Senator Harvey A., 425 So. Jefferson Ave., Saginaw + Wallace, Henry, Detroit + + MISSOURI + Crosby, Miss Jessie M., 4241 Harrison St., Kansas City + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + Youkey, J. M., 2519 Monroe Ave., Kansas City + + NEBRASKA + Caha, William, Wahoo + Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln + + NEW JERSEY + Brown, Jacob S., Elmer, Salem Co. + Clarke, Miss E. A., W. Point Pleasant, Box 57 + Franck, M., Box 89, Franklin + Gaty, Theo. E., 50 Morris Ave., Morristown + *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City + Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Parry, T. Morrel, Riverton + Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton + + NEW YORK + Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Bennett, Howard S., 851 Joseph Ave., Rochester + Bethea, J. G., 243 Rutgers St., Rochester + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I. + Bixby, Mrs. Willard G, 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin + Brinton, Mrs. Willard Cope, 36 So. Central Pk., N. Y. City + Buist, Dr. G. L., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester + Cothran, John C., 104 High St., Lockport + Corsan, G. H., 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn + Culver, M. L., 238 Milburn St., Rochester + Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester + Dunbar, John, Dep't. of Parks, Rochester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn + Gaty, Theo. E. Jr., Clermont + Gillett, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City + Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca + Hart, Frank E., Landing Road, Brighton + Haws, Elwood D., Public Market, Rochester + Henshall, H., 5 W. 125th St., N. Y. C. + Hoag, Henry S., Delhi + Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.) + *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + Jewett, Edmund G., 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn + Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 15th St. & 4th Ave., New York City + Krieg, Fred J., 11 Gladys St., Rochester + Lattin, Dr. H. W., Albion + Lauth, John C., 67 Tyler St., Rochester + Liveright, Frank I., 120 W. 70th St., N. Y. C. + MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of + Agriculture, Ithaca + McGlennon, J. S., 28 Cutler Building, Rochester + Motondo, Grant F., 198 Monroe Ave., Rochester + Nolan, Mrs. C. R., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester + Nolan, M. J., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester + Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and + Barry Building, Rochester + Paterno, Dr. Chas. V., 117 W. 54th St., N. Y. City + Pierce, H. Gordon, 103 Park Ave., N. Y. City + Pirrung, Miss L. M., 779 East Ave., Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St., Rochester + Rawnsley, James B., 242 Linden St., Rochester + Schroeder, E. A., 223 East Ave., Rochester + Shutt, Erwin E., 509 Plymouth Ave., Rochester + Snyder, Leroy E., 241 Barrington St., Rochester + Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City + Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Tucker, Arthur R., Chamber of Commerce, Rochester + Tucker, Geo. B., 110 Harvard St., Rochester + Vick, C. A., 142 Harvard St., Rochester + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Waller, Percy, 284 Court St., Rochester + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St., New York City + *Wisman, Mrs. F. de R. Westchester, New York City + Wyckoff, E. L., Aurora + + NORTH CAROLINA + Hutchings, Miss L. G., Pine Bluff + Matthews, C. D., North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.), Pomona + + OHIO + Beatty, Dr. W. M. L., Route 3, Croton Road, Centerburg + Coon, Charles, Groveport + Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville + Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6 + Hinnen, Dr. G. A., 1343 Delta Ave., Cincinnati + Neff, Wm. N., Martel + *Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + + OREGON + Frost, Earl C., Route 1, Box 515, Gates Rd., Portland + + PENNSYLVANIA + Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St., Reading + Anders, Stanley S., Norristown + Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown + Bohn, Dr. H. W., 34 No. 9th St., Reading + Bolton, Charles G., Zieglerville + Boy Scouts of America, Reading + Druckemiller, W. H., 31 N. 4th St., Sunbury + Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata + Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote + Hershey, John W., Ronks + Hess, Elam G., Manheim + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville + Horst, John D., Reading + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia + Jockers, Fred'k J., 4 E. Township Line, Jenkintown + *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton + Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia + Minick, C. G., Ridgway + Paden, Riley W., Enon Valley + Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes Barre + Pratt, Arthur H., Kennett Square + *Rick, John, 438 Penn Square, Reading + Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S., Lorane + Rose, William J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg, "Personal" + Rosenberry, W. H., Box 114, Lansdale + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1 + Smedley, Mrs. Samuel L., Newtown Sq., R. F. D. No. 1 + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore + Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Whitner, Harry D., Reading + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + *Wister, John C., Clarkson and Wister Sts., Germantown + Wolf, D. D., 527 Vine St., Philadelphia + Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., Piketown + + RHODE ISLAND + Allen, Philip, Providence + + SOUTH CAROLINA + Taylor, Thos., 1112 Bull St., Columbia + + TENNESSEE + Waite, J. W., Normandy + + UTAH + Smith, Joseph A., Edgewood Hall, Providence + + VERMONT + Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3 + Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven + Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro + + VIRGINIA + +Dodge, Harrison H., Mount Vernon + Gould, Katherine Clemons, Boonsboro, Care of C. M. Daniels, + via Lynchburg, R. F. D. 4 + Harris, D. S., Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg, R. 3 + Hopkins, N. S., Dixondale + Jordan, J. H., Bohannon + Moock, Harry C, Roanoke, Route 5 + + WASHINGTON + Berg, D. H., Nooksack + Turk, Richard H., Washougal + + WEST VIRGINIA + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown + Mish, A. F., Inwood + + * Life Member + + Honorary Member + + + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + + ARTICLE I + + _Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION. + + + ARTICLE II + + _Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in + nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture. + + + ARTICLE III + + _Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all + persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to + place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and + regulations of the committee on membership. + + + ARTICLE IV + + _Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a + secretary and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the + annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which + the president, the two last retiring presidents, the + vice-president, the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. + There shall be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, + or country represented in the membership of the association, who + shall be appointed by the president. + + + ARTICLE V + + _Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be + elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating + officers for the following year. + + + ARTICLE VI + + _Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be + selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no + selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall + choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. + Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the + president and executive committee. + + + ARTICLE VII + + _Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, + but must include two of the four elected officers. + + + ARTICLE VIII + + _Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote + of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such + amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a + copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to + each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + ARTICLE I + + _Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as + follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and + publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, + and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make + recommendations to the association as to the discipline or + expulsion of any member. + + + ARTICLE II + + _Fees._ Annual members shall pay three dollars annually, or five + dollars, including a year's subscription to the American Nut + Journal. Contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually, this + membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut + Journal. Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and + shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt + from dues. + + + ARTICLE III + + _Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the + first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the + Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter + preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and + the Treasurer. + + + ARTICLE IV + + _Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of + members present at any annual meeting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS + +AT THE + +FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +New National Museum, Washington, D. C. + +September 26-27-28, 1923. + + +(In making up this report the transcript of the stenographer's full +report has been unsparingly cut, in accordance with the vote of the +convention. Copies of the full report are in the possession of the +secretary.) + +The Convention was called to order at 2 p. m., Sept. 26, 1923, in the +New National Museum. + +In his opening address the president spoke of the need for increased +membership and improved financial condition. He also recommended a +return to the old method of combining the secretary and treasurer in one +office and that the secretary-treasurer should have a fair salary, +suitable quarters, and adequate help. He spoke of his own efforts to +increase the usefulness of the association and expressed his fears that +they had amounted to very little. He quoted the statement of the editor +of the American Nut Journal that what people want to know is whether +they can make any money by the cultivation of nut trees. That statement +led to a campaign to try to locate in the territory of the association +groups of nut trees in profitable bearing. He felt satisfied that there +are numerous paying nut orchards, and he recommended a continuance of +the campaign for locating such orchards. + +The president then went on to instance the experience of Mr. Frederick +G. Brown of Salisbury, Mass., at whose place, about two miles from the +ocean, there are two Persian walnut trees, 12 to 15 years old, one of +them about a foot in diameter and twenty feet high, that have borne for +two years. Peach trees will not live at this place. Two miles away at +Newburyport is a tree a year or two younger that bore a half peck of +nuts last year, and another tree 35 years old in bearing for 15 or 20 +years. The nuts were spoken of as of high quality. + +He referred to Edward Selkirk of North East, Pa., who has a grove of 250 +trees about 22 years old of the Pomeroy variety. Last year the crop was +one ton and brought in a little over $500.00. This year the crop is much +larger. For best development of the trees the land should be given over +entirely to their culture. + +The president quoted a letter from E. A. Riehl of Godfrey, Illinois as +follows: + +My nut plantings are mostly young, many just coming into bearing, while +many others have been top-worked to better varieties, so that money +returns are not what they would be had I started out planting improved +varieties. Part of my aim was to originate better varieties than we had +when I began. In this, I think, I have been fairly successful. + +My plantings consist mostly of chestnuts. These have sold readily at 35 +to 40 cents per pound wholesale. It is rather a hard matter to give any +idea as to profit, except that we gathered 23 pounds from one tree five +years after topworking on a tree then about three inches in diameter. In +1920, the net return was $1,172.54, in 1921, $1,019.44, in 1922, which +was about a half crop, $1,196.81. All this on land so rough no crop +could be grown on it but pasture. This year's crop promises to be a full +one. + +As to walnuts, we have made no record of single trees. The Thomas, by +actual test, gives ten pounds of meat to the bushel, which we sold to +dealers last season at $1.00 per pound, and could not nearly supply the +demand. + +Walnut crop here a failure this season. Only a few Thomas trees have a +crop. + +If the meeting was after nut harvest, I would send the best chestnut +exhibit that has ever been shown at any meeting. + +H. C. Fletcher of Clarkson, N. Y., was quoted as estimating the nuts +produced from two trees each year from 1911 to 1915 as $25 worth. +(Presumably these were Persian walnuts, but this was not stated.) In +1916 and 1917 there were about six bushels of nuts, probably $75 worth. +In 1918 a market basket full. In 1919 and 1920 about $40 worth, +including some trees sold. In 1921 about $50 worth were produced and in +1922 $60 worth of nuts and $30 worth of trees. + +In the president's own filbert nursery at Rochester over 300 pounds of +fine nuts were produced for which 30 cents a pound were offered by +grocerymen. + +Mr. W. R. Mattoon of the Forest Service of the U. S. Dept. of +Agriculture spoke as follows: + +Two years ago, when the Forest Service was planning to get up a bulletin +on growing walnut trees for timber, we found the need to include +information on the nuts also. Mr. C. A. Reed and I together prepared a +manuscript on growing the walnut tree both for timber and for nuts. + +It pays to grow walnuts in small groups and singly, rather than in large +blocks, for while they have not proven altogether failures when planted +in large quantities they have been disappointing. Many of the trees +which we planted as close as 6 x 8 feet several years ago, have not +given very satisfactory results because they have not had enough light +and air. The black walnut grows singly in the forest, although there may +be full stands of other trees around it. Our idea is to recommend +planting the black walnut in spots around on the farm, in little +inaccessible places and on the hillsides, where the soil is good; for +the black walnut requires good soil, and we cannot find that quality in +large patches, nor is it usual on slopes of ground. So we must put it +here and there on the farm, along the fence rows and in various places, +but not in groups. The farmer planting in this way becomes its wood +which is used in the most expensive furniture. I believe that mahogany +is the only other wood so valuable. On the other side of the world they +have the mahogany tree for cabinet use, and here in America we have the +black walnut, a cabinet wood that is not surpassed. + +The present available publications on this subject are limited but we +are referring people who inquire about it to Department of Agriculture +Bulletin No. 933, "The Black Walnut, Its Growth and Management." That is +midway between a technical and a popular bulletin, and it comprises +about the only available publication that we have at the present time on +the subject of growing the tree. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1123, "Growing +and Planting Hardwood Seedlings on the Farm", deals with the black +walnut along with other trees. Another publication is Department of +Agriculture Bulletin No. 153, "Forest Planting in the Eastern United +States," which considers the black walnut along with the other available +trees for planting. + +MR. OLCOTT: For a small orchard would it be proper to plant 160 to 180 +feet apart? + +MR. MATTOON: When planted in that way you would get nut production and +at the same time, a timber growth. If pruned you get a good log at the +base. The small, ten-foot logs from these trees pay as much as you would +get for an 18 foot log of a taller tree. For forestry purposes, pruning +is a desirable practice. + +THE PRESIDENT: But for nut-bearing, what is your opinion? + +MR. MATTOON: I should suppose that you would want your orchard trees to +be as low-branched as possible, and with as full foliage as possible. + +Mr. Bixby (acting as secretary) then read a paper by H. R. Mosnat of +Morgan Park, Illinois in which he spoke of the number of doctors +interested in nut growing and the need of all men of that character +having a hobby of that kind. He thought that the taxes on many farms +might be paid out of the profits of nut trees planted on the farms and +along the highways. But these nut trees should not be seedling trees. +The apple and the black walnut are said to be the only trees that grow +in every state of the Union. Nuts were one of the staple foods of our +ancestors. We should not be discouraged if we have not yet found the +right nut for the East and the Middle West. We should seek them promptly +because of the rate at which nut trees are being converted into logs. By +next year, he said, he expected to have 25 varieties of black walnuts in +his collection including some hybrids. Machines for cracking black +walnuts by power are now practically perfect and one firm in that +business has cracked about a million pounds in the last few years and +expects to treble or quadruple its business this season if supplies can +be secured. The trouble with most walnut cracking machines is that they +crush instead of crack and small bits of shell are apt to stick to the +meats. But there is machinery now to remove these bits of shell. There +are wild black walnuts that run 16 to 18 per cent kernels, though the +average is only 12-1/2%. It is not always the largest nuts that produce +the greatest proportionate weight of kernels. The picking and cracking +expense with black walnuts is very little greater than with pecans, but +the final cleaning to render the meat absolutely free of shells has been +very expensive. Cultivated black walnuts will of course give better +results, because they have been selected for easy cracking, have kernels +that separate readily from the shell, the product is uniform, and the +nuts require much less grading before cracking than the wild black +walnuts, where every tree bears nuts differing in size, as in almost +every other quality. Figuring 50,000 pounds to the carload it will take +about eight carloads of wild black walnuts to make one carload of +kernels of the same weight. More and more English walnuts and pecans are +being sold in the form of kernels, and black walnuts also will best be +sold in kernels. These can be canned in vacuum glass or metal cans, and +the housewife will use more nuts when she can get the shell-free meats +with her favorite cooking utensil, the can-opener. Confectioners and +bakers will take black walnut meats by the carload in preference to +other nut meats because they have more flavor, and so "go further." + +The growing of black walnuts in a commercial way will require education, +but already there is a growing interest. Several of the large weekly +publications have, within the last couple of months, carried full page, +illustrated articles on black walnuts. One of these, in a magazine of +general circulation which is over half a million, within a month +resulted in almost one hundred letters asking for additional +information, which shows that a great many people want to know more +about the possibilities of black walnuts. This interest will certainly +increase when profitable black walnut orchards are actually growing and +paying good profits. Already men are putting in black walnut orchards or +groves of several hundred acres, and one such planting of 1,600 acres is +proposed, but it will be partly hardy pecans. This shows rapid +development into a real industry of magnitude. + + + + +Report of the Secretary. + +On March 1, 1923, the treasurer, Mr. W. G. Bixby, handed over to the +secretary the funds and books of the association, saying that his time +had become so much taken up that he was able to give too little of it to +the duties of his office. Thus it became necessary for the secretary to +assume the functions of the treasurer as well. + +These functions were, in the first place, the payment of the obligations +of the association from the funds available. The funds available for +current expenses were not sufficient for the payment of these +obligations. The secretary therefore took it upon himself to pay these +obligations with funds of the association put aside for other purposes. +These funds were money received from life membership payments that had +been deposited in the Litchfield Savings Society, as a sort of +contingent fund, and other funds from the same source held by the +treasurer and handed over by him to the secretary. These two funds were +completely used up in the payment of current expenses, as will appear in +the detailed statement of the secretary. + +These funds, however, were still insufficient to pay the current +expenses, which were, chiefly, the expenses of the stenographer's report +and transcripts of the thirteenth annual convention, at Rochester, and +the cost of printing the annual report. The cost of printing the report +was paid out of the available funds. The stenographer's bill, amounting +to $169.00 originally, but reduced to $135.00 by the stenographer on +representation by the officers of the association that the amount was +excessive, was paid by Mr. Bixby personally, and the association is +indebted to Mr. Bixby in that amount at this moment. + +The second function that developed upon the secretary was the management +of the membership lists and matters relating thereto, which, though +perhaps essentially a duty of the secretary of an association such as +this, had been managed by the treasurer since the time when he took over +the duties of the secretary in 1918. This had involved quite an +expenditure for clerical work. This clerical work would still be an +expense to the association, had not one of our members, Mr. H. J. +Hilliard, of Sound View, Connecticut, volunteered to do it. Mr. Hilliard +was formerly connected with a bank, is entirely familiar with the +keeping of accounts, is a man of means and leisure, and I shall take +pleasure in offering his name to fill the vacant treasurership. +Heretofore, this association has had to pay little or nothing for +clerical work which has been done either by the secretary, or by the +treasurer and his personal clerical force. + +In accordance with the vote of the Rochester convention the secretary +drafted two letters, one entitled, "To the State Vice-Presidents of the +N. N. G. A. and All Members of the Association"; the other, "To All +Women Members of the N. N. G. A. and to All Women Interested, or +Interestable, in Nut Culture." Both of these letters were sent to all +members of the association, and the letter to women was sent also to a +considerable list of women not members. The results of these letters +were, so far as the secretary has means of knowing, not over a half +dozen letters of appreciation from members, one new woman member, and a +letter of appreciation from another woman. + +The secretary has reason to believe, however, that the letters were the +means of stimulating several of the state vice-presidents to activity +in the matter of getting new members, in writing articles for the press +and in giving illustrated talks on nut growing. Among those who are +known to have given such talks or articles, are Dr. Morris, Mr. Weber, +Mr. Spencer, Mr. Smith, Mr. Turk, Mr. O'Connor, Mr. and Mrs. Corsan, Mr. +Reed, Mr. Neilson, Wilkinson, Snyder, Matthews, Kains, MacDaniels, +Fagan, Kaufman, Rick, Bixby, the secretary, and, doubtless, a number of +others. + +The secretary has a collection of slides on nut growing which he has +lent two or three times to members for illustrating their lectures. It +was necessary to provide a box for the safe transportation of these +slides which the secretary purchased, at a cost to the association of +$8.85. The secretary also furnished a typed, running commentary for +these slides and, in one or two instances, has furnished negatives and +photographs for making slides and illustrations. The secretary also +offers to furnish outlines for lectures or articles, and has a small +collection of nuts which is available for lectures. + +If the funds were available, it would be possible to enlarge the +collections of slides, illustrations and nuts for the use of members who +wished to give talks or write articles. + +Possibly the suggestion of the secretary was responsible for the +formation of a subsidiary association in Rochester. On this a report is +desirable from President McGlennon or Mr. Olcott. One or two other +members have written of their intention to form subsidiary associations. + +A leaflet was also issued by the secretary announcing Mr. Jones' offer +to give seedling nut trees as a premium to new members. The demand for +these trees not being up to expectation, Mr. Jones very generously sent +out five such trees in place of the original offer of one or two. I hope +that Mr. Jones will make a report of the number of trees thus +distributed. Although the circular distinctly stated that these trees +were premiums for new members, many members understood it as an offer +for renewal of membership as well, and I think that in every such +instance, Mr. Jones himself forgot and sent the trees. A few members, +whose names came in too late, were disappointed in not getting trees. +Mr. Jones has intimated that it may be possible to correct these +omissions this fall. I hope that Mr. Jones will make a statement about +this, and I hope also, that the association will not overlook Mr. Jones' +liberality in distributing these trees entirely at his own expense. + +There have been expressions of regret, and I am sure that many more +have felt it, that it has not been possible to go on with the nut +contests and the giving of prizes for new and valuable nuts. As there is +not likely to be any one else willing to assume the really immense labor +involved in the nut contests, conducted as Mr. Bixby has conducted them, +I suppose that all we can do is to hope that circumstances will sometime +again make it possible for Mr. Bixby to resume these very valuable +services for the development of nut culture in the United States. I say +intentionally "the United States," because I believe that these services +have benefitted the whole country. This fact makes me the bolder in +uttering the daring suggestion that perhaps, now that Mr. Bixby has +shown the way, and developed exact methods that may be safely followed, +which, if I do not misapprehend, is what it states that it desires +before presuming to take up any new line of work, the Department of +Agriculture itself might consider it a matter worthy of its attention. +Professor J. A. Neilson, of the less cautious Canadian Department of +Agriculture, is rendering very valuable services of this kind for the +Dominion of Canada. + +There is evidence that several more state agricultural institutions are +giving attention to nut growing. (MacDaniels, at Ithaca; J. C. +Christensen, University of Michigan). + +There is no need of taking your time now to recapitulate the many things +that ought to be done to promote the planting of nut trees and the +scientific investigation of nut growing. Dean Watt's address, published +in the 12th annual report, and the letter of the secretary to state +vice-presidents, contain outlines for these things. The attention of the +present convention is more particularly to be given to advocating nut +tree planting on a production basis. + +Regarding the campaign for new members, perhaps the chairman of the +committee on membership will make some remarks. The present membership +of the association is 337, if we drop no names this year for non-payment +of dues. Of course, those who do not pay their dues should be dropped. +But the association has never made any ruling as to how long names +should be carried on the rolls. The secretary has been easy in sending +copies of the annual reports to members in arrears, hoping that the +conscience-stricken recipients would hasten to pay up. But there is no +proof that such has been the case, and the secretary would recommend +making a rule as to when a member is no longer in good standing, when he +should be dropped from the rolls, and what members are entitled to +copies of the annual report. The secretary would make the suggestion +that there be an amendment to the by-laws to the effect that members +who have not paid their dues within three months from the time of their +first notification, be sent a second notification to the effect that +they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are +not entitled to receive a copy of the annual report; but that all +privileges may be restored on payment of dues. At the end of three +months from the sending of the second notice, the names of members not +in good standing should be dropped. The annual report should be sent +only to members in good standing. + +Mr. Hilliard asked me what our fiscal year was. I answered that I did +not think we had any. It would undoubtedly be a convenience if we are to +have a bank man for a treasurer, and a ruling by the association would +be in place. + +Our accredited list of nut nurserymen is out of date and a new list +should be issued. Recommendations as to changes in or additions to that +list, should be considered by the members. + +It is desirable that the annual reports of the association should be +indexed and bound, but no hand has yet been found to do it. + +Our ambitions have so far outstripped our sources of revenue that we +have come to look on an annual deficit as a normal and defensible thing. +I think it is indefensible. I think it is going to have a bad effect on +our attendance and our morals if the members have to look forward to +what amounts to a good big assessment at every convention. A deficit is +not inevitable. The secretary-treasurer was able to report a surplus at +the first, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh meetings. The income from +membership dues should be enough to enable the printing of the annual +report. But if not I should be in favor of not printing the report until +funds were on hand to pay for it. + +In rendering an account of the funds of the association I will first +state that there is on hand, cash in bank, $84.89. This amount must be +charged with the Bowditch hickory prize fund, $25, which leaves $59.89, +cash on hand. We owe Mr. Bixby for paying the stenographer's bill, +$135.00, and Mr. Olcott for printing, $24.58, a total of $159.58. This +makes our deficit $99.69, practically just one hundred dollars. + +It should be recalled that in arriving at this result it was necessary +to use up our reserve fund from life memberships, amounting to $225.00. +If we count that in with the deficit, it amounts to $325.00. + +A detailed account of receipts and expenditures is herewith submitted. +At the present moment, on account of a rush of other work, on account +of difficulties of other kinds, and because of a division of the work +between Mr. Hilliard and myself, I am unable to give the exact amount +received from memberships and sale of reports and bulletins. This I hope +to correct before the annual report goes to press. + + + RECEIPTS + + Turned over by the Treasurer, Mar. 1, 1923: + Money for current expenses $ 89.66 + From life memberships 95.00 + Bowditch hickory prize 25.00 + From Litchfield Savings Society 130.00 + Membership dues + Sale of reports and bulletins + + EXPENDITURES + + Printing report $378.00 + Misc. printing and postals 7.50 + Clerical hire and postage 47.65 + Postage, telegrams, carriage 38.09 + Box for lantern slides 8.85 + ------- + $480.09 + + Due Mr. Bixby, stenographer's bill $135.00 + Due Mr. Olcott, printing 24.00 + ------- + $159.58 + +The report of the secretary was adopted. + +The following paper was read by the acting secretary as Mr. Neilson was +unable to be present: + + + + +SOME FURTHER NOTES ON NUT CULTURE IN CANADA. + +JAS. A. NEILSON, B. S. A., M. S., Extension Horticulturist, Hort. Expt. +Station, Vineland Sta., Ont. + +The nut culture activities outlined in the paper presented by the writer +at the convention in Rochester were carried on as much as time and means +would permit during the past year. The search for nut trees has been +continued and has yielded some interesting results. Several valuable +trees of kinds already noted have been located and additional species +discovered. Among these were five pecan trees which have been growing on +the farm of C. R. James at Richmond Hill, a small town fifteen miles +north of Toronto. These trees were about fifty years old and appeared to +be perfectly hardy, as far as growth was concerned, but owing to the +northern location (43.45") seldom produced ripened nuts. The season of +1919, however, was longer and somewhat warmer than most seasons, and a +fully ripened crop of nuts was gathered. The nuts are small with a thin +shell and a fine sweet kernel. The largest tree in the lot is about 35 +feet tall with a trunk diameter of 16" and a spread of branches equal to +its height. Another small plantation of pecans was found at +Niagara-on-the-Lake on the fruit farm of John Morgan. Some of these +trees were of grafted sorts and others were seedlings. Both grafted and +seedling trees were making a good growth and appeared to be perfectly +healthy. + +In as much as the pecan is native to a country having a longer growing +season and higher average summer temperatures than southern Ontario, it +is quite encouraging to find that these trees will even grow here, to +say nothing of bearing nuts. This would seem to indicate that there are +possibilities for some of the pecan-bitternut and pecan-shagbark hybrids +in southern Ontario where the shagbark and the bitternut grow quite +freely. + +I also located two excellent shagbark hickories which have fair-sized +nuts with thin shell and fine kernels. One of these trees grows about +twelve miles west of Simcoe, Ontario, and produces quite a large nut +with a shell so thin that it can be easily cracked with the teeth. This +particular tree is about seventy feet tall and bore ten bushels of nuts +in one season. I have records of several other good hickories and plan +to inspect these at the earliest opportunity. + +Several more good English walnuts have been located and examined. Among +these there is one tree over seventy-five years old which at one time +bore thirty bushels of ripe nuts. + +A few good heartnut trees have been located at various points. One of +these trees is about thirty-five feet tall, with a spread of nearly +sixty feet from tip to tip of branches. The present owner harvested +several bushels of good nuts in one season from this tree. + +I bought with my own funds a bushel of nuts from this tree and sent them +in lots ranging from six to thirty to interested parties in various +parts of Ontario. Of course I know that this is not in accordance with +the best nut cultural principals, but I thought it was one way of +getting nut trees started. If these nuts do not reproduce true to type, +they will serve as a good stock for budding or grafting with the best +introduced heartnuts later on. Another good heartnut was located almost +on the outskirts of Toronto. At five years from planting this tree bore +one-half bushel of fine, thin-shelled nuts. + +In my last paper I stated that filberts had not done well in Ontario. I +am glad to state that I will now have to retract that statement and +inform you that good filbert trees have been found near Ancaster, which +is close to Hamilton. These trees were about fifty years old, the +largest specimen being nearly a foot in diameter at the base and about +25 feet tall. The trees bore well, but on account of the hordes of black +and grey squirrels very few nuts were harvested. A fine lot of filberts +was also found at Tyroconnell, a small hamlet on the north shore of Lake +Erie, in Elgin County. These trees are nearly fifty years old and bear +excellent nuts. Much to my surprise I found a fine clump of filberts +growing quite near the campus of the O. A. C. at Guelph. These trees +were introduced from England about sixteen years ago and at first they +did not appear to be hardy, but eventually they established themselves +and are now doing well in growth and fruitfulness. I was somewhat amused +to think that I was searching so diligently for valuable nut trees all +over the Province and did not even know of the existence of these trees, +until a year and a half after I made my initial attempt to discover +valuable nut trees. + +I will have to correct another statement made at the last meeting, to +the effect that almonds do not grow well in Canada except on Vancouver +Island. Since then I have found a few, good, hard-shelled almond trees +growing and yielding well in the Lake Erie country. This leads me to +believe that almonds can be grown, with reasonable success, anywhere in +the peach belt, particularly in the lake district. + +In addition to my efforts to locate good trees I persuaded the +authorities at the O. A. C. to establish small plantings of some of the +best black walnuts, hickories, Japanese walnuts, and Chinese chestnuts. +I also obtained about five bushels of Chinese walnuts and one bushel of +Chinese chestnuts from northwest China for testing at the experiment +stations, and by other interested individuals. Owing to the length of +time the nuts were in transit the majority of them were unfit for +germination. A few have grown, however, and we hope to get good results +from these. + +A collection of nuts containing 60 plates and 21 different species was +prepared and exhibited at the Royal Winter Fair at Toronto and also at +the Livestock Show at Guelph. I was in attendance almost constantly at +Toronto, and endeavored to give all the information possible on nut +culture. Both exhibits attracted a great deal of attention and called +forth favorable comments from visitors and the press. + +Experimental plantings of English, Japanese, Chinese, and American +walnuts, filberts and hickories, have been established at the +Horticultural Experiment Station. Mr. W. J. Strong pollenated about 200 +black walnut blossoms with pollen of the English walnut. Apparently a +good number (approximately 75%) have set fruit. + +A graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College, who has become +interested in nut culture, procured 2,000 black walnut seedlings from +the Forestry Station at St. Williams. These trees were budded, in August +last, with local grown English walnuts, but unfortunately only a few +buds took. An attempt will be made next spring to whip graft the trees +that did not set buds this summer. + +There is a marked increase in the interest in nut culture shown by the +public during the past year. This is shown by numerous requests for +information and addresses on nut growing and by the public endorsement +of nut culture by three important horticultural organizations. The +Ontario Horticultural Council, the Federal Horticultural Council and the +Ontario Horticultural Societies Convention each passed a resolution +asking the Dominion Department of Agriculture to appoint a man to +investigate the possibilities of nut culture in Canada. No definite +action has been taken as yet, but it is expected that an appointment +will be made in the near future. + +We are giving the boys and girls of Ontario an opportunity to assist us +in our work by hunting for good nut trees, and as an incentive we have +offered prizes of $5.00 each for the best specimens of our various +native and introduced nut trees. This should bring results, because if +there is anyone in this wide world who knows where good nuts are, it is +the small boy. + +The work during the past year has generally been encouraging, but like +every other line of human endeavor there have been disappointments. For +example, one bushel of Chinese walnuts was stolen, and a number of good +specimens of other kinds mysteriously disappeared from my exhibition +collection. + +Another disappointing feature has been the apathy, and even hostility, +shown by some officials. I do not intend, however, to let these +difficulties discourage me in the least, but plan to carry on and preach +the gospel of beauty and utility as exemplified in our best nut trees. + + + + +ADDRESS BY DR. L. C. CORBETT + +U. S. Department of Agriculture + + +The work in nut culture by the Department of Agriculture antedates the +present Bureau of Plant Industry, and to confine the history of the work +to the present Bureau of Plant Industry would not quite do the subject +justice. + +From the time of the beginning of fruit work in the Department of +Agriculture, in 1885, nuts have received more or less attention. After +the formation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in 1901, special +appropriations were received from Congress for the support of nut +investigations, and individuals were appointed to that service in the +department. Mr. C. A. Reed, whom you all know very well, was the first +appointee of this service, devoting his whole time and attention to the +work. He has been with the department for several years, and has given +his time exclusively to the nut problems of the country. Naturally, the +nut problems are not confined to any geographic area, but are +nation-wide; but certain of the plants which have entered into the +problems of nut culture have demanded more attention than others, for +reasons that are the same as in fruit culture. The older fruits, those +better known and longer in cultivation, whose problems are better +understood, require less attention from the grower and from the +experimenter than do the newer ones in the field. + +Nut culture in America, as I understand it, not being a nut culturist +myself, consists of two types of projects. We have one type that has +long been practiced by man, that we imported from European countries and +established on this continent. People have cultivated these nuts more or +less intensively for generations, and many of the problems have been +worked out, so far as Europe is concerned. Of course, when introduced in +America, new problems confronted the growers here. The other type of nut +industry is based upon indigenous nuts of which we know little, either +from the orchard standpoint or as to the varieties concerned. Our native +nuts, particularly the pecan, have forced themselves upon the attention +of investigators of the department to much greater extent, perhaps, than +any other nut with which we have to deal. Being a native, indigenous +plant, not yet under cultivation, there is immediately presented the +problem of the choice of varieties, adaption to changed conditions, and +all of the problems arising in connection with a rapidly developing +commercial industry; certain enthusiasts soon become enamored with the +possibilities in the southern parts of the United States for pecan +culture, and they immediately transplant it into new and untried +regions, and as a result their problems have become legion. + +The work of the Department of Agriculture in nut culture has developed +really around the growing industries of the country; primarily, around +the pecan, and secondly, around the almond and the walnut, for these are +the more important, commercially. Naturally, the most pressing problems +arise in connection with growing industries; they have growing pains +which have to be eased the same as with small boys. + +The Department of Agriculture has therefore found itself in the position +of seeking answers to numerous questions which have been made in +connection with these developing industries. I believe that we have +contributed very materially to the knowledge of varieties, particularly +as regards their adaptation to different geographic locations. We have +also assisted the industries to solve some of their problems of +cultivation, particularly of propagation, and also the problems growing +out of the maintenance of soil fertility. With a new crop, in a new +environment, it is always a problem to know how to manage the soil, and +this is one of the leading lines of activity in the field, at the +present time. In the Bureau of Plant Industry, two offices, that of +Horticulture and Pomology and that of Soil Fertility, are co-operating +in the solution of the soil fertility problems in the pecan regions. + +Of course, as the industry developed and became established, the natural +enemies of the pecan and of the other nut trees asserted themselves, as +a result of which there have been set up investigations in the Bureau of +Plant Industry to study the life histories of the various fungi that +attack pecans; and outside of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the Bureau +of Entomology has been devoting time to the study of the control of +insect enemies. So that, at the present, the department is so organized +that three or four important lines of attack are being made upon +problems of these industries. Thus, while at the beginning of the Bureau +of Plant Industry, in 1901, there was no single, individual person +devoting his time and attention to the problems of nut culture, at +present there are quite a group of individuals giving their whole time. +I feel we are making progress in the work, and while we may be lagging +very much behind what we should like to do, we are assisting as best we +can, and are at least keeping in sight of the industry, as it goes +forward. + +I will not try to go into details about the work we are carrying on, +because it is better to tell of what we have accomplished than to tell +what we hope to do. We have a man on the Pacific Coast giving his whole +time and attention to the study of breeding and of the cultural problems +of almonds. Besides this, we have two men giving all of their time to +pecans; and during the last year, there has been established near +Albany, Georgia, a station devoted to the cultural problems of pecans. +One gentleman is continuously on the ground with the work, and two +others devote more or less of their time to it. + +Now, while these problems connected with the industries are the ones +occupying most attention, the workers in the Department of Agriculture +have not been unmindful of other native nut-bearing plants, such as the +native black walnuts, the hickories and the chestnut up to the time of +the very destructive attack of blight. The chestnut, however, has not +passed out of our sphere of activity, because at the present time, (and +I think you will see tomorrow at the Bell Station, some interesting +possibilities in the future of chestnut culture in this country), the +Chinese forms, which are much more resistant to blight, bid fair to give +us a progeny to make it possible for us also to have a chestnut industry +from the horticultural standpoint. + +Probably the day of timber supply from our native chestnut is at an end. +We hope not, but it looks that way at the present time. The +possibilities of growing trees from China, the mollissima, or hybrids of +them, bids fair to place the chestnut industry so that we can contend +with the blight. We probably will not have immune varieties, but those +which are able to live with the blight. That, it seems to me, is a very +important consideration, because chestnuts have always been an important +nut in our eastern markets, and are important in the European markets as +well. While the larger forms of southern Europe will probably not be of +value to us here, if we can establish a nut industry with nuts of fair +quality, as large as our native sweet chestnuts, based on the Chinese +species, the mollissima, then we will be making progress. You may see +some of these trees at Bell Station which are eight or ten years old; +they are bearing quite abundantly, and some of the chestnuts are really +very palatable and of satisfactory size. + +In addition to this breeding work with chestnuts, there is under way +intensive breeding work with almonds which has for its object the +development of those more hardy than those now in cultivation in +California. This almond industry, though large, is handicapped because +of the late frost injury, and it is desirable to get those which will +bloom later and withstand lower temperatures. + +The varietal problem with pecans will be ever with us, as long as +varieties are found in the wilds and as long as people continue to plant +seedlings in different localities. That is one of the subjects that is +being given considerable attention. + +In addition, the relative productivity of the plants to use as mother +plants is an important one. In the work of the Department of Agriculture +in connection with citrus fruits, it has been found that the individual +bud carries over into its progeny the ability to produce fruit not only +of a given type, but also the productivity of the parent to the progeny. +A long series of records of the behavior of individual trees have been +secured; we are building up a mass of information on which to base +selections for better parent trees than any available at the present +time. If the pecan behaves like the citrus fruits of California, we will +be able in the future to have strains and varieties which will be very +much less variable than those at the present time. + +The propagation, selection, disease and cultural work covers the field +that is handled by the Bureau of Plant Industry. We always like to dream +of the future, and we are pleased to have the dreams come true. We must +have in mind the possibility of better black walnuts than we have at +present; and after the great inroad into the industry made at the time +of the War, when the trees were used for timber purposes, there should +be a greater effort on the part of the people in the northern districts +to propagate black walnuts, not only for nuts but also for timber. The +black walnut is a very great asset not only for timber and for +ammunition purposes, but for food as well. + +The hickory tree is in the same class as the black walnut--it is a +valuable timber tree as well as nut tree. No other timber is as valuable +for the construction of wheels as hickory, and while the "disc wheel" +has served a useful purpose in railroad car construction, it is not +likely that it will replace hickory altogether in the construction of +wheels of motor vehicles. We are veritably a nation on wheels and we +will always be looking for material with which to carry us through the +country. As I have said, we are a nation of people on wheels, and if +your propaganda did nothing more than to stimulate an increased interest +in the production of hickory for timber purposes, it would be +accomplishing a great result. But I believe that there are varieties +among the hickories which should be to the North what the pecan is to +the South. There are those which are very large and those which are +thin-shelled, and those of fine flavor; as a food product I think the +shellbark is second only to the pecan. And I should hail the day with +great interest when there are good, recognized varieties of hickories +corresponding with the best varieties of pecans. I believe they will be +found and developed. + +I have told you something of what we are doing and of what we hope may +result. I hope that you will all visit the offices of the Department +carrying on this work, and that you will get acquainted with the men +handling the various projects, and tell them what your troubles are, +that they may know how to proceed, and that they may discuss with you +the best ways of attacking and handling the problems with which you are +confronted. + +Prof. Lumsden of the Federal Horticultural Board spoke of the chestnut +bark disease and the fact that our experts advise us that within the +period of twenty-five years the destruction of the native American +chestnut will have been accomplished. The tanners and related interests +of the country are now scouting around to find some species of tree to +use as a substitute for tanning operations. Castanea mollissima is +capable of developing into a good sized tree. From an economic +standpoint the texture of its lumber is good, while the quality of its +fruit is fair, and as an ornamental tree it has a future. It has +resistance to the chestnut bark disease. It may become a substitute for +C. dentata. Several crosses have been made between C. dentata and C. +mollissima and some of them show considerable merit. Selection of these +hybrids will have to be made for two purposes, namely wood production +and fruit production. + +Corylus colurna, the Constantinople filbert, is destined to become +popular as an ornamental. On the Pacific Coast a bacterial blight occurs +in some sections on corylus. A great work can be done in this country by +the Northern Nut Growers Association by publishing bulletins advocating +plantings of nut bearing trees for a three-fold purpose, timber, food, +and beauty. + +Communications were read from Miss Frances L. Stearns, Instructor in +Botany of the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Junior Colony, asking information +about planting nut trees, and from Mr. J. A. Young, Secretary of the +Tree Lovers Association of America, asking the association to adopt +their slogan and to co-operate with it in urging the more intelligent +planting of trees, shrubs and flowers. + +The evening session on Sept. 26th was called to order at 8:10 and a +moving picture reel, "The Almond Industry in California," loaned by the +Dept. of the Interior, was shown. Following that an address with lantern +slides was given by Mr. C. A. Reed of the Dept. of Agriculture, on his +recent trip to China. + +MR. REED: In 1910 certain Americans in China conceived the idea of +exporting the walnuts produced in that country to America. The +experiment proved so successful that they continued to do so, and +shipped their walnuts to this country year after year. The business +built up very rapidly, until the war broke out when, for the time being, +the industry was forced to a standstill. But as soon as the war was over +the business picked up again, and had assumed such proportions, about +two years ago, that American growers wanted to know how much longer the +Chinese would be able to send walnuts over here. Most of the nuts from +China were of inferior quality to those produced in this country. +Records of the exports showed that there had been an increase from China +each year; but as to the methods used, the extent of orcharding, or the +growth in planting, etc., the matter had not been written up, and the +consuls had not the remotest idea. It was finally decided by Congress, +therefore, that a special appropriation for an investigation should be +made. So a special trip was made to China to ascertain, first of all, +the probable trade from there for the next ten or twenty years. Our +people felt that more walnuts would be coming here, and they wanted to +know about this before they planted any more here. It fell to my lot to +make the trip, a year ago this summer. + +We went first to Honolulu; then to Manila and Japan, and finally to +China. We went into the section just to the right of Tientsin. By +superimposing a map of China over that of the United States you may see +that China more than covers this country; China is considerably larger +than the United States. + +Our basic point was Peking, which is in about the same latitude as +Philadelphia. We found that walnuts were grown all through this section +of China, not very much farther north than Peking, but not much farther +south than Shanghai. There are walnuts cultivated here, in the Chinese +way, over a great area; but we were convinced that the exportation of +walnuts to this country was not likely to increase, for the business has +apparently reached its height. American trade takes the best nuts; the +second best go to Canada, the third to Europe and the fourth and fifth +to Australia. + +Our first expedition into the country was almost directly north of +Peking. We went down the railroad about 15 miles, to Shaho, where we +employed donkeys and a ricksha, and rode across country some 12 or 15 +miles. Here we found a very excellent Chinese hotel, and surrounding +orchards of perhaps 300 trees. Some of the consular reports in China +stated that this place was one of the three sections in which the finest +shipments of nuts were produced. + +We next went to the east of Tientsin where we found quite a number of +orchards and trees claimed to be from 150 to 200 years of age, although +we found, after travelling a short time and inquiring from the Chinese +farmers, that the figures they gave to us were probably inaccurate. We +finally ceased to ask the Chinese farmers for figures of that sort. It +was very interesting to note the difference in Chinese and American +methods. For instance, in China, the land may be owned by one or by +several people, who will lease the land or the trees, or perhaps even an +individual tree, for a period of years. White marks placed on the trees +indicate their ownership. + +Young walnut trees were very scarce. We were told in one province that +Chinese merchants, who had been forced out of Russia because of economic +conditions there, and had lost everything, had come home and were +seeking something with which to make money. They were already planting a +considerable number of walnut trees, and were growing crops under the +trees, planting crops of millet first, and then of soy beans later in +the season. Another crop they use is called kaolin (pronounced "gollin" +in this country). + +Very few of the trees are ever pruned systematically, or taken care of; +the Chinese seem to have no idea of this. Of course, the rainfall there +is at a different time of the year than ours. Fall, winter and spring, +in North China, are practically without rain. Consequently, the +atmosphere is very dry. + +Here and there we found trees that struck us so favorably that we made +notes with the intention of going back to the trees to get scions for +propagating purposes for this country. We were told that one of these +trees had borne 800 pounds of nuts. I suppose, however, if that was so, +it was green weight, and included the hulls. This tree was on the +grounds of the Y. M. C. A., about 80 miles below Shanghai, the farthest +south we went. The tree had been planted by missionaries, and had made +splendid growth. There were not many walnuts south of that point, +however. In the province of Shanshi the soil is of a washed nature, +subjected to rains, and we found there huge gorges that had evidently +been forming for centuries. All of the soil there, that is not too +uneven to be cultivated, is terraced; and along the sides of the +terraces walnut trees are planted. We usually found tunnels along the +sides of the terraces. These were dug around the bank so that the water +would run through the tunnels instead of over the terrace. + +We saw no indications of blight. We thought we saw it in one case, but +when we examined the nuts, it proved to be nothing but insects working +on the hulls. + +Wherever we went, we were told by the Chinese that they harvest their +walnuts at about the time of the year which in America would be about +the first week in September. We found, however, that the nuts were off +of the trees and assembled on the ground for sorting and drying, long +before that. They were put in windrows covered with millet straw and +left for ten days, after which time the hulls were chipped off with +knives and the nuts immediately washed and put on the market. I was +particularly struck with the mechanical motion with which the Chinese +men worked; it was just as regular as a machine. This was the first time +that characteristic came to my attention, and afterwards I was struck +with the same thing everywhere. + +Each farmer takes his products, whatever they may be, to a common town +called "market town," and there they are bought by the local merchants, +or the "compradors." The exporters are missionaries and foreigners who +make no effort to buy from the farmers, for the tradesman, or comprador, +can get the nuts at a better figure than can the foreigners. The +tradesman gets his commission in addition. The baskets of nuts are +carried on poles placed over the shoulders of the Chinese. + +One of the principal walnut centers of Chantung Province is 25 miles +from the railroad, and we made quite an effort to reach it. An +agricultural missionary, a Mr. Gordan, made the trip there with me, and +we found it a badly infested section. We arrived about three o'clock in +the afternoon and took about one hour going around to see the nuts. +There were places within the wall where nuts had been assembled, and we +made estimates as to the number of pounds. I think there were from 100 +to 150 sacks of nuts in a pile. + +Many of the women and children grow walnuts and these crops are +inspected and sorted before being shipped to Peking. In the early +summer, we saw quantities of apricot kernels being transported to the +market and sold as almonds. We had understood that China was quite an +important almond-producing country, but I doubt if there are any almonds +in China. I did not see a tree, nor did I get an indication that there +were any there. + +One of the largest chestnut trees that I saw measured eight feet and +would have been valuable for timber purposes. It was in one of the very +attractive little orchards of chestnut trees in the north of Shansi and +northeast of Tientsin. We understood that there were very large orchards +to the north, but you might say that there is no such thing as a large +orchard in China. We counted about 100 trees in such orchards, and we +made notes as to their bearing habits. We found the chestnuts of +pleasing quality, of a fair size, and not quite as large as European +nuts but larger than the American. We did not see many of the trees +which had been allowed to develop normally. They are not of special +value in China, and consequently, the branches are removed as high as +possible, and often the tops are cut out. + +The Chinese have a species of native peanut which is very shrivelled and +hard; but missionaries from this country have introduced there the +American peanut, which is now grown so extensively that Chinese exports +have disturbed our market conditions considerably. + +The Chinese allow nothing to go to waste. When the peanuts are removed +from the ground and cared for, the soil is sifted so that no peanuts +will be lost. The American peanut grown there is served in little +butterdishes on the hotel tables, as a delicacy. + + + + +THURSDAY MORNING SESSION, SEPTEMBER 27 + + +Meeting called to order by President McGlennon, 10:15 a. m. + +The president appointed as Nominating Committee to nominate officers for +the ensuing year, Dr. Robert T. Morris, Prof. C. P. Close, J. S. +McGlennon. + +Mr. T. P. Littlepage, of Washington, D. C., then spoke on the subject of +Commercial Nut Culture. + +This is a very difficult subject to discuss, for the reason that, as +yet, there are very few facts upon which to base any conclusions about +commercial nut culture in the North. + +First, let me say that the principal point upon which we base our +opinion that nut culture in the North has commercial possibilities, is +the fact that growing throughout many sections of the North are +thousands of nut trees, pecans, walnuts, hickories and butternuts, many +of which grow very fine nuts. It would be a repudiation of all known +laws of natural science to conclude that trees budded and grafted from +these desirable parents would not grow and bear the same as they do. +Therefore, we are perfectly safe in concluding that if there are +successful nut trees growing, others also will grow. Let us proceed to +consider some of the requirements. + +First, there is the soil requirement. But before considering the soil +requirement, I might add that we must keep within reasonable latitude of +the homes of the native trees. This subject has been fully covered in +previous reports of our association, and I do not care to go into a +detailed discussion of it, except to say that prospective planters of +commercial orchards should read the previous reports of the association +on this subject, and keep in mind that somewhere north of the home of +the parent trees, is a line north of which these trees will not bear. +This line is dependent upon several things, altitude, topography and +other elements. As an example, I merely mention that orange orchards +flourish in California at the Philadelphia latitude. + +Going on with the question of soil, upon this subject alone might be +written a whole volume. But a few points are essential. Most nut trees +require a deep, well-drained soil that is not swampy or seepy, and over +which there are no overflows during the summer season. Pecans grow along +the river bottoms where there are heavy overflows in the winter, but +such an overflow in the summer would probably kill the trees. Nut trees +seem to flourish well on land that is underlaid with clay as a subsoil. +In fact, almost any kind of good farm land is suitable for some of the +different kinds of nut trees, provided it does not come within the +restrictions above mentioned. The better the land, however, the more +successful will be the growth of the trees, and I very much doubt +whether it pays to put any kind of desirable tree on undesirable land. I +have heard it said of pedigreed stock that about ninety percent of the +pedigree is in the corn crib, five percent in the man that does the +feeding, and five percent in the blood. Perhaps these percentages might +be subject to some variations. I shouldn't reduce the corn crib +requirement, and I think about ninety percent of the success of our nut +trees will depend upon the land. + +The next point to be considered is the question of varieties and, in +this connection, it is essential to remember that nuts are produced to +be sold and eaten; therefore, it is important to keep in mind the +requirements of the consuming public. Upon this question also have been +written many thousands of pages which, when all summed up, simply +amounts to this: get the best varieties that will bear in your +particular locality. This can be determined to some extent by what +native trees are growing in your particular locality, although not +entirely so. In many sections of the country, there are no native pecan +trees, and yet these trees flourish very successfully when brought from +some other section. On this point the prospective planter of commercial +orchards should seek the best advice obtainable. + +The third requirement for a commercial nut orchard is cultivation and +attention. Many of the nut trees will grow and bear without any +attention whatsoever, but they will take your time for it. I have seen +wild pecan trees that were not over twelve or fifteen feet high at +twenty-five years of age. I have seen cultivated trees larger than that +at eight years of age. A tree responds to care and cultivation the same +as corn or potatoes or any other of the cultivated crops. The lack of +cultivation is just as detrimental to them as to these crops. Young +pecan trees should be hoed five or six times each summer, and when they +get to be four to seven years of age, there ought to be a constant, +clean cultivation, from early spring until late in the summer, followed +by a good cover crop to be turned under the following spring at the +beginning of the cultivating period. They should also be given plenty of +good, commercial fertilizer. + +If the prospective planter of commercial nut orchard has enough faith +and hope and follows the suggestions given above, he will not be +dependent upon charity in his old age. + +DR. JORDAN: I am interested as an amateur pecan grower, and I would like +to ask what varieties will be of most profit, commercially, that can be +grown with a reasonable hope of success in the northern latitude. + + * * * * * + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The question is a very difficult one to answer, but the +important thing is to stick to the kind that grows the best in your +locality. The Posey is grown in Lancaster County, Pa. The parent Posey +tree grows in Indiana, and I had the pleasure of naming it. That tree is +a good bearer, and it is the thinnest-shelled northern-grown pecan with +which I am familiar. It is a very beautiful nut, with the exception that +frequently one side of the kernel will not fill out as it does on the +other sides. It is not defective, but simply deficient. It will have one +full sized kernel but it is not perfect in shape. I myself do not think +this a very serious objection. + +The Major is a fine bearing pecan, but the question is whether it is +large enough to be good commercially. The Niblack is the highest +flavored pecan. + +The following letter from Mr. J. F. Jones, vice-president of the +association, was then read: + +I am very sorry not to be able to attend the meeting this year. My son, +who has the overseeing of the outside work and, in my absence, the +general work, is incapacitated, due to an operation for appendicitis +last week and, with a number of men at work on particular jobs, I cannot +get away. + +I am sending a few nuts which may be of interest to visitors. About half +of my young pecan trees are bearing this year and a few trees are quite +full. So far, Busseron shows up the best in bearing, with Posey second, +and Niblack third. The English walnuts are a good crop. Mr. Bush has a +big crop of these, and older trees in general have a good crop. The Rush +hazel is bearing a big crop as usual. So far this is the only variety in +any species to bear heavy annual crops here. The weather, seemingly, has +no effect on the setting of the nuts. Last spring we had it down to 10 +above zero when this was in bloom, but it set a full crop from both hand +and natural pollenization. Hybrids of this and the best large fruited +Europeans which have come into bearing are very promising, but it is too +early to judge as to their bearing. + +Put me down for new memberships or cash as last year, or for my part in +any arrangement that may be decided upon to take care of the +indebtedness of the association, or to advance its usefulness. I shall +also be glad to extend the offer of two nut trees as last year, to new +members, if it is thought this will help in securing the new members. +Offerings this year would be Stabler black walnut seedlings, Chinese, +Mayette, Franquette, Eureka, etc., in the English or Persians. Also +seedlings of the Rush hazel, if wanted. + +Having been nominated vice-president of the association two years ago, +it may be understood that I am in line for the presidency this year upon +the retirement of our honorable president Mr. McGlennon. If so, I wish +to ask the nominating committee not to consider my name as I cannot +accept this responsibility. With the vast amount of correspondence +incidental to supplying information to those wanting to engage in the +growing of nuts or nut trees, and growing and selling nut trees, +experimental work and breeding new types and varieties, I have my hands +full and could not do this position justice. We also have members in the +association better fitted for this position who can give it better +thought and attention, and who can advance the association and the +interests of nut growers more than I can, while I can be of more benefit +to the association and the nut industry in general without taking on the +duties imposed by any official position. + + + + +NOTES BY MR. BIXBY + +Thursday, Sept. 27 + + +Trip by automobiles to Mr. Littlepage's farm at Bowie, Md., and to the +U. S. Experiment Station at Bell. + +Mr. Littlepage has an orchard of 275 trees covering thirty acres of +pecans and Stabler black walnuts, the first pecan trees being set in +1914, and the Stabler black walnuts some three years later. Now both are +starting to bear, a few nuts having appeared last year, and a very few +nuts the year before. + +The trees are growing finely, the leaves have a fine dark green color, +and nuts were noticed in clusters, the pecans being in clusters of 2, 3, +4 and 5; and the black walnuts in ones and twos. + +That the orchard has been given good care is evident. Commercial +fertilizers and green manures have been used. A winter cover crop of rye +was grown last fall and plowed under this spring, and a summer cover +crop of soy beans was grown this summer and will be plowed under this +fall. + +The varieties noticed in bearing were the Major, the Greenriver, Stuart, +Busseron and the Indiana. Of the above, all are northern varieties, +excepting the Stuart, which is a southern variety which has given +evidence elsewhere of being able to grow and to bear further north than +almost any other southern variety. + +The pecans are set in blocks, the earlier ones being set 60' x 60'. Mr. +Littlepage became convinced after his first plantings that this was too +close, and the last planting of pecans was 100' x 120'. + +The black walnuts are planted along two fence rows, the trees being +fifty feet apart, the total length of the rows being about +three-quarters of a mile. The peculiarity of the Stabler black walnut of +bearing some nuts where the kernel is in one piece, that is where one +lobe of the kernel has not developed, was noticed in some of Mr. +Littlepage's trees. There is going to be, in future years at Mr. +Littlepage's place, an opportunity to study this peculiar behavior of +the Stabler black walnut, that could be carried on at the parent tree +only with great difficulty, because of the inaccessibility of the tree, +in the first place, and the inaccessibility of the flowers, owing to +their great height above the ground, in the second. + +At Bell Station was seen Dr. Van Fleet's work on chestnuts. Some ten +years ago Dr. Van Fleet began this work for the purpose of getting +something that should be blight proof, or at least strongly blight +resisting and that would furnish the nuts which the chestnut blight is +rapidly making impossible of production. With this end in view, some ten +years ago Dr. Van Fleet planted nuts of the Chinese chestnut, Castanea +mollissima, and planted out the seedlings. He also procured from the +place of J. W. Killen, at Fenton, Md., nuts of Japan chestnuts that had +withstood the blight up to the time the nuts were planted. The first +thing to be found out was how well these would resist the blight. None +were found to be immune, although the trees are still alive after ten +years exposure. Dr. Van Fleet's ambition was to get a blight-resistant +chestnut the size of the Japan chestnut with the delicious flavor of the +chinkapin. This, as yet, has not been accomplished, although some very +good nuts much larger than chinkapins were seen. One interesting fact +noted as to resistance was that the Japan chestnut, which is not +generally supposed to be as resistant as the Chinese chestnut, was at +Bell Station apparently standing up just as well. + + * * * * * + +At the evening session, Thursday, Sept. 27, a rising vote of thanks was +given to Mr. and Mrs. Littlepage for their hospitality of the afternoon. +The president then introduced Mrs. W. N. Hutt, editor of the Progressive +Farm Woman, of North Carolina. + +Mrs. Hutt quoted H. G. Wells as saying, "The primeval savage was both +herbivorous and carnivorous. He had for food hazel nuts, beech nuts, +sweet chestnuts, earth nuts and acorns." She went on to say: + +In Spain and Southern France, the chestnut is now used much more than in +the past. You should know in what appetizing forms they are cooked. It +is a question how you should cook the chestnut if you do not want to +spoil its flavor. Should you steam it, boil it, or what? When you want +it in bread, or when you use the tasteless forms, it is first steamed or +boiled, and later is mashed up and made into bread, or mixed with +cheese or tomatoes. But if you want to develop the flavor, then roast +it, pick it out from the shell and crush it, using almost no other +flavor with it. + +Have you ever realized how much we depend on the walnut in cooking? Take +the pecan, or perhaps almost all of the nuts; the flavor is diminished +by cooking. But the walnut is the one nut that gains in flavor by being +cooked. This means a great deal for the popularity of the walnut. + +A friend of mine was captured by the Germans, and was sent out each day +into the forests to gather acorns to be used in the prisoners' food. The +friend said that many a time he thought he would rather die than to have +to eat or gather any more acorns. + +Farmers' Bulletin No. 712, "The School Lunch," by Caroline Hunt, has +been especially valuable in the preparation of the school lunch with +nuts. There is a man who comes to North Carolina every winter, who will +tell you that he lives on ten types of nut oils and nut butter. + +The great mass of people out through the country are not yet ready to +comprehend this; but once they are educated to the value of nuts, the +demand for them will be unlimited. + +As to the question of economy, the prices should not go up any farther; +they will not be used enough until they become cheaper. With many boys +and girls in a family, a dollar's worth of nuts, at $1 a pound, will not +go far. If we could get nuts at more reasonable prices it seems to me +that women would consider them more than they do for food. They want +them not only for their parties, but in everyday life. + +We should popularize nuts through newspapers. It pays to advertise, and +little notices in the paper are much more far-reaching than any other +way of telling the story of the nourishment to be found in nuts. + +As to the value of nut trees in landscape work, a real estate man told +me that when he wanted a good price for a house he planted fruit trees +at the back of the house, and nut trees on the sides. He would talk +about those trees to the people who came to buy, and has sold many +houses in this way. + +Then take Arbor Day, and we have one in nearly every state in the Union. +If we could get the papers and the forest magazines to talk about Arbor +Day, and urge everybody to plant something, and particularly to plant a +nut tree, it would not be long before we got results. I could not think +of anything much more patriotic than planting avenues of memorial nut +trees. Nut trees are better to look at than are many of the monuments +erected, and the patriotic societies do not realize the truth in this. +There is a case where with a stroke of the pen, the nut trees could be +increased all over the country. + +Then consider the home demonstration agents in the country. They have +the women organized and are in touch with the men of progressive thought +and feeling everywhere; and it seems to me that we could make more use +of them. It would seem that if this organization could in some way raise +the money to have someone talk at these demonstration meetings, it would +not be long before the value and the beauty of nut trees would show the +use of doing this splendid work. What more effective methods could there +be than to go to the state meetings held by home demonstration agents +twice a year, and talk nuts to those people? They go home and talk these +same things to all of the women in their little organizations and +communities. There is no rapid transit method more effective than that. +Then, when the women are taking up a subject like that, men are apt to +read it also. + +Another form of advertising that is equally important is in men's +organizations. A number of years ago Mr. Hutt went down through the +eastern part of the state on the old farmers' institute work. He took +with him a case fixed up to display nuts. He talked about them, and +especially about pecans. The people had never seen anything but the +little, old, wild pecan, and they became enthusiastic. When you get a +farmer enthusiastic you are doing something. The people became quite +enthusiastic and planted quite a number of orchards. Mr. Hutt left the +department and the new man who came in was not particularly enthusiastic +about nuts. Then Mr. Curran came into the work and decided there was +nothing he could do better than to urge them to plant nut trees. He is +trying to get an unlimited quantity of pecans and walnut trees planted +and he hopes to have a large number of trees put in within a few years. + +To paraphrase what Mr. Littlepage said this morning, in connection with +the raising of hogs, in getting the world to plant more trees, to use +more nuts and to appreciate the value of nut trees for both beauty and +use, you need 90 percent of advertising; and let the 8 percent be the +man and 2 percent be the nut. + + * * * * * + +DR. MORRIS: Last year, when my experiments with the use of paraffin +grafting had apparently been completed, I included what I knew of this +subject in a little book, and this brought out letters from all parts of +the country, in fact from all parts of the world, reminding me that I +had not completed the subject of the use of paraffin in grafting. From +tropical countries men complained that my suggestions about the use of +one particular kind of paraffin, "Parowax," were not applicable to their +part of the country where the paraffin would melt in the summer sun. +Then, from some of the regions where the nights were cold, they said the +paraffin would crack and leave the stocks bare, owing to the change of +temperature. + +We are consequently faced with a necessity for extending our information +on this subject. My reason for presenting it, before I have completed +investigations, is to get suggestions from members of the audience here, +and from practical nurserymen. I have written a number of books on +various topics, and have never sent one out without feeling sorry that +it was not time for the next edition. + +The theory is that if we cover a graft completely with melted paraffin, +including the entire scion, buds and all, we have accomplished several +things. In the first place, the paraffin prevents the graft from drying +out before new cells can make union with cells of the scion. + +In the second place it fills all interstices where sap would collect. + +In the third place it provides an airtight covering so that the free sap +pressures, negative and positive, under different temperatures, will be +analogous in stock and scion. When there is low sap pressure we assume +that some of the sap may be drawn out of the scion. This airtight +covering prevents that. + +In the fourth place it provides a translucent covering, which allows +action by the actinic rays of light, which brings the chlorophyll into +activity. All plant growth is conducted under the influence of +chlorophyll, and the actinic rays of light activate this. Consequently, +I seemed to have a perfect grafting material in this Parowax, which we +may find in any grocery store. In my locality this wax worked perfectly +and, theoretically, nothing more was to be desired. It melts at 125 +degrees farenheit. + +I have brought with me a specimen of a pear tree that I grafted in this +way in July of this year. You will see that the Parowax covering is +still complete. The new shoots have grown about eight inches since July +1, and I do not see how you could imagine anything more perfect than +this specimen, from which I wrote my description in the book. As a +matter of fact it is by the use of the paraffin method that I seemed to +have solved the very great problem of making it possible for anybody to +graft anything, and at any time of the year. The most difficult thing to +graft is the shagbark hickory, and we have even done that every month of +the year, except December and January. This year we are going to try +those months, for I believe that the hickory tree may be grafted any +month of the year. + +Now the point of my remarks will relate to different kinds of paraffin. +This Parowax, which melts at 125 degrees farenheit, will be satisfactory +in the north temperate regions. We may raise the melting point ten +degrees, if we like, by the addition of the carnauba wax, which, +however, is highly crystalline. A crystalline wax is not desirable +because it cracks and permits the air to enter and we have a desiccation +of the scion. The Standard Oil people will furnish paraffin with a +melting point of 138 degrees, and that will cover all of our needs for +hot countries. But in getting paraffins that melt at 136, 137 or 138 +degrees we have a rather definite crystalline element. Mr. Bixby has +suggested the use of the earth wax which is mined in Australia. It is +really a fossil paraffin and is not so granular. I found that it is not +to be had in this country at the present time, however, although various +dealers told me that they had it, and I obtained from a firm in New York +City a misbranded specimen called "Ozokerite," which they said is a +technical term for this particular fossil paraffin. But it was nothing +of the sort; it was something they had made up for themselves. Mr. Bixby +kindly gave me a pound or so of the real "Ozokerite," so I had the +genuine thing to experiment with. We may then settle the question of +obtaining paraffines which have a high melting point, by knowing that +they may be obtained from any of the Standard Oil people. + +Knowing that we must have, in addition, the elastic feature, I found one +man who had succeeded by adding something to a high melting-point +paraffin. He said that it was a secret, but I soon found that it would +be no secret to a bee. It would seem, then, that this quality in beeswax +would be valuable, since the secret formula from this same dealer has +little more than beeswax in it. Beeswax is a different kind of organic +product from paraffin and I would not expect them to mingle naturally +when in melted solution, but apparently they do. You will find that the +specimens which contain this wax are very smooth to the touch, and +apparently are more homogeneous than paraffin. + +The subject for experiment then, for members of this audience, is that +of finding some substance that may be added to give elasticity, but +which will not change the melting point. In the South we may require in +addition something to whiten our paraffin. Some men in Southern +California wrote me that they had fastened white paper about each graft +and put a rubber band over it. I suggested this plan to one or two men +in Australia and in Ceylon, who had complained about the melting of the +Parowax, and I have not yet received their replies. I have been trying, +however, to simplify things in the way of grafting. In addition to the +elasticity that we need, we must have whitening, and for this purpose we +must add something that will not be poisonous to the tree but will mix +with the paraffin readily and give a white paraffin, which will +interfere somewhat with the actinic light. I have found that carbonate +of lead will mix well with paraffin. Carbonate of zinc will also mix +well. They are both heavy, so heavy that they need a certain amount of +stirring. A lighter substance is citrate of zinc, which will give +elasticity, and which will probably also give a white effect. It melts +with the paraffin and, being neutral, it will do no harm to the tree. + +I have given you an outline on which I wish discussion, for I hope to +get from this audience the information and suggestions that will enable +me to make my experiments in the right way so that by next spring we may +have no further need for discussing the question as to the correct +paraffin method in grafting. + +MR. BIXBY: There is another wax that is not so crystalline as the +Parowax, and that is Candelilla, which is produced in Texas and New +Mexico. It may be obtained from the wax importers in New York City, not +from the Standard Oil Co., but the importers. I will find out just where +it is from. I can easily get samples. Its melting point is not so high +as Parowax, but it is much higher than any of the other waxes. + +DR. MORRIS: Then by mixing it with the high-melting point waxes, those +of about 138 degrees, we might get good results. + +MR. BIXBY: I think so, and without introducing the crystalline element. + +Prof. H. H. Hume of Glen St. Mary, Florida was then asked to speak. He +said that he uses fresh pine gum from the turpentine cups to make +grafting wax stick. This will mix with beeswax and give the elasticity +needed for winter work (in the South). Also it is unaffected by a +temperature as high as 120 degrees. He uses a mixture of high grade +rosin, beeswax and pine gum with which pieces of cloth are saturated. +Gum should be obtained in the spring when it is purest. It is thin +enough to pour out. + +Dr. Zimmerman said that he had tried pine gum with paraffine and it +would not mix. + +Prof. Hume said that beeswax can be had in various shades up to pure +white. + +Dr. Morris said that black grafting wax attracts heat and excludes +actinic rays. He prefers a translucent wax. + +Prof. Hume stated that in the country where Jacksonville, Florida, is +there are 100 miles of roadway under construction which will be planted +with nut trees where possible. He added that once when he was ill for a +long time the doctor finally ordered a glassful of milk and a handful of +pecan kernels for his diet. He tried it and it worked. + +Dr. Zimmerman said that for grafting wax he had used equal parts of +paraffin, stearic acid and beeswax with good results. + +Dr. Morris stated his belief that the simple splice graft is the +strongest kind. + + + + +FRIDAY MORNING SESSION + +Sept. 28th. + + +The chairman of the Committee on Incorporation was called upon for a +report and spoke as follows: + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: Under the Code of the District of Columbia there is a +provision of law whereby any educational, scientific or charitable +association can be incorporated and become a body corporate with all of +the rights of any other corporation, so far as the corporate entity and +liability is concerned. The provision of the District Code is a very +liberal one and drafted to encourage such societies as this. The +committee therefore thought it better to incorporate under this +provision of the law than under that of some other state. + +The advantages of incorporating a society of this kind are several. It +makes the action of the organization that of a legalized corporation and +takes away liability of individual members. If anyone should desire to +donate money to the organization, we would have a corporate entity that +would be responsible under the law for the safe handling of such funds. +Under the law we can hold such funds up to the point where the income is +not more than $25,000 a year. In the District of Columbia a corporation +can take title to real estate, transfer property and do all necessary +things in accordance with its by-laws. We therefore concluded that there +could be no objection to incorporating under such laws. So with the +consent of the other members of the committee, I prepared in my office +the proper certificate of incorporation which, under the requirements of +the Code of the District, are as follows: + + KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That we, the undersigned, all of + whom are citizens of the United States and a majority of whom are + residents of the District of Columbia, desiring to associate + ourselves for scientific and educational purposes and for mutual + improvement; and to organize a corporation under sub-chapter three + (3) of the Incorporation Laws of the District of Columbia, as + provided in the Code of Law of the District of Columbia, enacted by + Congress and approved by the President of the United States, do + hereby certify: + + FIRST: That the corporate name of this company shall be The + Northern Nut Growers Association, Incorporated. + + SECOND: The term for which is it organized is perpetual. + + THIRD: The particular business and objects of the society are the + promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and + their culture, and, in general, to do and to perform every lawful + act and thing necessary or expedient to be done or performed for + the efficient conduct of said business as authorized by the laws of + Congress, and to have and to exercise all the powers conferred by + the laws of the District of Columbia upon corporations under said + sub-chapter three (3) of the Incorporation Laws of the District of + Columbia. + + FOURTH: The number of directors of the said corporation for the + first year of its existence shall be five. + + IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have hereunto affixed our hands and seals + this 27th day of September A. D. 1923. + + Karl W. Greene (Seal) + Albert R. Williams (Seal). + Thomas P. Littlepage (Seal). + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, TO WIT: + + I, Alice B. Watt, a Notary Public in and for the District + aforesaid, do hereby certify that Karl W. Greene (of the District + of Columbia), Albert R. Williams (of the District of Columbia) and + Thomas P. Littlepage (of the State of Maryland), parties to the + foregoing and annexed certificate of Incorporation of _THE NORTHERN + NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED_, bearing date on the 27th + day of September, 1923, personally appeared before me in the + District aforesaid the said Karl W. Greene, Albert R. Williams and + Thomas P. Littlepage, being personally known to me to be the + persons who made and signed the said certificate and severally + acknowledged the same to be their act and deed for the purposes + therein set forth. + + WITNESS my hand and seal this 27th day of September, 1923. + + ALICE R. WATT, + Notary Public. + + My commission expires December 17, 1923. + +The smallest number of members with which corporation is possible, is +three; so I secured two members, Mr. Greene and Mr. Williams, who, +together with myself, prepared this, and put it in proper form. We then +filed it with the Recorder of Deeds, keeping a copy for the files of the +incorporation. The Recorder received it, and the fact that he received +it was proof that it was satisfactory. We are now, therefore, a +corporation. + +Of course, we want to put that machinery into action, but in order to do +so a board of directors has to be selected. Then will follow the +election of officers of the Association. Therefore, I have prepared a +report of the meeting of the incorporators, which I will read. As I +said, however, we did this to get the machinery into operation. Next +year the directors will be elected by the members. + + + + +MEETING OF THE INCORPORATORS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, +INCORPORATED. + +The organization meeting of the Incorporators of the Northern Nut +Growers Association, Incorporated, was held at Washington, D. C., +September 28th, 1923, at 10:00 o'clock a. m. + +Present: Karl W. Greene, Albert R. Williams, and Thomas P. Littlepage. + +Upon motion, Thomas P. Littlepage became Chairman of the meeting. + +Upon motion of Mr. Greene, seconded by Mr. Williams and unanimously +passed, the following were elected Directors of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Incorporated, for the first year of its existence or +thereafter until the annual meeting of the company in 1924. + + James S. McGlennon, of Rochester, New York. + W. C. Deming, of Hartford, Connecticut. + Willard G. Bixby, of Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y. + Harry R. Weber, of Cincinnati, Ohio. + Robert T. Morris, of New York, N. Y. + +Upon motion of Mr. Greene seconded by Mr. Williams and unanimously +passed, by-laws of the corporation were adopted. + +There being no further business, the meeting of the Incorporators +adjourned. + + KARL W. GREENE, + ALBERT R. WILLIAMS, + THOMAS P. LITTLEPAGE, + Incorporators. + + +THE PRESIDENT: The next action, then, Mr. Littlepage, would be to get +the report of the nominating committee. I call for that now. + +Mr. Littlepage: (Reads as follows): + + + + +MINUTES OF FIRST MEETING OF DIRECTORS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION, INC. + +The first meeting of the Directors of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Incorporated, was held at Washington, D. C., September +28th, 1923. + +Present: James S. McGlennon, Willard G. Bixby, Robert T. Morris. + +Upon motion of Mr. Bixby seconded and unanimously passed, the following +officers were elected for the ensuing year, or thereafter until the +annual meeting of the Incorporation to be held in 1924: + +President, Harry R. Weber; Vice-President, J. F. Jones; Treasurer, H. J. +Hilliard; Secretary, W. C. Deming. + +There being no further business, the meeting adjourned. + + WILLARD G. BIXBY, + + Secretary of Directors' Meeting. + +(The report was adopted by the convention). + + + + +REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE + +_By Willard G. Bixby_ + + +MR. BIXBY: The finance committee asks the association to instruct the +secretary in the printing of the next report to endeavor to reduce the +size to one-half of the present report. + +(Adopted by the convention). + +MR. BIXBY: I move as an amendment to Article Two of the By-Laws, that +annual membership be $3, or $5 including a year's subscription to the +Journal. Contributing members to pay $10, this including a year's +subscription to the Journal. + +(Motion seconded and adopted by the convention, and the committee on +Incorporation discharged with the thanks of the association). + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I have nearly overlooked the fact that the organization +must now have a corporate seal, with an appropriate inscription. An +appropriate inscription would be "The Northern Nut Growers' Association, +Incorporated." All such seals generally carry some appropriate design, +and there are various ones to be had. I move that a committee of three +be appointed to determine upon the design of this seal, and then later, +if the chairman of the committee will send the design to me, I will have +the seal made and send it to the association. + +(Motion seconded and adopted, and Dr. Deming, Mr. Bixby, and Dr. Morris +appointed as committee by the president). + +After considerable discussion New York City was selected as the place +for the next convention and the dates Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, +September 3rd, 4th and 5th, 1924. + +A vote of thanks to the president, Mr. James S. McGlennon, was adopted. +The secretary was also instructed to write to Mrs. Hutt expressing the +thanks of the convention for her address. + +Dr. Oswald Schreiner of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of +Agriculture was then introduced and spoke as follows: + +In the successful growing of pecan trees, the proper care of the orchard +is of enormous importance. (To illustrate this point, slides were shown +of a good orchard and a poor orchard on a rather thin soil in the +Coastal Plain Region. In the good orchard, the trees had been well cared +for, the soil fertilized by the growing of legumes and cover crops +plowed under; in the poor orchard, the trees had been neglected and the +soil impoverished by the continuous growing of cultivated crops, such as +cotton and corn. The two views very clearly showed which orchard was on +a paying basis and likely to prove a profitable investment). It is +needless to say that the crop from such a poor, intercropped orchard +would be meagre and unprofitable until the methods were changed. The +growing of legumes to furnish humus, and even the growing of winter +cover crops, such as rye, to be plowed under in the spring, cannot be +too strongly recommended as soil improvers. + +When nut trees are grown in orchards, they can no longer be considered +as forest trees to be left to take care of themselves until a rich +harvest of nuts is produced, but must be cared for just as much as any +other fruit tree or cultivated crop or the harvest of nuts will never be +forthcoming. + +The fertilizing of nut trees, however, offers more difficulties than do +the annual crops. Experiments on this subject have been few and the +information obtainable is rather meagre. Consequently, a few years ago, +the Office of Soil Fertility Investigation, which is conducting +fertilizer investigations on a large number of the annual crops grown on +the prominent soil types or soil regions of the United States, started, +in co-operation with the Office of Horticultural Investigations of the +Bureau of Plant Industry, a number of fertilizer experiments on pecan +orchards, involving a study of several soil types suitable for nut +production and attempting to ascertain the proper fertilizer +requirements for the pecan on these soils. While these experiments have +been running only five years, which in point of time is very small in +the life of a pecan tree, yet the different fertilizers employed already +show some highly interesting results, sufficient to indicate that +certain fertilizer applications undoubtedly influence the growth of the +tree, its productiveness, and quality of the nut produced. + +The experimental fertilizer mixtures are all prepared here in Washington +in a fertilizer-mixing plant on the department's Arlington Farm, on the +Virginia side of the river. The fertilizer house is well stocked with +all of the various fertilizer substances used in agriculture, ready for +mixing; nitrate of soda from Chili, potash from France and Germany, and +our own far western states; cottonseed meal from the South, tankage and +dried blood from the slaughter houses of Chicago and Omaha, Tennessee or +Florida phosphates, and acid phosphate, ammonium sulfate from the coke +ovens of Pennsylvania, Thomas slag from England, in short, all sorts of +commercial materials from near and remote sources, for study and use in +fertilizers. + +(Slides were then shown of the exterior and interior of the plant where +literally thousands of experimental fertilizer mixtures are prepared to +study the requirements of the various soils and crops, and are then +shipped in freight cars to the various experiment places. Two slides +showing the application of fertilizer in a large orchard where tractors +are employed in carrying on the various cultural operations and also in +a small orchard where hand labor is employed, were also shown). + +The scheme of fertilizer experimentation adopted in this work is rather +complete and so planned as to include fertilizers carrying the principal +fertilizer constituents, phosphate, ammonia and potash, singly, in +combinations of two elements, and in combinations of three elements, in +various proportions in a regularly graded manner. The following scheme +illustrates these mixtures of different analyses, the first figure +denoting the percentage of phosphate, the second the percentage of +ammonia, and the third the percentage of potash in the fertilizer. The +various mixtures are numbered consecutively. + + 1 + --- + 20-0-0 + 2 3 + --- --- + 16-0-4 16-4-0 + 4 5 6 + --- --- --- + 12-0-8 12-4-4 12-8-0 + 7 8 9 10 + --- --- --- --- + 8-0-12 8-4-8 8-8-4 8-12-0 + 11 12 13 14 15 + --- --- --- --- --- + 4-0-16 4-4-12 4-8-8 4-12-4 4-16-0 + 16 17 18 19 20 21 + --- --- --- --- --- --- + 0-0-20 0-4-16 0-8-12 0-12-8 0-16-4 0-20-0 + +It is quite apparent that in this scheme the entire field of fertilizer +formulas is covered in a regular way. In addition to this formula plan +other experiments are also under way to determine the influence of the +different fertilizing materials, carrying the phosphate, ammonia and +potash, and the influence of lime, rock phosphate, various green +manuring crops, etc. The experiments are carried out in commercial +orchards on several soil types and in several localities. + +While the years the experiments have been running are yet too few for +any final conclusions, and the details too numerous to present in a +brief sketch here, there have nevertheless been some very interesting +results from the use of fertilizers which is readily shown by a few +lantern slides. Here is, for instance, a view of a fertilized and an +unfertilized section of one of our experiments in Georgia. The views +were obtained in the fall, and one could tell at a glance, not only that +the unfertilized trees were not as large, but also quite strikingly that +they had nearly lost all of their foliage, whereas the trees on the +fertilized section were still in full foliage, thus presenting a very +strong contrast. The effect of fertilizers on the foliage is shown also +in a series of slides of representative trees, from one of our +experiments in Louisiana, likewise taken in the fall. The first tree had +not been fertilized, the second had been fertilized with phosphate and +the third with potash. The one fertilized with phosphate appeared +slightly larger, but it can again be observed that all three trees were, +at the time the picture was taken, nearly three-fourths defoliated. The +next two trees from the same experiment, fertilized respectively with a +nitrogenous fertilizer and with a complete fertilizer, and photographed +at the same time, show the influence of these fertilizers strikingly in +that they are still in complete foliage, as well as showing a more +vigorous growth. Three slides of fertilized and unfertilized trees from +still different experiments all show the fuller foliage and better +branching of the fertilized trees, especially those fertilized with the +nitrogenous fertilizers or the complete fertilizers. + +The yields of these trees cannot here be taken up but, in general, these +fertilized trees came into bearing earlier and have yielded double and +treble the number of nuts produced by the unfertilized trees. + +(In conclusion, there was shown a slide of the yield of nuts from an +experimental tract of a commercial orchard of about 20 acres, in which +the yield from a fertilized acre was compared with the yield from an +unfertilized acre. It was noted that the unfertilized acre gave a yield +of approximately two barrels, whereas the fertilized acre gave an +increase of two bushel baskets more than the unfertilized.) + +Dr. W. E. Safford, Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, then spoke on the +Use of Nuts by the Aboriginal Americans. + +DR. SAFFORD: My interest in nuts has been confined almost entirely to +those of American origin. For a good many years, I have been studying +the plants, and plant products, utilized for food, and for other +purposes, by the aboriginal Americans, before the arrival in this +hemisphere of Columbus and his companions. + +In this connection, there is a striking contrast between the American +Indians and the primitive Polynesians. The chief economic plants +encountered by early explorers on the islands of the Pacific Ocean were +identical with well known Asiatic species. Coconuts, breadfruit, taro, +sugar cane, yams and bananas, the most important food staples of the +Polynesians, had been known to the Old World for centuries before the +Pacific Islands were visited by Europeans; the shrub, from the bark of +which the Polynesians made their tapa cloth, was identical with the +paper mulberry of China and Japan; and the principal screwpine, or +Pandanus, from which the Polynesians made their mats, was a well-known +species of southern Asia. A number of these plants had even carried +their Asiatic names with them to Polynesia. The Polynesian language +itself, with its varied dialects, spoken in Hawaii, Samoa, New Zealand, +Easter Island and on other island groups, can be traced without +difficulty to the Malay Archipelago, the cradle of the Polynesian race. + +In America, on the other hand, every cultivated plant encountered by +Columbus and his companions was new. Not a single Old World food crop +had found its way to our hemisphere before the Discovery; not a grain of +wheat, rye, oats, or barley; no peas, cabbage, beets, turnips, +watermelon, musk-melon, egg-plant, or other Old World vegetable; no +apple, quince, pear, peach, plum, orange, lemon, mango, or other Old +World fruit, had reached America. Even the cotton which was encountered +in the West Indies by Columbus the very morning after the Discovery, +proved to be a distinct species and could not be made to hybridize with +Old World cottons. Conversely, no American cultivated plants; no maize, +no beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes; no cacao (from which +chocolate is made); no pine-apples, avocadoes, custard apples nor +guavas; no Brazil nuts, pecans, or hickory nuts; nor any other American +food staple had found their way to the Old World; even the beeches, +chestnuts, oaks, and maples were distinct; and the same is true of the +New World ground nuts and the grapes, which were the parent species of +our delicious American varieties. Quite unlike anything in the Old World +were such cultivated plants as the Cactaceae, the capsicum peppers, and +the manioc from which cassava is made. + +In Polynesia the evidence thus offered by cultivated plants points to +the spread of Asiatic culture eastward across the Pacific, while the +peculiarities of the cultivated plants of America point to its isolation +from all the rest of the world; an isolation which is further +established by a radical dissimilarity of all American languages from +Old World linguistic stocks. In no language of the New World, for +example, is there a vestige of Hebrew, which would support the cherished +theory of the migration to this continent of the lost tribes of Israel; +nor is there a suggestion of any linguistic element to indicate +connection with the Chinese, nor any relationship between the builders +of the American pyramids and those of Egypt. + +There are many distinct groups of American languages. Very often the +language of a tribe is quite unlike that of its nearest neighbors; while +at the same time it may resemble the languages of tribes quite remote. +This fact indicates former segregation of the various groups speaking +the unlike languages and a common ancestry or close association of the +tribes speaking the allied dialects. As examples, I might mention the +Quichua Indians of Peru, whose language is very unlike the languages +spoken by the Arawak and Carib Indians to their northward and, at the +same time, quite distinct from the languages of their Brazilian +neighbors to the eastward. The Aztecs of Mexico spoke a language +differing radically in structure as well as in vocabulary from the Maya +language of their Yucatan neighbors; yet there is unquestionably a +relationship between the Aztecs and a number of very distant tribes, +shown by resemblances of their languages, as in the case of the Shoshone +Indians of the northern United States and the Nuhuatl tribes of Salvador +and Costa Rica. In the same way, the Algonquian dialects, which differ +greatly from those of the Iroquoian, show a close relationship between +very widely scattered tribes in North America, from North Carolina to +Quebec. Such resemblances and radical differences point to a very remote +and long-continued segregation which permitted the independent formation +of distinct linguistic stocks; while the antiquity of man in America, +both north and south of the equator, is further attested by the +development of such a cultivated and highly specialized food staple as +maize, whose ancestral prototype we have sought in vain. Its endless +varieties, fitted for widely diverse conditions of soil and climate, +also point to a long period of cultivation in dissimilar culture-areas, +which enabled them to adapt themselves to conditions very different from +those of the original stock from which they sprang. + +All this evidence points to the peopling of this continent at a very +remote time, perhaps as far back as the close of the Glacial Epoch; and +it also indicates that the early progenitors of our Indian tribes had +left their original homes in the Old World before any of the linguistic +Old-World stocks had taken shape; before Sanscrit was Sanscrit; before +the languages of China or any other Asiatic people had become +established; and just as in this hemisphere the natives developed their +own languages from the most primitive elements of speech, so most +certainly did they develop their agriculture from the wild plants of the +fields, the swamps, the hillsides, and the forests. In both respects, as +I have already pointed out, they differed from the Polynesians who +brought with them to their island homes not only their language but +their agriculture, from the cradle of their race in the Malay +Archipelago; cuttings of seedless breadfruit and of sugarcane, fleshy +roots of taro and yams; even trees, like the Indian almond and the +candlenut. + +Here I would like to point out to the members of the Nut Growers' +Association the chief difference between nuts and other food staples. +Nearly all of our cultivated vegetables, including maize, beans, +potatoes, sweet potatoes, squashes and pumpkins, are annuals, sensitive +to frost, which must be raised from seed each year, and which differ so +greatly from the primitive plants from which they came that their +ancestral forms cannot be definitely determined. Most of these +vegetables are in all probability of hybrid origin, the result of cross +pollination and selection. In the case of our native nuts the conditions +are quite different. We know the original ancestor of the pecan, our +hickories and our walnuts. The fine varieties now cultivated are not +hybrids but have been selected from wild trees. In connection with nuts +I would also point out that in all probability they were the most +important food-staple of primitive man, as well as of his simian +ancestors. It required no great intelligence to gather them or to store +them after the fashion followed by squirrels. Intelligence, however, is +required to plant nuts and to transplant nut trees. Still greater +intelligence is involved in the process of preparing certain nuts for +food. A delicious creamy emulsion, for instance, was prepared by the +Virginian Indians from hickory nuts. Cracking them and removing the +kernels was too long and tedious an operation; so they developed a +method of gathering them in quantities and crushing them in a hollowed +log, together with water, pounding them to a paste and then straining +out the fragments of shells through a basket sieve. The milky fluid +which was thus formed was allowed to stand until the thick creamy +substance separated from the water. The water was then poured off, and +the delicious cream which remained was used as a component of various +dishes. This substance was called by the Virginian Algonkian Indians +"_Pawcohiccora_," a word which has been abbreviated and modified to +"_Hickory_," the name by which we now designate not only the nuts, but +the tree and its wood. + +It is interesting to note that a similar creamy or butter-like substance +was derived by a similar process from various palm nuts in Central and +South America. Cieza de Leon describes such a process in his Chronicle +of Peru, in connection with a nut which was described as _Cocos +butyraceae_, but which was not a true _Cocos_, or coconut. Long before +the discovery of America, a somewhat similar process was used in the +Nicobar Islands for extracting a creamy substance from the grated kernel +of the true coconut, _Cocos nucifera_, which in early times was called +_Nux indica_. This process is still followed throughout Polynesia. Some +of the most savory dishes of the Samoans and the natives of Guam are +enriched and flavored with this coconut cream, which is a substance +quite distinct from the water, or so-called milk, contained in the +hollow kernel of the nut, which is so commonly used for drinking. + +Coming back to America, I would call attention to the value of some of +our native pine nuts and acorns as food staples. Certain Indian tribes +of the Southwest live upon pine nuts at certain seasons when they are +ripe. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has told of the utilization of acorns by +various tribes of Indians in a beautifully illustrated article published +in the National Geographic Magazine, 1918, entitled "The Acorn, a +Possibly Neglected Source of Food." "To the native Indians of +California," he says, "the acorn is, and always has been, the staff of +life, furnishing the material for their daily mush and bread." He +describes the process of gathering and storing them, shelling, drying, +grinding the kernels, leaching out the bitter tannic acid, and preparing +the acorn meal in various ways for food. In eastern North America, +several species of acorns were somewhat similarly used, including those +of the live oaks of our southern states. The Spaniards of Florida +sometimes toasted them and used them as a substitute for chocolate or +coffee. Chinkapins were used for food by the earliest English colonists. +They are mentioned by Herriot, the historian of Sir Walter Raleigh's +colony at Roanoke. In addition to these, the early colonists learned to +eat the so-called "water-chinkapins", which are fruits of the beautiful +golden-flowered American lotus, _Nelumbo lutea_, a plant closely allied +to the sacred lotus of India, China and Japan, whose nuts are even now +used as a food staple. The split kernels of the latter may be bought in +the Chinese shops on Pennsylvania Avenue in this city. The rootstocks of +both the American and the Oriental lotus are also used for food. They +resemble bananas joined together end to end, with several hollow +longitudinal tubes running through them. + +Before I close, I should like to call attention to a plant, endemic in +eastern North America, whose tubers were called "ground-nuts," or +"Indian potatoes" by the early colonists. The latter name caused the +plant to be mistaken by certain early writers for the white potato, +which was unknown in North America in early colonial days, but which was +confused with the ground nut on account of the resemblance of the +descriptions of the two plants. The white potato, _Solanum tuberosum_, +was discovered in the Andes of South America by Cieza de Leon; it was +quite unknown in North America or in the West Indies in the days of Sir +Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake, both of whom have erroneously been +given the credit of introducing the potato into England. The "potato" +which they observed in the West Indies was not _Solanum tuberosum_, +which we now call the "white potato" or "Irish potato," but a very +distinct plant, _Ipomoea batatas_, which we now call the "sweet potato," +but which in early days was known as the _batata_ or _potato_. The error +which has become widely spread, can be traced to John Gerarde, the first +author to publish an illustration of _Solanum tuberosum_. In his +celebrated _Herball_ he declares that the potatoes figured by him were +grown in his garden from tubers which came from "Virginia, or +Norembega." It is quite certain that this statement was untrue, and +that, as certain English writers have already suggested, Gerard "wished +to mystify his readers." Whatever may have been his motive, the error +became widely spread. Even Thomas Jefferson was led to believe that +_Solanum tuberosum_ was encountered in Virginia by the early colonists, +and Schoolcraft declared that its tubers were gathered wild in the woods +like other wild roots. The Indian potato of the early colonists is still +abundant in "moist and marish grounds," as described by Herriot. It is a +tuber-bearing plant of the bean family, and is known botanically as +_Glycine apios_. + +But I fear my talk has become too discursive, in turning from nuts to +ground nuts, and from ground nuts to potatoes; but the subject, bearing +as it does on the origin and history of cultivated plants, is one which +has great attraction for me, and I hope it may have been of interest to +the members of this association. + +Professor C. P. Close, Pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, spoke as +follows: + +MR. CLOSE: The subject I had intended to speak on was "Extension Work in +Nut Growing." Many of you know that I am putting in most of my time on +the fruit end of extension work, but I am also doing some extension nut +work. I was hoping that there would be representatives from many of the +states here, because I wanted to encourage them to get in touch with the +state extension men, to work up interest in nut culture. + +My talk will be very brief, but I would like to mention that very few of +the states as yet are doing extension work with nuts, especially in the +North. Some work is being done with pecans in the South. + +I have been astounded in talking with the landscape men in the North to +find that they have not considered nut trees as ornamental trees. But +after I mentioned that a walnut or a hickory or a pecan tree is an +ornamental tree, and just as much so as the elm, the oak, or the maple, +they thought it would be a good idea to use them and agreed to recommend +the use of nut trees as shade, lawn and roadside trees. Then I suggested +the filbert for clump planting as an ornamental. I hope in the future +that nut trees and filberts will be used more extensively by the +landscape extension men in their work throughout the country. + +In most of the states there are fruit extension specialists but only an +occasional landscape extension specialist; so I try to interest the +fruit men in the planting of nut trees, and a few of them are doing +this, particularly in Indiana, where the fruit extension specialist has +been interested in having pecan and English walnut trees planted in +school yards. It seems difficult to get people to comprehend and +practice nut tree growing and to understand the various uses of nut +trees. We can judge from the small audience at this meeting that there +are not enough people interested in nut growing. In my journey +throughout the country I occasionally run across men interested in +growing a few nut trees, and I try to induce them to become members of +this association; but it seems to be a hard thing to do. + +A few days ago I called on a man in New Jersey who said he would have +twenty bushels of hickory nuts and two or three bushels of English +walnuts if the squirrels did not take them. He is up against a state law +which protects the squirrels but does not protect him. + +I wish we could send out word with you to the states to get at least a +few people interested in nut culture, and have them write to the +agricultural colleges and the experiment stations and arouse some +interest along this line at those institutions, not only among the fruit +extension men and the teachers, but also among the landscape men as +well. There ought to be more interest taken in this work at our colleges +and universities, and nut culture courses ought to be organized. The +foresters ought to be induced to use nut trees wherever possible. + +That is all of the time I care to take at present, Mr. President, but I +wish to say that if there is any way of arousing interest in the states, +I would be glad to carry the word from Washington and to push it just as +hard as possible. + +Hon. W. S. Linton, Saginaw, Michigan, spoke on "Roadside Planting vs. +Reforestation," as follows: + +As a delegate to the National Tax Association convention at White +Sulphur Springs, it has been my lot to have been named on both federal +and state committees, with the idea of exempting from taxation those who +would produce trees for the future. My experience has been that +exemption from taxation for the purpose of producing our future forests +is a wrong one. The sentiment of the people is against exemption from +taxation, and I do not know how it may be practically applied to the +growing of the forests that our country must have in the future. But the +individual will not carry out the work, and the corporations will not +undertake it, so it devolves upon the government of the state to +reproduce those forests. The government lives for a long period in +between many life-times, and ours should live as long as the earth. It +is therefore up to us to reproduce those forests which we once had and, +as all things come back to the state, then the state should reforest. + +Next the roadways are to be considered. Roadways will grow a better +class of timber and trees; they are rich in soil, generally, because +they pass through the most fertile regions of the country and, up to +this time, they have been waste land. I believe that the farmer is right +in his wish that trees which shut in the roadsides should be cut away, +that the sunlight should be let in and the roads hard-surfaced. We saw +in our trip that where the trees shaded the roads they were almost +impassable at times, while in the open places, they were fine. + +In Michigan we took up the question of roadside planting, and Senator +Penny fathered the bill, the pioneer measure, that caused our state to +plant roadways. We have a very competent landscape engineer in charge of +one of the departments, and he is planning to grow roadside trees, using +nut-bearing trees, so that the next generation will profit largely by +the work of today. And this is just because of this association. + +When I was honored with your presidency, one of the features of the work +we carried on was in getting nut trees from historic places, especially +from Mt. Vernon. The Superintendent of Mt. Vernon very kindly told us +that we could have the walnut crop from trees that were started there +during Washington's time, and the only stipulation was that we should +not commercialize the idea; that those nuts were priceless, and that we +should not receive any money for them, but should distribute them in the +schools and in a public way cause interest in the planting of nut trees. +That very movement brought about wonderful results, and today there are +from five to ten thousand walnut trees growing in our state, about the +height of a man, all of them having come from Mt. Vernon. + +On our way through from White Sulphur Springs, we passed through the +home of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, and we found some magnificent nut +trees planted by Jefferson. Some of our best trees today are from those +given to Washington by Thomas Jefferson; and I arranged at Mt. Vernon to +secure some of the nuts from the trees Jefferson planted there. + +Just yesterday Mr. Dodge, the superintendent at Mt. Vernon, again said +that we could have the crop for this year. We will have a number of +bushels from there, although the trees have not been as fruitful this +year as usual, and I leave it to you to judge as to what we should do +with those nuts this year. Some of you have ideas about this, and I +would be glad to adopt them. But when the fact is known that the walnuts +can be secured in that way the entire country will want them. At present +I have letters from Texas and other places asking for some of Mt. +Vernon's nuts. It is a movement that will cause more people, in my +opinion, to have nut trees than any other, and we should push it to the +limit. + +I had a letter from Henry Ford's secretary, asking for a dozen trees +which might be planted at Mr. Ford's place in Michigan. Mr. Ford is +doing great good, so far as the saving of the forests is concerned. He +has immense tracts of land where he is caring for every root and branch. + +Letter from C. F. Bobler, Landscape Engineer in Michigan: + +The laws of Michigan, as you are well aware, encourage the planting of +trees and shrubs by the highway authorities, and protect existing +roadside trees from injury or destruction. Under those laws considerable +planting has already been done, and in such planting a liberal use has +been made of the nut-bearing varieties of trees, especially the black +walnut, which is indigenous to much of Michigan. + +Besides the economic value of nut trees, on account of their food +products while growing and their timber products when mature, they are +generally very attractive in appearance, and, therefore, very well +adapted to roadside planting. + +Roadside development presents a field for considerable study to produce +plantings which afford a variety of effects in trees and shrubs, by +using varieties best adapted to the soil and climatic conditions, which +best harmonize with the local topography and which to a considerable +extent have an economic value in addition to their ornamental value. Nut +trees admirably fulfill these requirements for roadside planting and +while I believe that such other desirable varieties of trees as the +American elm, the sugar maple, and others, should be used in proper +proportions, I am fully convinced that the varieties of nut trees +adapted to our soil and climate should be used liberally in the planting +of the roadsides of Michigan. + +The plans for the future development of the state trunk line highways in +this state, contemplate the planting of the black walnut, butternut, +sweet chestnut, hickory, beech, and other varieties of nut bearing trees +in considerable quantities, and I am confident that their use will add +to man's enjoyment of the highways and that these trees will become an +economic asset to the regions where they are planted. + +THE PRESIDENT: There is one thing Mr. Linton mentioned that I wish to +put special emphasis upon; the distribution of trees grown from +Washington's home. Last year Mr. Jones sent out a lot of seedling +walnuts and there are quite a few in Rochester. It was delightful to see +the interest manifested by the people receiving those seedlings and to +hear how the people were succeeding. Some of them have written me. + +MR. REED: Possibly it would help if, when any of us here present should +chance to visit historic spots, we would get nuts from such places and +send them to Mr. Linton; from Gettysburg or any of those places. We +should each consider ourselves committees of one to get those nuts and +to deliver them to Mr. Linton. + +MR. BIXBY: I will see what I can do about it, and will get some of the +nuts today. + +MR. O'CONNOR: I do not know how Mr. Linton would feel about sending to +different schools some of the nuts that were given him by the +superintendent at Monticello, and in letting the children have a little +nursery, and the means to beautify their home towns, but I will say that +if you get the children started in a thing like this, you will have the +parents following up. + +MR. LINTON: There is another point I wish to mention. Mr. Dodge sent one +bushel of the walnuts which he said were taken from a particular tree +that he admired. He thought it was the best variety of all of them. That +tree, a year ago, was struck by lightning; so he requests that some of +the trees produced from the nuts of that particular tree, be sent back +to Mt. Vernon, in order that he may have some seedlings from the +original tree. It is a fact that those nuts produced the best yields of +any that we planted in Michigan, showing that the seeds from the best +tree will bring the best results. + + + + +ENCOURAGEMENT FROM FAILURES IN GRAFTING + +_Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa._ + + +After improving from an illness of several years, and feeling tired, +impatient and at times discouraged with progress in my physical +condition, last spring I secured a few bunches of scion wood and turned +to my old boyhood hobby for diversion; this time, however, by working on +nut trees instead of fruit. In presenting the following at the request +of others, I do not claim any originality, but simply draw the attention +of interested parties to some possibilities and probabilities. My +results have been very variable and many of them show as successful a +failure as any one could possibly obtain. The scions referred to in the +following tabulated record were put in from May 20th to July 20th and +were well "mixed together" in the hope of giving better opportunity for +cross pollenization, a few of every variety except the Hales being put +in every day. The Hales were all put in late in July. I have grafted +many other varieties of fruits and nuts but a record of the hickory only +is shown below: + + No. Growing Died % Growing % Died + Weiker 46 0 46 0 100 One graft to tree + 5 3 2 60 40 T.W.T 1-1/4" diameter + 5 1 4 20 80 U.W.T. + 23 1 22 4.2 95.8 U.W.T. + Taylor 5 2 3 40 60 U.W.T. 10" diameter + 27 7 20 25.9 74.1 + Fairbanks 15 11 4 73.3 26.7 + Vest 27 1 26 3.7 96.3 + Manahan 22 7 15 31.8 68.2 + 7 0 7 0 100 U.W.T. 3" diameter + Laney 13 6 7 46.1 53.9 + 15 1 14 6.6 93.4 U.W.T. 6" diameter + Beaver 5 2 3 40 60 Scions poor. But one + grew 7 ft. 4 in. + Kentucky 19 7 12 36.8 67.2 + 10 1 9 10 90 U.W.T. 5" diameter + Kirtland 12 5 7 41.6 58.4 + 16 5 11 31.3 68.7 U.W.T. 5" diameter + 7 1 6 14.2 85.8 U.W.T. Put on late + as also the Hales + Hales a 6 1 5 16.6 83.4 U.W.T. 3" diameter + b 35 0 35 0 100 U.W.T. 10" diameter + c 2 2 0 100 0 T.W.T. 1-1/2%" diameter + d 4 4 0 100 0 T.W.T. 2" diameter + e 3 3 0 100 0 T.W.T. + f 3 2 1 66.6 33.3 T.W.T. + g 6 4 2 66.6 33.3 T.W.T. + ---- -- --- ----- ----- + Total 338 75 263 22.2 77.8 + + The last two series of the Hales made 100% start also but bugs + killed three grafts. + + U. W. T. means a tree from which all the lower limbs were cut back + to about a foot or eighteen inches and grafted, a few top limbs + having been left intact. + + T. W. T. means a tree from which the top had been cut, the lower + limbs and stub having been grafted, although a few of the lower + limbs were not sawed off. + +A study of the above record is interesting. All of my stocks are of the +mockernut type, varying from three-fourths to two inches in diameter, +except a few trees to which I refer specially as T.W.T. and U.W.T. It +will be noted that the Weiker and the Vest made the poorest catches. It +could not have been due entirely to weather conditions or the condition +of the scions, for the scions of these two varieties were equal to +anything I had. In view of the fact that they are both very desirable +nuts, I always carried a few scions and kept placing them frequently as +I placed other varieties. Many Vests were placed at the same time as the +Fairbanks, which shows 73.3% catches. The one Vest that did catch, +however, made a very thrifty growth, showing that it is possible +apparently to do well on the mockernut. + +With the Weiker, about the 15th of July, I put five scions on the limbs +and trunk of a tree about 1-1/4 inches in diameter, the top having been +cut out, with three catches, 60%, against another lot of 46 with 100% +failure and 23 more with 4.2% success. Such antics are difficult to +understand. + +Many of the scions were put in the trunks of the trees; others were put +on the small branches with the splice graft. The scions placed on the +trunks, or the larger limbs near the trunk, apparently did somewhat +better than the splice grafts further out on the limbs. In the walnut +and other sappy trees, however, the splice graft out on the small limbs +did better. + +It is of peculiar interest that all of the large trees from which the +lower limbs were sawed and the stubs grafted, the topmost limbs having +been left, designated as U.W.T., did badly. While in the case of the +five Hales, three had 100% and two had 66.6% catches. These two also had +100% catches but bugs ate the tender shoots and killed three of them. +These trees had the tops cut off last fall leaving only a few lower +limbs. They were put in on July 20th after the sprouts had well started +on the trees. The sprouts were not taken off but their tops were pinched +out. These grafts made a growth of from one to two feet or more. At the +same time a tree was trimmed (Hales b in the record) and all the lower +limbs grafted with Hales, leaving a few top branches only. Thirty-five +were set and not a single one grew. The location of this tree was better +than any of the five above referred to, because a couple of those trees +were standing on the top of a rock where one would wonder how they could +exist, and it was so hot when I placed the grafts that I had to quit and +get out of the sun. In spite of that 100% grew. + +A study of the above record leads to the conclusion that there is very +little difference in plant and animal cells and it seems clear that +certain old, underlying principles must be dealt with. I need not refer +to heredity because, while it is undoubtedly quite possible, perhaps, +to influence heredity tendencies so as to get stocks to accept scions +more readily, it is not the major issue for most of us just now. Next +spring we will take what heredity has given us and be satisfied. +However, it appears certain that our results in grafting the various +stocks we now have will depend largely on our ability to: + + 1. Regulate plant circulation. + 2. Stimulate cellular activity to a point compatible with wound + repair, defensive and growing processes. + 3. Control plant cell nutrition. + +One of the very first things we physicians do upon seeing a patient is +to investigate his circulation. If the pressure is too low or too high, +for any reason, we immediately take measures to correct it, because we +know that disastrous results will quickly follow if that is not looked +after. Plant circulation, or sap flow, is no less important. Mr. Riehl, +Mr. Jones and Dr. Morris made great strides when they advanced the ideas +of covering the wound and the scion completely to prevent evaporation, +thereby also controlling the sap pressure. With the exception of +shading, pruning and defoliating, this is about the only method we have +of preventing evaporation. Defoliation, of course, interferes with the +tree's power of growth. Controlling the humidity is probably not +practical on a large scale. + +A proper and careful cutting of the tree beforehand is important. It +appears that to cut the top completely out while the tree is dormant, so +disrupts the routine circulation that the few lower branches which are +left intact, are well taken care of and, it seems to me, that this, +together with the stimulation of WOUND REPAIR by cutting and allowing +time enough for the cells to get into action, was the prime reason for +the 100% success in the three Hales and the cause of the 100% failure in +the other Hales tree. + +Other methods of controlling the circulation are of course drainage, +irrigation, mulching, location of the orchard, placing of condensers of +moisture, such as stones and other hard substances beneath the trees, +and many other contrivances which are in use, and which I shall not +discuss. + +With reference to stimulation of cellular activity we are considerably +concerned. In medicine I have found the subject of wound repair and +immunity most interesting, the two subjects seeming to be more or less +related. Some animals will repair wounds and immunize readily, while +others will not. In a general way young healthy animals and human +beings immunize most readily, while older ones frequently fail almost +entirely. Interestingly enough plants seem to be strangely similar in +this respect, and the thing that stimulates cellular activity for +defensive purposes (immunity) apparently stimulates growth and wound +repair. The thing that stimulates most actively for a special purpose is +the thing itself, the best stimulant for wound repair being the simple +injury. To illustrate briefly: In my work last summer I came in contact +with two enemies, yellow jackets and copperheads. The copperhead +stimulated me to carry a club in defense, while for the yellow jacket +the club was of little value and I rather preferred carbon bisulphide. +Had I ignored my senses and allowed nature full sway, as a tree does, +the snake would have injected his venom and the yellow jacket his toxin, +and my cells would have accepted their only alternative and proceeded at +once to build up a specific defense, after which they would have been in +better shape for development, providing the poison would not have been +so great as to prove fatal. Injury to a tree certainly does stimulate +wound repair, defense and growth. It is well known that trees with many +transplantings, root injuries, transplant much more readily, and the +nurserymen use this method of stimulation as a routine procedure. I +learn in Florida that in order to transplant a good size palmetto, they +are in the habit of digging down on one side and cutting the roots the +year before removal. It will then transplant more readily. Pruning has +the same cell stimulating effect if done at a time that will retain the +stored nutrition. An attack of disease just as surely stimulates +cellular activity and growth but it is too frequently followed by +disaster. + +We have all heard of driving rusty nails into trees (thinking the iron +produced the beneficial results), cutting a slit in the bark of the +limbs and trunk for "bark bound" so called, etc., all of which have +stimulating effects with more or less permanent injury to the tree. Who +knows but what the sap sucker, with his ability to dig into the bark and +extract a piece of cambium, was not sent to us to aid in preserving our +trees by stimulating new growth? + +In my work last summer trees that were subjected to slight injury before +hand apparently accepted a larger proportion of grafts. I will briefly +cite two specific illustrations. A little butternut tree located near +the house was the object of my efforts for over two years. During my +illness I frequently went out and pruned a few branches or put on a few +buds. Something would happen to me and possibly I would not see it +again for months, and in the meantime the buds would be strangled or +knocked off. Another little hickory tree stood in the roadway. Harrows, +plows, wagons and even logs were dragged over it. Grafts on both these +trees caught rather readily last spring. In fact two black walnut grafts +on this little butternut were two of the very few that I got to grow at +all last year. My walnut grafting was almost a total failure. I have +this to say, however, that I had no dormant walnut scions, my scions all +being cut in May or June. + +Mr. Jones, by marking the site of his patch bud several days in advance, +admirably carries out this idea by locally stimulating the cambium +cells. Dr. Morris's scheme of using white wax, besides regulating sap +pressure, allows the actinic rays of the sun to stimulate cellular +activity. Cutting the top out of the tree, which disrupts the normal +circulation and throws it into the few lower limbs, besides stimulating +the cells into activity, has apparently in a large measure accounted for +the slight success that I have had. Other methods such as injecting some +substance under the bark, applying antiseptics, or some stimulating +chemical in a similar way, as "Scarlet Red" is used in skin grafting to +increase epithelial growth, may aid materially. Certain chemicals +applied to the tree and leaves, as used in sprays, seems sometimes to +stimulate growth in a way that can hardly always be accounted for by the +checking of the disease for which it was placed. + +Much more could be written on cellular stimulation but enough has been +said to encourage others to make observation in this connection, for it +is highly probable that the lack of proper stimulation of the cambium +accounts for more failures in top working trees than we are aware of. + + + + +3RD CONTROL OF PLANT CELL NUTRITION + +With this topic we are probably less concerned in its relation to +grafting than when the growing and bearing stages come. However, certain +nutritional disturbances appear early and the more vigorously the stock +is growing beforehand the better progress, of course, the grafts will +make when they are started. Whether or not they will start more readily +have I been unable to ascertain, but I have a bunch of little fellows +with a growth of only an inch or so, and so puny that I cannot account +for it in any other way than a lack of proper nutrition. Many of these +little trees, used as stock, are very old in comparison with their size +and they will probably be dwarfs all their lives. It is a question +whether many such trees should be grafted at all. Further observations +will have to be made to decide that point. Perhaps proper preparation +for a year or two would be beneficial. + +This topic will largely be left for future discussion under another +subject, but it occurs to me that much might be accomplished by proper +attention to nutrition, especially when setting out trees for grafting, +selection of proper site, fertility of soil, cultivation to aid +absorption, etc. I have observed limbs of animals much smaller than +normal due to prohibited movements or lack of proper circulation, one +side of a tree developed out of proportion, eggs without hard shell due +to lack of calcium in the hen's diet, and I know of an old English +walnut tree that bears nuts with shells so thin as to be almost +negligible. I am told that at one time this tree bore a nut with a much +thicker shell. It has never had any attention and it is quite probable +that the lack of proper shell building elements causes the trouble. I +have grafted a few of these and I want to see what happens by furnishing +better nutrition. + +Concerning scion wood, I have "ringed" some limbs, similar to the method +used sometimes in producing extra large fruit, in an effort to have the +scion store up a large amount of nutrition. This experiment I shall +continue in the spring. + +This article is based entirely on my own ideas, observations and +conclusions in connection with old standing principles. As previously +stated, I claim nothing new and my only desire is to stimulate others to +make like observations. + +Carrying out my conclusions in my work next spring I propose to cut the +tops out of all my trees, leaving a few lower limbs instead of the top +ones, allow them to start growth a little before grafting, pinch the tip +from that growth, and, in addition to covering with paraffin or some +combination of it, shade the scions on the south-west side, either by +tipping branches over them or some other way. Paper bags seem to absorb +the paraffin. Double grafting in the case of the Vest and the Weiker +will be tried. Whitewashing the stock to prevent sun burn will be used +where necessary. Several other experiments based on the idea of cellular +stimulation before the scions are placed in position will be tried. + +Dr. M. B. Waite, of the Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board, U. S. +Department of Agriculture, spoke as follows: + +DR. WAITE: Some of you may recall that several years ago, when you were +meeting here in this hall, I gave you a paper on the nut diseases of the +northeastern part of the United States, and it would not be desirable to +go over that same ground again. At that time, we took up the bacteriosis +of the Persian Walnut, and filbert blight, and I outlined a program of +proposed treatment for the filbert blight. It might be interesting to +note here that Dr. Morris, and I believe also Mr. Bean, put that +treatment into practice with success. The situation still remains, +however, that we do not know of diseased plantings of any size. If we +find a real plantation of filberts we will be glad to attempt control +measures ourselves. I have planted about two dozen filberts and they +still remain free from the disease. There are very few local hazel nuts, +wild or cultivated, around Washington; but we understand that the few +hazel nuts are free from this disease. + +There are two or three things I wish to mention. One is the repeated +inquiries reaching my office with regard to the non-filling of nuts, +mostly the cultivated nuts, sometimes the pecan, sometimes the black +walnut, and frequently the English walnut. The subject is a complicated +one and the disease is not one that we can put under the microscope and +diagnose at once. The trouble is due to a complex of varietal and +environmental conditions, the effect of the conditions of growth, of +soil fertility, temperature, soil, water and humidity, sunshine, etc., +on that plant. Very often it is because people get the wrong variety and +do not know what they have. They may have an unproductive seedling. + +On the other hand a good variety may fail to bear in a locality where it +is not suited. Very frequently the real lack is in soil fertility. Of +course the success of the pecan trees down South around pig pens is an +old joke to you gentlemen, but there is truth in that. For good nuts +there is often need for a little extra manure or fertilizer, or perhaps +both. Sometimes there are rich pockets in the earth where those trees +would like to grow, or rich bottom lands which will produce without +manure. I think one of the best ways is to fertilize with manure, if +possible. Pollination troubles in connection with the non-filling and +dropping of the nuts should be thought of. + +Then there is another angle to be considered, and perhaps I can express +it most definitely to you by citing the example of the June drop of +peaches. Whenever a tree, like the peach tree or the pecan or the black +walnut, sets its fruit in the spring, you will find that there are +cross-pollinated and self-pollinated fruits. These will begin to drop +their nuts or their fruit at definite stages. Furthermore we will find +the abortive seeds are not one size. This means that there were definite +stages of the pollination and of the fertilization. I should like to +work that up and find what the stages are. + +The last big step in the dropping of the peach tree is the shedding of +the fruit just as the pits are hardening. When they are hard the fruit +does not fall. So this June-drop question ties in with the complications +of pollination and nutrition. We know from experiments on the sterility +of the pear tree, if highly fed and cultivated, such as those I worked +on in the city of Rochester, that those highly fed trees will have some +self-fertilized pears. In all of the pears we got no pears resulted when +pollinized with the pollen of the same variety, except on those well fed +trees. We learned this in the East, and have since found the same type +of self-fertilized pear occurring naturally in California and other +places in the West. In nut production that whole question of setting and +filling is tied up in a complicated way with pollination and nutrition. + +Aside from nutrition the other thing to be considered is that of +disease. The common black walnut around Washington is generally poor +from fungus leaf diseases. Those of us familiar with it around here know +that they do not fruit well. This is not a good place for the common +black walnut. The wild ones are nearly all poor. I was raised in the +Mississippi Valley, where there were large nuts and fine ones, and we +gathered those which fell from the specially good trees. They do not +grow so well here, except the Stabler and a few others. + +Leaving that subject, there is another I wish to take up. That is, the +great number of complaints about winter-killing of the English walnut. +Wherever we have been able to trace that down, as we frequently have, we +find that the English walnut suffers more from winter-killing right +around Washington, D. C., and in Pennsylvania, than up in Rochester; and +we also have complaints of winter-killing as far south as Georgia. A +common cause is the variation of moisture. After a dry spring and early +summer soaking rains come in August and September, and the trees, +brought suddenly into growth at the close of the season, when they +should be drying out, the walnut tree in particular, show +winter-killing. So I think one of the main troubles with the English +walnut in the Eastern United States is the winter-killing. Even in +Georgia we may have this trouble with the pecan, young trees two and +three years old, and I have photographed them. + +As to false stimulation, in the woods, where these trees grow native and +under the conditions to which they are necessarily adapted, they are +mulched and crowded when young by their competitors. In cultivation we +do not get the crowding and the mulching that makes steady growth and +proper ripening. So you should, by some process, growing corn, cover +crops, or other trees, keep your delicate nut trees a little crowded +and, if possible, mulched while young; and then later, cut out the +undesirable things and let the trees have room. + +I am not fully prepared to speak about the nut work of the Bureau of +Plant Industry, because that should be handled by the chief of the +bureau. I have charge only of the diseases of fruits and nuts. We have +had $8,200 allotted to the project and will have $2,000 more this year, +making $10,200. Originally that was $3,000 for nut diseases all over the +United States. We started to work mainly on the southern pecan diseases, +and partly on the bacteriosis of the walnuts of the United States. But +the Southern Pecan Growers' Association got some additional money for +the bureau, $5,000 of which was given to the fruit disease +investigations, and was tied up with the other $3,000. But the wording +of the bill said, "All for pecan diseases." So we transferred more to +the project and made it $8,200 for the nut diseases. That means we have +done very little work for the nut diseases except on Southern pecans, +and I have been warned that one must not stress southern pecans with the +Northern Nut Growers' Association. + +We have had, however, one man, and will have two men, on the southern +pecan diseases in Georgia, on pecan scab and pecan leaf diseases, who +are winning out beautifully, and have nearly solved many of the +problems, including the pecan scab. One of the difficulties is the +occasional late summer rainy spell, bringing diseases and bad +conditions. But in general we have solved the problem pretty well. + +Then we have the more permanently dangerous disease, pecan rosette, +which has taken about half of the pecans in some sections of the South, +especially in south Georgia and in Florida. That disease is being +experimented upon in the most extensive way of any of our projects. +There is only one word to say about pecan rosette, and that +is--humus--the disease is cured by the application of humus. + +MR. REED: How far north is the walnut rosette disease? + +DR. WAITE: As far as Falls Church, Va., but not much in the North. + +MR. REED: The question was asked yesterday as to whether it could not be +overcome in this latitude. + +DR. WAITE: That nobody knows. The soils east and south of Washington are +all acid, and the conditions are wrong for rosette. The soils have no +tendency to chlorosis. They are, in fact, antichlorotic. Theoretically +you could get the rosette conditions in the Piedmont region, but you are +almost certain not to find them over this way. + +Now in the organization of the Bureau of Plant Industry there are at +least two main offices where nut problems would be studied; in the +Division of Horticultural and Pomological Investigations and in my +office, where the diseases are studied. Remember, also, that the insect +pests are studied in the Bureau of Entomology; they have experimented +quite extensively with pecan insect pests, and have the organization to +handle such pests. Of course there is a Bureau of Markets and the Office +of Soil Fertility in the Bureau of Plant Industry, which handle the +pecan, incidental to the other studies. + +MR. BIXBY: I would like to ask Dr. Waite a question. The association has +spent a good deal of time in developing exact methods of measuring +quantitatively the various characteristics of nuts which are considered +valuable, and that study has given us methods of comparing notes from +year to year, comparing the same nut, and I have noticed that it is +quite frequent that the kind of nut that is good one year, will not be +so good the next year. To take an example, the Clark hickory, which took +the prize one year, the next year fell so far down that it would not +take any prize. But after a good deal of trouble I found that by careful +examination I could pick out from the nuts a few which tested up as they +did before. It occurred to me that a condition of that kind would be +more likely to be due to difference in the soil than in the fertility of +the pollen. Dr. Waite has had more or less experience in noting the +effect of the pollen, and I would like to ask if he thought this the +cause of the difference in the nuts. + +DR. WAITE: I think it might be the cause for a little difference, but we +could account for the difference by entirely different things. By +environment and other conditions. Take the apples grown in this +vicinity; I have observed that certain seasons fit certain varieties. +This year it was favorable for Ben Davis, and yet we have had a poor +crop of most varieties; the conditions were bad for the Winesap to set, +but yet the fruit is good. Every year and every day is different; and +plants are subjected to these complications, and the yield, or the +result in fruit, is a response to environment. They are so very +susceptible to these things. I came here this morning after picking some +cross pollenated pears on the Arlington Farm. We have a lot of crosses +there where we study the hybrid seedlings. Some will be almost too poor, +in certain years, to deserve further attention, and good another season. +In other words, these nuts probably do not vary any more from year to +year than many of our fruits and vegetables do, and the main factor is +probably response to environment, namely, temperature, air humidity, +soil moisture and sunshine. + +THE PRESIDENT: I might mention that we have had a filbert orchard at +Rochester for eleven years, and there has not been the slightest +indication of blight there yet. + +MR. REED: I would like to ask Senator Penny how the Roadside Bill is +taken in Michigan. + +SENATOR PENNY: According to the Michigan law, the people along the +roadside consider that their property is subject to the right of +transportation on the highway; just as a stream is owned by individuals +in Michigan, subject to the right of individuals to use it. This bill +says, "Give the right to plant trees on the highway," and I think the +planting is done with the consent of the owner. The agricultural college +has a landscape gardener connected with the landscape department; he +will have charge of planting along the roadside, and I think it will be +done in a scientific manner; but I believe it is necessary to get the +consent of the owners first. + +MR. BIXBY: Last evening Mr. Franklin Weims, of Washington, was with me +on the state highway of Maryland, coming south from Baltimore. The +highway is being constructed at the rate of about eight miles a year, +and funds have been provided. Mr. Weims feels that something should be +done to see that the new highway is properly planted with trees, +preferably nut-bearing trees. I was thinking that the association might, +by some resolution, bring that matter to the attention of proper +authorities. I would like suggestions. + +MR. CLOSE: It might not be out of order to adopt a resolution and +address it to the Governor of the state, Governor Richie; and also to +the State Forester, Dr. Besly, suggesting that perhaps some of the trees +and seedlings might be presented to the state, some of the trees that +Professor Linton spoke of this morning. Trees of that sort might carry +some weight. + +THE PRESIDENT: Suppose we adopt a resolution and name Professor Close to +take up this matter with the proper state authorities, speaking +particularly of our ability to furnish seedlings from the Mt. Vernon +trees. + +MR. CLOSE: If it is the wish of the association, I would be glad to do +that. (Motion made, seconded and adopted). + + + + +LETTER FROM F. H. WIELANDY, ST. LOUIS + +Gentlemen: + +First of all I congratulate you most heartily on being members of an +organization which means so much to the public, as consumption of nuts +is largely increasing and I much fear that the present day production is +not in line with the demand. + +Although only a nut culturist by proxy I have manifested a deep interest +in this for many years, which is exemplified by the fact that on my +different hunting trips, in which I have indulged for over thirty-five +years, in the past twenty-five years I have also made it a point in the +fall of the year, to have with me a large pocket full of such nuts as I +thought would more easily come up and benefit some one in the future. I +usually carried with me black walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans and acorns, +and in my rambles through the woods and along the highways, I would +plant these where I thought there would be less chance of their being +molested if they developed. + +In going over the same ground quail shooting, last fall, ground that I +had covered more or less for a good many years, I began to see the fruit +of my efforts, and felt repaid many fold for what I had accomplished. + +Unfortunately we are a nation of destruction, rather than of +construction, so far as our timber is concerned, and this is more +noticeable in fruit and nut trees than in other varieties; although, +being interested chiefly in these I possibly am biased. + +When we stop to consider that a country such as Norway began to replant +and reclaim their forests before Columbus discovered America, it strikes +me that it should be a lesson for everyone in this country. Consider +too, if you please, that before the war Germany paid her entire road +taxes from nothing but the production of nut trees along the public +roads. We also know, although a very small country in area, that it +produced enough timber each year to satisfy the need for building and +commercial purposes in the form of packing cases, casks, etc. And here +we are, a country forty times larger than Germany, and forced to depend +on countries such as Canada and Norway for wood pulp out of which we +manufacture a great many grades of paper. + +Some twenty years ago I had a political friend introduce a bill during a +meeting of the state legislature, which made it mandatory for the road +overseer to plant nut trees along the right of way all over the state; +but like many meritorious bills, it was pigeon-holed until the next +meeting of the legislature. It seemed an impossibility to resurrect this +and an exceptionally fine forestry bill. + +Unfortunately I promised to preside at a meeting of conservationists and +it is for that reason that I am unable to meet and be with your +honorable body, for I would like so much to be permitted in a humble +capacity to assist in carrying on the work which you gentlemen are +doing, as it is going to mean so much to future generations. I am sure +that each of you feels as I do in this matter and that is that "He who +serves others, best serves himself." + +When the matter comes up for consideration I would like very much to +have your next convention here in the Middle West, either in St. Louis +or Alton, Ill., which is only a few miles north of St. Louis and in the +vicinity of a splendid nut-producing section, particularly the pecan. + + + + +THE CHESTNUT + +_C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture_ + + +No discussion of the nut industry in the North at this time would be +complete without a brief review of the chestnut situation. The +destruction wrought by blight in wiping out practically all of the +native chestnut trees within its path, with almost equally fatal results +to the European species has for the time being all but eliminated the +chestnut from the consideration of planters in the eastern part of the +country. + +The chestnut bark disease has cost the country untold millions of +dollars, and no wonder the public pauses for a second thought before +investing in eastern-grown chestnut trees. Nevertheless, it is not to +be supposed that chestnut growing has disappeared from this country for +all time. No plague has ever been known to wipe a race completely out of +existence, and it is unthinkable that the blight will do so with the +genus _Castanea_. + +The native range of the American sweet chestnut centers largely in the +Appalachian region from Portland, Maine, south to Atlanta, Georgia. The +species becomes more sparsely represented as the distance increases in +any direction from this central area, practically disappearing on the +west; in the region of the Mississippi above Memphis. Its northern +boundary might roughly be described as extending from lower Illinois +through northern Indiana, southwestern Michigan, southern Ontario, +central New York and middle New England. As was to have been expected, +the blight has wrought its greatest destruction in places of densest +representation of the chestnut species. It is in the outlying districts +of scant frequency that the danger of infection from chestnut trees from +the forest is least to planted trees, and likewise, there it is that +combative measures should be most successful. Obviously, the farther +from the center of the native range trees can be planted, the less is +the likelihood of infection. + +Well outside the native range of the chestnut species, there are a +number of districts in the United States within which it should be +possible to build up a new chestnut-orchard industry. In proof of this, +there are many profitable trees and small orchards in the mid-west and +on the Pacific Coast, particularly in western Michigan, northern +Indiana, southwestern Illinois, in the eastern foot-hill region of +northern California and in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Probably the +most outstanding instance of successful chestnut orcharding now existing +in the entire country is a planting of Mr. E. A. Riehl, of Godfrey, +Illinois, situated on the bluff of the Mississippi River eight miles +west of Alton. Here Mr. Riehl has produced half a dozen or more hybrid +varieties which are paying very satisfactory dividends on fertile +hillside land which is mainly too steep for cultivation. A number of +these varieties have been taken to northern California where they are +proving highly successful. + +In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, two species are represented with +about equal frequency. These are the native chestnut from the eastern +states and that from Japan. Neither has performed in such a way as to be +particularly encouraging. The former has not been productive and the +latter has produced nuts of quality so inferior as to prejudice the +planters against the entire genus. It is a difficult matter, therefore, +to induce prospective planters in that section to consider any species +of chestnut. + +In the East, it is well known that the native species does not come into +bearing until 12 or 15 years of age at best, and that to induce +pollination and a set of nuts, it is necessary to inter-plant a number +of varieties together. Had groups of varieties of American or European +origin been planted on the Coast, instead of single trees of the former +or varieties from Asia, it is not improbable that the present attitude +toward the chestnut in the Pacific Northwest would have been quite +different. + +The work of the late Dr. Van Fleet, in hybridizing various chestnut +species and in testing out Chinese and Japanese species with a view to +determining their value as nut producers and their resistance to the +bark disease, is familiar to most members of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. Since the death of Dr. Van Fleet, the work has been taken +over by other hands in the Bureau of Plant Industry; but apparently, all +of the hybrids now growing in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., are +destined to succumb to blight. At present, practically every tree of the +Chinese chestnut _Castanea molissima_, planted by Dr. Van Fleet at Bell +Station, Maryland, where his work was mainly centered, likewise shows +large blight cankers. But despite the gravity of the infections, it does +not appear wholly improbable that many of these trees can be preserved. +However, the wisdom of continuing propagation of the Japanese species is +very doubtful, as the quality of nuts is usually of low order. Chestnut +trees from China are generally light producers; but out of the total of +several hundred at Bell, several this year have borne good crops. The +flavor of the nuts is sometimes sweet, but oftener, otherwise; yet the +average is superior to that of the Japanese chestnuts produced in the +same orchard. Fortunately, it happens that the nuts from some of the +trees of Chinese species which have been most prolific during the past +season, have proved to be of high quality, comparing favorably in this +respect with the native sweet chestnut. In size, the Chinese chestnuts +average much above those of the American species, and while perhaps a +shade smaller than those from Europe, they are of a size and quality +which should readily appeal to market demands. + +An early planting of Chinese chestnut trees at Lancaster, Pa., put out +by Mr. J. F. Jones, Vice-President of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, proved so susceptible to blight that all were subsequently +destroyed. On the other hand, not infrequent reports are reaching the +Federal Department of Agriculture of instances in which the species is +shown to be highly resistant, even when grown within blight-affected +districts. Secretary Deming is one of those from whom reports of this +kind have been received. His planting, consisting of 12 trees put out in +1915 near Georgetown, Conn., has recently borne some nuts. Other cases, +some reporting one way and others the other, might be cited; but let it +suffice to say that the chestnut industry, although temporarily set back +seriously, is not necessarily doomed. + + + + +REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE + +_C. A. Reed, Chairman_ + + +While no new names of varieties appear to need consideration at this +time, it may be well for the Association to refresh its memory regarding +a few of the outstanding rules of the standard code of nomenclature by +which the Society is guided in the recognition of names. In common with +practically all other leading horticultural organizations of the +country, including the National Pecan Growers' Association of the South, +the Northern Nut Growers' Association follows the code of nomenclature +of the American Pomological Society. Some of the provisions of this code +are substantially as follows: + + 1. A name shall consist, preferably, of but one word, although + under specified circumstances, two words may be permitted. + + 2. In selecting a name, "The paramount right of the originator, + discoverer or introducer of a new variety within the limitations + of this code, is recognized and established." + + 3. A name shall be recognized as fixed and shall have the right + of priority over any others subsequently applied, after having + appeared in print in such a way as to be definitely tied + to a variety, or established. + +These references call attention to the fact that the code does not +define the meaning of the term "variety," and as it does not appear that +a clear cut definition has appeared elsewhere in recent literature, in +modern application, it may be well to state how it is being interpreted +by this committee. + +In horticultural practice a plant is not regarded as acquiring varietal +status until it becomes distinctive among seedlings, because of +superiority of product, unusual history, or other similar reason. Few +tree varieties are recognized as such until after having been propagated +by at least one asexual method, such as budding, grafting, layering or +dividing. + +The Committee calls special attention to a recent report on +nomenclature, appearing in a bound volume of 546 pages, under the title +"Standardized Plant Names." This report was prepared and published by +the American Joint Committee on Nomenclature, which was duly appointed +by the leading horticultural societies of the country. It represents the +latest authority on matters of horticultural nomenclature, and is +indorsed by the leading horticultural authorities of the present time. +Of immediate interest to this Association is the fact that _Hicoria_ +replaces _Carya_ as being the proper generic name of the hickory group. + + + + +NOTES FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL NUT ORCHARD + +_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._ + + +For several years the association has been advocating the planting of +experimental nut orchards, and ever since I heard of this suggestion I +have been desirous of having one and being able to contribute +information to our knowledge of nut growing. Therefore since 1917 I have +been assembling at Baldwin material which I hoped would aid in this. At +the Rochester meeting some of the results were noted, and this year, I +trust, something presented will prove of interest. + +CHESTNUTS--Last year I expressed the belief that by carefully watching +chestnut trees and cutting out the blight as soon as it appeared it +should be possible to grow and fruit almost any variety in the blight +area. This I have done with every variety that I have, but that is about +all, apparently, that it is possible to do, for nearly all of my trees +have been badly attacked by the blight at the crown; that is at the +junction of the root and trunk, and to cut out the blight means to cut +down the tree. The most resistant variety noticed so far is the Boone, +which has some Japanese chestnut parentage, but probably the Boone trees +will not last over a year longer. + +Apparently it is going to be necessary to get some resistant stock and +do the grafting high enough to prevent fatal attack of the blight at the +crown. Mr. P. W. Wang sent some Chinese chestnuts in the fall of 1921, +and I have now several hundred seedlings of what I suppose are Castanea +mollissima, of which I plan to grow a number to rather large size, set +them out where the next planting of chestnut trees is to stand, and +graft the branches to fine varieties. It will take at least two or three +years, however, before this can be done. + +HAZELS--For some four years I have been assembling, for hybridizing +purposes, selected American hazels from various sections of the United +States as well as the various European cultivated varieties that gave +promise of being hardy. This year both blossomed rather freely, but the +only variety of which I had enough pollen to work with was the Italian +Red. The staminate flowers were picked from some six or eight American +hazels which were blooming well and the pistillate flowers were +pollinated with Italian Red pollen, in the hope that some hybrid nuts +would result. Although the pollination was repeated twice I was much +disappointed to find only an occasional nut as a result. + +It is to be said in this connection, however, that there were +practically no nuts on these American hazels which had not been +pollinated with strange pollen; so the lack of nuts could not be laid to +the artificial treatment given the flowers of those plants where it had +been planned to make hybrids. Apparently it was due to climatic +conditions that nuts were almost lacking on all hazels here this year; +but I do not recall any severe cold spells when the hazels were in +flower. Still, on one or two branches which I had tagged, as being +particularly full of pistillate flowers, there were noticed an almost +equal number of dead pistillate flowers a little later. It is seemingly +going to be well to carefully study the development of the hazel flowers +into nuts. They grow differently from the walnuts and the hickories. The +hazel flowers apparently, after being fertilized, develop into stems on +which the existence of nuts escapes the attention, at least of the +casual observer, until about August, while the nuts on the walnuts and +the hickories even though small at first, are plainly visible from the +time they are formed by fertilized flowers until they are matured. + +HICKORIES--The bearing age of the transplanted hickory so far has been +almost an unknown quantity, and what we did know has been such that the +association has hesitated to say much about planting hickories, its +recommendations on the hickory being confined to that of topworking +existing hickories. These are known to begin bearing soon after +topworking, records of bearing in two or three years not being unusual. + +On transplanted hickories, however, about all the information of which I +know is as follows: The late Mr. J. W. Kerr, of Denton, Md., many years +ago bought a number of shagbark hickories from a nursery, set them out +and noted that the time that elapsed before they bore was about 25 +years. Mr. Rush's Weiker tree, which bore in 11 years after being set +out, cut down this time materially. + +A Kentucky hickory on my place set out in the fall of 1917, flowered +this year, but I had no pollen with which to fertilize the blossoms, and +the nutlets dropped off. A young shagbark seedling set in its present +location in the fall of 1919 and grafted to Barnes this spring, also set +a nut, but this dropped off like those on the Kentucky and apparently +for the same reason. It would certainly seem as if under favorable +conditions, the transplanted hickory is not going to be anywhere near as +slow as feared in coming into bearing. + +WALNUTS--A Royal and a Paradox walnut each supposed to be grafted trees +with scions from Burbank's original trees, bloomed this year, and the +Royal has a number of nuts on it. The Paradox has been here a very much +shorter time, not over two or three years; so perhaps it is too soon to +be expecting nuts. The Paradox is said to be a very shy bearer, setting +nuts only occasionally, and then but few; still, one of my Paradox trees +which is not over three feet high, blossomed full. It would seem as if +it might pay to study this tree and see if the sterility or fancied +sterility of this tree could not be overcome by seeing that proper +pollen is at hand at the right time. A Cording walnut, a hybrid between +the English walnut and the Japan walnut not quite 3 feet high, is +bearing a nut this year. + +Grafting--Perhaps the most interesting thing to be related is the result +of attempts to determine the species of hickories best suited as stock +for the fine varieties of hickories that we have. In preparation for +this and through the kindness of Mr. Henry Hicks of Westbury, L. I., +over 100 each of hickory trees of several species were obtained and set +out in the fall of 1919. They were in fine condition for grafting this +spring. There are some fifteen species of hickories native in the United +States. The fine varieties of hickories that we have which are generally +supposed to be largely shagbarks may prove to be much better adapted for +grafting on some stocks than on others. A knowledge of this will prove +to be of great value in top working. The grafting was done by Dr. +Deming, on May 29, 30,31 and June 1 of this year, 31 grafts being set on +shagbark stock, 52 on mockernut, 53 on pignut, 47 on pecan and 91 on +bitternut, a total of 274. There were also 343 walnut grafts set on +walnuts of four species. The results of this work are summarized in the +tables following: + + HICKORIES, SCIONS FROM YOUNG TREES + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Bitternut Mockernut[1] Pecan Pignut Shagbark Total + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % + Barnes, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 6 100.0 18 100.0 + Gobble, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 1 0.0 5 80.0 + Griffin, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 1 100.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 5 60.0 + Hales, scions + W. G. Bixby's trees 5 100.0 5 60.0 5 80.0 4 25.0 19 68.4 + Kirtland, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 66.7 3 33.3 3 66.7 3 66.7 12 58.3 + Laney, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 6 66.7 6 66.7 + Long Beach, scions + Parent Tree 3 33.3 3 66.7 4 50.0 4 25.0 3 100.0 17 53.0 + Siers, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 5 100.0 5 100.0 + Stanley, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 3 66.7 3 66.7 3 66.7 9 66.7 + Taylor, scions + Dr. Deming's trees 4 75.0 5 60.0 5 80.0 3 100.0 17 86.5 + + Total 34 80.8 24 60.8 22 68.1 22 72.9 11 75.0 113 74.0 + +[Footnote 1: The mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted +excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote. They were +grafted mostly on branches.] + + HICKORIES, SCIONS FROM OLD TREES + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Bitternut Mockernut[2] Pecan Pignut Shagbark Total + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % + Brooks, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 40.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 5 40.0 20 20.0 + Clark, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 40.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 5 40.0 5 20.0 25 20.0 + [3]Fairbanks, scions from + parent tree (?), dry but + otherwise good 27 57.8 27 57.8 + Kentucky, from parent tree, + poor condition 5 20.0 3 33.3 5 80.0 5 80.0 5 80.0 23 60.8 + Manahan, scions from parent + tree, poor condition 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 20.0 6 33.3 5 20.0 26 24.6 + Vest, scions from parent tree, + poor condition 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 40.0 5 60.0 5 20.0 25 20.8 + Weiker, scions from parent + tree 5 20.0 5 0.0 5 60.0 15 26.8 + -- ---- -- --- -- ---- -- ---- -- ---- --- ---- + Total 57 45.0 28 5.5 25 36.0 31 45.6 20 35.0 161 32.9 + +[Footnote 2: The mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted +excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote. They were +grafted mostly on branches.] + +[Footnote 3: Of these scions 5 were set in branches on two trees 1-1/4 +or so in diameter and showed 100% catches; balance were set in the top +on small trees 1/2 diameter or less, and showed 54.5% catches.] + + BLACK WALNUTS, JAPAN WALNUTS, PERSIAN WALNUTS BUTTERNUTS + + Stocks, Number of Grafts and Per Cent of Catches + + Black Walnut Butternut Japan Walnut Persian Walnut + Variety No. % No. % No. % No. % + + Adams Black Walnut, scions + parent tree 13 15.4 + Alley Black Walnut, scions + parent tree 9 0.0 + O'Connor Hybrid Walnut, Persian + Walnut and Black Walnut (?) + scions parent tree 9 22.2 + --- ---- + 31 12.9 + + Ohio Black Walnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 17 64.7 + McCoy Black Walnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 9 77.0 + Stabler Black Walnut, scions some + W. G. Bixby's trees, and some Dr. + Deming's trees 85 51.2 + [4]Ten Eyck Black Walnut, scions + W. G. Bixby's trees 32 97.0 + Thomas Black Walnut, scions W. + G. Bixby's trees 23 100.0 + Wasson Black Walnut, scions W. + G. Bixby's trees 8 75.0 + --- ---- + 174 69.5 + + Persian Walnuts 4 varieties, scions + about 2-3 from parent trees, all + of which were quite vigorous + growers 46 0.0 + Aiken Butternut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 39 38.5 + Lancaster Heartnut, scions W. G. + Bixby's trees 53 3.8 + +[Footnote 4: One scion was overlooked in tying and waxing, otherwise +apparently we would have had 100% catches.] + + * * * * * + +In the above two groups of hickories the one where scions were cut from +young, rapidly growing trees, contrasts unmistakably with those where +scions were cut from old bearing trees. The same is shown in the table +of black walnut grafts, where the Alley, Adams, and O'Connor scions were +cut from old bearing trees, and the others from young, rapidly growing +trees. + +The poor success with the heartnuts is quite in line with previous +attempts at propagating this species by grafting. Results shown here +with the butternut are deemed reasonably satisfactory, in view of the +well known difficulty of grafting this species. It should be noted here +that, in the case of every graft that took and grew, it was the small +buds that were successful, not the large ones. The total lack of success +with the Persian walnut is inexplicable to the writer, but he knows of +no previous attempts to graft Persian walnut on Persian walnut root. + +Black walnuts show a very high percentage of catches, in the case of the +Thomas and Ten Eyck varieties 100%, but in the case of the Stabler this +is reduced to 51.2%. I would say in this connection that neither of my +two Stabler trees are vigorous growers, and so the trees grafted with +scions from these are really cases where we have not been using scions +from vigorous growing trees, and we know that this does not give a high +percentage of catches. + +The proper species to be used as a stock for the various varieties of +hickories has not been shown conclusively for the number of grafts of +each kind set was too few to be conclusive, and these experiments should +be repeated. In the case of most of these varieties where results are +poor, it was particularly noted when the grafts were set that the scions +were in poor condition, a number of scions being thrown away because the +cambium layer was dead. It is to be hoped that a species will be found +to which will be well adapted the Vest hickory, which the writer +regards, everything considered, as the best hickory that we have. +Seemingly the pecan is the stock that gets the greatest number of +catches; but the difficulty the writer has had in making Vest hickories +on pecan root live, leads him to question as to whether another stock +might not prove better. Another thing disappointing so far is in the +seeming poorness of the mockernut as a stock. Over quite a large section +of the United States the mockernut is the prevailing hickory, and in +that section the mockernut will be most generally available for top +working; moreover it will grow well in sandy soils where the shagbark is +not found. In Petersburg, Va., the writer has seen it seemingly outgrow +the black walnut. + +The adaptability of the Barnes hickory on all stocks is notable, for it +is the only one of the 10 fine hickories tested in the 1919 contest, of +which this is true. If these grafts continue to flourish, and especially +if future experiments check the results this year, the Barnes will have +a peculiar value for top working. It is one of our best hickories, and, +apparently is our surest variety for top working. + +MR. CLOSE: I would suggest that we extend our thanks to the Smithsonian +Institute for the use of this room for the meeting. + +THE PRESIDENT: Will you vote for that? (Motion voted upon favorably). I +believe then, that brings to a close the Fourteenth Annual Convention, +to meet in New York for the Fifteenth Convention in 1924, on September +3,4 and 5. + +This meeting is now adjourned. + +Time--2:30 p. m. + + * * * * * + +Notes of this convention by Mrs. B. W. Gahn, U. S. Dept. of Agr., +Washington, D. C. + + + + +APPENDIX + +Among those present were the following: + + Senator Penney--Saginaw, Michigan. + B. K. Ogden--3306 19th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. + W. G. Slappey--12 Boyd Avenue, Takoma Park, D. C. + S. von Ammon--Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. + A. M. Greene--Ridge Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. + Alfred Heine--Bowie, Md. + H. Harold Hume--Glen St. Mary, Fla. + R. H. Hartshorn,--Washington, D. C. + Wm. S. Linton--Saginaw, Mich. + W. E. Safford--Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Dr. M. B. Waite--Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board, Bureau of + Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Dr. Oswald Schreiner--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Karl Wallace Greene--Washington, D. C + C. A. Reed--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Mrs. C. A. Reed--Washington, D. C. + C. P. Close--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + Mrs. C. P. Close--Washington, D. C. + W. R. Mattoon--Forest Service, Washington, D. C. + Thomas P. Littlepage--Washington, D. C. + John M. Littlepage--Washington, D. C. + Eunice M. Obenschain--Hotel Monmouth, Washington, D. C. + J. M. Richardson--Stormville, N. Y. + Robert T. Morris--114 E. 54th St., N. Y. + Dr. Llewellyn Jordan--100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park, Md. + Alfred V. Wall--2305 W. Lanvale St., Baltimore, Md. + Jacob E. Brown---Elmer, N. J. + Albert R. Williams--Washington, D. C. + Mrs. B. W. Gahn--Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + James S. McGlennon--Rochester, N. Y. + Ralph T. Olcott--Rochester, N. Y. + Zenas H. Ellis--Fair Haven, Vt. + G. A. Zimmerman, M. D.--Piketown, Pa. + G. F. Gravatt--Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, + Washington, D. C. + Willard B. Bixby--Baldwin, N. Y. + John W. Hershey--Banks, Pa. + P. H. O'Connor--Bowie, Md. + John E. Carmoday--Charlottesville, Va. + Mrs. John Carmoday--Charlottesville, Va. + Mrs. W. N. Hutt--"The Progressive Farmer," Southern Pines, N. C. + Ammon P. Fritz--55 E. Franklin St., Ephrata, Pa. + W. A. Orton--Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. + J. C. Corbett--Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. + W. G. Pollaret--The Star, Washington, D. C. + Prof. Lumsden--Federal Horticultural Board, Washington, D. C. + + + + +EXHIBITS LISTED + +Crops of 1923 + + Exhibit of Robt. T. Morris + 1. Hybrid chinkapin (burrs and nuts). + 2. Graft of pear tree (paraffin method). + + Exhibit of C. A. Reed + "Rush" American Hazel. + + Exhibit of C. P. Close + 1. Seedling filbert. + 2. "Van Fleet" hybrid chinkapin. + 3. "Glady" walnut. + + Exhibit of J. F. Jones + Persian Walnuts. + 1. Wiltz Mayette. + 2. Meylan. + 3. Lancaster. + 4. Lancaster (Same). + 5. Eureka. + 6. Hall. + Pecans. + 1. Posey. + 2. Busseron. + 3. Niblack. + Hazels. + 1. Rush (Three exhibits). + Cobnut. + 1. (No name). + Filberts. + 1. Fichtendersche. + 2. Daviana. + 3. Blumenberger. + 4. Italian red. + 5. Lambert nut. + 6. Friehe Longe. + 7. Gunzelebenner. + 8. White Aveline. + 9. Grosse Ronde. + 10. Barcellona. + 11. Spanik Gr. + 12. Prolific. + 13. Noce Lunghe. + 14. Du Chilly. + 15. Grant de Halle. + 16. Buttners. + Exhibit of W. G. Bixby + 1. Lancaster Heartnuts. + 2. Royal Walnuts. + 3. Hall Persian Walnuts. + 4. Rush Persian Walnuts. + Exhibit of T. P. Littlepage (Grown on his farm). + 1. Chinkapins. + 2. "O'Connor" walnuts. + 3. Mixture of varieties of European filberts. + 4. Cluster of pecans (Indiana). + 5. Littlepage hazels (which Mr. Littlepage called "American"). + 6. Spanish chestnut. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 25675.txt or 25675.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/7/25675/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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