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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of
+the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting
+       Washington, D. C. September 8 and 9, 1916.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2008 [EBook #25597]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC. 1916 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 8 AND 9, 1916.
+
+PRESS OF The Advertiser-republican, ANNAPOLIS, MD.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+   Officers and Committees of the Association                          4
+   Members of the Association                                          5
+
+   Constitution and By-Laws                                           10
+
+   Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting                          13
+
+   Report of the Secretary-Treasurer                                  14
+
+   Notes on the Chinquapins, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York           15
+
+   The Black Walnut, T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.              25
+
+   Discussion on the Almond                                           33
+
+   Discussion on the Hazel                                            37
+
+   The Chestnut Bark Disease, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Washington, D. C.    41
+
+   Discussion on Quarantine for Chestnut Nursery Stock                49
+
+   Hybrids and Other New Chestnuts for Blight Districts, Dr. Walter
+     Van Fleet, Washington, D. C.                                     54
+
+   President's Address, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Roundhill, Va.          58
+
+   Diseases of the Persian Walnut, S. M. McMurran, Washington, D. C.  67
+
+   Discussion on Winter Killing                                       72
+
+   Address of Col. C. A. Van Duzee, Cairo, Georgia                    75
+
+   Resolutions on Chestnut Blight Quarantine                          80
+
+   Resolution on Investigations in Nut Tree Propagation               84
+
+   Discussion on the Growth and Fruiting of Pecans in the North       86
+
+   Top Working Pecans on Other Hickories                              91
+
+   Appendix:
+
+   Letter from W. C. Reed, Vice-President                             98
+
+   The Food Value of Nuts, Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.    101
+
+   Letter from J. C. Cooper, McMinnville, Oregon                     114
+
+   List of those present at the meeting                              117
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+   _President_                W. C. REED            Vincennes, Indiana
+   _Vice-President_           W. N. HUTT       Raleigh, North Carolina
+   _Secretary and Treasurer_  W. C. DEMING     Georgetown, Connecticut
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+   _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED
+   _Executive_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, J. RUSSELL SMITH AND THE OFFICERS
+   _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING
+   _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. C. DEMING, J. G. RUSH
+   _Membership_--HARRY R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, F. N. FAGAN, W. O. POTTER,
+      W. C. DEMING, WENDELL P. WILLIAMS, J. RUSSELL SMITH
+   _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, R. L. MCCOY, J. F. JONES
+   _Press and Publication_--RALPH T. OLCOTT, J. RUSSELL SMITH,
+      W. C. DEMING
+   _Programme_--W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH, C. A. REED, W. N. HUTT,
+      R. T. MORRIS
+   _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, PAUL WHITE
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+   California      T. C. Tucker          311 California St., San Francisco
+   Canada          G. H. Corsan          63 Avenue Road, Toronto
+   Connecticut     Charles H. Plump      West Redding
+   Delaware        E. R. Angst           527 Dupont Building, Wilmington
+   Georgia         J. B. Wight           Cairo
+   Illinois        H. A. Riehl           Alton
+   Indiana         J. F. Wilkinson       Rockport
+   Iowa            Wendell P. Williams   Danville
+   Kentucky        A. L. Moseley         Calhoun
+   Maryland        C. P. Close           College Park
+   Massachusetts   James II. Bowditch    903 Tremont Building, Boston
+   Michigan.       Miss Maude M. Jessup  440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids
+   Minnesota       L. L. Powers          1018 Hudson Ave., St. Paul
+   Missouri        P. C. Stark           Louisiana
+   New Jersey      C. S. Ridgway         Lumberton
+   New York        M. E. Wile            37 Calumet St., Rochester
+   North Carolina  W. N. Hutt            Raleigh
+   Ohio            Harry R. Weber        601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati
+   Pennsylvania    J. G. Rush            West Willow
+   Texas           R. S. Trumbull        M. S. R. R. Co., El Paso
+   Virginia        John S. Parish        Eastham
+   Washington      A. E. Baldwin         Kettle Falls
+   West Virginia   B. F. Hartzell        Shepherdstown
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+  Dawson, L. H., Llano
+  Johnson, Chet, R. D. 1, Biggs
+  Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange,
+    311 California St., San Francisco
+
+  CANADA
+  Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto
+  Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 1872 Cartier St., Montreal
+  Sager, Dr. D. S., Brantford
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+  Barnes, John R., Yalesville
+  Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown
+  Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown.
+  Goodwin, James L., Box 447, Hartford
+  Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76, for circulars, Box 1082,
+    Hartford, for letters
+  Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+  Lay, Charles Downing, Wellesmere, Stratford
+  Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford
+  Mikkelsen, Mrs. M. A., Georgetown
+ *Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95
+  Plump, Charles II., West Redding
+  Sessions, Albert L., Bristol
+  Staunton, Gray, R. D. 30, Stamford
+  White, Gerrard, North Granby
+  Williams, W. W., Milldale
+
+  DELAWARE
+  Augst, E. R., 527 DuPont Building, Wilmington, Del.
+  Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington
+  Goddard, R. H., States' Relations Service, Washington
+ *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington
+  Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington
+
+  GEORGIA
+  Bullard, Wm. P., Albany
+  Van Duzee, C. A., Judson Orchard Farm, Cairo
+  Wight, J. B., Cairo
+
+  ILLINOIS
+  Casper, O. II., Anna
+  Poll, Carl J, 1009 Maple St., Danville
+  Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion
+  Riehl, E. A., Alton
+
+  INDIANA
+  Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison
+  Lukens, Mrs. B., Anderson
+  Reed, M. P., Vincennes
+  Reed, W. C, Vincennes
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport
+  Woolbright, Clarence, R. D. 3, Elnora
+
+  IOWA
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+  Williams, Wendell P., Danville
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural Station,
+    Lexington
+  Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun
+
+  MARYLAND
+  Campbell, George D., Lonaconing
+  Darby, R. U., Suite 804, Continental Building, Baltimore
+  Hayden, Chas. S., 200 E. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Keenan, Dr. John N., Brentwood
+  King, W. J., 232 Prince George St., Annapolis
+  Kyner, James H., Bladensburg
+  Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie
+  Murray, Miss Annie C., Cumberstone
+  Stabler, Henry, Hancock
+  White, Paul, Bowie
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+ *Bowditch, James II., 903 Tremont Building, Boston
+  Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center
+  Cole, Mrs. George B., 15 Mystic Ave., Winchester
+  Hoffman, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge
+  Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers
+  Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet
+  White, Warren, Holliston
+
+  MICHIGAN
+  Copland, Alexander W., Strawberry Hill Farm, Birmingham
+  Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids
+  Johnson, Franklin, Munising
+  Kellogg, J. H., Battle Creek
+  Staunton, Gray, Muskegon, Box 233
+
+  MINNESOTA
+  Powers, L. L., 1018 Hudson Ave., St. Paul
+
+  MISSOURI
+  Bauman, X. C., Ste. Genevieve
+  Darche, J. H., Parkville
+  Funston, E. S., 1521 Morgan St., St. Louis
+  Phelps, Howe, Pine Hurst Dairy, Carthage
+  Stark, P. C., Louisiana (Mo.)
+
+  NEBRASKA
+  Kurtz, John W., 5304 Bedford St., Omaha
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+  Black, Walter C., of Jos. H. Black, Son & Co., Hightstown
+  Childs, Fred., Morristown, R. D. 2
+  Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights
+  Lovett, J. T., Little Silver
+  Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72
+  Mechling, Edward A., Wonderland Farm, Moorestown
+  Ridgeway, C. S. Floralia, Lumberton, N. J.
+  Roberts, Horace, Moorestown
+  Young, Frederick C., Palmyra, Box 335
+
+  NEW YORK
+  Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn
+  Atwater, C. G., The Barrett Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City
+  Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse
+  Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigations, State College
+    of Forestry, Syracuse
+  Baker, Wm. A., North Rose
+  Bixby, Willard G., 46th St. and 2nd Ave., Brooklyn
+  Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City
+  Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+  Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station,
+    Medford, L. I.
+  Haywood, Albert, Flushing
+  Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City
+  Holden, E. B., Hilton
+ *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City
+  Jackson, Dr. James H., Dansville
+  Loomis, C. B., East Greenbush
+  Miller, Milton R., Batavia, Box 394
+  Morse, Geo. A., Fruit Acres, Williamson, N. Y.
+  Nelson, Dr. James Robert, 23 Main St., Kingston-on-Hudson
+  Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester
+  Palmer, A. C., New York Military Academy, Cornwall-on-Hudson
+  Pannell, W. B., Pittsford
+  Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport
+  Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling
+  Simmons, A. L., State Highway Department, Albany
+  Stuart, C. W., Newark
+  Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City
+  Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., New York City
+  Thomson, Adelbert, East Avon
+  Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City
+  Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City
+  Wile, M. E., 37 Calumet St., Rochester
+  Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City
+ *Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+  Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City
+  Hutt, Prof. W. N., State Horticulturist, Raleigh
+  Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona
+  Whitfield, Dr. Wm. Cobb, Grifton
+
+  OHIO
+  Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville
+  Evans, Miss Myrta L., Briallen Farm, Oak Hill, Jackson County
+  Miller, H. A., Gypsum
+  Thorne, Charles E., Wooster, Agric. Exp. Sta.
+  Weber, Harry E., 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati
+  Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+  Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury
+  Fagan, Prof. P. N., Department of Horticulture, State College
+  Grubbs, H. L., Fairview, R. 1
+  Hall, Robt. W., 133 Church St., Bethlehem
+  Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro
+  Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper
+  Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville
+  Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester
+  Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County
+  Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia
+ *Jones, J. P., Lancaster, Box 527
+  Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+  Leas, F. C., 882 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Mountain Brook Orchard
+    Company, Salem, Va.
+  Middleton, Fenton H., 1118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  Murphy, P. J., Vice-President L. & W. R. R. R. Company, Scranton
+  O'Neill, Wm. C., 1328 Walnut St., Philadelphia
+  Rheam, J. F., 45 N. Walnut St., Lewistown
+  Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading
+  Rife, Jacob A., Camp Hill
+  Rush, J. G., West Willow
+ *Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg
+  Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P. O.
+  Weaver, Wm. S., McCungie
+  Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 S. Broad St., Philadelphia
+ *Wister, John C, Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown
+  Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Shanklin, Prof. A. G., Clemson College
+
+  TENNESSEE
+  Marr, Thomas S., 701 Stahlman Building, Nashville
+
+  TEXAS
+  Burkett, J. H., Nut Specialist, State Dept, of Agric., Clyde
+  Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S. W. System, Morenci
+    Southern Railroad Company, El Paso
+
+  VIRGINIA
+  Crockett, E. B., Monroe
+  Engleby, Thos. L., 1002 Patterson Ave., Roanoke
+  Lee, Lawrence R., Leesburg
+  Miller, L. O., Miller & Rhodes, Richmond
+  Parish, John S., Eastham, Albemarle County
+  Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, Lynchburg
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill
+
+  WASHINGTON
+  Baldwin, Dr. A. E., Kettle Falls
+  Rogers, Dr. Albert, Okanogan
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown
+
+    * Life member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who
+desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence
+or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
+membership.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president and a
+secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual
+meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the
+president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and
+secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state
+vice-president from each state, dependency or country represented in the
+membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three
+elected officers.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an
+auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations
+to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former
+shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin with the first day of
+the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+SEPTEMBER 8 AND 9, 1916
+
+WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+The seventh annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was
+called to order in rooms 42-43 of the new building of the National
+Museum at Washington, D. C., on Friday, September 8th, at 10 a. m., the
+president, Dr. J. Russell Smith, presiding.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is often customary to start meetings of this sort with
+a considerable amount of eloquence, such as an address of welcome by
+some high city or state official, a response to the address of welcome
+by some one else high in authority, and so on, during which the visitors
+are told of the many privileges they may enjoy, "the keys of the town"
+are handed over to them, and a good deal of high-flown oratory is
+indulged in. We suppose that the people in attendance at this meeting
+are so well acquainted with Washington that those preliminaries are
+unnecessary, and I have been informed by the members of the local
+committee that we can dispense with the frills in this case and proceed
+with the business of the meeting, which we think is going to rather
+crowd our time if we get said all that we want to say. We are going to
+devote this morning's programme first to a paper by Dr. Robert T. Morris
+on the chinquapin, and then to the discussion of a comparatively newly
+considered member of our nut family, namely, the American black walnut.
+We have been heretofore much interested in sundry exotics and talking
+far too little about this great tree nearer home.
+
+Before taking up the technical programme we have a few matters of
+business to put through. First, we will have the report of the secretary
+and treasurer.
+
+
+
+
+   REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER
+
+   Balance on hand date of last report                    $ 140.24
+   Receipts:
+       Dues                                                 292.75
+       Advertisements                                        21.00
+       Contributions                                          5.50
+       Sale of report                                        34.75
+       Contributions for prizes                              10.00
+       Miscellaneous                                           .65
+                                                           -------
+                                                                   $504.89
+
+   Expenses:
+       Printing report                                   $  142.56
+       Envelopes for report                                   9.00
+       Miscellaneous printing                                32.50
+       Postage and stationery                                49.26
+       Stenographer                                          26.35
+       Express and freight                                    2.77
+       Prizes                                                18.00
+       Checks, J. R. S. expenses and circulars              180.00
+       Lantern operator                                       3.00
+       Litchfield Savings Society                            20.00
+                                                           -------
+                                                                   $483.44
+                                                                   -------
+       Balance on hand                                              $21.45
+
+Receipts from all sources, except sale of reports, have fallen off
+markedly, as have new members, 31 less than last year, though we have
+now 154 paid up members, one more than last year. 10 members have
+resigned and 42 have been dropped for non-payment of dues. We have lost
+one member by death, Herbert R. Orr, of Washington.
+
+The committees on membership and on finance should be more active.
+
+Our annual report constitutes the minutes of the last meeting. Our nut
+contest and other matters of interest have been reported through the
+columns of the American Nut Journal, our official organ.
+
+[Accepted.]
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Next in order of business is the first step toward the
+election of officers for the ensuing year. It is our custom to have a
+nominating committee elected at an early session. They deliberate and
+bring forward a slate which is voted on at a later session. This morning
+is a suitable time for the election of a committee, and tomorrow morning
+will be a suitable time for their report. Are there any nominations for
+the Nominating Committee?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. President, I move that Dr. Morris, Mr. C. P. Close,
+Mr. C. A. Reed, Prof. Stabler and Dr. Ira Ulman be appointed as the
+Nominating Committee.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other nominations?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, I would like to ask that Mr. Littlepage's
+name replace my name on that committee.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Will the nominating member accept that amendment?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other nominations? Do I hear a second to
+the nominations?
+
+A MEMBER: Second it.
+
+[Carried.]
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other committees to report at this time?
+
+THE SECRETARY: There is a Committee on Incorporation.
+
+MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the Committee on Incorporation has
+done some investigating as to the desirability of incorporating the
+Association, and also, if desirable, under what laws, but that committee
+has not yet made any final report nor come to any final conclusion, and
+I would suggest, as a member of the committee, that the committee be
+continued and instructed to report the following year.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think that it is unnecessary to vote on the continuance
+of the committee, as it was appointed with indefinite tenure. We will
+proceed with the programme and first have the pleasure of listening to
+Dr. Morris.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE CHINQUAPINS.
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK
+
+According to Sargent the chinquapin (_Castanea pumila_) occupies dry
+sandy ridges, rich hillsides and the borders of swamps from southern
+Pennsylvania to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River in
+Texas. He states that this chestnut is usually shrubby in the region
+east of the Alleghany Mountains, and assuming the tree form west of the
+Mississippi River. Most abundant and of largest size in southern
+Arkansas and eastern Texas.
+
+Curiously enough there are chinquapins also in northeastern Asia which
+occur as understudies of the larger chestnuts, very much as they do in
+America.
+
+The indigenous range of the chinquapin in America is limited northward
+by a plan of nature for checking distribution of the species. This plan
+is manifested in a habit which the nuts have of sprouting immediately
+upon falling in the early autumn. They proceed busily to make a tap root
+which may become several inches in length before frost calls a halt. In
+the north where the warm season is not long enough to allow the autumn
+sprout to lignify sufficiently for bearing the rigors of winter it is
+killed. If we protect the small autumn plants, or if we transplant older
+seedlings from their natural habitat, they may be grown easily far north
+of their indigenous range. Thrifty chinquapins are happy in the Arnold
+Arboretum at Jamaica Plain in Massachusetts, and no one knows but they
+might be cultivated in Nova Scotia and Minnesota.
+
+The American chinquapin is one of the many beautiful and valuable plants
+which have not as yet been taken up by horticulturists for extensive
+development. It promises to become one of our important sources of food
+supply for tomorrow. If we were to develop all of our plant resources at
+once it would be an unkindness to the horticulturists of two thousand
+years from now, who would be left moping around with nothing to do.
+Chinquapin nuts borne in heavy profusion by the plants are delicious in
+quality, but usually too small to attract customers aside from the wood
+folk. The wood of the chinquapin of tree form (_C. pumila var.
+arboriformis_) is valuable for purposes to which wood of the common
+American chestnut is put, and some of the tree chinquapins acquire an
+earned increment of two or three feet diameter of trunk, and a height of
+more than fifty feet. The bush chinquapin on the other hand feels rather
+exclusive when attaining a height of as much as fifteen feet.
+
+I present for inspection a freshly cut branch from an ordinary bush
+chinquapin, loaded with burs, indicating the prolific nature of the
+variety. The nuts in this particular specimen are small. The next branch
+exhibited is from a similar bush, but with nuts quite as large as those
+of the average common chestnut. The horticulturist has only to graft or
+bud his ordinary run of chinquapin stocks from some one bush which bears
+large nuts, and he will then have a valuable graded market product. The
+larger the nut the less prolific the plant is a rule which holds good
+with the fruiting of almost any plant.
+
+Look at this branch from a tree chinquapin. It is not remarkable in any
+way, but the leaves seem to be a little larger than those of the bush
+chinquapin. My tree chinquapins came from Stark's nursery in Missouri.
+The first two which came into bearing had nuts quite as large as those
+of the common chestnut and I imagined that a discovery of value had been
+made, but other trees of this variety later bore very small nuts, and
+all of the tree chinquapin nuts, large and small, were much duller in
+color than those of the bush chinquapin. My final conclusion is that so
+far as nuts alone are concerned we may plant and cultivate either the
+tree variety or the bush variety of the species and then bud or graft
+any number of stocks from some one plant which bears the best product.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: Is it a somewhat finer grained wood than the
+ordinary chestnut?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I think it is. All the chestnuts have rather coarse wood. It
+is strong, hard, durable, and valuable. This chinquapin wood is somewhat
+coarse grained, but, for comparison with the American chestnut, I don't
+know. I imagine it is finer grained.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: I know that the chinquapin wood is very much
+tougher than the American chestnut.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Oh, yes. You cannot break the branches so easily.
+
+Here is a branch from a hybrid between a chinquapin and a common
+American chestnut (_Castanea dentata_). The leaves and bark, you will
+observe, are very much like those of the larger parent. The burs are
+borne singly or in small groups like those of the common chestnut,
+instead of being crowded in dense clusters like chinquapin burs. There
+are two or three nuts to the bur, while the chinquapin has normally, but
+one nut to the bur. This particular hybrid tree showed an interesting
+peculiarity. During the first two seasons of bearing it had but one nut
+to the bur, and this was of chinquapin character. In the third year its
+nuts were still borne singly, but they were lighter in color than before
+and oddly corrugated at the base. As the tree became older its chestnut
+parentage influence pre-dominated, and the tree began to bear two or
+three nuts to the bur, and more like chestnuts in character, becoming
+smooth again at the base.
+
+I have a number of hybrids between chinquapins and various species and
+varieties of other chestnuts, but none of these as yet has produced nuts
+of marked value. There seems to be a tendency for the coarseness of the
+larger nuts to prevail in the hybrids, a certain loss of gentility
+beneath a showy exterior.
+
+The next branch which I present for inspection is from a most beautiful
+member of the chestnut family, the alder-leaved chestnut (_Castanea
+alnifolia_). It is classed among the chinquapins in Georgia where the
+plant is nearly if not quite evergreen. At Stamford it is deciduous very
+late in the autumn, but sometimes a green leaf will be found in
+February, where snow or dead leaves on the ground have furnished a
+protecting covering. The notable value of this species is perhaps in its
+decorative character for lawns, although the nuts are first rate. The
+dark green brilliant leaves are striking in appearance, and the shrub is
+inclined toward a trailing habit, much like that of some of the
+junipers. This species is one of my pets at Merribrooke, and a perennial
+source of wonder that nurserymen have not as yet pounced upon it for
+purposes of exaggeration and misstatement in their annual catalogues.
+
+All of these specimens shown today are from my country place at
+Stamford, Connecticut, where the mercury in the thermometer leads one to
+make quotations relating to the Eve of Saint Agnes; five or ten degrees
+below the zero of Fahrenheit occasionally, and once down to twenty
+degrees below without injury to any kind of chestnut so far as I could
+observe.
+
+I cannot make an exhibit of the golden-leaved chinquapin, from the
+Pacific slope, because tragedy came to all of my little trees of this
+species, and like most of the Pacific slope plants they are not very
+joyous in the east. One lot lived through one winter at Merribrooke, but
+they were the first green things that my cows saw in the springtime, and
+further comment would be surplus. A single specimen took courage in its
+root and grew finely until autumn, but it was near a path and somebody
+pulled it up and left it lying stark naked on the ground. Botanists have
+recently made two species of the golden-leaved chinquapin, one of the
+species attaining a height of more than one hundred feet. If
+horticulturists will secure specimens of _Castanopsis chrysophilla_ from
+the region of Mount Shasta in California I presume that this beautiful
+evergreen chinquapin may be taught to grow in some of our gardens. It is
+cultivated in the gardens of temperate Europe. In our north it should be
+planted close to a running brook, where the roots of young trees can
+carry water in plenty to the evergreen top while the ground is frozen
+hard in winter.
+
+Our common chinquapin of the east is perhaps the one that will be
+cultivated most profitably in the region between the Rocky Mountains
+and the Atlantic coast. The beauty of freshly picked bush chinquapin
+nuts is not rivalled by that of any other kind of nut that I have ever
+seen. The exquisitely polished mahogany color comes out of a light downy
+cloud near the apex of the nut, dark as midnight for a moment and then
+shading through glows of lively chestnut until it dawns in a dreamy
+cream color at the base, with just enough suggestion of green to temper
+the reds.
+
+If any gourmet with a color soul could serve each one of his friends to
+a plate of twenty freshly picked bush chinquapins along with two Bennett
+persimmons, and all resting upon late September leaves of tupelo or of
+sweet gum the friends would remain and live at his expense while the
+combination lasted.
+
+Furthermore, the children must always be taken into consideration along
+with chinquapin questions. According to authorities on the subject of
+decadence, we do not care very much about the children in these days. If
+some old-fashioned folks still remain, and if these old-fashioned folks
+do not take any particular personal interest in the beautiful garden and
+lawn trees that America has held out towards us in the chinquapins, they
+may at least plant a few of them because of the social standing that
+will follow. How so? Well, you see, it's because the parents of elite
+children will run over for a little visit in order to find out why the
+children do not come home. Then again, we are kind to dumb animals when
+raising chinquapins. Squirrels and white-footed mice, crows and blue
+jays are full of enthusiasm for the nuts, and they will assume the
+responsibility of gathering the crop if the matter is left in their
+charge.
+
+This is really a funny country; something of a joke of a country when
+you come to think of it. Instead of setting out trees that will become
+both useful and beautiful, in accordance with the old Greek ideal of
+combining beauty and utility we set out Norway spruces that will make
+people hate evergreens in general. We set out poplars and all sorts of
+bunches of leaves in our parks and along the highways, instead of trees
+still more beautiful that would yield tons of coupon dollars every
+autumn. _De gustibus non est disputandum!_
+
+When experimenting with hybridization of chinquapins, I ran across a
+phenomenon of new interest to botanists, and quite accidentally. A
+number of clusters of pistillate flowers of the bush chinquapin had been
+covered with paper bags, but not pollenized because of a shortage of
+pollen. An active man with a good sense of neatness and order would have
+removed those bags merely for the sake of appearance, but I was lazy
+and allowed the bags to remain for two or three weeks. When they were
+finally removed, it was found that the branches had set quite full of
+fruit, although not so full as other branches that had been pollenized
+from oaks. We were evidently dealing with an instance of
+parthenogenesis. The flowers that had received oak pollen did not show
+any oak parentage later in their progeny, and it was observed in other
+experiments in other years that almost any cupuliferous pollen would
+start cells of the chinquapin ovary into division and into the
+development of fertile nuts, but without inclusion of the pollen cell in
+a gamete. For purposes of convenience in thinking I have temporarily
+called this phenomenon "stereochemic parthenogenesis." Apparently the
+propinquity of foreign pollen serves to stimulate a female cell into
+division, although the pollen cell retains fixed molecular identity, and
+does not fuse with the female cell. I need not bring up abstruse
+questions of chromatin or of subatomic influence here.
+
+At Stamford the bush chinquapins begin to blossom regularly about the
+twelfth of June, irrespective of weather conditions. The tree
+chinquapins blossom a little later, but the alder-leaved chestnut may
+not blossom until July, later than the common American chestnut. The
+bush chinquapins begin to open their burs very regularly about the
+fifteenth of September; earlier than any other chestnuts. They bear at
+an early age, sometimes in their fifth summer.
+
+Grafting and budding is easily done among all of the chestnuts as a
+rule, and this year I employed for the first time a large chinquapin
+bush for top-working with the choice Merribrooke variety of the common
+chestnut. Every one of the grafts caught, and some of them have grown
+tremendously. This introduces an interesting question. May we graft the
+common American chestnut upon bush chinquapin stocks and secure
+precocious bearing? In that case we shall have trees like the dwarf
+apple and pear trees that are readily pruned and sprayed.
+
+The chinquapin is practically immune to the blight (_Endothia
+parasitica_.) Easily blighting varieties of choice American chestnuts
+may be grafted upon these blight resistant stocks in orchard form if my
+experiment proves to be a success. It will not lessen the vulnerability
+of the American chestnut, but dwarf trees will be within reach of the
+horticulturist's pruning knife and spray outfit. Orchards of fine
+varieties of the common chestnut may perhaps be maintained in this way
+until the present epidemic of Endothia has expended its protoplasmic
+energy, or until it has succumbed to microbic parasites of its own.
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any questions to put to Dr. Morris?
+
+THE SECRETARY: I venture to say that a good many people have tried, in
+the north, to raise the chinquapin, and I would like to have Dr. Morris
+tell us what to do to get it to grow best, whether to buy the trees from
+the nurserymen, or to plant the nuts, and just how to do it.
+
+PROF. C. P. CLOSE: I would like to ask Dr. Morris about those
+chinquapins that set without the application of pollen, whether they
+fill well and whether they sprout at planting?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: With us out in Maryland it isn't a question of producing
+the chinquapin; we cut the bushes down every year by the thousands; we
+have nothing at all against it, but we have found that the weevil has
+been absolutely unsurmountable with us. It is the only discouraging
+thing about it in this part of the country. Around Washington the
+chinquapin is a weed tree, and if you gather a peck of chinquapins you
+will find that the whole peck, in two weeks, have turned to weevils.
+Perhaps Dr. Morris can tell us what to do about that, and put us on the
+road to success.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I should like to ask Dr. Morris two questions, first, as
+to the possibility of utilizing the western tree chinquapins as stocks
+for the larger eastern chinquapins with nuts of chestnut size. Is there
+a possibility thus of getting a larger tree?
+
+The second question is akin to that--utilization of the western tree as
+a stock for a hybrid chinquapin which might have arboreal possibilities
+and enough chinquapin qualities to be blight-resistant.
+
+DR. STABLER: I am very much interested in Dr. Morris' proposition to
+produce dwarf chestnut trees by grafting on chinquapin stocks. Now, the
+difficulty I would expect to encounter is the same as when pecans are
+grafted on hickory, and when sweet cherries are grafted on Mahaleb,
+namely, that the root is not sufficiently vigorous to support the top.
+The fact that his grafts grew so tremendously when put on the chinquapin
+roots would look as though that might occur.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The audience seems to have run out of questions.
+
+DR. MORRIS: All right, sir. First, how are we to grow chinquapins? Plant
+as soon as the nuts have fallen. Put them in a cage. I have wire cages
+that are about eight inches high, and about two feet wide and three feet
+long. I plant all the nuts there. They have wire mesh tops to keep out
+the rodents; that is the important thing. All nuts, I find, are best
+planted under conditions which simulate the normal conditions. Our nut
+trees are not as yet domesticated. They haven't learned bad habits, and
+they depend upon peculiarly favorable conditions of moisture, warmth and
+light. You plant a nut two inches below the surface, but nature doesn't
+do anything like that. Consequently, that nut is surprised, doesn't know
+what to do, and stays down there looking for something to happen. But if
+you put that nut so it is about half buried in the sand, so that it is
+damp on one side and the sun strikes it on the other side, and the frost
+and snow affect it naturally, the nut does just what you want it to do.
+It gets out of that uncomfortable condition and begins to grow.
+(Laughter.) When planting any nuts, I place them in the sand and leave
+one side exposed to light, moisture, frost, and the observation of
+visitors. When I have sprouted chinquapins in the north and there is
+danger of their not lignifying when the ground begins to freeze, I put a
+lot of little sticks upright amongst them, so that my mulch will not
+bear too heavily upon the chinquapins, and then cover them with several
+inches of oak leaves, or any good, strong leaves that will not pack too
+tightly. That mulch of loose leaves will protect the sprouted nuts
+perfectly during the winter in Connecticut, so they all start growing in
+the next spring.
+
+Another way is to buy chinquapin stocks from any of the nurserymen,
+stocks two or three years old, which begin to bear when four or five
+years of age.
+
+Professor Close, I think it was, who asked if the nuts were fertile,
+both the ones that developed without fertilization by any pollen and the
+ones that developed by stereochemic parthenogenesis--by the influence of
+neighboring pollen. Both sorts are fertile, and I presume that the
+effect of that would be similar to the effect of close inbreeding. In
+other words, we would have intensification of characteristics of some
+one parent. If you get parthenogenesis through two or three generations
+I presume that same peculiar feature of the original parent would become
+so intensified as to become a marked feature of the progeny. This offers
+a new line of cleavage for horticultural investigation. I am very glad
+that you raised that question.
+
+Answering Mr. Littlepage, I have apparently managed to get some crosses
+back and forth between chestnuts, and oaks, and beech, this year. I have
+a number of those crosses now under way that are apparently good
+hybrids.
+
+DR. STABLER: A cross between a chestnut and a beech?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes, I think so. You see, I have got to wait a year or so
+until the plants develop later characteristics. All of these parent
+trees are pretty closely related, you see. The blooming period between
+the different ones may be as much as two or three weeks, or three months
+apart, in fact. I have cross pollinated hazels and oaks, this year. The
+way to do that is to find correspondents at the extreme limit of the
+blossoming range of the species, who will send pollen. For instance,
+Professor Hume, in Florida, sends me chestnut pollen in time to cross my
+oaks, and Professor Conser, of the University of Maine, has some beeches
+that blossom in time for me to cross with chinquapins and oak trees.
+That is one way to do it.
+
+Another way is to put your pollen in cold storage with some sphagnum
+moss, just put a little damp moss in your box with the pollen and put it
+in cold storage, and keep it at just about forty, above the freezing
+point. Another way is to put branches with dormant flower buds in cold
+storage. Hazels, for instance, may be kept for six months in this way.
+Put them in water, in the sun, and you soon have flowers furnishing
+pollen. I would take up the whole session of two days here if you were
+to ask too many questions along that line. (Laughter.)
+
+Mr. Littlepage's question about the weevils. The question may be settled
+very easily where there are not many chinquapin trees. That is the case
+in Connecticut. Collect all the nuts, and you collect all of the weevil
+larvae. Curiously enough, the common chestnut weevil, that had become
+very abundant, has disappeared locally with the disappearance of our
+American chestnut, and has not attacked our chinquapins. If you have an
+orchard of chinquapins and collect all the nuts you will soon dispose of
+the weevils. That is the only way that I know of for disposing of the
+weevils. Eat them up. (Laughter.) You can pick out the weevil chestnuts
+fairly well if you toss all of the nuts into a cup of water and pick
+out the ones that float. Pound them up with a mallet and throw them
+into the chicken coop.
+
+Dr. Smith asks if the use of the tree chinquapin as a stock for the
+American chestnut would give good-sized trees. Undoubtedly, and, besides
+that, if it is used for hybridizing purposes, we shall probably find
+that we have, now and then, an individual that is very much larger than
+the American chestnut or the tree chinquapin. It is a peculiarity of
+hybrids to show eccentricities, and many hybrids that occur are very
+thrifty and larger than either parent. That is the case with the Royal
+walnut that they have said so much about in California. It grows so
+rapidly there that even Californians do not dare to tell about it.
+(Laughter.)
+
+Another question, the last one--will the effect of using a bush
+chinquapin stock for the American chestnut be like that of growing sour
+cherries upon stocks which do not carry them well? Now, we have there
+what the lawyers call "a question of fact," and we shall have to work
+that out. Some tops will exhaust a root. Some tops will grab a root by
+the back of the neck and drag it right along. Some tops will adjust
+themselves philosophically to almost any sort of unusual conditions, and
+go on and bear fruit like true philosophers. We have an instance of that
+in the dwarf apple, which is a success. We have an instance of failure
+in some of the cherries which exhaust themselves. We have an example of
+dragging the smaller stock along when we graft the Royal walnut upon the
+common black walnut. The Royal walnut just drags the black walnut along
+where it doesn't want to go at all. So there we have three instances of
+grafting a foreign visitor upon another stock.
+
+I have taken more than my share of time, Mr. Chairman, but the
+discussion has been very interesting, indeed. (Applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am going to take the liberty of asking Dr. Morris one
+more question, which, perhaps, is of interest to others. In your
+experience with the golden-leafed chinquapins, from how far South have
+you secured stock, and how far North will the golden-leafed chinquapin
+grow?
+
+DR. MORRIS: My specimens I got from a dealer in Portland, Oregon, and
+they grew pretty far North. The tree ranges from Oregon and Washington
+down through the lower extremities of the Coast range, but we had better
+get the northern forms, and there is one man, Carl Purdy, of Ukiah,
+California, who has the golden chinquapin for sale.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The next subject on the programme is the American black
+walnut. We have sent to the membership a series of questions about the
+black walnut which I will read for the benefit of those who haven't this
+programme.
+
+First. What evidence is there to show that the black walnut may become a
+valuable nut commercially?
+
+Second. Is quality important with the black walnut, and is there much
+difference in the quality of different nuts?
+
+Third. What varieties of black walnut are most promising?
+
+Fourth. Is the Thomas black walnut better than many others that have
+been brought to notice?
+
+Fifth. What are the best methods of propagating?
+
+Now, we have no set paper on that subject. I will call on ex-President
+Littlepage to make a few sallies concerning the black walnut.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the black walnut ought to be the easiest
+subject in the world to talk about. It is a question of how much one
+ought not to say, however, in a limited time. The pecan tree was my
+first love. I shall always stick to the pecan. But if I were called upon
+today, to point out to this Association or to any prospective grower who
+actually wants to make money raising nuts, and who wants something that
+will pay the grocery bill and his sixty or ninety day notes, I think I
+should tell them to plant the black walnut. And I don't think, either,
+that that is treason, because I think, as we go through with this
+programme, the pecan will be properly taken care of.
+
+In the first place, the black walnut is a native tree. I have seen it
+growing, too, on the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Dominion of Canada. Most
+native trees are immune to fungous and bacterial diseases that destroy
+so many trees. The black walnut is a hardy tree, and a fine timber
+proposition. In the second place, it is a fast growing tree. I don't
+knew just how quickly one could actually produce a black walnut orchard,
+but, outside of a few trees, such as the black locust and a number of
+others that do not produce nuts, the black walnut is one of the fastest
+growers. If you will feed a young walnut tree a small application of
+wood ashes and some stable manure it will commonly make a growth of six
+or seven feet a year. Therefore, you don't have to wait a long time for
+walnut trees to come into bearing.
+
+It is easy to propagate the black walnut. Cleft grafting is one of the
+simplest methods in the spring. Dormant wood, cut in February or March
+and put in cold storage, and cleft grafted in the spring, ought to give
+from sixty to seventy per cent of success. I haven't had experience
+budding, but those who have say it is easy. Mr. Roper says it is, but
+grafting is easy and simple. The walnut, like other nut trees, must be
+propagated by budding or grafting in order to come true. It will not
+come true from seed.
+
+Up until a few years ago I seldom saw a whole half of a black walnut.
+The ordinary black walnut cracks about like this (showing picture). Here
+is a black walnut cracked with two halves, and you can't even see the
+kernel. The two upper pictures show very beautiful walnuts, but they
+defy you to get out a whole kernel.
+
+Now, then, when you come to a black walnut like this (showing picture),
+where you can crack out anywhere from fifty to seventy-five per cent of
+whole halves, and many entirely whole kernels, the most important
+problem is solved, and the black walnut has come into the competition.
+
+This variety was discovered by Henry Stabler, and I named it after him.
+Perhaps one out of every ten of these nuts furnishes a whole, solid,
+undivided kernel. The other walnut is the ordinary field walnut that has
+little commercial value for the reason that you can't get the kernels
+out. It wouldn't make any difference if the nuts grew as big as pumpkins
+and a million of them on a tree if you couldn't get the meat out of
+them. I suppose no one will question that the black walnut will grow and
+bear almost anywhere. It is a weed tree in this part of the country. On
+President Smith's farm last year I saw them growing everywhere. They
+grow and bear all over the fields. And, as I said, the question of
+propagation is rather simple. I think the great trouble we are up
+against on the farm in America is labor, and that is because you cannot
+afford to pay good labor. You want a superabundance of laborers in the
+summer time for two or three months, and expect them to loaf all winter.
+The farm proposition isn't a profitable one, very largely because of the
+question of labor, and the farmers of this country must produce
+something profitable enough to enable them to hire and pay high-grade
+labor the year round, or they will go broke. They must raise such crops
+as Alfalfa that they can feed to their dairy cattle, and tree crops that
+they can use their labor on in the winter time. Nine men are leaving the
+farm today for every one going there. If you don't believe it, read the
+census statistics. The reason is labor and because you can't afford to
+pay it. I don't think there is any profit in selling the black walnut as
+a nut, but there will be profit in gathering that nut, storing it, and,
+when your farm crops are all in and you are ready to discharge the
+labor, put up an ordinary cheap cracking shed and let them crack the
+nuts for you, and sell the meats. That solves the question of what to do
+with farm labor in the winter time. The walnuts return about ten pounds
+of meat to a bushel, and a good cracker ought to crack from four to six
+bushels of nuts a day. Suppose you get only twenty-five cents a pound
+for the meats and your men crack only three bushels a day, each there is
+$7.50 a day coming in from each cracker, and, besides, you have made a
+valuable employment for your labor through the winter, and you can
+afford to pay them for their work. That is why I say the black walnut
+is, to my mind, one of the best commercial propositions.
+
+I don't know how soon you can bring a black walnut orchard into bearing.
+Here is a picture of a tree probably seven or eight years old, loaded
+with nuts. That is a seedling tree. I should think a budded tree would
+bear sooner than that.
+
+I don't know much about walnut varieties. The Rush and Thomas are
+excellent nuts. But this Stabler walnut, in my opinion, is in a class by
+itself in cracking possibilities. It is simply a cracking proposition
+with the black walnut, and that is, to my mind, about all there is to
+it. Perhaps, other good varieties will be discovered. Then, suppose we
+find, after a while, an English walnut much better and more profitable
+than we have at present, and one that is blight resistant. If you have
+an orchard of black walnuts you have an ideal stock to top-work to
+English. I will show you one on my farm with a larger top than I cut off
+grown in two summers, and it set some nuts last spring. So, if you want
+a foundation for an English walnut orchard, you can't make any mistake
+in planting the budded or grafted varieties of these black walnuts.
+
+The black walnut is a beautiful roadside tree. There are different
+types, the same as with the pecan tree. Here is a picture of curly black
+walnut wood. The logs were cut from a tree in Kentucky. It took three
+wagons to haul this one tree to market, and it brought thirty-five
+hundred dollars.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I wish to present Mr. Stabler as the original propagator
+of the tree that bears his name. The nuts of the Stabler black walnut
+have been pronounced by a good many authorities as the best variety thus
+far discovered.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: Dr. Smith has just introduced me as the discoverer of
+this walnut. This is hardly fair to Mr. Littlepage, who first introduced
+and, probably, first propagated this walnut. It was discovered by my
+grandfather a little over forty years ago. Nothing was done with it at
+that time for the reason that nothing could be done, but I was not the
+first one to get the idea of propagating it, because my father, who is
+here today, attempted to graft these walnuts, and every cion failed.
+
+It seems to me that Mr. Littlepage strikes the key-note in his article
+in _The Country Gentleman_ last spring when he says that:
+
+"Through the efforts of the Northern Nut Growers' Association there was
+recently discovered a black walnut tree in Howard County, Maryland,
+producing nuts that crack out seventy-five to eighty per cent of whole
+halves. The meat of this variety, the Stabler, weighs forty-seven per
+cent of the whole nut."
+
+That's it, gentlemen. I did not discover this walnut, and without the
+organization of the Northern Nut Growers' Association I could not have
+done any more with it than my grandfather was able to do forty years
+ago, but, as it was, we just took up several samples and the Northern
+Nut Growers did the rest. The walnut has been attracting more and more
+attention ever since.
+
+Considering the black walnut as timber, here is a picture of a black
+walnut log, published in Farmers' Bulletin No. 715, of the Department of
+Agriculture. The original owner, a farmer, sold the whole tree,
+standing, for fifty dollars; the buyer felled it at a cost of fifteen
+dollars, and sold it there for $138.26. It was resold, without being
+removed, for $164.84, and later sold (the last price is not published)
+to a large sewing machine factory, but it certainly brought more than
+that last price which is printed, of $164.84. We occasionally hear of
+prices of $100 or so being paid for black walnut trees on the stump. The
+reason we don't hear of such prices being paid more frequently is
+because the farmer in not more than one case out of twenty gets real
+value for his black walnut trees. There is a very highly organized and
+efficient system in the United States of gathering up the black walnut
+trees which are large enough to use for furniture and other purposes and
+paying for them as little as possible; but they make a practice of
+getting them even if they do have to pay more. There was a man living
+not so far from where I live, up in our country, who had a very fine
+black walnut tree standing in his yard. One day a man came around and
+entered into conversation with him, and said, "Mr. Harder, what will you
+take for that tree in your yard?" "It isn't for sale," said Mr. Harder.
+"Well," said the man, "I'll give you a hundred dollars for it." Mr.
+Harder merely shook his head. The buyer dickered along a little bit more
+and after a while said, "I'll tell you what I'll do; I'll give you $150
+for that tree." Mr. Harder said "If you don't get off this place, sir,
+immediately, I'll shoot you."
+
+I am prepared to say that if you are going to plant trees for timber
+there is no other tree which will give such a yield as the black walnut,
+with the exception of the catalpa, and, perhaps, the black locust. It is
+the most valuable tree we have, and it is the most valuable wood grown
+in the North. I don't believe, either, the black walnut will ever be
+less valuable than it is. I know positively that the Stabler tree is not
+over sixty-five years old, perhaps, not over sixty, and yet that tree,
+judging from the prices I have seen paid for other trees of similar
+size, is worth from $125 to $150 on the stump. From the time that tree
+started until now, it has increased in value at the rate of two dollars
+a year, for timber alone, to say nothing of the nut. Suppose the tree
+had been purchased sixty years ago at two dollars from the nurseryman.
+It would have paid one hundred per cent annually on the investment. It
+bears, as a regular thing, a crop every other year.
+
+As to what Mr. Pomeroy said about the black walnut not cracking well and
+crumbling up when it gets to be old, I have some specimens here of the
+Stabler walnut I cracked this morning, which are of the 1915 crop.
+
+The kernel of these old nuts keeps its flavor and sweetness wonderfully.
+There is hardly any change in quality within one year, whereas some
+other nuts, as the hazel and some varieties of the pecan, become rancid
+after keeping six months.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I would like to say one word about the curly walnut. In
+Maine, not long ago, I saw a young man who had bought a bird's eye
+maple, perhaps fifty years of age, that he paid $1,500 for. I asked him
+why he didn't graft one million ordinary maples from that tree and sell
+the stock at $200 per tree, and then he would have $200,000,000 at just
+about the time of life when he could enjoy it. Well, that hadn't
+occurred to him. Now, if Mr. Littlepage will hunt up this curly black
+walnut stump that sold for $3,500, and if he will graft a million trees
+from that he will be able to raise a family of ten children (Laughter.)
+
+DR. STABLER: Mr. President, I just want to call attention to an omission
+in the little talk that my son gave about the characteristics of this
+Stabler tree, namely, its beauty as a shade tree. He didn't mention
+that, and I don't think any one has mentioned it in connection with the
+black walnut. Now, the black walnut trees, as we meet them along the
+roadsides, vary exceedingly in habit of growth. The majority of them
+have very few main limbs, perhaps not over half a dozen main limbs on a
+tree, and they will be gaunt, ungainly things, stretched out straight,
+like great arms reaching out with very little beauty. Now, if you plant
+seedlings, that is what you are likely to get on your lawn. You may have
+something that is not pretty except as a trunk, but the tree that
+produces these very remarkable nuts is also one of the most beautiful in
+its conformation. It is shaped just like an umbrella, rather low, very
+spreading, and very frequently with a very much larger number of limbs
+than almost any black walnut tree that I have ever seen, and its habit
+of growing in the nursery confirms that opinion--that it produces a very
+large number of buds and branches from each graft.
+
+Mr. Littlepage has in his fence row, uncultivated and surrounded by
+bushes of every kind, a small seedling walnut that he grafted this year
+with the Stabler walnut. When he grafted the seedling it was a little
+over an inch in diameter. I measured the growth from that graft
+recently, and five shoots measured over five feet long, and others over
+four feet long. Four month's growth--five shoots over five feet long!
+Now, I don't know of any other walnut or any other nut tree that would
+have produced that many shoots from a single graft. It makes a very
+beautiful shade tree and has a top which is capable of producing very
+large crops of fruit.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It sometimes makes me feel ashamed of my race when I
+realize our limitations in comparison with the trees. We run across a
+valuable type of tree genus, and we can make millions like it in a short
+time. But when a remarkable specimen of the genus homo, arises, he stays
+with us but a short while before we cart him off to the cemetery, and
+that is the last of him. Does any one else wish to make a contribution
+to the black walnut?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. Littlepage made the remark that it is very easy to
+propagate the black walnut. We haven't found it so. We have made almost
+a complete failure of both budding and grafting.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, I was speaking of my experience in grafting this
+spring. I think I remarked that my personal experience in budding had
+not gone far enough to tell definitely what the results are going to be.
+But I put in about fifty-five grafts, and I had fifty of them to grow,
+and of that fifty there were probably ten or twelve knocked out--thrown
+out at the first cultivation--and probably thirty-five are growing there
+yet. I don't know what Mr. White's experience was in Indiana. I think it
+was, perhaps, not as good as he expected, because of the fact that a lot
+of the bud-wood dried out, but I think Mr. McCoy can give some
+experience. Now, Mr. Roper here, has had experience in budding the black
+walnut, haven't you?
+
+MR. W. N. ROPER: We only put in about a dozen buds a short time ago. I
+think half of those are growing.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, we budded, perhaps, two or three hundred this
+summer, and I don't know really how they are coming out, but, from the
+way these grafts behaved this spring, I don't see any reason why it is
+going to be very difficult. What do you know about it, Mr. McCoy?
+
+MR. R. L. MCCOY: Mr. Stabler's grafts didn't take very well, but so far
+as budding the black walnut is concerned, it is just as easy as handling
+the peach; there is nothing to it when you get the bud-wood; but first
+you have got to have the bud-wood. You can't jump on to any old tree and
+get buds that will give satisfactory results. Now, if Mr. Reed and his
+father had to go into Wisconsin and Michigan to get their bud-wood, and
+cut it from some old cherry trees, we'll say, and came back to Indiana
+and tried to produce trees from those buds in the nursery, they would
+fail.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, the net result, apparently, of the discussion on
+propagation seems to be that Mr. McCoy, in Indiana, has had great
+success with buds; Mr. Littlepage, in Maryland, has had great success
+with grafts; I also had great success with grafts put in by a man who
+could neither read nor write, but who was taught the technique as
+taught by this Society. Is there any further discussion?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, Professor Hutt ought to know something
+about the black walnut. He knows something about everything else I have
+ever talked to him about. I believe he wrote me, in connection with some
+of his tests, that forty-seven per cent of the Stabler nuts were meat.
+
+PROF. W. N. HUTT: I think so. I think it was pretty close to a half.
+There were no broken halves at all, and some of them came out entirely
+whole.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We want to hear from Dr. Deming.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I just want to call attention to one of the questions on
+our list. "What can we do to cheapen nuts and nut meats in the retail
+market so as to make this valuable food available to persons of small
+means?" It seems to me that we are going to do that with such nuts as
+the black walnut. I think we ought to work for the time when the black
+walnut can be sold in quantity in New York City, and in all the larger
+cities for around a dollar a bushel. Perhaps the shellbark hickory is
+also going to be a nut of the same kind, a nut that can be put on the
+market in large quantities at a small price, for the man of limited
+means to buy and crack out himself. Dr. Morris, speaking of some tough
+nut, once said it was so tough that it was only of interest to squirrels
+and men out of work. That expression about "men out of work" made me
+think, as do so many things that Dr. Morris says. If a man out of work
+can buy a bushel of black walnuts for a dollar, and if he can crack out
+several bushels a day, or even only one bushel a day, he can make more
+wages just cracking out that bushel of black walnuts than at ordinary
+laboring work. I think that we ought to get on the market a supply of
+cheap nuts for the man of limited means and that we ought to educate the
+people to a knowledge of the value of such nuts.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is always well to put the brakes on. I haven't heard a
+thing about this black walnut except virtues. I believe Mr. McMurran, of
+the Department of Agriculture, is present, and I think he has been
+giving particular attention to the black walnut, and perhaps he will
+tell us of some of its enemies, either animal or vegetable.
+
+MR. S. M. MCMURRAN: Well, Mr. President, unfortunately, I haven't given
+much attention to the black walnut. My time has been given to the pecan
+until this summer, when I worked on the persian walnut to some extent,
+but I can say, generally, that the black walnut hasn't got any very
+serious enemies. Everything it has got is right here now. There isn't
+any reason to suppose that it would have any serious disease if we
+cultivated it on an extensive scale.
+
+As to the insects, I am not able to state. I have never noticed any
+particularly on the nut since a boy.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, I think Mr. McMurran has covered the
+diseases of the black walnut. I think the observation of every one will
+confirm what Mr. McMurran has said.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The chair will deviate from parliamentary practice for a
+moment by dismissing the question. I wish to contribute three small
+facts. One is with reference to the special growth of the black walnut
+under fertilization. The men on my place have to cut bushes around apple
+trees, and some stray black walnuts planted by nature under those trees
+have been cut for 10 years but for the last two seasons have been left
+alone. They have promptly come up through those apple trees, under the
+influence of nitrate of soda, like a steer going through a bush. They
+have grown five or six feet each season.
+
+Another point is the great variation, apparently, of the black walnut
+with regard to its keeping qualities. I recall putting away in a garret,
+in 1894, a number of bushels of a nut of particular merit, and they were
+perfectly sweet and edible as much as seven years later. Now it is only
+occasionally that you will find one that will keep as long as that, but
+with the trees bearing every two years, it is quite possible that the
+fruit would be marketable for two or three, or even four years
+afterwards, if kept properly.
+
+There is no reason to think that the Stabler is the best nut growing in
+the United States. It merely grew within reach of the eyes of observing
+men.
+
+The filbert and the almond we hope to cover briefly before adjourning. I
+will ask Mr. Reed to give us a short contribution on the almond.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: This almond (exhibiting specimens) we received scions of
+from Mr. C. A. Reed, of the Department a few years ago. It was three
+years ago this summer that we top-worked it, and we picked almost half a
+bushel of almonds from it this summer. The almond has a thick shell,
+kernel of good flavor, but I don't think it will amount to anything
+very much except for home use.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: How old was the tree that bore them?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Top-worked three years ago this summer.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: And bore how many?
+
+MR. W. C. REED: Bore a half a bushel this last summer.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: If any one here would like bud-wood of that almond I
+will be glad to send it to them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Littlepage offers to send those present bud-wood of
+that tree, which can be, with great ease, top-worked on the peach by the
+ordinary process of shield budding.
+
+DR. IRA ULMAN: I have grafted scions of this nut on Amygdalus Davidiana,
+the new Chinese peach of the Department of Agriculture, and the growth
+is marvelous. It does just exactly as Mr. Reed told you.
+
+DR. STABLER: I would like to ask whether the almond is attacked by the
+same insects and diseases that affect the peach, whether it is affected
+by peach yellows and whether it is affected by the peach borer. I
+understand that the apricot is, in a measure, immune to the peach borer
+at least, and possibly also to the peach yellows. If the almond is to be
+short-lived like the peach tree, it may not be nearly as valuable as if
+it were a hardy tree. If you place it upon peach stock it seems to me
+you must expect it to be attacked by the peach borer.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: I believe that the original tree of this variety is
+something over sixty years old. Not very many peach trees live to be
+that old, and in the nursery it is a very vigorous grower.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The commercial almond is a rather long-lived tree in the
+countries where it is grown. Of course, here is a question of technique
+and individual behavior which only experience can answer. We ought to
+take some of these nuts home that Mr. Reed has given us. I should like
+to know why Mr. Reed so deprecates a tree which bears so much fruit in
+so short a time. If the fruit is good, why can't it be handled
+commercially?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: It is the cracking quality. It has a very thick shell.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that a problem that machines cannot solve?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: No, sir.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: How is the flavor?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: The flavor is good.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I was just going to say, Mr. President, that I visited
+Mr. Reed's place this summer, and it is utterly surprising how fast and
+beautifully this hardy almond grew. He took me out at the edge of the
+garden where he has them growing, and I could hardly realize that they
+were only three-year-old trees. They were as full of little almonds as
+the peach trees were of peaches, only they were much longer and with
+very red leaves. Vincennes, Indiana, is on the thirty-ninth parallel,
+which is the northern boundary of the District of Columbia, and it gets
+much colder there than here, and those trees haven't the slightest sign
+of winter-killing. I don't know anything about the quality of the meat,
+but they are certainly wonderful bearers.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find that in the region of Stamford, Connecticut, hard
+shelled almonds do pretty well if you look after them pretty closely,
+but they take all your time. They have so many different blights on them
+that I am glad mine died a long time ago. They bore heavily, but they
+were too much trouble. They blossom so early in our locality that the
+blossoms are apt to be caught by frost. You may overcome that if you set
+the trees on the north side of a stone wall where the ground retains the
+frost for from one to two weeks later than on the south side. I find,
+that by doing this you can retard their time of blossoming sufficiently
+to materially lessen the danger of their being caught by spring frosts.
+
+MR. HARRY R. WEBER: Will you get the same results if you put a mulch
+under the tree? Won't that prevent thawing and hold the tree for a week
+or two?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you used this particular almond?
+
+DR. MORRIS: One very much like it, and it was a mighty good almond--hard
+to get at but good.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I would like to ask Mr. Reed as to the blooming time of
+this particular tree in comparison with some standard peach like the
+Elberta.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: It bloomed about a week earlier than the Elberta, and
+the peach crop is light.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: I have been associated for the past three or four
+years occasionally with Mr. M. B. Waite, of the Department of
+Agriculture, and I have had a good chance to study the effect of
+spraying on peaches in preventing brown rot and curculio. At Mr.
+Littlepage's I observed an almond tree that started, I should think,
+with twenty-five or thirty almonds on it this spring. Those almonds
+gradually succumbed to the curculio and brown rot until, at last, only
+one was left, and it seems to me that, if this almond is to be grown
+commercially in this climate, we will have to use the same methods of
+growing as with peaches, and we will have to spray them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think the chief benefit of the discussion of the almond
+would be to get more of us to try it, and the fact that we have one
+which is only one week earlier than the Elberta peach in blooming shows
+that we have a good chance, possibly, of even exceeding the
+possibilities of the peaches.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. President, I notice a good many almonds bloom about the
+same time as Elberta peaches. I have probably twenty-five trees of this
+almond that Mr. Reed spoke of, and I think they were in bloom at the
+time the peaches were. It is very productive, just as he says. I have
+noticed some of the old trees around in our neighborhood have borne good
+crops for several years, and I don't notice much disease on them either.
+
+DR. STABLER: I asked the question whether anybody knows whether the
+almond is affected by peach yellows, and nobody seems to know, but peach
+yellows is something connected with climate. There is a yellows line
+that has remained definite and distinct for the last twenty-five years,
+and you can describe that line on the map, and it stays right where you
+put it. All north of that line the peach trees are affected by yellows,
+and south they are not. That line runs through Mount Vernon and
+Annapolis, and across Chesapeake Bay to Chestertown. Now, below that
+isothermal line there is a little peninsula south of Chestertown, in
+Kent county, a little peninsula there--a little long neck that runs out
+into the bay below Chestertown--where they have never had any peach
+yellows, and yet at Chestertown the trees have always been affected by
+peach yellows, and it is probable that it will be found, if the almond
+is affected by peach yellows, that the same laws apply to it. That is,
+south they will have the yellows, and north they will not. Now, at
+Vincennes, I suppose that they are north of the yellows line for
+peaches. Do your peach trees have peach yellows?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: No, sir.
+
+DR. STABLER: Perhaps you are north of it, then. If so, the almond hasn't
+been tried out as to yellows.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This association is greatly indebted to Dr. Morris, who
+helped to get it together, for his indefatigable searching of the
+corners of the earth for specimens, species and varieties of trees in
+his ambition to get to his Stamford place all of the varieties of
+nut-bearing trees. Several of our members have taken a little interest
+in the question of the hazel-filbert family. Dr. Morris has taken a lot
+of interest. Last year he gave us a most exhilarating presentation of
+the subject, and he is this year going to give us some brief notes on
+the progress of his knowledge concerning the hazels and filberts. Dr.
+Morris.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Just a word, in order to start the discussion. I have tried
+to work out during the past year two or three points that came up for
+discussion last year. I stated that in Connecticut the common American
+hazel would probably not become a horticultural proposition for the
+reason that the main stock seldom lives more than seven or eight years,
+and then dies. New stolons, starting from the root, make abundant new
+stocks. In that way, dying at the center, and growing at the periphery,
+like a ring worm, one plant may extend so widely as to drive cows out of
+the pasture lot. (Laughter). Dr. Deming understood me to say that it
+spread so "rapidly" as to drive the cows out of a lot. I said "widely,"
+not "rapidly." (Laughter). For that reason a plant of our common hazel
+bears a few nuts about the third year; it bears a good crop about the
+fourth year and sometimes in the fifth year. It then begins to die and
+is gone by the seventh or eighth year, while new stolons, coming up on
+all sides, are ready to perpetuate that rotation. That, at least, is
+ordinary hazel history in my part of Connecticut. So I doubt if this
+species will ever be a good horticultural proposition.
+
+This year, for the first time, I have budded the European hazel upon our
+common stock for the purpose of observing whether the character of the
+guest will change the character of the host.
+
+Now another point. Many of the European hazels that have been brought to
+this country, I find, do not bear for the reason that they flower so
+early that the staminate flowers are caught by frost--not the
+pistillate. The pistillates will hold out against frost for a long time
+and make good. There are two or three ways for overcoming this
+difficulty. We may select for cultivation those kinds which bloom a week
+or two, or even three weeks later than others, as in the case of the
+Bony Bush variety.
+
+There is hardly any more valuable tree in Central Europe than the purple
+leafed hazel. I never have seen one bearing in this country. Its
+staminate flowers come out too early in Connecticut. I have now some in
+which I have grafted the Bony Bush, which flowers so much later that I
+hope to have my purple hazels bearing nuts at Merribrooke.
+
+On the whole, most of the points have been simply confirmatory of points
+previously considered. We need not fear hazel blight because it is very
+easily controlled, and many of the European hazels will furnish an
+immensely valuable crop for almost all parts of temperate America. We
+may develop, by breeding and by cultivation, types which will be hardy,
+which will give us large, valuable, marketable crops, and which will be
+desirable from the market man's point of view.
+
+DR. STABLER: Can you get stocks that are free from blight?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Last year I showed specimens of blight. The blight,
+fortunately, begins upon a fairly large stem--upon a part of the stem
+that is in plain sight. It takes from two to four years for a patch of
+that blight to encircle a limb. If one will go over his hazel orchard
+once a year and, where a bit of blight appears, cut it out with his
+jack-knife and later paint the spot with a little white paint, one can
+very readily control hazel blight. It is so easily done that we need not
+fear it at all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Ulman, I believe, is a hazel enthusiast.
+
+DR. ULMAN: I have attempted to gather as much information as I could by
+seeking out the failures with hazel because I had found no one reporting
+success. In answer to a large number of letters which I sent out I
+received some 290 replies which reported failures with the European
+hazel. Dr. Morris tells us that blight can be readily controlled. So
+far, that does not seem to be the experience of others, but it is only
+fair to say that they do not know how to get rid of it in the way that
+Dr. Morris has told us.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Ulman, I should like to ask if it is not true that
+the hazels growing at Rochester could be added to your collection of 290
+and change this complexion a little bit. Certainly last year we saw
+hazel trees almost the diameter of this room which appeared to be
+perfectly healthy.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Can we recommend the hazel to be planted commercially?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: If the hazel propagates by underground stolons
+automatically, why can we not take the stolons and plant them in the
+places that the trees have abandoned, letting them run on elsewhere?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In regard to Dr. Deming's question, green European hazel
+nuts are now selling in New York, out of cold storage, at seventy-five
+cents a pound. Green hazel nuts like green almonds are prized by the
+gourmet. All of the European hazels will eventually furnish a good
+commercial proposition provided that the market is large enough, and the
+market will probably grow, is growing in fact. Ripe filberts bring,
+approximately, from ten to fifteen cents a pound. The trees bear well,
+and I don't know of any reason why the hazel proposition should not be a
+first rate one right now. The thing to do is to select kinds which we
+know are valuable here. One may go through the seedling orchards at
+Rochester and select one parent which bears large nuts prolifically, and
+then propagate any number of European hazels from that one stock. My
+Bony Bush is probably a desirable hazel.
+
+In regard to the question of breeding from stolons, if we can keep that
+thing going it would be all right, but it requires so much work I doubt
+if we shall do anything in that way with the American hazel. The
+European hazels don't travel by stolons. That is the advantage. So I
+have given up the common American hazel as a commercial proposition. A
+number of European and Asiatic hazels will be commercially profitable,
+unquestionably, just as soon as we care to develop them.
+
+MR. WEBER: What do you know about the hazels of the Western coast?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Very profitable in parts of Oregon and Washington. They have
+a large, good crop, which sells locally, but, like most Pacific Coast
+fruits, the nuts lack flavor and quality. They have size and beauty, but
+lack quality. The fruits and nuts grown on the Pacific Coast all lack a
+certain fineness of character, for some reason yet unknown.
+
+You have got to look after your European hazels, and not neglect the
+orchard. I remember seeing some very beautiful apple trees in central
+Maine not very long ago--no blight--no codling moth, and the trees free
+from almost everything in the way of insects or fungous
+troubles--beautiful, cultivated trees, and beautiful apples on them. I
+asked another man, one of my acquaintances there, an old farmer, why he
+didn't set out a lot of similar trees and make a good income. He said,
+"Well, it won't go." He had a pasture about eight miles north of there,
+and, said he, "I spent thirty dollars for apple trees to put into an
+orchard, and I had great ideas about those apples. I set the trees out
+in that orchard about three or four years ago, and last year when I went
+up to look at them, there were hardly any apple trees left." He hadn't
+looked at them for three or four years. (Laughter.) You can't raise
+hazels that way.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The reason I asked about the commercial value of the
+hazel is that my own experience has been very unsatisfactory. I got some
+hazels from Gillet, on the Pacific Coast six or seven years ago, set
+them out around my place, and they have grown beautifully. I haven't
+been able to detect any blight on them anywhere. Some of them are
+fifteen feet high, have grown luxuriantly, and blossom every year, but I
+haven't seen one nut yet. On the other hand, the other day I visited a
+man near my home, who told me that he had raised some trees from nuts
+which he had bought from an Italian grocery on the corner. He gets the
+nuts when the crop first comes in, and stratifies in wet sand all
+winter, and he says they all grow. He had some beautiful hazel trees.
+One I estimated to be twenty feet high. I never saw a hazel tree which
+approached it. He said it was only five or six years old. Last year he
+had a fine crop of nuts from it. This year, however, he said that during
+a warm spell in the winter the staminate bloom came out and was killed,
+and there were no nuts on the trees. Now it seems to me that there is
+great uncertainty about the hazels, and I don't know exactly what to
+advise people to do. People ask me for advice as to what nuts to plant
+commercially. I don't know whether to advise them to plant hazels or
+not, and I don't know what varieties to advise people to plant. I don't
+know how to advise them to overcome this difficulty of the early
+staminate bloom and the winter killing. I can't now conscientiously
+recommend people to plant hazel nuts commercially.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Go to Rochester and get some there that bloom every year and
+that bloom later. My Bony Bush blossoms some three weeks later than the
+others, I presume. It is a bush that bears well every other year,
+apparently.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions about this large family
+of nut trees of which we have but a small corner of knowledge? If not,
+we may look to an adjournment.
+
+First, I wish to announce that this afternoon we are going to devote to
+an excursion around the city, to see some of the most remarkable Persian
+walnut trees which I think may be found anywhere.
+
+I am asked by Prof. Close to say that the Department of Agriculture has
+an exhibit of nuts on the fourth floor at 220 Fourteenth Street,
+Southwest.
+
+Meeting adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8TH, 2 P. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Metcalf, Chief of the Bureau of Forest Pathology, of
+the Department of Agriculture, has been in charge of the investigations
+concerning the chestnut blight for a number of years.
+
+DR. HAVEN METCALF: Mr. Chairman and Members of the Society: I will
+present, first, a few general facts regarding the present status of the
+chestnut bark disease, and, for the greater part of the information you
+desire, I will rely on you to ask me questions.
+
+The chestnut bark disease is getting to be an old story, but that plant
+hyphenate, that objectionable imported disease, is more of a live issue
+today than it ever has been before. All my attention during recent
+months has been taken up with another imported plant disease, the white
+pine blister rust, of which you have heard, and which does not concern
+the special subject matter in which this Association is interested,
+unless, perhaps, you may be interested in the pi�on nut as the pi�on
+pine may ultimately be subject to attack by blister rust. However, this
+disease, like the chestnut blight, is an example of what a relatively
+harmless, or at least, not serious disease in a foreign country can do
+when it is permitted to get into the United States.
+
+This brings us to the question of the origin of the chestnut bark
+disease, which, although the story has been told many times before, has
+been the subject of so much dispute that I probably had better
+recapitulate that matter. It has been proved beyond question that the
+chestnut bark disease is a native of eastern Asia, China, Japan and
+Korea; that it was introduced into this country in the '90's, upon
+diseased chestnut nursery stock. It was not critically observed until
+1904, but the condition of trees which were observed at that time shows
+conclusively (provided the disease progressed in those early years as it
+has since) that it was introduced into the country as early as the late
+90's. The final demonstration of the fact that the disease is a foreign
+disease and a native of Asia we owe to Mr. Frank Meyer, of the Office of
+Seed and Plant Introduction, of the Department of Agriculture. Mr.
+Meyer's observations are so interesting that I will pass around a few
+pictures illustrative of his observations in China, the first picture
+showing the country that is the home of the chestnut bark disease. The
+second picture shows a chestnut orchard in China where the trees have,
+with characteristic thrift, been planted around human burial mounds. The
+remaining pictures show how the chestnut blight acts in China--very
+differently from the way it acts in this country. In China, it produces,
+as the pictures show, definite cankers, which do not girdle the tree,
+which kill young trees occasionally, mutilate old trees, kill branches,
+but the cankers do not girdle the trees. That disease has been known in
+China we have no idea how many years, and, while it does a certain
+amount of harm, is said by Mr. Meyer not to be really serious in China.
+You can readily see, upon examining these pictures, that there is a
+sharp contrast in the behavior of the disease as observed in China and
+its behavior as observed in this country, where it will girdle a
+comparatively large tree and the fungus spread all through the bark,
+completely covering it, and doing that in a very short time. Of course,
+then, the chestnut blight is one of those cases of which we have so
+many, where a disease, passing to a new country, finds new surroundings,
+hosts more favorable to its development, and progresses rapidly.
+
+The natural range of the chestnut bark disease at the present time--that
+is, I mean, its range on the native chestnut and the range through which
+it is now spreading by non-human agencies, is, on the north, practically
+co-extensive with the range of the native chestnut. The disease is found
+in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, as far south as Virginia, and as far
+west as western Pennsylvania and eastern West Virginia. Throughout this
+area it is spreading by what I may call natural means, and the disease
+has been shown to be unusually well provided with means of
+dissemination. I will speak a little later about the spread of the
+disease outside of this area--that is, west and south, since in the West
+and in the South it is being spread, as far as we know, exclusively by
+human agencies.
+
+The question is often asked me, "What is the future of the
+chestnut--that is, the native chestnut--in this country? What is the
+course of the disease going to be?" The only way in which we can answer
+that is to look in the parts of the country where the disease has been
+present longest--Long Island, for example; Westchester county, New York;
+Bergen county, New Jersey; Fairfield county, Conn. Upon a recent
+examination of those areas I found no chestnut trees surviving in a
+healthy condition. We have, of course, from the beginning, hunted, and
+hunted hard, to find individual chestnut trees that might be immune to
+the disease--native American chestnuts. We expected to find such trees,
+but up to date we have not found them. It is a very extraordinary fact
+and an almost unparalleled fact, because with the majority of plants
+affected, by any given disease, we can find some individuals that are
+not only resistant, but immune.
+
+Now, in these old areas, particularly on Long Island, in 1907, when the
+disease first came under my observation, I marked certain trees in order
+to observe how long the stumps of these trees or the dead trees would
+continue to send up sprouts from the ground. It is an interesting fact
+that some of those trees which were dead in 1907 are still putting up
+sprouts. The sprouting capacity of the chestnut tree is indeed
+marvelous, but I am sorry to say that I haven't been able to find any
+healthy sprouts over three years old. I haven't been able to find any
+living sprouts more than four years old. The disease seems to be
+following up the sprouts as it followed up the original stem.
+
+Right there, in the behavior of the disease toward the sprouts, we have
+an interesting fact. During the first year of its life the chestnut tree
+or the chestnut sprout is immune to this disease, or practically so. You
+can rarely find a seedling or sprout of the first year that is attacked
+by the disease, and even in the second or third years a comparatively
+small per cent of them are attacked. It is thus possible to produce
+chestnut nursery stock that for several years does not show the disease.
+
+So far as I can see, the chestnut blight is not stopping naturally in
+its course anywhere. I cannot get a particle of reliable evidence that
+it is. In this part of the country and to the south of here, in
+Virginia, for example, the parasite has more months in the year during
+which it can grow, it appears to be utilizing that time in spreading
+more rapidly, at least killing trees more quickly, than to the north of
+this area. From the standpoint of the grower of nuts, the important
+question is, of course, whether the disease can be controlled. I think
+your Secretary, in a recent article, summed the situation up as clearly
+and briefly as can be done. He said, in an article entitled "The
+Progress of Nut Culture in the East:"
+
+"Of the chestnut we have excellent varieties such as the Rochester,
+Boone and Paragon, but all development in the culture of this nut is
+being held up by the blight. Everybody is awaiting the results of the
+government work in breeding immune hybrids. There may be great
+opportunities, nevertheless, in chestnut growing outside its native
+area, where the blight can be controlled."
+
+There is no doubt that in an orchard tree, in chestnut orchards, the
+disease can be controlled within reason by the cutting out method that
+has long been advocated, but the point is that the margin of profit on
+the chestnut is not sufficient to make that method pay, and whenever
+members of this Association or others interested in the propagation of
+chestnuts have written to me for advice I have simply advised them not
+to plant chestnuts at present. I cannot see at the present time, that
+any attempt at control is profitable. That is a very different thing
+from saying that it can not be done, or that it may not later become
+profitable.
+
+A few words regarding the method of spread of the disease. In 1908, when
+the office of which I have charge was first organized, Professor
+Collins, who has addressed this Association a number of times regarding
+this disease, visited a number of orchards and nurseries in the Eastern
+States, going as far as southern Virginia to the south, and west as far
+as York county, Pennsylvania, Although that was comparatively early in
+the progress of the disease, wherever he went, without exception, where
+there was a nursery, he found the disease present and spreading onto the
+native trees. There were, however, several established orchards which he
+visited where that was not the case, where the disease was not present.
+It has been brought out repeatedly that, while the chestnut blight is
+marvelously adapted to spread by natural means--wind, birds, insects,
+rain, all the ways in which a plant disease ordinarily spreads--the way
+in which it spreads over great areas and through great distances is on
+chestnut nursery stock.
+
+In that connection, then, I may briefly discuss the present range of the
+disease so far as we know it, outside of the natural range of the
+chestnut tree. South of Virginia, so far as we know, the disease is
+present at only one point (Greensboro, N. C.), where it was introduced
+in a nursery and spread to native trees. In stating this area of
+distribution, I ought to say that for about a year and a half we have
+made no special effort to determine the range of this disease. I mean we
+have not gone out of our way to do it. We have simply collected such
+evidence as has come to hand casually, and so it may be that there are
+now other points of infection in North Carolina, or south of there, but,
+if so, we do not know of them. In Ohio, the disease is present at three
+points, of which one is a large and serious infection at Painesville. In
+Iowa, it is present at one point, Shenandoah, in a nursery. In Indiana,
+it is present at five points; in Nebraska, at two points. In Michigan,
+one point has been reported. In all of these cases it is in nurseries,
+or on very recently planted trees. There is, or was, an interesting
+point of infection in British Columbia. Probably the trees there are all
+dead by this time, but that point is very interesting as being probably
+an independent importation from the Orient.
+
+There needs to be little said as to how the disease is spreading in this
+area. Perhaps the best thing I can do is to read some letters that have
+come to my attention:
+
+   "MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
+   "EAST LANSING,
+   "Aug. 18, 1916.
+
+   "Dr. Haven Metcalf,
+   "U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+   "Washington, D. C.
+
+   "Dear Mr. Metcalf:
+
+"Last December, the Forestry Department of this College ordered of Glen
+Bros., Glenwood Nurseries, Rochester, New York, five 6-foot trees of the
+Sober Paragon chestnut. These were shipped to them April 4th and were
+almost immediately planted in the Forestry Nursery here. About six or
+eight weeks ago, the Forestry Department noticed that these trees were
+dying and called our attention to this matter about four weeks ago. I
+examined the trees in company with Mr. J. H. Muncie, one of our
+assistants, and found all the external appearances of Chestnut Blight
+with, however, only a very few imperfectly developed pycnidia. We
+brought pieces of the bark of these trees into the laboratory and made
+cultures and obtained the typical mycelium of chestnut blight. The
+trees have been removed and we now have them in our laboratory.
+
+"I am calling this to your attention as the trees were doubtless
+infected when shipped. I feel that you ought to know that this firm is
+sending out diseased trees.
+
+   "Very truly yours,
+   "(Signed,) ERNEST A. BESSEY,
+   "Professor of Botany."
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from Frank N. Wallace, State
+Entomologist of Indiana, dated July 13, 1916:
+
+"My Dear Sir:
+
+"Under separate cover I am sending you some samples of chestnut blight
+which I secured from some trees shipped by Mr. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg,
+Pa. Mr. Sober doubts that we have even seen a case of chestnut blight
+and wanted some samples and I sent him the other half of the samples
+which I am sending you.
+
+"I have been trying to check up on some of Mr. Sober's trees and so far
+I have found nearly fifty per cent of them have died from chestnut
+blight disease."
+
+The samples sent with this letter showed typical chestnut blight.
+
+Some months ago Dr. W. H. Long, of Albuquerque, New Mexico, became
+interested in the possibility of growing chestnuts in that country and
+communicated with Glen Brothers, of Rochester, N. Y., to secure certain
+information regarding them. He secured the information he wanted and
+also some that was slightly gratuitous. I will read extracts from the
+two letters:
+
+"In regard to the blight, which you call the Eastern Chestnut Canker,
+would say that this tree is practically immune from this disease, and
+you would stand no more chance of having your chestnut trees infected
+with the blight should you plant them, than you would if you planted
+apple trees, of having them infected with the San Jose Scale or peach
+trees, of the Peach Blight.
+
+"There are over half a million trees at the famous Sober orchard in
+Paxinos, Pa., none of which have the blight, and yet the blight rages
+all around them in the American Sweet Chestnut groves that are all
+through the mountain. Further evidence of its immunity from this disease
+we cannot guarantee. We think this speaks for itself.
+
+"We believe that if you would investigate this variety that you would
+plant an orchard of Sober Paragon Chestnut trees, even if not a very
+large one. We should like very much, indeed, to serve you and shall give
+our personal attention to the selection and shipment of such trees as
+you may require.
+
+   "Very truly yours,
+   "GLEN BROS., INC.
+   GM-AB  "(s) JOHN G. MAYO."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Would you mind giving us the date of that last letter?
+
+DR. METCALF: That is October 20, 1915.
+
+The other letter signed by Mr. Mayo is as follows, and is dated Oct. 29,
+1915:
+
+"Replying to your October 25th letter we do not think that you or your
+friend need have the least anxiety on account of the chestnut blight
+reaching your section. This disease seems to be confined to a very small
+area in northeastern New Jersey, southeastern New York, and southwestern
+Connecticut. The disease has been in existence in this country since
+1842, it has made very little progress, and the highest authorities now
+state that it seems to be on the wane." (Laughter.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Do the experiments of the Department show any
+possibility of control of the disease?
+
+DR. METCALF: I don't think that there are any methods of control which
+can profitably be applied to orchard trees under present commercial
+conditions. If a man has a few orchard trees which he regards as
+novelties and to which he is prepared to give very careful attention, I
+think the disease can be controlled. So far as I can see, the only hope
+of commercial control lies in none of the present varieties, but in Dr.
+Van Fleet's hybrids, possibly in the Chinese chestnut, and, aside from
+the objectionable qualities of the Japanese nut in certain strains of
+Japanese. With the rapid withdrawal of the wild chestnuts from the
+market, however, the price of chestnuts may rise, and control methods in
+orchards become practicable.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. McCoy has been in Pennsylvania and has come back
+with the very optimistic idea that the chestnut blight was under
+control up there. I took him out on my farm in Maryland and showed him
+my trees, and that the only thing that could destroy the trees faster
+than the blight is a forest fire.
+
+DR. METCALF: Exactly.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I believe, Dr. Metcalf, you conducted a series of
+spraying experiments recently, and I understand that others have done
+the same thing. Mr. P. A. Dupont, I believe, on his fine estate near
+Wilmington, tried to spray a few chestnut trees with Bordeaux mixture,
+and I understand he gave it up as a physical failure, to say nothing of
+the cost. Am I right about that?
+
+DR. METCALF: That is my understanding, that he was dealing with large
+trees and failed.
+
+A MEMBER: Well, did you succeed with small ones?
+
+DR. METCALF: In the line of spraying? That is a long story, and I
+suggest that Mr. Hunt answer that.
+
+MR. HUNT: In the spraying work conducted on Dr. Smith's place at
+Bluemont, Va., we had 2500 numbered trees under observation; about 1500
+of them being sprayed. Equal numbers of trees were sprayed with Bordeaux
+and with lime-sulphur. The number of sprayings given different lots of
+trees varied, but even trees sprayed as often as every fifteen days
+blighted in a number of instances. While I did not get a greatly reduced
+percentage of blight (approximately 50 per cent) among the sprayed trees
+taken as a whole, the difference between individual plots seemed to
+depend rather on location in the orchard, as some blocks of unsprayed
+trees showed practically no blight and some blocks of sprayed trees
+showed considerable blight. I might say that the grafted trees did not
+blight nearly so heavily as the ungrafted trees. So far as any real
+success is concerned there was none. It would cost over one hundred
+dollars per acre per year to spray as often as some of the trees were
+sprayed, and it wouldn't control the blight. So I wouldn't consider it
+at all practicable.
+
+THE SECRETARY: What is the reason that the grafted trees blighted less
+than the ungrafted?
+
+MR. HUNT: Well, I wouldn't pretend to say as to that, except that it is
+so. I had each tree numbered and kept an individual record of all the
+trees, and I found--I have forgotten the exact figures--but there was
+about three-fifths as much blight among the grafted trees as among the
+ungrafted trees. Of course, they are an imported variety, I believe, and
+it may be that on that account they may have developed some resistance.
+But Mr. Van Fleet may know more about that.
+
+DR. METCALF: There seems to be some evidence that the imported European
+varieties have a slight degree of resistance, not enough to count, but
+enough to show in that fraction that Mr. Hunt gave.
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is only a varietal condition, then, not from the fact
+of grafting, but simply because of a different variety?
+
+MR. HUNT: Oh, yes, I think so.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, in view of this information about the
+chestnut, is there the slightest use in the world for this Association
+to encourage anybody to plant chestnuts anywhere in the United States?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kellerman is here, and I wish to refer to him Mr.
+Littlepage's question with a slight addition. Is there, first, any
+prospect of any place staying immune? Second, would it not be to the
+advantage of the country if the sale of chestnut stock were stopped?
+
+DR. KARL F. KELLERMAN: Mr. President, to answer those questions involves
+a rather large contract on my part. (Laughter). In the first place, the
+problem of growing and marketing chestnuts, I think, is one that I could
+hardly be expected fairly to discuss. I am here rather to explain the
+attitude and action of the Federal Horticultural Board than to try to
+give any constructive advice to the nut growers.
+
+The Federal Horticultural Board is a board of five men to advise the
+Secretary of Agriculture in establishing plant quarantines, either on
+the introduction of plant material into the United States, or on the
+movement of plant material inside the United States within the
+quarantined areas. The Horticultural Board, therefore, has to deal more
+with actual conditions than with outlining such policies as your
+chairman has asked me to outline.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Excuse me, Dr. Kellerman, but we wish to know if there
+is, in your opinion, any prospect of any region remaining immune?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: Well, even that is going rather further than I would like
+to go, and yet the negative answer to that question is practically the
+basis on which the Federal Horticultural Board decided that it was
+impracticable to quarantine infected areas at the present time. The
+evidence at hand appears to indicate conclusively that if the trees
+that are to be grown are distinctly susceptible to the disease they will
+almost certainly have an opportunity to become infected, no matter what
+part of the United States they may be grown in. Now, whether that
+infection would be a matter of a few months, or a few years, or a few
+decades, of course, would be altogether a matter of chance, but, with
+the wide distribution of nursery stock that is infected, with native
+chestnuts rather generally infected and continuing to be infected, and
+with practically no chance of preventing the continuation of the disease
+in the native chestnuts, abundant sources for infection of susceptible
+material appear to exist. For that reason, it appears to be, from an
+economic standpoint, inadvisable to attempt to check the disease through
+the establishment of quarantines.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kellerman, you have answered my first question to
+perfection, and now I want to ask the second one. If this blight is
+practically a sure-kill, isn't it wrong to permit people to spend money
+in the hope that, in some way, they are going to escape it? And if that
+is the case, why shouldn't the whole traffic in chestnut trees be
+stopped, with the possible exception of experimental things, which might
+be allowed with the direct permission of some governmental board?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: That is a question that is very much harder to answer.
+There might be favored regions where orchard culture of the chestnut
+could go on for a considerable term of years before infections became
+general and before the industry would be stifled because of this
+disease. That is merely a matter of conjecture, as I see it. We have so
+little evidence as to the speed with which a paying orchard business can
+be developed in a new locality, so little evidence as to how the disease
+may act under widely separated climatic conditions, that I don't feel
+that we are prepared to say definitely that the industry is bound to
+fail in every place where it is tried. Personally, I think that it ought
+to be considered only on an experimental basis, but that represents
+merely my personal opinion, and I doubt whether there is any effective
+means for establishing a policy of that sort. It might be possible for
+the general advice to be given that there was danger in any orchard
+planting of chestnuts, no matter where it might be undertaken, and of a
+comparatively rapid loss through the chestnut blight. I doubt whether
+more than that would be feasible.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have been enthusiastic over the chestnut for twenty
+years this season, and these are matters in which I am greatly
+interested. As I see it, the problem is one that is really much bigger
+than the chestnut. The whole field of nut growing, which is now on the
+edge of great accomplishments, is likely to be seriously injured,
+because the most conspicuous thing in nut growing is the taking
+advertisement of the firm whose bad trees have been referred to by Dr.
+Metcalf. I think we do not appreciate the seriousness of the situation.
+The firm Dr. Metcalf referred to is selling trees that are diseased in
+places where they are sure to die quickly. Other men are similarly
+selling trees, with less skillful advertising, perhaps, but probably no
+less diseased. Most of these nurserymen may be honest in their belief
+that they are putting out stock that is not diseased. But in the infant
+trees it is almost impossible to detect the blight, so that the tree
+goes out looking like a perfectly good one. It may be two or three
+seasons before it dies.
+
+Now, the economic aspects are these: Who should stand the loss, the man
+in the nursery or the man in the orchard? It is a toss-up, it seems to
+me at present, with the results apparently in favor of the nurseryman
+rather than in favor of the citizen. The people who have an interest in
+nut growing are going to have that interest lessened or destroyed by
+beginning with a bad kind of tree. There are possibilities of a great
+national injury, as I see it, if we let this thing go on.
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: Well, as a constructive policy for aiding in the
+establishment of nut culture, I think your policy is sound, but as a
+question of economics of operation, I doubt whether any plan of that
+sort can be established, beyond the plan of merely giving the general
+advice that such planting is attended with very grave risks.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you not authority, or does not authority exist, to
+prohibit shipment?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: The plant quarantine act gives the Department authority
+to quarantine infected areas and to place certain restrictions on
+shipments. To place any such restriction, however, it must be plainly
+established that beneficial results are going to result, not to a
+particular industry necessarily, but to the general public. The
+difficulty in establishing a quarantine on the shipment of nursery stock
+is the apparent impossibility of saying that that is going to stop the
+spread of the disease. That is one question. The other problem is the
+difficulty of determining what is infected territory and what is not.
+We have very serious difficulty in making regulations, excepting as
+between definitely infected territory and definitely clean territory.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: And you don't have the authority to make a sweeping,
+blanket prohibition of the shipment of a certain thing?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: No, we haven't that authority.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We put a clause in the printed matter that goes out with
+all of our shipments saying that chestnuts are subject to blight, and
+that we don't recommend their planting. I think if nurserymen all
+followed that principle everybody would buy with their eyes open.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am sorry you are so lonely in the business. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: As regards the possibility, or the impossibility, of
+doing any good to the chestnut industry by quarantining it, I fully
+agree with Dr. Kellerman. I think any attempt of the Board to
+quarantine, so far as benefit to the prospective chestnut grower is
+concerned, is perfectly useless.
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS: It seems to me it may be resolved into a very
+simple proposition. Now, chestnuts may be raised in orchard form if we
+spray with Bordeaux mixture, and cut out blight when it appears. I do
+it. They live. Those that are not sprayed die, unless given tiresome
+attention. That settles that question for my part. Chestnuts may not be
+raised in forest form because it does not pay to spray and cut to that
+extent. But chestnuts may be raised profitably in orchard form by people
+who are willing to take the trouble to spray them, and to cut out blight
+early. It seems to me that people should be properly warned that they
+may plant chestnuts in orchard form provided they are willing to look
+after them, otherwise we ought to guard against the public buying
+chestnut trees, unwarned.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Dr. Morris, were you in when Mr. Hunt made his
+statement?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I got in late.
+
+MR. HUNT: I sprayed fifteen times, every two or three days during the
+blossoming season.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I used arsenate of lead with my Bordeaux mixture for the
+reason that it is convenient. That makes it stick ever so much tighter.
+Now, that may be a feature of my confidence. Three or four heavy storms
+will not wash off my Bordeaux mixed, applied in that way, with arsenate
+of lead.
+
+MR. HUNT: Well, my trees are dying right along.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I am right in the midst of the worst chestnut blight
+conditions. The only kinds I have that are not blighted are sprayed
+trees, and chestnuts of kind that resist the blight. I had twenty-six
+kinds from different parts of the world to test out in the blight
+question. One kind from Manchuria is very blight-resistant. I find that
+our American chinquapin, both our eastern form and the western tree form
+are both blight-resistant. Also the alder-leaf chestnut. That is my
+experience. Those four chestnuts are practically immune, and on my
+property American chestnuts dying all around them.
+
+I have one particular variety of American chestnut that I think a great
+deal of. It was one of the first trees to go down from the blight. Stump
+sprouts from this tree I have grafted on other stocks, on the common
+American, and recently on chinquapin. The sprayed ones are all alive;
+the unsprayed ones are not alive. Now, that is a matter of locality,
+perhaps.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris, I detect a possible explanation for
+difference of results. Mr. Hunt's trees were sixteen or seventeen years
+old. Dr. Metcalf tells us, however, that young trees are relatively
+immune. How old are yours?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Not over twelve years. No grafts on them over four years.
+That would make a difference.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, Mr. Hunt did a good job of spraying. I saw his
+trees, and they were saturated.
+
+MR. WEBER: Do they ever use a sticker in the Bordeaux?
+
+A MEMBER: What preparation of Bordeaux mixture do you use, Dr. Morris?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I use a commercial preparation called Pyrox.
+
+MR. CARL J. POLL: Will the chestnut blight attack any other trees
+besides the chestnut?
+
+DR. METCALF: Outside of the chestnut genus, that is, the genus Castanea,
+the disease goes on to a few other trees. A curious fact is that it will
+go on to the sweet gum, a tree not related at all, and it will go on to
+a few oaks, in no case enough to seriously damage them as it does the
+chestnuts, but enough so that those trees can easily be carriers of the
+disease.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think we might pass from this funeral. We have a paper
+by Dr. Van Fleet, whose work, I suppose, is known to everybody here. The
+paper has been prepared by Dr. Van Fleet and will be read by the
+Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+HYBRIDS AND OTHER NEW CHESTNUTS FOR BLIGHT DISTRICTS.
+
+DR. WALTER VAN FLEET, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+The sinister spread of chestnut blight, as the bark disease caused by
+the fungus _Endothia parasitica_ is popularly called, within little more
+than 10 years, from its place of apparent origin near New York City into
+13 states, practically reaching the eastern and northern limits of our
+native chestnut stands, and sparing in its course no individual trees
+exposed to infection, has about convinced even the most optimistic
+observers that without the intervention of natural checks the American
+chestnut as a forest asset will soon pass away. There is no present
+indication of diminution in the virulence of the fungus parasite and
+little reason to hope its progress as a timber destroyer can be stayed
+by any agency in the control of man. Already the losses, direct and
+indirect, occasioned by chestnut blight are computed as high as
+$50,000,000, about half of the estimated value of the entire stand.
+
+With the very reasonable assumption that our native chestnut is doomed
+to virtual extinction it is well to consider in time if it can be
+replaced as a timber and nut-producing tree by other chestnut species or
+combinations of species less subject to injury by this disease-producing
+organism. The Endothia fungus, as a destructive parasite, is apparently
+confined to the chestnut, rarely if ever harmfully affecting genera even
+as closely allied as the oak (Quercus) or Castanopsis. Of the various
+species of chestnut or Castanea those native to Japan and Central China
+appear most resistant, probably having been for ages accustomed to the
+presence of the fungus, while the European chestnut, _Castanea sativa_,
+our native _C. Americana_, and our chinquapin, fall easy victims when
+exposed to infection. Of the Asiatic forms _Castanea crenata_ of Japan
+and Eastern China and _C. molissima_ of the interior are most promising
+in this respect, though the latter is still an almost unknown quantity
+as regards cultivation in this country.
+
+_Castanea crenata_, commonly known as Japan chestnut, in its more
+typical forms is highly resistant, so seldom showing material injury
+that, for practical purposes, it may be regarded as immune. Japan
+chestnut seedlings raised from nuts grown in proximity to our native
+chestnut and exposed to the influence of its pollen are at times more
+seriously affected, but are rarely destroyed by the bark disease. The
+Japan chestnut is of comparatively low growth, of small value for timber
+purposes, but as a nut-producer is very fruitful and precocious, bearing
+great crops at an early age. The nuts are often very large but usually
+of poor quality. The species, however, proves quite plastic in the hands
+of the plant breeder, being readily modified in the directions most
+desired by the ordinary methods of cross-pollination and selection. It
+freely hybridizes with all other chestnut species and varieties that
+have been tried, and forms the basis of the most hopeful work in
+breeding for disease-resistance that has yet been attempted.
+
+_Castanea molissima_ is of much taller growth and bears nuts of moderate
+size, but of really good quality in the types that have reached this
+country. It can be infected by _Endothia parasitica_ but the disease
+progresses slowly and in some instances results in little harm. The
+species has been so recently established in America that practically
+nothing is known of its breeding capabilities, but if its
+disease-resistance under our climatic conditions is assured it would
+appear most hopeful material for replacing our vanishing native species.
+Explorers report there is a still more promising chestnut in China,
+reaching nearly 100 feet in height under forest conditions, but it has
+not yet been secured for trial in this country.
+
+_Castania sativa_, the commercial chestnut of Europe, in many varieties
+has long been cultivated in America and for nut production is without
+doubt the best of the well-known exotic species. It has no great timber
+value, however, and its disease-resistance, though higher than _C.
+Americana_, is scarcely great enough to warrant extended use as breeding
+material.
+
+The native chinquapin, _Castanea pumila_, in its bush and tree forms
+remains as the only promising chestnut not found in the Orient. While
+readily inoculated by artificial means, the chinquapins, especially
+varieties of the northern bush forms, quite often escape natural
+infection, doubtless because of their small size, smooth bark, and less
+liability to insect attacks.
+
+Chestnut breeding for nut improvement, chiefly by selection of native
+European and Japanese species, has been carried on in several diverse
+localities in the United States, with distinctly promising results but
+inter-pollinations have also been effected between most species and
+varieties, the outcome indicating that rapid improvement along the
+desired lines may be expected from crossing the really desirable types.
+
+In 1903 and succeeding years the writer made many careful pollinations
+of the native chestnut and the bush chinquapin with European and
+Japanese chestnuts in many varieties. Some hundreds of seedlings
+resulted, mostly showing a high level of promise as judged by their
+initial thrift and vigor of growth, but the appearance in 1907 of the
+Endothia disease among the plantings soon put an end to the work with
+the native and European chestnuts, as, with scarcely an exception, they
+quickly became infected. The crosses of chinquapin and Japan chestnut,
+however, showed considerable resistance as a whole, and a number of
+individuals have resisted infection until the present time, though
+constantly exposed to the disease, both at their locality of origin in
+New Jersey and since at Arlington farm, to which they were transferred
+in the second and third years of growth. Others have been attacked in
+greater or less degree, but show great powers of recuperation, sending
+up suckers that often fruit well by the third year. The resistant
+varieties show great promise as nut producers, coming into bearing when
+three or four years old from seed and producing abundant crops of
+handsome nuts, of excellent quality, four to six times as large and
+heavy as those borne by the chinquapin parent, ripening in early
+September before chestnuts of any kind have appeared in the market.
+These nuts have thicker shells than other chestnuts, are much less
+subject to attacks of the chestnut weevil and preserve their fresh and
+inviting appearance longer when gathered. The flavor varies somewhat
+according to the particular pollen parent of the different varieties,
+but is always agreeable in the fresh state when the nuts are properly
+cured. When boiled or roasted they are particularly sweet and pleasant
+to the taste.
+
+The trees are quite vigorous in growth, considering their rather dwarf
+type, reaching 10 or more feet in height at 6 to 8 years from the
+germination of the seeds and with scarcely an exception bear regular and
+increasing crops after the third year. Propagation of the most promising
+varieties has been effected by grafting and budding on _Castanea
+molissima_ seedlings as resistant stocks, but it cannot be said that
+these processes, when performed under greenhouse conditions, give ideal
+unions. It is hoped to make fairly extensive trials of _C. molissima and
+C. crenata_ as stocks for field grafting the coming season.
+
+But the most encouraging feature of these chinquapin-crenata crosses is
+the excellence of their seedlings as grown from chance or
+self-pollinated nuts. Fifteen direct or second generation seedlings and
+one of the third generation have fruited to date. All have retained in
+growth and fruitage the characters of their immediate parent and it
+almost appears as if the good qualities of these hybrids may be
+perpetuated from seeds, thus dispensing in a great measure with
+vegetative propagation--always costly and uncertain with nut trees.
+
+Several hundred of these seedlings are under observation and it scarcely
+appears too much to hope that they may inherit the disease-resisting
+character of their parents as well as other desirable qualities.
+
+Selection work with a precocious strain of Japan chestnuts of apparently
+pure type has been continued through 4 generations of seedlings after an
+initial cross-pollination of two particularly desirable varieties had
+been made in 1903. These seedlings show greater range of variation than
+the hybrids with chinquapin, but all bear nuts of marketable value in 2
+to 4 years from germination. None have been attacked by the Endothia
+fungus, though many have constantly been exposed to infection.
+Notwithstanding their extreme precocity trees of this Asiatic strain
+grow steadily and if thickly planted in favorable localities may in time
+produce timber of local value, but it is to the taller growing species
+of middle China that we must look for material to replace our vanishing
+native forest stands. The preservation in this country of the chestnut
+as a nut-bearing tree appears assured in view of the progress already
+made and it should not be too much to hope that resistant strains of the
+timber type may yet be developed by systematic breeding experiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Inasmuch as the author of the paper is not present to
+answer questions, the only thing that may be done is to ask further
+contributions of knowledge in the same field. Has anyone any
+contribution to make?
+
+MISS LOUISE LITTLEPAGE: I would like to ask how long the chestnut tree
+has been able to live with the blight?
+
+DR. METCALF: Do you refer to the Asiatic ones or to the ones that grow
+here in America?
+
+MISS LITTLEPAGE: The American.
+
+DR. METCALF: It is almost impossible to answer that question because you
+have to define just what you mean by "living." If the chestnut tree is
+attacked first or early on the trunk, it is girdled and dies shortly,
+but if it is attacked first on the top there develop conditions like
+what is shown in this picture (showing photograph). I am not certain
+that you can see these bunches of suckers a little way up the tree. Now
+those trees will sometimes exist four or five years. I can say safely
+that I have seen trees last five years.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I can add three years to that.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion, we may adjourn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8TH, AT 8.15 P. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: To my mind nut growing is part of a larger field, a field
+of conservation, one which is going to develop a whole new series of
+tree crops, of which the nuts are but a part.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
+
+DR. J. RUSSELL SMITH.
+
+Agriculture is usually symbolized by a picture showing a man, a plow,
+and a sheaf of wheat. I would make the symbolization double by adding to
+it some kind of a nut tree in fruit. I have long had a vision of waving,
+sturdy, fruitful trees yielding nuts and other valuable fruit, and
+standing on our hilly and rocky land where now the gully and other signs
+of poverty, destruction and desolation gape at us. This vision of the
+fruitful tree also extends to the arid lands, there also vastly
+increasing our productive areas. Beyond a doubt the tree is the greatest
+engine of production nature has given us, and in its ability to yield
+harvests without soil injury on rough, rocky, and steep lands, and on
+arid lands, carries the possibility of the approximate doubling of the
+area of first-class cropping land in the United States, also probably in
+many other countries.
+
+Twenty-one years ago this spring I began in a small way to bring into
+reality this vision of the tree-covered fruitful hills, although my
+interest in the matter goes back at least four years further to the time
+when I filled my pockets with the large grafted European chestnuts grown
+along his lanes by the late Edwin Satterthwaite, of Jenkintown, Pa.
+
+My first essay at nut tree cropping was short but not sweet. I planted
+an acre and a half of Persian walnuts, seedlings being the only things
+then to be found. There being no one within my reach to guide me much,
+if any, I bought such seedlings as were to be had from a New Jersey
+nurseryman. I mulched them, and saw them each year grow less and less
+until the third season they disappeared. I have, however, some survival
+from this attempt in the form of black walnuts, which I had the
+foresight to plant as nuts immediately beside the Persian walnuts when
+they were planted as trees. Some of these walnuts are now quite sturdy
+young trees ready to be top-worked to some good strain.
+
+My second attempt was the Paragon chestnut. In 1897 I started in on a
+100-acre tract on the Blue Ridge Mountains, near Bluemont, Va., much of
+it too rocky for any cultivated crop, but admirably fitted to native
+chestnuts, and covered with a perfect stand. I had a good many acres
+well established, when, in 1908, the chestnut blight convinced me that
+further extension was perilous. My orchard has since been given over to
+the Department of Agriculture as the scene of their experiments in
+fighting the chestnut blight, but they have given it up, withdrawn their
+efforts, and half the orchard is now cut down and planted to Winesap and
+Grimes Golden Apples, which ten year's experience has shown me can be
+grown on such land without cultivation if mulched with the weeds and
+bushes that grow around them, and given some commercial fertilizer. I
+have a number of such young trees planted in 1907 in land of this
+character that are now full of fine quality fruit.
+
+My third nut-growing attempt was with more select strains of seedling
+English walnuts than the miserable chancelings with which I began. One
+tree from the magnificent specimens at 3115 O street, N. W., Washington,
+D. C., and several from Pomeroy, promptly perished, apparently from
+winter-killing, and my nut hopes were at a very low ebb when the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association came upon my intellectual horizon.
+From it I have learned how to graft the walnut, the pecan and other
+hickories, and I have again started in on the English walnut, using the
+Mayette, Franquette, and several of the eastern seedlings. After the
+usual disastrous failures at top-working, I was this June in such a
+large condition of hope that I was in serious need of being hooped to
+keep myself down to normal size. Such artificial aids to the maintenance
+of normal size are, however, no longer necessary after this summer's
+experiences, during which the bud-worm has cut the ends of my Persian
+walnut shoots and the blight apparently has withered up my young grafts
+so that an 18 inch shoot of July 1st is now 17 inches black and 1 inch
+brownish green, and in other cases entirely dead. Alas what a slaughter!
+This apparently puts my Persian walnut hopes into a state of neutrality.
+I hope it is benevolent neutrality. So far as actual expecting is
+concerned, however, I am not doing any just now. I wait.
+
+The grafted black walnuts, however, have met with none of these
+accidents, and these are a substantial and solid hope, as is the pecan,
+which is behaving handsomely on its own roots and also on the hickory
+roots.
+
+
+_Tree Crops Insurance._
+
+As my experience with nut trees well shows, there is little doubt that
+we are now in a period of great activity of plant enemies. They are
+indeed a by-product of the splendid work now being done in bringing to
+us the crop plants of all parts of the world. Along with the Chinese and
+Japanese products which have already been so valuable and promise us so
+much more for American horticulture, we have received the San Jose
+scale, the chestnut blight, and probably others will follow. For the
+next twenty-five or fifty years while the nut industries are in what may
+be properly considered the experimental stage, I wish to urge the great
+necessity of some kind of crop insurance for the man who plants out any
+kind of nut tree. Say what you please, the nuts are not as well known
+and as reliable as the other fruits, such as the apple, and even apples
+are uncertain enough.
+
+
+_Crop Insurance Through Two-Story Farming._
+
+By the term "crop insurance" I mean having something else on the same
+land that will make a profit year after year, whether the tree pays or
+not. If this is not feasible, there should be something else which can
+be quickly converted into a crop if the main hope suddenly disappears.
+For the man who is growing nuts on level, arable land, I believe I
+cannot emphasize too strongly the pastured pig. Pigs below trees (and
+nuts maybe above). This is merely the two-story farming that Europe was
+practising when Columbus was a boy. Upon all good nut growers I urge the
+pig for the first story. This unromantic but very practical aid to
+income for the nut-grower has had the great honor to be accepted by a
+president of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, Mr. Littlepage, and
+by a president of the National Nut Growers' Association, Colonel Van
+Duzee. Colonel Van Duzee, from the financial standpoint, really does not
+have to have his pecan trees either to live or bear. He is making money
+out of the oats, cowpeas, crimson clover, vetch, soy beans, velvet
+beans, and other forage crops which he is growing between the pecan
+trees, and which the pigs are harvesting for him and converting into
+salable products. Of course this makes the pecan trees grow like weeds,
+but I am now talking about the crop insurance aspect of it. This crop
+insurance aspect of Colonel Van Duzee's last planting cannot be too
+strongly emphasized. He has planted the trees 100 feet apart,
+practically four and one-quarter trees to the acre, and has then
+proceeded to the hog farming business as though the trees were not
+there. This may sound somewhat fantastic to the man of the North.
+Perhaps it sounds well-nigh criminal to the man who is trying to sell
+pecan tree land to schoolmarms, talking fifty pecan trees to the acre.
+When a tree has the habit of spreading two or three or four feet per
+year when well fed, and keeping it up an indefinite time, the question
+of ultimate size is one to be reckoned with. That the pecan tree can
+attain great size in the North, as well as in the South, is attested by
+the record of a tree in northern Maryland on Spesutia Island, near the
+head of Chesapeake Bay. The tree is described by one of our members, Mr.
+Wilmer P. Hoopes, as being eighty-four years old, hale and hearty.
+
+"This tree is 106 feet tall, with a spread of 110 feet, has two limbs,
+respectively 57 and 60 feet long and is 13 feet in circumference, 3 feet
+above ground, and is an annual bearer of thin shell, nuts that, though
+rather small now, are mighty good to eat."
+
+If nut trees are going to grow into that size, we must plant very wide
+or make up our minds to a very heroic and very difficult act, one which
+many men in the South should do this minute, namely, cut down half or
+three-quarters of the nut trees on a given acre.
+
+I wish to emphasize the health aspect from the standpoint of the tree of
+this very wide planting. It is generally recognized by horticultural
+authority that trees develop sickness and disease when crowded in large
+numbers. The pecan trees 100 feet apart may perhaps escape this danger
+and have the sun on all parts of their leaf surface, a fact, by the way,
+which is necessary to crop production on this and other nut trees.
+
+This wide planting is practically the method followed in most of the
+important French Persian walnut districts. With very few exceptions
+their trees are isolated, a man having two or twenty, or thirty,
+scattered about his farm, usually in the midst of his fields where they
+can develop to perfection, take the tillage of the crops, and bring in
+some extra money, which one of the owners very significantly told me is
+"income without effort." This income without effort aspect of the matter
+takes the form of a man having to pay as much rent for a good walnut
+tree in the department of Dordogne, as he does for an acre of good wheat
+land alongside.
+
+
+_Rough Land Tree Crops Insurance._
+
+What kind of tree crops insurance might I have had for my chestnuts
+grafted nineteen years ago? Had I known then as much as I now know about
+nut trees, excepting the chestnut blight, I should have planted that
+place thickly with black walnut nuts and northern pecan nuts, unless the
+squirrels were too quick for me, in which case I should have used little
+seedlings. These I would have kept in a submerged but hopeful condition
+by occasionally cutting them down. This would keep them from crowding
+the chestnut trees, but would by no means have kept me out of a stand of
+vigorous pecans and black walnuts ready to graft at very short notice.
+When the blight blew its signal of national alarm in 1908, I could have
+gone to grafting those trees and they would by this time probably have
+been in bearing and ready to replace the chestnuts which are now dying
+with the blight.
+
+If any one wishes to contradict my statement about these trees living
+with such treatment, I will admit that I am not speaking from experience
+with regard to the pecan, but I believe the experience of others
+admirably verifies the statement I have made. I am, however, speaking
+literally from my own experience when I refer to the black walnut. For
+ten summers past I have in July and August scythed off a certain tract
+of stump land planted to apples. Each year black walnuts and butter nuts
+have been cut, and now at the end of that time the stubs are still
+annually throwing up vigorous shoots 2-1/2 to 4 feet in length, and if
+they are allowed to escape for a season, they dart past a man's head so
+fast he wonders what has happened.
+
+While I hope to experiment for forty more years on my mountain side in
+the attempt to cover it with waving fruitful trees that are so immune to
+pests as not to need spraying, I shall never again be caught with only
+one possibility upon a given piece of land. If I should top-work my
+native hickories to shagbark, which I know involves considerable waiting
+and considerable uncertainty, I can, with very little expense, put upon
+the same ground a full stand of grafted black walnuts and a full stand
+of budded pecans, or if I do not care to go to that much trouble, I can
+graft my hickories and plant my native black walnuts and merely keep
+them there in submerged condition as reserve trees ready to be grafted
+at any time. For a pecan orchard I can do exactly the same thing, using
+black walnuts as fillers, possible successors, or as ungrafted reserves.
+For the Persian walnut, the black walnut can again come in as a filler
+or as a reserve, and for grafted blacks of any variety, other blacks can
+be kept waiting for the arrival of possible better varieties which could
+easily become the head of the corner.
+
+My experience with transplanting seedling pecans shows that they, too,
+can, without serious difficulty, be planted out in such rough land and
+kept waiting there for years until the day of possible utilization.
+
+Lastly, I wish to emphasize one more possible crop insurance tree for
+the man who is planting nuts on land difficult of cultivation, or
+entirely untillable, and that is the persimmon. I have paid my respects
+above to the tilled crops and the pastured pig for the arable land, and
+for the unarable land I would still emphasize the pig and give him other
+sources of food to supplement pasture. Among these possible foods is the
+persimmon which as yet has been little appreciated in an extensive way,
+although hundreds of thousands of men know it is highly prized forage
+and of considerable fattening value. It has a crop insurance virtue,
+however, other than its acceptability as pig feed. That is the hardiness
+of the tree and the ease of establishing it. In my pasture lot the
+Angora goat, even when pushed with hunger, has not touched persimmon
+wood or leaves. The same is practically true of the black walnut and of
+the butternut. This fact is one of great importance, because it means
+that we can keep rough land in pastures, even goat pasture, during the
+period when we are planting out tall-headed nut trees of almost any
+variety, and at the same time have a perfect stand of two kinds of crop
+insurance trees coming along, namely, walnuts and persimmons.
+
+In this connection it is desirable to point out the relation of this
+recommendation to the actual practice in nut growing regions of Europe.
+They do not plant a little two or three foot tree. They plant an eight
+or nine-foot tree often so slight it can not hold itself up, and is kept
+in place by one or two stiff poles. This tall-headed fellow stands out
+in the middle of the wheat field, the vineyard, the hay field, the goat
+pasture, the cow pasture, with its head entirely out of reach of the
+pasturing animal, its trunk protected by one or two stout sticks, and in
+due time it takes hold. With the trees properly developed in the
+nursery, I know of no reason why the same practice cannot prevail here,
+and I have at least one Busseron pecan tree that has gone safely through
+the first summer of it.
+
+The practice of one pecan grower in Texas, reported in the Nut Journal,
+is suggestive of a crop insurance practice capable of wide use in the
+North, namely, planting of filler trees of quick-yielding varieties.
+There is no reason why the northern nut trees might not be planted 40,
+60, or 80 feet apart in peach or even apple orchards, as did the Texas
+man with his nut trees 72 feet apart, occupying every fourth place in an
+18-foot spaced fig orchard. I would call attention of Northerners,
+however, to the desirability of the mulberry, the most rapid growing and
+cheapest of all our fruit trees, doing well in Carolina at a space of 30
+feet, which would enable the Northerner, by a little variation of the
+interval between his mulberry trees, to plant nut trees anywhere from 60
+to 100 feet apart.
+
+
+_Sod Mulch Nut Orchards._
+
+I know that any suggestions of the production of trees without plowing
+is unorthodox, and therefore not likely to be heard straight, and
+particularly perilous in the presence of professional horticulturists in
+state or national employ. To such I wish to call attention to the fact
+that I have emphasized in this matter, first, the tillage methods, and
+that I am making no knock against cultivation. We all know that it works
+under some conditions, and we all also know that there are some
+conditions in which it will not work. If I lived on level, sandy loam,
+I'd be a furious tiller of tree crops fifteen times a year. But I was
+born upon a rocky hill, and now I live upon another that is higher and
+rockier, and I don't believe in tilling it fifteen times a year. Must I
+abandon it, or adopt uses to its conditions? Out of these conditions
+mulch orcharding has come. Despite the orthodox, I know that the growing
+of some kinds of fruit trees without cultivation has passed the
+experimental stage. At this moment millions of barrels of apples are
+approaching perfection in orchards in Virginia and other eastern states
+that have not been plowed for more than one, and sometimes for more than
+five seasons. The application of this method to nut trees is still in
+the embryonic stage, with theoretic factors favoring it.
+
+I do not know how far the mulch-fertilizer method can go, but I am sure
+it may go much farther than most professional horticulturists will
+admit. I find that the pecan tree starts off nicely under the mulch
+fertilizer conditions of the apple. The walnut tree has certainly done
+it for ages with less aid, and I believe it is up to us to find methods
+of handling land and trees and moisture which will enable us to avoid
+the danger, costs, and difficulties of plowing rough land and still get
+good trees. For example, the absence of cultivation does not necessarily
+imply the absence of fertilizer. The way a few black walnut trees in my
+apple orchard have snapped their buds and grown in response to the
+nitrate of soda that has been put upon the apple trees beside has been
+little short of astounding. The way a poor little starveling persimmon
+wakes up when the same treatment comes along, is equally interesting. I
+cannot speak definitely yet about the influence of fertilizer on the
+Persian walnut or the pecan.
+
+In connection with the fertilization matter, it is well known that a
+crop of clover or other legumes is very important as a part of the
+rotation of crops in plow agriculture. Similarly I expect great value
+can be obtained in our pastured and fertilized nut orchards if we so
+treat the soil with lime, phosphorous, and whatever else is needed, to
+give a good mat of white clover and other legumes which are undoubtedly
+a good nitrogen supply for trees whose roots interlace with theirs.
+
+Similarly I see great possibilities in the interplanting of some
+leguminous crop tree such as the honey locust or the Kentucky coffee
+bean in our nut orchards. It is true neither of these trees has yet been
+selected and developed to the crop point, but they are much more
+promising than Sargent says the wild Persian walnut was at its
+beginning. It is an established fact that a non-leguminous plant can
+take nourishment from the nitrate-bearing nodules on the roots of
+adjacent living legumes, to say nothing of its well-known ability to
+feed upon the nitrate collections of legumes that have lived in past
+seasons within reach of its roots. Thus the interplanting of a legume
+and a nut tree seems to promise a continuous supply of the all-important
+nitrates for the nut tree.
+
+
+_The Question of Moisture._
+
+It is not necessarily true that a tree gets a low percentage of the
+local rainfall because it is not plowed. The last palliation, or is it
+provocation, that I would throw into the camp of the orthodox and the
+worshippers of the plow, is the water-pocket, or small field reservoir,
+draining a few square rods and holding hard by the roots of a tree a few
+gallons or a few barrels of water which would otherwise run away. I
+showed this association a number of photographs of these water-pockets
+last year. Their most extensive American user, Dr. Mayer, considers them
+successful from the tree's standpoint and profitable from the economic
+standpoint. Since the great virtue of cultivation is the conservation of
+moisture, I will submit that this device, worked out and used for three
+centuries by the olive growers of Tunis, for twenty years by Dr. Mayer,
+of Pennsylvania, and about the same length of time by Colonel Freeman
+Thorpe, Minnesota, can from the point of theory and perhaps also from
+the point of practice, equal tillage on some soils, and with less labor
+and much greater economy in farm management, for the making of water
+pots is a job for odd times, the bane of agriculture, and tillage all
+comes in a pile--another bane of agriculture.
+
+Upon the whole, I think my 21 years of nut loving have run me directly
+and indirectly into ten thousand hard earned, and as yet, partly not
+earned dollars. Rather a deep sting for a pedagogue. When the last of my
+grafted chestnut trees come down next year, I will have little to show
+for that ten thousand, but an experimental nursery and some experimental
+trees scattered about the hillside. But the experiments are still
+interesting. I still have hope, and I still love trees. I am still
+ahead.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I believe every other man here today has defended his
+thesis. I will not claim any exemption.
+
+DR. STABLER: The President has mentioned the combination of apple and
+walnut trees. I would like to ask him if he has seen any deleterious
+effects upon the apple from the proximity of walnut roots. Now, some of
+my friends in Montgomery county have the idea that an apple tree will
+not live within fifty feet of a walnut tree. I have, myself, seen a
+number of apple trees die, apparently because they were neighbors of
+walnut trees. I wasn't sure that that was the cause of death, but they
+died, and walnut trees situated in an apple orchard will have a ring of
+dead apple trees around them. Now that is one case that I know of where
+the walnut tree acts injuriously upon the vegetation to which it is
+neighbor. All of the farm crops, wheat, corn, grass, and oats, and rye,
+etc., seem to thrive just as well under the limbs of a black walnut as
+they do away from it. In fact, frequently you see the grass greener and
+more luxuriant right up to the trunk of the tree than anywhere else, but
+it doesn't seem to be true of the apple. Now, I would like to hear from
+the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I simply made that as a suggestion and referred to this
+instance as an illustration of the effect of fertilization on the
+walnut.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: Well, how are those apple trees doing?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I had enough trouble without looking for more by mixing
+walnut and apple trees. The walnut trees are small, merely the growth
+from stubs repeatedly cut.
+
+The next on our program is a paper by Mr. McMurran, of the Department of
+Agriculture, upon the question of diseases of the English walnut. Mr.
+McMurran.
+
+MR. S. M. MCMURRAN: I am sorry that in this, my first appearance before
+this Association I haven't a more optimistic and encouraging subject to
+talk on than diseases. You men and women who are burdened with
+establishing this industry have enough on you without contending with
+diseases, and it was not my intention to talk upon diseases at this
+meeting, but Mr. Littlepage, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Mr. Jones, and several
+others, have been urging the matter strongly, which explains my
+appearance at this time.
+
+Walnut blight is a very common and serious disease on the Pacific Coast.
+It may be a native disease, though it has never been reported on native
+black walnuts, and it has proved a very serious menace to the seedling
+English walnut groves on the Pacific Coast.
+
+This little piece of work I want to tell you about tonight was done
+through the co-operation of Mr. Jones and Mr. Rush, at Lancaster, Pa.,
+and has just been completed within the last few days. I made a trip
+through New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, about the first of
+August, and found a number of nuts that had all the appearance of being
+infected with the walnut blight germ. They had the same appearance as
+those nuts that you saw this afternoon in Georgetown. I brought them
+back here and made cultures from them in the laboratory, and after that
+the problem was absurdly easy. The germ was obtained without difficulty,
+I obtained a pure culture, and then I went up to Mr. Rush's place, at
+Lancaster, and made a number of inoculations, of which these few I have
+here are typical. This nut that you see here was inoculated from a pure
+culture along with a number of others, and the condition is as you see
+it, after about a month. Inoculations were also made into twigs, and I
+will pass these around for your examination.
+
+The one marked, inoculated, has a little canker on it, and on the other
+you will have difficulty in finding the needle punctures, but you will
+see them if you look closely.
+
+Now, I hardly know what to say about this disease at this time. As I
+have stated before, my work has been in the South for the past several
+years, and no work has been done on this disease in the East prior to
+this summer. That it must have been here for a long time seems almost a
+foregone conclusion, because of its wide distribution. Mr. Jones was a
+little bit conscience-stricken for fear he brought it here with him.
+Still it is in Delaware and Maryland as well as Pennsylvania, and you
+can't blame Mr. Jones for that. I think, too, it is less actively
+pathogenic than on the Pacific Coast, or we would have heard of it
+before. That it should prove a serious menace to the development of the
+walnut industry in the East, is too much to assume at this time. It will
+undoubtedly eliminate a number of the varieties that are considered
+promising now, but the course that will have to be taken will be to
+propagate only varieties which are highly resistant or totally immune to
+the disease. Just what these varieties are going to be in the East we do
+not know as yet, of course. We should avoid the mistakes that the
+growers on the Pacific Coast have made of planting seedling trees, and
+taking the chance of their being resistant to the disease. A great many
+varieties will be automatically eliminated when the nurserymen bear in
+mind that this disease is one to be considered, and I want to say, that,
+in addition to this, the Department will take pleasure in making
+artificial inoculations and tests on all those concerning which there
+is any question. We have the germ in culture now and will maintain it,
+and anyone who discovers a new variety, or has an old one they would
+like to propagate, can communicate with us, and we will take pleasure in
+testing its susceptibility.
+
+I think that is about all that can be said on the subject at this time.
+
+This disease has been studied very carefully on the Pacific Coast and a
+number of publications issued from the California Experiment Station
+concerning it.
+
+For those who are interested in looking the literature up, I have here
+the following references: Cal. Station Bulletins, 184, 203, 218, 231,
+and Circulars 107 and 131.
+
+A MEMBER: Is spraying of any avail?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: It has helped somewhat, but it has not proved economical
+on the coast.
+
+A MEMBER: In order to have that test made, would it be necessary to send
+the things to the Department?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: No; it would be necessary for me to come to you and test
+them on the trees.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Did those walnuts in Mr. Brown's yard look to you as
+though they had the blight?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Yes, they looked like this (showing specimen).
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Did you notice that tree just across the fence? The
+reason I ask the question is that if that is blight out there, then that
+tree right across the fence is very likely resistant, because I have
+noticed that those walnuts have had this on and off for six or seven
+years. The limbs of the two trees are within twenty feet of each other.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Well, that is a very encouraging point.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I didn't think that was blight. All those trees at
+Georgetown that I have observed have that condition on them, more or
+less, except that one tree.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Yet, isn't it true that they bore pretty good crops of
+nuts, nevertheless?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Oh, yes.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Well, that was the point I had in mind. Of the two trees
+one bears every other year, and the other bears heavy crops every year.
+
+DR. MORRIS: You see the same thing at the Experiment Station in southern
+California. One tree will be absolutely resistant to blight; the other
+will be all killed. And down at Whittier, perhaps, seven-tenths of all
+the trees will be badly affected with the bacteriosis, and the others
+not very much affected, so that, apparently, it is largely a matter of
+this cynips, which introduces the bacteria, selecting certain trees.
+Certain walnuts are very much affected, and the involucre looks very
+much like that of these nuts (showing specimens), but, on examining
+them, I found a very large number of small larvae beneath the involucre.
+I sent some of them to the Connecticut Experiment Station and some to
+Washington, but they didn't tell me what they were. Those same larvae I
+found in one black walnut on my place, which is very heavily infested
+with them. Most of the nuts drop because of the injury to the involucre.
+I haven't determined the species yet. I don't know whether the larvae
+come first and the bacteriosis second, or whether it's the other way
+around.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there other persons who wish to give themselves a
+chance of asking Mr. McMurran a question? I have a question that is
+troubling me. Perhaps the house can throw light upon it. I had a number
+of Persian walnuts, Vrooman Franquette and Mayette, grafted on black,
+and by the Fourth of July they were growing nicely, with tops all the
+way from four to twenty-four inches long, and then the tip got black and
+the blackness went down. I sent a sample to Mr. McMurran. The leaves
+first died and then the twigs.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: I received that, but it was so dried when I got it it was
+impossible to make anything out of it. I have seen the same thing on
+pecans, only in those cases the leaves just got black and fell off, and
+we never have been able to assign a reason for it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Am I the only man that has had that experience?
+
+A MEMBER: I had this year the same thing on the Vrooman Franquette, but
+it recovered and has made excellent growth since.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Have yours subsequently lived?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: No, they subsequently died. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. J. F. JONES: I had that experience this summer. The new growth was
+very tender and took blight very readily.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, this doesn't appear to be blight.
+
+MR. JONES: If the English walnut starts late and the tender growth comes
+in the hot weather, the sun will kill it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: You have described my conditions. These are late grafts.
+Have you had that same experience with late grafts and not with early
+ones?
+
+MR. JONES: Yes, sir. The blight will show itself in the specks on the
+twig.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, do you mean on this sunburn?
+
+MR. JONES. No, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: There were no specks in this case. Has any other member
+any question on the blight? I want to call attention to the fact that we
+have here in this room tonight nearly every one who is studying the
+question in the eastern United States.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Mr. President, I would like to say that we would like to
+get all the information we can on it.
+
+A MEMBER: According to my observation, the blight is not going to do
+much to the tree, because the tree here makes its growth and hardens up
+before the blight comes. The blight, you see, must have moisture and
+heat to work, but it comes in just right to catch the nuts.
+
+MR. R. L. MCCOY: Mr. President, some mighty strange things happen with
+grafted and budded English walnuts, and I believe I could ask questions
+that would puzzle a school of wise men. Now, none of the answers here
+will stand up very well. For instance, Mr. Jones says this dieing back
+is due to late grafting. Well, I had some Holdens that we budded this
+last June a year ago, that suddenly, all at once, along in July this
+year, proceeded to quit business, and quit clear down, and the root
+died, too, the black walnut root. It is a serious question in my mind
+whether the black is the best stock to be used or not. Mr. Jones and Mr.
+Reed have good success grafting the English on the black. We don't down
+our way. Both of those men are in regions where the land is inclined to
+be alkali. The land where my orchard is, and where Mr. Littlepage's and
+Mr. Wilkinson's orchards are, is inclined to be acid. I am of the
+opinion that, to make a success of the English walnut, we are going to
+have to use lime, and use it extensively, not only in the nursery, but
+until the time when the trees begin to bear.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is one of the common pieces of knowledge of all the
+agriculturists of France that the walnut does well on lime soils, and
+they don't expect it to do well on acid soils.
+
+MR. JONES: Mr. President, I think, if Mr. McCoy will examine his trees,
+he will find that the root dies first.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, why should they rot?
+
+MR. JONES: That is like a good many other things, Mr. McCoy. We don't
+know why.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: A pecan top-worked on a water hickory will sometimes
+kill the whole tree, top and all. It is the top that does it.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: This year we made some observations of different
+varieties, as to time of leafing out, and we found the Eastern varieties
+leafed out about the first of April, and the Franquette and Mayette
+about the fifth of May, and one variety we got from the Department, No.
+39,884, didn't leaf out until the twenty-fifth of May. That seemed to
+indicate that the French varieties were going to prove better than the
+Eastern varieties, because late frosts cannot hurt the blossoms.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: That is correct. I watched them this spring at Mr.
+McCoy's. Franquette and Mayette, over there and with us, were anywhere
+from ten days to two weeks later leafing out. Some of the buds were
+entirely dormant and some just bursting when many of our Eastern
+varieties were in full leaf. But my experience here in Maryland on
+walnut trees from all sections was that every one winter-killed except
+one Nebo tree and a top-worked Potomac. I have a Potomac which has made
+ten to twelve feet of growth, and it didn't winter-kill the slightest,
+and my Nebo tree hasn't winter-killed any, but the Franquette, the
+Meylan, the Rush, the Holden, and several others winter-killed very
+badly. At least, Mr. McMurran said that was what it was, and I thought
+it was, too.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Littlepage, isn't "winter-killing" rather a
+relative term, dependent partly upon the climate and partly upon the
+condition of the tree at the end of the growing season? Was there
+anything back of your statement, any late growing, or something of that
+sort?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, they didn't grow any later than the Potomac grew,
+but that tree was top-worked about five or six feet above the ground and
+I think that makes them hardier.
+
+A MEMBER: Were the winter-killed trees cultivated late?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes; and fertilized heavily.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Haven't you answered your own question?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, I won't grow trees if they do not grow better than
+that.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. Littlepage may think he has answered this question, and
+these other gentlemen may think they have answered it in a different
+way, but there are some rather peculiar phenomena there. I don't
+question the sincerity of these gentlemen, but I don't think they have
+answered the question. Whenever you transplant these trees and whenever
+you get to growing them in big quantities, you will have certain
+peculiar phenomena that you are not certain at first as to just what is
+the cause. Mr. White is just as near right when he says they kill in
+July as Mr. Littlepage when he says they winter-kill in December. And I
+will just say to people who buy walnut trees from our firm that when
+they transplant them under the same conditions as Mr. Littlepage, they
+may expect similar results.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I have never seen a northern pecan winter-kill.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Oh, I have.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Mr. President, this term "winter-killing" is a little bit
+misleading, and it has been a matter of discussion in the National Nut
+Growers' Association for several years and a great loss to many Southern
+pecan growers. A very common statement that one hears down there is
+"Why, our trees don't winter-kill. We don't have cold severe enough to
+kill them." But they do. It isn't a question of severity of cold, but
+suddenness of change. For instance, in southern Georgia one year, we had
+a rainy period in October; about November 20th there was a hard freeze.
+A number of orchards which had been fertilized late in the fall were
+almost wiped out. If it were not due to the fact that the term is too
+long, and we could say "damage due to sudden temperature change," it
+would convey the idea exactly. I saw trees injured in the fall of 1914
+that didn't die until September of the following year, and I have a
+number of photographs in my office.
+
+DR. STABLER: I believe, Mr. President, that the stimulation of growth
+late in the season has a great deal to do with the winter-killing of
+trees and other plants. I have noticed it in clover and alfalfa, and I
+have noticed it in peach trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think Dr. Stabler has stated a very well-known
+principle, not only of horticulture, but also of agriculture. Last year
+we questioned Mr. W. C. Reed as to the condition of a certain
+top-worked, heavily forced, black-walnut we had seen the year before at
+Vincennes. We were confirmed in our belief that the tree was dead, but
+that another tree budded at the same time with the same bud-wood and not
+forced, lived. We had a dry summer that year, a wet fall, twenty degrees
+below zero at Christmas, dead apple trees. I suspect that Mr. Littlepage
+has a problem in the balance of tillage and top-working.
+
+DR. STABLER: I think if he visits his neighbor, Professor Waite, he will
+find out how to manage trees so they won't winter-kill, because he knows
+how to fix it. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I treated the trees just like the pecan. I have never
+seen it possible yet to over-stimulate a pecan and winter-kill it. I
+don't say it isn't possible, but I have never seen it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I can show you a few.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. President, we have that condition in the nursery
+row.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, those are grafted, are they not?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Grafts and buds, both.
+
+DR. MORRIS: In regard to the grafting of the Persian walnut upon black
+walnut stock. In Connecticut, we have three species of mice--the common
+field mouse, the pine mouse, and the white-footed mouse. These mice all
+follow in the holes of the moles, and they are very fond of the bark of
+the Persian walnut, and will destroy a good many of them. Now, with the
+black walnut, on the other hand, when one of these mice comes along and
+takes a bite of that, he shuts one eye, cleans his teeth, and then goes
+on to something else. (Laughter.)
+
+Now, in our country the soil is practically all acid. The black walnut
+will grow in pretty acid soil. The Persian walnut almost demands a
+neutral or alkaline soil. So, for Connecticut there is no doubt that we
+really need the black walnut stock for the Persian walnut.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Any further problems that are vexing the orchardist with
+regard to the Persian walnut? If not, I think this is a suitable time to
+bury it until next year. Col. Van Duzee, a man who has had more
+experience with the pecan than almost any one else in the room, has
+kindly consented to make his contribution at this time. Col. Van Duzee.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: There is a longing on the part of a large percentage of
+men and women that I meet to escape from conditions which do not seem to
+be especially favorable in the large cities, and to get away into the
+safety of the country. I believe that nut tree growing offers one of the
+safest of those outlets. I believe that a nut orchard should be a part
+of a general farming operation. I want to give you my ideas about
+inter-crops. Fifteen years ago the doctors gave me three months to live,
+drove me out of my business, and away from my home to prolong the agony
+for a few weeks or months, and I found, among my orchard trees, a
+reasonable amount of health which, to me, repays a greater value than I
+could reckon in dollars and cents. It has given me the privilege and the
+opportunity of removing myself from the turmoil of the city and the
+conflict of the business world to a peaceful, quiet existence, that, to
+me, is very much more satisfactory. Now, that is an inter-crop.
+
+Down in Florida, when we used to get together in our citrus seminars and
+in our horticultural and agricultural meetings we used to try and make a
+man say on what class of soil his home or orchard was located, so that
+we might get his viewpoint. For the successful nut orchardist, in a
+small way, must, of necessity, be a successful agriculturist. He must
+understand soils. You can't have successful inter-cropping without
+understanding soils, and, therefore, I can't tell you definitely what
+would be good for your northern soils. But I can tell you this, that the
+first thing to do when you have an orchard problem to consider is to
+make an exhaustive survey of the character of the soil. If it is a
+fresh, recently cleared piece of fertile soil, under favorable
+conditions, I am satisfied you don't need very much in the way of
+inter-cropping. On the other hand, if you select for your orchard site a
+piece of land that has been worked to death, I believe it would be well
+to inaugurate a system of inter-cropping that would have for its object
+the building up of that soil and the improvement of the environment for
+the roots of those trees. In the South, we are favored with twelve
+months of growing weather. We plant our crops throughout the year. I am
+just about beginning now to plow for my oat planting. I am going to
+pasture those oats all winter with hogs and cattle. We will harvest our
+oats in May. We then follow them with a legume which will restore the
+fertility to that soil. In the present condition of the market for
+commercial fertilizers, I believe we have gone beyond the point where
+any man can afford to use commercial fertilizers to any great extent on
+ordinary crops. I believe it is possible to go too far in the
+stimulation of a growing orchard. My opinion is that a series of
+inter-crops that results eventually in a large deposit of nitrogen, such
+as we get from several leguminous crops plowed under, will have a
+tendency to bring that orchard into a condition--I am speaking now, you
+understand, of the pecan---where it will be susceptible to disease and
+winter-killing.
+
+If you have followed me as far as I have gone in this, you will begin to
+see at once that the men who are going to be successful in solving these
+problems are the men who are going to learn the game. Among the human
+family, you know, we have a stock phrase that we use sometimes when a
+man dies and we don't understand the cause of his death. We say "He died
+of heart failure." That is a convenient thing to hide behind.
+"Winter-killing," to my mind, is another such term. It is used, for
+instance, in a case where an individual tree, for some reason or other
+not quite understood, "passed away." (Laughter.)
+
+I have been fifteen years in the growing of pecan trees in the South,
+and I am free to confess that the most disturbing element in my life at
+the present time is the fact that we "have known so many things that
+weren't true." We have gone ahead fully believing that our course was
+justified, that it was well digested, desirable in every way, and
+suddenly waked up to find that we were radically wrong, or, at least,
+that there was a very open question as to whether we were not absolutely
+wrong.
+
+To the person of limited means the idea of being able to produce a nut
+orchard at very little expense is very attractive, and my heart goes out
+to people in that condition because I have been in that condition myself
+and passed through it. Ten years ago I bought a piece of land for forty
+dollars an acre, and planted seventeen pecan trees on each acre. It cost
+me twenty-five dollars an acre to lay off the land, dig the holes, and
+plant the trees nicely, with about a half pound of bone meal mixed in
+the soil in each hole. I carried that nut orchard on, using some
+inter-crops, up to one year ago, when it finished its eighth year of
+growth, and, without burdening you with the minute figures, I am going
+to say we have sixty-five dollars charged up to it, and it will take
+$185 more. Now, there is $250, if I haven't made any mistake. I planted
+among those trees nursery stock, and I sold off, during the time that
+those trees were growing, nursery stock to the value of, we will say,
+$250, making my inter-crops pay the expense of cultivation and interest
+on the investment up to that time. So don't forget that. Now, this is a
+case where we are going to balance our books, as every business man
+does, and every farmer ought to. I have, up to the time those trees were
+eight years of age, invested approximately $250, and have received back
+not only that, but the interest on the investment. So, at eight years of
+age the orchard cost me nothing. Now, that would be the way a great many
+people would figure that proposition. I can't do it that way. I am going
+to charge that orchard with $250 an acre for supervision. Now, above
+that line (indicating on black-board) it looks as though that orchard
+had been built up for nothing, and below the line you see a debit of
+$250 charged against that orchard. There is not one man in a hundred
+that contemplates a proposition of this kind that is willing to charge
+his orchard up with the gray matter that he puts into it. But there was
+an inter-crop in that orchard, of health and satisfaction, which is
+worth more to me than my services, so I will put that in here as $250.
+(Laughter and applause.) Now, I walked across this morning--I like to
+walk, and I came across the park. I saw a monument right over here in a
+little iron circular enclosure, erected in honor of Andrew Jackson
+Donald, a man who died several years ago, the man who was partly
+responsible for the magnificent landscape gardening effect of which this
+building is a part. It said on the monument this: "His life was devoted
+to the improvement of the national taste in rural art." Down below it
+said: "His mind was singularly just, penetrating and original." Any man
+ought to be proud to have that sort of thing engraved upon his monument,
+and, gentlemen, any man who will go out and plant nut trees like those
+you saw this afternoon, ought to have a monument under those trees
+expressing sentiments similar to these, because he has done something
+which remains after him, and it is one of the most worth-while things
+that any human being can do. That is one of the other valuable things
+about a nut orchard.
+
+Now, this nut orchard--this is no myth--this is a practical proposition.
+I was practically bankrupt when I went there. It is paying now in a
+small way, and will pay more later on, and I am going to leave it to my
+children as one of the safest and sanest investments that I could leave
+them, and I want to say, ladies and gentlemen, that the consciousness of
+possessing something of that sort, which can't be stolen, can't run
+away, is another inter-crop that is grown among those trees.
+
+I sometimes tell a story of a little two-horse farm down in the South. I
+drove fourteen miles out into the wilderness to find some seed nuts to
+plant this nursery with years ago. I found there an old home which was
+the central home of a large plantation in days gone by, and there were
+half a dozen--perhaps seven or eight--magnificent, great pecan trees
+about the lot, and a vegetable garden at the back of the home. Those
+trees were loaded with nuts. There was a young man there--one of the
+most pitiful things that I ever saw in my life--a fine young
+man--magnificent character, and recently married, making his home in
+this old tumble-down house, making his start in the world there. He
+didn't own this land--rented this fifty or sixty acres of open land, and
+these trees went with the two-horse farm. I said, "My friend, you must
+receive quite a little income from those nuts." "Yes," he said, "I sell
+the nuts from those trees every year, for more money than I make from
+the two-horse farm."
+
+I heard of another case down in north Florida where two girls were left
+absolutely dependent upon their own exertions, and they were girls who
+had been reared, as some of the Southern ladies have been reared, to be
+dependent on others. They didn't know how to go and fight the world for
+a place. They were a little too far along, perhaps, to take up that sort
+of battle. There were two pecan trees in front of that old homestead,
+and the old homestead was all that was left of the family fortune. It
+was furnished, had a cow in the back yard, and a garden, and a few
+Scuppernong grape vines. These two pecan trees in the front yard gave
+those two women approximately three hundred dollars worth of nuts per
+annum. They were magnificent, great, big pecan trees, and they lived
+from them the balance of their lives practically, with the help of the
+other things I have mentioned.
+
+Inter-crops are nothing more nor less than the evidences of the master
+mind directing the problem of handling the soil in which the orchard is
+growing. Now, just simply go right down deep under everything, pay
+absolutely no attention to the wonderful stories that the promoters tell
+you (laughter), keep your money, save it, use it, and spend it--yes, but
+recognize this one thing, that the most important element in success in
+the small orchard, as part of the rural or suburban home, is a knowledge
+of agriculture and horticulture. It is one of the most fascinating
+studies in the world, and I have no doubt but what you will find that
+you can go right along inter-cropping with vegetables and other crops,
+bush fruits, strawberries, and all those things for the first few years
+after you plant your nut trees, and even if they all die you will have
+been able to break even on the commercial side of the proposition, and
+then you will have the additional years of experience, which no nut
+orchardist can dispense with. You can't buy it with money or get it out
+of books. You have got to dig it out of the ground yourself. (Applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am going to take the liberty of emphasizing one point
+the Colonel made. He told you about the great number of things they knew
+down South that were not so. I wish to give some geographical spread to
+his generalities. We are in the same condition in the North. If you will
+stop and look clear through an agricultural idea, you will be
+astonished, ladies and gentlemen, absolutely astonished, to see how,
+mostly, we don't know it. The other day I happened to be walking through
+an apple orchard with the official horticulturist, and in response to
+some remark he made I asked: "Do you know that, or do you think it?"
+"Has that been experimentally proven?" He answered: "No, it has not."
+Most of the things we read in the books and hear in this place and other
+places we don't know. We think we know, but when we come to a show-down
+we really haven't got experimental data. I know of no people to whom
+that thing needs to be emphasized more than to the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association.
+
+
+
+
+SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 9TH, AT 10.30 A. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The first order of business, I believe, will be the
+report of the Nominating Committee.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The report of the Nominating Committee is the following:
+For President, W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Indiana; Vice-President, W. N.
+Hutt, Raleigh, North Carolina; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. W. C. Deming,
+Georgetown, Connecticut.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, I move that the report of this Nominating
+Committee be accepted and adopted, and these officers declared elected.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second?
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The nomination of this list is moved and seconded. Is
+there any discussion? If not, all those in favor will say "aye;"
+opposed, like sign, it is carried, and they are elected.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: While I am on the floor, I want to read a resolution
+which I have drafted, and I will read the clauses separately:
+
+"Owing to the fatal character, the unchecked and rapid spread of the
+chestnut blight," is there any question about that? If that is not true,
+let somebody hold up his hand.
+
+"Owing to the fact that it has been widely disseminated through the
+shipment of nursery stock;" is that correct?
+
+"Owing to the fact that in the first stages the disease cannot be easily
+detected;" is that true?
+
+"Owing to the fact that the young trees apparently have a temporary
+immunity from the disease;"
+
+"Therefore, the Northern Nut Growers' Association believes that the
+continued free shipment of chestnut nursery stock will be productive of
+endless destruction of property in those places where the chestnut trees
+haven't yet the disease." If that is unsound, why, somebody say so.
+
+"Therefore, be it resolved, that we, the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, suggest that the Secretary of Agriculture prohibit the
+shipment of chestnut nursery stock, except in the localities known to
+have the blight, and that with each permit for shipment shall go a
+bulletin or circular giving the important facts about the chestnut
+blight. The only exception to this regulation shall be the shipments for
+experimental purposes, and such shipments must have the above mentioned
+permit, and the name of the nursery from which such trees have come, and
+must be inspected by Federal inspectors." I assume, of course, that
+inspection is a general inspection. I don't mean each particular
+shipment. If there are any questions about that, why, I will let the
+chair answer them.
+
+DR. ULMAN: Mr. Littlepage, I would like to ask a question, or, rather,
+offer a criticism. If I understand you rightly, you say, "except in the
+districts where blight is prevalent." As a matter of fact, sir, the
+particular nursery that advertises the chestnut tree works within a
+radius of possibly 250 miles of Rochester, in a district where there are
+many prospective horticulturists. One of the things that impressed me
+more than anything else in the report of the Secretary was the fact that
+we have lost a large number of members, and that we haven't attracted to
+ourselves many new members. So far as my personal experience goes, if I
+were to choose the one method of being most thoroughly disliked, it
+would be to ask my neighbors, particularly those who do not know me, to
+become members of any kind of a nut association. There is a glamour
+about planting, and it is a sort of a disease with some people, year
+after year, to seek for novelties. These nut tree advertisements that
+read so well attract many purchasers. Right here in this section people
+are buying nut trees that they are going to plant in a blighted
+district, and these people, when they see what utter failures they have,
+will be so disgusted with nut growing that when you approach them you
+cannot talk nuts to them, and you will never have them join the
+Association. More and more are leaving the Association, and very few new
+ones are coming in to take their places. So I think the resolution ought
+to be changed.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: In what respect would you have it changed?
+
+DR. ULMAN: To apply generally.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes. Well, I agree very largely with what the doctor
+says. I have always felt that the success of this organization--the
+success of the nut industry as a whole--depended upon its being upon an
+entirely truthful, fair and honest basis. I would rather see a crooked
+cashier in a bank than a crooked nurseryman or tree man. The cashier you
+can check up at 4:30 every afternoon; you can't check up the crooked
+tree man for about ten years. I think the worst of all discouraging
+things to people who want to go to the country to build up farms and
+homes is to run into alluring, but misleading, advertisements. I have an
+abounding faith in tree culture. I think that the pecan tree, the black
+walnut, varieties of the English walnut and of a number of other nut
+trees, are going to make it most possible and more desirable for men to
+go to the country, but I think the success of those things depends upon
+giving those people, as far as possible, facts, and not misleading them.
+Wherever a man sets a tree that is a failure you have a man as a failure
+generally as a tree man, and wherever you get a man to set a tree that
+succeeds, you have a living, walking advocate of the tree business.
+This Association has been fortunate all along in its policies. It has
+always stood against the fraudulent promotions; it has always stood
+against fraudulent nursery stock; it has always stood against fraudulent
+representations, and I think, for that reason, that its future is
+reasonably safe, assuming that is its continued policy.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Do you accept Dr. Ulman's amendment?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I accept it.
+
+MR. JONES: As I understand the resolution, it applies to nurseries in
+the infected areas.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes.
+
+MR. JONES: I believe it is practically impossible to grow trees in an
+infected area without sending out the blight, but if a man is isolated,
+like Mr. Riehl, at Alton, Illinois, he can grow trees without danger of
+sending out the blight.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, the resolution permits him to do that.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Did I understand Mr. Kellerman to say the Department
+hasn't authority to quarantine against such things?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: No. The point brought up was the theory that lay back of
+the quarantine. The speaker made the point that shipment of infected
+trees was killing the tree aspirations of the people who ought to be
+developing the nut industry. Every time a man buys a chestnut tree and
+it dies with blight that man is chilled out of business. Now this
+resolution doesn't cover that man. It is based on the ground of injury
+to the industry. You can't very well define the limits of where the
+blight is not, but it can be fairly well defined as to where it is, and
+that is up to the Department.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: The resolutions are offered in a suggestive way, Mr.
+President. If the Secretary wants to turn the suggestion down, we will
+meet again next year any way.
+
+PROF. CLOSE: I would like some information as to how you propose to take
+this matter up with the Department. I was present a year or so ago at a
+hearing before the Federal Horticultural Board--I don't know whether any
+one else present was there at the time--but the whole thing hinged
+largely on Colonel Sober's attitude in propagating and sending out the
+Paragon chestnut, and I think the Department--the Federal Horticultural
+Board--originated the question that you are discussing now, and Colonel
+Sober came there with a whole lot of pretty good information, and people
+to back up what he said, and the Department put up a mighty poor show,
+I tell you. I was ashamed of what the Department men had to say, and
+Colonel Sober won out hands down. Now, if this question comes up again,
+it will be referred, no doubt, to the Federal Horticultural Board, and
+you will need a good, strong representation, with plenty of facts back
+of you, and if you can put up a strong enough case there is no doubt but
+what you can establish this quarantine. But I would hate to see the
+question taken up again and floored as easily as it was at that time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Prof. Close, I have read part of the testimony.--I was
+not present at the meeting--and when one considers the number of things
+that were said at that meeting that are not so, and the amount of other
+evidence that has come up since, I think the defenders of the public
+will have the material to make a much stronger presentation than they
+did then, and, what is more, I think some of them will be there. Of
+course, when a man has a possibility of getting a quarter of a million
+dollars out of a lot of junk, he can spend money to hire people to say
+things, and when "the dear public" is paying nobody to go, as was the
+case last time, nobody goes. If that hearing comes again, I think some
+from this Association will be present.
+
+PROF. CLOSE: That is just the point I want to bring up. You have got to
+be there with the information.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I just want to say a word, rather endorsing what
+Professor Close has had to say. The Department of Agriculture, the
+quarantine board, or anybody else, can't go out of their limitations and
+get testimony. If we think there ought to be a quarantine, then,
+whenever there is a public invitation sent out, such as was sent out
+before, we ought to have the nerve to go down there before the
+Department officials and tell them the truth. It is very easy for us to
+stand up here and write papers and articles criticising the quarantine
+board and the Department of Agriculture. If we have anything to say
+about these things we ought to go down there and say it. If other people
+come there and present facts as a matter of record, the Board can't
+entirely go outside of those facts and decide a case right out of the
+clear sky. If this organization wants to be effective, it ought to
+appoint a committee to present those things before that Board.
+
+Resolution adopted.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have had in mind some time the idea involved in this
+resolution, which I have hastily drawn up.
+
+"Since the principles underlying the successful and economical
+propagation of nut trees are not yet thoroughly understood or generally
+known, and much effort is being wasted and much disappointment incurred
+in unsuccessful or partially successful efforts in propagation.
+
+"Resolved, that it is the sense of this meeting that systematic and
+controlled experiments be made, under the direction of the Department of
+Agriculture, for the purpose of determining the principles underlying
+the successful propagation of nut trees in all sections of the country."
+
+DR. ULMAN: Second that motion. (Carried.)
+
+MR. C. A. REED: I would like to present an invitation to meet at Battle
+Creek.
+
+MR. ROPER: Petersburg invites us to meet at Petersburg.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Those matters are settled by the Executive Committee.
+
+MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE: Would it not be well, Mr. President, to determine
+upon a meeting place now, and let it be known, so that everybody can
+prepare for it? Being a member of the Executive Committee, I would
+prefer myself that the Association take the responsibility for deciding
+the meeting place. If these meeting places are selected in advance, it
+makes it possible for a good many people to plan their vacation trips to
+fit in. In order to get the matter before the Association, I move that
+the Society determine right now the next meeting place. (Seconded.)
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I think Mr. Littlepage's motion is of more than ordinary
+importance. The Association, heretofore, has left that matter, very
+properly, perhaps, to the Executive Committee. The result is that little
+or no attention is given to the place of meeting until thirty or ninety
+days before the date of that meeting. It would be very much better if we
+knew several months ahead about the meeting, and I think we would have a
+larger attendance and more enthusiasm. The American Association of
+Nurserymen names the date at the time of their meeting for the following
+meeting, and most other organizations do the same, and the results are
+quite perceptible.
+
+(Motion carried.)
+
+THE SECRETARY: We have an invitation from the Evansville Chamber of
+Commerce, one from the San Francisco Convention League, to meet at San
+Francisco, one from Sears, Roebuck & Company, to meet in Chicago, and
+enjoy a luncheon at their expense and a trip through their plant; one
+from Dr. Morris to meet at his place, or to meet at Stamford and spend
+as much time as possible on his place. We could meet in New York City
+and visit Dr. Morris' place very comfortably. We have an invitation from
+Petersburg, Va.; one to meet with Dr. Kellogg, at Battle Creek, Mich.,
+and one from Mr. Rush to meet at Lancaster, Pa. We have had under
+consideration a proposition to meet somewhere in the South, possibly
+with the Southern Nut Growers. Those are all the invitations that I know
+of.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: May I make a remark right here? It seems to me that
+before we decide on the place of meeting we ought to take into
+consideration what we are going to any of these places to accomplish,
+and the time of year that we want to go there. Now, if we go to
+Lancaster, or to almost any of these other places, we ought to have a
+summer meeting when we can go out and see the trees, but if we go up to
+Battle Creek we could just as well go there in the winter time. The
+purpose of going there, as I understand it, would be to lay emphasis on
+the subject of nuts for food. Whether we want to take our time now for a
+meeting, to emphasize that, or whether we want to see nut trees growing
+and discuss cultural problems, is a question to be decided.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: In the absence of a definite method of procedure on this
+question, which we never before handled in this way, the chair is
+entirely willing to receive instructions, but I suggest that we have a
+rising vote for one place after another, and that the place receiving
+the greatest number of votes gets the convention.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We have seen trees in nurseries for several years, and I
+think that now we ought to select some place where we can get other and
+broader ideas on nuts. I think Battle Creek would be the best place.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does any other favorite son or neighbor wish to make a
+speech in favor of his own or nearby city?
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: It appeals to me very strongly to see Dr. Morris'
+experimental grounds at Stamford, Connecticut. As I understand it, he
+has the greatest collection of nut-bearing trees in the United States,
+and looking over this would help us in a fine way.
+
+MR. JAMES H. KYNER: Mr. President, I am not a member of this
+Association, but for a number of years I have been trying to grow nuts.
+I am very much interested in the subject, and I would like to know if I
+have any rights on this floor.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: It costs you two dollars to vote.
+
+MR. KYNER: All right, I will just give two dollars.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move that the gentleman be accepted as a full member
+now and have full authority to make speeches. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The gentleman will proceed to the making of his speech.
+
+MR. KYNER: I have no speech. I simply want to vote "aye" for Stamford
+and New York.
+
+(Vote taken.)
+
+THE SECRETARY: The result is as follows: For Evansville, 2; Stamford,
+10; Battle Creek, 3; Petersburg, 3; Lancaster, 1; for Chicago, San
+Francisco and the National Nut Growers, 0.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We are now ready, I believe, to proceed with the
+technical part of the programme. The chair would like to call for
+information as to the relative behavior of the Northern pecans,
+top-worked or transplanted. Is there, for example, any evidence anywhere
+as to the fruiting of any Northern pecan except on the parent tree?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. Wilkinson, in Indiana, has some top-worked bearing trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Unfortunately, they are right at home. What varieties has
+he?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Major.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: And how old was it before he top-worked it?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Three years, I think.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: On pecan?
+
+A MEMBER: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The Major bore the fourth year, three years old. I
+believe that is the first record we have of that sort. Has any other
+borne?
+
+MR. MCCOY: A good many of my young trees bloom in the nursery, but I
+don't think they succeeded in setting any nuts.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We have had some two-year trees in nursery, grafted.
+Most all of them bloomed when two years old--the staminate but not the
+pestillate blossoms.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I had a staminate blossom the third season on Butterick
+in northern Virginia.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: Is there any difference between trees budded from
+young trees in the nursery row which are not in bearing, which have a
+growth very much resembling water-sprouts, and those budded from bearing
+trees?
+
+PROF. HUTT: Mr. President, I can't give any experimental data on that
+line, but the common practice of nurserymen in taking their bud-wood
+from the nursery stock has been in use for years and years, as with
+peaches. Very seldom do the nurserymen go to the original trees and get
+their buds, but it is cut from nursery stock, because it is in a fine
+condition to work. I think that trees propagated from young, vigorous
+wood, cut in the nursery, are all right. I am not so sure as to how long
+it is before they come into bearing.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: I don't mean to say it is an undesirable practice to
+bud from the nursery row, but is there any difference in the time of
+coming into bearing?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I spent a very considerable amount of time and money in
+that belief, but at State College, they made an elaborate test, and they
+have found no difference between the tree from a water-sprout and one
+from the bearing tree.
+
+MR. JONES: It is not practicable to propagate very largely from young
+trees, either fruit trees or nut trees, but there is a good deal in
+maturity of the wood. The plan we follow is to have mature plots and
+graft from these old trees. That gives the best wood for nursery
+propagation.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Keeping the same tree?
+
+MR. JONES: Yes, right along. That costs a little more money than to
+propagate from the nursery, but we think it is better. We get better
+results.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: How have the different varieties of the northern pecan
+shown up with regard to speed of growth? At the present time we are
+practically ignorant as to which of seven or eight named and propagated
+varieties to count on. Apparently, the Busseron has the record for early
+bearing, with the Major as second. What about the record of the trees
+for making wood, not in the nursery row, but after it has been
+transplanted and put in the field? Is there any distinct leadership of
+one Northern pecan over another in making wood?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: If the members who go out to my place this afternoon
+will observe closely they will have a chance to see something of the
+tree growth for the first three years. They will have a chance to
+observe the Indiana, the Busseron, the Kentucky, the Green River, the
+Major and the Posey, with three year's growth. They will see a row of
+Green Rivers, some trees nine feet high, and others that haven't grown
+two feet. That is the individual tree variation, however. They will see
+certain characteristics running clear through.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Littlepage, it is a job to go and get exact
+results from another man's experimental ground. Which is the winner for
+speed, Mr. McCoy?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, I know more about how they grow in the nursery than I
+do when transplanted. I haven't transplanted as many trees as Mr.
+Littlepage, but, of course, the tree will act very similarly in the
+nursery to what it does after you transplant it. We have learned at a
+glance to tell the difference in the varieties. We don't have to go to
+the books or to the stakes to tell each particular variety, as each
+variety has its distinguishing characteristics. For instance, the
+Kentucky and the Butterick and the Busseron are all inclined to grow up.
+I don't know why that should be true, but they all have the lumber
+characteristics. The Kentucky grows in the river bottoms surrounded by
+lumber trees. Now, the Posey doesn't grow very tall, but it grows a
+wonderful stocky, sturdy tree, and has leaf stems as long as my arm in
+the nursery. Of course, each particular wood has its color
+characteristics. But one thing I observed was that in the other
+nurseries they don't color up as they do in mine. For instance, at Mr.
+Jones', it will puzzle me sometimes to tell which variety it is by
+looking at the wood. Of course, after he would say "This is Butterick"
+or "Busseron," I could see, probably, the characteristics, but there is
+a little difference in the color of the wood.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you found any difference between these three trees
+as to attainment of height?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, I suspect that the Butterick is the fastest grower of
+them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: What is the slowest?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Indiana, I guess.
+
+A MEMBER: How does the Major behave?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Major is a very slender, tall tree. The Green River is
+inclined to be spreading.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: That testimony as to the Indiana being a slow
+grower--does anybody verify it?
+
+MR: LITTLEPAGE: Same thing in Maryland, Mr. President--slowest grower I
+have.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that sufficiently marked to make it best for us to
+hold up its propagation until it has shown some reason for being grown?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I don't know. The Busseron and the Indiana, which is
+supposed to be a seedling of the Busseron--the Busseron outgrows the
+Indiana in Maryland five times. But the Indiana is a thin-husked nut.
+The Busseron, on the other hand, is a thick-husked nut, a fine place for
+the nut worm if he ever gets bad. There are a lot of such things that
+you have to think of.
+
+MR. MCCOY: I visited most of these parent trees this year. They are all
+centered around Evansville. There is no crop on the Busseron. The
+Indiana will, perhaps, have a peck. In the month of May, in Kentucky,
+and Indiana, and Illinois, we had rains continually. I have often heard
+the expression from the Southern nurserymen that "the pecan is caught
+with the frost." Now, that is clear out of place with us. We all smile
+at the idea that an Illinois, Indiana or Kentucky pecan would be caught
+with the frost, which never affects them. But the rains always affect
+them. If the month of May is a beautiful, dry, clear month, you can
+gamble on the pecan crop. Now, this year we won't have much of a crop.
+The Warwick will have a gallon or two, and the Kentucky crop is a
+failure. The Green River and Major we didn't get to, but I suspect that
+very few of our own trees will have a crop this year.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. McCoy, I was up there last week, and the Busseron
+has probably four times as many nuts as the Indiana. It has a light
+crop, while the Indiana has a very light crop. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. MCCOY: When were you there, Mr. Reed?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Last Sunday.
+
+MR. JONES: You can't judge a pecan by the growth of the tree. You take a
+pecan that makes a thick head and lots of limbs, and it is very likely
+to be a heavy bearer. On the other hand, a nurseryman likes a variety
+that makes a tree, you know.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: On your criterion of a bunched top, which of these eight
+varieties we are now propagating is the most promising?
+
+MR. JONES: The Butterick appeals to me.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is the Posey in the same class?
+
+MR. JONES: The Indiana makes a thick head.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does any other do that?
+
+MR. JONES: The Green River is inclined to on the mature block, but not
+the first year in the nursery.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, in view of the fact that this meeting is
+reported, and that what we say will go into the official records to be
+read by lots of people who can't come and examine us, it might be
+understood that there would be some question about the bearing of these
+Northern pecan trees. As a matter of fact, I am surprised that any of
+them bore any nuts this year when I think how hard Mr. McCoy and Mr.
+Reed and myself have cut them for bud-wood. As a matter of fact, our
+opinion is that these Northern pecan trees are all excellent bearers, as
+the bearing reputation goes with pecan trees. I have watched them pretty
+carefully, and the best evidence of what I think of them is that I am
+setting them in my orchard. For fear that the minutes may leave the
+impression with some casual reader later that these trees bear a quart,
+and two gallons, I just want to say that if these gentlemen put into the
+record the amount of nuts that they know the Green River, the Butterick,
+the Posey and Major have borne--for instance, six weeks ago I bought
+sixty pounds of Posey nuts from a certain tree. The man who counted them
+counted 120 pounds on the tree, and if the boys around were as active as
+when I was a boy, I bet he didn't get more than half of them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This is the time of year when the squirrels get nuts, and
+I expect they got after the trees, too.
+
+MISS LOUISE LITTLEPAGE: Why does the rain affect the nuts, and why in
+that certain one month?
+
+MR. MCCOY: In our latitude the pecan blooms somewhere near the twentieth
+of May, from that probably up to the twenty-fifth, and the pollen is
+scattered by the winds, and, if it rains at that particular time, the
+female bloom perishes, and we have no pecans. I think the pecan depends
+entirely upon the winds.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have been hoping all the time that we would have a
+chance to hear from Prof. Hutt on the relation of the hickory stock to
+the pecan top. A good many persons have experimented with it, and
+papers are giving, from time to time, glowing accounts of the pecan tree
+on hickory roots. We would like to hear from Prof. Hutt.
+
+PROF. HUTT: We haven't much data matured on that at present, Mr.
+President. It takes so long to get data on those subjects. We have a lot
+of trees budded on the stocks of water hickory and on the pecan, and we
+are testing them out. My theory was that the _Hicoria aquatica_, growing
+in wet, sour lands, would enlarge the range of probable production of
+pecans on such lands, and on lands on which the pecan, on its own roots,
+could not normally be grown, but our data are not matured yet. I think
+they have been three years in the nursery and two years set in the
+orchard. It will probably be four or five years before we get any exact
+data on that subject.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Perhaps, Mr. C. A. Reed has investigated some of the
+later top-worked hickories.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: That is an old question--pecan on hickory. It has been
+tried all over the South and the Southwest, and you will see some this
+afternoon at Mr. Littlepage's place. As a usual thing, the enthusiasm
+over pecan on hickory has run high while the experiment was new. The
+propagator has found that it was not a difficult thing to make the
+scions live, and, so long as the hickory stock is larger than the pecan
+scion, so that the feeding capacity is equal to, or even greater than,
+the consuming capacity of the scion, the outlook has been very
+satisfactory and encouraging, and while that stage has been going on a
+great deal has been written. A little later you hear less about it, and
+less and less, until, finally, you hear almost nothing. But I will say
+this, that there are sections in the Southwest where there is
+considerable enthusiasm over it just now. Just recently an article was
+published by Judge Frank Gwynn which was quite encouraging, and from his
+point of view it is. He is on high, hilly land, where he has no pecan
+trees, and he has been able to get nuts considerably sooner by
+top-working these dryland hickories--the mocker nut, or "bull nut," as
+it is known down there--and so far he is getting very satisfactory
+crops. But it is the consensus of opinion over the entire South, so far
+as I have observed it, that where there are pecan trees suitable for
+top-working, they answer much better, and the final outcome is very much
+more satisfactory with pecan on pecan than with pecan on hickory. Now,
+with pecan on _Hicoria aquatica_, which Prof. Hutt spoke of, I can cite
+you one instance which is very interesting south of Morgan City,
+Louisiana. Mr. Frank Beadle, I believe, was the name, top-worked a
+number of trees that were standing in water, and he also top-worked some
+that he had transplanted from the wet bottom to higher land. Those that
+were transplanted lived and bore nuts for quite a number of years. The
+last I knew they were bearing quite satisfactory crops, but those that
+were allowed to remain in the standing water died very shortly after the
+pecan top began to develop. The entire tree died.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: That is, the pecan top killed the native right in its own
+habitat.
+
+MR. C A. REED: That's right.
+
+DR. STABLER: How about the acidity of the soil on that higher land? Was
+that tested?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Well, there would be so very little difference in the
+level of the soil that I imagine the acidity would be about the same.
+When I said "high land" I meant land that wasn't over-flowed.
+
+DR. STABLER: Oh, yes.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Reed, you made the qualified statement awhile ago
+that where a man had a choice between hickory and pecan stock for
+top-working, he should take the pecan. Now, in the North there are
+magnificent stands of native hickory--the Appalachians are full of it
+from end to end. Would you advise him not to bother with that?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: There is another question that enters there. I don't
+believe that you can grow good pecans on hickory stocks on uplands where
+there is not moisture enough in the soil to grow good pecans on pecan
+stocks. It takes moisture to make pecans, and if there isn't enough in
+the upland soil to grow pecan trees on pecan roots I don't believe there
+is any evidence to indicate that you can get them on hickory roots.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the hickory only grows about six or eight
+weeks every summer, and the pecan grows all summer. I think that answers
+the question.
+
+PROF. HUTT: A case came up last year in the National Nut Growers'
+Association that was quite interesting. Mr. Smithwick, of Americus,
+Georgia, brought to the meeting and exhibited a number of varieties of
+pecan grown on hickory--fourteen varieties, standard varieties, grafted
+on a hickory tree, and they were remarkable for their small size. They
+were remarkably small--smaller than ordinary, woods-grown seedling
+pecans. There were Schleys and Delmas, and various other varieties that
+you could recognize by the form of the nuts, but exceedingly small. I
+believe Mr. Reed's point is the crux of the whole situation, that if you
+have a good supply of moisture they will make nuts of a pretty fair
+size, but unless the moisture supply is very large you get diminutive
+nuts. These were matured in the South. The hickory is such a slow grower
+in comparison with the pecan--that is, the common varieties--that it
+can't keep up with the pecan top.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Some of the nuts from that tree were on exhibition where
+you were this morning.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Then you have, practically, a dwarfing, with the dwarfing
+manifesting itself in the fruit rather than in the wood.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: It did in that one instance, but, on the other hand, we
+have seen pecans grown on top-worked hickories that you could hardly
+tell from typical specimens of pecans grown on pecan stocks.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Isn't the bitternut several times as rapid in growth as
+the shagbark, or some others? That is, probably, one of the best stocks
+for the hickories if one wishes to experiment.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: AS Colonel Van Duzee said last night, "there are a lot
+of things we don't know." This is one of them. I might quote a number of
+men who are right here in this audience to convince you that we don't
+any of us know much about nut culture today. I will quote Dr. Morris and
+Mr. Littlepage. We were talking about hickory nut varieties in Dr.
+Morris' office one night about the first of this year, when Mr.
+Littlepage made the remark that "the man who didn't change his mind
+every three years on nut culture didn't keep up with the game," and Dr.
+Morris replied that he had changed his mind so much in the last five
+years he had no respect for any man who believed what he said. Now, when
+you can't believe Dr. Morris, Colonel Van Duzee, or Dr. Smith, what are
+you going to do with the rest of us?
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Reed, I didn't say what you said I did. I said:
+"There are so many things you already know that are not true."
+(Laughter.)
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Well, now, I will quote another man, Dr. Curtis, one of
+the best known pecan men in the South. It was Dr. Curtis that I went to
+for my initial experience in pecans. The first I ever saw were in his
+orchard in Florida, and I asked him quite a good many questions, and he
+would tell me a story and go away. And I called him up one day, went
+into his orchard in harvest time when he was gathering the nuts in the
+hulls and taking them to the packing house. And I said "What is that
+for?" And he said "Don't you see those shuck worms all through the hulls
+here? I am throwing them out there to let the chickens get them."
+"Well," said I, "can you say you are getting rid of the shuck worms by
+doing that?" And he replied, "I can see, one year with another, that
+they are gradually getting less." A year later I went down there before
+he did. He was in Maine at the time, but his orchard trees were just
+alive with shuck worms, every variety almost eaten up with them. I said
+to him, when he came back, "I thought you were going to get rid of those
+shuck worms by feeding them to the chickens?" "Well, there it goes," he
+said, "you get a nice theory all worked out and some one comes along and
+asks you a simple little question that knocks it all in the head." And
+that is almost the unanimous experience. What you know you have got to
+qualify if you talk at all. I am getting to be such a pessimist I am not
+much good in the government any more. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The one hope a college professor of my acquaintance has
+is when a student comes around and says he believes he doesn't know
+much. He regards that as the beginning of knowledge, and I think that
+Mr. Reed's confessions, and incriminations of the rest of us, show one
+thing, perhaps, better than anything else, and that is the great
+necessity of organizations of this sort in which many men who are trying
+many things in many ways come together and give the results of their
+observations. No doubt, this whole question of agriculture in general,
+and nuts in particular, is so complex, it is so run through and through
+with so many different controlling factors, and, with them, so many new
+things are constantly coming along, that we are all going to be handing
+down to our children and grandchildren a great and, perhaps, increasing
+host of problems to be investigated, and new realms in which knowledge
+can be piled up for the benefit of those who wish to use it.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. President, may I talk half a minute? I can't help
+but feel that, perhaps, there may be some good brother or sister who may
+have been over-impressed with the difficulties, who might have been
+discouraged, who might have left this meeting, perhaps, and failed to
+see what this meeting is for--to stimulate the planting of nut trees.
+Notwithstanding the emphasis that has been put on all these things,
+notwithstanding the difficulties and disappointments that we are all
+laboring under at the present time, I feel that we have a wonderful
+industry ahead of us. I can't see any reason in the world why we should
+not go on within our means, wisely planting nut trees. It doesn't make
+any difference if you are seventy-five or eighty years old, plant nut
+trees, because they will be a constant pleasure to you, and, ultimately,
+a benefit to some one else.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President--
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This is Mr. Littlepage, ladies and gentlemen. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: That is a very important suggestion that you just made.
+If you were to ask the average groceryman in Washington City whether he
+wanted his son to go into the grocery business he would say no. If you
+asked a lawyer if you should make a lawyer out of your son, if the
+lawyer looks back over the drudgery and years of toil that it takes to
+make a lawyer, he would undoubtedly hesitate to recommend it, and if you
+asked a doctor or a college professor a similar question, they, no
+doubt, would steer you clear away from a university. And so, Mr.
+President, if you stand back on the difficulties in these things, there
+would be not only no grocerymen, but no lawyers, no doctors, no
+dentists, and, perhaps, nobody working for the government. (Laughter and
+applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I want to take the liberty of using thirty seconds in
+this period of exhortation and confession to come in on the same strain.
+After all, what is life for? How many of us want the thing that is dead
+easy, and how many of us want the job with nothing to do? We all, in a
+certain lazy mood, say we want something easy and want to rest, but if
+there is anything on earth that a man shuns above all else it is that
+little room with absolutely nothing to do, namely, a cell. When they
+want to break a man they don't put him at hard labor on the stone pile;
+they put him in a little room with nothing to do. The youngster who
+plays doesn't want a dead easy game. He builds a house, and, when he has
+done with it, bang, he doesn't want the house he wanted to build. And I
+must confess that if it were perfectly plain sailing and you could plant
+out all these nut trees and have them grow like fury, it would not be
+much fun. It is a fact that men like to achieve and experiment; men
+like effort. Suppose everybody in this country retired and could put up
+his feet and do nothing, there wouldn't be a name in the paper the next
+morning. Mr. Hughes, President Wilson, Mr. Taft, Mr. Brandies, and all
+of the great men who are doing things in this world would all be gone
+fanning themselves quietly. This world is run by men who don't have to
+work; they work for fun. So I wish to submit that the tree--if a man
+happens to be built to love plants that grow--that the tree is one of
+the great avenues of fun.
+
+MR. WEBER: Mr. President, along the same line of thought, I wish to
+express my views with what Colonel Van Duzee has had to say. If we were
+to attend a convention of surgeons and hear different diseases and
+ailments of the body discussed, we would probably all be disposed to
+think that we were standing on the tip-end of the diving board into
+eternity beyond. But people keep on living just the same,
+notwithstanding the knocking of the doctors, and the diseases to which
+we are subject, and trees will keep on growing just the same,
+notwithstanding their diseases and various other troubles, and so I
+think no one should be discouraged.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I just want to add my little encouragement. In spite of
+all the failure that I have had, and they have been many, in spite of
+the reports of failures of others and the pessimism of others, I have
+the same abiding faith in the future of nut growing, and just the same
+enthusiasm for it that I had in the beginning, if not greater.
+(Applause.)
+
+MR. KYNER: Mr. President, I came here to get information on a matter
+that I am very much interested in. At seventy years of age I have become
+interested in nut growing--in nut culture. (Applause.) I am not planting
+particularly for myself, not that I expect to get any harvest from these
+trees, but I do want to see them bear fruit--bear nuts. I want to plant
+the right kind of trees. I have joined this Association; I intend to
+retain a membership in it as long as the Association lives. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: My dear sir, that will cost you twenty dollars for a life
+membership. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. KYNER: And I want to get all the information that the Association
+has. Now, if I can get it in fifteen or twenty minutes, why, let me have
+it. (Laughter.) I bought Persian walnuts at a nursery, cultivated them,
+and watched them, walked around them and looked at them, and along came
+a winter and killed them. I bought them from a Rochester nursery. Now,
+they didn't grow them there. They must have grown them somewhere else.
+If they had been grown in a Rochester nursery they would have withstood
+the severity of a Maryland winter. Now, there is something wrong there.
+This Association should take this matter up with that nursery. They
+should not be allowed to take people's money and give them chaff for it.
+I am saying this for the benefit of some of our members here who are
+growing nut trees for sale.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: May I give you a bit of information here? We have a list
+of accredited nurserymen. This Association has a list of nurserymen in
+whose trees we think we can place more confidence than in some others.
+
+MR. KYNER: I would like to get that. But now I have set out a whole lot
+of these Persian walnuts, and pecans, filberts, Japanese walnuts, etc.,
+and I guess every one of them is a seedling, and I don't know what I
+have, and I don't know how many varieties of Japanese walnuts there are.
+I supposed a Japanese walnut was a Japanese walnut, and that that was
+all there was to it. But I get some trees from one nursery, and some
+from another, and they grow up and aren't alike at all. Now, I haven't
+so very awfully long to be in the business of setting out nut growing
+trees, and I want to get the right kind, and I want this Association's
+assistance in that matter, and while you are assisting me you are
+assisting people all over the country. Men and women everywhere are
+interested in nut growing. They want nut trees, but how are they going
+to know that they are getting what they want? I believe it is up to this
+Association to help them get the right kind of stuff. I came in here
+purposely to get your help.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: You go on the excursion this afternoon and you will find
+plenty of men there that will take pleasure in explaining some of these
+things to you. Our plan is to go at one o'clock from the corner of
+Fourteenth and H streets to the grounds of Mr. Littlepage, who has
+practically all the good varieties of northern pecans growing there, and
+on the trip will be men who can answer most every question you want to
+know. I think that brings us to the point of adjournment.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. President, I move we adjourn.
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The meeting stands adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_Letter From W. C. Reed, Vice-President of the Association._
+
+FELLOW MEMBERS AND FRIENDS:
+
+It is with the deepest feelings of regret that I am compelled to be
+absent from what I trust may be one of the most profitable meetings of
+the Association. It is impossible for me to be present, owing to the
+fact that I have been summoned on a case in court in Wisconsin.
+
+Having been honored as your Vice-President, I felt it my duty to attend
+and do what I could to help make this our best meeting, but fate ruled
+otherwise. Though absent in person, I assure you my thoughts and best
+wishes will be with you while wandering about the Nation's Capital,
+viewing its magnificent parks and basking under the shade of its stately
+Persian walnuts.
+
+The interest in nut culture is widespread. We have had inquiries from
+many foreign countries, one of the last from near Bombay, British India.
+
+I have arranged with the Indiana Apple Show, which is to be held at West
+Baden, Indiana, November 14th to 20th, for ample space for a nut
+exhibit. Anyone having nuts for exhibition should send them to me at
+Vincennes prior to these dates, or write for information, and I will try
+and arrange for premiums.
+
+
+REVIEW OF PAST YEAR.
+
+The present summer has been of extremes, very cold and wet early,
+followed by extreme heat and drouth. Foliage of all kinds not as good as
+usual. Nut trees, however, have made a very good growth, not as heavy as
+last year on younger trees.
+
+Winter, 1915-16, while not extremely cold, was very hard on many kinds
+of trees, owing to the fact that the previous summer and fall were very
+wet. Most fruit trees went into winter full of sap, with buds in
+weakened condition. Pecan buds came through in good shape with a very
+fair stand in nursery, and one-year trees were not injured a particle.
+Pecan bloom was very fair, crop, generally seems to be light, in fact
+such is the case with all kinds of nut trees, generally, and most fruit
+trees. Pecan trees set in orchard 2 and 3 years ago are making a good
+growth.
+
+
+ENGLISH WALNUTS.
+
+Stand of buds in nursery poor; stand of grafts this spring very good
+where we used good, strong scions of well matured wood, 60 to 75 per
+cent, and in some cases Mayette was better than that. Where Eastern
+scions were used from old trees, stand of grafts very poor. All one-year
+English walnut trees in nursery came through in good shape. Eastern
+varieties began to vegetate or burst into growth April 15; Mayette and
+Franquette, May 1; Parisienne, May 5, and one tree from Grenoble,
+France, grown from scion sent from Department of Agriculture, May 25.
+These French varieties, I feel, are very promising, owing to the fact
+that they will escape late frosts. English walnut trees in orchard set 3
+years ago, fourth summers growth, doing splendidly, 2 to 4 feet of
+growth, foliage perfect, varieties, Hall, Rush, Nebo and Burlington.
+Top-worked trees, 3-year tops doing nicely of Hall, Rush, Mayette and
+two or three other Eastern varieties. Grafting in nursery done from May
+15 to 25, was best after stocks were in full leaf.
+
+
+PECAN GRAFTING.
+
+We have usually had best success grafting May 5 to 12, but this year,
+being a late spring, we did not commence general grafting of pecans
+until the 12th, and it seems to have been too late. Stand very poor, a
+few grafts set early in May with old wood, about 40 per cent. stand. We
+find old wood gives much better stand on pecans, and new wood on English
+walnuts.
+
+
+BLACK WALNUTS.
+
+Grafted quite a number of Stabler Black Walnuts, which were almost a
+failure. Thomas done better, but still poor. However, larger scions gave
+best results and have made splendid growth, many 5 to 6 feet, very
+strong. Buds of Thomas set last fall failed to start well. It seems we
+have something to learn in the propagation of the Black Walnut, as it
+has proved more difficult than the English.
+
+
+HARDY ALMOND.
+
+Two years ago we received some buds of the Ridenhauer Almond from
+Department of Agriculture. Some of these buds were set on a bearing
+peach tree; these have borne a good crop this summer, and were gathered
+August 20, some of which are on the exhibition tables. These seem to
+bear very young, of good quality, a very strong grower and very hardy;
+do not consider them of any commercial value, but for family use are
+very good.
+
+
+BEARING PECANS IN NEBRASKA.
+
+During the past year I have received photographs and description of the
+pecan trees 12 miles south of Lincoln, Nebraska, and of two trees on the
+grounds of E. Y. Grupe, of Lincoln. These trees are 20 years old, some
+having been bearing regular crops for the past 10 years. This season's
+crop is a failure owing to continuous cold rain at blooming time. The
+nuts on one of these trees are of fair size and quality.
+
+With kindest regards to the many friends in the Association, and
+trusting that I may have the pleasure of greeting all at our next annual
+meeting, I am,
+
+   Respectfully yours,
+
+   W. C. REED.
+
+
+
+
+THE FOOD VALUE OF NUTS.
+
+DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN.
+
+
+Of all really valuable foodstuffs nuts are the least used and the least
+appreciated. In fact, nuts can hardly be said to constitute a part of
+the national bill of fare for the reason that when eaten at all they are
+taken as luxuries or deserts and not as staple foods. But the nut
+possesses special properties which entitle it to first consideration as
+a foodstuff, and the writer has no doubt that some time in the future
+nuts will become a leading constituent of the national bill of fare, and
+in so doing, will displace certain foodstuffs which today are held in
+high esteem, but which in the broader light of the next century will be
+regarded as objectionable and inferior foods and will give place to the
+products of the various varieties of nut trees which will then be
+estimated at their true worth, the very choicest of all substances
+capable of sustaining human life. Botanically, a nut is a fruit, but
+nuts differ so widely both in composition and appearance from the foods
+commonly called fruits that they are properly placed in a class by
+themselves.
+
+In nutritive value the nut far exceeds all other food substances; for
+example, the average number of food units per pound furnished by half a
+dozen of the more common varieties of nuts is 3231 calories, while the
+average of the same number of varieties of cereals is 1654 calories,
+half the value of nuts. The average food value of the best vegetables is
+300 calories per pound and of the best fresh fruits grown in this
+country is 278 calories. The average food value of the six principal
+flesh foods is 810 calories per pound, or one-fourth that of nuts.
+
+The superior nutritive value of nuts is clearly shown by the
+accompanying tables based upon the analyses of Atwater and other
+authorities.
+
+ TABLE I.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF NUTS (C. F. LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                       Composition and Fuel Value of the Edible Portion.
+                                                                                   Food
+                              Edible                             Carbohy-          Value
+                     Refuse.  Portion. Water.  Protein. Fats.    drates.   Ash.   per lb.
+                     Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct. Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct.   Per ct. Cal.
+
+ Almonds              64.8     35.2     4.8    21.0     54.9     17.3      2.0     3,030
+ Brazil nuts          49.6     50.4     5.3    17.0     66.8      7.0      3.9     3,328
+ Filberts             52.1     47.9     3.7    15.6     65.3     13.0      2.4     3,432
+ Hickory nuts         62.2     37.8     3.7    15.4     67.4     11.4      2.1     3,495
+ Pecan nuts           53.2     46.8     3.0    11.0     71.2     13.3      1.5     3,633
+ English walnuts.     58.0     42.0     2.8    16.7     64.4     14.8      1.3     3,305
+ Chestnuts, fresh.    16.0     84.0    45.0     6.2      5.4     42.1      1.3     1,125
+ Chestnuts, dried.    24.0     76.0     5.9    10.7      7.0     74.2      2.2     1,875
+ Acorns               35.6     64.4     4.1     8.1     37.4     48.0      2.4     2,718
+ Beechnuts            40.8     59.2     4.0    21.9     57.4     13.2      3.5     3,263
+ Butternuts           86.4     13.6     4.5    27.9     61.2      3.4      3.0     3,371
+ Walnuts              74.1     25.9     2.5    27.6     56.3     11.7      1.9     3,105
+ Cocoanuts            48.8     51.2    14.1     5.7     50.6     27.9      1.7     2,986
+ Cocoanuts, shredded, ...     100.0     3.5     6.3     57.3     31.6      1.3     3,125
+ Pistachios, kernels  ...     100.0     4.2    22.6     54.5     15.6      3.1     3,010
+ Pine nuts or pinons  40.6     59.4     3.4    14.6     61.9     17.3      2.8     3,364
+ Peanuts, raw         24.5     75.5     9.2    25.8     38.6     24.4      2.0     2,560
+ Peanuts, roasted     32.6     67.4     1.6    30.5     49.2     16.2      2.5     3,177
+ Litchi nuts          41.6     58.4    17.9     2.9       .2     77.5      1.5     1,453
+
+
+ TABLE II.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF MEATS (ATWATER AND LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                                 Calories
+                     Water.  Protein.   Fat.     per lb.
+ Beef ribs           43.8    13.9       21.2     1,135
+ Porterhourse steak  52.4    19.1       16.1       975
+ Veal cutlet         68.3    20.1        7.5       695
+ Mutton              51.2    15.1       14.7       890
+ Mutton chops        42.     13.5       28.3     1,415
+ Lamb                52.9    15.9       13.6       860
+ Pork chops          41.8    13.4       24.2     1,245
+ Ham, smoked         34.8    14.2       33.4     1,635
+ Bacon, smoked       17.4     9.1       62.2     2,715
+ Sausage, Frankfort  57.2    19.6       18.9     1,155
+ Beef soup           92.9     4.4        0.4       120
+ Chicken (fowl)      47.1    13.7       12.3       765
+ Goose               38.5    13.4       29.8     1,475
+ Turkey              42.4    16.1       18.4     1,060
+ Duck                51.7    14.3       33.4     1,805
+ Squab               58.     18.6       22.1     1,480
+ Guinea hen          69.1    23.1        6.5       870
+ Quail               65.9    25.         6.8       935
+
+ TABLE III.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF CEREAL FOOD (LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                                        Carbohy-            Food
+                                     Protein.  Fat.     drates.    Ash.     Value
+                                     Per ct.   Per ct.  Per ct.    Per ct. per lb.
+ Flour, meal, etc.:
+   Entire wheat flour                  13.8    1.9      71.9       1.0      1,650
+   Graham flour                        13.3    2.2      71.4       1.8      1,645
+   Wheat Flour, patent roller process
+   --high grade and medium             11.4    1.0      75.1        .5      1,635
+   Macaroni, vermicelli, etc.          13.4     .9      74.1       1.3      1,645
+   Wheat breakfast food                12.1    1.8      75.2       1.3      1,680
+   Buckwheat flour                      6.4    1.2      77.9        .9      1,605
+   Rye flour                            6.8    0.9      78.7        .7      1,620
+   Corn meal                            9.2    1.9      75.4       1.0      1,635
+   Oat breakfast food                  16.7    7.3      66.2       2.1      1,800
+   Rice                                 8.0     .3      79.0        .4      1,620
+   Tapioca                               .4     .1      88.0        .1      1,650
+   Starch                                ..     ..      90.0        ..      1,675
+
+
+ TABLE IV.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES (EDIBLE PORTION).
+
+                                                                Carbohy-
+                                      Water.  Protein.  Fat.    drates.  Calories
+                                      Per ct. Per ct.   Per ct. Per ct.   per lb.
+ Beans, dried                         12.6    22.5      1.8     59.6      1,520
+ Beans, lima                           ...     ...       ..      ...       ....
+ Beans, string                        83.0     2.1       .3      6.9      170
+ Beets                                70.0     1.3       .1      7.7      160
+ Cabbage                              77.7     1.4       .2      4.8      115
+ Celery                               75.6      .9       .1      2.6       65
+ Corn, green (sweet), edible portion  75.4     3.1      1.1     19.7      440
+ Cucumbers                            81.1      .7       .2      2.6       65
+ Lettuce                              80.5     1.0       .2      2.5       65
+ Mushrooms                            88.1     3.5       .4      6.8      185
+ Onions                               78.9     1.4       .3      8.9      190
+ Parsnips                             66.4     1.3       .4     10.8      230
+ Peas                                 74.6     7.0      0.5     16.9      440
+ Potatoes                             62.6     1.8       .1     14.7      295
+ Rhubarb                              56.6      .4       .4      2.2       60
+ Sweet potatoes                       55.2     1.4       .6     21.9      440
+ Spinach                              92.3     2.1       .3      3.2       95
+ Squash                               44.2      .7       .2      4.5      100
+ Tomatoes                             94.3      .9       .4      3.9      100
+
+ TABLE V.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF FRUITS, YEARBOOK OF DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, 1915.
+
+ (C. J. LANGWORTHY).
+
+
+ Kind of Fruit.                                  Nitrogen- Carbo-                  Fuel
+                                        Ether    free      hy-     Crude           value
+                       Water.  Protein. extract  extract.  drates. fiber.  Ash.    per lb.
+ Fresh Fruits.         Per ct. Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct.   Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Cal.
+
+ Apples                84.6    0.4       0.5     13.0        ...    1.2    0.3      290
+ Apricots              85.0    1.1       ...      ...       13.4    ...     .5      270
+ Avocado               81.1    1.0      10.2      ...        6.8    ...     .9      512
+ Bananas               75.3    1.3        .6     21.0        ...    1.0     .8      460
+ Blackberries          86.3    1.8       1.0      8.4        ...    2.5     .5      270
+ Cactus fruit          79.2    1.4       1.3     11.7        ...    3.7    2.7      375
+ Cherries              80.9    1.0        .8     16.5        ...     .2     .6      365
+ Cranberries           88.9     .4        .6      8.4        ...    1.5     .2      215
+ Currants              85.0    1.5       ...      ...       12.8    ...     .7      265
+ Figs                  79.1    1.5       ...      ...       18.8    ...     .6      380
+ Gooseberries          85.6    1.0       ...      ...       13.1    ...     .3      255
+ Grapes                77.4    1.3       1.6     14.9        ...    4.3     .5      450
+ Guava                 82.9    1.3        .7      8.0        ...    6.6     .5      315
+ Huckleberries         81.9     .6        .6      ...       16.6    ...     .3      345
+ Lemons                89.3    1.0        .7      7.4        ...    1.1     .5      205
+ Mango                 87.4     .6        .4      9.9        ...    1.2     .5      220
+ Muskmelons            89.5     .6       ...      7.2        ...    2.1     .6      185
+ Nectarines            82.9     .6       ...      ...       15.9    ...     .6      305
+ Olives                67.0    2.5      17.1      5.7        ...    3.3    4.4      407
+ Oranges               86.9     .8        .2      ...       11.6    ...     .5      240
+ Peaches               89.4     .7        .1      5.8        ...    3.6     .4      190
+ Pears                 80.9    1.0        .5     15.7        ...    1.5     .4      163
+ Persimmons (Japanese) 80.2    1.4        .6     15.1        ...    2.1     .6      174
+ Pineapples            89.3     .4        .3      9.3        ...     .4     .3      200
+ Plums                 78.4    1.0       ...      ...       20.1    ...     .5      395
+ Pomegranates          76.8    1.5       1.6     16.8        ...    2.7     .6      461
+ Prunes                79.6     .9       ...      ...       18.9    ...     .6      370
+ Raspberries (red)     85.8    1.0       ...      9.7        ...    2.9     .6      255
+ Rhubarb stalks        94.4     .6        .7      2.5        ...    1.1     .7      105
+ Strawberries          90.4    1.0        .6      6.0        ...    1.4     .6      180
+ Watermelons           92.4     .4        .2      ...        6.7    ...     .3      140
+
+With the exception of smoked bacon, there is no flesh food which even
+approaches the nut in nutritive value, and bacon owes its high value to
+the fact that it consists almost exclusively of fat.
+
+That the nut is appreciated as a dainty is attested by the frequency
+with which it appears as a desert and the extensive use of various nuts
+as confections. That nuts do not hold a more prominent place in the
+national bill of fare is due chiefly to two causes; first, the popular
+idea that nuts are highly indigestible, and second, their comparatively
+high price.
+
+The notion that nuts are difficult of digestion has really no foundation
+in fact. The idea is probably the natural outgrowth of the custom of
+eating nuts at the close of a meal when an abundance, more likely a
+superabundance, of highly nutritious foods has already been eaten and
+the equally injurious custom of eating nuts between meals. Neglect of
+thorough mastication must also be mentioned as a possible cause of
+indigestion following the use of nuts. Nuts are generally eaten dry and
+have a firm hard flesh which requires thorough use of the organs of
+mastication to prepare them for the action of the several digestive
+juices. Experiments made in Germany showed that nuts are not digested at
+all but pass through the alimentary canal like foreign bodies unless
+reduced to a smooth paste in the mouth. Particles of nuts the size of
+small seeds wholly escaped digestion.
+
+Having been for more than fifty years actively interested in promoting
+the use of nuts as a staple food, I have given considerable thought and
+study to their dietetic value and have made many experiments. About
+twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that one of the above objections
+to the extensive dietetic use of nuts might be overcome by mechanical
+preparation of the nut before serving so as to reduce it to a smooth
+paste and thus insure the preparation for digestion which the average
+eater is prone to neglect. The result was a product which I called
+peanut butter. I was much surprised at the readiness with which the
+product sprang into public favor. Several years ago I was informed by a
+wholesale grocer of Chicago that the firm's sales of peanut butter
+amounted on an average to a carload a week. I think it is safe to
+estimate that not less than one thousand carloads of this product are
+annually consumed in this country. The increased demand for peanuts for
+making peanut butter led to the development of "corners" in the peanut
+market and more than doubled the price and must have had an equally
+marked influence upon the annual production.
+
+I am citing my experience with the peanut not for the purpose of
+recommending this product, for I am obliged to confess that I was soon
+compelled to abandon the use of peanut butter prepared from roasted
+nuts, for the reason that the process of roasting renders the nut
+indigestible to such a degree that it was not adapted to the use of
+invalids, but simply as an illustration of the readiness with which the
+public accepts a new dietetic idea when it happens to strike the popular
+fancy. Ways must be found to render the use of nuts practical by
+adapting them to our culinary and dietetic customs and to overcome the
+popular objections to their use by a widespread and efficient campaign
+of education.
+
+Attention has already been called to the superior nutritive value of the
+nut. It has other excellencies well worthy of consideration; for
+example, the protein of nuts is of the very choicest character. Recent
+investigations by Rubner, Osborne, Mendel, and others have shown that
+every plant produces its own special varieties of proteins. There is
+indeed a wide difference even between the proteins of various cereals
+and the proteins of many vegetables differ so widely in character from
+those of the human body that it is doubtful whether to any extent they
+can be utilized for human nutrition. Fortunately the potato is in this
+regard an exception and furnishes a very excellent type of protein. This
+objection does not apply to nuts. The proteins of nuts are in fact so
+very closely allied to those of the animal body that food chemists of a
+generation ago referred to the protein of nuts as vegetable casein
+because of its exceedingly close resemblance to the protein of milk.
+
+The fats of nuts, their leading food principle, are the most digestible
+of all forms of fat. Having a high melting point, they are far more
+digestible than animal fats of any sort. The indigestibility of beef and
+mutton fat has long been recognized. The fat of nuts much more closely
+resembles human fat than do fats of the sort mentioned. The importance
+of this will be appreciated when attention is called to the fact that
+fats entering the body do not undergo the transformation changes which
+take place in other foodstuffs; for example, protein in the process of
+digestion is broken into its ultimate molecular units. Starch is
+transformed into sugar, which serves as fuel to the body, but fats are
+so slightly modified in the process of digestion and absorption that
+after reaching the blood and the tissues they are reconstructed into the
+original form in which they are eaten; that is, beef fat is deposited in
+the tissues as beef fat without undergoing any chemical change whatever;
+mutton fat is deposited as mutton fat; lard as pig fat, etc. When the
+body makes its own fat from starch and sugar, the natural source of this
+tissue element, the product formed is _sui generis_ and must be better
+adapted to the body uses than the animal fat which was _sui generis_ to
+a pig, a sheep, or a goat. It is certainly a pleasant thought that one
+who rounds out his figure with the luscious fatness of nuts may
+felicitate himself upon the fact that his tissues are participating in
+the sweetness of the nut rather than the relics of the sty and the
+shambles. It is true that nuts are poor in carbohydrates; that is, they
+contain no starch and little sugar, but this deficiency can be easily
+supplied by fruits, as will be readily seen by reference to Table V.
+
+Of the three great food principles required for human nutrition,
+protein, fats, and carbohydrates, the nut supplies two--protein and fats
+in rich abundance, and of very finest quality. The amount of protein
+found in fruits with very few exceptions is so small as to be
+insignificant; fats are practically wholly absent from fruits, while
+sugar and dextrine are abundant. Fruits are thus the natural complement
+of nuts.
+
+The amount of protein contained in nuts is, with two or three
+exceptions, small as compared with meats, and even some of the cereals;
+but the studies of nutrition which have been made within the last score
+of years by Chittenden and numerous other investigators have clearly
+established the fact that protein which is chiefly represented in the
+ordinary bill of fare by lean meat, is needed only in very small amount.
+If the amount of protein eaten equals ten per cent of the total ration
+the body will receive an abundant supply of material for repairing its
+nitrogenous tissues, the only function for which protein is essential.
+Some nuts, as the pine nut and the peanut, are rich in protein. A pound
+of pine nuts contains as much protein as a pound and a half of lean
+meat, besides furnishing the equivalent to two-thirds of a pound of
+butter. The almond is also rich in protein.
+
+But nuts have another special excellence which is worthy of
+consideration. Recent researches have shown the paramount importance of
+vitamines--certain subtle elements which are needed to activate or set
+in operation various processes within the body which are essential to
+complete nutrition. The vitamines of rice and other cereals are removed
+with the bran; hence an exclusive diet of polished rice gives rise to
+_beriberi_. Meat contains vitamines in very small amounts, for vitamines
+are produced only by plants. The vitamines found in flesh foods
+represent only the small residue of the supplies which the animal
+gathered from the grass, corn and other vegetable products which
+constitute its food.
+
+Twenty years ago, when the diet of sailors consisted chiefly of salt
+pork, _scurvy_ was a dread scourge which often disabled whole ship crews
+and sent many a poor seaman into "Davy Jones' locker." The cooking of
+animal foods destroys the vitamines which they contain. Infants suffer
+from scurvy when fed on sterilized or pasteurized milk. There is good
+reason for believing that _pellagra_ is due to a deficiency of
+vitamines, which are conspicuously absent from a dietary consisting of
+"sow belly," molasses, tea, coffee, lard, cornmeal, fine flour and
+polished rice.
+
+Nuts are rich in vitamines. In fact, the nut consists of the choicest
+aggregation of all the materials essential for the building of sound
+human tissues, done up in a hermetically sealed package ready to be
+delivered by the gracious hand of Nature to those who are fortunate
+enough to appreciate the value of this choicest of all earth's bounties.
+
+As already noted, nuts consist almost wholly of the two principles, fat
+and protein. The same is true of meats. Nuts contain more fat and less
+protein and in this particular as well as others which have been
+mentioned are better prepared to serve as nutrients to the body than are
+meats. Besides, nuts have the advantage of being clean, free from the
+products of disease and putrefaction. Meats of all sorts, as found in
+the market, with the exception of canned meats, abound with putrefactive
+bacteria to an astonishing degree. This is true of dried, smoked and
+salted meats as well as of the fresh meats and game which are displayed
+upon the walls of the meat shop. An examination of various meats made
+some time ago by A. W. Nelson, bacteriologist of the Battle Creek
+Sanitarium, showed the presence of putrefactive bacteria in almost
+unbelievable numbers, as will be seen by an inspection of the following
+table:
+
+   TABLE VI.
+
+                              No. Putrefactive
+       Specimen.              Bacteria per ounce.
+
+    1. Large sausage          12,600,000,000
+    2. Small sausage          19,890,000,000
+    3. Round steak            16,800,000,000
+    4. Roast beef             16,800,000,000
+    5. Smoked ham              1,293,600,000
+    6. Hamburger steak         3,870,000,000
+    7. Pork                    3,781,200,000
+    8. Porterhouse steak         900,000,000
+    9. Sirloin steak          11,340,000,000
+   10. Tenderloin (well done)    756,000,000
+   11. Tenderloin (rare)       5,040,000,000
+
+Repeated subsequent examinations have given similar results. These
+results also agree with observations made by various other German and
+American bacteriologists. Decomposition of animal flesh begins
+immediately after the animal dies. Within twenty-four hours after
+killing, even though the carcass is kept in an ice box or refrigerater,
+the whole mass is permeated with putrefactive bacteria. Refrigeration
+even to a point close to freezing delays but does not prevent the growth
+of putrefactive organisms although at lower temperatures the usual
+volatile products which give notice of the presence of putrefaction by
+an odor of decay are not produced. Persons whose stomachs manufacture a
+liberal amount of hydrochloric acid, an essential constituent of healthy
+gastric juice, are able to disinfect even highly putrescent meat, so
+that they apparently do not suffer any immediate injury when such meat
+enters the stomach. In a stomach which produces little or no
+hydrochloric acid, the process of putrefaction continues all the way
+through the alimentary canal, giving rise to the same poisonous
+substances which are present in the putrefying carcass of a dead rat or
+any other dead animal, and produces intestinal or alimentary toxemia
+with the multitude of mischiefs which grow out of this condition, among
+which may be mentioned all sorts of skin troubles, high blood-pressure,
+apoplexy, premature senility, Bright's disease, heart failure,
+gallstones--a list which might be increased by the addition of scores of
+other common, chronic maladies.
+
+When one recalls the statement made before the congressional committee
+by the chief of the United States meat inspection service that if all
+animals, any part of which was diseased, were rejected by inspectors,
+not more than one in a hundred would pass muster; and when one also
+reflects upon the wide prevalence of tuberculosis in animals,--at least
+ten per cent of all the cows in the country are known to be
+tuberculous,--and the growing prevalence of tapeworm and trichinae,
+diseases which are exclusively derived from the eating of flesh, and
+then contemplates the purity and perfection of the choice little food
+packets which we call nuts, it is easy to be persuaded that a
+substitution of nuts for flesh foods, even on a very large scale, would
+be not only a perfectly safe procedure, but one which would be followed
+by the most desirable results.
+
+The use of nuts as a staple article of food is not an experiment. All
+the higher apes, man's nearest relatives in the animal world, thrive on
+nuts. Many savage tribes live almost entirely on nuts. The Indians of
+the foothills of California gather every fall large quantities of nuts
+which they store for winter use. The early settlers of California
+reported also that many tribes of Indians in that part of the United
+States lived almost wholly upon acorns. Before the great oak forests of
+this country were cut down for lumber, millions of hogs were fattened on
+mast, and the price of pork depended more upon the acorn crop than on
+the corn crop. The peasantry of southern France and northern Italy
+during half the year make two meals a day on chestnuts.
+
+The objection commonly urged, that nuts are too expensive to enter
+largely into the ordinary bill of fare, at first sight appears to be
+valid, but upon examination this objection almost, if not wholly,
+disappears. For example, a pound of pine nuts which is more than the
+equivalent in nutritive value to two and a half pounds of the best
+beefsteak and two-thirds of a pound of butter, can be bought wholesale
+for twenty-five cents. The cost of the equivalent food value in meat and
+butter would be at least sixty to seventy cents, or more than double the
+cost of the nuts. A pound of almonds can be bought at wholesale for
+forty cents, and has food value equal to that of meat which would cost a
+dollar or more. A pound of peanuts can be bought at wholesale for seven
+or eight cents, and furnishes nutritive value equivalent to more than a
+pound of beefsteak and a half a pound of butter, which would cost
+forty-five to fifty cents, or seven times as much. No objection can be
+offered to the fact that we are comparing wholesale with retail prices,
+for the reason that nuts do not readily spoil as do meat and butter, but
+will keep in perfect condition for months. Further it is entirely
+reasonable to suppose that the price of nuts may sometime in the future
+be considerably reduced when the cultivation of nuts becomes more
+general, and especially when the United States Forestry Department
+becomes convinced that it would be a sensible thing to cover with nut
+trees some of the large areas which have in the last fifty years been
+laid waste by deforestation. The planting of nut trees along all the
+public highways of the country would in less than twenty years result in
+a crop, the food value of which would be greater than that at present
+produced by the entire livestock industry of the country.
+
+The high price of meat of which so much complaint has been made in
+recent years is not likely to recede. The high price is not due to
+manipulations of the market, but to natural causes, the chief of which
+is the limitation of pasturage and is the consequence of a decrease in
+the number of livestock. As the country becomes more and more densely
+settled, the difficulty of supplying the demand for meat will increase,
+and in time the necessity for utilizing every foot of ground in the most
+efficient manner, will necessarily bring about a change in the dietetic
+habits of the people. Not a single example can be found in the world of
+a densely populated country dependent upon its own resources in which
+flesh foods constitute any considerable part of the national bill of
+fare. Since Germany has been nearly shut off from the outside world by
+the present war, the government has found it necessary to restrict the
+consumption of meat to one-half pound per week for each adult. All other
+European countries are equally dependent on outside sources for their
+meat supply.
+
+The time will certainly come when nuts and nut trees will become a most
+important food resource. If a reform in this direction could be effected
+within the next ten years, the result would be a disappearance to a
+large extent of the complaint of the high cost of living. Mr. Hill said
+the basis for complaint was not the high cost of living, but the cost of
+high living. I should prefer to say that the real cause for complaint
+was wrong living rather than high living, or necessarily high cost. With
+right living the cost will be automatically reduced. For example,
+suppose a person were content to choose the peanut as his source for
+protein and fat, the elimination of the butcher's bill for meat and the
+grocer's bill for butter would at once cut out two-thirds of the expense
+incurred for food.
+
+When a student in college more than forty years ago, I was already
+making dietetic experiments and lived three months on a diet such as I
+have suggested, at an average expense of exactly six cents a day. This
+was the total amount expended for raw foodstuffs. I paid my landlady
+five times as much for preparing and serving the food, and had reason
+for believing that some portion of my supplies was utilized by others
+than myself. As evidence of the fact that the experiment was not
+dangerous, I may add that I have pursued the same meatless dietary
+during my entire lifetime since, as I had done for ten years before, and
+I am still alive and hard at work. Man is naturally a frugivorous
+animal. According to Cuvier, the great French naturalist, the natural
+diet of human beings, like that of those other primates, the
+orangoutang, the chimpanzee, and the gorilla, consists of fruits, nuts,
+tender shoots and cereals. A sturdy Scotch highlander informed me that
+his diet consisted of brose, bannocks, and potatoes, and that he rarely
+ever tasted meat. When asked what he fed his dogs, he replied, "The same
+as I eat myself, sir." The high-bred foxhounds of the southern states
+are fed on cornmeal, oatmeal and bread, and rarely taste flesh of any
+sort. Dogs thus fed are hardier, healthier, have more endurance, better
+wind, keener scent, greater intelligence, and are more easily trained
+than meat-fed dogs. A diet which is safe for carnivorous animals, must
+certainly be safe for human beings, who belong to a class of animals all
+representatives of which, with the exception of man are flesh
+abstainers.
+
+Some years ago I experimented with various sorts of carnivorous animals
+for the purpose of ascertaining whether nuts could be made a complete
+substitute for meat. Among the various animals utilized for the
+experiment was a young wolf from the northwest that had never eaten
+anything but fresh raw meat. After giving the animal one day to get
+accustomed to its new surroundings and to acquire a good appetite, I
+gave him a breakfast of nuts properly prepared and was delighted to find
+that he took to the new ration without the slightest hesitation and
+remained in excellent health during the several months of the
+experiment. I succeeded perfectly in substituting nuts for meat with all
+the animals experimented upon, including a fish hawk, with the single
+exception of an old bald-headed eagle, which refused to be converted.
+
+I have a suspicion that the so-called carnivorous animals were all at
+some remote time nut eaters; the so-called carnivorous teeth would be as
+useful in tearing off the husks of cocoanuts and similar fruits, as for
+tearing and eating flesh.
+
+An economic argument for the general adoption of nuts as a suitable
+article of food is the enormous increase in food resources which such a
+change would bring about. Some years ago, an experienced stock-raiser
+informed the writer that it takes two acres of land and two years to
+produce a steer weighing 600 pounds when dressed. Fresh meat is
+three-fourths water; hence the food material actually represented by
+such an animal would be considerably less than one hundred and fifty
+pounds, allowing for the weight of the bones. The food value, estimated
+as dried meat, would be about sixteen hundred calories per pound, or the
+same as an equal quantity of wheat meal. That is, an acre of land would
+produce in the form of beef, the food equivalent of seventy-five pounds
+of wheat in two years, whereas, a single acre of grain would produce on
+an average, even when poorly cultivated, in two crops not less than
+thirty-two bushels of more than 1900 pounds of wheat, or more than
+twenty-five times as much food as the same land would produce in the
+same length of time in the form of beef. Humboldt showed that the banana
+would furnish sustenance for twenty-five times as many people as could
+be nourished by the wheat produced by the same area of land; and
+according to Hutchinson, the chestnut tree is capable of producing on a
+given area a still larger amount of nutrient material than the banana.
+In other words, an acre of ground covered with chestnut trees in full
+bearing will furnish food for more than six hundred times as many people
+as could be supported by the same area devoted to meat production.
+
+As a source of protein and fats the nut is vastly superior to the ox and
+the pig. The nut is sweeter, cleaner, safer, healthier and cheaper than
+any possible source of animal products.
+
+This choicest product of Nature's laboratory is just beginning to be
+appreciated. When the Nut Growers' Association celebrates its one
+hundredth anniversary, it is safe to predict that the descendants of the
+present generation of nut growers who have followed the example of their
+forebears, will be living in opulence and will be regarded as the
+saviors of their country, while the great abattoirs and meat packing
+establishments will have ceased to exist, and the merry click of the nut
+cracker will be heard throughout the land.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM A LETTER FROM COLONEL J. C. COOPER, OF McMINNVILLE,
+OREGON, PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN WALNUT ASSOCIATION.
+
+(Prepared by W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief of the Office of Farm Management U.
+S. Dept. of Agr., to be read at the 7th Annual Meeting of the N. N. G.
+A.)
+
+
+It is probable that the prominence given the walnut growing industry in
+Oregon and the Northwest is greater than the finished product will
+justify at present, yet it is growing all the time in spite of the
+methods in use. I say in spite of the methods rather than because of the
+methods in use, for the reason that hundreds of thousands of trees have
+been set out in the last ten or twelve years, a majority of which have
+failed to meet the expectations of the would-be growers. These
+expectations, however, have been based largely on the statements of boom
+literature of those who have trees and lands for sale. We have much land
+in Western Oregon that is suited to the growing of walnuts, and some
+trees and orchards that are doing well, but there are more individual
+trees that are giving their owners profits than there are orchards.
+
+The industry will continue to grow, I will repeat again, in spite of the
+cultural methods we use, but we must certainly change our methods or our
+trees, or both. The excellence of the Oregon walnut is beyond question.
+The gold and silver medals that we have captured, as well as the
+testimony of dealers who are bidding for our product for their fancy
+trade, is evidence of its excellent quality. But there are many things
+that enter in the making of the perfect nut. Even after the tree has
+cast down its golden shower of the finest product, the gathering,
+washing and drying makes for the sweetness of the nut. When I see men
+who make a success in other lines of horticulture and farming pulling
+out walnut trees because they have planted a cheap lot or are too
+impatient for the harvest, and others bringing sackfulls of the finest
+nuts to market, discolored and dirty from having lain on the wet ground
+for days and weeks, I sometimes think that it is a long, long way to
+Tipperary.
+
+But my heart's right there, and our association is doing heroic work,
+although but two years old; we get our committees together two or three
+times a year, compare notes and crack the whip for another run. Then
+when we get together in annual convention there is something doing. We
+cut out the frills and get at once to business. No welcomes by the mayor
+and response by Colonel Long Bow with a brass band, but rather like the
+women at the fish market: "Have yees any nice fish, Mrs. Maloney?"
+"Indade, I have, Mrs. Flanigan." "They stink." "You lie." And that is
+the way our fight usually starts, only not so vigorously, of course.
+
+We have one committee that is all important and is doing fine work. The
+committee on seedling varieties is making a survey of the western states
+to find a variety or varieties best suited to the soil and climate of
+the different localities. This committee includes the best men available
+for that work; H. M. Williamson, secretary of our state board of
+horticulture, chairman; C. I. Lewis, chief of division of horticulture,
+Corvallis; Leon D. Batchelor, experiment station, Riverside, California;
+A. A. Quarnberg, grower and experimenter, Vancouver, Washington; E. W.
+Mathews, extensive planter, Portland, and Charles L. McNary, planter,
+Salem. Mr. McNary told me yesterday that he had made a survey of
+thirty-five very fine trees, on blank cards similar to the one enclosed.
+We expect to have the record of at least 200 trees by the time of our
+convention. Only those that approach the standard wanted are listed.
+
+To give the product of the walnut crop of the state would only be a wild
+guess. The system and machinery that we have for finding out how much we
+raise is only in embryo. The estimates reach all the way from 100,000 to
+500,000 pounds. There is a good crop this year and the output for the
+market is growing rapidly. We need education more than we do growers.
+But we are learning.
+
+I want to give you some facts of things that I find. Yesterday at the
+orchard of Alex Lafollette, State Senator from Marion county, and peach
+king of the Willamette Valley, I found seven-year-old walnut trees
+planted in rows among his peach trees, walnut trees planted sixteen feet
+apart! He said that his trees were full of little walnuts in the spring,
+but they all dropped off, and he did not think they would do well there.
+He said there were no catkins on the little trees, which accounts for
+the failure of his crop. This he did not know. And he did not know that
+the trees would produce the catkins in a year or so and remedy the
+failures. In the famous Dundee orchards I picked up handfuls of little
+fibrous roots, photo of which I sent you, that had been torn up by the
+plow and harrow when cultivating the walnut trees. Bales of these roots
+could be gathered up from the ground under the trees. The owner said
+that it did the trees good to treat them that way. Another black walnut
+tree that I visited in a cultivated field of good deep, rich soil, I
+found walnut roots protruding from the plowed ground as far away as 108
+feet from the tree. The tree was thirty or forty years old.
+
+It would add greatly to the walnut industry of the future if the Forest
+Service would plant black walnuts in the hills and mountains between
+here and the coast. You know in that burnt timber section and various
+localities in the coast mountains there are many places where eight or
+ten nut trees to the acre would soon give a good account of themselves.
+If properly planted, in five or ten years they could be topgrafted to a
+good English variety and add greatly to the value of the public domain
+as well as the food products of the nation. We have no native walnuts,
+but almost every variety under the sun will grow here.
+
+   WESTERN WALNUT ASSOCIATION.
+
+   SEEDLING WALNUT TREE RECORD.
+
+   No....... Made............. 191........ by.........................
+   Owner..............................................................
+   P. O.................... State.............. Route.................
+   Exact location.....................................................
+   NUT--Origin........................................................
+   Variety..................................... planted...............
+   TREE--Origin................................ age now...............
+   Transplanted 19................ Dia. trunk.........................
+   Height................................. spread.....................
+   DATES--of budding out..............................................
+   catkin blooms......................... nut blooms..................
+   leaves fall........................... nuts fall...................
+   in 1-lb. kernel wt............... oz. shell wt................. oz.
+   NUTS--Per tree........... lbs.  In cluster............ in lb.......
+   round,.. oval,.. pointed,.. smooth,.... not well sealed............
+   KERNEL--light, dark, not easily removed from shell. Tannin--little
+   excessive.
+   Tree vigor............ Blight................ per cent.............
+
+
+
+PRESENT AT 1916 MEETING
+
+   L. H. Ott, 1746 T St., Washington
+   J. C. Smith, House of Rep. P. O.
+   Fred. L. Fishback, 609 Union Trust Bldg., Washington
+   Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Chamberlin, 44 R St., N. E.
+   Dr. Taylor, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
+   Dr. True, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
+   Miss F. Cadel, Shepard St., Chevy Chase, Md.
+   F. S. Holmes, Ag. Ex. Sta., College Park, Md.
+   Dr. Hassall, Bowie, Md.
+   M. P. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.
+   Carl Poll, Danville
+   Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati
+   J. Russell Smith, Round Hill
+   E. B. Crockett, Monroe, Va.
+   R. T. Morris, N. Y. City
+   W. C. Deming, Conn.
+   Mrs. W. C. Deming
+   Jacob L. Rife, Camp Hill, Pa., R. D. 1
+   Paul White, Bowie, Md.
+   John H. Fisher, Jr.
+   Mrs. John H. Fisher, Jr., Bradshaw, Md.
+   Miss Ellen M. Littlepage
+   Miss Louise Littlepage
+   John Littlepage
+   C. A. Van Duzee
+   W. N. Hutt
+   W. N. Roper
+   R. T. Olcott
+   T. P. Littlepage
+   Dr. Van Fleet, Glendale, Md.
+   A. C. Shepherd, Washington
+   Chas. S. Hayden, Baltimore
+   C. A. Reed, Washington
+   Mrs. Reed
+   W. Bathon, Star reporter
+   Henry Stabler, Washington
+   H. M. Simpson, Vincennes
+   C. S. Ridgway, Lumberton
+   Mrs. Ridgway
+   C. P. Close
+   M. B. Waite
+   R. L. McCoy
+   Dr. Ira Ulman
+   Rev. E. N. Kirby, Ballston, Va.
+   S. M. McMurran, Washington
+   Dr. Augustus Stabler, 45 R St., N. E., Washington
+   C. M. Stearns, 1833 Dumont St., Washington
+   E. C. Pomeroy
+   A. D. Robinson, Washington
+   James Tindaw, Waterbury, Md.
+   Miss Katherine Stuart, Alexandria, Va.
+   Henry T. Finley, Rockville, Md.
+   Mrs. Finley
+   Mrs. F. L. Mulford, Washington, D. C.
+   B. Eyre, Washington
+   Mrs. Eyre
+   J. G. Rush
+   J. F. Jones
+   Dr. Kellermann
+   Dr. Haven Metcalf
+   Miss Martha Rush
+   Miss Sarah Garvin, Lancaster
+   H. A. Stewart, Jeannerette, La.
+   Mr. Bryan, Bowie
+   Miss Edna McNaughton, Middleville, Mich.
+   Mr. C. E. Emig, Washington, D. C.
+   A. C. Brown, Lanham, Md.
+
+
+   Vincennes Nurseries
+
+   W. C. REED, Proprietor
+
+   VINCENNES, INDIANA, U. S. A.
+
+   PROPAGATORS AND INTRODUCERS
+
+   _Budded and Grafted Pecans, Hardy Northern Varieties_
+   _English (Persian) Walnut Grafted on Black Walnut_
+   _Best Northern and French Varieties_
+   _Grafted Thomas Black Walnut_
+   _Grafted Persimmons, best sorts   Hardy Almonds_
+   _Filberts and Hazelnuts_
+   _Also General Line Nursery Stock_
+
+   SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE ON REQUEST
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   JONES' PENNSYLVANIA GROWN
+
+   NUT TREES WILL SUCCEED WITH YOU.
+
+   WRITE FOR A COPY OF MY 1917 CATALOGUE
+   AND NEW PRICE LIST
+
+   _If interested in the propagation of nut
+   trees or top-working seedling trees, ask
+   for a copy of my booklet on propagation
+   and list of tools..._
+
+   J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist
+
+   LANCASTER, PA.
+
+
+   _Northern Nut Trees_
+
+   _Why Plant Nut Trees?_
+
+   _Varieties_:
+
+   PECANS.
+   BLACK WALNUTS.
+   ENGLISH WALNUTS.
+   HICKORY NUTS.
+
+   WHEN TO SET NUT TREES.
+   HOW TO SET NUT TREES.
+   DISTANCE APART TO SET NUT TREES.
+   SOIL FOR NUT TREES.
+   FERTILIZER FOR NUT TREES.
+   NUT TREES AS ORNAMENTALS.
+   NUT TREES FOR PROFIT.
+
+   Do you want to know about all of the above? If
+   so, write for our beautiful illustrated catalogue for
+   1917.
+
+   _Maryland Nut Nurseries_
+
+   BOWIE, MARYLAND.
+
+   THOMAS P. LITTLEPAGE        PAUL WHITE
+
+   P. S. We forgot to say that we not only have the
+   answers to the above but we also have the trees.
+   M. N. N.
+
+
+   CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES
+
+   ESTABLISHED 1853
+
+   Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees
+   on Mazzard Roots, Hardy Evergreens, Flowering
+   Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the
+
+   THOMAS BLACK WALNUT
+
+   JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS,  King of Prussia P. O.,  MONTGOMERY CO., PENNA.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   A GOOD WAY TO KEEP POSTED IS TO READ THE MONTHLY
+
+   AMERICAN NUT JOURNAL
+
+   OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE NORTHERN ASSOCIATION
+
+   SUBSCRIPTION--$1.25 per year;   ADVERTISING-16 Cents per Agate
+   three years, $3.00; Canada       line; $2.10 per inch.
+   and foreign, 50c. extra.
+
+   AMERICAN FRUITS PUBLISHING CO., Inc., ROCHESTER, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Report of the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC. 1916 ***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of
+the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting
+       Washington, D. C. September 8 and 9, 1916.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2008 [EBook #25597]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC. 1916 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 8 AND 9, 1916.
+
+PRESS OF The Advertiser-republican, ANNAPOLIS, MD.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+   Officers and Committees of the Association                          4
+   Members of the Association                                          5
+
+   Constitution and By-Laws                                           10
+
+   Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting                          13
+
+   Report of the Secretary-Treasurer                                  14
+
+   Notes on the Chinquapins, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York           15
+
+   The Black Walnut, T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.              25
+
+   Discussion on the Almond                                           33
+
+   Discussion on the Hazel                                            37
+
+   The Chestnut Bark Disease, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Washington, D. C.    41
+
+   Discussion on Quarantine for Chestnut Nursery Stock                49
+
+   Hybrids and Other New Chestnuts for Blight Districts, Dr. Walter
+     Van Fleet, Washington, D. C.                                     54
+
+   President's Address, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Roundhill, Va.          58
+
+   Diseases of the Persian Walnut, S. M. McMurran, Washington, D. C.  67
+
+   Discussion on Winter Killing                                       72
+
+   Address of Col. C. A. Van Duzee, Cairo, Georgia                    75
+
+   Resolutions on Chestnut Blight Quarantine                          80
+
+   Resolution on Investigations in Nut Tree Propagation               84
+
+   Discussion on the Growth and Fruiting of Pecans in the North       86
+
+   Top Working Pecans on Other Hickories                              91
+
+   Appendix:
+
+   Letter from W. C. Reed, Vice-President                             98
+
+   The Food Value of Nuts, Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Mich.    101
+
+   Letter from J. C. Cooper, McMinnville, Oregon                     114
+
+   List of those present at the meeting                              117
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+   _President_                W. C. REED            Vincennes, Indiana
+   _Vice-President_           W. N. HUTT       Raleigh, North Carolina
+   _Secretary and Treasurer_  W. C. DEMING     Georgetown, Connecticut
+
+
+COMMITTEES
+
+   _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED
+   _Executive_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, J. RUSSELL SMITH AND THE OFFICERS
+   _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING
+   _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. C. DEMING, J. G. RUSH
+   _Membership_--HARRY R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, F. N. FAGAN, W. O. POTTER,
+      W. C. DEMING, WENDELL P. WILLIAMS, J. RUSSELL SMITH
+   _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, R. L. MCCOY, J. F. JONES
+   _Press and Publication_--RALPH T. OLCOTT, J. RUSSELL SMITH,
+      W. C. DEMING
+   _Programme_--W. C. DEMING, J. RUSSELL SMITH, C. A. REED, W. N. HUTT,
+      R. T. MORRIS
+   _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, PAUL WHITE
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+   California      T. C. Tucker          311 California St., San Francisco
+   Canada          G. H. Corsan          63 Avenue Road, Toronto
+   Connecticut     Charles H. Plump      West Redding
+   Delaware        E. R. Angst           527 Dupont Building, Wilmington
+   Georgia         J. B. Wight           Cairo
+   Illinois        H. A. Riehl           Alton
+   Indiana         J. F. Wilkinson       Rockport
+   Iowa            Wendell P. Williams   Danville
+   Kentucky        A. L. Moseley         Calhoun
+   Maryland        C. P. Close           College Park
+   Massachusetts   James II. Bowditch    903 Tremont Building, Boston
+   Michigan.       Miss Maude M. Jessup  440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids
+   Minnesota       L. L. Powers          1018 Hudson Ave., St. Paul
+   Missouri        P. C. Stark           Louisiana
+   New Jersey      C. S. Ridgway         Lumberton
+   New York        M. E. Wile            37 Calumet St., Rochester
+   North Carolina  W. N. Hutt            Raleigh
+   Ohio            Harry R. Weber        601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati
+   Pennsylvania    J. G. Rush            West Willow
+   Texas           R. S. Trumbull        M. S. R. R. Co., El Paso
+   Virginia        John S. Parish        Eastham
+   Washington      A. E. Baldwin         Kettle Falls
+   West Virginia   B. F. Hartzell        Shepherdstown
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+  Dawson, L. H., Llano
+  Johnson, Chet, R. D. 1, Biggs
+  Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange,
+    311 California St., San Francisco
+
+  CANADA
+  Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto
+  Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 1872 Cartier St., Montreal
+  Sager, Dr. D. S., Brantford
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+  Barnes, John R., Yalesville
+  Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown
+  Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown.
+  Goodwin, James L., Box 447, Hartford
+  Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76, for circulars, Box 1082,
+    Hartford, for letters
+  Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+  Lay, Charles Downing, Wellesmere, Stratford
+  Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford
+  Mikkelsen, Mrs. M. A., Georgetown
+ *Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95
+  Plump, Charles II., West Redding
+  Sessions, Albert L., Bristol
+  Staunton, Gray, R. D. 30, Stamford
+  White, Gerrard, North Granby
+  Williams, W. W., Milldale
+
+  DELAWARE
+  Augst, E. R., 527 DuPont Building, Wilmington, Del.
+  Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+  Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington
+  Goddard, R. H., States' Relations Service, Washington
+ *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington
+  Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington
+
+  GEORGIA
+  Bullard, Wm. P., Albany
+  Van Duzee, C. A., Judson Orchard Farm, Cairo
+  Wight, J. B., Cairo
+
+  ILLINOIS
+  Casper, O. II., Anna
+  Poll, Carl J, 1009 Maple St., Danville
+  Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion
+  Riehl, E. A., Alton
+
+  INDIANA
+  Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison
+  Lukens, Mrs. B., Anderson
+  Reed, M. P., Vincennes
+  Reed, W. C, Vincennes
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport
+  Woolbright, Clarence, R. D. 3, Elnora
+
+  IOWA
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+  Williams, Wendell P., Danville
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural Station,
+    Lexington
+  Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun
+
+  MARYLAND
+  Campbell, George D., Lonaconing
+  Darby, R. U., Suite 804, Continental Building, Baltimore
+  Hayden, Chas. S., 200 E. Lexington St., Baltimore
+  Keenan, Dr. John N., Brentwood
+  King, W. J., 232 Prince George St., Annapolis
+  Kyner, James H., Bladensburg
+  Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie
+  Murray, Miss Annie C., Cumberstone
+  Stabler, Henry, Hancock
+  White, Paul, Bowie
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+ *Bowditch, James II., 903 Tremont Building, Boston
+  Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center
+  Cole, Mrs. George B., 15 Mystic Ave., Winchester
+  Hoffman, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge
+  Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers
+  Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet
+  White, Warren, Holliston
+
+  MICHIGAN
+  Copland, Alexander W., Strawberry Hill Farm, Birmingham
+  Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids
+  Johnson, Franklin, Munising
+  Kellogg, J. H., Battle Creek
+  Staunton, Gray, Muskegon, Box 233
+
+  MINNESOTA
+  Powers, L. L., 1018 Hudson Ave., St. Paul
+
+  MISSOURI
+  Bauman, X. C., Ste. Genevieve
+  Darche, J. H., Parkville
+  Funston, E. S., 1521 Morgan St., St. Louis
+  Phelps, Howe, Pine Hurst Dairy, Carthage
+  Stark, P. C., Louisiana (Mo.)
+
+  NEBRASKA
+  Kurtz, John W., 5304 Bedford St., Omaha
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+  Black, Walter C., of Jos. H. Black, Son & Co., Hightstown
+  Childs, Fred., Morristown, R. D. 2
+  Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City Heights
+  Lovett, J. T., Little Silver
+  Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72
+  Mechling, Edward A., Wonderland Farm, Moorestown
+  Ridgeway, C. S. Floralia, Lumberton, N. J.
+  Roberts, Horace, Moorestown
+  Young, Frederick C., Palmyra, Box 335
+
+  NEW YORK
+  Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn
+  Atwater, C. G., The Barrett Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City
+  Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse
+  Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigations, State College
+    of Forestry, Syracuse
+  Baker, Wm. A., North Rose
+  Bixby, Willard G., 46th St. and 2nd Ave., Brooklyn
+  Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City
+  Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+  Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station,
+    Medford, L. I.
+  Haywood, Albert, Flushing
+  Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City
+  Holden, E. B., Hilton
+ *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City
+  Jackson, Dr. James H., Dansville
+  Loomis, C. B., East Greenbush
+  Miller, Milton R., Batavia, Box 394
+  Morse, Geo. A., Fruit Acres, Williamson, N. Y.
+  Nelson, Dr. James Robert, 23 Main St., Kingston-on-Hudson
+  Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester
+  Palmer, A. C., New York Military Academy, Cornwall-on-Hudson
+  Pannell, W. B., Pittsford
+  Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport
+  Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling
+  Simmons, A. L., State Highway Department, Albany
+  Stuart, C. W., Newark
+  Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City
+  Teter, Walter C., 10 Wall St., New York City
+  Thomson, Adelbert, East Avon
+  Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City
+  Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City
+  Wile, M. E., 37 Calumet St., Rochester
+  Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City
+ *Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+  Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City
+  Hutt, Prof. W. N., State Horticulturist, Raleigh
+  Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona
+  Whitfield, Dr. Wm. Cobb, Grifton
+
+  OHIO
+  Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville
+  Evans, Miss Myrta L., Briallen Farm, Oak Hill, Jackson County
+  Miller, H. A., Gypsum
+  Thorne, Charles E., Wooster, Agric. Exp. Sta.
+  Weber, Harry E., 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati
+  Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+  Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury
+  Fagan, Prof. P. N., Department of Horticulture, State College
+  Grubbs, H. L., Fairview, R. 1
+  Hall, Robt. W., 133 Church St., Bethlehem
+  Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro
+  Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper
+  Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville
+  Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester
+  Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County
+  Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia
+ *Jones, J. P., Lancaster, Box 527
+  Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+  Leas, F. C., 882 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Mountain Brook Orchard
+    Company, Salem, Va.
+  Middleton, Fenton H., 1118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
+  Murphy, P. J., Vice-President L. & W. R. R. R. Company, Scranton
+  O'Neill, Wm. C., 1328 Walnut St., Philadelphia
+  Rheam, J. F., 45 N. Walnut St., Lewistown
+  Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading
+  Rife, Jacob A., Camp Hill
+  Rush, J. G., West Willow
+ *Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg
+  Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P. O.
+  Weaver, Wm. S., McCungie
+  Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 S. Broad St., Philadelphia
+ *Wister, John C, Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown
+  Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+  Shanklin, Prof. A. G., Clemson College
+
+  TENNESSEE
+  Marr, Thomas S., 701 Stahlman Building, Nashville
+
+  TEXAS
+  Burkett, J. H., Nut Specialist, State Dept, of Agric., Clyde
+  Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S. W. System, Morenci
+    Southern Railroad Company, El Paso
+
+  VIRGINIA
+  Crockett, E. B., Monroe
+  Engleby, Thos. L., 1002 Patterson Ave., Roanoke
+  Lee, Lawrence R., Leesburg
+  Miller, L. O., Miller & Rhodes, Richmond
+  Parish, John S., Eastham, Albemarle County
+  Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, Lynchburg
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill
+
+  WASHINGTON
+  Baldwin, Dr. A. E., Kettle Falls
+  Rogers, Dr. Albert, Okanogan
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+  Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown
+
+    * Life member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who
+desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence
+or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
+membership.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president and a
+secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual
+meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the
+president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and
+secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state
+vice-president from each state, dependency or country represented in the
+membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three
+elected officers.
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an
+auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations
+to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former
+shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin with the first day of
+the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association.
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+SEPTEMBER 8 AND 9, 1916
+
+WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+
+The seventh annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association was
+called to order in rooms 42-43 of the new building of the National
+Museum at Washington, D. C., on Friday, September 8th, at 10 a. m., the
+president, Dr. J. Russell Smith, presiding.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is often customary to start meetings of this sort with
+a considerable amount of eloquence, such as an address of welcome by
+some high city or state official, a response to the address of welcome
+by some one else high in authority, and so on, during which the visitors
+are told of the many privileges they may enjoy, "the keys of the town"
+are handed over to them, and a good deal of high-flown oratory is
+indulged in. We suppose that the people in attendance at this meeting
+are so well acquainted with Washington that those preliminaries are
+unnecessary, and I have been informed by the members of the local
+committee that we can dispense with the frills in this case and proceed
+with the business of the meeting, which we think is going to rather
+crowd our time if we get said all that we want to say. We are going to
+devote this morning's programme first to a paper by Dr. Robert T. Morris
+on the chinquapin, and then to the discussion of a comparatively newly
+considered member of our nut family, namely, the American black walnut.
+We have been heretofore much interested in sundry exotics and talking
+far too little about this great tree nearer home.
+
+Before taking up the technical programme we have a few matters of
+business to put through. First, we will have the report of the secretary
+and treasurer.
+
+
+
+
+   REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER
+
+   Balance on hand date of last report                    $ 140.24
+   Receipts:
+       Dues                                                 292.75
+       Advertisements                                        21.00
+       Contributions                                          5.50
+       Sale of report                                        34.75
+       Contributions for prizes                              10.00
+       Miscellaneous                                           .65
+                                                           -------
+                                                                   $504.89
+
+   Expenses:
+       Printing report                                   $  142.56
+       Envelopes for report                                   9.00
+       Miscellaneous printing                                32.50
+       Postage and stationery                                49.26
+       Stenographer                                          26.35
+       Express and freight                                    2.77
+       Prizes                                                18.00
+       Checks, J. R. S. expenses and circulars              180.00
+       Lantern operator                                       3.00
+       Litchfield Savings Society                            20.00
+                                                           -------
+                                                                   $483.44
+                                                                   -------
+       Balance on hand                                              $21.45
+
+Receipts from all sources, except sale of reports, have fallen off
+markedly, as have new members, 31 less than last year, though we have
+now 154 paid up members, one more than last year. 10 members have
+resigned and 42 have been dropped for non-payment of dues. We have lost
+one member by death, Herbert R. Orr, of Washington.
+
+The committees on membership and on finance should be more active.
+
+Our annual report constitutes the minutes of the last meeting. Our nut
+contest and other matters of interest have been reported through the
+columns of the American Nut Journal, our official organ.
+
+[Accepted.]
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Next in order of business is the first step toward the
+election of officers for the ensuing year. It is our custom to have a
+nominating committee elected at an early session. They deliberate and
+bring forward a slate which is voted on at a later session. This morning
+is a suitable time for the election of a committee, and tomorrow morning
+will be a suitable time for their report. Are there any nominations for
+the Nominating Committee?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. President, I move that Dr. Morris, Mr. C. P. Close,
+Mr. C. A. Reed, Prof. Stabler and Dr. Ira Ulman be appointed as the
+Nominating Committee.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other nominations?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Mr. President, I would like to ask that Mr. Littlepage's
+name replace my name on that committee.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Will the nominating member accept that amendment?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other nominations? Do I hear a second to
+the nominations?
+
+A MEMBER: Second it.
+
+[Carried.]
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any other committees to report at this time?
+
+THE SECRETARY: There is a Committee on Incorporation.
+
+MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the Committee on Incorporation has
+done some investigating as to the desirability of incorporating the
+Association, and also, if desirable, under what laws, but that committee
+has not yet made any final report nor come to any final conclusion, and
+I would suggest, as a member of the committee, that the committee be
+continued and instructed to report the following year.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think that it is unnecessary to vote on the continuance
+of the committee, as it was appointed with indefinite tenure. We will
+proceed with the programme and first have the pleasure of listening to
+Dr. Morris.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE CHINQUAPINS.
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK
+
+According to Sargent the chinquapin (_Castanea pumila_) occupies dry
+sandy ridges, rich hillsides and the borders of swamps from southern
+Pennsylvania to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River in
+Texas. He states that this chestnut is usually shrubby in the region
+east of the Alleghany Mountains, and assuming the tree form west of the
+Mississippi River. Most abundant and of largest size in southern
+Arkansas and eastern Texas.
+
+Curiously enough there are chinquapins also in northeastern Asia which
+occur as understudies of the larger chestnuts, very much as they do in
+America.
+
+The indigenous range of the chinquapin in America is limited northward
+by a plan of nature for checking distribution of the species. This plan
+is manifested in a habit which the nuts have of sprouting immediately
+upon falling in the early autumn. They proceed busily to make a tap root
+which may become several inches in length before frost calls a halt. In
+the north where the warm season is not long enough to allow the autumn
+sprout to lignify sufficiently for bearing the rigors of winter it is
+killed. If we protect the small autumn plants, or if we transplant older
+seedlings from their natural habitat, they may be grown easily far north
+of their indigenous range. Thrifty chinquapins are happy in the Arnold
+Arboretum at Jamaica Plain in Massachusetts, and no one knows but they
+might be cultivated in Nova Scotia and Minnesota.
+
+The American chinquapin is one of the many beautiful and valuable plants
+which have not as yet been taken up by horticulturists for extensive
+development. It promises to become one of our important sources of food
+supply for tomorrow. If we were to develop all of our plant resources at
+once it would be an unkindness to the horticulturists of two thousand
+years from now, who would be left moping around with nothing to do.
+Chinquapin nuts borne in heavy profusion by the plants are delicious in
+quality, but usually too small to attract customers aside from the wood
+folk. The wood of the chinquapin of tree form (_C. pumila var.
+arboriformis_) is valuable for purposes to which wood of the common
+American chestnut is put, and some of the tree chinquapins acquire an
+earned increment of two or three feet diameter of trunk, and a height of
+more than fifty feet. The bush chinquapin on the other hand feels rather
+exclusive when attaining a height of as much as fifteen feet.
+
+I present for inspection a freshly cut branch from an ordinary bush
+chinquapin, loaded with burs, indicating the prolific nature of the
+variety. The nuts in this particular specimen are small. The next branch
+exhibited is from a similar bush, but with nuts quite as large as those
+of the average common chestnut. The horticulturist has only to graft or
+bud his ordinary run of chinquapin stocks from some one bush which bears
+large nuts, and he will then have a valuable graded market product. The
+larger the nut the less prolific the plant is a rule which holds good
+with the fruiting of almost any plant.
+
+Look at this branch from a tree chinquapin. It is not remarkable in any
+way, but the leaves seem to be a little larger than those of the bush
+chinquapin. My tree chinquapins came from Stark's nursery in Missouri.
+The first two which came into bearing had nuts quite as large as those
+of the common chestnut and I imagined that a discovery of value had been
+made, but other trees of this variety later bore very small nuts, and
+all of the tree chinquapin nuts, large and small, were much duller in
+color than those of the bush chinquapin. My final conclusion is that so
+far as nuts alone are concerned we may plant and cultivate either the
+tree variety or the bush variety of the species and then bud or graft
+any number of stocks from some one plant which bears the best product.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: Is it a somewhat finer grained wood than the
+ordinary chestnut?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I think it is. All the chestnuts have rather coarse wood. It
+is strong, hard, durable, and valuable. This chinquapin wood is somewhat
+coarse grained, but, for comparison with the American chestnut, I don't
+know. I imagine it is finer grained.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: I know that the chinquapin wood is very much
+tougher than the American chestnut.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Oh, yes. You cannot break the branches so easily.
+
+Here is a branch from a hybrid between a chinquapin and a common
+American chestnut (_Castanea dentata_). The leaves and bark, you will
+observe, are very much like those of the larger parent. The burs are
+borne singly or in small groups like those of the common chestnut,
+instead of being crowded in dense clusters like chinquapin burs. There
+are two or three nuts to the bur, while the chinquapin has normally, but
+one nut to the bur. This particular hybrid tree showed an interesting
+peculiarity. During the first two seasons of bearing it had but one nut
+to the bur, and this was of chinquapin character. In the third year its
+nuts were still borne singly, but they were lighter in color than before
+and oddly corrugated at the base. As the tree became older its chestnut
+parentage influence pre-dominated, and the tree began to bear two or
+three nuts to the bur, and more like chestnuts in character, becoming
+smooth again at the base.
+
+I have a number of hybrids between chinquapins and various species and
+varieties of other chestnuts, but none of these as yet has produced nuts
+of marked value. There seems to be a tendency for the coarseness of the
+larger nuts to prevail in the hybrids, a certain loss of gentility
+beneath a showy exterior.
+
+The next branch which I present for inspection is from a most beautiful
+member of the chestnut family, the alder-leaved chestnut (_Castanea
+alnifolia_). It is classed among the chinquapins in Georgia where the
+plant is nearly if not quite evergreen. At Stamford it is deciduous very
+late in the autumn, but sometimes a green leaf will be found in
+February, where snow or dead leaves on the ground have furnished a
+protecting covering. The notable value of this species is perhaps in its
+decorative character for lawns, although the nuts are first rate. The
+dark green brilliant leaves are striking in appearance, and the shrub is
+inclined toward a trailing habit, much like that of some of the
+junipers. This species is one of my pets at Merribrooke, and a perennial
+source of wonder that nurserymen have not as yet pounced upon it for
+purposes of exaggeration and misstatement in their annual catalogues.
+
+All of these specimens shown today are from my country place at
+Stamford, Connecticut, where the mercury in the thermometer leads one to
+make quotations relating to the Eve of Saint Agnes; five or ten degrees
+below the zero of Fahrenheit occasionally, and once down to twenty
+degrees below without injury to any kind of chestnut so far as I could
+observe.
+
+I cannot make an exhibit of the golden-leaved chinquapin, from the
+Pacific slope, because tragedy came to all of my little trees of this
+species, and like most of the Pacific slope plants they are not very
+joyous in the east. One lot lived through one winter at Merribrooke, but
+they were the first green things that my cows saw in the springtime, and
+further comment would be surplus. A single specimen took courage in its
+root and grew finely until autumn, but it was near a path and somebody
+pulled it up and left it lying stark naked on the ground. Botanists have
+recently made two species of the golden-leaved chinquapin, one of the
+species attaining a height of more than one hundred feet. If
+horticulturists will secure specimens of _Castanopsis chrysophilla_ from
+the region of Mount Shasta in California I presume that this beautiful
+evergreen chinquapin may be taught to grow in some of our gardens. It is
+cultivated in the gardens of temperate Europe. In our north it should be
+planted close to a running brook, where the roots of young trees can
+carry water in plenty to the evergreen top while the ground is frozen
+hard in winter.
+
+Our common chinquapin of the east is perhaps the one that will be
+cultivated most profitably in the region between the Rocky Mountains
+and the Atlantic coast. The beauty of freshly picked bush chinquapin
+nuts is not rivalled by that of any other kind of nut that I have ever
+seen. The exquisitely polished mahogany color comes out of a light downy
+cloud near the apex of the nut, dark as midnight for a moment and then
+shading through glows of lively chestnut until it dawns in a dreamy
+cream color at the base, with just enough suggestion of green to temper
+the reds.
+
+If any gourmet with a color soul could serve each one of his friends to
+a plate of twenty freshly picked bush chinquapins along with two Bennett
+persimmons, and all resting upon late September leaves of tupelo or of
+sweet gum the friends would remain and live at his expense while the
+combination lasted.
+
+Furthermore, the children must always be taken into consideration along
+with chinquapin questions. According to authorities on the subject of
+decadence, we do not care very much about the children in these days. If
+some old-fashioned folks still remain, and if these old-fashioned folks
+do not take any particular personal interest in the beautiful garden and
+lawn trees that America has held out towards us in the chinquapins, they
+may at least plant a few of them because of the social standing that
+will follow. How so? Well, you see, it's because the parents of elite
+children will run over for a little visit in order to find out why the
+children do not come home. Then again, we are kind to dumb animals when
+raising chinquapins. Squirrels and white-footed mice, crows and blue
+jays are full of enthusiasm for the nuts, and they will assume the
+responsibility of gathering the crop if the matter is left in their
+charge.
+
+This is really a funny country; something of a joke of a country when
+you come to think of it. Instead of setting out trees that will become
+both useful and beautiful, in accordance with the old Greek ideal of
+combining beauty and utility we set out Norway spruces that will make
+people hate evergreens in general. We set out poplars and all sorts of
+bunches of leaves in our parks and along the highways, instead of trees
+still more beautiful that would yield tons of coupon dollars every
+autumn. _De gustibus non est disputandum!_
+
+When experimenting with hybridization of chinquapins, I ran across a
+phenomenon of new interest to botanists, and quite accidentally. A
+number of clusters of pistillate flowers of the bush chinquapin had been
+covered with paper bags, but not pollenized because of a shortage of
+pollen. An active man with a good sense of neatness and order would have
+removed those bags merely for the sake of appearance, but I was lazy
+and allowed the bags to remain for two or three weeks. When they were
+finally removed, it was found that the branches had set quite full of
+fruit, although not so full as other branches that had been pollenized
+from oaks. We were evidently dealing with an instance of
+parthenogenesis. The flowers that had received oak pollen did not show
+any oak parentage later in their progeny, and it was observed in other
+experiments in other years that almost any cupuliferous pollen would
+start cells of the chinquapin ovary into division and into the
+development of fertile nuts, but without inclusion of the pollen cell in
+a gamete. For purposes of convenience in thinking I have temporarily
+called this phenomenon "stereochemic parthenogenesis." Apparently the
+propinquity of foreign pollen serves to stimulate a female cell into
+division, although the pollen cell retains fixed molecular identity, and
+does not fuse with the female cell. I need not bring up abstruse
+questions of chromatin or of subatomic influence here.
+
+At Stamford the bush chinquapins begin to blossom regularly about the
+twelfth of June, irrespective of weather conditions. The tree
+chinquapins blossom a little later, but the alder-leaved chestnut may
+not blossom until July, later than the common American chestnut. The
+bush chinquapins begin to open their burs very regularly about the
+fifteenth of September; earlier than any other chestnuts. They bear at
+an early age, sometimes in their fifth summer.
+
+Grafting and budding is easily done among all of the chestnuts as a
+rule, and this year I employed for the first time a large chinquapin
+bush for top-working with the choice Merribrooke variety of the common
+chestnut. Every one of the grafts caught, and some of them have grown
+tremendously. This introduces an interesting question. May we graft the
+common American chestnut upon bush chinquapin stocks and secure
+precocious bearing? In that case we shall have trees like the dwarf
+apple and pear trees that are readily pruned and sprayed.
+
+The chinquapin is practically immune to the blight (_Endothia
+parasitica_.) Easily blighting varieties of choice American chestnuts
+may be grafted upon these blight resistant stocks in orchard form if my
+experiment proves to be a success. It will not lessen the vulnerability
+of the American chestnut, but dwarf trees will be within reach of the
+horticulturist's pruning knife and spray outfit. Orchards of fine
+varieties of the common chestnut may perhaps be maintained in this way
+until the present epidemic of Endothia has expended its protoplasmic
+energy, or until it has succumbed to microbic parasites of its own.
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any questions to put to Dr. Morris?
+
+THE SECRETARY: I venture to say that a good many people have tried, in
+the north, to raise the chinquapin, and I would like to have Dr. Morris
+tell us what to do to get it to grow best, whether to buy the trees from
+the nurserymen, or to plant the nuts, and just how to do it.
+
+PROF. C. P. CLOSE: I would like to ask Dr. Morris about those
+chinquapins that set without the application of pollen, whether they
+fill well and whether they sprout at planting?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: With us out in Maryland it isn't a question of producing
+the chinquapin; we cut the bushes down every year by the thousands; we
+have nothing at all against it, but we have found that the weevil has
+been absolutely unsurmountable with us. It is the only discouraging
+thing about it in this part of the country. Around Washington the
+chinquapin is a weed tree, and if you gather a peck of chinquapins you
+will find that the whole peck, in two weeks, have turned to weevils.
+Perhaps Dr. Morris can tell us what to do about that, and put us on the
+road to success.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I should like to ask Dr. Morris two questions, first, as
+to the possibility of utilizing the western tree chinquapins as stocks
+for the larger eastern chinquapins with nuts of chestnut size. Is there
+a possibility thus of getting a larger tree?
+
+The second question is akin to that--utilization of the western tree as
+a stock for a hybrid chinquapin which might have arboreal possibilities
+and enough chinquapin qualities to be blight-resistant.
+
+DR. STABLER: I am very much interested in Dr. Morris' proposition to
+produce dwarf chestnut trees by grafting on chinquapin stocks. Now, the
+difficulty I would expect to encounter is the same as when pecans are
+grafted on hickory, and when sweet cherries are grafted on Mahaleb,
+namely, that the root is not sufficiently vigorous to support the top.
+The fact that his grafts grew so tremendously when put on the chinquapin
+roots would look as though that might occur.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The audience seems to have run out of questions.
+
+DR. MORRIS: All right, sir. First, how are we to grow chinquapins? Plant
+as soon as the nuts have fallen. Put them in a cage. I have wire cages
+that are about eight inches high, and about two feet wide and three feet
+long. I plant all the nuts there. They have wire mesh tops to keep out
+the rodents; that is the important thing. All nuts, I find, are best
+planted under conditions which simulate the normal conditions. Our nut
+trees are not as yet domesticated. They haven't learned bad habits, and
+they depend upon peculiarly favorable conditions of moisture, warmth and
+light. You plant a nut two inches below the surface, but nature doesn't
+do anything like that. Consequently, that nut is surprised, doesn't know
+what to do, and stays down there looking for something to happen. But if
+you put that nut so it is about half buried in the sand, so that it is
+damp on one side and the sun strikes it on the other side, and the frost
+and snow affect it naturally, the nut does just what you want it to do.
+It gets out of that uncomfortable condition and begins to grow.
+(Laughter.) When planting any nuts, I place them in the sand and leave
+one side exposed to light, moisture, frost, and the observation of
+visitors. When I have sprouted chinquapins in the north and there is
+danger of their not lignifying when the ground begins to freeze, I put a
+lot of little sticks upright amongst them, so that my mulch will not
+bear too heavily upon the chinquapins, and then cover them with several
+inches of oak leaves, or any good, strong leaves that will not pack too
+tightly. That mulch of loose leaves will protect the sprouted nuts
+perfectly during the winter in Connecticut, so they all start growing in
+the next spring.
+
+Another way is to buy chinquapin stocks from any of the nurserymen,
+stocks two or three years old, which begin to bear when four or five
+years of age.
+
+Professor Close, I think it was, who asked if the nuts were fertile,
+both the ones that developed without fertilization by any pollen and the
+ones that developed by stereochemic parthenogenesis--by the influence of
+neighboring pollen. Both sorts are fertile, and I presume that the
+effect of that would be similar to the effect of close inbreeding. In
+other words, we would have intensification of characteristics of some
+one parent. If you get parthenogenesis through two or three generations
+I presume that same peculiar feature of the original parent would become
+so intensified as to become a marked feature of the progeny. This offers
+a new line of cleavage for horticultural investigation. I am very glad
+that you raised that question.
+
+Answering Mr. Littlepage, I have apparently managed to get some crosses
+back and forth between chestnuts, and oaks, and beech, this year. I have
+a number of those crosses now under way that are apparently good
+hybrids.
+
+DR. STABLER: A cross between a chestnut and a beech?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes, I think so. You see, I have got to wait a year or so
+until the plants develop later characteristics. All of these parent
+trees are pretty closely related, you see. The blooming period between
+the different ones may be as much as two or three weeks, or three months
+apart, in fact. I have cross pollinated hazels and oaks, this year. The
+way to do that is to find correspondents at the extreme limit of the
+blossoming range of the species, who will send pollen. For instance,
+Professor Hume, in Florida, sends me chestnut pollen in time to cross my
+oaks, and Professor Conser, of the University of Maine, has some beeches
+that blossom in time for me to cross with chinquapins and oak trees.
+That is one way to do it.
+
+Another way is to put your pollen in cold storage with some sphagnum
+moss, just put a little damp moss in your box with the pollen and put it
+in cold storage, and keep it at just about forty, above the freezing
+point. Another way is to put branches with dormant flower buds in cold
+storage. Hazels, for instance, may be kept for six months in this way.
+Put them in water, in the sun, and you soon have flowers furnishing
+pollen. I would take up the whole session of two days here if you were
+to ask too many questions along that line. (Laughter.)
+
+Mr. Littlepage's question about the weevils. The question may be settled
+very easily where there are not many chinquapin trees. That is the case
+in Connecticut. Collect all the nuts, and you collect all of the weevil
+larvae. Curiously enough, the common chestnut weevil, that had become
+very abundant, has disappeared locally with the disappearance of our
+American chestnut, and has not attacked our chinquapins. If you have an
+orchard of chinquapins and collect all the nuts you will soon dispose of
+the weevils. That is the only way that I know of for disposing of the
+weevils. Eat them up. (Laughter.) You can pick out the weevil chestnuts
+fairly well if you toss all of the nuts into a cup of water and pick
+out the ones that float. Pound them up with a mallet and throw them
+into the chicken coop.
+
+Dr. Smith asks if the use of the tree chinquapin as a stock for the
+American chestnut would give good-sized trees. Undoubtedly, and, besides
+that, if it is used for hybridizing purposes, we shall probably find
+that we have, now and then, an individual that is very much larger than
+the American chestnut or the tree chinquapin. It is a peculiarity of
+hybrids to show eccentricities, and many hybrids that occur are very
+thrifty and larger than either parent. That is the case with the Royal
+walnut that they have said so much about in California. It grows so
+rapidly there that even Californians do not dare to tell about it.
+(Laughter.)
+
+Another question, the last one--will the effect of using a bush
+chinquapin stock for the American chestnut be like that of growing sour
+cherries upon stocks which do not carry them well? Now, we have there
+what the lawyers call "a question of fact," and we shall have to work
+that out. Some tops will exhaust a root. Some tops will grab a root by
+the back of the neck and drag it right along. Some tops will adjust
+themselves philosophically to almost any sort of unusual conditions, and
+go on and bear fruit like true philosophers. We have an instance of that
+in the dwarf apple, which is a success. We have an instance of failure
+in some of the cherries which exhaust themselves. We have an example of
+dragging the smaller stock along when we graft the Royal walnut upon the
+common black walnut. The Royal walnut just drags the black walnut along
+where it doesn't want to go at all. So there we have three instances of
+grafting a foreign visitor upon another stock.
+
+I have taken more than my share of time, Mr. Chairman, but the
+discussion has been very interesting, indeed. (Applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am going to take the liberty of asking Dr. Morris one
+more question, which, perhaps, is of interest to others. In your
+experience with the golden-leafed chinquapins, from how far South have
+you secured stock, and how far North will the golden-leafed chinquapin
+grow?
+
+DR. MORRIS: My specimens I got from a dealer in Portland, Oregon, and
+they grew pretty far North. The tree ranges from Oregon and Washington
+down through the lower extremities of the Coast range, but we had better
+get the northern forms, and there is one man, Carl Purdy, of Ukiah,
+California, who has the golden chinquapin for sale.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The next subject on the programme is the American black
+walnut. We have sent to the membership a series of questions about the
+black walnut which I will read for the benefit of those who haven't this
+programme.
+
+First. What evidence is there to show that the black walnut may become a
+valuable nut commercially?
+
+Second. Is quality important with the black walnut, and is there much
+difference in the quality of different nuts?
+
+Third. What varieties of black walnut are most promising?
+
+Fourth. Is the Thomas black walnut better than many others that have
+been brought to notice?
+
+Fifth. What are the best methods of propagating?
+
+Now, we have no set paper on that subject. I will call on ex-President
+Littlepage to make a few sallies concerning the black walnut.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the black walnut ought to be the easiest
+subject in the world to talk about. It is a question of how much one
+ought not to say, however, in a limited time. The pecan tree was my
+first love. I shall always stick to the pecan. But if I were called upon
+today, to point out to this Association or to any prospective grower who
+actually wants to make money raising nuts, and who wants something that
+will pay the grocery bill and his sixty or ninety day notes, I think I
+should tell them to plant the black walnut. And I don't think, either,
+that that is treason, because I think, as we go through with this
+programme, the pecan will be properly taken care of.
+
+In the first place, the black walnut is a native tree. I have seen it
+growing, too, on the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Dominion of Canada. Most
+native trees are immune to fungous and bacterial diseases that destroy
+so many trees. The black walnut is a hardy tree, and a fine timber
+proposition. In the second place, it is a fast growing tree. I don't
+knew just how quickly one could actually produce a black walnut orchard,
+but, outside of a few trees, such as the black locust and a number of
+others that do not produce nuts, the black walnut is one of the fastest
+growers. If you will feed a young walnut tree a small application of
+wood ashes and some stable manure it will commonly make a growth of six
+or seven feet a year. Therefore, you don't have to wait a long time for
+walnut trees to come into bearing.
+
+It is easy to propagate the black walnut. Cleft grafting is one of the
+simplest methods in the spring. Dormant wood, cut in February or March
+and put in cold storage, and cleft grafted in the spring, ought to give
+from sixty to seventy per cent of success. I haven't had experience
+budding, but those who have say it is easy. Mr. Roper says it is, but
+grafting is easy and simple. The walnut, like other nut trees, must be
+propagated by budding or grafting in order to come true. It will not
+come true from seed.
+
+Up until a few years ago I seldom saw a whole half of a black walnut.
+The ordinary black walnut cracks about like this (showing picture). Here
+is a black walnut cracked with two halves, and you can't even see the
+kernel. The two upper pictures show very beautiful walnuts, but they
+defy you to get out a whole kernel.
+
+Now, then, when you come to a black walnut like this (showing picture),
+where you can crack out anywhere from fifty to seventy-five per cent of
+whole halves, and many entirely whole kernels, the most important
+problem is solved, and the black walnut has come into the competition.
+
+This variety was discovered by Henry Stabler, and I named it after him.
+Perhaps one out of every ten of these nuts furnishes a whole, solid,
+undivided kernel. The other walnut is the ordinary field walnut that has
+little commercial value for the reason that you can't get the kernels
+out. It wouldn't make any difference if the nuts grew as big as pumpkins
+and a million of them on a tree if you couldn't get the meat out of
+them. I suppose no one will question that the black walnut will grow and
+bear almost anywhere. It is a weed tree in this part of the country. On
+President Smith's farm last year I saw them growing everywhere. They
+grow and bear all over the fields. And, as I said, the question of
+propagation is rather simple. I think the great trouble we are up
+against on the farm in America is labor, and that is because you cannot
+afford to pay good labor. You want a superabundance of laborers in the
+summer time for two or three months, and expect them to loaf all winter.
+The farm proposition isn't a profitable one, very largely because of the
+question of labor, and the farmers of this country must produce
+something profitable enough to enable them to hire and pay high-grade
+labor the year round, or they will go broke. They must raise such crops
+as Alfalfa that they can feed to their dairy cattle, and tree crops that
+they can use their labor on in the winter time. Nine men are leaving the
+farm today for every one going there. If you don't believe it, read the
+census statistics. The reason is labor and because you can't afford to
+pay it. I don't think there is any profit in selling the black walnut as
+a nut, but there will be profit in gathering that nut, storing it, and,
+when your farm crops are all in and you are ready to discharge the
+labor, put up an ordinary cheap cracking shed and let them crack the
+nuts for you, and sell the meats. That solves the question of what to do
+with farm labor in the winter time. The walnuts return about ten pounds
+of meat to a bushel, and a good cracker ought to crack from four to six
+bushels of nuts a day. Suppose you get only twenty-five cents a pound
+for the meats and your men crack only three bushels a day, each there is
+$7.50 a day coming in from each cracker, and, besides, you have made a
+valuable employment for your labor through the winter, and you can
+afford to pay them for their work. That is why I say the black walnut
+is, to my mind, one of the best commercial propositions.
+
+I don't know how soon you can bring a black walnut orchard into bearing.
+Here is a picture of a tree probably seven or eight years old, loaded
+with nuts. That is a seedling tree. I should think a budded tree would
+bear sooner than that.
+
+I don't know much about walnut varieties. The Rush and Thomas are
+excellent nuts. But this Stabler walnut, in my opinion, is in a class by
+itself in cracking possibilities. It is simply a cracking proposition
+with the black walnut, and that is, to my mind, about all there is to
+it. Perhaps, other good varieties will be discovered. Then, suppose we
+find, after a while, an English walnut much better and more profitable
+than we have at present, and one that is blight resistant. If you have
+an orchard of black walnuts you have an ideal stock to top-work to
+English. I will show you one on my farm with a larger top than I cut off
+grown in two summers, and it set some nuts last spring. So, if you want
+a foundation for an English walnut orchard, you can't make any mistake
+in planting the budded or grafted varieties of these black walnuts.
+
+The black walnut is a beautiful roadside tree. There are different
+types, the same as with the pecan tree. Here is a picture of curly black
+walnut wood. The logs were cut from a tree in Kentucky. It took three
+wagons to haul this one tree to market, and it brought thirty-five
+hundred dollars.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I wish to present Mr. Stabler as the original propagator
+of the tree that bears his name. The nuts of the Stabler black walnut
+have been pronounced by a good many authorities as the best variety thus
+far discovered.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: Dr. Smith has just introduced me as the discoverer of
+this walnut. This is hardly fair to Mr. Littlepage, who first introduced
+and, probably, first propagated this walnut. It was discovered by my
+grandfather a little over forty years ago. Nothing was done with it at
+that time for the reason that nothing could be done, but I was not the
+first one to get the idea of propagating it, because my father, who is
+here today, attempted to graft these walnuts, and every cion failed.
+
+It seems to me that Mr. Littlepage strikes the key-note in his article
+in _The Country Gentleman_ last spring when he says that:
+
+"Through the efforts of the Northern Nut Growers' Association there was
+recently discovered a black walnut tree in Howard County, Maryland,
+producing nuts that crack out seventy-five to eighty per cent of whole
+halves. The meat of this variety, the Stabler, weighs forty-seven per
+cent of the whole nut."
+
+That's it, gentlemen. I did not discover this walnut, and without the
+organization of the Northern Nut Growers' Association I could not have
+done any more with it than my grandfather was able to do forty years
+ago, but, as it was, we just took up several samples and the Northern
+Nut Growers did the rest. The walnut has been attracting more and more
+attention ever since.
+
+Considering the black walnut as timber, here is a picture of a black
+walnut log, published in Farmers' Bulletin No. 715, of the Department of
+Agriculture. The original owner, a farmer, sold the whole tree,
+standing, for fifty dollars; the buyer felled it at a cost of fifteen
+dollars, and sold it there for $138.26. It was resold, without being
+removed, for $164.84, and later sold (the last price is not published)
+to a large sewing machine factory, but it certainly brought more than
+that last price which is printed, of $164.84. We occasionally hear of
+prices of $100 or so being paid for black walnut trees on the stump. The
+reason we don't hear of such prices being paid more frequently is
+because the farmer in not more than one case out of twenty gets real
+value for his black walnut trees. There is a very highly organized and
+efficient system in the United States of gathering up the black walnut
+trees which are large enough to use for furniture and other purposes and
+paying for them as little as possible; but they make a practice of
+getting them even if they do have to pay more. There was a man living
+not so far from where I live, up in our country, who had a very fine
+black walnut tree standing in his yard. One day a man came around and
+entered into conversation with him, and said, "Mr. Harder, what will you
+take for that tree in your yard?" "It isn't for sale," said Mr. Harder.
+"Well," said the man, "I'll give you a hundred dollars for it." Mr.
+Harder merely shook his head. The buyer dickered along a little bit more
+and after a while said, "I'll tell you what I'll do; I'll give you $150
+for that tree." Mr. Harder said "If you don't get off this place, sir,
+immediately, I'll shoot you."
+
+I am prepared to say that if you are going to plant trees for timber
+there is no other tree which will give such a yield as the black walnut,
+with the exception of the catalpa, and, perhaps, the black locust. It is
+the most valuable tree we have, and it is the most valuable wood grown
+in the North. I don't believe, either, the black walnut will ever be
+less valuable than it is. I know positively that the Stabler tree is not
+over sixty-five years old, perhaps, not over sixty, and yet that tree,
+judging from the prices I have seen paid for other trees of similar
+size, is worth from $125 to $150 on the stump. From the time that tree
+started until now, it has increased in value at the rate of two dollars
+a year, for timber alone, to say nothing of the nut. Suppose the tree
+had been purchased sixty years ago at two dollars from the nurseryman.
+It would have paid one hundred per cent annually on the investment. It
+bears, as a regular thing, a crop every other year.
+
+As to what Mr. Pomeroy said about the black walnut not cracking well and
+crumbling up when it gets to be old, I have some specimens here of the
+Stabler walnut I cracked this morning, which are of the 1915 crop.
+
+The kernel of these old nuts keeps its flavor and sweetness wonderfully.
+There is hardly any change in quality within one year, whereas some
+other nuts, as the hazel and some varieties of the pecan, become rancid
+after keeping six months.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I would like to say one word about the curly walnut. In
+Maine, not long ago, I saw a young man who had bought a bird's eye
+maple, perhaps fifty years of age, that he paid $1,500 for. I asked him
+why he didn't graft one million ordinary maples from that tree and sell
+the stock at $200 per tree, and then he would have $200,000,000 at just
+about the time of life when he could enjoy it. Well, that hadn't
+occurred to him. Now, if Mr. Littlepage will hunt up this curly black
+walnut stump that sold for $3,500, and if he will graft a million trees
+from that he will be able to raise a family of ten children (Laughter.)
+
+DR. STABLER: Mr. President, I just want to call attention to an omission
+in the little talk that my son gave about the characteristics of this
+Stabler tree, namely, its beauty as a shade tree. He didn't mention
+that, and I don't think any one has mentioned it in connection with the
+black walnut. Now, the black walnut trees, as we meet them along the
+roadsides, vary exceedingly in habit of growth. The majority of them
+have very few main limbs, perhaps not over half a dozen main limbs on a
+tree, and they will be gaunt, ungainly things, stretched out straight,
+like great arms reaching out with very little beauty. Now, if you plant
+seedlings, that is what you are likely to get on your lawn. You may have
+something that is not pretty except as a trunk, but the tree that
+produces these very remarkable nuts is also one of the most beautiful in
+its conformation. It is shaped just like an umbrella, rather low, very
+spreading, and very frequently with a very much larger number of limbs
+than almost any black walnut tree that I have ever seen, and its habit
+of growing in the nursery confirms that opinion--that it produces a very
+large number of buds and branches from each graft.
+
+Mr. Littlepage has in his fence row, uncultivated and surrounded by
+bushes of every kind, a small seedling walnut that he grafted this year
+with the Stabler walnut. When he grafted the seedling it was a little
+over an inch in diameter. I measured the growth from that graft
+recently, and five shoots measured over five feet long, and others over
+four feet long. Four month's growth--five shoots over five feet long!
+Now, I don't know of any other walnut or any other nut tree that would
+have produced that many shoots from a single graft. It makes a very
+beautiful shade tree and has a top which is capable of producing very
+large crops of fruit.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It sometimes makes me feel ashamed of my race when I
+realize our limitations in comparison with the trees. We run across a
+valuable type of tree genus, and we can make millions like it in a short
+time. But when a remarkable specimen of the genus homo, arises, he stays
+with us but a short while before we cart him off to the cemetery, and
+that is the last of him. Does any one else wish to make a contribution
+to the black walnut?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. Littlepage made the remark that it is very easy to
+propagate the black walnut. We haven't found it so. We have made almost
+a complete failure of both budding and grafting.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, I was speaking of my experience in grafting this
+spring. I think I remarked that my personal experience in budding had
+not gone far enough to tell definitely what the results are going to be.
+But I put in about fifty-five grafts, and I had fifty of them to grow,
+and of that fifty there were probably ten or twelve knocked out--thrown
+out at the first cultivation--and probably thirty-five are growing there
+yet. I don't know what Mr. White's experience was in Indiana. I think it
+was, perhaps, not as good as he expected, because of the fact that a lot
+of the bud-wood dried out, but I think Mr. McCoy can give some
+experience. Now, Mr. Roper here, has had experience in budding the black
+walnut, haven't you?
+
+MR. W. N. ROPER: We only put in about a dozen buds a short time ago. I
+think half of those are growing.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, we budded, perhaps, two or three hundred this
+summer, and I don't know really how they are coming out, but, from the
+way these grafts behaved this spring, I don't see any reason why it is
+going to be very difficult. What do you know about it, Mr. McCoy?
+
+MR. R. L. MCCOY: Mr. Stabler's grafts didn't take very well, but so far
+as budding the black walnut is concerned, it is just as easy as handling
+the peach; there is nothing to it when you get the bud-wood; but first
+you have got to have the bud-wood. You can't jump on to any old tree and
+get buds that will give satisfactory results. Now, if Mr. Reed and his
+father had to go into Wisconsin and Michigan to get their bud-wood, and
+cut it from some old cherry trees, we'll say, and came back to Indiana
+and tried to produce trees from those buds in the nursery, they would
+fail.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, the net result, apparently, of the discussion on
+propagation seems to be that Mr. McCoy, in Indiana, has had great
+success with buds; Mr. Littlepage, in Maryland, has had great success
+with grafts; I also had great success with grafts put in by a man who
+could neither read nor write, but who was taught the technique as
+taught by this Society. Is there any further discussion?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, Professor Hutt ought to know something
+about the black walnut. He knows something about everything else I have
+ever talked to him about. I believe he wrote me, in connection with some
+of his tests, that forty-seven per cent of the Stabler nuts were meat.
+
+PROF. W. N. HUTT: I think so. I think it was pretty close to a half.
+There were no broken halves at all, and some of them came out entirely
+whole.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We want to hear from Dr. Deming.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I just want to call attention to one of the questions on
+our list. "What can we do to cheapen nuts and nut meats in the retail
+market so as to make this valuable food available to persons of small
+means?" It seems to me that we are going to do that with such nuts as
+the black walnut. I think we ought to work for the time when the black
+walnut can be sold in quantity in New York City, and in all the larger
+cities for around a dollar a bushel. Perhaps the shellbark hickory is
+also going to be a nut of the same kind, a nut that can be put on the
+market in large quantities at a small price, for the man of limited
+means to buy and crack out himself. Dr. Morris, speaking of some tough
+nut, once said it was so tough that it was only of interest to squirrels
+and men out of work. That expression about "men out of work" made me
+think, as do so many things that Dr. Morris says. If a man out of work
+can buy a bushel of black walnuts for a dollar, and if he can crack out
+several bushels a day, or even only one bushel a day, he can make more
+wages just cracking out that bushel of black walnuts than at ordinary
+laboring work. I think that we ought to get on the market a supply of
+cheap nuts for the man of limited means and that we ought to educate the
+people to a knowledge of the value of such nuts.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is always well to put the brakes on. I haven't heard a
+thing about this black walnut except virtues. I believe Mr. McMurran, of
+the Department of Agriculture, is present, and I think he has been
+giving particular attention to the black walnut, and perhaps he will
+tell us of some of its enemies, either animal or vegetable.
+
+MR. S. M. MCMURRAN: Well, Mr. President, unfortunately, I haven't given
+much attention to the black walnut. My time has been given to the pecan
+until this summer, when I worked on the persian walnut to some extent,
+but I can say, generally, that the black walnut hasn't got any very
+serious enemies. Everything it has got is right here now. There isn't
+any reason to suppose that it would have any serious disease if we
+cultivated it on an extensive scale.
+
+As to the insects, I am not able to state. I have never noticed any
+particularly on the nut since a boy.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, I think Mr. McMurran has covered the
+diseases of the black walnut. I think the observation of every one will
+confirm what Mr. McMurran has said.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The chair will deviate from parliamentary practice for a
+moment by dismissing the question. I wish to contribute three small
+facts. One is with reference to the special growth of the black walnut
+under fertilization. The men on my place have to cut bushes around apple
+trees, and some stray black walnuts planted by nature under those trees
+have been cut for 10 years but for the last two seasons have been left
+alone. They have promptly come up through those apple trees, under the
+influence of nitrate of soda, like a steer going through a bush. They
+have grown five or six feet each season.
+
+Another point is the great variation, apparently, of the black walnut
+with regard to its keeping qualities. I recall putting away in a garret,
+in 1894, a number of bushels of a nut of particular merit, and they were
+perfectly sweet and edible as much as seven years later. Now it is only
+occasionally that you will find one that will keep as long as that, but
+with the trees bearing every two years, it is quite possible that the
+fruit would be marketable for two or three, or even four years
+afterwards, if kept properly.
+
+There is no reason to think that the Stabler is the best nut growing in
+the United States. It merely grew within reach of the eyes of observing
+men.
+
+The filbert and the almond we hope to cover briefly before adjourning. I
+will ask Mr. Reed to give us a short contribution on the almond.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: This almond (exhibiting specimens) we received scions of
+from Mr. C. A. Reed, of the Department a few years ago. It was three
+years ago this summer that we top-worked it, and we picked almost half a
+bushel of almonds from it this summer. The almond has a thick shell,
+kernel of good flavor, but I don't think it will amount to anything
+very much except for home use.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: How old was the tree that bore them?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Top-worked three years ago this summer.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: And bore how many?
+
+MR. W. C. REED: Bore a half a bushel this last summer.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: If any one here would like bud-wood of that almond I
+will be glad to send it to them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Littlepage offers to send those present bud-wood of
+that tree, which can be, with great ease, top-worked on the peach by the
+ordinary process of shield budding.
+
+DR. IRA ULMAN: I have grafted scions of this nut on Amygdalus Davidiana,
+the new Chinese peach of the Department of Agriculture, and the growth
+is marvelous. It does just exactly as Mr. Reed told you.
+
+DR. STABLER: I would like to ask whether the almond is attacked by the
+same insects and diseases that affect the peach, whether it is affected
+by peach yellows and whether it is affected by the peach borer. I
+understand that the apricot is, in a measure, immune to the peach borer
+at least, and possibly also to the peach yellows. If the almond is to be
+short-lived like the peach tree, it may not be nearly as valuable as if
+it were a hardy tree. If you place it upon peach stock it seems to me
+you must expect it to be attacked by the peach borer.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: I believe that the original tree of this variety is
+something over sixty years old. Not very many peach trees live to be
+that old, and in the nursery it is a very vigorous grower.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The commercial almond is a rather long-lived tree in the
+countries where it is grown. Of course, here is a question of technique
+and individual behavior which only experience can answer. We ought to
+take some of these nuts home that Mr. Reed has given us. I should like
+to know why Mr. Reed so deprecates a tree which bears so much fruit in
+so short a time. If the fruit is good, why can't it be handled
+commercially?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: It is the cracking quality. It has a very thick shell.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that a problem that machines cannot solve?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: No, sir.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: How is the flavor?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: The flavor is good.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I was just going to say, Mr. President, that I visited
+Mr. Reed's place this summer, and it is utterly surprising how fast and
+beautifully this hardy almond grew. He took me out at the edge of the
+garden where he has them growing, and I could hardly realize that they
+were only three-year-old trees. They were as full of little almonds as
+the peach trees were of peaches, only they were much longer and with
+very red leaves. Vincennes, Indiana, is on the thirty-ninth parallel,
+which is the northern boundary of the District of Columbia, and it gets
+much colder there than here, and those trees haven't the slightest sign
+of winter-killing. I don't know anything about the quality of the meat,
+but they are certainly wonderful bearers.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find that in the region of Stamford, Connecticut, hard
+shelled almonds do pretty well if you look after them pretty closely,
+but they take all your time. They have so many different blights on them
+that I am glad mine died a long time ago. They bore heavily, but they
+were too much trouble. They blossom so early in our locality that the
+blossoms are apt to be caught by frost. You may overcome that if you set
+the trees on the north side of a stone wall where the ground retains the
+frost for from one to two weeks later than on the south side. I find,
+that by doing this you can retard their time of blossoming sufficiently
+to materially lessen the danger of their being caught by spring frosts.
+
+MR. HARRY R. WEBER: Will you get the same results if you put a mulch
+under the tree? Won't that prevent thawing and hold the tree for a week
+or two?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you used this particular almond?
+
+DR. MORRIS: One very much like it, and it was a mighty good almond--hard
+to get at but good.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I would like to ask Mr. Reed as to the blooming time of
+this particular tree in comparison with some standard peach like the
+Elberta.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: It bloomed about a week earlier than the Elberta, and
+the peach crop is light.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: I have been associated for the past three or four
+years occasionally with Mr. M. B. Waite, of the Department of
+Agriculture, and I have had a good chance to study the effect of
+spraying on peaches in preventing brown rot and curculio. At Mr.
+Littlepage's I observed an almond tree that started, I should think,
+with twenty-five or thirty almonds on it this spring. Those almonds
+gradually succumbed to the curculio and brown rot until, at last, only
+one was left, and it seems to me that, if this almond is to be grown
+commercially in this climate, we will have to use the same methods of
+growing as with peaches, and we will have to spray them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think the chief benefit of the discussion of the almond
+would be to get more of us to try it, and the fact that we have one
+which is only one week earlier than the Elberta peach in blooming shows
+that we have a good chance, possibly, of even exceeding the
+possibilities of the peaches.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. President, I notice a good many almonds bloom about the
+same time as Elberta peaches. I have probably twenty-five trees of this
+almond that Mr. Reed spoke of, and I think they were in bloom at the
+time the peaches were. It is very productive, just as he says. I have
+noticed some of the old trees around in our neighborhood have borne good
+crops for several years, and I don't notice much disease on them either.
+
+DR. STABLER: I asked the question whether anybody knows whether the
+almond is affected by peach yellows, and nobody seems to know, but peach
+yellows is something connected with climate. There is a yellows line
+that has remained definite and distinct for the last twenty-five years,
+and you can describe that line on the map, and it stays right where you
+put it. All north of that line the peach trees are affected by yellows,
+and south they are not. That line runs through Mount Vernon and
+Annapolis, and across Chesapeake Bay to Chestertown. Now, below that
+isothermal line there is a little peninsula south of Chestertown, in
+Kent county, a little peninsula there--a little long neck that runs out
+into the bay below Chestertown--where they have never had any peach
+yellows, and yet at Chestertown the trees have always been affected by
+peach yellows, and it is probable that it will be found, if the almond
+is affected by peach yellows, that the same laws apply to it. That is,
+south they will have the yellows, and north they will not. Now, at
+Vincennes, I suppose that they are north of the yellows line for
+peaches. Do your peach trees have peach yellows?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: No, sir.
+
+DR. STABLER: Perhaps you are north of it, then. If so, the almond hasn't
+been tried out as to yellows.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This association is greatly indebted to Dr. Morris, who
+helped to get it together, for his indefatigable searching of the
+corners of the earth for specimens, species and varieties of trees in
+his ambition to get to his Stamford place all of the varieties of
+nut-bearing trees. Several of our members have taken a little interest
+in the question of the hazel-filbert family. Dr. Morris has taken a lot
+of interest. Last year he gave us a most exhilarating presentation of
+the subject, and he is this year going to give us some brief notes on
+the progress of his knowledge concerning the hazels and filberts. Dr.
+Morris.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Just a word, in order to start the discussion. I have tried
+to work out during the past year two or three points that came up for
+discussion last year. I stated that in Connecticut the common American
+hazel would probably not become a horticultural proposition for the
+reason that the main stock seldom lives more than seven or eight years,
+and then dies. New stolons, starting from the root, make abundant new
+stocks. In that way, dying at the center, and growing at the periphery,
+like a ring worm, one plant may extend so widely as to drive cows out of
+the pasture lot. (Laughter). Dr. Deming understood me to say that it
+spread so "rapidly" as to drive the cows out of a lot. I said "widely,"
+not "rapidly." (Laughter). For that reason a plant of our common hazel
+bears a few nuts about the third year; it bears a good crop about the
+fourth year and sometimes in the fifth year. It then begins to die and
+is gone by the seventh or eighth year, while new stolons, coming up on
+all sides, are ready to perpetuate that rotation. That, at least, is
+ordinary hazel history in my part of Connecticut. So I doubt if this
+species will ever be a good horticultural proposition.
+
+This year, for the first time, I have budded the European hazel upon our
+common stock for the purpose of observing whether the character of the
+guest will change the character of the host.
+
+Now another point. Many of the European hazels that have been brought to
+this country, I find, do not bear for the reason that they flower so
+early that the staminate flowers are caught by frost--not the
+pistillate. The pistillates will hold out against frost for a long time
+and make good. There are two or three ways for overcoming this
+difficulty. We may select for cultivation those kinds which bloom a week
+or two, or even three weeks later than others, as in the case of the
+Bony Bush variety.
+
+There is hardly any more valuable tree in Central Europe than the purple
+leafed hazel. I never have seen one bearing in this country. Its
+staminate flowers come out too early in Connecticut. I have now some in
+which I have grafted the Bony Bush, which flowers so much later that I
+hope to have my purple hazels bearing nuts at Merribrooke.
+
+On the whole, most of the points have been simply confirmatory of points
+previously considered. We need not fear hazel blight because it is very
+easily controlled, and many of the European hazels will furnish an
+immensely valuable crop for almost all parts of temperate America. We
+may develop, by breeding and by cultivation, types which will be hardy,
+which will give us large, valuable, marketable crops, and which will be
+desirable from the market man's point of view.
+
+DR. STABLER: Can you get stocks that are free from blight?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Last year I showed specimens of blight. The blight,
+fortunately, begins upon a fairly large stem--upon a part of the stem
+that is in plain sight. It takes from two to four years for a patch of
+that blight to encircle a limb. If one will go over his hazel orchard
+once a year and, where a bit of blight appears, cut it out with his
+jack-knife and later paint the spot with a little white paint, one can
+very readily control hazel blight. It is so easily done that we need not
+fear it at all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Ulman, I believe, is a hazel enthusiast.
+
+DR. ULMAN: I have attempted to gather as much information as I could by
+seeking out the failures with hazel because I had found no one reporting
+success. In answer to a large number of letters which I sent out I
+received some 290 replies which reported failures with the European
+hazel. Dr. Morris tells us that blight can be readily controlled. So
+far, that does not seem to be the experience of others, but it is only
+fair to say that they do not know how to get rid of it in the way that
+Dr. Morris has told us.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Ulman, I should like to ask if it is not true that
+the hazels growing at Rochester could be added to your collection of 290
+and change this complexion a little bit. Certainly last year we saw
+hazel trees almost the diameter of this room which appeared to be
+perfectly healthy.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Can we recommend the hazel to be planted commercially?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: If the hazel propagates by underground stolons
+automatically, why can we not take the stolons and plant them in the
+places that the trees have abandoned, letting them run on elsewhere?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In regard to Dr. Deming's question, green European hazel
+nuts are now selling in New York, out of cold storage, at seventy-five
+cents a pound. Green hazel nuts like green almonds are prized by the
+gourmet. All of the European hazels will eventually furnish a good
+commercial proposition provided that the market is large enough, and the
+market will probably grow, is growing in fact. Ripe filberts bring,
+approximately, from ten to fifteen cents a pound. The trees bear well,
+and I don't know of any reason why the hazel proposition should not be a
+first rate one right now. The thing to do is to select kinds which we
+know are valuable here. One may go through the seedling orchards at
+Rochester and select one parent which bears large nuts prolifically, and
+then propagate any number of European hazels from that one stock. My
+Bony Bush is probably a desirable hazel.
+
+In regard to the question of breeding from stolons, if we can keep that
+thing going it would be all right, but it requires so much work I doubt
+if we shall do anything in that way with the American hazel. The
+European hazels don't travel by stolons. That is the advantage. So I
+have given up the common American hazel as a commercial proposition. A
+number of European and Asiatic hazels will be commercially profitable,
+unquestionably, just as soon as we care to develop them.
+
+MR. WEBER: What do you know about the hazels of the Western coast?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Very profitable in parts of Oregon and Washington. They have
+a large, good crop, which sells locally, but, like most Pacific Coast
+fruits, the nuts lack flavor and quality. They have size and beauty, but
+lack quality. The fruits and nuts grown on the Pacific Coast all lack a
+certain fineness of character, for some reason yet unknown.
+
+You have got to look after your European hazels, and not neglect the
+orchard. I remember seeing some very beautiful apple trees in central
+Maine not very long ago--no blight--no codling moth, and the trees free
+from almost everything in the way of insects or fungous
+troubles--beautiful, cultivated trees, and beautiful apples on them. I
+asked another man, one of my acquaintances there, an old farmer, why he
+didn't set out a lot of similar trees and make a good income. He said,
+"Well, it won't go." He had a pasture about eight miles north of there,
+and, said he, "I spent thirty dollars for apple trees to put into an
+orchard, and I had great ideas about those apples. I set the trees out
+in that orchard about three or four years ago, and last year when I went
+up to look at them, there were hardly any apple trees left." He hadn't
+looked at them for three or four years. (Laughter.) You can't raise
+hazels that way.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The reason I asked about the commercial value of the
+hazel is that my own experience has been very unsatisfactory. I got some
+hazels from Gillet, on the Pacific Coast six or seven years ago, set
+them out around my place, and they have grown beautifully. I haven't
+been able to detect any blight on them anywhere. Some of them are
+fifteen feet high, have grown luxuriantly, and blossom every year, but I
+haven't seen one nut yet. On the other hand, the other day I visited a
+man near my home, who told me that he had raised some trees from nuts
+which he had bought from an Italian grocery on the corner. He gets the
+nuts when the crop first comes in, and stratifies in wet sand all
+winter, and he says they all grow. He had some beautiful hazel trees.
+One I estimated to be twenty feet high. I never saw a hazel tree which
+approached it. He said it was only five or six years old. Last year he
+had a fine crop of nuts from it. This year, however, he said that during
+a warm spell in the winter the staminate bloom came out and was killed,
+and there were no nuts on the trees. Now it seems to me that there is
+great uncertainty about the hazels, and I don't know exactly what to
+advise people to do. People ask me for advice as to what nuts to plant
+commercially. I don't know whether to advise them to plant hazels or
+not, and I don't know what varieties to advise people to plant. I don't
+know how to advise them to overcome this difficulty of the early
+staminate bloom and the winter killing. I can't now conscientiously
+recommend people to plant hazel nuts commercially.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Go to Rochester and get some there that bloom every year and
+that bloom later. My Bony Bush blossoms some three weeks later than the
+others, I presume. It is a bush that bears well every other year,
+apparently.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any further questions about this large family
+of nut trees of which we have but a small corner of knowledge? If not,
+we may look to an adjournment.
+
+First, I wish to announce that this afternoon we are going to devote to
+an excursion around the city, to see some of the most remarkable Persian
+walnut trees which I think may be found anywhere.
+
+I am asked by Prof. Close to say that the Department of Agriculture has
+an exhibit of nuts on the fourth floor at 220 Fourteenth Street,
+Southwest.
+
+Meeting adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8TH, 2 P. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Metcalf, Chief of the Bureau of Forest Pathology, of
+the Department of Agriculture, has been in charge of the investigations
+concerning the chestnut blight for a number of years.
+
+DR. HAVEN METCALF: Mr. Chairman and Members of the Society: I will
+present, first, a few general facts regarding the present status of the
+chestnut bark disease, and, for the greater part of the information you
+desire, I will rely on you to ask me questions.
+
+The chestnut bark disease is getting to be an old story, but that plant
+hyphenate, that objectionable imported disease, is more of a live issue
+today than it ever has been before. All my attention during recent
+months has been taken up with another imported plant disease, the white
+pine blister rust, of which you have heard, and which does not concern
+the special subject matter in which this Association is interested,
+unless, perhaps, you may be interested in the pinon nut as the pinon
+pine may ultimately be subject to attack by blister rust. However, this
+disease, like the chestnut blight, is an example of what a relatively
+harmless, or at least, not serious disease in a foreign country can do
+when it is permitted to get into the United States.
+
+This brings us to the question of the origin of the chestnut bark
+disease, which, although the story has been told many times before, has
+been the subject of so much dispute that I probably had better
+recapitulate that matter. It has been proved beyond question that the
+chestnut bark disease is a native of eastern Asia, China, Japan and
+Korea; that it was introduced into this country in the '90's, upon
+diseased chestnut nursery stock. It was not critically observed until
+1904, but the condition of trees which were observed at that time shows
+conclusively (provided the disease progressed in those early years as it
+has since) that it was introduced into the country as early as the late
+90's. The final demonstration of the fact that the disease is a foreign
+disease and a native of Asia we owe to Mr. Frank Meyer, of the Office of
+Seed and Plant Introduction, of the Department of Agriculture. Mr.
+Meyer's observations are so interesting that I will pass around a few
+pictures illustrative of his observations in China, the first picture
+showing the country that is the home of the chestnut bark disease. The
+second picture shows a chestnut orchard in China where the trees have,
+with characteristic thrift, been planted around human burial mounds. The
+remaining pictures show how the chestnut blight acts in China--very
+differently from the way it acts in this country. In China, it produces,
+as the pictures show, definite cankers, which do not girdle the tree,
+which kill young trees occasionally, mutilate old trees, kill branches,
+but the cankers do not girdle the trees. That disease has been known in
+China we have no idea how many years, and, while it does a certain
+amount of harm, is said by Mr. Meyer not to be really serious in China.
+You can readily see, upon examining these pictures, that there is a
+sharp contrast in the behavior of the disease as observed in China and
+its behavior as observed in this country, where it will girdle a
+comparatively large tree and the fungus spread all through the bark,
+completely covering it, and doing that in a very short time. Of course,
+then, the chestnut blight is one of those cases of which we have so
+many, where a disease, passing to a new country, finds new surroundings,
+hosts more favorable to its development, and progresses rapidly.
+
+The natural range of the chestnut bark disease at the present time--that
+is, I mean, its range on the native chestnut and the range through which
+it is now spreading by non-human agencies, is, on the north, practically
+co-extensive with the range of the native chestnut. The disease is found
+in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, as far south as Virginia, and as far
+west as western Pennsylvania and eastern West Virginia. Throughout this
+area it is spreading by what I may call natural means, and the disease
+has been shown to be unusually well provided with means of
+dissemination. I will speak a little later about the spread of the
+disease outside of this area--that is, west and south, since in the West
+and in the South it is being spread, as far as we know, exclusively by
+human agencies.
+
+The question is often asked me, "What is the future of the
+chestnut--that is, the native chestnut--in this country? What is the
+course of the disease going to be?" The only way in which we can answer
+that is to look in the parts of the country where the disease has been
+present longest--Long Island, for example; Westchester county, New York;
+Bergen county, New Jersey; Fairfield county, Conn. Upon a recent
+examination of those areas I found no chestnut trees surviving in a
+healthy condition. We have, of course, from the beginning, hunted, and
+hunted hard, to find individual chestnut trees that might be immune to
+the disease--native American chestnuts. We expected to find such trees,
+but up to date we have not found them. It is a very extraordinary fact
+and an almost unparalleled fact, because with the majority of plants
+affected, by any given disease, we can find some individuals that are
+not only resistant, but immune.
+
+Now, in these old areas, particularly on Long Island, in 1907, when the
+disease first came under my observation, I marked certain trees in order
+to observe how long the stumps of these trees or the dead trees would
+continue to send up sprouts from the ground. It is an interesting fact
+that some of those trees which were dead in 1907 are still putting up
+sprouts. The sprouting capacity of the chestnut tree is indeed
+marvelous, but I am sorry to say that I haven't been able to find any
+healthy sprouts over three years old. I haven't been able to find any
+living sprouts more than four years old. The disease seems to be
+following up the sprouts as it followed up the original stem.
+
+Right there, in the behavior of the disease toward the sprouts, we have
+an interesting fact. During the first year of its life the chestnut tree
+or the chestnut sprout is immune to this disease, or practically so. You
+can rarely find a seedling or sprout of the first year that is attacked
+by the disease, and even in the second or third years a comparatively
+small per cent of them are attacked. It is thus possible to produce
+chestnut nursery stock that for several years does not show the disease.
+
+So far as I can see, the chestnut blight is not stopping naturally in
+its course anywhere. I cannot get a particle of reliable evidence that
+it is. In this part of the country and to the south of here, in
+Virginia, for example, the parasite has more months in the year during
+which it can grow, it appears to be utilizing that time in spreading
+more rapidly, at least killing trees more quickly, than to the north of
+this area. From the standpoint of the grower of nuts, the important
+question is, of course, whether the disease can be controlled. I think
+your Secretary, in a recent article, summed the situation up as clearly
+and briefly as can be done. He said, in an article entitled "The
+Progress of Nut Culture in the East:"
+
+"Of the chestnut we have excellent varieties such as the Rochester,
+Boone and Paragon, but all development in the culture of this nut is
+being held up by the blight. Everybody is awaiting the results of the
+government work in breeding immune hybrids. There may be great
+opportunities, nevertheless, in chestnut growing outside its native
+area, where the blight can be controlled."
+
+There is no doubt that in an orchard tree, in chestnut orchards, the
+disease can be controlled within reason by the cutting out method that
+has long been advocated, but the point is that the margin of profit on
+the chestnut is not sufficient to make that method pay, and whenever
+members of this Association or others interested in the propagation of
+chestnuts have written to me for advice I have simply advised them not
+to plant chestnuts at present. I cannot see at the present time, that
+any attempt at control is profitable. That is a very different thing
+from saying that it can not be done, or that it may not later become
+profitable.
+
+A few words regarding the method of spread of the disease. In 1908, when
+the office of which I have charge was first organized, Professor
+Collins, who has addressed this Association a number of times regarding
+this disease, visited a number of orchards and nurseries in the Eastern
+States, going as far as southern Virginia to the south, and west as far
+as York county, Pennsylvania, Although that was comparatively early in
+the progress of the disease, wherever he went, without exception, where
+there was a nursery, he found the disease present and spreading onto the
+native trees. There were, however, several established orchards which he
+visited where that was not the case, where the disease was not present.
+It has been brought out repeatedly that, while the chestnut blight is
+marvelously adapted to spread by natural means--wind, birds, insects,
+rain, all the ways in which a plant disease ordinarily spreads--the way
+in which it spreads over great areas and through great distances is on
+chestnut nursery stock.
+
+In that connection, then, I may briefly discuss the present range of the
+disease so far as we know it, outside of the natural range of the
+chestnut tree. South of Virginia, so far as we know, the disease is
+present at only one point (Greensboro, N. C.), where it was introduced
+in a nursery and spread to native trees. In stating this area of
+distribution, I ought to say that for about a year and a half we have
+made no special effort to determine the range of this disease. I mean we
+have not gone out of our way to do it. We have simply collected such
+evidence as has come to hand casually, and so it may be that there are
+now other points of infection in North Carolina, or south of there, but,
+if so, we do not know of them. In Ohio, the disease is present at three
+points, of which one is a large and serious infection at Painesville. In
+Iowa, it is present at one point, Shenandoah, in a nursery. In Indiana,
+it is present at five points; in Nebraska, at two points. In Michigan,
+one point has been reported. In all of these cases it is in nurseries,
+or on very recently planted trees. There is, or was, an interesting
+point of infection in British Columbia. Probably the trees there are all
+dead by this time, but that point is very interesting as being probably
+an independent importation from the Orient.
+
+There needs to be little said as to how the disease is spreading in this
+area. Perhaps the best thing I can do is to read some letters that have
+come to my attention:
+
+   "MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
+   "EAST LANSING,
+   "Aug. 18, 1916.
+
+   "Dr. Haven Metcalf,
+   "U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+   "Washington, D. C.
+
+   "Dear Mr. Metcalf:
+
+"Last December, the Forestry Department of this College ordered of Glen
+Bros., Glenwood Nurseries, Rochester, New York, five 6-foot trees of the
+Sober Paragon chestnut. These were shipped to them April 4th and were
+almost immediately planted in the Forestry Nursery here. About six or
+eight weeks ago, the Forestry Department noticed that these trees were
+dying and called our attention to this matter about four weeks ago. I
+examined the trees in company with Mr. J. H. Muncie, one of our
+assistants, and found all the external appearances of Chestnut Blight
+with, however, only a very few imperfectly developed pycnidia. We
+brought pieces of the bark of these trees into the laboratory and made
+cultures and obtained the typical mycelium of chestnut blight. The
+trees have been removed and we now have them in our laboratory.
+
+"I am calling this to your attention as the trees were doubtless
+infected when shipped. I feel that you ought to know that this firm is
+sending out diseased trees.
+
+   "Very truly yours,
+   "(Signed,) ERNEST A. BESSEY,
+   "Professor of Botany."
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from Frank N. Wallace, State
+Entomologist of Indiana, dated July 13, 1916:
+
+"My Dear Sir:
+
+"Under separate cover I am sending you some samples of chestnut blight
+which I secured from some trees shipped by Mr. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg,
+Pa. Mr. Sober doubts that we have even seen a case of chestnut blight
+and wanted some samples and I sent him the other half of the samples
+which I am sending you.
+
+"I have been trying to check up on some of Mr. Sober's trees and so far
+I have found nearly fifty per cent of them have died from chestnut
+blight disease."
+
+The samples sent with this letter showed typical chestnut blight.
+
+Some months ago Dr. W. H. Long, of Albuquerque, New Mexico, became
+interested in the possibility of growing chestnuts in that country and
+communicated with Glen Brothers, of Rochester, N. Y., to secure certain
+information regarding them. He secured the information he wanted and
+also some that was slightly gratuitous. I will read extracts from the
+two letters:
+
+"In regard to the blight, which you call the Eastern Chestnut Canker,
+would say that this tree is practically immune from this disease, and
+you would stand no more chance of having your chestnut trees infected
+with the blight should you plant them, than you would if you planted
+apple trees, of having them infected with the San Jose Scale or peach
+trees, of the Peach Blight.
+
+"There are over half a million trees at the famous Sober orchard in
+Paxinos, Pa., none of which have the blight, and yet the blight rages
+all around them in the American Sweet Chestnut groves that are all
+through the mountain. Further evidence of its immunity from this disease
+we cannot guarantee. We think this speaks for itself.
+
+"We believe that if you would investigate this variety that you would
+plant an orchard of Sober Paragon Chestnut trees, even if not a very
+large one. We should like very much, indeed, to serve you and shall give
+our personal attention to the selection and shipment of such trees as
+you may require.
+
+   "Very truly yours,
+   "GLEN BROS., INC.
+   GM-AB  "(s) JOHN G. MAYO."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Would you mind giving us the date of that last letter?
+
+DR. METCALF: That is October 20, 1915.
+
+The other letter signed by Mr. Mayo is as follows, and is dated Oct. 29,
+1915:
+
+"Replying to your October 25th letter we do not think that you or your
+friend need have the least anxiety on account of the chestnut blight
+reaching your section. This disease seems to be confined to a very small
+area in northeastern New Jersey, southeastern New York, and southwestern
+Connecticut. The disease has been in existence in this country since
+1842, it has made very little progress, and the highest authorities now
+state that it seems to be on the wane." (Laughter.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Do the experiments of the Department show any
+possibility of control of the disease?
+
+DR. METCALF: I don't think that there are any methods of control which
+can profitably be applied to orchard trees under present commercial
+conditions. If a man has a few orchard trees which he regards as
+novelties and to which he is prepared to give very careful attention, I
+think the disease can be controlled. So far as I can see, the only hope
+of commercial control lies in none of the present varieties, but in Dr.
+Van Fleet's hybrids, possibly in the Chinese chestnut, and, aside from
+the objectionable qualities of the Japanese nut in certain strains of
+Japanese. With the rapid withdrawal of the wild chestnuts from the
+market, however, the price of chestnuts may rise, and control methods in
+orchards become practicable.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. McCoy has been in Pennsylvania and has come back
+with the very optimistic idea that the chestnut blight was under
+control up there. I took him out on my farm in Maryland and showed him
+my trees, and that the only thing that could destroy the trees faster
+than the blight is a forest fire.
+
+DR. METCALF: Exactly.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I believe, Dr. Metcalf, you conducted a series of
+spraying experiments recently, and I understand that others have done
+the same thing. Mr. P. A. Dupont, I believe, on his fine estate near
+Wilmington, tried to spray a few chestnut trees with Bordeaux mixture,
+and I understand he gave it up as a physical failure, to say nothing of
+the cost. Am I right about that?
+
+DR. METCALF: That is my understanding, that he was dealing with large
+trees and failed.
+
+A MEMBER: Well, did you succeed with small ones?
+
+DR. METCALF: In the line of spraying? That is a long story, and I
+suggest that Mr. Hunt answer that.
+
+MR. HUNT: In the spraying work conducted on Dr. Smith's place at
+Bluemont, Va., we had 2500 numbered trees under observation; about 1500
+of them being sprayed. Equal numbers of trees were sprayed with Bordeaux
+and with lime-sulphur. The number of sprayings given different lots of
+trees varied, but even trees sprayed as often as every fifteen days
+blighted in a number of instances. While I did not get a greatly reduced
+percentage of blight (approximately 50 per cent) among the sprayed trees
+taken as a whole, the difference between individual plots seemed to
+depend rather on location in the orchard, as some blocks of unsprayed
+trees showed practically no blight and some blocks of sprayed trees
+showed considerable blight. I might say that the grafted trees did not
+blight nearly so heavily as the ungrafted trees. So far as any real
+success is concerned there was none. It would cost over one hundred
+dollars per acre per year to spray as often as some of the trees were
+sprayed, and it wouldn't control the blight. So I wouldn't consider it
+at all practicable.
+
+THE SECRETARY: What is the reason that the grafted trees blighted less
+than the ungrafted?
+
+MR. HUNT: Well, I wouldn't pretend to say as to that, except that it is
+so. I had each tree numbered and kept an individual record of all the
+trees, and I found--I have forgotten the exact figures--but there was
+about three-fifths as much blight among the grafted trees as among the
+ungrafted trees. Of course, they are an imported variety, I believe, and
+it may be that on that account they may have developed some resistance.
+But Mr. Van Fleet may know more about that.
+
+DR. METCALF: There seems to be some evidence that the imported European
+varieties have a slight degree of resistance, not enough to count, but
+enough to show in that fraction that Mr. Hunt gave.
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is only a varietal condition, then, not from the fact
+of grafting, but simply because of a different variety?
+
+MR. HUNT: Oh, yes, I think so.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, in view of this information about the
+chestnut, is there the slightest use in the world for this Association
+to encourage anybody to plant chestnuts anywhere in the United States?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kellerman is here, and I wish to refer to him Mr.
+Littlepage's question with a slight addition. Is there, first, any
+prospect of any place staying immune? Second, would it not be to the
+advantage of the country if the sale of chestnut stock were stopped?
+
+DR. KARL F. KELLERMAN: Mr. President, to answer those questions involves
+a rather large contract on my part. (Laughter). In the first place, the
+problem of growing and marketing chestnuts, I think, is one that I could
+hardly be expected fairly to discuss. I am here rather to explain the
+attitude and action of the Federal Horticultural Board than to try to
+give any constructive advice to the nut growers.
+
+The Federal Horticultural Board is a board of five men to advise the
+Secretary of Agriculture in establishing plant quarantines, either on
+the introduction of plant material into the United States, or on the
+movement of plant material inside the United States within the
+quarantined areas. The Horticultural Board, therefore, has to deal more
+with actual conditions than with outlining such policies as your
+chairman has asked me to outline.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Excuse me, Dr. Kellerman, but we wish to know if there
+is, in your opinion, any prospect of any region remaining immune?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: Well, even that is going rather further than I would like
+to go, and yet the negative answer to that question is practically the
+basis on which the Federal Horticultural Board decided that it was
+impracticable to quarantine infected areas at the present time. The
+evidence at hand appears to indicate conclusively that if the trees
+that are to be grown are distinctly susceptible to the disease they will
+almost certainly have an opportunity to become infected, no matter what
+part of the United States they may be grown in. Now, whether that
+infection would be a matter of a few months, or a few years, or a few
+decades, of course, would be altogether a matter of chance, but, with
+the wide distribution of nursery stock that is infected, with native
+chestnuts rather generally infected and continuing to be infected, and
+with practically no chance of preventing the continuation of the disease
+in the native chestnuts, abundant sources for infection of susceptible
+material appear to exist. For that reason, it appears to be, from an
+economic standpoint, inadvisable to attempt to check the disease through
+the establishment of quarantines.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kellerman, you have answered my first question to
+perfection, and now I want to ask the second one. If this blight is
+practically a sure-kill, isn't it wrong to permit people to spend money
+in the hope that, in some way, they are going to escape it? And if that
+is the case, why shouldn't the whole traffic in chestnut trees be
+stopped, with the possible exception of experimental things, which might
+be allowed with the direct permission of some governmental board?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: That is a question that is very much harder to answer.
+There might be favored regions where orchard culture of the chestnut
+could go on for a considerable term of years before infections became
+general and before the industry would be stifled because of this
+disease. That is merely a matter of conjecture, as I see it. We have so
+little evidence as to the speed with which a paying orchard business can
+be developed in a new locality, so little evidence as to how the disease
+may act under widely separated climatic conditions, that I don't feel
+that we are prepared to say definitely that the industry is bound to
+fail in every place where it is tried. Personally, I think that it ought
+to be considered only on an experimental basis, but that represents
+merely my personal opinion, and I doubt whether there is any effective
+means for establishing a policy of that sort. It might be possible for
+the general advice to be given that there was danger in any orchard
+planting of chestnuts, no matter where it might be undertaken, and of a
+comparatively rapid loss through the chestnut blight. I doubt whether
+more than that would be feasible.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have been enthusiastic over the chestnut for twenty
+years this season, and these are matters in which I am greatly
+interested. As I see it, the problem is one that is really much bigger
+than the chestnut. The whole field of nut growing, which is now on the
+edge of great accomplishments, is likely to be seriously injured,
+because the most conspicuous thing in nut growing is the taking
+advertisement of the firm whose bad trees have been referred to by Dr.
+Metcalf. I think we do not appreciate the seriousness of the situation.
+The firm Dr. Metcalf referred to is selling trees that are diseased in
+places where they are sure to die quickly. Other men are similarly
+selling trees, with less skillful advertising, perhaps, but probably no
+less diseased. Most of these nurserymen may be honest in their belief
+that they are putting out stock that is not diseased. But in the infant
+trees it is almost impossible to detect the blight, so that the tree
+goes out looking like a perfectly good one. It may be two or three
+seasons before it dies.
+
+Now, the economic aspects are these: Who should stand the loss, the man
+in the nursery or the man in the orchard? It is a toss-up, it seems to
+me at present, with the results apparently in favor of the nurseryman
+rather than in favor of the citizen. The people who have an interest in
+nut growing are going to have that interest lessened or destroyed by
+beginning with a bad kind of tree. There are possibilities of a great
+national injury, as I see it, if we let this thing go on.
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: Well, as a constructive policy for aiding in the
+establishment of nut culture, I think your policy is sound, but as a
+question of economics of operation, I doubt whether any plan of that
+sort can be established, beyond the plan of merely giving the general
+advice that such planting is attended with very grave risks.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you not authority, or does not authority exist, to
+prohibit shipment?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: The plant quarantine act gives the Department authority
+to quarantine infected areas and to place certain restrictions on
+shipments. To place any such restriction, however, it must be plainly
+established that beneficial results are going to result, not to a
+particular industry necessarily, but to the general public. The
+difficulty in establishing a quarantine on the shipment of nursery stock
+is the apparent impossibility of saying that that is going to stop the
+spread of the disease. That is one question. The other problem is the
+difficulty of determining what is infected territory and what is not.
+We have very serious difficulty in making regulations, excepting as
+between definitely infected territory and definitely clean territory.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: And you don't have the authority to make a sweeping,
+blanket prohibition of the shipment of a certain thing?
+
+DR. KELLERMAN: No, we haven't that authority.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We put a clause in the printed matter that goes out with
+all of our shipments saying that chestnuts are subject to blight, and
+that we don't recommend their planting. I think if nurserymen all
+followed that principle everybody would buy with their eyes open.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am sorry you are so lonely in the business. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: As regards the possibility, or the impossibility, of
+doing any good to the chestnut industry by quarantining it, I fully
+agree with Dr. Kellerman. I think any attempt of the Board to
+quarantine, so far as benefit to the prospective chestnut grower is
+concerned, is perfectly useless.
+
+DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS: It seems to me it may be resolved into a very
+simple proposition. Now, chestnuts may be raised in orchard form if we
+spray with Bordeaux mixture, and cut out blight when it appears. I do
+it. They live. Those that are not sprayed die, unless given tiresome
+attention. That settles that question for my part. Chestnuts may not be
+raised in forest form because it does not pay to spray and cut to that
+extent. But chestnuts may be raised profitably in orchard form by people
+who are willing to take the trouble to spray them, and to cut out blight
+early. It seems to me that people should be properly warned that they
+may plant chestnuts in orchard form provided they are willing to look
+after them, otherwise we ought to guard against the public buying
+chestnut trees, unwarned.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Dr. Morris, were you in when Mr. Hunt made his
+statement?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I got in late.
+
+MR. HUNT: I sprayed fifteen times, every two or three days during the
+blossoming season.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I used arsenate of lead with my Bordeaux mixture for the
+reason that it is convenient. That makes it stick ever so much tighter.
+Now, that may be a feature of my confidence. Three or four heavy storms
+will not wash off my Bordeaux mixed, applied in that way, with arsenate
+of lead.
+
+MR. HUNT: Well, my trees are dying right along.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I am right in the midst of the worst chestnut blight
+conditions. The only kinds I have that are not blighted are sprayed
+trees, and chestnuts of kind that resist the blight. I had twenty-six
+kinds from different parts of the world to test out in the blight
+question. One kind from Manchuria is very blight-resistant. I find that
+our American chinquapin, both our eastern form and the western tree form
+are both blight-resistant. Also the alder-leaf chestnut. That is my
+experience. Those four chestnuts are practically immune, and on my
+property American chestnuts dying all around them.
+
+I have one particular variety of American chestnut that I think a great
+deal of. It was one of the first trees to go down from the blight. Stump
+sprouts from this tree I have grafted on other stocks, on the common
+American, and recently on chinquapin. The sprayed ones are all alive;
+the unsprayed ones are not alive. Now, that is a matter of locality,
+perhaps.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris, I detect a possible explanation for
+difference of results. Mr. Hunt's trees were sixteen or seventeen years
+old. Dr. Metcalf tells us, however, that young trees are relatively
+immune. How old are yours?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Not over twelve years. No grafts on them over four years.
+That would make a difference.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, Mr. Hunt did a good job of spraying. I saw his
+trees, and they were saturated.
+
+MR. WEBER: Do they ever use a sticker in the Bordeaux?
+
+A MEMBER: What preparation of Bordeaux mixture do you use, Dr. Morris?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I use a commercial preparation called Pyrox.
+
+MR. CARL J. POLL: Will the chestnut blight attack any other trees
+besides the chestnut?
+
+DR. METCALF: Outside of the chestnut genus, that is, the genus Castanea,
+the disease goes on to a few other trees. A curious fact is that it will
+go on to the sweet gum, a tree not related at all, and it will go on to
+a few oaks, in no case enough to seriously damage them as it does the
+chestnuts, but enough so that those trees can easily be carriers of the
+disease.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think we might pass from this funeral. We have a paper
+by Dr. Van Fleet, whose work, I suppose, is known to everybody here. The
+paper has been prepared by Dr. Van Fleet and will be read by the
+Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+HYBRIDS AND OTHER NEW CHESTNUTS FOR BLIGHT DISTRICTS.
+
+DR. WALTER VAN FLEET, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+The sinister spread of chestnut blight, as the bark disease caused by
+the fungus _Endothia parasitica_ is popularly called, within little more
+than 10 years, from its place of apparent origin near New York City into
+13 states, practically reaching the eastern and northern limits of our
+native chestnut stands, and sparing in its course no individual trees
+exposed to infection, has about convinced even the most optimistic
+observers that without the intervention of natural checks the American
+chestnut as a forest asset will soon pass away. There is no present
+indication of diminution in the virulence of the fungus parasite and
+little reason to hope its progress as a timber destroyer can be stayed
+by any agency in the control of man. Already the losses, direct and
+indirect, occasioned by chestnut blight are computed as high as
+$50,000,000, about half of the estimated value of the entire stand.
+
+With the very reasonable assumption that our native chestnut is doomed
+to virtual extinction it is well to consider in time if it can be
+replaced as a timber and nut-producing tree by other chestnut species or
+combinations of species less subject to injury by this disease-producing
+organism. The Endothia fungus, as a destructive parasite, is apparently
+confined to the chestnut, rarely if ever harmfully affecting genera even
+as closely allied as the oak (Quercus) or Castanopsis. Of the various
+species of chestnut or Castanea those native to Japan and Central China
+appear most resistant, probably having been for ages accustomed to the
+presence of the fungus, while the European chestnut, _Castanea sativa_,
+our native _C. Americana_, and our chinquapin, fall easy victims when
+exposed to infection. Of the Asiatic forms _Castanea crenata_ of Japan
+and Eastern China and _C. molissima_ of the interior are most promising
+in this respect, though the latter is still an almost unknown quantity
+as regards cultivation in this country.
+
+_Castanea crenata_, commonly known as Japan chestnut, in its more
+typical forms is highly resistant, so seldom showing material injury
+that, for practical purposes, it may be regarded as immune. Japan
+chestnut seedlings raised from nuts grown in proximity to our native
+chestnut and exposed to the influence of its pollen are at times more
+seriously affected, but are rarely destroyed by the bark disease. The
+Japan chestnut is of comparatively low growth, of small value for timber
+purposes, but as a nut-producer is very fruitful and precocious, bearing
+great crops at an early age. The nuts are often very large but usually
+of poor quality. The species, however, proves quite plastic in the hands
+of the plant breeder, being readily modified in the directions most
+desired by the ordinary methods of cross-pollination and selection. It
+freely hybridizes with all other chestnut species and varieties that
+have been tried, and forms the basis of the most hopeful work in
+breeding for disease-resistance that has yet been attempted.
+
+_Castanea molissima_ is of much taller growth and bears nuts of moderate
+size, but of really good quality in the types that have reached this
+country. It can be infected by _Endothia parasitica_ but the disease
+progresses slowly and in some instances results in little harm. The
+species has been so recently established in America that practically
+nothing is known of its breeding capabilities, but if its
+disease-resistance under our climatic conditions is assured it would
+appear most hopeful material for replacing our vanishing native species.
+Explorers report there is a still more promising chestnut in China,
+reaching nearly 100 feet in height under forest conditions, but it has
+not yet been secured for trial in this country.
+
+_Castania sativa_, the commercial chestnut of Europe, in many varieties
+has long been cultivated in America and for nut production is without
+doubt the best of the well-known exotic species. It has no great timber
+value, however, and its disease-resistance, though higher than _C.
+Americana_, is scarcely great enough to warrant extended use as breeding
+material.
+
+The native chinquapin, _Castanea pumila_, in its bush and tree forms
+remains as the only promising chestnut not found in the Orient. While
+readily inoculated by artificial means, the chinquapins, especially
+varieties of the northern bush forms, quite often escape natural
+infection, doubtless because of their small size, smooth bark, and less
+liability to insect attacks.
+
+Chestnut breeding for nut improvement, chiefly by selection of native
+European and Japanese species, has been carried on in several diverse
+localities in the United States, with distinctly promising results but
+inter-pollinations have also been effected between most species and
+varieties, the outcome indicating that rapid improvement along the
+desired lines may be expected from crossing the really desirable types.
+
+In 1903 and succeeding years the writer made many careful pollinations
+of the native chestnut and the bush chinquapin with European and
+Japanese chestnuts in many varieties. Some hundreds of seedlings
+resulted, mostly showing a high level of promise as judged by their
+initial thrift and vigor of growth, but the appearance in 1907 of the
+Endothia disease among the plantings soon put an end to the work with
+the native and European chestnuts, as, with scarcely an exception, they
+quickly became infected. The crosses of chinquapin and Japan chestnut,
+however, showed considerable resistance as a whole, and a number of
+individuals have resisted infection until the present time, though
+constantly exposed to the disease, both at their locality of origin in
+New Jersey and since at Arlington farm, to which they were transferred
+in the second and third years of growth. Others have been attacked in
+greater or less degree, but show great powers of recuperation, sending
+up suckers that often fruit well by the third year. The resistant
+varieties show great promise as nut producers, coming into bearing when
+three or four years old from seed and producing abundant crops of
+handsome nuts, of excellent quality, four to six times as large and
+heavy as those borne by the chinquapin parent, ripening in early
+September before chestnuts of any kind have appeared in the market.
+These nuts have thicker shells than other chestnuts, are much less
+subject to attacks of the chestnut weevil and preserve their fresh and
+inviting appearance longer when gathered. The flavor varies somewhat
+according to the particular pollen parent of the different varieties,
+but is always agreeable in the fresh state when the nuts are properly
+cured. When boiled or roasted they are particularly sweet and pleasant
+to the taste.
+
+The trees are quite vigorous in growth, considering their rather dwarf
+type, reaching 10 or more feet in height at 6 to 8 years from the
+germination of the seeds and with scarcely an exception bear regular and
+increasing crops after the third year. Propagation of the most promising
+varieties has been effected by grafting and budding on _Castanea
+molissima_ seedlings as resistant stocks, but it cannot be said that
+these processes, when performed under greenhouse conditions, give ideal
+unions. It is hoped to make fairly extensive trials of _C. molissima and
+C. crenata_ as stocks for field grafting the coming season.
+
+But the most encouraging feature of these chinquapin-crenata crosses is
+the excellence of their seedlings as grown from chance or
+self-pollinated nuts. Fifteen direct or second generation seedlings and
+one of the third generation have fruited to date. All have retained in
+growth and fruitage the characters of their immediate parent and it
+almost appears as if the good qualities of these hybrids may be
+perpetuated from seeds, thus dispensing in a great measure with
+vegetative propagation--always costly and uncertain with nut trees.
+
+Several hundred of these seedlings are under observation and it scarcely
+appears too much to hope that they may inherit the disease-resisting
+character of their parents as well as other desirable qualities.
+
+Selection work with a precocious strain of Japan chestnuts of apparently
+pure type has been continued through 4 generations of seedlings after an
+initial cross-pollination of two particularly desirable varieties had
+been made in 1903. These seedlings show greater range of variation than
+the hybrids with chinquapin, but all bear nuts of marketable value in 2
+to 4 years from germination. None have been attacked by the Endothia
+fungus, though many have constantly been exposed to infection.
+Notwithstanding their extreme precocity trees of this Asiatic strain
+grow steadily and if thickly planted in favorable localities may in time
+produce timber of local value, but it is to the taller growing species
+of middle China that we must look for material to replace our vanishing
+native forest stands. The preservation in this country of the chestnut
+as a nut-bearing tree appears assured in view of the progress already
+made and it should not be too much to hope that resistant strains of the
+timber type may yet be developed by systematic breeding experiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Inasmuch as the author of the paper is not present to
+answer questions, the only thing that may be done is to ask further
+contributions of knowledge in the same field. Has anyone any
+contribution to make?
+
+MISS LOUISE LITTLEPAGE: I would like to ask how long the chestnut tree
+has been able to live with the blight?
+
+DR. METCALF: Do you refer to the Asiatic ones or to the ones that grow
+here in America?
+
+MISS LITTLEPAGE: The American.
+
+DR. METCALF: It is almost impossible to answer that question because you
+have to define just what you mean by "living." If the chestnut tree is
+attacked first or early on the trunk, it is girdled and dies shortly,
+but if it is attacked first on the top there develop conditions like
+what is shown in this picture (showing photograph). I am not certain
+that you can see these bunches of suckers a little way up the tree. Now
+those trees will sometimes exist four or five years. I can say safely
+that I have seen trees last five years.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I can add three years to that.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion, we may adjourn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8TH, AT 8.15 P. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: To my mind nut growing is part of a larger field, a field
+of conservation, one which is going to develop a whole new series of
+tree crops, of which the nuts are but a part.
+
+
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
+
+DR. J. RUSSELL SMITH.
+
+Agriculture is usually symbolized by a picture showing a man, a plow,
+and a sheaf of wheat. I would make the symbolization double by adding to
+it some kind of a nut tree in fruit. I have long had a vision of waving,
+sturdy, fruitful trees yielding nuts and other valuable fruit, and
+standing on our hilly and rocky land where now the gully and other signs
+of poverty, destruction and desolation gape at us. This vision of the
+fruitful tree also extends to the arid lands, there also vastly
+increasing our productive areas. Beyond a doubt the tree is the greatest
+engine of production nature has given us, and in its ability to yield
+harvests without soil injury on rough, rocky, and steep lands, and on
+arid lands, carries the possibility of the approximate doubling of the
+area of first-class cropping land in the United States, also probably in
+many other countries.
+
+Twenty-one years ago this spring I began in a small way to bring into
+reality this vision of the tree-covered fruitful hills, although my
+interest in the matter goes back at least four years further to the time
+when I filled my pockets with the large grafted European chestnuts grown
+along his lanes by the late Edwin Satterthwaite, of Jenkintown, Pa.
+
+My first essay at nut tree cropping was short but not sweet. I planted
+an acre and a half of Persian walnuts, seedlings being the only things
+then to be found. There being no one within my reach to guide me much,
+if any, I bought such seedlings as were to be had from a New Jersey
+nurseryman. I mulched them, and saw them each year grow less and less
+until the third season they disappeared. I have, however, some survival
+from this attempt in the form of black walnuts, which I had the
+foresight to plant as nuts immediately beside the Persian walnuts when
+they were planted as trees. Some of these walnuts are now quite sturdy
+young trees ready to be top-worked to some good strain.
+
+My second attempt was the Paragon chestnut. In 1897 I started in on a
+100-acre tract on the Blue Ridge Mountains, near Bluemont, Va., much of
+it too rocky for any cultivated crop, but admirably fitted to native
+chestnuts, and covered with a perfect stand. I had a good many acres
+well established, when, in 1908, the chestnut blight convinced me that
+further extension was perilous. My orchard has since been given over to
+the Department of Agriculture as the scene of their experiments in
+fighting the chestnut blight, but they have given it up, withdrawn their
+efforts, and half the orchard is now cut down and planted to Winesap and
+Grimes Golden Apples, which ten year's experience has shown me can be
+grown on such land without cultivation if mulched with the weeds and
+bushes that grow around them, and given some commercial fertilizer. I
+have a number of such young trees planted in 1907 in land of this
+character that are now full of fine quality fruit.
+
+My third nut-growing attempt was with more select strains of seedling
+English walnuts than the miserable chancelings with which I began. One
+tree from the magnificent specimens at 3115 O street, N. W., Washington,
+D. C., and several from Pomeroy, promptly perished, apparently from
+winter-killing, and my nut hopes were at a very low ebb when the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association came upon my intellectual horizon.
+From it I have learned how to graft the walnut, the pecan and other
+hickories, and I have again started in on the English walnut, using the
+Mayette, Franquette, and several of the eastern seedlings. After the
+usual disastrous failures at top-working, I was this June in such a
+large condition of hope that I was in serious need of being hooped to
+keep myself down to normal size. Such artificial aids to the maintenance
+of normal size are, however, no longer necessary after this summer's
+experiences, during which the bud-worm has cut the ends of my Persian
+walnut shoots and the blight apparently has withered up my young grafts
+so that an 18 inch shoot of July 1st is now 17 inches black and 1 inch
+brownish green, and in other cases entirely dead. Alas what a slaughter!
+This apparently puts my Persian walnut hopes into a state of neutrality.
+I hope it is benevolent neutrality. So far as actual expecting is
+concerned, however, I am not doing any just now. I wait.
+
+The grafted black walnuts, however, have met with none of these
+accidents, and these are a substantial and solid hope, as is the pecan,
+which is behaving handsomely on its own roots and also on the hickory
+roots.
+
+
+_Tree Crops Insurance._
+
+As my experience with nut trees well shows, there is little doubt that
+we are now in a period of great activity of plant enemies. They are
+indeed a by-product of the splendid work now being done in bringing to
+us the crop plants of all parts of the world. Along with the Chinese and
+Japanese products which have already been so valuable and promise us so
+much more for American horticulture, we have received the San Jose
+scale, the chestnut blight, and probably others will follow. For the
+next twenty-five or fifty years while the nut industries are in what may
+be properly considered the experimental stage, I wish to urge the great
+necessity of some kind of crop insurance for the man who plants out any
+kind of nut tree. Say what you please, the nuts are not as well known
+and as reliable as the other fruits, such as the apple, and even apples
+are uncertain enough.
+
+
+_Crop Insurance Through Two-Story Farming._
+
+By the term "crop insurance" I mean having something else on the same
+land that will make a profit year after year, whether the tree pays or
+not. If this is not feasible, there should be something else which can
+be quickly converted into a crop if the main hope suddenly disappears.
+For the man who is growing nuts on level, arable land, I believe I
+cannot emphasize too strongly the pastured pig. Pigs below trees (and
+nuts maybe above). This is merely the two-story farming that Europe was
+practising when Columbus was a boy. Upon all good nut growers I urge the
+pig for the first story. This unromantic but very practical aid to
+income for the nut-grower has had the great honor to be accepted by a
+president of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, Mr. Littlepage, and
+by a president of the National Nut Growers' Association, Colonel Van
+Duzee. Colonel Van Duzee, from the financial standpoint, really does not
+have to have his pecan trees either to live or bear. He is making money
+out of the oats, cowpeas, crimson clover, vetch, soy beans, velvet
+beans, and other forage crops which he is growing between the pecan
+trees, and which the pigs are harvesting for him and converting into
+salable products. Of course this makes the pecan trees grow like weeds,
+but I am now talking about the crop insurance aspect of it. This crop
+insurance aspect of Colonel Van Duzee's last planting cannot be too
+strongly emphasized. He has planted the trees 100 feet apart,
+practically four and one-quarter trees to the acre, and has then
+proceeded to the hog farming business as though the trees were not
+there. This may sound somewhat fantastic to the man of the North.
+Perhaps it sounds well-nigh criminal to the man who is trying to sell
+pecan tree land to schoolmarms, talking fifty pecan trees to the acre.
+When a tree has the habit of spreading two or three or four feet per
+year when well fed, and keeping it up an indefinite time, the question
+of ultimate size is one to be reckoned with. That the pecan tree can
+attain great size in the North, as well as in the South, is attested by
+the record of a tree in northern Maryland on Spesutia Island, near the
+head of Chesapeake Bay. The tree is described by one of our members, Mr.
+Wilmer P. Hoopes, as being eighty-four years old, hale and hearty.
+
+"This tree is 106 feet tall, with a spread of 110 feet, has two limbs,
+respectively 57 and 60 feet long and is 13 feet in circumference, 3 feet
+above ground, and is an annual bearer of thin shell, nuts that, though
+rather small now, are mighty good to eat."
+
+If nut trees are going to grow into that size, we must plant very wide
+or make up our minds to a very heroic and very difficult act, one which
+many men in the South should do this minute, namely, cut down half or
+three-quarters of the nut trees on a given acre.
+
+I wish to emphasize the health aspect from the standpoint of the tree of
+this very wide planting. It is generally recognized by horticultural
+authority that trees develop sickness and disease when crowded in large
+numbers. The pecan trees 100 feet apart may perhaps escape this danger
+and have the sun on all parts of their leaf surface, a fact, by the way,
+which is necessary to crop production on this and other nut trees.
+
+This wide planting is practically the method followed in most of the
+important French Persian walnut districts. With very few exceptions
+their trees are isolated, a man having two or twenty, or thirty,
+scattered about his farm, usually in the midst of his fields where they
+can develop to perfection, take the tillage of the crops, and bring in
+some extra money, which one of the owners very significantly told me is
+"income without effort." This income without effort aspect of the matter
+takes the form of a man having to pay as much rent for a good walnut
+tree in the department of Dordogne, as he does for an acre of good wheat
+land alongside.
+
+
+_Rough Land Tree Crops Insurance._
+
+What kind of tree crops insurance might I have had for my chestnuts
+grafted nineteen years ago? Had I known then as much as I now know about
+nut trees, excepting the chestnut blight, I should have planted that
+place thickly with black walnut nuts and northern pecan nuts, unless the
+squirrels were too quick for me, in which case I should have used little
+seedlings. These I would have kept in a submerged but hopeful condition
+by occasionally cutting them down. This would keep them from crowding
+the chestnut trees, but would by no means have kept me out of a stand of
+vigorous pecans and black walnuts ready to graft at very short notice.
+When the blight blew its signal of national alarm in 1908, I could have
+gone to grafting those trees and they would by this time probably have
+been in bearing and ready to replace the chestnuts which are now dying
+with the blight.
+
+If any one wishes to contradict my statement about these trees living
+with such treatment, I will admit that I am not speaking from experience
+with regard to the pecan, but I believe the experience of others
+admirably verifies the statement I have made. I am, however, speaking
+literally from my own experience when I refer to the black walnut. For
+ten summers past I have in July and August scythed off a certain tract
+of stump land planted to apples. Each year black walnuts and butter nuts
+have been cut, and now at the end of that time the stubs are still
+annually throwing up vigorous shoots 2-1/2 to 4 feet in length, and if
+they are allowed to escape for a season, they dart past a man's head so
+fast he wonders what has happened.
+
+While I hope to experiment for forty more years on my mountain side in
+the attempt to cover it with waving fruitful trees that are so immune to
+pests as not to need spraying, I shall never again be caught with only
+one possibility upon a given piece of land. If I should top-work my
+native hickories to shagbark, which I know involves considerable waiting
+and considerable uncertainty, I can, with very little expense, put upon
+the same ground a full stand of grafted black walnuts and a full stand
+of budded pecans, or if I do not care to go to that much trouble, I can
+graft my hickories and plant my native black walnuts and merely keep
+them there in submerged condition as reserve trees ready to be grafted
+at any time. For a pecan orchard I can do exactly the same thing, using
+black walnuts as fillers, possible successors, or as ungrafted reserves.
+For the Persian walnut, the black walnut can again come in as a filler
+or as a reserve, and for grafted blacks of any variety, other blacks can
+be kept waiting for the arrival of possible better varieties which could
+easily become the head of the corner.
+
+My experience with transplanting seedling pecans shows that they, too,
+can, without serious difficulty, be planted out in such rough land and
+kept waiting there for years until the day of possible utilization.
+
+Lastly, I wish to emphasize one more possible crop insurance tree for
+the man who is planting nuts on land difficult of cultivation, or
+entirely untillable, and that is the persimmon. I have paid my respects
+above to the tilled crops and the pastured pig for the arable land, and
+for the unarable land I would still emphasize the pig and give him other
+sources of food to supplement pasture. Among these possible foods is the
+persimmon which as yet has been little appreciated in an extensive way,
+although hundreds of thousands of men know it is highly prized forage
+and of considerable fattening value. It has a crop insurance virtue,
+however, other than its acceptability as pig feed. That is the hardiness
+of the tree and the ease of establishing it. In my pasture lot the
+Angora goat, even when pushed with hunger, has not touched persimmon
+wood or leaves. The same is practically true of the black walnut and of
+the butternut. This fact is one of great importance, because it means
+that we can keep rough land in pastures, even goat pasture, during the
+period when we are planting out tall-headed nut trees of almost any
+variety, and at the same time have a perfect stand of two kinds of crop
+insurance trees coming along, namely, walnuts and persimmons.
+
+In this connection it is desirable to point out the relation of this
+recommendation to the actual practice in nut growing regions of Europe.
+They do not plant a little two or three foot tree. They plant an eight
+or nine-foot tree often so slight it can not hold itself up, and is kept
+in place by one or two stiff poles. This tall-headed fellow stands out
+in the middle of the wheat field, the vineyard, the hay field, the goat
+pasture, the cow pasture, with its head entirely out of reach of the
+pasturing animal, its trunk protected by one or two stout sticks, and in
+due time it takes hold. With the trees properly developed in the
+nursery, I know of no reason why the same practice cannot prevail here,
+and I have at least one Busseron pecan tree that has gone safely through
+the first summer of it.
+
+The practice of one pecan grower in Texas, reported in the Nut Journal,
+is suggestive of a crop insurance practice capable of wide use in the
+North, namely, planting of filler trees of quick-yielding varieties.
+There is no reason why the northern nut trees might not be planted 40,
+60, or 80 feet apart in peach or even apple orchards, as did the Texas
+man with his nut trees 72 feet apart, occupying every fourth place in an
+18-foot spaced fig orchard. I would call attention of Northerners,
+however, to the desirability of the mulberry, the most rapid growing and
+cheapest of all our fruit trees, doing well in Carolina at a space of 30
+feet, which would enable the Northerner, by a little variation of the
+interval between his mulberry trees, to plant nut trees anywhere from 60
+to 100 feet apart.
+
+
+_Sod Mulch Nut Orchards._
+
+I know that any suggestions of the production of trees without plowing
+is unorthodox, and therefore not likely to be heard straight, and
+particularly perilous in the presence of professional horticulturists in
+state or national employ. To such I wish to call attention to the fact
+that I have emphasized in this matter, first, the tillage methods, and
+that I am making no knock against cultivation. We all know that it works
+under some conditions, and we all also know that there are some
+conditions in which it will not work. If I lived on level, sandy loam,
+I'd be a furious tiller of tree crops fifteen times a year. But I was
+born upon a rocky hill, and now I live upon another that is higher and
+rockier, and I don't believe in tilling it fifteen times a year. Must I
+abandon it, or adopt uses to its conditions? Out of these conditions
+mulch orcharding has come. Despite the orthodox, I know that the growing
+of some kinds of fruit trees without cultivation has passed the
+experimental stage. At this moment millions of barrels of apples are
+approaching perfection in orchards in Virginia and other eastern states
+that have not been plowed for more than one, and sometimes for more than
+five seasons. The application of this method to nut trees is still in
+the embryonic stage, with theoretic factors favoring it.
+
+I do not know how far the mulch-fertilizer method can go, but I am sure
+it may go much farther than most professional horticulturists will
+admit. I find that the pecan tree starts off nicely under the mulch
+fertilizer conditions of the apple. The walnut tree has certainly done
+it for ages with less aid, and I believe it is up to us to find methods
+of handling land and trees and moisture which will enable us to avoid
+the danger, costs, and difficulties of plowing rough land and still get
+good trees. For example, the absence of cultivation does not necessarily
+imply the absence of fertilizer. The way a few black walnut trees in my
+apple orchard have snapped their buds and grown in response to the
+nitrate of soda that has been put upon the apple trees beside has been
+little short of astounding. The way a poor little starveling persimmon
+wakes up when the same treatment comes along, is equally interesting. I
+cannot speak definitely yet about the influence of fertilizer on the
+Persian walnut or the pecan.
+
+In connection with the fertilization matter, it is well known that a
+crop of clover or other legumes is very important as a part of the
+rotation of crops in plow agriculture. Similarly I expect great value
+can be obtained in our pastured and fertilized nut orchards if we so
+treat the soil with lime, phosphorous, and whatever else is needed, to
+give a good mat of white clover and other legumes which are undoubtedly
+a good nitrogen supply for trees whose roots interlace with theirs.
+
+Similarly I see great possibilities in the interplanting of some
+leguminous crop tree such as the honey locust or the Kentucky coffee
+bean in our nut orchards. It is true neither of these trees has yet been
+selected and developed to the crop point, but they are much more
+promising than Sargent says the wild Persian walnut was at its
+beginning. It is an established fact that a non-leguminous plant can
+take nourishment from the nitrate-bearing nodules on the roots of
+adjacent living legumes, to say nothing of its well-known ability to
+feed upon the nitrate collections of legumes that have lived in past
+seasons within reach of its roots. Thus the interplanting of a legume
+and a nut tree seems to promise a continuous supply of the all-important
+nitrates for the nut tree.
+
+
+_The Question of Moisture._
+
+It is not necessarily true that a tree gets a low percentage of the
+local rainfall because it is not plowed. The last palliation, or is it
+provocation, that I would throw into the camp of the orthodox and the
+worshippers of the plow, is the water-pocket, or small field reservoir,
+draining a few square rods and holding hard by the roots of a tree a few
+gallons or a few barrels of water which would otherwise run away. I
+showed this association a number of photographs of these water-pockets
+last year. Their most extensive American user, Dr. Mayer, considers them
+successful from the tree's standpoint and profitable from the economic
+standpoint. Since the great virtue of cultivation is the conservation of
+moisture, I will submit that this device, worked out and used for three
+centuries by the olive growers of Tunis, for twenty years by Dr. Mayer,
+of Pennsylvania, and about the same length of time by Colonel Freeman
+Thorpe, Minnesota, can from the point of theory and perhaps also from
+the point of practice, equal tillage on some soils, and with less labor
+and much greater economy in farm management, for the making of water
+pots is a job for odd times, the bane of agriculture, and tillage all
+comes in a pile--another bane of agriculture.
+
+Upon the whole, I think my 21 years of nut loving have run me directly
+and indirectly into ten thousand hard earned, and as yet, partly not
+earned dollars. Rather a deep sting for a pedagogue. When the last of my
+grafted chestnut trees come down next year, I will have little to show
+for that ten thousand, but an experimental nursery and some experimental
+trees scattered about the hillside. But the experiments are still
+interesting. I still have hope, and I still love trees. I am still
+ahead.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I believe every other man here today has defended his
+thesis. I will not claim any exemption.
+
+DR. STABLER: The President has mentioned the combination of apple and
+walnut trees. I would like to ask him if he has seen any deleterious
+effects upon the apple from the proximity of walnut roots. Now, some of
+my friends in Montgomery county have the idea that an apple tree will
+not live within fifty feet of a walnut tree. I have, myself, seen a
+number of apple trees die, apparently because they were neighbors of
+walnut trees. I wasn't sure that that was the cause of death, but they
+died, and walnut trees situated in an apple orchard will have a ring of
+dead apple trees around them. Now that is one case that I know of where
+the walnut tree acts injuriously upon the vegetation to which it is
+neighbor. All of the farm crops, wheat, corn, grass, and oats, and rye,
+etc., seem to thrive just as well under the limbs of a black walnut as
+they do away from it. In fact, frequently you see the grass greener and
+more luxuriant right up to the trunk of the tree than anywhere else, but
+it doesn't seem to be true of the apple. Now, I would like to hear from
+the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I simply made that as a suggestion and referred to this
+instance as an illustration of the effect of fertilization on the
+walnut.
+
+DR. AUGUSTUS STABLER: Well, how are those apple trees doing?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I had enough trouble without looking for more by mixing
+walnut and apple trees. The walnut trees are small, merely the growth
+from stubs repeatedly cut.
+
+The next on our program is a paper by Mr. McMurran, of the Department of
+Agriculture, upon the question of diseases of the English walnut. Mr.
+McMurran.
+
+MR. S. M. MCMURRAN: I am sorry that in this, my first appearance before
+this Association I haven't a more optimistic and encouraging subject to
+talk on than diseases. You men and women who are burdened with
+establishing this industry have enough on you without contending with
+diseases, and it was not my intention to talk upon diseases at this
+meeting, but Mr. Littlepage, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Mr. Jones, and several
+others, have been urging the matter strongly, which explains my
+appearance at this time.
+
+Walnut blight is a very common and serious disease on the Pacific Coast.
+It may be a native disease, though it has never been reported on native
+black walnuts, and it has proved a very serious menace to the seedling
+English walnut groves on the Pacific Coast.
+
+This little piece of work I want to tell you about tonight was done
+through the co-operation of Mr. Jones and Mr. Rush, at Lancaster, Pa.,
+and has just been completed within the last few days. I made a trip
+through New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, about the first of
+August, and found a number of nuts that had all the appearance of being
+infected with the walnut blight germ. They had the same appearance as
+those nuts that you saw this afternoon in Georgetown. I brought them
+back here and made cultures from them in the laboratory, and after that
+the problem was absurdly easy. The germ was obtained without difficulty,
+I obtained a pure culture, and then I went up to Mr. Rush's place, at
+Lancaster, and made a number of inoculations, of which these few I have
+here are typical. This nut that you see here was inoculated from a pure
+culture along with a number of others, and the condition is as you see
+it, after about a month. Inoculations were also made into twigs, and I
+will pass these around for your examination.
+
+The one marked, inoculated, has a little canker on it, and on the other
+you will have difficulty in finding the needle punctures, but you will
+see them if you look closely.
+
+Now, I hardly know what to say about this disease at this time. As I
+have stated before, my work has been in the South for the past several
+years, and no work has been done on this disease in the East prior to
+this summer. That it must have been here for a long time seems almost a
+foregone conclusion, because of its wide distribution. Mr. Jones was a
+little bit conscience-stricken for fear he brought it here with him.
+Still it is in Delaware and Maryland as well as Pennsylvania, and you
+can't blame Mr. Jones for that. I think, too, it is less actively
+pathogenic than on the Pacific Coast, or we would have heard of it
+before. That it should prove a serious menace to the development of the
+walnut industry in the East, is too much to assume at this time. It will
+undoubtedly eliminate a number of the varieties that are considered
+promising now, but the course that will have to be taken will be to
+propagate only varieties which are highly resistant or totally immune to
+the disease. Just what these varieties are going to be in the East we do
+not know as yet, of course. We should avoid the mistakes that the
+growers on the Pacific Coast have made of planting seedling trees, and
+taking the chance of their being resistant to the disease. A great many
+varieties will be automatically eliminated when the nurserymen bear in
+mind that this disease is one to be considered, and I want to say, that,
+in addition to this, the Department will take pleasure in making
+artificial inoculations and tests on all those concerning which there
+is any question. We have the germ in culture now and will maintain it,
+and anyone who discovers a new variety, or has an old one they would
+like to propagate, can communicate with us, and we will take pleasure in
+testing its susceptibility.
+
+I think that is about all that can be said on the subject at this time.
+
+This disease has been studied very carefully on the Pacific Coast and a
+number of publications issued from the California Experiment Station
+concerning it.
+
+For those who are interested in looking the literature up, I have here
+the following references: Cal. Station Bulletins, 184, 203, 218, 231,
+and Circulars 107 and 131.
+
+A MEMBER: Is spraying of any avail?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: It has helped somewhat, but it has not proved economical
+on the coast.
+
+A MEMBER: In order to have that test made, would it be necessary to send
+the things to the Department?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: No; it would be necessary for me to come to you and test
+them on the trees.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Did those walnuts in Mr. Brown's yard look to you as
+though they had the blight?
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Yes, they looked like this (showing specimen).
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Did you notice that tree just across the fence? The
+reason I ask the question is that if that is blight out there, then that
+tree right across the fence is very likely resistant, because I have
+noticed that those walnuts have had this on and off for six or seven
+years. The limbs of the two trees are within twenty feet of each other.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Well, that is a very encouraging point.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I didn't think that was blight. All those trees at
+Georgetown that I have observed have that condition on them, more or
+less, except that one tree.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Yet, isn't it true that they bore pretty good crops of
+nuts, nevertheless?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Oh, yes.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Well, that was the point I had in mind. Of the two trees
+one bears every other year, and the other bears heavy crops every year.
+
+DR. MORRIS: You see the same thing at the Experiment Station in southern
+California. One tree will be absolutely resistant to blight; the other
+will be all killed. And down at Whittier, perhaps, seven-tenths of all
+the trees will be badly affected with the bacteriosis, and the others
+not very much affected, so that, apparently, it is largely a matter of
+this cynips, which introduces the bacteria, selecting certain trees.
+Certain walnuts are very much affected, and the involucre looks very
+much like that of these nuts (showing specimens), but, on examining
+them, I found a very large number of small larvae beneath the involucre.
+I sent some of them to the Connecticut Experiment Station and some to
+Washington, but they didn't tell me what they were. Those same larvae I
+found in one black walnut on my place, which is very heavily infested
+with them. Most of the nuts drop because of the injury to the involucre.
+I haven't determined the species yet. I don't know whether the larvae
+come first and the bacteriosis second, or whether it's the other way
+around.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there other persons who wish to give themselves a
+chance of asking Mr. McMurran a question? I have a question that is
+troubling me. Perhaps the house can throw light upon it. I had a number
+of Persian walnuts, Vrooman Franquette and Mayette, grafted on black,
+and by the Fourth of July they were growing nicely, with tops all the
+way from four to twenty-four inches long, and then the tip got black and
+the blackness went down. I sent a sample to Mr. McMurran. The leaves
+first died and then the twigs.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: I received that, but it was so dried when I got it it was
+impossible to make anything out of it. I have seen the same thing on
+pecans, only in those cases the leaves just got black and fell off, and
+we never have been able to assign a reason for it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Am I the only man that has had that experience?
+
+A MEMBER: I had this year the same thing on the Vrooman Franquette, but
+it recovered and has made excellent growth since.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Have yours subsequently lived?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: No, they subsequently died. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. J. F. JONES: I had that experience this summer. The new growth was
+very tender and took blight very readily.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, this doesn't appear to be blight.
+
+MR. JONES: If the English walnut starts late and the tender growth comes
+in the hot weather, the sun will kill it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: You have described my conditions. These are late grafts.
+Have you had that same experience with late grafts and not with early
+ones?
+
+MR. JONES: Yes, sir. The blight will show itself in the specks on the
+twig.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, do you mean on this sunburn?
+
+MR. JONES. No, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: There were no specks in this case. Has any other member
+any question on the blight? I want to call attention to the fact that we
+have here in this room tonight nearly every one who is studying the
+question in the eastern United States.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Mr. President, I would like to say that we would like to
+get all the information we can on it.
+
+A MEMBER: According to my observation, the blight is not going to do
+much to the tree, because the tree here makes its growth and hardens up
+before the blight comes. The blight, you see, must have moisture and
+heat to work, but it comes in just right to catch the nuts.
+
+MR. R. L. MCCOY: Mr. President, some mighty strange things happen with
+grafted and budded English walnuts, and I believe I could ask questions
+that would puzzle a school of wise men. Now, none of the answers here
+will stand up very well. For instance, Mr. Jones says this dieing back
+is due to late grafting. Well, I had some Holdens that we budded this
+last June a year ago, that suddenly, all at once, along in July this
+year, proceeded to quit business, and quit clear down, and the root
+died, too, the black walnut root. It is a serious question in my mind
+whether the black is the best stock to be used or not. Mr. Jones and Mr.
+Reed have good success grafting the English on the black. We don't down
+our way. Both of those men are in regions where the land is inclined to
+be alkali. The land where my orchard is, and where Mr. Littlepage's and
+Mr. Wilkinson's orchards are, is inclined to be acid. I am of the
+opinion that, to make a success of the English walnut, we are going to
+have to use lime, and use it extensively, not only in the nursery, but
+until the time when the trees begin to bear.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It is one of the common pieces of knowledge of all the
+agriculturists of France that the walnut does well on lime soils, and
+they don't expect it to do well on acid soils.
+
+MR. JONES: Mr. President, I think, if Mr. McCoy will examine his trees,
+he will find that the root dies first.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, why should they rot?
+
+MR. JONES: That is like a good many other things, Mr. McCoy. We don't
+know why.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: A pecan top-worked on a water hickory will sometimes
+kill the whole tree, top and all. It is the top that does it.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: This year we made some observations of different
+varieties, as to time of leafing out, and we found the Eastern varieties
+leafed out about the first of April, and the Franquette and Mayette
+about the fifth of May, and one variety we got from the Department, No.
+39,884, didn't leaf out until the twenty-fifth of May. That seemed to
+indicate that the French varieties were going to prove better than the
+Eastern varieties, because late frosts cannot hurt the blossoms.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: That is correct. I watched them this spring at Mr.
+McCoy's. Franquette and Mayette, over there and with us, were anywhere
+from ten days to two weeks later leafing out. Some of the buds were
+entirely dormant and some just bursting when many of our Eastern
+varieties were in full leaf. But my experience here in Maryland on
+walnut trees from all sections was that every one winter-killed except
+one Nebo tree and a top-worked Potomac. I have a Potomac which has made
+ten to twelve feet of growth, and it didn't winter-kill the slightest,
+and my Nebo tree hasn't winter-killed any, but the Franquette, the
+Meylan, the Rush, the Holden, and several others winter-killed very
+badly. At least, Mr. McMurran said that was what it was, and I thought
+it was, too.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Littlepage, isn't "winter-killing" rather a
+relative term, dependent partly upon the climate and partly upon the
+condition of the tree at the end of the growing season? Was there
+anything back of your statement, any late growing, or something of that
+sort?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, they didn't grow any later than the Potomac grew,
+but that tree was top-worked about five or six feet above the ground and
+I think that makes them hardier.
+
+A MEMBER: Were the winter-killed trees cultivated late?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes; and fertilized heavily.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Haven't you answered your own question?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, I won't grow trees if they do not grow better than
+that.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. Littlepage may think he has answered this question, and
+these other gentlemen may think they have answered it in a different
+way, but there are some rather peculiar phenomena there. I don't
+question the sincerity of these gentlemen, but I don't think they have
+answered the question. Whenever you transplant these trees and whenever
+you get to growing them in big quantities, you will have certain
+peculiar phenomena that you are not certain at first as to just what is
+the cause. Mr. White is just as near right when he says they kill in
+July as Mr. Littlepage when he says they winter-kill in December. And I
+will just say to people who buy walnut trees from our firm that when
+they transplant them under the same conditions as Mr. Littlepage, they
+may expect similar results.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I have never seen a northern pecan winter-kill.
+
+MR. MCCOY: Oh, I have.
+
+MR. MCMURRAN: Mr. President, this term "winter-killing" is a little bit
+misleading, and it has been a matter of discussion in the National Nut
+Growers' Association for several years and a great loss to many Southern
+pecan growers. A very common statement that one hears down there is
+"Why, our trees don't winter-kill. We don't have cold severe enough to
+kill them." But they do. It isn't a question of severity of cold, but
+suddenness of change. For instance, in southern Georgia one year, we had
+a rainy period in October; about November 20th there was a hard freeze.
+A number of orchards which had been fertilized late in the fall were
+almost wiped out. If it were not due to the fact that the term is too
+long, and we could say "damage due to sudden temperature change," it
+would convey the idea exactly. I saw trees injured in the fall of 1914
+that didn't die until September of the following year, and I have a
+number of photographs in my office.
+
+DR. STABLER: I believe, Mr. President, that the stimulation of growth
+late in the season has a great deal to do with the winter-killing of
+trees and other plants. I have noticed it in clover and alfalfa, and I
+have noticed it in peach trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think Dr. Stabler has stated a very well-known
+principle, not only of horticulture, but also of agriculture. Last year
+we questioned Mr. W. C. Reed as to the condition of a certain
+top-worked, heavily forced, black-walnut we had seen the year before at
+Vincennes. We were confirmed in our belief that the tree was dead, but
+that another tree budded at the same time with the same bud-wood and not
+forced, lived. We had a dry summer that year, a wet fall, twenty degrees
+below zero at Christmas, dead apple trees. I suspect that Mr. Littlepage
+has a problem in the balance of tillage and top-working.
+
+DR. STABLER: I think if he visits his neighbor, Professor Waite, he will
+find out how to manage trees so they won't winter-kill, because he knows
+how to fix it. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I treated the trees just like the pecan. I have never
+seen it possible yet to over-stimulate a pecan and winter-kill it. I
+don't say it isn't possible, but I have never seen it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I can show you a few.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. President, we have that condition in the nursery
+row.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Well, those are grafted, are they not?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Grafts and buds, both.
+
+DR. MORRIS: In regard to the grafting of the Persian walnut upon black
+walnut stock. In Connecticut, we have three species of mice--the common
+field mouse, the pine mouse, and the white-footed mouse. These mice all
+follow in the holes of the moles, and they are very fond of the bark of
+the Persian walnut, and will destroy a good many of them. Now, with the
+black walnut, on the other hand, when one of these mice comes along and
+takes a bite of that, he shuts one eye, cleans his teeth, and then goes
+on to something else. (Laughter.)
+
+Now, in our country the soil is practically all acid. The black walnut
+will grow in pretty acid soil. The Persian walnut almost demands a
+neutral or alkaline soil. So, for Connecticut there is no doubt that we
+really need the black walnut stock for the Persian walnut.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Any further problems that are vexing the orchardist with
+regard to the Persian walnut? If not, I think this is a suitable time to
+bury it until next year. Col. Van Duzee, a man who has had more
+experience with the pecan than almost any one else in the room, has
+kindly consented to make his contribution at this time. Col. Van Duzee.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: There is a longing on the part of a large percentage of
+men and women that I meet to escape from conditions which do not seem to
+be especially favorable in the large cities, and to get away into the
+safety of the country. I believe that nut tree growing offers one of the
+safest of those outlets. I believe that a nut orchard should be a part
+of a general farming operation. I want to give you my ideas about
+inter-crops. Fifteen years ago the doctors gave me three months to live,
+drove me out of my business, and away from my home to prolong the agony
+for a few weeks or months, and I found, among my orchard trees, a
+reasonable amount of health which, to me, repays a greater value than I
+could reckon in dollars and cents. It has given me the privilege and the
+opportunity of removing myself from the turmoil of the city and the
+conflict of the business world to a peaceful, quiet existence, that, to
+me, is very much more satisfactory. Now, that is an inter-crop.
+
+Down in Florida, when we used to get together in our citrus seminars and
+in our horticultural and agricultural meetings we used to try and make a
+man say on what class of soil his home or orchard was located, so that
+we might get his viewpoint. For the successful nut orchardist, in a
+small way, must, of necessity, be a successful agriculturist. He must
+understand soils. You can't have successful inter-cropping without
+understanding soils, and, therefore, I can't tell you definitely what
+would be good for your northern soils. But I can tell you this, that the
+first thing to do when you have an orchard problem to consider is to
+make an exhaustive survey of the character of the soil. If it is a
+fresh, recently cleared piece of fertile soil, under favorable
+conditions, I am satisfied you don't need very much in the way of
+inter-cropping. On the other hand, if you select for your orchard site a
+piece of land that has been worked to death, I believe it would be well
+to inaugurate a system of inter-cropping that would have for its object
+the building up of that soil and the improvement of the environment for
+the roots of those trees. In the South, we are favored with twelve
+months of growing weather. We plant our crops throughout the year. I am
+just about beginning now to plow for my oat planting. I am going to
+pasture those oats all winter with hogs and cattle. We will harvest our
+oats in May. We then follow them with a legume which will restore the
+fertility to that soil. In the present condition of the market for
+commercial fertilizers, I believe we have gone beyond the point where
+any man can afford to use commercial fertilizers to any great extent on
+ordinary crops. I believe it is possible to go too far in the
+stimulation of a growing orchard. My opinion is that a series of
+inter-crops that results eventually in a large deposit of nitrogen, such
+as we get from several leguminous crops plowed under, will have a
+tendency to bring that orchard into a condition--I am speaking now, you
+understand, of the pecan---where it will be susceptible to disease and
+winter-killing.
+
+If you have followed me as far as I have gone in this, you will begin to
+see at once that the men who are going to be successful in solving these
+problems are the men who are going to learn the game. Among the human
+family, you know, we have a stock phrase that we use sometimes when a
+man dies and we don't understand the cause of his death. We say "He died
+of heart failure." That is a convenient thing to hide behind.
+"Winter-killing," to my mind, is another such term. It is used, for
+instance, in a case where an individual tree, for some reason or other
+not quite understood, "passed away." (Laughter.)
+
+I have been fifteen years in the growing of pecan trees in the South,
+and I am free to confess that the most disturbing element in my life at
+the present time is the fact that we "have known so many things that
+weren't true." We have gone ahead fully believing that our course was
+justified, that it was well digested, desirable in every way, and
+suddenly waked up to find that we were radically wrong, or, at least,
+that there was a very open question as to whether we were not absolutely
+wrong.
+
+To the person of limited means the idea of being able to produce a nut
+orchard at very little expense is very attractive, and my heart goes out
+to people in that condition because I have been in that condition myself
+and passed through it. Ten years ago I bought a piece of land for forty
+dollars an acre, and planted seventeen pecan trees on each acre. It cost
+me twenty-five dollars an acre to lay off the land, dig the holes, and
+plant the trees nicely, with about a half pound of bone meal mixed in
+the soil in each hole. I carried that nut orchard on, using some
+inter-crops, up to one year ago, when it finished its eighth year of
+growth, and, without burdening you with the minute figures, I am going
+to say we have sixty-five dollars charged up to it, and it will take
+$185 more. Now, there is $250, if I haven't made any mistake. I planted
+among those trees nursery stock, and I sold off, during the time that
+those trees were growing, nursery stock to the value of, we will say,
+$250, making my inter-crops pay the expense of cultivation and interest
+on the investment up to that time. So don't forget that. Now, this is a
+case where we are going to balance our books, as every business man
+does, and every farmer ought to. I have, up to the time those trees were
+eight years of age, invested approximately $250, and have received back
+not only that, but the interest on the investment. So, at eight years of
+age the orchard cost me nothing. Now, that would be the way a great many
+people would figure that proposition. I can't do it that way. I am going
+to charge that orchard with $250 an acre for supervision. Now, above
+that line (indicating on black-board) it looks as though that orchard
+had been built up for nothing, and below the line you see a debit of
+$250 charged against that orchard. There is not one man in a hundred
+that contemplates a proposition of this kind that is willing to charge
+his orchard up with the gray matter that he puts into it. But there was
+an inter-crop in that orchard, of health and satisfaction, which is
+worth more to me than my services, so I will put that in here as $250.
+(Laughter and applause.) Now, I walked across this morning--I like to
+walk, and I came across the park. I saw a monument right over here in a
+little iron circular enclosure, erected in honor of Andrew Jackson
+Donald, a man who died several years ago, the man who was partly
+responsible for the magnificent landscape gardening effect of which this
+building is a part. It said on the monument this: "His life was devoted
+to the improvement of the national taste in rural art." Down below it
+said: "His mind was singularly just, penetrating and original." Any man
+ought to be proud to have that sort of thing engraved upon his monument,
+and, gentlemen, any man who will go out and plant nut trees like those
+you saw this afternoon, ought to have a monument under those trees
+expressing sentiments similar to these, because he has done something
+which remains after him, and it is one of the most worth-while things
+that any human being can do. That is one of the other valuable things
+about a nut orchard.
+
+Now, this nut orchard--this is no myth--this is a practical proposition.
+I was practically bankrupt when I went there. It is paying now in a
+small way, and will pay more later on, and I am going to leave it to my
+children as one of the safest and sanest investments that I could leave
+them, and I want to say, ladies and gentlemen, that the consciousness of
+possessing something of that sort, which can't be stolen, can't run
+away, is another inter-crop that is grown among those trees.
+
+I sometimes tell a story of a little two-horse farm down in the South. I
+drove fourteen miles out into the wilderness to find some seed nuts to
+plant this nursery with years ago. I found there an old home which was
+the central home of a large plantation in days gone by, and there were
+half a dozen--perhaps seven or eight--magnificent, great pecan trees
+about the lot, and a vegetable garden at the back of the home. Those
+trees were loaded with nuts. There was a young man there--one of the
+most pitiful things that I ever saw in my life--a fine young
+man--magnificent character, and recently married, making his home in
+this old tumble-down house, making his start in the world there. He
+didn't own this land--rented this fifty or sixty acres of open land, and
+these trees went with the two-horse farm. I said, "My friend, you must
+receive quite a little income from those nuts." "Yes," he said, "I sell
+the nuts from those trees every year, for more money than I make from
+the two-horse farm."
+
+I heard of another case down in north Florida where two girls were left
+absolutely dependent upon their own exertions, and they were girls who
+had been reared, as some of the Southern ladies have been reared, to be
+dependent on others. They didn't know how to go and fight the world for
+a place. They were a little too far along, perhaps, to take up that sort
+of battle. There were two pecan trees in front of that old homestead,
+and the old homestead was all that was left of the family fortune. It
+was furnished, had a cow in the back yard, and a garden, and a few
+Scuppernong grape vines. These two pecan trees in the front yard gave
+those two women approximately three hundred dollars worth of nuts per
+annum. They were magnificent, great, big pecan trees, and they lived
+from them the balance of their lives practically, with the help of the
+other things I have mentioned.
+
+Inter-crops are nothing more nor less than the evidences of the master
+mind directing the problem of handling the soil in which the orchard is
+growing. Now, just simply go right down deep under everything, pay
+absolutely no attention to the wonderful stories that the promoters tell
+you (laughter), keep your money, save it, use it, and spend it--yes, but
+recognize this one thing, that the most important element in success in
+the small orchard, as part of the rural or suburban home, is a knowledge
+of agriculture and horticulture. It is one of the most fascinating
+studies in the world, and I have no doubt but what you will find that
+you can go right along inter-cropping with vegetables and other crops,
+bush fruits, strawberries, and all those things for the first few years
+after you plant your nut trees, and even if they all die you will have
+been able to break even on the commercial side of the proposition, and
+then you will have the additional years of experience, which no nut
+orchardist can dispense with. You can't buy it with money or get it out
+of books. You have got to dig it out of the ground yourself. (Applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am going to take the liberty of emphasizing one point
+the Colonel made. He told you about the great number of things they knew
+down South that were not so. I wish to give some geographical spread to
+his generalities. We are in the same condition in the North. If you will
+stop and look clear through an agricultural idea, you will be
+astonished, ladies and gentlemen, absolutely astonished, to see how,
+mostly, we don't know it. The other day I happened to be walking through
+an apple orchard with the official horticulturist, and in response to
+some remark he made I asked: "Do you know that, or do you think it?"
+"Has that been experimentally proven?" He answered: "No, it has not."
+Most of the things we read in the books and hear in this place and other
+places we don't know. We think we know, but when we come to a show-down
+we really haven't got experimental data. I know of no people to whom
+that thing needs to be emphasized more than to the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association.
+
+
+
+
+SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 9TH, AT 10.30 A. M.
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The first order of business, I believe, will be the
+report of the Nominating Committee.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The report of the Nominating Committee is the following:
+For President, W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Indiana; Vice-President, W. N.
+Hutt, Raleigh, North Carolina; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. W. C. Deming,
+Georgetown, Connecticut.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, I move that the report of this Nominating
+Committee be accepted and adopted, and these officers declared elected.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Do I hear a second?
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The nomination of this list is moved and seconded. Is
+there any discussion? If not, all those in favor will say "aye;"
+opposed, like sign, it is carried, and they are elected.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: While I am on the floor, I want to read a resolution
+which I have drafted, and I will read the clauses separately:
+
+"Owing to the fatal character, the unchecked and rapid spread of the
+chestnut blight," is there any question about that? If that is not true,
+let somebody hold up his hand.
+
+"Owing to the fact that it has been widely disseminated through the
+shipment of nursery stock;" is that correct?
+
+"Owing to the fact that in the first stages the disease cannot be easily
+detected;" is that true?
+
+"Owing to the fact that the young trees apparently have a temporary
+immunity from the disease;"
+
+"Therefore, the Northern Nut Growers' Association believes that the
+continued free shipment of chestnut nursery stock will be productive of
+endless destruction of property in those places where the chestnut trees
+haven't yet the disease." If that is unsound, why, somebody say so.
+
+"Therefore, be it resolved, that we, the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, suggest that the Secretary of Agriculture prohibit the
+shipment of chestnut nursery stock, except in the localities known to
+have the blight, and that with each permit for shipment shall go a
+bulletin or circular giving the important facts about the chestnut
+blight. The only exception to this regulation shall be the shipments for
+experimental purposes, and such shipments must have the above mentioned
+permit, and the name of the nursery from which such trees have come, and
+must be inspected by Federal inspectors." I assume, of course, that
+inspection is a general inspection. I don't mean each particular
+shipment. If there are any questions about that, why, I will let the
+chair answer them.
+
+DR. ULMAN: Mr. Littlepage, I would like to ask a question, or, rather,
+offer a criticism. If I understand you rightly, you say, "except in the
+districts where blight is prevalent." As a matter of fact, sir, the
+particular nursery that advertises the chestnut tree works within a
+radius of possibly 250 miles of Rochester, in a district where there are
+many prospective horticulturists. One of the things that impressed me
+more than anything else in the report of the Secretary was the fact that
+we have lost a large number of members, and that we haven't attracted to
+ourselves many new members. So far as my personal experience goes, if I
+were to choose the one method of being most thoroughly disliked, it
+would be to ask my neighbors, particularly those who do not know me, to
+become members of any kind of a nut association. There is a glamour
+about planting, and it is a sort of a disease with some people, year
+after year, to seek for novelties. These nut tree advertisements that
+read so well attract many purchasers. Right here in this section people
+are buying nut trees that they are going to plant in a blighted
+district, and these people, when they see what utter failures they have,
+will be so disgusted with nut growing that when you approach them you
+cannot talk nuts to them, and you will never have them join the
+Association. More and more are leaving the Association, and very few new
+ones are coming in to take their places. So I think the resolution ought
+to be changed.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: In what respect would you have it changed?
+
+DR. ULMAN: To apply generally.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes. Well, I agree very largely with what the doctor
+says. I have always felt that the success of this organization--the
+success of the nut industry as a whole--depended upon its being upon an
+entirely truthful, fair and honest basis. I would rather see a crooked
+cashier in a bank than a crooked nurseryman or tree man. The cashier you
+can check up at 4:30 every afternoon; you can't check up the crooked
+tree man for about ten years. I think the worst of all discouraging
+things to people who want to go to the country to build up farms and
+homes is to run into alluring, but misleading, advertisements. I have an
+abounding faith in tree culture. I think that the pecan tree, the black
+walnut, varieties of the English walnut and of a number of other nut
+trees, are going to make it most possible and more desirable for men to
+go to the country, but I think the success of those things depends upon
+giving those people, as far as possible, facts, and not misleading them.
+Wherever a man sets a tree that is a failure you have a man as a failure
+generally as a tree man, and wherever you get a man to set a tree that
+succeeds, you have a living, walking advocate of the tree business.
+This Association has been fortunate all along in its policies. It has
+always stood against the fraudulent promotions; it has always stood
+against fraudulent nursery stock; it has always stood against fraudulent
+representations, and I think, for that reason, that its future is
+reasonably safe, assuming that is its continued policy.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Do you accept Dr. Ulman's amendment?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I accept it.
+
+MR. JONES: As I understand the resolution, it applies to nurseries in
+the infected areas.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Yes.
+
+MR. JONES: I believe it is practically impossible to grow trees in an
+infected area without sending out the blight, but if a man is isolated,
+like Mr. Riehl, at Alton, Illinois, he can grow trees without danger of
+sending out the blight.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, the resolution permits him to do that.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Did I understand Mr. Kellerman to say the Department
+hasn't authority to quarantine against such things?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: No. The point brought up was the theory that lay back of
+the quarantine. The speaker made the point that shipment of infected
+trees was killing the tree aspirations of the people who ought to be
+developing the nut industry. Every time a man buys a chestnut tree and
+it dies with blight that man is chilled out of business. Now this
+resolution doesn't cover that man. It is based on the ground of injury
+to the industry. You can't very well define the limits of where the
+blight is not, but it can be fairly well defined as to where it is, and
+that is up to the Department.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: The resolutions are offered in a suggestive way, Mr.
+President. If the Secretary wants to turn the suggestion down, we will
+meet again next year any way.
+
+PROF. CLOSE: I would like some information as to how you propose to take
+this matter up with the Department. I was present a year or so ago at a
+hearing before the Federal Horticultural Board--I don't know whether any
+one else present was there at the time--but the whole thing hinged
+largely on Colonel Sober's attitude in propagating and sending out the
+Paragon chestnut, and I think the Department--the Federal Horticultural
+Board--originated the question that you are discussing now, and Colonel
+Sober came there with a whole lot of pretty good information, and people
+to back up what he said, and the Department put up a mighty poor show,
+I tell you. I was ashamed of what the Department men had to say, and
+Colonel Sober won out hands down. Now, if this question comes up again,
+it will be referred, no doubt, to the Federal Horticultural Board, and
+you will need a good, strong representation, with plenty of facts back
+of you, and if you can put up a strong enough case there is no doubt but
+what you can establish this quarantine. But I would hate to see the
+question taken up again and floored as easily as it was at that time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Prof. Close, I have read part of the testimony.--I was
+not present at the meeting--and when one considers the number of things
+that were said at that meeting that are not so, and the amount of other
+evidence that has come up since, I think the defenders of the public
+will have the material to make a much stronger presentation than they
+did then, and, what is more, I think some of them will be there. Of
+course, when a man has a possibility of getting a quarter of a million
+dollars out of a lot of junk, he can spend money to hire people to say
+things, and when "the dear public" is paying nobody to go, as was the
+case last time, nobody goes. If that hearing comes again, I think some
+from this Association will be present.
+
+PROF. CLOSE: That is just the point I want to bring up. You have got to
+be there with the information.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I just want to say a word, rather endorsing what
+Professor Close has had to say. The Department of Agriculture, the
+quarantine board, or anybody else, can't go out of their limitations and
+get testimony. If we think there ought to be a quarantine, then,
+whenever there is a public invitation sent out, such as was sent out
+before, we ought to have the nerve to go down there before the
+Department officials and tell them the truth. It is very easy for us to
+stand up here and write papers and articles criticising the quarantine
+board and the Department of Agriculture. If we have anything to say
+about these things we ought to go down there and say it. If other people
+come there and present facts as a matter of record, the Board can't
+entirely go outside of those facts and decide a case right out of the
+clear sky. If this organization wants to be effective, it ought to
+appoint a committee to present those things before that Board.
+
+Resolution adopted.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have had in mind some time the idea involved in this
+resolution, which I have hastily drawn up.
+
+"Since the principles underlying the successful and economical
+propagation of nut trees are not yet thoroughly understood or generally
+known, and much effort is being wasted and much disappointment incurred
+in unsuccessful or partially successful efforts in propagation.
+
+"Resolved, that it is the sense of this meeting that systematic and
+controlled experiments be made, under the direction of the Department of
+Agriculture, for the purpose of determining the principles underlying
+the successful propagation of nut trees in all sections of the country."
+
+DR. ULMAN: Second that motion. (Carried.)
+
+MR. C. A. REED: I would like to present an invitation to meet at Battle
+Creek.
+
+MR. ROPER: Petersburg invites us to meet at Petersburg.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Those matters are settled by the Executive Committee.
+
+MR. T. P. LITTLEPAGE: Would it not be well, Mr. President, to determine
+upon a meeting place now, and let it be known, so that everybody can
+prepare for it? Being a member of the Executive Committee, I would
+prefer myself that the Association take the responsibility for deciding
+the meeting place. If these meeting places are selected in advance, it
+makes it possible for a good many people to plan their vacation trips to
+fit in. In order to get the matter before the Association, I move that
+the Society determine right now the next meeting place. (Seconded.)
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I think Mr. Littlepage's motion is of more than ordinary
+importance. The Association, heretofore, has left that matter, very
+properly, perhaps, to the Executive Committee. The result is that little
+or no attention is given to the place of meeting until thirty or ninety
+days before the date of that meeting. It would be very much better if we
+knew several months ahead about the meeting, and I think we would have a
+larger attendance and more enthusiasm. The American Association of
+Nurserymen names the date at the time of their meeting for the following
+meeting, and most other organizations do the same, and the results are
+quite perceptible.
+
+(Motion carried.)
+
+THE SECRETARY: We have an invitation from the Evansville Chamber of
+Commerce, one from the San Francisco Convention League, to meet at San
+Francisco, one from Sears, Roebuck & Company, to meet in Chicago, and
+enjoy a luncheon at their expense and a trip through their plant; one
+from Dr. Morris to meet at his place, or to meet at Stamford and spend
+as much time as possible on his place. We could meet in New York City
+and visit Dr. Morris' place very comfortably. We have an invitation from
+Petersburg, Va.; one to meet with Dr. Kellogg, at Battle Creek, Mich.,
+and one from Mr. Rush to meet at Lancaster, Pa. We have had under
+consideration a proposition to meet somewhere in the South, possibly
+with the Southern Nut Growers. Those are all the invitations that I know
+of.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: May I make a remark right here? It seems to me that
+before we decide on the place of meeting we ought to take into
+consideration what we are going to any of these places to accomplish,
+and the time of year that we want to go there. Now, if we go to
+Lancaster, or to almost any of these other places, we ought to have a
+summer meeting when we can go out and see the trees, but if we go up to
+Battle Creek we could just as well go there in the winter time. The
+purpose of going there, as I understand it, would be to lay emphasis on
+the subject of nuts for food. Whether we want to take our time now for a
+meeting, to emphasize that, or whether we want to see nut trees growing
+and discuss cultural problems, is a question to be decided.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: In the absence of a definite method of procedure on this
+question, which we never before handled in this way, the chair is
+entirely willing to receive instructions, but I suggest that we have a
+rising vote for one place after another, and that the place receiving
+the greatest number of votes gets the convention.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We have seen trees in nurseries for several years, and I
+think that now we ought to select some place where we can get other and
+broader ideas on nuts. I think Battle Creek would be the best place.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does any other favorite son or neighbor wish to make a
+speech in favor of his own or nearby city?
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: It appeals to me very strongly to see Dr. Morris'
+experimental grounds at Stamford, Connecticut. As I understand it, he
+has the greatest collection of nut-bearing trees in the United States,
+and looking over this would help us in a fine way.
+
+MR. JAMES H. KYNER: Mr. President, I am not a member of this
+Association, but for a number of years I have been trying to grow nuts.
+I am very much interested in the subject, and I would like to know if I
+have any rights on this floor.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: It costs you two dollars to vote.
+
+MR. KYNER: All right, I will just give two dollars.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move that the gentleman be accepted as a full member
+now and have full authority to make speeches. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The gentleman will proceed to the making of his speech.
+
+MR. KYNER: I have no speech. I simply want to vote "aye" for Stamford
+and New York.
+
+(Vote taken.)
+
+THE SECRETARY: The result is as follows: For Evansville, 2; Stamford,
+10; Battle Creek, 3; Petersburg, 3; Lancaster, 1; for Chicago, San
+Francisco and the National Nut Growers, 0.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We are now ready, I believe, to proceed with the
+technical part of the programme. The chair would like to call for
+information as to the relative behavior of the Northern pecans,
+top-worked or transplanted. Is there, for example, any evidence anywhere
+as to the fruiting of any Northern pecan except on the parent tree?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Mr. Wilkinson, in Indiana, has some top-worked bearing trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Unfortunately, they are right at home. What varieties has
+he?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Major.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: And how old was it before he top-worked it?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Three years, I think.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: On pecan?
+
+A MEMBER: Yes, sir.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The Major bore the fourth year, three years old. I
+believe that is the first record we have of that sort. Has any other
+borne?
+
+MR. MCCOY: A good many of my young trees bloom in the nursery, but I
+don't think they succeeded in setting any nuts.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: We have had some two-year trees in nursery, grafted.
+Most all of them bloomed when two years old--the staminate but not the
+pestillate blossoms.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I had a staminate blossom the third season on Butterick
+in northern Virginia.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: Is there any difference between trees budded from
+young trees in the nursery row which are not in bearing, which have a
+growth very much resembling water-sprouts, and those budded from bearing
+trees?
+
+PROF. HUTT: Mr. President, I can't give any experimental data on that
+line, but the common practice of nurserymen in taking their bud-wood
+from the nursery stock has been in use for years and years, as with
+peaches. Very seldom do the nurserymen go to the original trees and get
+their buds, but it is cut from nursery stock, because it is in a fine
+condition to work. I think that trees propagated from young, vigorous
+wood, cut in the nursery, are all right. I am not so sure as to how long
+it is before they come into bearing.
+
+MR. HENRY STABLER: I don't mean to say it is an undesirable practice to
+bud from the nursery row, but is there any difference in the time of
+coming into bearing?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I spent a very considerable amount of time and money in
+that belief, but at State College, they made an elaborate test, and they
+have found no difference between the tree from a water-sprout and one
+from the bearing tree.
+
+MR. JONES: It is not practicable to propagate very largely from young
+trees, either fruit trees or nut trees, but there is a good deal in
+maturity of the wood. The plan we follow is to have mature plots and
+graft from these old trees. That gives the best wood for nursery
+propagation.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Keeping the same tree?
+
+MR. JONES: Yes, right along. That costs a little more money than to
+propagate from the nursery, but we think it is better. We get better
+results.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: How have the different varieties of the northern pecan
+shown up with regard to speed of growth? At the present time we are
+practically ignorant as to which of seven or eight named and propagated
+varieties to count on. Apparently, the Busseron has the record for early
+bearing, with the Major as second. What about the record of the trees
+for making wood, not in the nursery row, but after it has been
+transplanted and put in the field? Is there any distinct leadership of
+one Northern pecan over another in making wood?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: If the members who go out to my place this afternoon
+will observe closely they will have a chance to see something of the
+tree growth for the first three years. They will have a chance to
+observe the Indiana, the Busseron, the Kentucky, the Green River, the
+Major and the Posey, with three year's growth. They will see a row of
+Green Rivers, some trees nine feet high, and others that haven't grown
+two feet. That is the individual tree variation, however. They will see
+certain characteristics running clear through.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Littlepage, it is a job to go and get exact
+results from another man's experimental ground. Which is the winner for
+speed, Mr. McCoy?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, I know more about how they grow in the nursery than I
+do when transplanted. I haven't transplanted as many trees as Mr.
+Littlepage, but, of course, the tree will act very similarly in the
+nursery to what it does after you transplant it. We have learned at a
+glance to tell the difference in the varieties. We don't have to go to
+the books or to the stakes to tell each particular variety, as each
+variety has its distinguishing characteristics. For instance, the
+Kentucky and the Butterick and the Busseron are all inclined to grow up.
+I don't know why that should be true, but they all have the lumber
+characteristics. The Kentucky grows in the river bottoms surrounded by
+lumber trees. Now, the Posey doesn't grow very tall, but it grows a
+wonderful stocky, sturdy tree, and has leaf stems as long as my arm in
+the nursery. Of course, each particular wood has its color
+characteristics. But one thing I observed was that in the other
+nurseries they don't color up as they do in mine. For instance, at Mr.
+Jones', it will puzzle me sometimes to tell which variety it is by
+looking at the wood. Of course, after he would say "This is Butterick"
+or "Busseron," I could see, probably, the characteristics, but there is
+a little difference in the color of the wood.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Have you found any difference between these three trees
+as to attainment of height?
+
+MR. MCCOY: Well, I suspect that the Butterick is the fastest grower of
+them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: What is the slowest?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Indiana, I guess.
+
+A MEMBER: How does the Major behave?
+
+MR. MCCOY: The Major is a very slender, tall tree. The Green River is
+inclined to be spreading.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: That testimony as to the Indiana being a slow
+grower--does anybody verify it?
+
+MR: LITTLEPAGE: Same thing in Maryland, Mr. President--slowest grower I
+have.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that sufficiently marked to make it best for us to
+hold up its propagation until it has shown some reason for being grown?
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: I don't know. The Busseron and the Indiana, which is
+supposed to be a seedling of the Busseron--the Busseron outgrows the
+Indiana in Maryland five times. But the Indiana is a thin-husked nut.
+The Busseron, on the other hand, is a thick-husked nut, a fine place for
+the nut worm if he ever gets bad. There are a lot of such things that
+you have to think of.
+
+MR. MCCOY: I visited most of these parent trees this year. They are all
+centered around Evansville. There is no crop on the Busseron. The
+Indiana will, perhaps, have a peck. In the month of May, in Kentucky,
+and Indiana, and Illinois, we had rains continually. I have often heard
+the expression from the Southern nurserymen that "the pecan is caught
+with the frost." Now, that is clear out of place with us. We all smile
+at the idea that an Illinois, Indiana or Kentucky pecan would be caught
+with the frost, which never affects them. But the rains always affect
+them. If the month of May is a beautiful, dry, clear month, you can
+gamble on the pecan crop. Now, this year we won't have much of a crop.
+The Warwick will have a gallon or two, and the Kentucky crop is a
+failure. The Green River and Major we didn't get to, but I suspect that
+very few of our own trees will have a crop this year.
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Mr. McCoy, I was up there last week, and the Busseron
+has probably four times as many nuts as the Indiana. It has a light
+crop, while the Indiana has a very light crop. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. MCCOY: When were you there, Mr. Reed?
+
+MR. M. P. REED: Last Sunday.
+
+MR. JONES: You can't judge a pecan by the growth of the tree. You take a
+pecan that makes a thick head and lots of limbs, and it is very likely
+to be a heavy bearer. On the other hand, a nurseryman likes a variety
+that makes a tree, you know.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: On your criterion of a bunched top, which of these eight
+varieties we are now propagating is the most promising?
+
+MR. JONES: The Butterick appeals to me.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is the Posey in the same class?
+
+MR. JONES: The Indiana makes a thick head.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does any other do that?
+
+MR. JONES: The Green River is inclined to on the mature block, but not
+the first year in the nursery.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, in view of the fact that this meeting is
+reported, and that what we say will go into the official records to be
+read by lots of people who can't come and examine us, it might be
+understood that there would be some question about the bearing of these
+Northern pecan trees. As a matter of fact, I am surprised that any of
+them bore any nuts this year when I think how hard Mr. McCoy and Mr.
+Reed and myself have cut them for bud-wood. As a matter of fact, our
+opinion is that these Northern pecan trees are all excellent bearers, as
+the bearing reputation goes with pecan trees. I have watched them pretty
+carefully, and the best evidence of what I think of them is that I am
+setting them in my orchard. For fear that the minutes may leave the
+impression with some casual reader later that these trees bear a quart,
+and two gallons, I just want to say that if these gentlemen put into the
+record the amount of nuts that they know the Green River, the Butterick,
+the Posey and Major have borne--for instance, six weeks ago I bought
+sixty pounds of Posey nuts from a certain tree. The man who counted them
+counted 120 pounds on the tree, and if the boys around were as active as
+when I was a boy, I bet he didn't get more than half of them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This is the time of year when the squirrels get nuts, and
+I expect they got after the trees, too.
+
+MISS LOUISE LITTLEPAGE: Why does the rain affect the nuts, and why in
+that certain one month?
+
+MR. MCCOY: In our latitude the pecan blooms somewhere near the twentieth
+of May, from that probably up to the twenty-fifth, and the pollen is
+scattered by the winds, and, if it rains at that particular time, the
+female bloom perishes, and we have no pecans. I think the pecan depends
+entirely upon the winds.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have been hoping all the time that we would have a
+chance to hear from Prof. Hutt on the relation of the hickory stock to
+the pecan top. A good many persons have experimented with it, and
+papers are giving, from time to time, glowing accounts of the pecan tree
+on hickory roots. We would like to hear from Prof. Hutt.
+
+PROF. HUTT: We haven't much data matured on that at present, Mr.
+President. It takes so long to get data on those subjects. We have a lot
+of trees budded on the stocks of water hickory and on the pecan, and we
+are testing them out. My theory was that the _Hicoria aquatica_, growing
+in wet, sour lands, would enlarge the range of probable production of
+pecans on such lands, and on lands on which the pecan, on its own roots,
+could not normally be grown, but our data are not matured yet. I think
+they have been three years in the nursery and two years set in the
+orchard. It will probably be four or five years before we get any exact
+data on that subject.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Perhaps, Mr. C. A. Reed has investigated some of the
+later top-worked hickories.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: That is an old question--pecan on hickory. It has been
+tried all over the South and the Southwest, and you will see some this
+afternoon at Mr. Littlepage's place. As a usual thing, the enthusiasm
+over pecan on hickory has run high while the experiment was new. The
+propagator has found that it was not a difficult thing to make the
+scions live, and, so long as the hickory stock is larger than the pecan
+scion, so that the feeding capacity is equal to, or even greater than,
+the consuming capacity of the scion, the outlook has been very
+satisfactory and encouraging, and while that stage has been going on a
+great deal has been written. A little later you hear less about it, and
+less and less, until, finally, you hear almost nothing. But I will say
+this, that there are sections in the Southwest where there is
+considerable enthusiasm over it just now. Just recently an article was
+published by Judge Frank Gwynn which was quite encouraging, and from his
+point of view it is. He is on high, hilly land, where he has no pecan
+trees, and he has been able to get nuts considerably sooner by
+top-working these dryland hickories--the mocker nut, or "bull nut," as
+it is known down there--and so far he is getting very satisfactory
+crops. But it is the consensus of opinion over the entire South, so far
+as I have observed it, that where there are pecan trees suitable for
+top-working, they answer much better, and the final outcome is very much
+more satisfactory with pecan on pecan than with pecan on hickory. Now,
+with pecan on _Hicoria aquatica_, which Prof. Hutt spoke of, I can cite
+you one instance which is very interesting south of Morgan City,
+Louisiana. Mr. Frank Beadle, I believe, was the name, top-worked a
+number of trees that were standing in water, and he also top-worked some
+that he had transplanted from the wet bottom to higher land. Those that
+were transplanted lived and bore nuts for quite a number of years. The
+last I knew they were bearing quite satisfactory crops, but those that
+were allowed to remain in the standing water died very shortly after the
+pecan top began to develop. The entire tree died.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: That is, the pecan top killed the native right in its own
+habitat.
+
+MR. C A. REED: That's right.
+
+DR. STABLER: How about the acidity of the soil on that higher land? Was
+that tested?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Well, there would be so very little difference in the
+level of the soil that I imagine the acidity would be about the same.
+When I said "high land" I meant land that wasn't over-flowed.
+
+DR. STABLER: Oh, yes.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Reed, you made the qualified statement awhile ago
+that where a man had a choice between hickory and pecan stock for
+top-working, he should take the pecan. Now, in the North there are
+magnificent stands of native hickory--the Appalachians are full of it
+from end to end. Would you advise him not to bother with that?
+
+MR. C. A. REED: There is another question that enters there. I don't
+believe that you can grow good pecans on hickory stocks on uplands where
+there is not moisture enough in the soil to grow good pecans on pecan
+stocks. It takes moisture to make pecans, and if there isn't enough in
+the upland soil to grow pecan trees on pecan roots I don't believe there
+is any evidence to indicate that you can get them on hickory roots.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President, the hickory only grows about six or eight
+weeks every summer, and the pecan grows all summer. I think that answers
+the question.
+
+PROF. HUTT: A case came up last year in the National Nut Growers'
+Association that was quite interesting. Mr. Smithwick, of Americus,
+Georgia, brought to the meeting and exhibited a number of varieties of
+pecan grown on hickory--fourteen varieties, standard varieties, grafted
+on a hickory tree, and they were remarkable for their small size. They
+were remarkably small--smaller than ordinary, woods-grown seedling
+pecans. There were Schleys and Delmas, and various other varieties that
+you could recognize by the form of the nuts, but exceedingly small. I
+believe Mr. Reed's point is the crux of the whole situation, that if you
+have a good supply of moisture they will make nuts of a pretty fair
+size, but unless the moisture supply is very large you get diminutive
+nuts. These were matured in the South. The hickory is such a slow grower
+in comparison with the pecan--that is, the common varieties--that it
+can't keep up with the pecan top.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Some of the nuts from that tree were on exhibition where
+you were this morning.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Then you have, practically, a dwarfing, with the dwarfing
+manifesting itself in the fruit rather than in the wood.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: It did in that one instance, but, on the other hand, we
+have seen pecans grown on top-worked hickories that you could hardly
+tell from typical specimens of pecans grown on pecan stocks.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Isn't the bitternut several times as rapid in growth as
+the shagbark, or some others? That is, probably, one of the best stocks
+for the hickories if one wishes to experiment.
+
+MR. C. A. REED: AS Colonel Van Duzee said last night, "there are a lot
+of things we don't know." This is one of them. I might quote a number of
+men who are right here in this audience to convince you that we don't
+any of us know much about nut culture today. I will quote Dr. Morris and
+Mr. Littlepage. We were talking about hickory nut varieties in Dr.
+Morris' office one night about the first of this year, when Mr.
+Littlepage made the remark that "the man who didn't change his mind
+every three years on nut culture didn't keep up with the game," and Dr.
+Morris replied that he had changed his mind so much in the last five
+years he had no respect for any man who believed what he said. Now, when
+you can't believe Dr. Morris, Colonel Van Duzee, or Dr. Smith, what are
+you going to do with the rest of us?
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. Reed, I didn't say what you said I did. I said:
+"There are so many things you already know that are not true."
+(Laughter.)
+
+MR. C. A. REED: Well, now, I will quote another man, Dr. Curtis, one of
+the best known pecan men in the South. It was Dr. Curtis that I went to
+for my initial experience in pecans. The first I ever saw were in his
+orchard in Florida, and I asked him quite a good many questions, and he
+would tell me a story and go away. And I called him up one day, went
+into his orchard in harvest time when he was gathering the nuts in the
+hulls and taking them to the packing house. And I said "What is that
+for?" And he said "Don't you see those shuck worms all through the hulls
+here? I am throwing them out there to let the chickens get them."
+"Well," said I, "can you say you are getting rid of the shuck worms by
+doing that?" And he replied, "I can see, one year with another, that
+they are gradually getting less." A year later I went down there before
+he did. He was in Maine at the time, but his orchard trees were just
+alive with shuck worms, every variety almost eaten up with them. I said
+to him, when he came back, "I thought you were going to get rid of those
+shuck worms by feeding them to the chickens?" "Well, there it goes," he
+said, "you get a nice theory all worked out and some one comes along and
+asks you a simple little question that knocks it all in the head." And
+that is almost the unanimous experience. What you know you have got to
+qualify if you talk at all. I am getting to be such a pessimist I am not
+much good in the government any more. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The one hope a college professor of my acquaintance has
+is when a student comes around and says he believes he doesn't know
+much. He regards that as the beginning of knowledge, and I think that
+Mr. Reed's confessions, and incriminations of the rest of us, show one
+thing, perhaps, better than anything else, and that is the great
+necessity of organizations of this sort in which many men who are trying
+many things in many ways come together and give the results of their
+observations. No doubt, this whole question of agriculture in general,
+and nuts in particular, is so complex, it is so run through and through
+with so many different controlling factors, and, with them, so many new
+things are constantly coming along, that we are all going to be handing
+down to our children and grandchildren a great and, perhaps, increasing
+host of problems to be investigated, and new realms in which knowledge
+can be piled up for the benefit of those who wish to use it.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. President, may I talk half a minute? I can't help
+but feel that, perhaps, there may be some good brother or sister who may
+have been over-impressed with the difficulties, who might have been
+discouraged, who might have left this meeting, perhaps, and failed to
+see what this meeting is for--to stimulate the planting of nut trees.
+Notwithstanding the emphasis that has been put on all these things,
+notwithstanding the difficulties and disappointments that we are all
+laboring under at the present time, I feel that we have a wonderful
+industry ahead of us. I can't see any reason in the world why we should
+not go on within our means, wisely planting nut trees. It doesn't make
+any difference if you are seventy-five or eighty years old, plant nut
+trees, because they will be a constant pleasure to you, and, ultimately,
+a benefit to some one else.
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: Mr. President--
+
+THE PRESIDENT: This is Mr. Littlepage, ladies and gentlemen. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. LITTLEPAGE: That is a very important suggestion that you just made.
+If you were to ask the average groceryman in Washington City whether he
+wanted his son to go into the grocery business he would say no. If you
+asked a lawyer if you should make a lawyer out of your son, if the
+lawyer looks back over the drudgery and years of toil that it takes to
+make a lawyer, he would undoubtedly hesitate to recommend it, and if you
+asked a doctor or a college professor a similar question, they, no
+doubt, would steer you clear away from a university. And so, Mr.
+President, if you stand back on the difficulties in these things, there
+would be not only no grocerymen, but no lawyers, no doctors, no
+dentists, and, perhaps, nobody working for the government. (Laughter and
+applause.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I want to take the liberty of using thirty seconds in
+this period of exhortation and confession to come in on the same strain.
+After all, what is life for? How many of us want the thing that is dead
+easy, and how many of us want the job with nothing to do? We all, in a
+certain lazy mood, say we want something easy and want to rest, but if
+there is anything on earth that a man shuns above all else it is that
+little room with absolutely nothing to do, namely, a cell. When they
+want to break a man they don't put him at hard labor on the stone pile;
+they put him in a little room with nothing to do. The youngster who
+plays doesn't want a dead easy game. He builds a house, and, when he has
+done with it, bang, he doesn't want the house he wanted to build. And I
+must confess that if it were perfectly plain sailing and you could plant
+out all these nut trees and have them grow like fury, it would not be
+much fun. It is a fact that men like to achieve and experiment; men
+like effort. Suppose everybody in this country retired and could put up
+his feet and do nothing, there wouldn't be a name in the paper the next
+morning. Mr. Hughes, President Wilson, Mr. Taft, Mr. Brandies, and all
+of the great men who are doing things in this world would all be gone
+fanning themselves quietly. This world is run by men who don't have to
+work; they work for fun. So I wish to submit that the tree--if a man
+happens to be built to love plants that grow--that the tree is one of
+the great avenues of fun.
+
+MR. WEBER: Mr. President, along the same line of thought, I wish to
+express my views with what Colonel Van Duzee has had to say. If we were
+to attend a convention of surgeons and hear different diseases and
+ailments of the body discussed, we would probably all be disposed to
+think that we were standing on the tip-end of the diving board into
+eternity beyond. But people keep on living just the same,
+notwithstanding the knocking of the doctors, and the diseases to which
+we are subject, and trees will keep on growing just the same,
+notwithstanding their diseases and various other troubles, and so I
+think no one should be discouraged.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I just want to add my little encouragement. In spite of
+all the failure that I have had, and they have been many, in spite of
+the reports of failures of others and the pessimism of others, I have
+the same abiding faith in the future of nut growing, and just the same
+enthusiasm for it that I had in the beginning, if not greater.
+(Applause.)
+
+MR. KYNER: Mr. President, I came here to get information on a matter
+that I am very much interested in. At seventy years of age I have become
+interested in nut growing--in nut culture. (Applause.) I am not planting
+particularly for myself, not that I expect to get any harvest from these
+trees, but I do want to see them bear fruit--bear nuts. I want to plant
+the right kind of trees. I have joined this Association; I intend to
+retain a membership in it as long as the Association lives. (Laughter.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT: My dear sir, that will cost you twenty dollars for a life
+membership. (Laughter.)
+
+MR. KYNER: And I want to get all the information that the Association
+has. Now, if I can get it in fifteen or twenty minutes, why, let me have
+it. (Laughter.) I bought Persian walnuts at a nursery, cultivated them,
+and watched them, walked around them and looked at them, and along came
+a winter and killed them. I bought them from a Rochester nursery. Now,
+they didn't grow them there. They must have grown them somewhere else.
+If they had been grown in a Rochester nursery they would have withstood
+the severity of a Maryland winter. Now, there is something wrong there.
+This Association should take this matter up with that nursery. They
+should not be allowed to take people's money and give them chaff for it.
+I am saying this for the benefit of some of our members here who are
+growing nut trees for sale.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: May I give you a bit of information here? We have a list
+of accredited nurserymen. This Association has a list of nurserymen in
+whose trees we think we can place more confidence than in some others.
+
+MR. KYNER: I would like to get that. But now I have set out a whole lot
+of these Persian walnuts, and pecans, filberts, Japanese walnuts, etc.,
+and I guess every one of them is a seedling, and I don't know what I
+have, and I don't know how many varieties of Japanese walnuts there are.
+I supposed a Japanese walnut was a Japanese walnut, and that that was
+all there was to it. But I get some trees from one nursery, and some
+from another, and they grow up and aren't alike at all. Now, I haven't
+so very awfully long to be in the business of setting out nut growing
+trees, and I want to get the right kind, and I want this Association's
+assistance in that matter, and while you are assisting me you are
+assisting people all over the country. Men and women everywhere are
+interested in nut growing. They want nut trees, but how are they going
+to know that they are getting what they want? I believe it is up to this
+Association to help them get the right kind of stuff. I came in here
+purposely to get your help.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: You go on the excursion this afternoon and you will find
+plenty of men there that will take pleasure in explaining some of these
+things to you. Our plan is to go at one o'clock from the corner of
+Fourteenth and H streets to the grounds of Mr. Littlepage, who has
+practically all the good varieties of northern pecans growing there, and
+on the trip will be men who can answer most every question you want to
+know. I think that brings us to the point of adjournment.
+
+COL. VAN DUZEE: Mr. President, I move we adjourn.
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The meeting stands adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_Letter From W. C. Reed, Vice-President of the Association._
+
+FELLOW MEMBERS AND FRIENDS:
+
+It is with the deepest feelings of regret that I am compelled to be
+absent from what I trust may be one of the most profitable meetings of
+the Association. It is impossible for me to be present, owing to the
+fact that I have been summoned on a case in court in Wisconsin.
+
+Having been honored as your Vice-President, I felt it my duty to attend
+and do what I could to help make this our best meeting, but fate ruled
+otherwise. Though absent in person, I assure you my thoughts and best
+wishes will be with you while wandering about the Nation's Capital,
+viewing its magnificent parks and basking under the shade of its stately
+Persian walnuts.
+
+The interest in nut culture is widespread. We have had inquiries from
+many foreign countries, one of the last from near Bombay, British India.
+
+I have arranged with the Indiana Apple Show, which is to be held at West
+Baden, Indiana, November 14th to 20th, for ample space for a nut
+exhibit. Anyone having nuts for exhibition should send them to me at
+Vincennes prior to these dates, or write for information, and I will try
+and arrange for premiums.
+
+
+REVIEW OF PAST YEAR.
+
+The present summer has been of extremes, very cold and wet early,
+followed by extreme heat and drouth. Foliage of all kinds not as good as
+usual. Nut trees, however, have made a very good growth, not as heavy as
+last year on younger trees.
+
+Winter, 1915-16, while not extremely cold, was very hard on many kinds
+of trees, owing to the fact that the previous summer and fall were very
+wet. Most fruit trees went into winter full of sap, with buds in
+weakened condition. Pecan buds came through in good shape with a very
+fair stand in nursery, and one-year trees were not injured a particle.
+Pecan bloom was very fair, crop, generally seems to be light, in fact
+such is the case with all kinds of nut trees, generally, and most fruit
+trees. Pecan trees set in orchard 2 and 3 years ago are making a good
+growth.
+
+
+ENGLISH WALNUTS.
+
+Stand of buds in nursery poor; stand of grafts this spring very good
+where we used good, strong scions of well matured wood, 60 to 75 per
+cent, and in some cases Mayette was better than that. Where Eastern
+scions were used from old trees, stand of grafts very poor. All one-year
+English walnut trees in nursery came through in good shape. Eastern
+varieties began to vegetate or burst into growth April 15; Mayette and
+Franquette, May 1; Parisienne, May 5, and one tree from Grenoble,
+France, grown from scion sent from Department of Agriculture, May 25.
+These French varieties, I feel, are very promising, owing to the fact
+that they will escape late frosts. English walnut trees in orchard set 3
+years ago, fourth summers growth, doing splendidly, 2 to 4 feet of
+growth, foliage perfect, varieties, Hall, Rush, Nebo and Burlington.
+Top-worked trees, 3-year tops doing nicely of Hall, Rush, Mayette and
+two or three other Eastern varieties. Grafting in nursery done from May
+15 to 25, was best after stocks were in full leaf.
+
+
+PECAN GRAFTING.
+
+We have usually had best success grafting May 5 to 12, but this year,
+being a late spring, we did not commence general grafting of pecans
+until the 12th, and it seems to have been too late. Stand very poor, a
+few grafts set early in May with old wood, about 40 per cent. stand. We
+find old wood gives much better stand on pecans, and new wood on English
+walnuts.
+
+
+BLACK WALNUTS.
+
+Grafted quite a number of Stabler Black Walnuts, which were almost a
+failure. Thomas done better, but still poor. However, larger scions gave
+best results and have made splendid growth, many 5 to 6 feet, very
+strong. Buds of Thomas set last fall failed to start well. It seems we
+have something to learn in the propagation of the Black Walnut, as it
+has proved more difficult than the English.
+
+
+HARDY ALMOND.
+
+Two years ago we received some buds of the Ridenhauer Almond from
+Department of Agriculture. Some of these buds were set on a bearing
+peach tree; these have borne a good crop this summer, and were gathered
+August 20, some of which are on the exhibition tables. These seem to
+bear very young, of good quality, a very strong grower and very hardy;
+do not consider them of any commercial value, but for family use are
+very good.
+
+
+BEARING PECANS IN NEBRASKA.
+
+During the past year I have received photographs and description of the
+pecan trees 12 miles south of Lincoln, Nebraska, and of two trees on the
+grounds of E. Y. Grupe, of Lincoln. These trees are 20 years old, some
+having been bearing regular crops for the past 10 years. This season's
+crop is a failure owing to continuous cold rain at blooming time. The
+nuts on one of these trees are of fair size and quality.
+
+With kindest regards to the many friends in the Association, and
+trusting that I may have the pleasure of greeting all at our next annual
+meeting, I am,
+
+   Respectfully yours,
+
+   W. C. REED.
+
+
+
+
+THE FOOD VALUE OF NUTS.
+
+DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN.
+
+
+Of all really valuable foodstuffs nuts are the least used and the least
+appreciated. In fact, nuts can hardly be said to constitute a part of
+the national bill of fare for the reason that when eaten at all they are
+taken as luxuries or deserts and not as staple foods. But the nut
+possesses special properties which entitle it to first consideration as
+a foodstuff, and the writer has no doubt that some time in the future
+nuts will become a leading constituent of the national bill of fare, and
+in so doing, will displace certain foodstuffs which today are held in
+high esteem, but which in the broader light of the next century will be
+regarded as objectionable and inferior foods and will give place to the
+products of the various varieties of nut trees which will then be
+estimated at their true worth, the very choicest of all substances
+capable of sustaining human life. Botanically, a nut is a fruit, but
+nuts differ so widely both in composition and appearance from the foods
+commonly called fruits that they are properly placed in a class by
+themselves.
+
+In nutritive value the nut far exceeds all other food substances; for
+example, the average number of food units per pound furnished by half a
+dozen of the more common varieties of nuts is 3231 calories, while the
+average of the same number of varieties of cereals is 1654 calories,
+half the value of nuts. The average food value of the best vegetables is
+300 calories per pound and of the best fresh fruits grown in this
+country is 278 calories. The average food value of the six principal
+flesh foods is 810 calories per pound, or one-fourth that of nuts.
+
+The superior nutritive value of nuts is clearly shown by the
+accompanying tables based upon the analyses of Atwater and other
+authorities.
+
+ TABLE I.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF NUTS (C. F. LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                       Composition and Fuel Value of the Edible Portion.
+                                                                                   Food
+                              Edible                             Carbohy-          Value
+                     Refuse.  Portion. Water.  Protein. Fats.    drates.   Ash.   per lb.
+                     Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct. Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct.   Per ct. Cal.
+
+ Almonds              64.8     35.2     4.8    21.0     54.9     17.3      2.0     3,030
+ Brazil nuts          49.6     50.4     5.3    17.0     66.8      7.0      3.9     3,328
+ Filberts             52.1     47.9     3.7    15.6     65.3     13.0      2.4     3,432
+ Hickory nuts         62.2     37.8     3.7    15.4     67.4     11.4      2.1     3,495
+ Pecan nuts           53.2     46.8     3.0    11.0     71.2     13.3      1.5     3,633
+ English walnuts.     58.0     42.0     2.8    16.7     64.4     14.8      1.3     3,305
+ Chestnuts, fresh.    16.0     84.0    45.0     6.2      5.4     42.1      1.3     1,125
+ Chestnuts, dried.    24.0     76.0     5.9    10.7      7.0     74.2      2.2     1,875
+ Acorns               35.6     64.4     4.1     8.1     37.4     48.0      2.4     2,718
+ Beechnuts            40.8     59.2     4.0    21.9     57.4     13.2      3.5     3,263
+ Butternuts           86.4     13.6     4.5    27.9     61.2      3.4      3.0     3,371
+ Walnuts              74.1     25.9     2.5    27.6     56.3     11.7      1.9     3,105
+ Cocoanuts            48.8     51.2    14.1     5.7     50.6     27.9      1.7     2,986
+ Cocoanuts, shredded, ...     100.0     3.5     6.3     57.3     31.6      1.3     3,125
+ Pistachios, kernels  ...     100.0     4.2    22.6     54.5     15.6      3.1     3,010
+ Pine nuts or pinons  40.6     59.4     3.4    14.6     61.9     17.3      2.8     3,364
+ Peanuts, raw         24.5     75.5     9.2    25.8     38.6     24.4      2.0     2,560
+ Peanuts, roasted     32.6     67.4     1.6    30.5     49.2     16.2      2.5     3,177
+ Litchi nuts          41.6     58.4    17.9     2.9       .2     77.5      1.5     1,453
+
+
+ TABLE II.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF MEATS (ATWATER AND LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                                 Calories
+                     Water.  Protein.   Fat.     per lb.
+ Beef ribs           43.8    13.9       21.2     1,135
+ Porterhourse steak  52.4    19.1       16.1       975
+ Veal cutlet         68.3    20.1        7.5       695
+ Mutton              51.2    15.1       14.7       890
+ Mutton chops        42.     13.5       28.3     1,415
+ Lamb                52.9    15.9       13.6       860
+ Pork chops          41.8    13.4       24.2     1,245
+ Ham, smoked         34.8    14.2       33.4     1,635
+ Bacon, smoked       17.4     9.1       62.2     2,715
+ Sausage, Frankfort  57.2    19.6       18.9     1,155
+ Beef soup           92.9     4.4        0.4       120
+ Chicken (fowl)      47.1    13.7       12.3       765
+ Goose               38.5    13.4       29.8     1,475
+ Turkey              42.4    16.1       18.4     1,060
+ Duck                51.7    14.3       33.4     1,805
+ Squab               58.     18.6       22.1     1,480
+ Guinea hen          69.1    23.1        6.5       870
+ Quail               65.9    25.         6.8       935
+
+ TABLE III.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF CEREAL FOOD (LANGWORTHY).
+
+                                                        Carbohy-            Food
+                                     Protein.  Fat.     drates.    Ash.     Value
+                                     Per ct.   Per ct.  Per ct.    Per ct. per lb.
+ Flour, meal, etc.:
+   Entire wheat flour                  13.8    1.9      71.9       1.0      1,650
+   Graham flour                        13.3    2.2      71.4       1.8      1,645
+   Wheat Flour, patent roller process
+   --high grade and medium             11.4    1.0      75.1        .5      1,635
+   Macaroni, vermicelli, etc.          13.4     .9      74.1       1.3      1,645
+   Wheat breakfast food                12.1    1.8      75.2       1.3      1,680
+   Buckwheat flour                      6.4    1.2      77.9        .9      1,605
+   Rye flour                            6.8    0.9      78.7        .7      1,620
+   Corn meal                            9.2    1.9      75.4       1.0      1,635
+   Oat breakfast food                  16.7    7.3      66.2       2.1      1,800
+   Rice                                 8.0     .3      79.0        .4      1,620
+   Tapioca                               .4     .1      88.0        .1      1,650
+   Starch                                ..     ..      90.0        ..      1,675
+
+
+ TABLE IV.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES (EDIBLE PORTION).
+
+                                                                Carbohy-
+                                      Water.  Protein.  Fat.    drates.  Calories
+                                      Per ct. Per ct.   Per ct. Per ct.   per lb.
+ Beans, dried                         12.6    22.5      1.8     59.6      1,520
+ Beans, lima                           ...     ...       ..      ...       ....
+ Beans, string                        83.0     2.1       .3      6.9      170
+ Beets                                70.0     1.3       .1      7.7      160
+ Cabbage                              77.7     1.4       .2      4.8      115
+ Celery                               75.6      .9       .1      2.6       65
+ Corn, green (sweet), edible portion  75.4     3.1      1.1     19.7      440
+ Cucumbers                            81.1      .7       .2      2.6       65
+ Lettuce                              80.5     1.0       .2      2.5       65
+ Mushrooms                            88.1     3.5       .4      6.8      185
+ Onions                               78.9     1.4       .3      8.9      190
+ Parsnips                             66.4     1.3       .4     10.8      230
+ Peas                                 74.6     7.0      0.5     16.9      440
+ Potatoes                             62.6     1.8       .1     14.7      295
+ Rhubarb                              56.6      .4       .4      2.2       60
+ Sweet potatoes                       55.2     1.4       .6     21.9      440
+ Spinach                              92.3     2.1       .3      3.2       95
+ Squash                               44.2      .7       .2      4.5      100
+ Tomatoes                             94.3      .9       .4      3.9      100
+
+ TABLE V.
+
+ COMPOSITION OF FRUITS, YEARBOOK OF DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, 1915.
+
+ (C. J. LANGWORTHY).
+
+
+ Kind of Fruit.                                  Nitrogen- Carbo-                  Fuel
+                                        Ether    free      hy-     Crude           value
+                       Water.  Protein. extract  extract.  drates. fiber.  Ash.    per lb.
+ Fresh Fruits.         Per ct. Per ct.  Per ct.  Per ct.   Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Cal.
+
+ Apples                84.6    0.4       0.5     13.0        ...    1.2    0.3      290
+ Apricots              85.0    1.1       ...      ...       13.4    ...     .5      270
+ Avocado               81.1    1.0      10.2      ...        6.8    ...     .9      512
+ Bananas               75.3    1.3        .6     21.0        ...    1.0     .8      460
+ Blackberries          86.3    1.8       1.0      8.4        ...    2.5     .5      270
+ Cactus fruit          79.2    1.4       1.3     11.7        ...    3.7    2.7      375
+ Cherries              80.9    1.0        .8     16.5        ...     .2     .6      365
+ Cranberries           88.9     .4        .6      8.4        ...    1.5     .2      215
+ Currants              85.0    1.5       ...      ...       12.8    ...     .7      265
+ Figs                  79.1    1.5       ...      ...       18.8    ...     .6      380
+ Gooseberries          85.6    1.0       ...      ...       13.1    ...     .3      255
+ Grapes                77.4    1.3       1.6     14.9        ...    4.3     .5      450
+ Guava                 82.9    1.3        .7      8.0        ...    6.6     .5      315
+ Huckleberries         81.9     .6        .6      ...       16.6    ...     .3      345
+ Lemons                89.3    1.0        .7      7.4        ...    1.1     .5      205
+ Mango                 87.4     .6        .4      9.9        ...    1.2     .5      220
+ Muskmelons            89.5     .6       ...      7.2        ...    2.1     .6      185
+ Nectarines            82.9     .6       ...      ...       15.9    ...     .6      305
+ Olives                67.0    2.5      17.1      5.7        ...    3.3    4.4      407
+ Oranges               86.9     .8        .2      ...       11.6    ...     .5      240
+ Peaches               89.4     .7        .1      5.8        ...    3.6     .4      190
+ Pears                 80.9    1.0        .5     15.7        ...    1.5     .4      163
+ Persimmons (Japanese) 80.2    1.4        .6     15.1        ...    2.1     .6      174
+ Pineapples            89.3     .4        .3      9.3        ...     .4     .3      200
+ Plums                 78.4    1.0       ...      ...       20.1    ...     .5      395
+ Pomegranates          76.8    1.5       1.6     16.8        ...    2.7     .6      461
+ Prunes                79.6     .9       ...      ...       18.9    ...     .6      370
+ Raspberries (red)     85.8    1.0       ...      9.7        ...    2.9     .6      255
+ Rhubarb stalks        94.4     .6        .7      2.5        ...    1.1     .7      105
+ Strawberries          90.4    1.0        .6      6.0        ...    1.4     .6      180
+ Watermelons           92.4     .4        .2      ...        6.7    ...     .3      140
+
+With the exception of smoked bacon, there is no flesh food which even
+approaches the nut in nutritive value, and bacon owes its high value to
+the fact that it consists almost exclusively of fat.
+
+That the nut is appreciated as a dainty is attested by the frequency
+with which it appears as a desert and the extensive use of various nuts
+as confections. That nuts do not hold a more prominent place in the
+national bill of fare is due chiefly to two causes; first, the popular
+idea that nuts are highly indigestible, and second, their comparatively
+high price.
+
+The notion that nuts are difficult of digestion has really no foundation
+in fact. The idea is probably the natural outgrowth of the custom of
+eating nuts at the close of a meal when an abundance, more likely a
+superabundance, of highly nutritious foods has already been eaten and
+the equally injurious custom of eating nuts between meals. Neglect of
+thorough mastication must also be mentioned as a possible cause of
+indigestion following the use of nuts. Nuts are generally eaten dry and
+have a firm hard flesh which requires thorough use of the organs of
+mastication to prepare them for the action of the several digestive
+juices. Experiments made in Germany showed that nuts are not digested at
+all but pass through the alimentary canal like foreign bodies unless
+reduced to a smooth paste in the mouth. Particles of nuts the size of
+small seeds wholly escaped digestion.
+
+Having been for more than fifty years actively interested in promoting
+the use of nuts as a staple food, I have given considerable thought and
+study to their dietetic value and have made many experiments. About
+twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that one of the above objections
+to the extensive dietetic use of nuts might be overcome by mechanical
+preparation of the nut before serving so as to reduce it to a smooth
+paste and thus insure the preparation for digestion which the average
+eater is prone to neglect. The result was a product which I called
+peanut butter. I was much surprised at the readiness with which the
+product sprang into public favor. Several years ago I was informed by a
+wholesale grocer of Chicago that the firm's sales of peanut butter
+amounted on an average to a carload a week. I think it is safe to
+estimate that not less than one thousand carloads of this product are
+annually consumed in this country. The increased demand for peanuts for
+making peanut butter led to the development of "corners" in the peanut
+market and more than doubled the price and must have had an equally
+marked influence upon the annual production.
+
+I am citing my experience with the peanut not for the purpose of
+recommending this product, for I am obliged to confess that I was soon
+compelled to abandon the use of peanut butter prepared from roasted
+nuts, for the reason that the process of roasting renders the nut
+indigestible to such a degree that it was not adapted to the use of
+invalids, but simply as an illustration of the readiness with which the
+public accepts a new dietetic idea when it happens to strike the popular
+fancy. Ways must be found to render the use of nuts practical by
+adapting them to our culinary and dietetic customs and to overcome the
+popular objections to their use by a widespread and efficient campaign
+of education.
+
+Attention has already been called to the superior nutritive value of the
+nut. It has other excellencies well worthy of consideration; for
+example, the protein of nuts is of the very choicest character. Recent
+investigations by Rubner, Osborne, Mendel, and others have shown that
+every plant produces its own special varieties of proteins. There is
+indeed a wide difference even between the proteins of various cereals
+and the proteins of many vegetables differ so widely in character from
+those of the human body that it is doubtful whether to any extent they
+can be utilized for human nutrition. Fortunately the potato is in this
+regard an exception and furnishes a very excellent type of protein. This
+objection does not apply to nuts. The proteins of nuts are in fact so
+very closely allied to those of the animal body that food chemists of a
+generation ago referred to the protein of nuts as vegetable casein
+because of its exceedingly close resemblance to the protein of milk.
+
+The fats of nuts, their leading food principle, are the most digestible
+of all forms of fat. Having a high melting point, they are far more
+digestible than animal fats of any sort. The indigestibility of beef and
+mutton fat has long been recognized. The fat of nuts much more closely
+resembles human fat than do fats of the sort mentioned. The importance
+of this will be appreciated when attention is called to the fact that
+fats entering the body do not undergo the transformation changes which
+take place in other foodstuffs; for example, protein in the process of
+digestion is broken into its ultimate molecular units. Starch is
+transformed into sugar, which serves as fuel to the body, but fats are
+so slightly modified in the process of digestion and absorption that
+after reaching the blood and the tissues they are reconstructed into the
+original form in which they are eaten; that is, beef fat is deposited in
+the tissues as beef fat without undergoing any chemical change whatever;
+mutton fat is deposited as mutton fat; lard as pig fat, etc. When the
+body makes its own fat from starch and sugar, the natural source of this
+tissue element, the product formed is _sui generis_ and must be better
+adapted to the body uses than the animal fat which was _sui generis_ to
+a pig, a sheep, or a goat. It is certainly a pleasant thought that one
+who rounds out his figure with the luscious fatness of nuts may
+felicitate himself upon the fact that his tissues are participating in
+the sweetness of the nut rather than the relics of the sty and the
+shambles. It is true that nuts are poor in carbohydrates; that is, they
+contain no starch and little sugar, but this deficiency can be easily
+supplied by fruits, as will be readily seen by reference to Table V.
+
+Of the three great food principles required for human nutrition,
+protein, fats, and carbohydrates, the nut supplies two--protein and fats
+in rich abundance, and of very finest quality. The amount of protein
+found in fruits with very few exceptions is so small as to be
+insignificant; fats are practically wholly absent from fruits, while
+sugar and dextrine are abundant. Fruits are thus the natural complement
+of nuts.
+
+The amount of protein contained in nuts is, with two or three
+exceptions, small as compared with meats, and even some of the cereals;
+but the studies of nutrition which have been made within the last score
+of years by Chittenden and numerous other investigators have clearly
+established the fact that protein which is chiefly represented in the
+ordinary bill of fare by lean meat, is needed only in very small amount.
+If the amount of protein eaten equals ten per cent of the total ration
+the body will receive an abundant supply of material for repairing its
+nitrogenous tissues, the only function for which protein is essential.
+Some nuts, as the pine nut and the peanut, are rich in protein. A pound
+of pine nuts contains as much protein as a pound and a half of lean
+meat, besides furnishing the equivalent to two-thirds of a pound of
+butter. The almond is also rich in protein.
+
+But nuts have another special excellence which is worthy of
+consideration. Recent researches have shown the paramount importance of
+vitamines--certain subtle elements which are needed to activate or set
+in operation various processes within the body which are essential to
+complete nutrition. The vitamines of rice and other cereals are removed
+with the bran; hence an exclusive diet of polished rice gives rise to
+_beriberi_. Meat contains vitamines in very small amounts, for vitamines
+are produced only by plants. The vitamines found in flesh foods
+represent only the small residue of the supplies which the animal
+gathered from the grass, corn and other vegetable products which
+constitute its food.
+
+Twenty years ago, when the diet of sailors consisted chiefly of salt
+pork, _scurvy_ was a dread scourge which often disabled whole ship crews
+and sent many a poor seaman into "Davy Jones' locker." The cooking of
+animal foods destroys the vitamines which they contain. Infants suffer
+from scurvy when fed on sterilized or pasteurized milk. There is good
+reason for believing that _pellagra_ is due to a deficiency of
+vitamines, which are conspicuously absent from a dietary consisting of
+"sow belly," molasses, tea, coffee, lard, cornmeal, fine flour and
+polished rice.
+
+Nuts are rich in vitamines. In fact, the nut consists of the choicest
+aggregation of all the materials essential for the building of sound
+human tissues, done up in a hermetically sealed package ready to be
+delivered by the gracious hand of Nature to those who are fortunate
+enough to appreciate the value of this choicest of all earth's bounties.
+
+As already noted, nuts consist almost wholly of the two principles, fat
+and protein. The same is true of meats. Nuts contain more fat and less
+protein and in this particular as well as others which have been
+mentioned are better prepared to serve as nutrients to the body than are
+meats. Besides, nuts have the advantage of being clean, free from the
+products of disease and putrefaction. Meats of all sorts, as found in
+the market, with the exception of canned meats, abound with putrefactive
+bacteria to an astonishing degree. This is true of dried, smoked and
+salted meats as well as of the fresh meats and game which are displayed
+upon the walls of the meat shop. An examination of various meats made
+some time ago by A. W. Nelson, bacteriologist of the Battle Creek
+Sanitarium, showed the presence of putrefactive bacteria in almost
+unbelievable numbers, as will be seen by an inspection of the following
+table:
+
+   TABLE VI.
+
+                              No. Putrefactive
+       Specimen.              Bacteria per ounce.
+
+    1. Large sausage          12,600,000,000
+    2. Small sausage          19,890,000,000
+    3. Round steak            16,800,000,000
+    4. Roast beef             16,800,000,000
+    5. Smoked ham              1,293,600,000
+    6. Hamburger steak         3,870,000,000
+    7. Pork                    3,781,200,000
+    8. Porterhouse steak         900,000,000
+    9. Sirloin steak          11,340,000,000
+   10. Tenderloin (well done)    756,000,000
+   11. Tenderloin (rare)       5,040,000,000
+
+Repeated subsequent examinations have given similar results. These
+results also agree with observations made by various other German and
+American bacteriologists. Decomposition of animal flesh begins
+immediately after the animal dies. Within twenty-four hours after
+killing, even though the carcass is kept in an ice box or refrigerater,
+the whole mass is permeated with putrefactive bacteria. Refrigeration
+even to a point close to freezing delays but does not prevent the growth
+of putrefactive organisms although at lower temperatures the usual
+volatile products which give notice of the presence of putrefaction by
+an odor of decay are not produced. Persons whose stomachs manufacture a
+liberal amount of hydrochloric acid, an essential constituent of healthy
+gastric juice, are able to disinfect even highly putrescent meat, so
+that they apparently do not suffer any immediate injury when such meat
+enters the stomach. In a stomach which produces little or no
+hydrochloric acid, the process of putrefaction continues all the way
+through the alimentary canal, giving rise to the same poisonous
+substances which are present in the putrefying carcass of a dead rat or
+any other dead animal, and produces intestinal or alimentary toxemia
+with the multitude of mischiefs which grow out of this condition, among
+which may be mentioned all sorts of skin troubles, high blood-pressure,
+apoplexy, premature senility, Bright's disease, heart failure,
+gallstones--a list which might be increased by the addition of scores of
+other common, chronic maladies.
+
+When one recalls the statement made before the congressional committee
+by the chief of the United States meat inspection service that if all
+animals, any part of which was diseased, were rejected by inspectors,
+not more than one in a hundred would pass muster; and when one also
+reflects upon the wide prevalence of tuberculosis in animals,--at least
+ten per cent of all the cows in the country are known to be
+tuberculous,--and the growing prevalence of tapeworm and trichinae,
+diseases which are exclusively derived from the eating of flesh, and
+then contemplates the purity and perfection of the choice little food
+packets which we call nuts, it is easy to be persuaded that a
+substitution of nuts for flesh foods, even on a very large scale, would
+be not only a perfectly safe procedure, but one which would be followed
+by the most desirable results.
+
+The use of nuts as a staple article of food is not an experiment. All
+the higher apes, man's nearest relatives in the animal world, thrive on
+nuts. Many savage tribes live almost entirely on nuts. The Indians of
+the foothills of California gather every fall large quantities of nuts
+which they store for winter use. The early settlers of California
+reported also that many tribes of Indians in that part of the United
+States lived almost wholly upon acorns. Before the great oak forests of
+this country were cut down for lumber, millions of hogs were fattened on
+mast, and the price of pork depended more upon the acorn crop than on
+the corn crop. The peasantry of southern France and northern Italy
+during half the year make two meals a day on chestnuts.
+
+The objection commonly urged, that nuts are too expensive to enter
+largely into the ordinary bill of fare, at first sight appears to be
+valid, but upon examination this objection almost, if not wholly,
+disappears. For example, a pound of pine nuts which is more than the
+equivalent in nutritive value to two and a half pounds of the best
+beefsteak and two-thirds of a pound of butter, can be bought wholesale
+for twenty-five cents. The cost of the equivalent food value in meat and
+butter would be at least sixty to seventy cents, or more than double the
+cost of the nuts. A pound of almonds can be bought at wholesale for
+forty cents, and has food value equal to that of meat which would cost a
+dollar or more. A pound of peanuts can be bought at wholesale for seven
+or eight cents, and furnishes nutritive value equivalent to more than a
+pound of beefsteak and a half a pound of butter, which would cost
+forty-five to fifty cents, or seven times as much. No objection can be
+offered to the fact that we are comparing wholesale with retail prices,
+for the reason that nuts do not readily spoil as do meat and butter, but
+will keep in perfect condition for months. Further it is entirely
+reasonable to suppose that the price of nuts may sometime in the future
+be considerably reduced when the cultivation of nuts becomes more
+general, and especially when the United States Forestry Department
+becomes convinced that it would be a sensible thing to cover with nut
+trees some of the large areas which have in the last fifty years been
+laid waste by deforestation. The planting of nut trees along all the
+public highways of the country would in less than twenty years result in
+a crop, the food value of which would be greater than that at present
+produced by the entire livestock industry of the country.
+
+The high price of meat of which so much complaint has been made in
+recent years is not likely to recede. The high price is not due to
+manipulations of the market, but to natural causes, the chief of which
+is the limitation of pasturage and is the consequence of a decrease in
+the number of livestock. As the country becomes more and more densely
+settled, the difficulty of supplying the demand for meat will increase,
+and in time the necessity for utilizing every foot of ground in the most
+efficient manner, will necessarily bring about a change in the dietetic
+habits of the people. Not a single example can be found in the world of
+a densely populated country dependent upon its own resources in which
+flesh foods constitute any considerable part of the national bill of
+fare. Since Germany has been nearly shut off from the outside world by
+the present war, the government has found it necessary to restrict the
+consumption of meat to one-half pound per week for each adult. All other
+European countries are equally dependent on outside sources for their
+meat supply.
+
+The time will certainly come when nuts and nut trees will become a most
+important food resource. If a reform in this direction could be effected
+within the next ten years, the result would be a disappearance to a
+large extent of the complaint of the high cost of living. Mr. Hill said
+the basis for complaint was not the high cost of living, but the cost of
+high living. I should prefer to say that the real cause for complaint
+was wrong living rather than high living, or necessarily high cost. With
+right living the cost will be automatically reduced. For example,
+suppose a person were content to choose the peanut as his source for
+protein and fat, the elimination of the butcher's bill for meat and the
+grocer's bill for butter would at once cut out two-thirds of the expense
+incurred for food.
+
+When a student in college more than forty years ago, I was already
+making dietetic experiments and lived three months on a diet such as I
+have suggested, at an average expense of exactly six cents a day. This
+was the total amount expended for raw foodstuffs. I paid my landlady
+five times as much for preparing and serving the food, and had reason
+for believing that some portion of my supplies was utilized by others
+than myself. As evidence of the fact that the experiment was not
+dangerous, I may add that I have pursued the same meatless dietary
+during my entire lifetime since, as I had done for ten years before, and
+I am still alive and hard at work. Man is naturally a frugivorous
+animal. According to Cuvier, the great French naturalist, the natural
+diet of human beings, like that of those other primates, the
+orangoutang, the chimpanzee, and the gorilla, consists of fruits, nuts,
+tender shoots and cereals. A sturdy Scotch highlander informed me that
+his diet consisted of brose, bannocks, and potatoes, and that he rarely
+ever tasted meat. When asked what he fed his dogs, he replied, "The same
+as I eat myself, sir." The high-bred foxhounds of the southern states
+are fed on cornmeal, oatmeal and bread, and rarely taste flesh of any
+sort. Dogs thus fed are hardier, healthier, have more endurance, better
+wind, keener scent, greater intelligence, and are more easily trained
+than meat-fed dogs. A diet which is safe for carnivorous animals, must
+certainly be safe for human beings, who belong to a class of animals all
+representatives of which, with the exception of man are flesh
+abstainers.
+
+Some years ago I experimented with various sorts of carnivorous animals
+for the purpose of ascertaining whether nuts could be made a complete
+substitute for meat. Among the various animals utilized for the
+experiment was a young wolf from the northwest that had never eaten
+anything but fresh raw meat. After giving the animal one day to get
+accustomed to its new surroundings and to acquire a good appetite, I
+gave him a breakfast of nuts properly prepared and was delighted to find
+that he took to the new ration without the slightest hesitation and
+remained in excellent health during the several months of the
+experiment. I succeeded perfectly in substituting nuts for meat with all
+the animals experimented upon, including a fish hawk, with the single
+exception of an old bald-headed eagle, which refused to be converted.
+
+I have a suspicion that the so-called carnivorous animals were all at
+some remote time nut eaters; the so-called carnivorous teeth would be as
+useful in tearing off the husks of cocoanuts and similar fruits, as for
+tearing and eating flesh.
+
+An economic argument for the general adoption of nuts as a suitable
+article of food is the enormous increase in food resources which such a
+change would bring about. Some years ago, an experienced stock-raiser
+informed the writer that it takes two acres of land and two years to
+produce a steer weighing 600 pounds when dressed. Fresh meat is
+three-fourths water; hence the food material actually represented by
+such an animal would be considerably less than one hundred and fifty
+pounds, allowing for the weight of the bones. The food value, estimated
+as dried meat, would be about sixteen hundred calories per pound, or the
+same as an equal quantity of wheat meal. That is, an acre of land would
+produce in the form of beef, the food equivalent of seventy-five pounds
+of wheat in two years, whereas, a single acre of grain would produce on
+an average, even when poorly cultivated, in two crops not less than
+thirty-two bushels of more than 1900 pounds of wheat, or more than
+twenty-five times as much food as the same land would produce in the
+same length of time in the form of beef. Humboldt showed that the banana
+would furnish sustenance for twenty-five times as many people as could
+be nourished by the wheat produced by the same area of land; and
+according to Hutchinson, the chestnut tree is capable of producing on a
+given area a still larger amount of nutrient material than the banana.
+In other words, an acre of ground covered with chestnut trees in full
+bearing will furnish food for more than six hundred times as many people
+as could be supported by the same area devoted to meat production.
+
+As a source of protein and fats the nut is vastly superior to the ox and
+the pig. The nut is sweeter, cleaner, safer, healthier and cheaper than
+any possible source of animal products.
+
+This choicest product of Nature's laboratory is just beginning to be
+appreciated. When the Nut Growers' Association celebrates its one
+hundredth anniversary, it is safe to predict that the descendants of the
+present generation of nut growers who have followed the example of their
+forebears, will be living in opulence and will be regarded as the
+saviors of their country, while the great abattoirs and meat packing
+establishments will have ceased to exist, and the merry click of the nut
+cracker will be heard throughout the land.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM A LETTER FROM COLONEL J. C. COOPER, OF McMINNVILLE,
+OREGON, PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN WALNUT ASSOCIATION.
+
+(Prepared by W. J. SPILLMAN, Chief of the Office of Farm Management U.
+S. Dept. of Agr., to be read at the 7th Annual Meeting of the N. N. G.
+A.)
+
+
+It is probable that the prominence given the walnut growing industry in
+Oregon and the Northwest is greater than the finished product will
+justify at present, yet it is growing all the time in spite of the
+methods in use. I say in spite of the methods rather than because of the
+methods in use, for the reason that hundreds of thousands of trees have
+been set out in the last ten or twelve years, a majority of which have
+failed to meet the expectations of the would-be growers. These
+expectations, however, have been based largely on the statements of boom
+literature of those who have trees and lands for sale. We have much land
+in Western Oregon that is suited to the growing of walnuts, and some
+trees and orchards that are doing well, but there are more individual
+trees that are giving their owners profits than there are orchards.
+
+The industry will continue to grow, I will repeat again, in spite of the
+cultural methods we use, but we must certainly change our methods or our
+trees, or both. The excellence of the Oregon walnut is beyond question.
+The gold and silver medals that we have captured, as well as the
+testimony of dealers who are bidding for our product for their fancy
+trade, is evidence of its excellent quality. But there are many things
+that enter in the making of the perfect nut. Even after the tree has
+cast down its golden shower of the finest product, the gathering,
+washing and drying makes for the sweetness of the nut. When I see men
+who make a success in other lines of horticulture and farming pulling
+out walnut trees because they have planted a cheap lot or are too
+impatient for the harvest, and others bringing sackfulls of the finest
+nuts to market, discolored and dirty from having lain on the wet ground
+for days and weeks, I sometimes think that it is a long, long way to
+Tipperary.
+
+But my heart's right there, and our association is doing heroic work,
+although but two years old; we get our committees together two or three
+times a year, compare notes and crack the whip for another run. Then
+when we get together in annual convention there is something doing. We
+cut out the frills and get at once to business. No welcomes by the mayor
+and response by Colonel Long Bow with a brass band, but rather like the
+women at the fish market: "Have yees any nice fish, Mrs. Maloney?"
+"Indade, I have, Mrs. Flanigan." "They stink." "You lie." And that is
+the way our fight usually starts, only not so vigorously, of course.
+
+We have one committee that is all important and is doing fine work. The
+committee on seedling varieties is making a survey of the western states
+to find a variety or varieties best suited to the soil and climate of
+the different localities. This committee includes the best men available
+for that work; H. M. Williamson, secretary of our state board of
+horticulture, chairman; C. I. Lewis, chief of division of horticulture,
+Corvallis; Leon D. Batchelor, experiment station, Riverside, California;
+A. A. Quarnberg, grower and experimenter, Vancouver, Washington; E. W.
+Mathews, extensive planter, Portland, and Charles L. McNary, planter,
+Salem. Mr. McNary told me yesterday that he had made a survey of
+thirty-five very fine trees, on blank cards similar to the one enclosed.
+We expect to have the record of at least 200 trees by the time of our
+convention. Only those that approach the standard wanted are listed.
+
+To give the product of the walnut crop of the state would only be a wild
+guess. The system and machinery that we have for finding out how much we
+raise is only in embryo. The estimates reach all the way from 100,000 to
+500,000 pounds. There is a good crop this year and the output for the
+market is growing rapidly. We need education more than we do growers.
+But we are learning.
+
+I want to give you some facts of things that I find. Yesterday at the
+orchard of Alex Lafollette, State Senator from Marion county, and peach
+king of the Willamette Valley, I found seven-year-old walnut trees
+planted in rows among his peach trees, walnut trees planted sixteen feet
+apart! He said that his trees were full of little walnuts in the spring,
+but they all dropped off, and he did not think they would do well there.
+He said there were no catkins on the little trees, which accounts for
+the failure of his crop. This he did not know. And he did not know that
+the trees would produce the catkins in a year or so and remedy the
+failures. In the famous Dundee orchards I picked up handfuls of little
+fibrous roots, photo of which I sent you, that had been torn up by the
+plow and harrow when cultivating the walnut trees. Bales of these roots
+could be gathered up from the ground under the trees. The owner said
+that it did the trees good to treat them that way. Another black walnut
+tree that I visited in a cultivated field of good deep, rich soil, I
+found walnut roots protruding from the plowed ground as far away as 108
+feet from the tree. The tree was thirty or forty years old.
+
+It would add greatly to the walnut industry of the future if the Forest
+Service would plant black walnuts in the hills and mountains between
+here and the coast. You know in that burnt timber section and various
+localities in the coast mountains there are many places where eight or
+ten nut trees to the acre would soon give a good account of themselves.
+If properly planted, in five or ten years they could be topgrafted to a
+good English variety and add greatly to the value of the public domain
+as well as the food products of the nation. We have no native walnuts,
+but almost every variety under the sun will grow here.
+
+   WESTERN WALNUT ASSOCIATION.
+
+   SEEDLING WALNUT TREE RECORD.
+
+   No....... Made............. 191........ by.........................
+   Owner..............................................................
+   P. O.................... State.............. Route.................
+   Exact location.....................................................
+   NUT--Origin........................................................
+   Variety..................................... planted...............
+   TREE--Origin................................ age now...............
+   Transplanted 19................ Dia. trunk.........................
+   Height................................. spread.....................
+   DATES--of budding out..............................................
+   catkin blooms......................... nut blooms..................
+   leaves fall........................... nuts fall...................
+   in 1-lb. kernel wt............... oz. shell wt................. oz.
+   NUTS--Per tree........... lbs.  In cluster............ in lb.......
+   round,.. oval,.. pointed,.. smooth,.... not well sealed............
+   KERNEL--light, dark, not easily removed from shell. Tannin--little
+   excessive.
+   Tree vigor............ Blight................ per cent.............
+
+
+
+PRESENT AT 1916 MEETING
+
+   L. H. Ott, 1746 T St., Washington
+   J. C. Smith, House of Rep. P. O.
+   Fred. L. Fishback, 609 Union Trust Bldg., Washington
+   Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Chamberlin, 44 R St., N. E.
+   Dr. Taylor, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
+   Dr. True, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
+   Miss F. Cadel, Shepard St., Chevy Chase, Md.
+   F. S. Holmes, Ag. Ex. Sta., College Park, Md.
+   Dr. Hassall, Bowie, Md.
+   M. P. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.
+   Carl Poll, Danville
+   Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati
+   J. Russell Smith, Round Hill
+   E. B. Crockett, Monroe, Va.
+   R. T. Morris, N. Y. City
+   W. C. Deming, Conn.
+   Mrs. W. C. Deming
+   Jacob L. Rife, Camp Hill, Pa., R. D. 1
+   Paul White, Bowie, Md.
+   John H. Fisher, Jr.
+   Mrs. John H. Fisher, Jr., Bradshaw, Md.
+   Miss Ellen M. Littlepage
+   Miss Louise Littlepage
+   John Littlepage
+   C. A. Van Duzee
+   W. N. Hutt
+   W. N. Roper
+   R. T. Olcott
+   T. P. Littlepage
+   Dr. Van Fleet, Glendale, Md.
+   A. C. Shepherd, Washington
+   Chas. S. Hayden, Baltimore
+   C. A. Reed, Washington
+   Mrs. Reed
+   W. Bathon, Star reporter
+   Henry Stabler, Washington
+   H. M. Simpson, Vincennes
+   C. S. Ridgway, Lumberton
+   Mrs. Ridgway
+   C. P. Close
+   M. B. Waite
+   R. L. McCoy
+   Dr. Ira Ulman
+   Rev. E. N. Kirby, Ballston, Va.
+   S. M. McMurran, Washington
+   Dr. Augustus Stabler, 45 R St., N. E., Washington
+   C. M. Stearns, 1833 Dumont St., Washington
+   E. C. Pomeroy
+   A. D. Robinson, Washington
+   James Tindaw, Waterbury, Md.
+   Miss Katherine Stuart, Alexandria, Va.
+   Henry T. Finley, Rockville, Md.
+   Mrs. Finley
+   Mrs. F. L. Mulford, Washington, D. C.
+   B. Eyre, Washington
+   Mrs. Eyre
+   J. G. Rush
+   J. F. Jones
+   Dr. Kellermann
+   Dr. Haven Metcalf
+   Miss Martha Rush
+   Miss Sarah Garvin, Lancaster
+   H. A. Stewart, Jeannerette, La.
+   Mr. Bryan, Bowie
+   Miss Edna McNaughton, Middleville, Mich.
+   Mr. C. E. Emig, Washington, D. C.
+   A. C. Brown, Lanham, Md.
+
+
+   Vincennes Nurseries
+
+   W. C. REED, Proprietor
+
+   VINCENNES, INDIANA, U. S. A.
+
+   PROPAGATORS AND INTRODUCERS
+
+   _Budded and Grafted Pecans, Hardy Northern Varieties_
+   _English (Persian) Walnut Grafted on Black Walnut_
+   _Best Northern and French Varieties_
+   _Grafted Thomas Black Walnut_
+   _Grafted Persimmons, best sorts   Hardy Almonds_
+   _Filberts and Hazelnuts_
+   _Also General Line Nursery Stock_
+
+   SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE ON REQUEST
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   JONES' PENNSYLVANIA GROWN
+
+   NUT TREES WILL SUCCEED WITH YOU.
+
+   WRITE FOR A COPY OF MY 1917 CATALOGUE
+   AND NEW PRICE LIST
+
+   _If interested in the propagation of nut
+   trees or top-working seedling trees, ask
+   for a copy of my booklet on propagation
+   and list of tools..._
+
+   J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist
+
+   LANCASTER, PA.
+
+
+   _Northern Nut Trees_
+
+   _Why Plant Nut Trees?_
+
+   _Varieties_:
+
+   PECANS.
+   BLACK WALNUTS.
+   ENGLISH WALNUTS.
+   HICKORY NUTS.
+
+   WHEN TO SET NUT TREES.
+   HOW TO SET NUT TREES.
+   DISTANCE APART TO SET NUT TREES.
+   SOIL FOR NUT TREES.
+   FERTILIZER FOR NUT TREES.
+   NUT TREES AS ORNAMENTALS.
+   NUT TREES FOR PROFIT.
+
+   Do you want to know about all of the above? If
+   so, write for our beautiful illustrated catalogue for
+   1917.
+
+   _Maryland Nut Nurseries_
+
+   BOWIE, MARYLAND.
+
+   THOMAS P. LITTLEPAGE        PAUL WHITE
+
+   P. S. We forgot to say that we not only have the
+   answers to the above but we also have the trees.
+   M. N. N.
+
+
+   CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES
+
+   ESTABLISHED 1853
+
+   Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees
+   on Mazzard Roots, Hardy Evergreens, Flowering
+   Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the
+
+   THOMAS BLACK WALNUT
+
+   JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS,  King of Prussia P. O.,  MONTGOMERY CO., PENNA.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   A GOOD WAY TO KEEP POSTED IS TO READ THE MONTHLY
+
+   AMERICAN NUT JOURNAL
+
+   OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE NORTHERN ASSOCIATION
+
+   SUBSCRIPTION--$1.25 per year;   ADVERTISING-16 Cents per Agate
+   three years, $3.00; Canada       line; $2.10 per inch.
+   and foreign, 50c. extra.
+
+   AMERICAN FRUITS PUBLISHING CO., Inc., ROCHESTER, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Report of the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC. 1916 ***
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #25597 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25597)
author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:17:59 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:17:59 -0700
commit	9995fd34a609d6884c1ea29b9aaf7873c5f15ae2 (patch)
tree	8371aff9feeb409ae166f24b41082966bdb17aa4