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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Incorporated 39th Annual Report, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Incorporated 39th Annual Report
+       at Norris, Tenn. September 13-15 1948
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 24, 2008 [EBook #25583]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   NORTHERN
+
+   NUT GROWERS
+
+   ASSOCIATION
+
+   INCORPORATED
+
+   39th Annual Report
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   CONVENTION AT NORRIS, TENN.
+
+   SEPTEMBER 13-15
+
+   1948
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+
+
+ _Fruiting Chinese Chestnut Branches_ (_Courtesy Dr. H. Reid Hunter_)  2
+
+ Officers and Committees                                               6
+
+ State and Foreign Vice-Presidents                                     7
+
+ Constitution                                                          8
+
+ By-Laws                                                               9
+
+ Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Annual Convention                    12
+   Address of Welcome--George F. Gant                                 12
+   Response--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                     14
+   President's Address--John Davidson                                 15
+   Secretary's Report--J. C. McDaniel                                 16
+   Treasurer's Report--D. C. Snyder                                   18
+   Other Business of the Association, Committee Election and Reports  19
+
+ The Development and Propagation of Blight Resistant Chestnut in
+ West Virginia--Ralph H. Quick                                        26
+
+ The Present Status of the Chestnut in Virginia--R. C. Moore          31
+
+ Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama--G. S. Jones        34
+
+ Processed Chestnuts on the Market throughout the Year--J. C. Moore   38
+
+ Chestnut Growing in the Southeast--Max B. Hardy                      41
+
+ _Mr. Hardy and Some Chestnuts Prepared for Storage_                  41
+
+ Marketing Chestnuts in the Pacific Coast--Carroll D. Bush            51
+
+ Chestnut Weevils and Their Control with DDT--E. R. Van Leeuwen       54
+
+ Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings--G. F. Gravatt
+ and Donald C. Stout                                                  60
+
+ _Chinese x American Hybrid Chestnut Trees_                           62
+
+ _The Brooming Disease of Walnuts_    64-65
+
+ _Trees Killed by the Persimmon Wilt_                                 67
+
+ Round Table Discussion on Chestnut Problems--Spencer B. Chase,
+ Presiding                                                            69
+
+ Greetings from a Kentucky Nut--Dr. C. A. Moss                        83
+
+ Nut Trees for West Tennessee--Aubrey Richards, M.D.                  85
+
+ Marketing Black Walnuts as a Community Projects--Rev. Bernard
+ Taylor                                                               87
+
+ Experiences with Tree Crops in Meigs County, Tennessee--W. A.
+ Shadow                                                               88
+
+ Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia--Wilbert M. Frye               91
+
+ A Look, "Backward and Forward" into Nut Growing in Kentucky--W.
+ G. Tatum                                                             93
+
+ Round Table Discussion on Judging Schedule for Black Walnuts--Dr.
+ L. H. MacDaniels, Chairman                                           95
+
+ _Fruiting Black Walnut at Brooks, Alberta, Canada_                  103
+
+ Present Outlook for Honeylocust in the South--J. C. Moore           104
+
+ Possibilities of Filbert Growing in Virginia--E. L. Overholser      111
+
+ Filberts for Food and Looks in Kentucky--N. R. Elliott              116
+
+ J. F. Jones, Introducer of Many Nut Varieties--Clarence A. Reed     118
+
+ _J. F. Jones_                                                       118
+
+ _Mildred and Wesley Langdoc_                                        125
+
+ The Value of Nut Trees in Tennessee--F. S. Chance                   126
+
+ The Development and Filling of Nuts--H. L. Crane                    130
+
+ The Grafted Curly Walnut as a Timber Tree--J. Ford Wilkinson        139
+
+ The Black Walnut Situation in Tennessee--George B. Shivery          142
+
+ Grafting Walnuts in Ohio--Sylvester Shessler                        145
+
+ Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse--George L. Slate                 146
+
+ Nut Investigations at the Pennsylvania State College--William S.
+ Clarke, Jr.                                                         148
+
+ Black Walnuts: A New Specialty at Renfro Valley--Tom Mullins        149
+
+ Marketing Black Walnut Kernels--F. J. McCauley                      152
+
+ Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels--Roger W. Pease          157
+
+ Pecan Selection in Oklahoma--Dr. Frank B. Cross                     160
+
+ Pecan Improvement Program for Southwestern Kentucky--W. W.
+ Magill                                                              164
+
+ Pecan Production in South Carolina--T. L. Senn                      167
+
+ Preservation of Shelled Pecans by Drying and Hermetically
+   Sealing--Hubert Harris                                            169
+
+ Follow-Up Studies on the 1946 Ohio Black Walnut Prize Winners--L.
+ Walter Sherman                                                      174
+
+ Final Business Session, Election of Officers, Reports of Committees 177
+
+ Odds and Ends--Dr. W. C. Deming                                     181
+
+ The Birth of a New Walnut Cracker--B. H. Thompson                   183
+
+ Marketing of Black Walnuts in Arkansas--T. A. Winkleman             183
+
+ Further Notes on Nut Tree Guards for Pasture Plantings--Oliver D.
+ Diller                                                              184
+
+ _Wire Guard Around Young Chestnut Tree_                             185
+
+ A Pecan Orchard in Glouchester County, Virginia--Mrs. Selina L.
+ Hopkins                                                             186
+
+ Indiana Nut Shows Have Educational Value--W. B. Ward                188
+
+ _View of an Indiana Nut Exhibit_                                    189
+
+ The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and
+   Walnut--Carl Weschcke                                             190
+
+ Progress with Nuts at Wolfeboro, New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti       195
+
+ Breeding Chestnuts in the New York City Area--Alfred Szego          196
+
+ Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and
+ Winter of 1947-48--L. H. MacDaniels and Damon Boynton               199
+
+ What Came Through the Hard Winter in Ontario--George Hebden
+ Corsan                                                              201
+
+ Filberts Grow in Vermont--Joseph N. Collins                         202
+
+ Report of Necrology Committee                                       203
+   Carl E. Schuster                                                  203
+   Mrs. Laura Selden Ellwanger                                       204
+   M. M. Kaufman                                                     205
+   Norman B. Ward                                                    205
+
+ Attendance                                                          206
+
+ Northern Nut Growers Association, Membership List                   209
+
+ Exhibitors at the 39th Annual Meeting                               222
+
+ Announcements                                                       223
+
++Please Note: The membership list is in the back of this volume.+
+
+
+
+   OFFICERS OF
+   THE ASSOCIATION
+   1949
+
+ _President_--H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia
+
+ _Vice-President_--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dept. of Floriculture and
+ Ornamental Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
+
+ _Treasurer_--Sterling A. Smith, 630 West South Street, Vermilion, Ohio
+
+ _Secretary_--J. C. McDaniel, Tennessee Dept. of Agriculture, State Office
+   Bldg., Nashville 3, Tennessee
+
+ _Directors_ include above officers _plus_:
+   John Davidson, 234 E. Second Street, Xenia, Ohio; and
+   Clarence A. Reed, 7309 Piney Branch Road, N. W., Washington
+   12, D.C.
+
+ _Dean_--Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7, Connecticut
+
+ _Nominating Committee_--Dr. H. L. Crane, Harry R. Weber, Dr. William L.
+   Rohrbacher, J. Ford Wilkinson, George L. Slate
+
+
+ EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS
+
+ _Press and Publications_--Editorial Section: Dr. Lewis E. Theiss,
+   Dr. W. C. Deming, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, C. A. Reed, Dr. A. S. Colby,
+   George L. Slate, Dr. J., Russell Smith
+   Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, C. A. Reed, Dr. A. S. Colby,
+   Carrol D. Bush, A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel
+   Printing Section: John Davidson, Harry R. Weber, J. C. McDaniel
+
+ _Program_--H. L. Crane, R. P. Allaman, George L. Slate, C. A. Reed, J. C.
+   McDaniel, Raymond E. Silvis
+
+ _Place of Meeting_--Dr. A. S. Colby, J. F. Wilkinson, D. C. Snyder,
+    Carl F. Walker, H. H. Corsan
+
+ _Varieties and Contests_--Spencer B. Chase, G. J. Korn, J. F. Wilkinson,
+   Gilbert Becker, A. G. Hirschi, L. Walter Sherman, C. A. Reed, Dr.
+   L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. J. Russell Smith
+   Standards and Judging section of this committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels,
+   Spencer B. Chase, C. A. Reed, Dr. J. Russell Smith
+
+ _Survey and Research_--R. E. Silvis, plus the state and foreign
+   vice-presidents
+
+ _Membership_--Mrs. Harry Weber, Mrs. Blaine McCollum, Mrs. Stephen
+   Bernath
+
+ _Exhibits_--R. P. Allaman, Carl Weschcke, Fayette Etter, A. G. Hirschi,
+   G. J. Korn, J. F. Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, Seward Berhow, Royal
+   Oakes, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan
+
+ _Necrology_--Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Miss Jeannette F.
+   Johns, Barbara Sly
+
+ _Audit_--Dr. Wm. Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, Raymond E. Silvis
+
+ _Finance_--Harry Weber, D. C. Snyder, Carl Weschcke, Sterling Smith
+
+ _Legal Advisers_--Sargent Wellman, Harry Weber
+
+ _Official Journal--American Fruit Grower_, 1370 Ontario St., Cleveland 13,
+   Ohio
+
+
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+
+Alabama LOVIC ORR
+
+Alberta, Canada A. L. YOUNG
+
+Arkansas A. C. HALE
+
+British Columbia, Canada J. U. GELLATLY
+
+California DR. THOMAS R. HAIG
+
+Connecticut GEORGE D. PRATT, JR.
+
+Delaware LEWIS WILKINS
+
+Denmark COUNT F. M. KNUTH
+
+District of Columbia GEORGE U. GRAFF
+
+Ecuador, South America F. A. COLWELL
+
+Florida C. A. AVANT
+
+Georgia WM. J. WILSON
+
+Idaho J. E. MCGORAN
+
+Illinois ROYAL OAKES
+
+Indiana FORD WALLICK
+
+Iowa IRA M. KYHL
+
+Kansas DR. CLYDE GRAY
+
+Kentucky DR. C. A. MOSS
+
+Manitoba, Canada A. H. YOUNG
+
+Maryland BLAINE MCCOLLUM
+
+Massachusetts I. W. SHORT
+
+Mexico FEDERICO COMPEAN
+
+Michigan GILBERT BECKER
+
+Minnesota R. E. HODGSON
+
+Mississippi JAMES R. MEYER
+
+Missouri RALPH RICHTERKESSING
+
+Nebraska GEORGE BRAND
+
+New Hampshire MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+New Jersey MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER
+
+New Mexico REV. TITUS GEHRING
+
+New York GEORGE SALZER
+
+North Carolina DR. R. T. DUNSTAN
+
+North Dakota HOMER L. BRADLEY
+
+Ohio A. A. BUNGART
+
+Oklahoma A. G. HIRSCHI
+
+Ontario, Canada G. H. CORSAN
+
+Oregon HARRY L. PEARCY
+
+Pennsylvania R. P. ALLAMAN
+
+Prince Edward Island, Canada ROBERT SNAZELLE
+
+Rhode Island PHILIP ALLEN
+
+South Carolina JOHN T. BREGGER
+
+South Dakota HERMAN RICHTER
+
+Tennessee THOMAS G. ZARGER
+
+Texas KAUFMAN FLORIDA
+
+Utah HARLAN D. PETTERSON
+
+Vermont A. W. ALDRICH
+
+Virginia H. R. GIBBS
+
+Washington CARROLL D. BUSH
+
+West Virginia WILBERT M. FRYE
+
+Wisconsin NORMAN KOELSCH
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+
+(As read at the annual meeting, Guelph, Ontario, September 5, 1947, and
+adopted September 13, 1948, at Norris, Tennessee)
+
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE 1. _Annual members._ Persons who are interested in the purposes
+of the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE 2. _Contributing members._ Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE 3. _Life members._ Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE 4. _Honorary members._ Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE 5. _Perpetual members._ "Perpetual" membership is eligible to
+any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and
+such membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle
+the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members
+as "Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds
+received therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be to the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committees
+as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE 2. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE 3. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE 4. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 5. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+Association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers on
+the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place at
+the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE 3. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949 and
+thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at the
+preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 4. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE 5. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues will be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE 3. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practicable after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE 2. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE 1. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS of the Thirty-ninth Annual Convention of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Meeting at NORRIS, TENNESSEE SEPTEMBER 13-15, 1948
+
+
+The meeting was called to order by President John Davidson at 8:45
+o'clock, a. m.
+
+
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+GEORGE F. GANT, General Manager, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville,
+Tennessee
+
+
+Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: It is a distinct pleasure to
+welcome you to Norris and to the Tennessee Valley. You have had very
+fine weather here, and we hope that you will enjoy the climate and the
+scenery and the fishing and the pleasures of this part of the country
+during your short stay.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association is a much older organization than I
+had thought, and it is much older than the Tennessee Valley Authority,
+but a review of some of the things, you have done and some of the
+interests you have expressed from time to time indicate that we have
+many interests in common, your organization and the TVA.
+
+You are concerned with experimentation of new and better ways of growing
+tree crops. You are concerned with the environment in which tree crops
+must find a place in our economy and in our culture, because, as I
+understand it, your interest goes beyond mere economics to the full use
+of trees.
+
+Now, the Tennessee Valley Authority is likewise concerned with
+experimentation. As a matter of fact, it is an experiment, a new and
+different way of achieving a better use of natural resources.
+
+There is nothing new in what the TVA does. There are no activities
+conducted by TVA that have not been or are not being conducted by other
+agencies all over the country and which have been conducted by Federal
+agencies for many, many years. The TVA has no new regulatory or coercive
+functions. As a matter of fact, the TVA has no coercive functions. It
+has no new or unique or different governmental functions. There is only
+one thing that is different about TVA, and that is the way in which it
+approaches the job of resource use on an overall basis.
+
+Now, I might illustrate that by referring to the construction of dams
+and reservoirs. In the Tennessee Valley the TVA builds dams and
+reservoirs to prevent floods, to produce a navigable channel, to produce
+power, and in its reservoirs it also has the responsibility of
+achieving the best uses of reservoirs and reservoir lands in the
+interests of fish and wild life, in the interests of recreation, and in
+the interests of malaria control.
+
+Now, the unique fact here is not that these things are going on or being
+done, at least in part, through a Federal agency, but that one Federal
+agency is responsible for achieving a balance between all of these
+activities and with the administrative responsibility for doing that. In
+other efforts the situation is different, with as many as eight agencies
+having something to do with the development of some one of these
+activities in a way which might or might not be integrated.
+
+Now, the second illustration, I think, is that unity can be accomplished
+only if all of the agencies which are concerned with the use of
+resources have an environment in which they can work effectively. The
+Federal Government is not and should not in the Tennessee Valley be
+developing all of these resources itself. It feels that the unified
+development of the resources depends upon the participation of the
+people of the Tennessee Valley and their institutions, the local and the
+state agencies. There can't be unity any more if local agencies are
+conducting one program and a Federal agency conducting another program,
+than there can be if several Federal agencies are conducting several
+programs.
+
+Consequently, the Tennessee Valley Authority, except for the operation
+of these huge new facilities which have been added to the resources of
+the Tennessee Valley, conducts its activities in collaboration with
+local and state agencies. That not only avoids the expense of
+duplication, but it achieves the collaboration, the participation, the
+active interest of the people in getting a full job done.
+
+That is true in the field of forestry. Forestry has a particular role in
+the Tennessee Valley. First of all, the TVA is concerned with the
+effective use and control of water, not only in the river channel
+itself, but on the land. Forestry, together with engineering and
+agriculture, must come together, not only come together within the
+administrative framework of TVA, but within the framework of what our
+colleges and state departments are doing and with what the land owners
+are doing in these watersheds.
+
+Further than that, the TVA is fully aware that watershed protection
+cannot be achieved except within the economy of the region. That means
+that the best use of forest lands from the economic point of view, from
+the productive point of view, as well as from the conservation point of
+view, must be taken into account.
+
+For these reasons the TVA is concerned not only with multiple-purpose
+dams, but with multiple-purpose land use. These activities are not
+conducted directly by TVA, but in cooperation with the land grant
+colleges and with the appropriate state departments.
+
+I think and I hope that as you review the several activities which are
+going on in the Tennessee Valley area that you will keep these
+characteristics of TVA in mind. We are very happy to have you here. I
+hope that many of you will be able to extend your visit or to come back
+and see us another time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President John Davidson: I am personally very glad to have heard this
+talk. I know quite a bit more about the fundamental principles of the
+work underlying TVA than I did before.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels, will you say a word on behalf of the Association?
+
+
++Response+
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, I am sure that I voice the sentiment of all of the
+Association to you, Mr. Gant, and all of the Tennessee Valley Authority
+our very great appreciation of your allowing us to come and meet with
+you and use the very fine facilities which are available here in Upper
+Norris Park.
+
+As far as I am concerned, and probably I am in the same situation as
+most of you in the North; we have heard a lot about the Tennessee Valley
+Authority, but mostly it is bandied around in the newspapers and usually
+connected with some sort of a political argument of one kind or another.
+And I think that to come here and to see the place and to live in the
+cabins and drive through the forests, to swim in the lake, as some of us
+did yesterday afternoon, went far away around the bend, and went in
+swimming--I think you might improve the mud bottom in some places, which
+is not too good, but it reminds us of our youth, at least--and to fish
+in the lakes, although not too successfully. After we have done that we
+certainly know much more about what sort of a development the Tennessee
+Valley Authority is.
+
+Another thing, as a member of the Northern Nut Growers Association and
+as you are members, I think we all appreciate what the Tennessee Valley
+Authority has done for the Northern Nut Growers Association. The
+Tennessee Valley Authority has been the first, you might say, large
+agency which has taken northern nut growing seriously and has used the
+knowledge which has been developed by this Association in an extensive
+way in the planting and developing of new varieties, developing of new
+techniques in the use of the plants, the nut trees and the persimmons,
+and what not, with which the Northern Nut Growers Association has been
+concerned.
+
+As we drive up the valley here and we see these thousands of walnut
+seedlings which are still to be used and see the plantings which you
+will see more intimately later, we can realize just how extensively the
+Tennessee Valley Authority has been concerned with the development of
+our forest resources and particularly these plants which are of economic
+value, inasmuch as they are nut trees, and their relationship to
+wildlife and a project of this kind in which forest resources and tree
+resources are to be made use of.
+
+I have noticed that you did mention fishing as one of the things that
+has been developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. I also am reminded
+of the fact that some of us, including our president, tried to go out
+and exercise some of these fish, without much success, and I have been
+trying to think of the reason. I know, as far as we are concerned, we
+used all the plugs and spinners and floating baits and sinking baits,
+and I went completely through my tackle box and pulled out the one that
+we call the "Christmas tree," a big bunch of spoons with a place to put
+a minnow on the end, and we dragged that around, almost swamped the
+motor, but did get around; didn't catch anything.
+
+It reminds me of an incident there at Cornell. We have a director, who
+was head of the Pomology Department at that time. He had a dog that
+wasn't disciplined very well, he wouldn't come when he was called, and
+so on. The foreman out at the orchard had a dog that was very well
+disciplined. He'd say, "Go get my hat," and he'd get the hat, and "Go
+quickly," and he'd go quickly. And this head of the department asked the
+foreman, "Well, how was it that you trained this dog, and how do you
+train a dog, anyway?"
+
+"Well," he said, "first of all, you have got to know more than the dog."
+Perhaps that's the case with some of us and the fish. Anyway, we didn't
+catch any fish.
+
+I don't care to say any more, except, Mr. Gant, to express our
+appreciation to you for the excellent facilities which you have
+furnished.
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+I believe the next order is the little talk by myself.
+
+
+
+
+President's Address
+
+JOHN DAVIDSON, Xenia, Ohio
+
+
+When I was notified that this Association, in session at Guelph, had
+named me as its president, I was surprised and deeply honored. I suppose
+there is not a single member of this body who does not have the feeling
+that the Northern Nut Growers Association is "different," unique, and,
+very special: Here are all kinds: scientists and rule-of-thumb planters,
+experienced professionals and inexperienced amateurs, conservationists
+and hobbyists, all bent on one objective--to enlighten Americans and
+themselves on the values and opportunities that lie in the study and
+practice of planting forest trees which bear crops--specifically, nuts.
+
+But the interest of most of our members is rather broader than our name
+would indicate. Forest _crops_, not merely nuts, are the logical
+outgrowth in interest that such an organization as ours stimulates. Dr.
+Zimmerman's work with papaws is a case in point. Mr. Wilkinson's work
+with the Lamb curly walnut is another. The persimmon, the papaw, the
+mulberry, the haws, the juneberries--you are likely to find them all,
+sooner or later, among the nut trees of our members. You will hear
+presently about a wood from one of our nut trees that is so valuable,
+_and so possible to grow_, that we may presently be planting for
+extraordinarily beautiful and valuable _timber_.
+
+Patience is what it takes, and faith. Trees are an example to us. If we
+could only look at the procession of the centuries with the eyes of the
+sequoias, we should see creation moving on marvelously with magnificent
+fruitfulness, and we should take courage.
+
+Has the process of evolution been more successful with plants than with
+the human race? Should benevolent creation _fail at its highest point_?
+Certainly it should not. Nevertheless it certainly will fail there so
+long as so large a body of the race is undernourished, ill-born,
+hopelessly submerged--dragging downward rather than lifting upward.
+
+Who knows the total answer? Education, of course, is a part of it--in
+industry, in eugenics, in moral responsibility. But you can't preach
+education effectively to a starving or half-starved man or child. The
+multiplication of population, the better distribution of goods
+throughout the world (which means in the end the avoidance of extremes
+of over and under-production)--these are the world's next greatest
+problems. I personally have the feeling that we are on the verge of an
+almost unthinkable increase in food productiveness through chemurgy's
+better and more complete use of plant life. We shall yet learn to gauge
+population to food supplies and food to population. Both are essential.
+
+We need more plant breeders and more organic chemists at work on food
+supply all over the world. We need more people of good will and long
+vision, fewer political and social parasites; more producers.
+
+Singularly, at the very moment of writing these words, a letter from a
+well known plant breeder is dropped upon my desk. In it he turns down
+the idea of an hypothetical executive position which most people would
+regard as promotion. The importance and interest of his work is so great
+_in its own right_ that he would not think of changing.
+
+That is what I mean. We need more of his kind in the world. It is hoped
+that in this Association such men may find the kindredship and
+comradeship they so richly earn.
+
+This was the spirit with which our Association was organized by Dr.
+Robert Morris, Dr. Deming, and a few far-sighted men in the early days
+of this century and carried on by them, by Mr. Reed, Dr. Zimmerman,
+Professor Neilson and their kind since. We salute them all. Their works
+follow and honor them by their multiplied fruits.
+
+I shall not take the time in this full program to review the events of
+the past year. Some of our speakers will do this far better than I. But
+I wish to greet our visitors and the new members who may not have been
+with us before. We hope you will feel very much at home in our family of
+kindred minds.
+
+Also, these remarks would not be complete without recognition of the
+efforts of those who unselfishly and unstintingly have given of their
+time and strength to this important work: our Secretary, Joe McDaniel!
+You all know him by his exceptional service to us all. (Let's rise and
+give him a hand.) And while we are on our feet--one of the best
+treasurers any organization ever had, efficient, kindly, but a veritable
+watch-dog of the Treasury, Mr. Snyder! Also a hand to the members of our
+important committees, Mr. Chase, Dr. MacDaniels, Mr. Slate, Mr. Stoke--I
+can't name or praise them all as they deserve. The NNGA could not
+possibly be what it is without them.
+
+And now let us get on to the business before us.
+
+
+
+
+Secretary's Report
+
+J. C. McDANIEL, Nashville, Tennessee
+
+
+The membership of the Association seems to be increasing fairly
+steadily. When I checked the mailing list early last October, it had 667
+names, as compared with 691 listed in the 37th Annual Report. When I
+left Nashville last week, the number had increased to 742, according to
+my stenographer's latest count. There have been some discontinued
+memberships, as will happen almost every year in any organization, but
+the new members have more than compensated for them, in numbers.
+
+We did not add up a total on all the mail sent out in response to
+inquiries, but it has been voluminous. Close to 800 requests for our nut
+nursery list have been received solely as a result of Mr. Stoke's
+_Southern Agriculturist_ chestnut article in last February's issue, and
+they are still trickling in. Some new memberships have resulted from
+these contacts, but more have come as a result of our column in the
+_American Fruit Grower_, and a Chinese chestnut article in _The Flower
+Grower_ early last spring, which gave our Association a boost.
+
+Some members have said they did not find their _American Fruit Grower_
+subscriptions of much value to them, particularly since the inauguration
+of _The Nutshell_, our news bulletin which has been issued four times
+since the last annual meeting. I will take some of the blame for this,
+since as editor of _The Nutshell_, I am somewhat in the position of
+competing with myself as columnist for the _Fruit Grower_. Space is
+limited in the latter publication, too, and sometimes publication of the
+"Nut Growers News" column is deferred a month or two, and again, I have
+been known to miss a deadline. Most of the columns, as in the previous
+years, are digests of material previously given in our Annual Reports.
+This practice seems to be justified as a matter of keeping nut news
+before the orcharding public and as a means of attracting some new
+memberships for the Association. I do not know of a better conditioned
+list of prospects than the more than 150,000 _American Fruit Grower_
+subscribers all over the continent, who are at least interested in some
+kind of fruiting trees or plants. In that many, by the law of averages,
+are many with some interest in nuts. Several hundred will write to the
+secretary or other N.N.G.A. members who are mentioned during the year,
+and at least a few score normally will join us.
+
+This does not minimize the desirability of having other publicity
+outlets. More of you who have a knack at writing should try your own
+contributions to national, regional or even community-wide publications.
+Even short letters to the editor, in such cases, may be read by "kindred
+spirits," and you will be read by men and women whose interest in nut
+trees (even though it may have been a dormant interest) will be
+stimulated to the extent of becoming N.N.G.A. members. Then it is up to
+our officers, the program committee members, and our contributors to
+keep them interested enough to renew their memberships another year!
+
+Your comments on _The Nutshell_ have been quite flattering to its
+editor. You _all_ can help make it a better publication by contributing
+short original observations or clippings of good items on hardy nut
+trees from other sources.
+
+There is a continuing shortage apparent in the supply of good named
+varieties of hardy nut trees in nearly all areas. This seems
+particularly the case with Chinese chestnuts. Few propagators at present
+have them in even enough quantity to catalogue, and the demand which has
+been built up by the good publicity on chestnuts exhausts most
+nurseries' supplies each spring before all orders can be filled. Our
+nursery list in the Winter issue of _The Nutshell_ has gone to some
+2,000 people and has helped the nurserymen to sell out their trees
+quickly. We hope this will lead to a sound expansion in the commercial
+propagation of _good_ nut trees.
+
+I should again call attention to our affiliation with the American
+Horticultural Society. This enables our members in good standing to
+receive their good quarterly publication, _The National Horticultural
+Magazine_, for only $3.50 a year. You may obtain your affiliate
+membership through our Treasurer, or directly from the American
+Horticultural Society, Room 821, Washington Loan and Trust Building,
+Washington 4, D. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the Secretary's report. Has anyone
+any revisions or modifications of this report to suggest?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I move acceptance with thanks.
+
+(The motion was seconded, a vote taken, and the motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: If the Secretary will also read the Treasurer's
+report, we will proceed with it.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Mr. Snyder wrote recently, regretting that he would miss
+this meeting (for reasons of health). He says he can not accept the
+position of Treasurer another year.
+
+
+
+
+Treasurer's Report for Year September 1, 1947 to September 1, 1948
+
+D. C. SNYDER, Center Point, Iowa
+
+
+   INCOME
+
+        Dues                                       $1,396.00
+        Reports sold                                  153.75
+        Bond Dividends                                 25.00
+        Advertising                                     5.00
+        Miss Jones' Postage Acc't.                     36.85
+        C. A. Reed Typesetting                         32.50
+        Miscellaneous                                   7.60
+                                                   _________
+                                                              $1,656.70
+
+
+   DISBURSEMENTS
+
+        Fruit Grower Subscriptions                    100.80
+        Reports, Stationery etc.                    1,105.06
+        Secretary's expense                           100.30
+        Treasurer's expense                            58.17
+        Reporting Guelph Meeting                       25.00
+        Miscellaneous                                  15.60
+        Bank service charges and checks returned N.G.  12.90
+                                                    ________
+                                                               1,417.83
+                                                              _________
+
+   Balance gained during year                                    238.87
+   On hand September 1, 1947                        1,790.44
+   Paid out for Bonds                               1,100.00
+                                                   _________
+                                                                 680.44
+                                                              _________
+   Cash total on hand, September 1, 1948 (subject to minor
+     bank service charges and checks which may be
+     returned)                                                 $ 919.31
+   Bonds in box at Peoples Bank & Trust Company               $2,500.00
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the Treasurer's Report. Any remarks?
+It is a very good report. It shows that the organization is creeping up
+financially and in very good condition due to the continuous care that
+the Secretary and the Treasurer both have used in keeping up with our
+membership, keeping dues paid up, and so on. I will entertain a motion
+to accept our Treasurer's Report.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I so move.
+
+(The motion was seconded.)
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: It should be accepted for audit.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I will accept the amendment.
+
+President Davidson: It is moved now, then, that the report be accepted
+for audit. Are there any remarks?
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: The next order of business is the regular business
+meeting of the Association. I think perhaps the first thing we should do
+might be to proceed with the election of a Nominating Committee and the
+Auditing Committee. I believe both, if I am not misinformed, are
+elective and not appointive. The chair will entertain nominations for
+the Nominating Committee.
+
+
++Nominating Committee Elected+
+
+(The following were nominated for the Nominating Committee: Dr. H. L.
+Crane, Harry R. Weber, Dr. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, J. F. Wilkinson, George L.
+Slate. Upon motion that the Secretary cast a unanimous ballot for those
+nominated, vote was taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Am I correct in saying that the Auditing Committee
+is elective, rather than appointive by the Executive Committee?
+
+Mr. Silvis: I understood it was three members and just appointed.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Yes, under Article I of the by-laws, it is appointed.
+
+President Davidson: In that case we will do nothing about that now.
+
+I think perhaps we might proceed with a few resolutions or motions
+before going to the further order of business. The chair will entertain
+a motion that the Association give its thanks to Mrs. Baker and her
+committee of the ladies for their entertainment of last evening and for
+future entertainment.
+
+Mr. Weber: I so move, Mr. President.
+
+(The motion was seconded, a vote called for, and the motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Also the chair will entertain a motion that the
+Secretary be instructed to send Dr. Deming our usual affectionate
+greetings and assure him that his beloved association is still carrying
+on in the spirit of the founders.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: By the way, I have a letter from Dr. Deming. Should I read
+that?
+
+President Davidson: That would be fine if you would, yes.
+
+
++A Letter from Dr. Deming+
+
+_(Secretary's note: We substitute a more recent letter, dated May 9,
+1949)._
+
+"... You are giving me much consolation for all _my_ broken promises to
+get out the annual report at an early date. I suggest that you have a
+lawyer draw up a contract for the printer to get out the report at a
+given date or forfeit so much per day for all delay. If you don't do
+that the printer will put you off for something that will give him a
+little more profit. I don't know that we ever got out a report in plenty
+of time for the members to get their orders in early or get other
+benefits from the report if it arrived before planting time.
+
+"I note in the announcement of our Connecticut state medical society
+that it scheduled a recess of 15 minutes or so at intervals for members
+to 'view the exhibits.' It looks to me like a good idea....
+
+"Congratulations on the fast work of Joe, Jr. The idea is to get plenty
+of limbs before letting him bear. Have you tried the sweet buckeye on
+him? [See page 181.]
+
+"We have Spring here, too, as well as you in Nashville, and it is good.
+
+"I get awfully tired after very little exertion. I'll be 87 on September
+1. Too old to undertake any obligations.
+
+"Best luck.
+
+   "Yours,
+
+   s/W. C. DEMING"
+
+President Davidson: That is expressed beautifully, as usual. May I have
+that motion?
+
+Dr. Crane: It has been moved and seconded that the Secretary be
+instructed to send Dr. Deming our affectionate greetings and assure him
+that his beloved association is still carrying on in the spirit of the
+founders.
+
+(A vote on the motion was taken, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Another, that the Association accept with deep
+regrets the resignation of D. C. Snyder, and that the Secretary be
+instructed to send him our affectionate greetings and thanks for his
+long, efficient and outstanding services as Treasurer of this body. Are
+you in favor of such a motion?
+
+Mr. Weber: Take out the accepting the resignation part, and the rest
+will be O.K.
+
+President Davidson: That is right. As amended then, with the omission of
+that "accepting the resignation."
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+
++Clarence A. Reed Elected Honorary Member+
+
+President Davidson: One more. The chair will entertain a motion that the
+Secretary be instructed to send C. A. Reed our greetings and as a small
+measure of the esteem we have for him and in recognition of his long and
+extraordinary services to this Association, we elect him a life member
+there-of.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it should be an "honorary member" rather than a
+"life member." A life member contributes $75.
+
+President Davidson: I believe that is correct, an honorary member. With
+that amendment, then.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I would so move, Mr. President.
+
+Dr. Crane: Second the motion.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President, I would like at this time, if I may, to say a
+few remarks in regard to Mr. Reed. I saw him last Friday afternoon, and
+he asked me to convey to the Association his very deep regrets that he
+was unable to attend. He had planned to attend, but his doctor said
+absolutely no. So he has learned from experience that he has got to pay
+more attention to his doctor's orders than he has in the past.
+
+He wanted me to tell the members of the Association that although he
+wasn't here in body he was in spirit and in mind.
+
+President Davidson: That's fine. I think perhaps we should proceed first
+with the reports of committees.
+
+The Finance Committee. Mr. Weshcke is not here. Mr. Weber is next in
+order on that committee. I presume there would be nothing special to
+report at this time.
+
+Mr. Weber: Nothing.
+
+President Davidson: Press and Publication. Mr. Stoke is chairman of that
+committee. Mr. Stoke is not present at this time. Dr. MacDaniels, would
+you have anything to say in the matter of Press and Publications
+Committee? Have you any recommendations or reports to make?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, I hadn't planned to make any report. As a
+matter of fact, I had very little to do with the work of the
+Publications Committee this year. I have been rather happy that it has
+been handled otherwise, and I think our thanks are due to our Secretary,
+who has carried the brunt, in fact, almost the entire burden of the
+publication of the proceedings. Also of _The Nutshell_. That occurred
+through a series of circumstances which I don't wish to outline here. I
+think probably the chief determining factor was that the contract for
+printing was awarded to a firm in Nashville, which almost automatically
+made it at least convenient and expedient to have the matter handled in
+Nashville. I believe you will concur in that general opinion.
+
+Mr. MacDaniel: Yes.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: So that our Secretary has had an unusually heavy burden
+which we should not expect him to carry again.
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+The chair will entertain a motion to accept Dr. MacDaniels' report on
+behalf of the Press and Publication Committee.
+
+(It was so moved and seconded, a vote taken and motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: On Varieties and Contests. Mr. Zarger is not going
+to be with us, I am afraid, and if there is any other member of that
+committee present who has something to say on the matter of variety and
+contests, we would be very glad to hear from him. I don't hear anything,
+so we will proceed to the next one.
+
+The report of the Survey Committee. Mr. Silvis is chairman of that
+committee, and I will say on his behalf that he was raring to go and
+would have gone if it had been the feeling on the part of some of the
+other members that a survey was timely at that time. It happened that
+that was not the feeling, it was not a good year to make a survey, and
+on that account I wrote to Mr. Silvis that possibly it would be well to
+put off any important survey for the year 1947.
+
+Do you have anything to say, Mr. Silvis, in addition to this?
+
+Mr. Silvis: Well, on the cuff, no, and off the cuff I would like to make
+this remark, that I just had one question I was going to require every
+member to answer to me for, and that was what kind of a nut tree should
+I plant, and thereby try to establish a zone between frost-free dates
+for various locations or states or territories. It didn't develop.
+
+I received as late as last week John Bregger's note explaining why it
+was his reply came late. But I do want to make this remark, and for our
+able Secretary's first issue of _The Nutshell_ I know this to be a fact,
+that with it, it's the nuts, and without it, it's hell.
+
+President Davidson: What shall we do with Mr. Silvis's report? We have
+some action to take presently on the matter of survey in addition to
+this report. Could I have a motion to accept the report of the Survey
+Committee?
+
+Dr. Crane: So move.
+
+Mr. Weber: Second.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Chase disappeared again. He is chairman of the
+Program Committee. We all have evidence of what he has been doing.
+Perhaps his program is sufficient to report.
+
+Mrs. S. H. Graham is chairman of the Membership Committee. I think Mrs.
+Graham is not here, so perhaps we can pass on.
+
+Report of the Necrology Committee fortunately is blank.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: There is one that I know of. Mr. Schuster of Oregon passed
+away last winter.
+
+President Davidson: I think that points out a little weakness in our
+organization. The death of Mr. Schuster should have been reported and
+some notice of it taken, perhaps.
+
+Mr. Stoke, you are here as chairman of the Exhibits Committee. Would you
+like to say something?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I don't know that I have anything to say. The exhibits speak
+for themselves back there. I wish to thank those who made contributions
+to that exhibit, and some still came in this morning that you haven't
+seen. I think it's been fine cooperation.
+
+I feel an apology is due for not getting out more publicity on behalf of
+the committee. I had hoped that another copy of _The Nutshell_ would be
+out before this meeting so I could make another call for exhibits, but
+it wasn't, and I didn't get my material in to our Secretary in time for
+the earlier one.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I believe we did have a notice in the summer issue.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes, there was a notice. At any rate, we have had exhibits
+here all the way from Georgia to New York. I am not sure whether they
+have any from Canada or not. I think it makes a very nice display, and I
+certainly appreciate your cooperation.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: In connection with these exhibits, we were driving along
+talking to Mr. Slate about the desirability of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association sending an exhibit to the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. That was done about ten years ago, and the
+Society gave us a silver medal at that time. I know from talking with
+Mr. Nehrling that they would be pleased to have such an exhibit put on,
+and I think that if we could take much of the material from our exhibits
+here and send it there that that would make an acceptable exhibit, and
+we almost assuredly would get not only considerable publicity out of
+that, because it would be an exhibit of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, but we might also get either a cash award or a medal. I
+think if we work behind the scenes, if we preferred the cash we could
+get that, which would be of some value to the Association.
+
+Now, I speak of this merely to bring it to your attention and to point
+out that any of the personally furnished exhibits that you wish to turn
+over for that purpose, you may arrange with Mr. Stoke for that.
+
+(Further discussion on the details of sending in the above-mentioned
+exhibits.)
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I would move this Association favored sending an exhibit
+to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society Harvest show, provided
+material is available.
+
+Dr. Crane: Second the motion.
+
+Dr. Silvis: May I make this remark and also be in the form of a motion,
+that those exhibitors report immediately at the adjournment of this
+session to Mr. Stoke and make known to him whether yes or no, whether
+their exhibits can be sent up.
+
+President Davidson: Do you make that motion in the form of an amendment?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I will include that in the motion.
+
+Dr. Crane: I accept it.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion as amended, and it was carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Place of Meeting Committee. I judge that that
+committee is not ready to report, is it, Mr. Slate, for this following
+meeting?
+
+Mr. Slate: The chairman didn't realize until just before we were ready
+to leave that he was a member of that committee. I have given the matter
+some thought on the way down, and in the previous years I have usually
+gone fishing for invitations some time before the meeting. I did drop a
+line overboard a few days ago, but I didn't catch anything more than I
+caught in this big lake up here.
+
+Now, from previous experience I don't believe we can consider going to
+the Middle West. Mr. Snyder, Mr. Becker in Michigan, and Dr. Colby at
+Illinois, have not thought that they had enough material to make it
+worth while to go out there. That throws it back to the East, and we
+have been to some of the better places in recent years; Ronoake,
+Virginia, Hershey, Pennsylvania, and Boston.
+
+I think there are two places that we should consider. I think we should
+consider Beltsville and the New York City region. We all know that there
+is plenty of material at Beltsville. We have not been there for some
+time. And in the New York City region we have the plantings of Gilbert
+Smith, who is probably 85 or 90 miles above New York. He is not far from
+Poughkeepsie where I am sure there are ample facilities for handling the
+crowd. Then there may be possibly some of Dr. Graves' plantings that
+would be worth seeing on a field trip.
+
+Now, of course, the committee will be very glad to receive invitations
+from anyone here and consider them, and we will make the final report at
+the final business session at the time of the banquet, I believe. But
+between now and then I want you to consider the matter rather seriously
+and let me know what you are thinking about.
+
+President Davidson: I think it would be desirable, if it were possible,
+for Mr. Slate to wire the proper authorities at Beltsville or
+Poughkeepsie.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. President, one of our members is Mr. Bernath, who has
+been quite faithful in attending nearly all our meetings, and he has, I
+imagine, much of interest to show to the members, and he is located near
+Poughkeepsie. I am just throwing that out for the members to think over
+as to what they would think about Poughkeepsie as a possible meeting
+place.
+
+President Davidson: That's worth listening to.
+
+Would it be advisable, do you think, for Mr. Slate at the expense of the
+Association to wire to Poughkeepsie or to Beltsville to see whether an
+invitation is available or not?
+
+Mr. Slate: Those places are well represented now.
+
+Mr. Weber: I imagine Mr. Bernath can speak for himself.
+
+Mr. Bernath: I don't know, I think if we could delay it another year,
+Mr. Smith is going to retire from the State School, and he will have
+plenty of time. I am very busy, and he will have loads of time on his
+hands, and then he can give it his attention. I think that would be all
+right next year.
+
+Mr. Slate: That's up to the Association to decide.
+
+Mr. Bernath: We would like to have you come at that time.
+
+Mr. Slate: Beltsville is very well represented in Dr. Crane.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr, Chairman, in view of what Mr. Bernath says, I'd accept
+Mr. Bernath's suggestion and have Poughkeepsie on the list for the year
+following.
+
+Mr. Bernath: That's right.
+
+President Davidson: Dr. Crane may have something.
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President and members of the Association, we'd like to
+have the Association meeting at Beltsville again. However, we have had
+four years of May freezes in Beltsville Station, and I am going to tell
+you all is not in any too good condition. A lot of it has been pulled,
+and we have had to replant an awful lot of the stuff that is now just
+planted this year. We lost a lot of the plantings that were made last
+year because of injury. As you folks probably know that have been there
+before, we labored under very great difficulties on soil conditions in
+that we have mostly sands and gravel.
+
+So we are kind of in a mess there right now. We'd be glad to have the
+Association meet at Beltsville, and we have right good facilities there
+for meetings, but as far as any plantings in the area, a lot of the work
+we are doing, we are kind of going through a period of change right now
+and getting re-established, and I want you to know the situation.
+
+President Davidson: Well, we have been forewarned. It's a case, I judge,
+of not being unwilling to see us, but you are not so anxious, for us to
+see you, is that it?
+
+Dr. Crane: I wouldn't want you to come there under false hopes that you
+would see a lot.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I would like to say we have done quite a lot of work in
+breeding chestnuts and also work with forest types, crossing American
+chestnuts and Chinese. But I agree quite with Dr. Crane, that we haven't
+so much to show you there. Of course, it's a dog-gone good thing to get
+familiar with these diseases and see what you are up against, because
+all through the history of nut culture, and so forth, one of the basic
+defects has been the failure to appreciate the importance of insect and
+disease factors. And we are very much in need of more basic research
+along those lines, but I agree with Dr. Crane that at present we have a
+limited amount to show you there.
+
+Of course, there is the Plant Industry Station there with a lot of
+experimental work, greenhouse work and all sorts of basic research work,
+fertilization work, and so forth, going on there. A lot of people like
+to come to Washington. Our plantings are pretty much the same condition
+as Dr. Crane's and not a display proposition such as you have here at
+TVA.
+
+President Davidson: Suppose we regard this report, then, as temporary
+and hear more from you later.
+
+I think that concludes the reports.
+
+The Board of Directors, unless there is some other order of business to
+be taken up, have some recommendations to make to the Association. One
+is the recommendation that the Association place the annual membership
+fee at $3, the supporting membership fee at $10 and the life membership
+fee at $75. They didn't wish to take the responsibility of doing
+anything more than referring that matter to this Association.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That could be handled in the by-laws under the
+constitution.
+
+President Davidson: We still also have another rather important matter
+that's been referred to the Association, and that is the matter of a
+sufficient amount of remuneration to permit our Secretary to hire a
+stenographer to do the extra amount of work that is gradually
+accumulating in that office. The resolution that is referred to you
+calls for a payment of 50 cents per member to the Secretary for this
+purpose.... We have no right to be set up so that the work of the
+Association would encroach upon a person's job as it is set up at the
+present time. That recommendation was that it was contingent, of course,
+upon raising the dues to $3.00 and take 50 cents of that to offset the
+stenographic help and try to re-organize our affairs between the
+Secretary and Treasurer so that as much as possible of the routine
+mailing, and routine stenographic work would be carried in this way.
+
+(Discussion on the above recommendation.)
+
+Mr. Weber: I move that the additional remuneration be granted, 50 cents
+per member, to the Secretary.
+
+Mr. Smith: I will second the motion.
+
+Mr. Fisher: I'd like to make an amendment to that, that the dues be
+raised to $3.00 in order to make this possible.
+
+Mr. Weber: I will accept the amendment.
+
+Mr Smith: And I will second the motion contingent, of course, to the
+raising of the dues.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: We will appoint a Resolutions Committee.
+
+
++Resolutions Committee+
+
+Sterling Smith, H. L. Crane, Raymond E. Silvis, H. F. Stoke.
+
+President Davidson: I think so far as I know that's everything except
+the report of the Committee on the Constitution. Unless I hear otherwise
+we will proceed with that report.
+
+(Discussion on Constitution.)
+
+(Constitution and by-laws approved as set out in another part of this
+report, the Constitution having first been read at 1947 meeting)
+
+President Davidson: As I understand it, then, this constitution, unless
+we make some other provision, is in effect as of now.
+
+Mr. Weber: Now with these by-laws in effect there will have to be a
+fresh nominating committee elected for the next year.
+
+Mr. Smith: Mr. President, I make a motion, if it's in order, that the
+Nominating Committee as elected previously for this meeting also
+continue and serve for next year.
+
+Mr. Clarke: Second the motion.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: There is one other matter that was brought up at the
+directors' meeting, and inasmuch as the directors did not have a quorum,
+it should be voted through here, I think, and that is that a motion is
+in order to pay Mrs. Gibbs $25 for her services as stenographer at our
+meeting. That was done, I believe, at Guelph, and it involves a lot of
+important work.
+
+Mr. Korn: I second the motion.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Shall we adjourn, with a continuance of the business
+meeting at the banquet?
+
+(Recess taken until 1:00 o'clock p. m.)
+
+
++Monday Afternoon Session+
+
+President Davidson: Shall we come to order?
+
+We now come to the interesting part of our program, and we will listen
+first to Mr. Quick of West Virginia, who will take the place of Mr.
+Sayers, the State Forester at Charleston, West Virginia. Mr. Quick.
+
+
+
+
+The Development and Propagation of Blight Resistant Chestnut in West
+Virginia
+
+RALPH H. QUICK, Conservation Commission, Charleston, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Quick: Ladies and gentlemen of the Association, your guests and
+friends: In substituting for the State Forester of West Virginia I
+realize that I am undertaking a big job. A few of you know Mr. Wilson
+Sayers, who is the State Forester, and those of you who do may assure
+the rest of the group what a big job I am undertaking, because I feel
+that I am in pretty good-sized shoes.
+
+The subject that has been assigned is The Development and Propagation of
+Blight Resistant Chestnut in West Virginia. Now, being a forester, I am
+perhaps interested in blight resistant chestnut from a little different
+standpoint than the majority of this group. As representing the
+Conservation Commission of that state I might say that we are interested
+primarily from the game-food viewpoint. Now, that's a little bit
+different, I expect, than most of you have been thinking about, or some
+of you, at least. But that is the standpoint from which we are
+interested.
+
+So I would like to go along with you this afternoon and discuss some of
+the things that we have done and some of the things that we are
+learning--there are a few yet--that lead us along that line to believe
+that we can do something with blight-resistant chestnuts in West
+Virginia as a game food. We are just at the beginning, so to speak--that
+is, the Conservation Commission of that state is just at the beginning
+of our study. We have been fooling with it a little off and on since
+back in the middle '30's, but interest has lagged and then has picked up
+again two or three times.
+
+I am sure that as far as the production of good strains of
+blight-resistant chestnut, better strains of Chinese, and so on, that
+there are people in West Virginia who are more capable of telling you
+what has been done from a private viewpoint than anyone with the
+Conservation Commission, but we are interested in learning about it and
+producing it in large numbers for a game food, and, of course, if we are
+interested in distributing from our nursery over the state for that
+purpose, we are interested in producing better strains of
+blight-resisting chestnut as we go.
+
+Along back in the 1920's a few plantations, or a few trees were planted
+in the state by what was then the old Fish and Game Commission, and the
+records have been lost, as has been true in many other states. But then,
+apparently, the beginning was made. In going over some of those early
+plantings I will only have time to hit the high spots and the ones in
+which we are particularly interested in our line, but the first ones
+were back there somewhere in the '20's.
+
+One of the best plantations, the one that we are particularly interested
+in at the present time, is in Jackson County, West Virginia, and it is
+of the University of Nanking strain, and there were 34 trees planted
+there back in 1926, and we are told that they were planted from 2-0[1]
+stock, from nuts that came from China in 1924. Twenty-six of those trees
+survived, and we think they are pretty good nuts. You may be interested
+to know that that plantation now averages 22 feet in height and has an
+average diameter at breast height of 8 inches. The spacing in that
+plantation was 26 by 26 feet.
+
+Now, we can't take credit, nor do we want to take credit, for that
+plantation. The state agency had nothing to do with it. It was put in
+there through the cooperation of the gentlemen from Beltsville, but we
+are very much interested in that plantation; so interested that we have
+gone to the owner, along with the permission of the fellows from
+Beltsville, and sewed the thing up for a five year period, during which
+time we hope to get the seed and to improve our own strains and
+establish blocks of our own on state-owned land under different
+conditions and on different sites where we expect in the future to be
+able to secure seed for our use and production at the nursery.
+
+In the first few years that this plantation that we are speaking of in
+Jackson County produced, not many people paid much attention to it or
+attached much significance to it. The man who had charge of it gave the
+nuts away for experimental purposes or for any reason that anybody
+happened to ask for them, and shipped a lot of them free. But along in
+the early 1940's he began to find out what he had, and he started
+selling seed and made a pretty good thing out of it.
+
+Last year was the first year that we had gotten seed from that
+plantation. We got 75 pounds of good nuts taken in the fall of 1947.
+
+We have another orchard, another plantation that led us to become
+interested, I guess, in producing blight-resistant chestnut as a game
+food and along forestry lines, and that is the orchard that we have on
+nursery property. It was one of the early ones, and I expect one of the
+earliest in the state, but it was planted along back in 1936, fifty-one
+trees.
+
+When we started in this we didn't know anything about it at all, so we
+have built up our small knowledge in the last few years. But it didn't
+take us long to realize that our orchard on our nursery property was of
+badly crossed material, and it had some very undesirable trees. If we
+succeeded in doing anything with them as a game food we would have to
+eliminate, and only last year did we get around to the place where we
+could secure authority to eliminate the undesirable species. We have
+about half of the stand left now, but we are pretty sure that the trees
+that we do have are of good strain.
+
+It might be interesting for you to note--maybe some of you can top
+it--we were interested when this orchard was planted, in what would
+happen if the trees were planted and allowed to grow as a forest stand.
+So they were planted in six-by-six spacing. Of course, we got a lot of
+self-pruning and a lot of competition, as we would in forests by the
+trees growing up and competing with each other and reaching for height
+and light. Some of them died and some were so badly suppressed that they
+failed to make any growth at all. But there is one tree that we still
+have in that orchard that we are proud of, not from the standpoint of
+nut production, nor does it produce a very good nut as far as the human
+taste is concerned. But it has made a single stick that far surpasses
+any other tree we have in the orchard. It looks like a forest tree. In
+1945--it might be hard for you to believe--it grew nine feet. That isn't
+an exaggeration. It was measured. We thought that was a lot better than
+fair growth. Of course, it hasn't made any growth like that since, and I
+don't think it ever did before, but it just had the push to go and went
+nine feet in one growing season.
+
+Leaving that orchard for a few minutes, there were 38 plantings of from
+10 to 50 trees each made by the Soil Conservation Service and the
+Division of Forest Pathology of the Bureau of Plant Industry in the
+spring of 1939. These were examined by Dr. Diller of that Bureau in the
+spring of 1940 and in 1947. He has told us that he graded those
+plantings as he found them, 10 being good, and he said the next 15 were
+only fair and he put 13 down as total failures.
+
+Of those 13 that failed--from the forestry standpoint now, remember--he
+said that 7 of the failures were due to poor site selection, three were
+suppressed by surrounding hardwoods and other competing growth, and
+three had been destroyed by cattle.
+
+[Footnote 1: Meaning, two years old, not transplanted in the
+nursery.--Ed.]
+
+
++A Commercial Chestnut Nurseryman+
+
+I don't know whether any of you know of--I expect you do--the Gold
+Chestnut Nursery in West Virginia near Cowen, and it is owned and
+operated by Mr. Arthur A. Gold. He has been interested in
+blight-resistant chestnuts from a commercial standpoint, selling from
+his nursery for a good many years. He has worked with us some in the
+Conservation Commission and has given us the benefit of his experience.
+And if any of you have the opportunity I think you would be interested
+in seeing Mr. Gold's nursery. He was an old-time nurseryman that handled
+most of the conifers found in a commercial nursery, but in the last few
+years he has gone into chestnut production almost entirely, and if you
+have an opportunity, I am sure Mr. Gold would welcome you to his nursery
+in Webster County.
+
+The Game Division of the Conservation Commission of West Virginia
+established three or four small plantings on the state forests in 1938
+and 1939, but they had low survival. Dr. Diller in going around with
+some of us and checking on those has found that we were back there where
+all of us were trying to find something and trying to learn something
+and that we made many mistakes and that we picked poor stock, for one
+thing, and poor sites for another thing, but the great disadvantage and
+the biggest limiting factor was our poor selection of sites there in the
+beginning.
+
+In handling chestnuts that you people handle maybe in small or large
+quantities where all of your time can be devoted to that particular
+thing, you probably have a lot of things that you do that we don't have
+time to do because at the nursery in West Virginia we are interested
+primarily in producing conifers and other forest trees for the
+reforestation of abandoned land. So in handling this Chinese chestnut as
+a game food we are working on a sideline. We have to pick it up as fast
+as we can do the job and do as much as we can and learn about as much as
+we can. And, of course, we learn slower than people who have the time to
+spend and perhaps the money to spend at it. But we are limited in those
+two respects.
+
+But seed collections are made, and we find it necessary in collecting
+from two of the orchards that we are now using for seed to collect twice
+a day in the season that the nuts are ripening, because both of those
+orchards which we prize are close to forest lands and squirrel country,
+and they really give us a race for it. The fact of the matter is the
+orchard at the nursery has attracted the squirrels on that particular
+side of the mountain. I have hunted on opening day and killed my limit
+of squirrels without going outside of the residence and been back at
+work time at eight o'clock. It really attracts them on that side of the
+hill. We are going to compete with the squirrels, but as you will see,
+we have just about given up that orchard as a seed source.
+
+We find it necessary to treat the seed, of course, before we plant it.
+Many of you people, of course, go into the spraying end of it before the
+nut ever develops. We haven't the time or the money right now to go into
+it that way, so we try to take care of the nut after we collect it and
+bring it in.
+
+I expect it is not necessary for me to go into any of the details on any
+of the methods that may be used to get rid of the weevil, because you
+are all familiar with that. Maybe it suffices to say that we at the
+nursery now are using the hot water treatment. The little weevil is
+found in there and not always apparent. In fact, most of the time it
+isn't apparent that the nut is infested, but they are, and if we take
+measures to kill the weevil we haven't any germination of the weevil. We
+used gas once, but we are limited in that at present. It is a lot more
+expensive.
+
+We have, in the first few years that we tried to produce chestnuts at
+the nursery, stratified them. We got along pretty well with that in damp
+sand, we got along fairly well in sawdust, and we got along especially
+well with damp sphagnum moss. But in the end we determined that we are
+getting better results if we plant the nuts as they are collected. In
+other words, the seed was taken from the orchard, treated to kill the
+weevil and put in the ground in the fall.
+
+Now, you can't get away with that everywhere. Our orchard is far enough
+away from the nursery that we don't have any rodent damage. We have had
+some trouble from skunks, and they finally find out that the nuts are in
+there in a row where we have planted them, and they go right down and
+get them. But we have no trouble from mice or rats. We are far away from
+woodland and buildings.
+
+We find that some people have trouble with wind or water erosion. We
+don't have that. So we can get by and do a better job and produce better
+trees by sowing nuts in the fall, and we sow them in the fall, just as
+if we were sowing black walnuts for production and distribution over the
+state.
+
+By the next fall when we are ready to distribute those seedlings as 1-0
+stock we find that we have produced seedlings of about 14 inches in
+height as 1-0 stock. From what I have seen that isn't a bad size to
+produce as 1-0 stock, though it is better in some places. We find, too,
+in the spring before germination, that in our particular section of the
+state along the Ohio River valley we sometimes get a dry spring and find
+it necessary to irrigate that land where we planted the chestnuts, just
+as the seed beds where we planted pine, in order to keep the ground
+moist and keep it in a condition where seeds will germinate freely.
+
+We weed our chestnuts just as we do every row planted in the nursery,
+cultivate with the tractor about three times in a season, which is all
+the time we have to give to it, and hand weed it once. Perhaps it ought
+to have a little more than that. Some seasons I am sure it should, but
+that's about the time we are allowed or the time that we can allot to
+that.
+
+I hope, Mr. Davidson, you will check me here on this time. I don't want
+to get too far out and upset the schedule.
+
+President Davidson: All right, if necessary.
+
+Mr. Quick: In distributing, the seedlings or blight-resistant chestnut
+seed in West Virginia we began back in 1943 putting them out in
+quantity. We had to limit them, the only thing in the nursery we had to
+limit the amount as to seed. That was because everybody in the state
+became very much interested, and the Conservation Commission makes those
+available to any land owner in the state free of charge if he will plant
+them as a game food but not under other circumstances. He can't use them
+for ornamentals, and he can't use them for shade purposes in his yard.
+But he can receive a limited number if he is willing to use them for
+game. So in scattering them over the state, so many people wanted so
+many of them that if we didn't watch we'd have all of our chestnuts
+planted in three or four, or half a dozen spots in the state, and we are
+interested in learning as much as we can by having them put out at
+different elevations, different sites and under different conditions, so
+we had to limit it to ten to an individual in 1943. We have gradually
+upped that as our production has gone up, from 15 to 20, then 40, and
+this year we are offering 50 to any land owner in the State of West
+Virginia.
+
+Now you can see why we are interested in trying to improve the nut. If
+we are going to distribute them all over the state, let's distribute a
+good nut, a nut that is not only a heavy bearer for the game, but a nut,
+too, that is fit for human consumption.
+
+In our site recommendations we have been trying to follow pretty well
+the ideas of the boys from Beltsville, and we found out that what they
+have been telling us is just about right. In other words, we are setting
+our chestnuts in the cove types, moist with gentle slope, preferably on
+the north, and we are getting better growth there. It doesn't mean as
+far as we are concerned that it doesn't grow well on drier land and on
+rich hill-tops but the growth is so much greater when it's put in good
+ground and under those conditions. In other words, it needs a tulip
+poplar site; where tulip poplar is growing or has recently grown might
+be one way to select a site for our chestnuts.
+
+In these five year now that we have been distributing these chestnuts we
+have distributed something like 200,000. Now, we know that all of those
+seedlings haven't been good strains, but they have been the best we
+could do at that time as we were going along. We hope to learn from you
+people, and we hope you can give us help in improving our strains so
+that we can distribute better chestnuts over the state.
+
+We haven't had a good system of checking up, until the present time, on
+plantings that have been made in the past, but we are initiating a
+system just now wherein all plantations that have been made from forest
+stock will have regular examination all over the state of West Virginia,
+and we are including chestnuts in that. We have made some checks in the
+state on certain selected sites and have found out, strange enough, that
+these little plantations that are spotted around on the farms, if they
+were put in correctly and handled properly according to our
+instructions, have given us a survival of about 80 to 85 per cent, which
+is, as you will remember, about the percentage in the Nanking strain
+planting in Jackson County, 26 out of the 34 original trees. That seems
+strange, but it has proved true all over the state in the few checks
+that we have made. But we are going into it and checking these
+plantations and by so doing I believe we can eliminate a good many of
+our own troubles, along with your help.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Quick for a very interesting paper.
+
+Is Professor Moore, present? Our next talk will be on The Present Status
+of the Chestnut in Virginia, by Professor R. C. Moore of the Virginia
+Polytechnic Institute of Blacksburg, Virginia. Professor Moore.
+
+
+
+
+The Present Status of the Chestnut in Virginia
+
+R.C. MOORE, Department of Horticulture Virginia Agricultural Experiment
+Station
+
+
+Briefly reviewing the past, Virginia has been in the same position as
+many other states in regard to the large number of native American
+chestnuts that once grew wild before the blight epidemic occurred. Most
+of the chestnuts were found on loose, open type soils rather than on
+heavy limestone soil. In mountainous parts of the state, considerable
+income was obtained from the sale of wild chestnuts. Men, women, and
+children gathered these nuts and traded them at the stores for
+merchandise. One small country store, in Floyd County, southwest
+Virginia, assembled and shipped between sixty and eighty thousand pounds
+annually. A small town, Stuart, in Patrick County, shipped three
+carloads daily during the peak of the season. These nuts found their way
+to city markets, where chestnut roasters were as commonly seen as
+popcorn poppers. Since many of these native chestnut trees grew in
+forests or on wasteland, there was little expense involved except in the
+time required to gather them. The demand was good but frequently the
+sale price was rather low, especially during years when the crop was
+heavy.
+
+After blight destroyed the wild trees, a considerable amount of timber
+was cut from the dead trees. At present this wood has largely decayed
+beyond usefulness except for firewood, although in some areas it is
+being gathered for pulpwood. Sprouts have arisen from the bases of the
+trunks and have borne nuts, but blight sooner or later destroys those
+sprouts.
+
+Chinkapins are found in many counties of Virginia, especially on shale
+or sandy loam soils. Blight affects chinkapins to a considerable extent;
+but because of their bushy type of growth, new shoots arise to replace
+blighted shoots, thus perpetuating the plants so that they have not died
+out. Chinkapins are gathered by children for eating and for sale along
+the roadside, but at present they have little total economic value.
+
+
++The Asiatic Chestnuts+
+
+Since the native American chestnuts passed out of existence, there has
+been a gradually accumulating interest in the Asiatic species,
+especially Chinese chestnuts, which appear superior, in blight
+resistance and nut quality to the Japanese species. The growing of these
+Chinese chestnuts is such a new enterprise that its problems are not
+fully solved nor its opportunities fully explored.
+
+The earlier plantings of seedling Chinese chestnut trees were made by
+cooperating growers and nurserymen. They were interested in a forest
+type chestnut that might replace the dead native trees. A few of these
+plantings were made under semi-forest conditions, on cut-over timber
+land or on dry ridges. The first lesson that was learned was that the
+Chinese chestnut is an orchard type tree requiring rather fertile soil
+and ample moisture. It would not compete favorably with most native
+forest trees, but rather was a slow growing, shallow rooted type of
+tree. Under these unfavorable growing conditions the trees tended to be
+small and to sprout from the bases of the trunks. The weakest seedlings
+died.
+
+In other cases the trees were planted in yards, back lots, along the
+sides of ravines, or in other locations where the soil was fertile and
+moist. Under these favorable conditions most seedlings have grown and
+produced crops of nuts, especially when the trees were pruned and
+competing weeds and brush were mowed. Very few of these first seedlings
+of the Chinese chestnuts showed much promise although a few of them were
+fairly satisfactory.
+
+Several old Japanese chestnut trees have been observed. One of these is
+estimated to be 50 years of age with a trunk diameter of 18 inches and a
+height of about 50 feet. It is growing in a very fertile spot and heavy
+crops in the past have broken its limbs. Chinkapins growing nearby
+appeared to have supplied pollen. Recently the nearest chinkapins were
+cleared away and hence at present the nuts fail to fill well. Another
+large tree in eastern Virginia produces many burs but the nuts fail to
+develop, indicating self-sterility. The nuts of both trees are rather
+coarse and of poor quality.
+
+More recent plantings have been rather widely scattered over the state,
+although the total number of trees is not large and no one person has
+planted many trees. One large general nursery, serving this area,
+reported sales last spring of 196 Chinese seedling trees to thirty-five
+different customers. The largest single sale was for fifty trees.
+Several customers purchased only one tree each.
+
+
++Problems Encountered+
+
+In visiting and corresponding with individuals who are growing Chinese
+chestnuts, I have made a few observations, as to problems that have
+arisen.
+
++1. Site and Soil.+ The most successful trees from the standpoint of
+growth and production were those growing on fertile, well drained soil
+in which moisture was plentiful. The Chinese chestnut tree appears to be
+shallow rooted and to require good growing conditions. Dry ridges were
+unfavorable for growth, and in bottom land the trees frequently were
+subjected to late spring freezing of tender shoots.
+
+2. Blight injury to the trees and weevil damage to the nuts seemed to be
+the most serious enemies of chestnuts. Seedlings varied considerably in
+their resistance to blight. Some of them showed no indications of
+blight; others were damaged but outgrew the injury; and a few trees were
+weakened and died.
+
+Weevils appeared to be quite prevalent. One grower reported almost 100%
+wormy nuts. It is my understanding that a spray program has been
+developed for control of the weevil. Mr. H. F. Stoke of Roanoke believes
+that the Illinois No. 31-4 chestnut (a hybrid) is resistant to weevil,
+probably because of its thick burs and closely set spines.
+
++3. Cultural Care.+ Chinese chestnuts benefited from pruning; it being
+especially important to cut away the sprouts at the bases of the trunks.
+Mowing weeds and brush around the trees seemed helpful. Applications of
+nitrate of soda stimulated more rapid growth of young trees, and in
+limited amounts benefited the older trees. It appears, however, that
+there may be a danger of overstimulation which increases the hazard of
+limb breakage by snow and ice, especially in the case of younger trees.
+The largest crops of nuts, however, were frequently produced on trees of
+only moderate vigor.
+
++4. Freezing damage to the bark of the trunks and large limbs.+ This
+occurred in the VPI Horticultural Department planting in 1945, when a
+temperature of about 17°F. occurred after the trees had started growth
+in the spring. This injury appeared as a darkening of the outer bark and
+cambium. Trees that were severely damaged became weakened and tended to
+sprout vigorously from the bases of their trunks. Other trees overcame a
+slight injury with little apparent ill-effect.
+
++5. Seedlings or Varieties.+ The question is whether to grow seedlings or
+grafted varieties. Seedlings are more easily propagated, the nursery
+plants less expensive, and the trees longer lived on the average; but
+seedling trees and nuts are quite variable. Named varieties are
+difficult to propagate, the nursery plants expensive, and stock-scion
+incompatability may occur; but the trees and nuts are uniform. Seedlings
+serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties; but with more
+planting of superior varieties and a fuller understanding of propagation
+methods, and of cultural care, chestnut growing on a commercial scale
+may be more likely to become a reality.
+
+
++Future Prospects+
+
+For the present, at least, it appears that growing Chinese chestnuts may
+be limited to small specialty plantings rather than any large commercial
+enterprise. The trees seem well adapted to yard and back lot planting
+as ornamentals and to furnish the family with nuts. Also hobbyists and
+specialists find them to be interesting plants with which to work.
+
+The industry is new and involves uncertainties and risks, which a
+commercial grower should not be expected to assume. Further study is
+needed to clear up the uncertainties, especially as to production costs,
+markets, and profits to be expected. As additional trees come into
+bearing over a wider area, a better understanding may be had of the
+economic value of these chestnuts in the various sections of the state.
+There is a market for high quality chestnuts, but it remains to be seen
+whether there will be sufficient profit with the risks involved to
+attract commercial growers.
+
+
++Summary+
+
+In conclusion, the following points are to be stressed in regard to
+growing chestnuts in Virginia:
+
+(1) Chinese chestnuts are adapted for home planting or for planting by
+hobbyists and specialists; but their commercial prospects as yet are
+uncertain.
+
+(2) The trees require fertile soil with ample moisture but should not be
+planted in frost pockets.
+
+(3) Weevils and blight have been the most serious pests.
+
+(4) Seedlings serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties; but
+greater progress should be expected from growing superior named
+varieties.
+
+(5) Additional study is needed to determine the profit prospects, to
+evaluate varieties, and to work out details of cultural practices,
+harvesting, and storage of nuts on a variety basis.
+
+Although the chestnut blight has destroyed the native _Castanea dentata_
+trees, it is hoped that breeding programs may produce a blight
+resistant, hardy tree, of a size that will lend itself to orchard
+planting and cultural practices, and which will be regularly productive
+of high quality nuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Moore.
+
+The next thing on the program is the talk by Mr. G. S. Jones of Phenix
+City, Alabama, on Growing Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama.
+
+
+
+
+Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama
+
+G. S. JONES, R.F.D. 1, Phenix City, Alabama
+
+
+Ever since childhood, chestnuts have held a fascination for me. How well
+I remember the delightful Sunday afternoon trips we used to make in the
+fall up on Earkett's Hill to gather a few small nuts from some native
+trees which often had been burned by woods fires. I occasionally revisit
+this area to see these trees, which are in better condition now than
+then. Native chestnuts were never, to my knowledge, very abundant in our
+area and are now indeed scarce, but I still hear of a few living trees,
+some of which grow as far south as North Florida.
+
+I first became interested in Chinese chestnuts from an article I read in
+the early '30's in a Department of Agriculture yearbook which I think
+had been written by Mr. Gravatt. This article told about these trees
+being introduced into this country because of their high resistance to
+blight. Until this time I had heard little about chestnut blight. In
+order to find out more about these trees I wrote Mr. Gravatt, who in
+reply said seedling trees were available for distribution on an
+experimental basis. I applied for some of these, more, I must admit, to
+get them to grow on our place just to have some chestnuts than with any
+thought of disease resistance. When these trees came in the spring of
+1934 I even had some trouble in getting permission to set them in an
+open field near the house, for chestnuts were considered as a tree of
+minor importance, to be grown in some out of the way place.
+
+These trees were set in sandy loam soil with a porous yellow subsoil in
+a field of medium elevation which has excellent air drainage so I have
+had little damage from cold injury. The soil is of fair fertility for
+the Upper Costal Plain area. Of the trees sent me, fourteen of the ML
+selection, originating, I am informed by Mr. Gravatt, from seed obtained
+in Anhwei Province of China, and 10 MO selection originating in Chekiang
+Province were set in my orchard. Only two of these failed to survive,
+leaving a total of twenty-two. These were cultivated with the field
+crops, mostly cotton and corn, and I must admit didn't have much
+individual attention for several years. I even left the side branches to
+minimize injury from the mule and plow used in cultivation. Some leaves
+and trash were put around them at times and they received some benefit
+from the fertilizer of the row crops. I mention this to show that my
+chestnuts grew quite well though only moderately fertilized, but
+receiving good cultivation while young. I might mention that I set two
+trees in stiff Piedmont clay soil a few miles above here, to try them
+under woodland conditions. These have never done well, although one had
+burs but I found no nuts. Other trees which I observe have not been
+given cultivation grow very slowly, although I have not seen any tried
+on what I would consider _good_ woodland areas.
+
+My trees, spaced about 40 x 40 ft., have grown quite rapidly so that now
+some of the limbs are almost touching. Tree ML No. 2, which is about
+average size, measured last fall in diameter 12-1/2 inches, in height 24
+feet, with a limb spread of 30 feet. By 1943 the trees were getting so
+large that cultivation was discontinued. An attempt is made to keep all
+litter possible in the orchard, which, with the shade of the trees, has
+caused much of the soil to become loose and mellow. Since our sandy soil
+is very low in calcium I applied limestone one time at the rate of about
+1500 lbs. per acre. This I hoped would improve the texture of the soil
+and make better conditions for growing bur clover between the trees.
+Basic slag which contains about 10% phosphate was applied at the rate of
+about 600 lbs. per acre in the early '40's. For the last four or five
+years I applied about 200 lbs. of guano (4-10-7 usually) and 200 lbs of
+basic slag annually. Since 1944 I have been adding about 50 lbs. of
+minor mineral elements to the above mixture. Whether it is a coincidence
+or not I cannot say, but the next year after applying these elements my
+yields increased from 430 lbs. the previous year to 961 lbs. and have
+remained high ever since. Minor mineral elements show beneficial results
+on our garden crops, and I am inclined to believe they are needed, since
+our soil is so sandy and porous, and especially the soil that has been
+cultivated so long. Since my trees have produced so well with this
+moderate fertilization, I have made no check against higher rates of
+application. In fact I am against the use of large amounts of mineral
+guanos since I know certain tender shrubs and plants are injured by
+their use and some soil bacteria and animal life are also harmfully
+affected, according to reports I have read.
+
+Three of my trees bore a few nuts at four years. No record of yields was
+kept until the seventh year or 1942, in which I gathered about 328 lbs.
+of nuts. After that my records show for 1943, 554 lbs., 1944--430 lbs;
+1945--961 lbs; 1946--1722 lbs; 1947--1554 lbs. No individual tree
+records were kept except in a few cases. I kept a rough record by
+looking at the burs at the end of the season, and classed trees as
+excellent, good, or poor producers, along with other characteristics of
+the trees. However, I know several of my trees produced over 100 lbs.
+each in 1946 and one tree, ML No. 2, of which I kept a record by weight,
+in 1947 produced a little over 150 lbs. of nuts.
+
+[A note from Mr. Jones early in 1949 reports a crop of 1,836 pounds of
+chestnuts harvested from his 21 trees in 1948, the largest yield to
+date. His ML No. 2 tree produced 165 pounds.]
+
+Nuts on a few of my trees begin ripening the latter part of August, but
+September is the heavy month, with some extending to the middle of
+October. Their early ripening period while the weather is usually hot
+and dry, I think tends to cause damage to nuts from the effects of the
+hot sun and rapid drying. Damage to the nuts and consequent spoilage can
+be kept at a minimum if they are gathered promptly, which should be
+daily.
+
+
++Preparing Chestnuts for Market+
+
+Here is how I generally handle my crop. As soon as the nuts are gathered
+I put them in a container with water and remove the nuts that float.
+This eliminates practically all spoiled nuts and those beginning to
+spoil. Those that sink are then placed in coarse mesh burlap bags (about
+25 lbs. to the bag) which are tied near the top. These bags are laid on
+a slatted platform under a shade tree and pressed out flat, so nuts will
+not be thicker than 2 or 3 inches. These bags are thoroughly wet with
+water once or twice daily, depending on the weather, until I can carry
+them to cold storage and store at 30°F., or they are marketed fresh,
+advising buyer of the perishable nature of these nuts. Last year my nuts
+kept excellently in cold storage, and after remaining there about six
+weeks had dried sufficiently to keep much better after taking out than
+when they were fresh.
+
+Nuts for planting purposes can be kept in excellent condition for
+several weeks by spreading them thinly between layers of damp sphagnum
+moss and storing in a cool place. This cannot be allowed to get very wet
+or sprouting will begin. While holding the nuts out of cold storage I
+attempt to keep sufficient moisture available so the nuts are not
+allowed to dry much, and yet have plenty of ventilation to keep them
+from heating or souring. Until I began using this method, a large
+percentage of my nuts began spoiling soon after gathering, which caused
+me much discouragement, as I did not want to offer such a product for
+sale. Since then my losses still run around 12%, but this could be
+reduced still further by more prompt gathering and by the elimination of
+several trees which retain nuts in the burs to a large extent.
+
+I have been able to dispose of my nuts quite easily in near-by Columbus,
+Ga. and for the last few years have had quite a demand for nuts to use
+in planting.
+
+My orchard as a whole has been very healthy, showing no blight signs
+that I can detect, although there is little chance of exposure to blight
+in my section. One tree is slowly dying, which may be due to cold
+injury, as it comes into leaf early and also ripens very early. So far I
+have noticed no damage from chestnut weevils. As my trees are seedlings,
+there is quite a bit of variation in size of nuts and production of
+individual trees.
+
+
++Undesirable Traits in Seedling Trees+
+
+I might mention some undesirable traits which I notice in my trees.
+First, I would place retention of nuts in the burs as the worst trouble.
+This is quite bad in five or six of my trees. Next, nuts too dry and
+loose in the hull at time of falling, which is present in four or five
+trees, some of which retain nuts in the burs and some which do not. The
+dry textured nuts seem to spoil more easily than plump well filled ones.
+Some trees produce too small nuts but the trees which produce extra
+large nuts do not usually yield nearly so heavily as those producing
+small to medium size nuts. I consider too early ripening as undesirable,
+for those that ripen later are usually better keepers, but this does not
+always hold true as some of the later ripening ones are also poor
+keepers.
+
+This year my trees have an excellent crop of burs and show promise of a
+good average yield on each tree. Considering all things, I am highly
+pleased with my Chinese chestnuts and believe they have a good future in
+our section if no greater troubles arise than I now know of although
+there is much room for improvement.
+
+
++Other Tree Crops+
+
+Although Chinese chestnuts are my largest producing tree crop, I am
+working with a number of other trees and shrubs for both nut and fruit
+production, as well as other purposes. I have several Thomas black
+walnuts which I set about 1938. Three of these have grown quite rapidly
+and are beginning to produce nice crops of nuts, although the kernels
+have a tendency to be spongy at times.
+
+Of course, I have a small orchard of budded pecans, which do so well in
+our section. These trees, which are young, are just coming into
+production. Some other nut trees which I am trying in field plantings
+include native chestnuts, chinkapins, hazel nuts, native black walnuts,
+and scaly bark hickory (_Carya ovata_). Since most of these are young
+and grow so slowly, I cannot say much about their production yet. I have
+also planted quite a large number of white oaks from a high production
+tree in hopes of producing acorns for hogs and wild life, also some cork
+oaks on an experimental basis.
+
+Among non-nut producers I am trying honeylocust, persimmons, and
+mulberries. I also grow catalpa and black locust for fence posts. This
+makes no mention of the great variety of native timber trees such as
+pines, tulip poplar, and others which I try to protect from fires so as
+to get as great a variety of trees as possible to use for various
+purposes. I also encourage the growth of ornamental trees and shrubs
+such as dogwood, redbud, and holly to add beauty to the landscape in
+season.
+
+Dr. J. Russell Smith's book, "Tree Crops" has been a great inspiration
+to me along these lines, and I am attempting to study and use as many
+trees, shrubs, and plants here on my place as possible because I
+believe we can live easier and better and make better use of the land
+both for ourselves and nature when we learn how to use our various
+native plants to the best advantage along with many of the exotic ones.
+
+I might end by saying that I would much rather work in the shade of
+trees than in the open sun and benefit by their long life and varied
+uses than to depend so heavily on short lived crops which often require
+such intensive care.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Jones. A very interesting paper with
+details that are worth listening to.
+
+Professor J. C. Moore of the Department of Horticulture, Alabama
+Polytechnic Institute, will give us a talk on Processed Chestnuts on the
+Market throughout the Year.
+
+
+
+
+Processed Chestnuts on the Market throughout the Year
+
+J. C. MOORE, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.
+
+
+Professor Moore: Mr. President, members of the Association: I have a few
+packages here that I just wanted to pass around after we get through
+with a short discourse on processed chestnuts. It might be somewhat of
+an inspiration to look while I talk a few minutes about it.
+
+These nuts, of course, have been put up from the 1947 crop, but I have
+nuts put up in 1945 that are still in fair shape. The quality on the
+1945 product is not too good. The quality on the 1947 product is
+excellent when the nut is hot. For instance, a toasted chestnut, I
+think, has a quality that no other nut has. When the nut sits in a bag
+sealed for several weeks and gets cold it still is good, but it doesn't
+have quite the crispness that it has when it is really fresh and hot.
+
+We were very much disappointed with Chinese chestnuts when they first
+began to bear at Auburn. We got some plants from Mr. Gravatt and the
+Bureau of Plant Industry in Beltsville in 1938. They were planted; some
+of them started bearing in 1941. The nuts were large in size; the trees
+seemed to be perfectly healthy. The early bearing habit gave us a great
+deal of encouragement. Then we sampled these nuts, and the quality was
+not good. While the nuts were green and in storage the nuts decomposed
+in just a few days' time.
+
+The first nuts that we harvested in 1941 were picked, placed in paper
+bags, set in the office, and we forgot about them, because they were not
+good when we put them in the bags, and we just put them back for our
+record purposes. A few days afterwards they were moldy and ruined. In
+1942 we had a little better crop, but again the nuts rotted. In 1943 we
+had a still larger crop, and the nuts rotted again. We did not know how
+to take care of those nuts at the time.
+
+In 1944 Mr. L. S. Holden was with the Soil Conservation Service. He was
+transferred to Auburn at the time I was transferred down into Haiti to
+do some work on rubber production, and he took my place at Auburn on the
+hillculture project. In the fall of 1944 Mr. Holden had an idea that he
+could can those chestnuts and preserve them. So he took the nuts,
+cracked the hull off of the nut, ground it with a little food chopper,
+and placed the nuts in cans, pints and quarts, put them in a pressure
+cooker at 15 pounds pressure and cooked them for 15 minutes.
+
+During the fall of 1944, or after the crop was produced, Mr. Holden left
+Auburn, and he told me when he left that he had sent some of the samples
+to different parts of the United States and had gotten favorable replies
+from the samples that he had sent out. That gave me a renewed courage,
+and along with that in 1945 we sold quite a few raw nuts on the market
+at Auburn. Those nuts sold just like hot cakes for 40 cents a pound.
+There were quite a few comments came back to us about those nuts. They
+were the most beautiful nuts the people had ever seen, and several
+different ones made comments that the nuts toasted had excellent quality
+and the nuts boiled had excellent quality, and raw nuts after they were
+cured had an excellent quality.
+
+Those few different peoples comment on the material and Mr. Holden's
+work that he had done on canning gave me an idea that maybe he had
+something, and I have worked since that time trying to perfect a product
+that would be edible from the hand from a cellophane-bag standpoint. At
+the present time we have a plan worked out whereby we can produce large
+quantities of Chinese chestnuts in Alabama.
+
+The thing that is going to confront us in the near future is the
+marketing possibility. We have to handle Chinese chestnuts rapidly if we
+put them on the market raw. This processed method that we have has been
+worked out to perfection, we think, for cold storage purposes.
+
+Now, you can put Chinese chestnuts raw in cellophane bags and seal them
+with a hot iron. These bags are not sealed. It is a non-sealable
+cellophane. I didn't get hold of the type of cellophane that you can
+seal. They are unsealed. They have been in this package about a week,
+and the nuts are in good shape. On cold storage I have held those nuts
+for 40 days. Last year was the first time that I tried them in sealed
+cellophane, but sealed in cellophane bags in cold storage last year they
+remained perfectly good for 40 days. At that time the cold storage plant
+went bad, and, of course, the nuts molded.
+
+We think that on the cold storage proposition, and if you have followed
+food processing and cold storage possibilities on strawberry shortcake,
+strawberry pies, apple pies and other types of cold storage products, I
+think when you go to the locker and pick out a little bag of lima beans
+in a cold storage locker or any other kind of cold packed foods, if you
+see a pack that looks attractive, chestnuts, after you get accustomed to
+their flavor especially, it will be a difficult thing for you to fail to
+pick up a bag of chestnuts and walk out with them among your other
+grocery purchases. That type of marketing has possibilities throughout
+the year.
+
+With that possibility from last year this crop came in. We had an
+excellent crop. I contacted Mr. Harris, who is one of the professors
+working with food processing at Auburn, and we went over the work quite
+carefully together, what I had done and the possibilities for the work
+in the future, and with some suggestions from him and with his help we
+think we have just about fixed a product that will be a permanent thing
+on the grocery shelves throughout the year.
+
+Up to the present time all of the nuts that were canned in cans with the
+shells on developed throughout the year somewhat of a soured condition.
+When you opened the can and smelled, the odor was foul. When you cracked
+the shell and tasted the nut, the flesh had just the least bit of a foul
+odor. Mr. Harris suggested that probably that was a flat sour. We
+weren't sure that it was flat sour, but we haven't had the bacteria
+check to find out whether it was caused by one of the thermophilic
+bacteria or not, but we are pretty confident that it was a flat sour
+that caused the foul odor. With careful heating and careful drying we
+have developed some products here that I think have a possibility, and
+these products will maintain their quality throughout the year.
+
+
++Nuts Cured Before Canning+
+
+I have canned chestnuts that have been canned for three years, and the
+quality is just as good as it was a month after they were canned. The
+product, however, when it is canned green does not have the quality that
+it does when it is canned after curing. The way we handle these, to
+begin with, is to take the nuts from the field, put them on a woven wire
+and elevate the wire so that air can go under and over, cure at room
+temperature for about three days. If you cure longer than three days you
+will lose quite a few of your nuts. That is a rapid cure. We have not
+tried curing under cooler conditions to see if we can eliminate part of
+the damage that is caused by deterioration, but curing the nuts rapidly
+you get a deterioration on quite a few of the nuts after the third or
+fourth day. If you take the raw nuts three days cured rapidly where the
+air can circulate over and under, the quality is excellent raw, and I
+have those nuts cured for three days in cellophane bags on cold storage
+that can be sold throughout the year. Those nuts must be heated enough
+to stop the deterioration, whatever it is. It may be a physiological
+condition, I am not sure, it may be a vitamin reaction, I am not sure,
+but when the nut dries too fast it turns white on the inside, gets hard,
+loses its flavor, and it is no good.
+
+This nut (indicating) canned in cans, I will give you the treatment for
+it. I told you we cured them on those drying racks for three days. Then
+we put them in a pressure cooker and run the temperature up to about 10
+pounds pressure for 30 minutes, take them out of the pressure cooker and
+hull them, and at that stage they hull quite easily. The hull itself
+will turn loose from the nut quite easily if you heat it a little while
+before you try to hull. A machine which can thresh the hulls off very
+easily will be simple to develop. After the shell is taken off, then
+they are put in an oven (a drying oven that has an automatic control at
+270 degrees), for about 10 minutes in order to evaporate the excess
+moisture that you get in the steaming process. Then they are put in the
+cans hot, set back into the oven and heated for just a few moments to
+get your temperature up again and you put lids on at a boiling
+temperature. You get quite a vacuum created by sealing them hot. We have
+had as high as fourteen and a half pounds of vacuum on those cans the
+third day after they were canned, and if you can get a vacuum like that
+by sealing the nuts hot, you can preserve their quality for a long
+period.
+
+I don't care if you open any bag that's here and taste these products.
+You will find that the ones with the shells off are much better than the
+ones with the shells on. I believe you will find that. However, the
+quality of the nut with the shell on is excellent.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Hardy and some chestnuts prepared for storage
+(Courtesy Southern Agriculturist)]
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Growing in the Southeast
+
+Max B. Hardy,[2] Leeland Farms, Leesburg, Ga.
+
+
++Introduction+
+
+Just about forty years ago the first blight resistant chestnuts were
+introduced into the Southeast. This event was to have more far-reaching
+effects than could be foreseen at that time, as is illustrated by the
+present extensive interest in the growing of these chestnuts as an
+orchard crop.
+
+Chestnut blight, a fungus disease of the native American chestnut
+(_Castanea dentata_ (Marsh) Borkh), first appeared on Long Island in
+1904 and destroyed this magnificent nut and timber tree. A Phytophthora
+root disease added its toll so that a bearing tree of this species is a
+rarity in the East at the present time. The U. S. Department of
+Agriculture began making introductions of two species of chestnut from
+the Orient in 1906, both of which were resistant to the blight which was
+then destroying the native American chestnut. Of the two species, the
+Japanese chestnut (_C. crenata_ Sieb. and Zuce.) and the Chinese
+chestnut (_C. mollissima_ Bl.), only the latter proved to have much
+merit other than blight resistance and chestnut growing in the eastern
+United States in recent years has been confined almost entirely to the
+Chinese chestnut.
+
+About twenty-five years ago, after the first introduction from the
+Orient of seed nuts of blight resistant chestnut species, the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture distributed a few seedling trees to various
+interested growers in the Southeast. Some of these trees are still
+growing and bearing good crops of nuts and have reached rather large
+size. The distribution of trees produced from nuts imported at
+subsequent intervals was continued by the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture until rather widely scattered planting of several species
+under varied soil, climatic, and cultural conditions was attained. As
+time passed it became clear that only the Chinese chestnut had promise
+as a commercial crop for the production of nuts. As a timber tree none
+of the introduced species has as yet shown outstanding merit.
+
+[Footnote 2: Formerly Associate Pomologist, U. S. Pecan Field Station,
+U. S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Georgia.]
+
++General Observations+
+
+The Chinese chestnut grows well throughout the southern part of the
+natural range of the American chestnut and southward to the Gulf Coast,
+and possibly even into central Florida. Farther north it apparently
+grows and produces better crops along the Atlantic Coast than inland,
+thus indicating the need of this species for a long growing season and
+freedom from late spring and early fall frosts. In the plantings in
+Georgia, from Atlanta to the southward, no loss of crop from late spring
+frosts has ever been noted. In the Gulf States and northward along the
+Atlantic seaboard the Chinese chestnut tree is vigorous, healthy, and
+productive, coming into bearing at a fairly early age and thereafter
+producing regular crops. The trees grow to be rather large in size,
+developing a somewhat rounded form with a spread of branches about equal
+to the height. Without pruning when young many sprouts usually develop
+near the ground so that the mature tree has numerous trunks of about
+equal size, with the lower lateral branches resting on the ground.
+
+Nearly all of the Chinese chestnut trees being grown at the present time
+are seedlings and exhibit a wide range of tree and nut characteristics.
+A few trees develop a somewhat more upright type of growth than that
+commonly seen, but this type is generally less productive than trees of
+more spreading habit, and the nuts are smaller and less desirable. Some
+trees showing the most upright type of growth originated from nuts
+imported from the more northern provinces of China and may represent a
+distinct strain or form of _Castanea mollissima_. The degree of
+incompatibility exhibited when southern China strains are grafted on
+northern China strains would indicate the same conclusion.
+Unfortunately, several different species or strains have been included
+in the plantings of most cooperators with the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture so that seedlings resulting from cross-pollination of these
+types may exhibit an even wider range of characteristics and performance
+from the standpoint of commercial production than is commonly seen at
+present. A few of these hybrids may be superior to pure _C. mollissima
+seedlings_ in certain important respects because of hybrid vigor, but
+taken as a whole the best types of _C. mollissima_ seedlings are
+superior to the other blight resistant species for purposes of nut
+production.
+
+The earliest introductions of blight resistant chestnuts from the Orient
+are represented by very few trees in the Southeast, but a small number
+of plantings of trees distributed in 1926 have been observed. These are
+producing good nuts and the trees are quite healthy, regardless of
+conditions of planting except when they have been given no attention of
+any kind. In one planting the trees were planted about 10 feet apart on
+the square with the result that they are tall and spindly with nut
+production only in the tops and very light on a per tree basis, which
+indicates the need of adequate spacing if the trees are to be vigorous
+and productive. Incidentally, this close spacing has not resulted in a
+desirable timber type of growth.
+
+In two other plantings the trees are planted in cleared areas in
+cut-over timber and then given no further attention. In both locations a
+few trees are still living but are of no value either for timber or nut
+production. In still another planting on a bench about halfway up a
+mountain, where infrequent cultivation or mowing is practiced, the trees
+are growing and producing moderately well but the nuts are small. A few
+other scattered plantings of a few trees each are doing well around
+homes though receiving only moderately good care.
+
+The distribution of trees by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1935
+and 1937 has resulted in a few plantings that have done moderately well.
+In one planting the trees are growing fairly well without care but are
+producing few nuts. In another planting the trees are planted on rather
+heavy soil that is terraced; they are given applications of commercial
+fertilizers and infrequent cultivations and have been producing fairly
+good crops of nuts in recent years. Still another planting of a
+considerable number of trees has been entirely removed through lack of
+interest of the new owner. The plantings described have all been on
+private property.
+
+Plantings at various experiment stations have received somewhat more
+attention in general than those on private property; but because of lack
+of keeping quality of the nuts have not for the most part been accepted
+as a promising crop and have been the subject of very little study.
+
+From the foregoing observations it is evident that the Chinese chestnut
+cannot withstand the effects of crowding either in a solid planting or
+in competition with native growth. The trees have performed moderately
+well with a minimum of care, but respond to good care by increased
+production and nut size. The rotting of the nuts soon after harvest as a
+result of improper methods of handling and storage has prevented an
+earlier acceptance of the crop as of potential economic importance in
+the Southeast.
+
+
++Experimental Studies at the U. S. Pecan Field Station, Albany, Georgia+
+
+In 1926, twenty-eight seedling trees of _Castanea mollissima_ were
+planted in the Champion experimental block at Philema, near Albany,
+Georgia. These trees grew well and began producing nuts in 1932. In
+1935, an additional 16 trees were planted in the same block. The trees
+in both plantings have shown good vegetative vigor and have been fairly
+productive. All the variations common to any group of Chinese chestnut
+seedling trees have been in evidence. One or two trees have lacked
+vegetative vigor but have produced heavy crops of nuts for their size.
+Type of bur opening has varied from free dropping of nuts to those burs
+from which the nuts are removed with difficulty; nut size has varied
+from about 35 to about 90 nuts per pound; the date of earliest and
+latest ripening of the nuts varies by about three weeks; nut color has
+ranged from light browns to dark mahogany and dark chocolate brown; and
+keeping quality and eating quality have ranged from good to poor.
+However, nut production, as shown by the data presented in Table I has
+been good and nut quality has been acceptable, so that with increasing
+knowledge of the storage requirements of the nuts the trees have paid a
+good profit in recent years. One of the older trees has consistently
+produced close to 150 pounds of nuts each year for the past few years.
+
+Some of the trees in this planting have been topworked to selections
+from other plantings, including the variety Carr which showed up very
+poorly in comparison with most of the seedlings. Some of the trees have
+been culled out because of poor yield or nut size; and some have died as
+a result of poor drainage.
+
+An additional planting at Philema in the Brown tract was made in 1938.
+The trees were planted in a portion of a five-acre block at some
+distance from the original plantings, with a spacing of 25 feet apart on
+the square in soil of rather light and sandy texture with fair subsoil
+drainage. The fertility was low but has been improved through the use of
+winter leguminous green manure crops and commercial fertilizers. Some of
+the trees planted consisted of trees grown from carefully selected
+_Castanea mollissima_ nuts imported from south China and designated by
+the initials MBA, MAY, MAZ, and MAX. Others carried the designating
+letters of "FP." The nuts from which these trees were grown were
+imported by the Division of Forest Pathology of the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture which also grew and distributed the trees. Still others were
+selections of _C. crenata_, the Japanese chestnut; and _C. mollissima_
+selections from an experimental planting in California were also
+included. In 1940 the remainder of the five-acre block was planted with
+trees grown from seed produced by the original Philema planting.
+
+
+Table I. Summary of chestnut yields at Philema, Georgia.
+
+
+   ______________________________________________________
+                          |                              |
+                          |         HARVEST DATA         |
+                          |______________________________|
+                          |                              |
+                          |   1926 and 1935 Planting[3]  |
+                  Length  |______________________________|
+          Date    Harvest |                              |
+   Year  Harvest  Period  | Yield   No. Trees  Av. Yield |
+          Began   in Days | in Lbs.  Bearing   per Tree  |
+   _______________________|______________________________|
+                          |                              |
+   1932                   |    14        3         4.7   |
+   1933                   |     7        7         1.0   |
+   1934                   |    80       16         5.0   |
+   1935    8-29      22   |   222       22        10.1   |
+   1936    8-26      33   |   379       25        15.1   |
+   1937    8-26      37   |   278       18        15.4   |
+   1938    8- 6      42   |   480       21        22.9   |
+   1939    8-15      42   |   995       26        38.3   |
+   1940    8-27      38   |   740       34        21.8   |
+   1941    8-14      51   | 1,467       38        38.6   |
+   1942    9- 3      41   |   876       32        27.4   |
+   1943    9- 9      26   | 1,335       38        25.1   |
+   1944    8-15      44   |   560       29        19.3   |
+   1945    8-18      34   | 1,450       27        53.7   |
+   1946    8-20      41   | 1,455       28        52.0   |
+   1947    8-26      43   | 1,975       27        73.1   |
+   _______________________|______________________________|
+
+   _______________________________________________________________
+                          |
+                          |              HARVEST DATA
+                          |_______________________________________
+                          |
+                          |       1938 and 1940 Planting[4]
+                  Length  |_______________________________________
+          Date    Harvest |
+   Year  Harvest  Period  | Yield   No. Trees  Av. Yield  Range in
+          Began   in Days | in Lbs.  Bearing   per Tree    Yields
+   _______________________|_______________________________________
+                          |
+   1941    8-14      51   |     44      63          .7    .1-6.9
+   1942    9- 3      41   |     30      46          .7    .1-5.2
+   1943    9- 9      26   |    357     108         3.3    .1-29.7
+   1944    8-15      44   |    716     136         5.3    .1-37.0
+   1945    8-18      34   |  3,025     208        14.6    .1-50.7
+   1946    8-20      41   |  1,447     173         8.4    .1-48.3
+   1947    8-26      43   |  6,615     188        35.2    .1-108.5
+   _______________________|_______________________________________
+
+[Footnote 3: 28 trees planted in 1926 and 16 planted in 1935, at spacing
+of 25 to 40 feet.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 274 trees planted in 1938 and 60 in 1940, at spacing of 25
+feet on square.]
+
+The yield's produced in the 1938 planting have been outstanding, as
+indicated by the data in Table I, The trees began bearing when younger
+and developed heavier production than those of the 1926 planting,
+whether judged by age of tree or years of bearing. Many of the trees
+have produced nuts of outstanding size, attractiveness, eating quality,
+and keeping quality. There has been the usual degree of variation common
+to any collection of seedlings, but the best trees in this planting have
+been superior to any previously seen. Nut size has varied from 23 to
+more than 100 to the pound; the color of the nuts has varied from light
+tan to deep mahogany, and a few are nearly black. All have been of good
+eating quality. The keeping quality has varied materially, some keeping
+very well and others quite poorly.
+
+Bur opening, has likewise varied so that at one extreme the nuts drop
+entirely free from the burs on some trees and at the other extreme the
+burs drop with the nuts in them and considerable work is required to
+remove the nuts. It is out of this group of trees that the three
+seedlings have been selected that the U. S. Department of Agriculture is
+considering worthy of variety status. These have not yet been officially
+released and no official description is yet available. The yield data
+for these three selected Seedlings are given in Table II.
+
+ Table II. Yield data by years, of three seedlings tentatively proposed for
+ variety status, Philema, Georgia.
+
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Tree Proposed       Yield in Pounds by Years       Total yield   No. Nuts
+                                                      (in Lbs.)    per Lb.
+              ---------------------------------------
+ No.    Name  1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 from Planting
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 7880[5]Meiling .2       3.6 20.9 36.9 23.9 73.1 36.9   195.5      38-43
+ 7919 Kuling   4.0  3.8  5.8  6.5 13.8 34.2 50.2 38.2   168.5      35-43
+ 7930 Nanking   .1       3.8 28.0 37.8  1.0 87.7 54.6   213.0      30-43
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Footnote 5: Meiling ("Beauty") is the first name of Mme. Chiang
+Kai-shek.]
+
+
+The trees of the "FP" designation and, of other species were grown to
+fruiting, but have since been removed or topworked in entirety because
+of their lack of desirable characteristics and because they produced
+pollen for cross-pollination which would result in undesirable progeny
+when the _Castanea mollissima_ nuts were used for seed. Furthermore, a
+number of trees of the three-letter designations have been removed or
+topworked because they produced very small nuts, or showed poor keeping
+quality, or because of some other undesirable characteristic. Therefore,
+the nuts now being produced in this experimental orchard are of pure _C.
+mollissima_ inheritance of the best type, and, as such, represent some
+of the best and purest seed nuts available in this country today. This
+procedure is being continued so as to maintain the quality of the nuts
+for seed purposes at its present standard.
+
+Unfortunately, many of the nuts offered in the general trade for seed
+purposes at the present time are coming from orchards composed of a
+mixture of species or types comparable to the 1938 Philema planting
+before culling. This is very undesirable because of the great
+variability in the nuts produced by trees with such an origin. When
+grafted or budded trees of the newer and improved varieties are
+available to orchardists chestnut growing for nut production may be
+based on the same sound practices as the other fruit industries.
+
+In the topworking of "FP" trees at Philema with scions from other
+strains of _Castanea mollissima_ the degree of incompatibility has been
+so great, that the scion tops will have either blown out or died at the
+end of four or five years from grafting. At the present time this
+failure can only be attributed to the fact that the stocks were of mixed
+ancestry. On the other hand, scions of pure _C. mollissima_ placed on
+the same stock strains have made good unions and are entirely normal
+after as long as 13 years from grafting. This problem of incompatibility
+between stock and scion is one that yet remains to be completely solved.
+
+The topworking of trees in the five-acre block at Philema has been
+generally successful where incompatibility is not a problem.
+Bearing-size trees topworked one spring will generally produce a few
+nuts in the second subsequent growing-season. Growth the first year
+after grafting will frequently be as much as 12 feet long and very
+stocky. Both cleft grafting and inlay bark grafting have been practiced,
+the latter method proving to be the more satisfactory from all
+standpoints. In this method of grafting scaffold limbs from 1 to 6
+inches in diameter are cut off square across. Scions 6 to 8 inches long
+are prepared by making a slanting cut 2 to 3 inches long and ending
+about three-fourths through the scion at its basal end. A strip of bark
+just wide and long enough to receive the scion, with about one-half of
+the upper end of the bevel showing above the cut surface of the stub, is
+then removed from the stub. The scion is then nailed into place with
+5/8-inch nails and painted over with melted grafting wax. Two or three
+scions are required for most stubs. This work is done just as growth is
+starting in the spring and the bark is slipping well. The scions may
+generally be cut directly from the trees, but sometimes they may need to
+be cut several days earlier and stored in damp material in a
+refrigerator to keep them dormant.
+
+In south Georgia the Chinese chestnut normally begins growth soon after
+March 1, but in some years it has started as much as a month after this
+date. Between south and north Georgia there is a differential in the
+time growth starts in the spring of one to two weeks. This differential
+also carries over into the date of blossoming and the date the harvest
+period begins. In south Georgia pollination generally occurs during the
+latter part of April and early part of May, and the harvest period
+begins about 100 days later. The peak of harvest averages 185 days after
+the initiation of growth in the spring. Dormancy comes only after the
+first frost sufficiently heavy to kill the leaves, usually about two
+months after nut harvest is completed. This period between harvest and
+leaf fall is undoubtedly an important factor in the annual bearing habit
+of the chestnut in the Southeast since it permits the food reserves in
+the tree to be replenished after the crop is mature. This is true under
+favorable conditions but does not hold under conditions of crowding, low
+soil fertility, or premature defoliation. For best growth and production
+the tree should be in foliage approximately nine months out of the year.
+
+
++ORCHARD MANAGEMENT+
+
+The planting of chestnut trees in the Southeast should be done as soon
+as possible after the trees become dormant in the nursery. They should
+be planted on fertile soil which is well drained but not subject to
+serious drought injury. The Chinese chestnut cannot withstand a high
+water table, or free standing water, but appears to be somewhat
+resistant to drought injury when once well established. The chestnut
+trees have not yet reached an age at which their largest potential size
+has been attained, but trees of 50-foot spread have been observed. It
+appears likely, then, that orchards should be planted at 50 to 60-foot
+distances on the square, unless closer planting and subsequent thinning
+is resorted to in order to build up high nut production per acre at an
+earlier age of the orchard. Planting distances of 25 x 25 feet, 30 x 30
+feet, 25 x 50 feet, and 30 x 60 feet are recommended for this reason,
+but only if the orchardist will plan to thin the stand at 10 to 15 years
+of orchard age and at later intervals as required. In no case should the
+branches of adjacent trees be allowed to touch as under such conditions
+competition between trees will reduce the yield per tree and nut size,
+and induce alternate-year bearing.
+
+In planting the young tree it is usually advisable to fill the hole in
+which the tree is to be set with top soil, packing it firmly around the
+roots as the hole is being filled. Usually no fertilizer is used at the
+time of planting, although mixing about a handful of bone meal with the
+soil around the roots has given a higher percentage of living trees and
+has increased growth the first year. A shallow basin around the tree to
+facilitate watering when necessary during the first growing season, or
+the application of a mulch around the tree, or both, will be helpful in
+obtaining a high percentage of living trees and good growth. Adding
+water at the time of planting is good insurance that the soil will be
+well settled around the roots. A wrap of newspaper tied loosely around
+the trunk of the young tree will aid in preventing winter injury and
+sun-scald.
+
+Under conditions of little or no care the seedling chestnut tree will
+generally develop several trunks as a result of the forcing of multiple
+sprouts from near the ground line. The tree should be trained to one
+trunk, as such a form seems to be less susceptible to winter injury
+while young and makes a much more desirable orchard tree when older.
+Pruning of the young trees subsequent to the development of the head at
+a 4 to 5-foot height should be confined to the removal of crossing
+branches and those so near to the ground as to interfere with the
+necessary cultivation and harvesting work under the tree.
+
+Most soils in the Southeast are somewhat low in fertility and must
+receive good care if chestnuts are to grow well. The annual application
+of commercial fertilizers is generally required as is the growing of a
+winter green manure crop, preferably a legume. One of the most
+satisfactory systems is to plant hairy vetch, Austrian winter peas, or
+blue lupine[6] in late October or early November, applying broadcast at
+the time of planting from 400 to 600 pounds per acre of a 0-14-10 or
+0-14-7 fertilizer mixture. This green manure crop should then be disced
+in by April 15 of the following spring, with subsequent shallow
+cultivations at about six-week intervals through the growing season. The
+ground should be clean by the middle of August to facilitate harvesting
+the nuts. If such a system of culture is not feasible, as on too steep
+slopes or around buildings, mowing or mulching can be used to advantage,
+but the trees must be given annual applications of a complete fertilizer
+mixture, such as 4-8-6, 6-8-8, or 5-7-5. These should be made each year
+about a month before growth starts at a rate of 2 to 3 pounds for each
+year of tree age. This should be broadcast under and slightly beyond the
+spread of the branches.
+
+It has not yet been found necessary to spray the trees for the control
+of any disease or insect. This does not indicate that control measures
+may not be required at some time in the future, for it is the history of
+horticultural crops when planted in any concentration that diseases and
+insects increase in number and degree of injury. As yet, the chestnut
+weevil has not been found at the lower elevations in the Southeast.
+
+In a few plantings a condition causing some premature defoliation has
+been observed at infrequent intervals. The condition begins as a leaf
+scorch which may or may not develop to the point where the leaf drops.
+It is thought to be caused by some mineral deficiency or unbalance
+associated with erratic weather conditions, but the exact cause is yet
+unknown. A leaf spot disease has been observed but has caused no
+appreciable defoliation and no control measures have been thought
+necessary.
+
+[Footnote 6: Blue lupine is winter-hardy only in the warmer coastal
+areas, not adapted north of Columbus, Georgia, Meridian, Mississippi, or
+Shreveport, Louisiana. Ed.]
+
+
++Harvesting and Nut Storage+
+
+Harvesting of Chinese chestnuts has proved to have definite requirements
+if the nuts are to be obtained in the best possible condition. The nuts
+are quite susceptible to rots of several kinds and must be properly
+handled to keep losses at a minimum. They are also very easily and
+quickly injured by exposure to the sun, with the consequent, high
+temperatures and drying. If the nuts are to be stored for any length of
+time, as is necessary when they are to be used for seed purposes and as
+will be necessary when they are to be marketed for eating purposes
+during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday seasons, it is paramount
+that they be picked up from the orchard at not more than two-day
+intervals. Cleaning up all dropped nuts at daily intervals is most
+desirable.
+
+At the end of each day the harvested nuts must be placed in cold storage
+at temperatures between 32°F. and 45°F. It has been found that a nearly
+air-tight container is required in order to maintain a relative humidity
+of 100% and prevent too much drying of the nuts. A 50-pound tin lard can
+with one 20d nail hole in the side near the lid has proven to be a good
+container for large quantities and these same cans also make good
+shipping containers merely by wiring on the lids. One-gallon friction
+top syrup cans with a single nail hole in the side make a good container
+for smaller quantities. In air-tight containers the nuts do not decay
+but germination capacity is quickly destroyed and bitter flavors develop
+quite rapidly. Nuts to be used for eating purposes shortly after harvest
+may be stored at lower relative humidities but should be placed in cold
+storage. A loss of about 15% in weight from the fresh weight of nuts is
+necessary to reach proper eating quality. Nuts dried to this extent are
+sweet and palatable but cannot be stored for any length of time and fail
+to germinate well when planted.
+
+The experimental study of chestnut storage problems is being continued
+with the hope of working out still better methods. The manner of
+marketing chestnuts so that they will reach the consumer in a desirable
+condition also is still to be worked out, but it appears possible that
+retail cold storage and packaging in moisture-proof bags which are
+pervious to CO_{2} and O_{2} give promise at present. Probably the most
+promising aid to an increased storage life of chestnuts will come
+through the selection of trees for propagation and planting that produce
+nuts of superior resistance to storage rots. There is rather great
+variation among seedlings in this respect, some being-quite superior,
+although no completely resistant seedlings have yet been found.
+
+
++Discussion and Conclusions+
+
+The perishable nature of the nuts of the Chinese chestnut has probably
+been the greatest drawback to an earlier acceptance of this crop as an
+adjunct to the horticulture of the Southeast. It has been only in the
+past few years that enough has been learned about the harvesting and
+storage requirements to permit the storing of these chestnuts so that
+they can be marketed in an orderly manner either for eating or for seed
+purposes. Storage losses through periods up to six months have been held
+to less than 10% for a mixture of nuts from all the trees at Philema.
+Storage tests of nuts from individual trees have shown a range in
+keeping quality from no loss after six months' storage to nearly 100%
+loss. By culling out the trees producing nuts with a high rate of
+spoilage under the best storage conditions it should be possible to
+reduce storage losses to a minimum. Every grower of seedling trees
+should follow this same process of culling out or topworking trees
+producing nuts of poor keeping quality if the industry is to grow and
+prosper, since otherwise the offering of spoiled nuts for sale to the
+consumer will soon destroy the demand for the nuts.
+
+There is no question but that the Chinese chestnut tree is very well
+adapted to the Southeast. It has proven to be healthy, vigorous, and
+productive. Yield records at Philema show actual yields of more than
+1,000 pounds per acre and potential average annual yields of 1,500 or
+more pounds per acre are not out of reason. In 1947, in the Brown tract
+at Philema, if all the trees that bore nuts had been collected into a
+solid block the yield per acre would have been nearly 2,500 pounds.
+Crowding of the trees in the Brown tract is becoming serious at 11 years
+of age with a 25 x 25 foot spacing. Alternate-year bearing is becoming
+apparent and the stand of trees must be thinned immediately. Because of
+such potential yields and because rather extended storage of nuts of
+varied keeping quality is now economically possible the future of the
+chestnut industry in the Southeast is very promising.
+
+The selection and propagation of selected seedlings is desirable as a
+means of advancing the industry at a more rapid rate. The propagation of
+selected seedlings offers a problem because of lack of compatibility
+between some stocks and scions. Since the chestnut is almost completely
+cross-pollinated it may be necessary to develop special plantings of two
+or three selections as a source of seed nuts for the production of
+stocks. Such plantings might possibly produce seedlings of quite uniform
+and desirable characteristics, but this prospect, is not very promising.
+Certainly, the evidence points to the conclusion that scion selections
+must be worked on stocks of the same strains if incompatibility is to be
+held at a minimum.
+
+There is a further problem in the propagation of varieties on seedling
+rootstocks in the nursery. Only one propagator appears to be having much
+success in this art but others must learn it. Topworking of older trees
+by the inlay bark graft is generally successful and older seedling
+orchards can be worked over to improved selections without difficulty so
+long as the stocks are of compatible strains. Time will be required to
+work out the details of the solution for this problem but they will be
+worked out.
+
+In the selection of improved seedlings for propagation the strictest
+attention should be paid to the important characteristics of tree
+vigor, precocity, productiveness, nut size, attractiveness, and keeping
+and eating quality, and type of bur opening. These characteristics have
+been previously discussed but it is well to emphasise their importance.
+The tree that comes into bearing at an early age seems likely to be more
+productive in later years. The nuts should be no smaller than 45 nuts to
+the pound and be attractive to the eye of the buyer. Most individuals
+prefer nuts with a bright and shining surface free of fuzz and with a
+fairly rich mahogany or chocolate color. Keeping quality is, of course,
+of great importance and should be carefully determined. Eating quality
+is generally good but distinctly superior selections may be found in the
+future. For the most part eating quality is dependent on the proper
+curing of the nuts. The type of bur opening is more important than
+usually considered, as it materially affects the satisfactory harvesting
+of the nuts. From the commercial standpoint it appears that the most
+desirable bur should drop from the tree with the nuts still in it but be
+well split so that the nuts can be readily removed. Such a bur type
+prevents exposure of the enclosed nuts to the hot sun while on the tree
+and reduces injurious drying to a minimum yet permits rapid gathering of
+the nuts in the burs for later mechanical separation. Nuts that drop
+free from the burs are more subject to injury by drying and require more
+hand work in gathering. Burs that do not split readily would be more
+difficult to separate mechanically; and mechanical aids will be
+necessary for the economical daily gathering of the nuts in commercial
+orchards.
+
+If is encouraging to note that many of the present new plantings in the
+Southeast are being made by orchardists rather than hobbyists. Many home
+owners are planting a few trees but the acceptance of the Chinese
+chestnut for commercial production by men already growing other orchard
+crops portends the future success of the industry. The hobbyist has been
+of great service and should be given full credit for his far-sighted
+interest in a crop that now has commercial promise, especially in the
+Southeast. Much experimental work is still needed by both State and
+Federal agencies and by individuals. This work needs be concerned now
+more with details of refinement rather than with basic possibilities of
+the crop.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Carroll D. Bush, of whom I am sure you have
+often heard and whom very few of you, including myself, have met, of
+Grapeview, Washington, will now tell us something about the Marketing of
+Chestnuts on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Bush.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Chestnuts on the Pacific Coast
+
+CARROLL D. BUSH, Grapeview, Washington
+
+
+Mr. Bush: Friends of the Association: There are so many here that I have
+known through correspondence that I have welcomed this opportunity to
+say something to you today. I don't think that I will add very much to
+anything that has been said. I hope perhaps we will have some ideas from
+what we have been doing on the Coast.
+
+We were in the nursery business near Portland, and during the war we
+went out of it, but we are working back in trees again[7], and all this
+time we have been preaching the gospel of nut trees, and we find that we
+can't preach a gospel unless there is some reward. There is no market
+for chestnuts in our section of the country, and yet we had quite a few
+of them around Portland. We could not talk about chestnut trees when
+there was no market. Buyers there had been offering as low as three
+cents a pound or not buying them at all, and we, ourselves, had quite a
+few nuts to sell. So I took a trip up to Seattle and found a commission
+man there that would take our nuts and arranged with him, and we have
+sent nuts to Seattle ever since that year and got a very good price.
+Then a neighbor had me send some of his, and we are still sending nuts.
+
+
++Introduced on Mid-West Markets+
+
+The next year through Carl Weschcke of St. Paul I got in touch with a
+reliable Minneapolis firm. They evidently had been burned and they were
+somewhat skeptical. They said if we would send a sample there they would
+look them over. So I went out and picked up a mixed sample and shipped
+to Minneapolis, and they said if we could send nuts as good as the
+sample they could use some.
+
+We began to send them. When we shipped them we made sure we sent nuts
+that were considerably better than the sample, and the rewards for
+shipping there were also very good. Then we went on to Chicago, and we
+have been shipping to Chicago over since. At this time I am out here to
+find a little more market for some of the nuts that we have in Oregon.
+
+At first we put the nuts in cold storage at about 32 degrees, expecting
+to get a better price on the Thanksgiving market. We found out that we
+were making a mistake and that the earliest nuts on the market brought
+us our best price. So now we are shipping just as early as we can ship.
+
+We first adopted the western cranberry box as being open enough to allow
+a little drying off and tight enough so that it wouldn't allow too much
+and yet we didn't get any mold. We were very much afraid of that,
+because a good many of the California chestnuts had molded on the way to
+market. Later we turned to the splint bushel basket, and lately we have
+been in favor of the half-bushel basket. There seem to be buyers who
+don't like to stock up more than a half bushel at a time, chestnuts
+being of a rather high price. They dry out too fast.
+
+We found that cold storage above 32 degrees keeps chestnuts in good
+condition with little dry-out. One dealer in Oregon we know of wraps his
+cold storage nuts in waterproof paper, keeps them that way clear on into
+January. A very little mold will develop on chestnuts kept in storage
+from 32 to 35 degrees, but not enough so we take any precaution. We have
+had a few batches that people have stood in sacks on damp nights, and
+they started to mold, especially on the open end, and we find we can
+kill the mold with Clorox. We have just used a little Clorox in water.
+We think this would prevent mold from developing on all nuts if they
+were put through a chlorine bath. We haven't taken the trouble to do
+that. I might say our walnuts, and filberts have been put through a
+chlorine solution, and, of course, after a chlorine solution is used you
+have to put the nuts through water again and wash that off.
+
+We have on our place a nice washer. We have graded the European
+varieties, which we handle mostly, into three grades: standard, fancy,
+and extra fancy, by size. All our grading has been done by hand, except
+we expect to have a simple grader this year.
+
+[Footnote 7: Mr. Bush informed the secretary by letter, early in 1949,
+that he did not then have any nursery stock ready for sale at his Eagle
+Creek, Oregon, nursery. From that location about 10 years ago he
+introduced, under numbers, three selections of Chinese chestnuts grown
+from seed imported in the early 30's. Two of these, in 1941, were named
+Abundance and Honan. The Abundance is now considered one of the most
+desirable varieties from Oklahoma to Pennsylvania, while Honan is
+slightly less desirable.--Ed.]
+
+
++"Sweet" Nuts Sell Faster+
+
+We have a few "sweets." All of those on our farms are Riehl varieties,
+hybrids, I think. All of our European chestnuts have an astringent
+pellicle, heavy with tannic acid. We classify as sweets any of those
+that have a pellicle that is sweet enough to be eaten. We label these
+the sweets and mark them as they go into the market. And while, I say,
+we don't seem to get a better price for the sweets than for the
+European, they do sell faster. There are some people in the eastern
+cities that are grabbing these in preference to the large ones. While
+the large nuts sell very well, I suppose they go to the Italians and
+Europeans who are used to cooking them, and out on the West Coast
+nothing but the large nut goes; the larger the better. In the Seattle
+market we try to send in large nuts.
+
+We also grade out all "cracks" by hand. They mold easily, and we have a
+lot of cracked nuts in our climate there, but we have been able to
+dispose of all of these through the Seattle market where they move off
+very fast and are lower priced.
+
+
++California Supplies Distant Markets+
+
+Last winter we went to California and looked into the chestnut market
+there. We found them in the Sierras and found them growing in the Coast
+Range without irrigation, but the largest growers were in the San
+Joaquin Valley near Stockton. The largest grove was 30 acres at Linden
+owned by Caesar De Martini. He gave us our best insight into California
+chestnut growing. He used to grade and package his own, and he still has
+his cylinder grader. It has three different size holes, one inch, one
+and a quarter and one and a half. Anything that goes through the
+one-inch hole is discarded as a cull. That leaves three sizes, the size
+that goes through the one and a quarter, the one and a half, and the
+size that goes out the end, which is, of course, a class of jumbos.
+
+All the chestnuts in California, I think, now go to buyers to do the
+grading and packing much as De Martini worked out. All of the California
+nuts have to be soaked in water just as Mr. Jones does, as they come to
+the packer dried out. The largest buyer that we found in California
+shipped about seven carloads, and he shipped them all over the world,
+the Philippines, Honolulu, Alaska, and other places where the chestnut
+hasn't been growing.
+
+
++Early Autumn Best Marketing Season+
+
+Now, I am going to sum up what our experience has been and what we
+recommend as general from our experience. Your experience may be
+different. We clean the nuts, wash them, if necessary, grade them; large
+and small nuts do not sell well together. We would pack in baskets, half
+bushel for sweets. We are trying to make that half bushel basket the
+mark of the sweet nut in the markets where we sell, so that when a buyer
+comes in there and sees a half bushel basket he knows that's sweets.
+Then we ship as wet as possible, and they dry out on the way. And just
+as fast as we can get those nuts off the ground we pack them and ship
+them. Our greatest trouble now is, of course, the imported chestnut.
+They are beginning to come in in great quantities, and they hit the
+market in Chicago last year at about the 20th of October, and we tried
+to beat that line if we possibly can with our nuts, because just the
+minute the carloads of chestnuts come in on the East Coast the market
+drops right down.
+
+Without question we could use some of the preparations that we use on
+filberts to put a gloss on the chestnut, run them through, I think it is
+a paraffin mixture, put a gloss on the shell and give us a better
+chestnut in the market, make it look nicer and, of course, make it sell
+better.
+
+
++"Stick-tight" Burs Preferred for Pacific Coast+
+
+I disagree, I think, with two of the former speakers in regard to the
+chestnut that falls free from the bur. I would prefer a chestnut that
+sticks tight to the bur. We have threshers out there that thresh them
+out. We can pick up those nuts in the bur with a shovel or fork, throw
+them into the wagon, take them in the wagon, thresh them out. You have a
+cleaner nut, you don't have to pick around on the ground with rubber
+gloves that we use, which is easy enough, but it certainly adds a great
+deal of work as compared to threshing them out easily after they are
+once picked up.
+
+I thank you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Bush. We are glad to have that
+western angle. It is going to be very useful to us.
+
+Next on the program is a paper on the Control of the Chestnut Weevil,
+the author of which is absent, but I believe Mr. Gravatt is going to
+read that.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Weevils and Their Control with DDT
+
+E. R. VAN LEEUWEN
+
+United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
+Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Division of
+Fruit Insect Investigations.
+
+
+Failure of the American chestnut to resist the chestnut blight has
+resulted in the planting of a few blight-resistant species obtained from
+foreign lands. These foreign chestnuts would now be planted more
+extensively in certain districts, were it not for the fact that the nuts
+are injured by two species of weevils, for which heretofore there has
+been no practical control.
+
+The 1947 season marks the fourth year of the experimental use of DDT for
+control of the chestnut weevils. During these years our knowledge of the
+spray and how best to use it has been advanced by conducting laboratory
+and field tests. Unfortunately, few chestnut orchards now exist in the
+Eastern States, and the scattered plantings consist mostly of a large
+number of Asiatic seedlings, some of which had to be top-worked to other
+Asiatic species and varieties. Many of these trees are grown for
+ornamental, shade, or timber purposes rather than for nut production.
+Owing to these conditions and to a series of spring frosts since 1945,
+it has been impossible to conduct insecticide experiments on an adequate
+basis of replicated plats.
+
+Although much is to be learned regarding time of application of the
+sprays and the proper dosage, the use of DDT can be recommended as a
+standard practice, because it has proved highly valuable in protecting
+chestnut trees from heavy losses due to the chestnut weevil. It is the
+purpose of this paper to discuss some of the experiments that have been
+made with DDT and the observations made on the time of egg deposition.
+
+
++Nature and Extent of Injury+
+
+The worms attacking chestnuts are the larvae of two very similar species
+of weevils, one larger than the other. The adults are medium-sized
+beetles having extremely long, slender beaks. With these they drill
+through the husk of the nuts, making openings through which they insert
+their eggs into the nuts. From these eggs the familiar worms develop.
+Weevil injury varies greatly in different chestnut-growing localities.
+It is not unusual for 50 to 75 percent of the nuts to be wormy, and
+often infestation reaches 90 to 100 per cent. The small weevil does the
+most damage, but there are indications that this may not always be true.
+Because the mouth parts of the adult are situated at the end of an
+extremely long and slender beak, it can obtain most of its food from
+beneath the surface of the host plant. For this reason, stomach poisons
+applied to trees have not been eaten by these weevils, and hence have
+been of no practical value. As DDT kills by contact, it is necessary
+only for the body of the insect to come in contact with DDT.
+
+
++Life Histories of the Weevils+
+
+In the vicinity of Beltsville, Md., the adults of the large chestnut
+weevil[8] leave the soil about August 15. The date will vary, of course,
+with season and locality. Both males and females soon begin to feed by
+piercing the burs with their long beaks. Mating begins soon after the
+weevils collect on the trees, and egg laying follows shortly. The eggs
+hatch within a few days and the worms develop within the nut. A few of
+the worms will complete their growth and leave before the nuts fall, but
+most of them emerge from the nuts after they have fallen. The worms then
+enter the soil, where they build cells and remain until they change to
+pupae the following summer. This weevil has a one-year cycle, or one
+generation a year.
+
+The life history of the small chestnut weevil[9] is somewhat similar,
+except that in the vicinity of Beltsville the weevils leave the soil
+late in May or early in June, when the trees are in bloom. Several weeks
+later the females deposit eggs in the nuts. At Beltsville, egg laying
+begins late in August and continues for several weeks. After the nuts
+have fallen from the tree, the full-grown larvae leave them and enter
+the soil. Earthen cells are constructed at a depth of 4 to 12 inches,
+where some of the larvae remain for two winters.
+
+The small chestnut weevil completes its life cycle in two years, and a
+small percentage requires three years, whereas the large chestnut weevil
+completes its transformation from egg to adult in one year. The large
+weevils pass the winter as larvae, whereas the small weevils pass one
+winter as larvae and the second winter as adults. With the few
+individuals of the small weevil which require three years for
+transformation, the first two winters are passed in the ground as larvae
+and the third in the same location as adults. This habit of the small
+weevil complicates control measures, as one season's spraying with DDT
+does not reduce the entire infestation of weevils.
+
+[Footnote 8: +Curculio proboscideus+ Fab.]
+
+
++Proper Time for Spray Applications+
+
+Application of DDT sprays at the proper time is very important. An
+examination in 1944 of many unopened chestnut burs disclosed the fact
+that eggs of the small chestnut weevil were being deposited many weeks
+before the burs would open. It was also noted that great numbers of the
+larvae were leaving the nuts soon after the burs cracked open. Evidently
+these full-grown larvae had hatched from eggs deposited several weeks
+before the burs split.
+
+In 1945, 1946, and 1947, cloth bags were tied over developing burs at
+various intervals during the season to prevent further egg laying in the
+nuts. At harvest time, the bags were removed and the nuts examined.
+Occasionally adults were hidden among the spines of the burs and were
+inadvertently enclosed in the bags; therefore, all nuts in bags
+containing female adults that might have continued ovipositing were
+discarded. The data in Table 1 show the approximate time prior to which
+the nuts were infested.
+
+Because of difficulty in obtaining sufficient burs for bagging, and
+other orchard conditions, the results of these studies were far from
+conclusive. They indicated, however, that many eggs had been deposited
+in the nuts before the burs had reached maturity. They also suggested
+that the seasonal histories of the two species are closely parallel. At
+Glenn Dale, Md., and Fairfax, Va., the small weevils predominated,
+constituting about 69 to 90 per cent of the total numbers taken. At
+Elkton, Md., only 42 per cent of the weevils were of the small species.
+
+[Footnote 9: Curculio auriger Casey.]
+
+   Table 1. Results of studies to determine the time of oviposition of the
+   chestnut weevils.
+
+                                          Nuts Infested with
+
+                      Date of      Total   Small     Large     Wormy
+                      Bagging      Nuts   Chestnut  Chestnut    Nuts
+                       Nuts       Bagged   Weevil    Weevil
+   Year and Orchard
+                                  Number   Number    Number   Percent
+             1945     July  9       52        2         5       13
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    Aug.  1       46        4         2       13
+                      Aug.  15     107       18        11       27
+   Fairfax, Va.       Aug.  21     110       22        13       32
+                      Sept. 12     123       63        11       60
+             1946     July  12      65        0         0
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    July  18      40        0         0
+                      July  26      67        0         0
+                      Aug.  1       71        0         0
+                      Aug.  9       29        1         0        3
+                      Aug.  14      88        3         2        6
+                      Aug.  23      53       18         2       38
+                      Aug.  29      53       23        11       64
+   Fairfax, Va.       July  26      98        0         0        0
+                      Aug.  15     168        0         0        0
+                      Sept. 4      164      139        16       95
+             1947     Aug.  15      54        5         1       11
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    Aug.  25      38        8         0       21
+                      Sept. 2       24        7         1       33
+                      Sept. 9       42       18         4       52
+                      Sept. 15      56       29         7       64
+                      Sept. 22      90       27        11       64
+                      Sept. 29     143       83        22       73
+   Fairfax, Va.       Aug.  26      35        9         1       29
+                      Sept. 10      58       25         4       50
+                      Sept. 28      50       35         7       84
+                      Oct.  7      217      177        22       92
+   Elkton, Md.        Aug.  21     139       11        13       17
+                      Sept. 4       83       22        25       57
+                      Sept. 18     116       21        35       48
+                      Oct.  1      108       31        44       69
+
+
++Spray Experiments in 1944+
+
+Shortly after adults of the large chestnut weevil first appeared in the
+orchards in 1944, six trees isolated from other chestnuts were selected
+for treatment. Five trees were sprayed with from 1 to 5 pounds of
+technical DDT plus 1/2 pound of sodium lauryl sulfate to 100 gallons of
+water, and the sixth tree was left untreated as a check. A thorough
+application of a coarse, drenching spray at a pressure of 400 pounds per
+square inch was used in an attempt to force the DDT between the many
+spines of the burs. The DDT used was very coarse, and difficulty was
+experienced in getting a proper suspension. This formula was used,
+however, in preference to one which contained other ingredients that
+might have formed a protective coating over the particles of DDT. Heavy
+rains prevented later spray applications.
+
+Adult weevils obtained by jarring untreated trees were then confined in
+screen cages placed over the lower branches of the trees. At the end of
+each cage was a cloth sleeve which was tied to the limb to hold the cage
+in place. The treatments used and the results are given in Table 2.
+
+
+Table 2. Percentage mortality of chestnut weevils placed in field cages
+on trees at different intervals after they had been sprayed with with
+DDT, 1944.
+
+   Strength of
+   DDT (lb. per   Small Chestnut Weevil     Large Chestnut Weevil
+    100 gal.)    48 Hrs. 96 Hrs. 144 Hrs.  48 Hrs. 96 Hrs. 144 Hrs.
+
+       1            0      61      100       25      50      100
+       2           19      69      100        0      34      100
+       3            4      50      100        0      40      100
+       4           27      87      100        0      50      100
+       5           18      50      100       30      46      100
+     Check          0       0        0        0       7        7
+
+Although the results obtained the first few days in the cages containing
+treated foliage were somewhat irregular, because of the small numbers of
+tests made, all weevils were killed within 6 days. The results indicate
+definitely that DDT is toxic to the adults of both species of weevils.
+No consistent differences between species were noted.
+
+As the matured nuts dropped from the treated trees, daily collections
+were made, and one-third of each collection was used as a sample in
+determining the percentage of wormy nuts. At the time the nuts drop, the
+holes in the shell through which the eggs were inserted are very
+difficult to detect. The nuts were therefore held in wire baskets to
+permit most of the larvae to emerge before the final examination. All
+nuts not showing exit holes were cut open to find out whether they were
+wormy. The marked increase in clean nuts after all treatments indicates
+that DDT is a promising insecticide for use against the weevils. The
+treatment and infestation records for the sprayed trees and the check
+tree are given in Table 3, which also includes the results obtained in
+later years.
+
+
++Spray Experiments 1945 to 1947+
+
+Spring frosts in 1945 destroyed 95 per cent of the crop of chestnuts in
+the Eastern States. Only six trees of different species and ages in the
+Government orchard at Glenn Dale, had sufficient nuts for experimental
+purposes. Applications of a 50 per cent DDT wettable powder in the
+proportions of 4 and 6 pounds plus 1/2 gallon of summer oil as a sticker
+to 100 gallons of water were made on August 20 and September 9.
+
+Spring frosts again damaged the orchards in 1946, destroying about 80
+per cent of the possible chestnut crop, and leaving only eight trees in
+the Government orchard that were suitable for experimental purposes. The
+remaining trees having a small scattered crop were disregarded. A
+mixture consisting of equal parts by weight of DDT and kaolin 41 was
+used in the strength of 2 pounds of DDT to 100 gallons of water. The
+time and number of applications were varied.
+
+Table 3. Results of spray tests with DDT against chestnut weevils,
+1944-1947.
+
+                                          Larvae Emerging from Sample
+                                                                  Reduction
+                                  Nuts    Small     Large    Wormy    of
+    DDT (per Application           in    Chestnut  Chestnut  Nuts   Injured
+    100 gal.)                    Sample   Weevil    Weevil           Nuts
+ Year
+     Pounds                      Number   Number    Number  Percent Percent
+
+                 Government Orchard, Glenn Dale, Md.
+
+ 1944  1   Aug. 14                 533     1896       21      44      42
+       2                           646      402       45      25      67
+       3                           712      421        5      18      76
+       4                           951      814        5      22      71
+       5                          1844      850       10      16      79
+       0                           976     3238      100      76
+ 1945  2   Aug. 20 & Sept. 9       660      434       38      30      57
+       3                           305      285       58      22      69
+       0                           297     1164       61      70
+ 1946  2   Aug. 15 & 30, Sept. 11  621      131       12       9      90
+       2   Aug. 15 & 30            371      171       23      19      79
+       2   Aug. 30 & Sept. 11      292       87       21      26      71
+       2   Aug. 15 & Sept. 11      949      553      190      43      53
+       2   Aug. 30                1267     1407       98      43      53
+       2   Aug. 15                1212     3207       66      43      53
+       2   Sept. 11                368     1832       53      58      36
+       0                           870     5364      134      91
+ 1947  2   Aug. 13 & 29, Sept. 12 4084     3817      234      30      66
+       2   Aug. 13 & 29           2618     4255      151      52      40
+       2   Sept. 12               3029     9498      402      79       9
+       2   Aug. 13                2639     5049      198      51      41
+       0                           974     4714      121      87
+
+                 Van Reynolds Orchard, Elkton, Md.
+
+ 1947  2   Aug. 21, Sept. 4 & 18  1153      264       64      14      84
+       2   Sept. 4 & 18            338        5      118      67      23
+       2   Aug. 21 & Sept. 18      149       18       59      34      61
+       2   Aug. 21 & Sept. 4       669      102       12      51      41
+       2   Sept. 18                324       63      129      77      11
+       2   Sept. 4                 270      303       67      56      36
+       2   Aug. 21                 500      192      127      57      34
+       0                           338      152      118      87
+
+Sprays containing DDT were applied in two orchards in 1947, the
+Government orchard at Glenn Dale, and the Van Reynolds orchard at
+Elkton, Md. Spring frosts injured 50 per cent of the chestnut crop at
+Glenn Dale and 70 per cent at Elkton, and as a result only a few trees
+suitable for tests were available. The remaining trees were not
+sprayed. Four pounds of the standard mixture of equal parts of DDT and
+kaolin were used to 100 gallons of water in all applications.
+
+In Table 3 will be found information on the quantities of DDT used, the
+schedules followed, and the results obtained during the period 1944
+through 1947.
+
+These results indicate clearly the effectiveness of DDT in chestnut
+weevil control, in spite of numerous discrepancies brought about by the
+small number and variability of the trees available for the tests. As
+might be expected, programs of three applications were more effective
+than those of only one or two. Of the single applications, those put on
+during the latter half of August were much more effective than those
+made during the first half of September, presumably because most of the
+eggs had been laid by the early part of September.
+
+These experiments gave fairly exact information on the relative
+abundance of the two species of weevils. At Glenn Dale the small
+chestnut weevil constituted 92 to 98 per cent of the population; at
+Elkton, 61 per cent.
+
+The matured nuts that fell from count trees were collected daily, and
+one-third of each lot collected was used as a sample for determining the
+percentage of wormy nuts. It was possible, therefore, to obtain a rough
+estimate of the numbers of larvae produced on each tree. In 1946, from
+1,863 nuts on a tree sprayed three times, 429 larvae emerged; and from a
+comparable unsprayed tree having 2,610 nuts 16,494 larvae emerged. In
+1947, 1,350 larvae were produced on 9 trees with an average crop of
+1,361 nuts sprayed three times, compared with 14,505 larvae from 2,922
+nuts on an unsprayed tree. These figures indicate that DDT sprays bring
+about large decreases in the numbers of weevils and that the proper use
+of DDT sprays on all host trees over a period of a few years would
+doubtless reduce the infestation to a point where fewer applications
+would be necessary for effective control of the chestnut weevils.
+
+
++Tentative Recommendations+
+
+For the benefit of those who wish to try DDT for chestnut weevil
+control, the following tentative recommendation is made:
+
+Thoroughly apply +to all parts of the tree+ 2 pounds of DDT in 100 gallons
+of water. For example, use 4 pounds of a wettable powder that contains
+50 per cent of DDT, or 8 pounds of one that contains 25 per cent of DDT.
+Make three applications, the first about 30 days before the first nut is
+due to drop, and the second and third after intervals of 12 days. Unless
+the entire bur, especially that portion near the stem end where most of
+the feeding punctures are made, +is thoroughly covered+ with a film of
+DDT, the weevils may feed without being affected by the insecticide. In
+handling DDT, one should use the same care as with such well-known
+poisons as lead arsenate, Paris green, calcium arsenate, and nicotine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I might say that Mr. Van Leeuwen has used only a small
+section of our experimental orchard, and right near-by would be large
+sections not used. The weevils are not killed quickly by the DDT, they
+are somewhat resistant, and so we think quite a number of weevils come
+over and deposit eggs before they are killed by this DDT, because they
+don't lose any time getting to work on the nuts. He hopes to have much
+better results where the entire orchard is sprayed. This year we
+sprayed our entire orchard twice, and it is a real pleasure to go out
+there now and gather up nuts and not be eating weevils when we do eat
+them.
+
+President Davidson: Well, Mr. Gravatt will now give us a talk on
+Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings, and I am sure we
+all are on our toes to hear about that. Mr. Gravatt.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I only ask a few minutes to show a few slides.
+
+(Slides shown.)
+
+
+
+
+Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings
+
+G. F. GRAVATT and DONALD C. STOUT
+
+Division of Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,
+Maryland.
+
+
+Mass plantings of many trees of the same kind frequently result in an
+increase in the severity of insect pests and diseases. Leaf diseases,
+for instance, spread quickly through such plantings when weather
+conditions favor growth of the causal organisms. Plants on sites
+unfavorable to a specific tree species also are responsible for disease
+increases. Chinese chestnuts grown on a site where they are subject to
+early-fall and late-spring frosts will fail. Not only will crops be
+reduced by the killing of buds or blooms, but the twigs, or even whole
+trees, may be killed by freezing. The blight fungus develops rapidly on
+such injured trees and may mislead people into thinking that the blight
+fungus is the primary cause of the killing.
+
+Still another factor that determines the damage by diseases, and thus
+the success or failure of nut tree plantings, is the ignoring of soil
+and fertilizer requirements. Trees weakened by drought, because they are
+on a site having a soil too shallow for good root growth, are much more
+subject to attack even by weakly parasitic fungi than those growing on a
+site with deeper soil. Innumerable dying twigs and branches with fungi
+growing on them are sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture or State
+experiment stations with requests that the disease be identified, when
+the real trouble is lack of water for the roots. Weak trees are much
+more subject to winter injury than vigorous ones.
+
+Trees require a good supply of plant food materials and water to produce
+profitable crops. Tho heaviest bearing chestnut trees we have observed
+were grown in an irrigated orchard in California and in a poultry yard
+in the East where chicken droppings actually formed a mulch under the
+trees. However, if you wish to kill a young chestnut tree quickly, just
+apply a very heavy application of chicken manure; the point is that
+trees must become adjusted to chicken manure by gradual applications.
+
+Another way to damage a tree is to keep it growing late in the fall by
+cultivation and fertilizers so that it does not harden off properly.
+Many plantings, representing heavy investments, fail because of lack of
+organic matter in the soil. This is related to water-holding and
+water-supplying capacity of the soil, and lack of proper fertilizer. Dr.
+Harley L. Crane and his assistants, in their work with tung and pecan
+trees, have shown the vital need for certain elements on some soils.
+Trees weakened by the lack of these elements are early prey for some
+diseases. The element most frequently deficient is nitrogen, but
+sometimes boron, copper, or iron is lacking; or the elements are not in
+balance, because of the excess of some, or the lack of others.
+
+By adjusting the various soil, water, and site factors necessary for a
+continuous, vigorous growth of trees, many so-called disease conditions
+are eliminated. Many fungi and viruses, however, will attack trees in
+the pink of condition; a few of the more important of these are treated
+in the following sections.
+
+
++Chestnut Blight+
+
+The destruction by blight of the native stands of the American chestnut,
+and of the small eastern orchard industry based on European and American
+chestnuts and their hybrids is almost complete. Blight has been found in
+the planted European chestnut orchards of the Pacific Coast from time to
+time, but it has been kept under control by eradication. Chestnut trees
+or nuts from the eastern States, where blight is common, should not be
+shipped into the Rocky Mountain or Pacific Coast States.
+
+Finding the Asiatic chestnuts resistant to the blight, the Division of
+Forest Pathology sent R. Kent Beattie to Asia to make selections of
+chestnuts for introduction into this country. Later Peter Liu, a Chinese
+collector who worked with Mr. Beattie, continued to select Chinese
+chestnuts for introduction. These introductions, together with the
+earlier ones made by the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction,
+were grown at Chico, Calif., Savannah, Ga., and Bell, or Glenn Dale, Md.
+Altogether some 300,000 chestnut trees, of pure species and hybrids,
+were distributed to cooperators for forest and orchard plantings. (Fig.
+1.) These constituted a fine lot of material from many parts of Asia as
+a basis for selecting the best ones for our use. Private nurseries and
+State game and forestry departments are now growing these chestnuts and
+the Division of Forest Pathology has discontinued general distribution
+of trees to cooperators.
+
+Chinese chestnuts have proved to be the most valuable for forest,
+orchard and ornamental use. The Japanese chestnut is being discriminated
+against because of the poor quality of its nuts. Orchardists having
+mixed plantings containing Japanese chestnuts are advised to top work
+the trees or remove them, if the seed is to be used for plantings. In
+fact, for orchard plantings, nuts should be used only from the best
+individual trees of the Chinese chestnut.
+
+The Chinese chestnut should be planted on sites with good air drainage
+as it is very susceptible to injury from early-fall or late-spring
+freezes. Many persons think their trees have been killed by the blight
+when the primary cause of the trouble was injury to the trunk by
+freezing followed by growth of the blight organism over the injured
+parts. This fungus may grow for many years in the outer layers of the
+bark without doing any material damage to the tree. An important factor
+in resistance of the Chinese chestnuts to the blight is to keep the
+trees growing vigorously. Avoid late growth in the fall as this favors
+fall freezing damage.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--F1 hybrids between the Chinese chestnut and
+the American chestnut.]
+
+
++Nut Spoilage+
+
+In the Southern States one of the most serious problems with some
+selections of the Chinese chestnut is the spoilage of the nuts. Marvin
+E. Fowler made a study of this trouble at Savannah, Ga., and found that
+most of the trouble in that restricted area was caused by a
+Gleoesporium-like fungus that infects the nuts at the tip.[10] Because
+spraying experiments did not give control, the more susceptible trees
+have been removed. In most parts of the South, however, this fungus is
+not the primary cause of nut spoilage and the limited work so far
+carried out has not revealed the cause. Part of the trouble may be due
+to physiological break-down. As individual trees vary greatly in
+susceptibility to this deterioration of the nuts, orchardists are
+advised to top work or eliminate the more susceptible trees. Some people
+have believed that exposure of the nuts to the hot sun while in the bur
+or on the ground may cause damage. The market for Chinese chestnuts can
+be ruined by shipping nuts that are partly spoiled by the time they
+reach the consumer.
+
+[Footnote 10: Gravatt, G. F., and Marvin E. Fowler. Diseases of chestnut
+trees and nuts. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. Rept. (1940) 31: 110-113.
+1941.]
+
+
++Phytophthora Root Disease of Chestnut+
+
+Phytophthora root disease, caused by _Phytophthora cinnamomi_, is
+treated briefly here, and interested nut growers can consult the
+detailed earlier article.[11] Briefly, this fungus is considered as
+introduced into this country over a hundred years ago. It killed the
+chestnut and chinkapin growth over large areas in the southern States.
+Asiatic chestnuts are highly resistant to this disease, and when grown
+on well-drained soils have not been damaged. Our test plantings of
+Chinese chestnuts growing in the same soils where susceptible trees of
+American and European chestnuts were killed, continue to make a vigorous
+growth. The European and American chestnuts and their hybrids growing in
+the western States are in danger from this fungus as it has now been
+reported in the West. This same fungus sometimes kills thousands of
+young nursery trees of the black walnut, but these epidemics are usually
+brought on by unusual weather conditions. Poor soil aeration, induced by
+excessive rainfall and poor drainage, makes ideal conditions for damage
+to the walnut and other hosts by _Phytophthora_. Even the very resistant
+Chinese chestnut roots are invaded by the fungus when the soil remains
+waterlogged for extended periods.
+
+
++Brooming Disease of Walnut+
+
+A systemic brooming disease, observed on planted walnuts as early as
+1917, has been the subject of considerable discussion during recent
+years, because it has now spread widely into the native black walnut
+growth. In 1932 Waite published that he had been observing the disease
+for some 15 years but that "it was unknown on the black walnut in the
+wild in this country or on planted trees away from the Japanese walnut."
+The disease has continued to increase in prevalence in recent years and
+is now widely distributed in native black walnut growth in Tennessee,
+Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. This
+extensive spread into the native growth during the last 15 or 20 years
+and the fact that reports indicate that all of the early cases of the
+disease were found near nursery-grown trees offer some evidence that the
+disease is an importation from another area or continent into the
+eastern black walnut zone. From the literature and oral reports, it
+seems that the disease is now present also in North Carolina, West
+Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Surveys probably
+would uncover the disease among native wild and planted walnuts in other
+States.
+
+[Footnote 11: Crandall, B. S., G. F. Gravatt, and M. M. Ryan. Root
+diseases of Castanea species and some coniferous and broadleaf nursery
+stocks, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathology 35: 162-180.
+Illus. 1945.]
+
+
++Economic Importance and Hosts+
+
+The black walnut is a valuable native forest tree, widely but not
+abundantly distributed in the eastern United States. It is extensively
+planted as a forest tree. The numerous plantings and natural stands
+around farm homes, along fences, and in pastures are also very valuable.
+More and more grafted ornamentals, and orchards of black walnut are
+being planted. For these the per-tree investment is high.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--The brooming disease of walnut. Severe
+brooming on Japanese walnut.]
+
+The ultimate effect of the brooming disease on the black walnut is not
+known. Dr. Waite stated, "Trees even moderately attacked soon become
+worthless for nut production." Some affected black walnut trees,
+however, continue to produce small crops of nuts. Visible symptoms have
+been known to disappear. In addition, some seedlings, and probably large
+trees also, are infected without showing symptoms. Such observations
+indicate the complex nature of the disease. Detailed studies are needed,
+but at present this Division is not in position to do more than limited,
+part-time work on the disease.
+
+The butternut, a widely distributed forest tree of minor importance, is
+seriously injured or killed by this disease. The disease severely
+damages or kills the Japanese walnut, which has been planted to a
+limited extent but is of little importance. According to Dr. Waite's
+report, the Persian, or English, walnut is attacked, but very few trees
+of this species are planted in the eastern States. Precautions should be
+taken to prevent the introduction of this disease into areas where it is
+not now present, particularly the western states.
+
+Symptoms expressed by infected trees are viruslike, and Hutchins and
+Wester[12] were able to produce the brooming symptoms on a small number
+of trees by means of bark patch grafts, indicating that the brooming
+disease probably is caused by a virus.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--Brooming disease on black walnut. Ascending
+type, upright, sucker growth is typical of this species.]
+
+
++Description of Symptoms+
+
+The entire range of symptoms of the brooming disease has not been
+determined. Symptoms are recognizable during mid-July but they are most
+pronounced during September and October. Curling and cupping of
+leaflets, chlorosis, narrowing and basal tapering of leaflets appear to
+be associated with early stages of the disease. On severely affected
+trees there are distinct broomlike growths at branch terminals, along
+primary or secondary branches, or on the main stem to the ground line
+(Fig. 2). The broomlike growths are formed by the continuing abnormal
+development of normally located buds into short, succulent branches.
+Upright, suckerlike branches appear on primary and secondary branches
+and on the main stem of the affected tree. (Fig. 3).
+
+The broomed parts usually die back during the dormant period following
+their appearance. The dead brooms on trees that appear to be healthy
+during the early months of the growing-season indicate that the trees
+are infected. Usually the diseased trees, even those severely affected,
+exhibit normal growth during the early summer months.
+
+Evidence that walnut trees may be infected for a considerable time prior
+to appearance of recognizable symptoms was obtained when 37 per cent of
+a total of 300 severely pruned trees exhibited brooming disease
+symptoms. These trees had looked healthy until they were pruned.
+Unpruned control trees showed a 4 per cent increase in disease during
+the same period.
+
+[Footnote 12: Hutchins, Lee M., and Horace V. Wester.
+Graft-transmissible brooming disease of walnut. Phytopathology. 37 (1):
+11. (Abstract) 1947.]
+
++Summary+
+
+There is strong evidence that a virus disease is active among certain
+species of walnut in central and eastern United States. The disease
+exhibits distinctive symptoms and appears to damage infected trees,
+sometimes severely, over several growing seasons. Present data indicate
+that recognizable symptoms of the disease may not appear for some time
+after infection, unless the host is subjected to severe shock. Thus,
+nursery stock may be one means of spreading the disease into new areas.
+It is recommended, without experimental work to back up the
+recommendation, that walnut nurserymen remove infected trees in the
+vicinity of their nursery sites.
+
+Investigation of this disease to the present time has been limited.
+General observations indicate that severely broomed trees produce poor
+nut crops. Mortality caused by the disease appears to be quite low among
+black walnut trees. Butternut and Japanese walnut trees are, in general,
+more severely affected by the disease than the black walnut and many
+seem to be killed by it, although the killing process is slow. As a
+result of experience with other virus diseases, orchardists who have
+only a few infected trees among their black walnuts are advised to
+remove them. Whether the disease can be kept under control by repeated
+roguing is uncertain. If an owner has just a few trees of value as
+ornamentals as well as nut producers, one hesitates to advise him to
+remove a lightly infected tree until more information is obtained
+concerning the disease.
+
+This Division will welcome information from persons having experience
+with the brooming disease of walnut, as it is in a position to do only a
+limited amount of work on the disease.
+
+
++Persimmon Wilt+
+
+Persimmon wilt is very destructive to the native persimmon (Fig. 4). It
+is caused by the fungus _Cephalosporium diospyri_, which was described
+in 1945 by Bowen S. Crandall[13]. The fungus grows in the wood of the
+trees, producing discolored streaks. Most trees are rapidly killed,
+with yellow, wilted leaves making quite a contrast to the normal green
+trees.
+
+This disease was found in spots from central Tennessee south to the
+Gulf, east into Florida, and up the coast into North Carolina. The
+American persimmon seemed to be in danger, as this quickly killing
+disease appeared to be spreading. The limited work on this disease was
+discontinued because of the war and the transfer of Mr. Crandall to
+Peru. However, this summer Mr. Crandall and the senior writer spent two
+weeks surveying some of the old infections and nearby territory, and
+were pleased to note that the disease had made very little progress into
+new territory. On several small areas where the disease was present some
+six years ago practically all of the larger trees had been killed, but
+some new small trees were coming up. At Chattanooga National Park, where
+the wilt was rampant about six years ago, it is continuing to kill
+trees, but many new ones are coming up. No northward extension of the
+disease in Tennessee or North Carolina was noted in the limited time
+spent in inspection.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--Small persimmon trees killed by the wilt.]
+
+What does the disease mean to the grower of grafted persimmons, both
+native and Oriental? The Japanese or Chinese persimmons do not grow as
+well on their own roots, although they are quite safe that way as these
+two species are very resistant to the wilt. In the East, most of the
+Oriental persimmons are grafted on American root stocks, and trees in
+one case were killed by the wilt fungus getting in on the susceptible
+root stock. No attempts to control the wilt have been made, and these
+recommendations are based on procedure with other diseases and on
+knowledge of the spore production of this fungus. An owner of a valuable
+planting of grafted trees in a region where the disease is present
+should watch his trees for the first indication of trouble. The planting
+will be safer, if there are no nearby native trees; and if native trees
+are growing nearby and cannot be removed, they should be given a general
+inspection. Prompt removal and burning of any infected trees found is
+advisable. The fact that usually fungus spore production does not take
+place until after the tree has been dead for a while makes the prospect
+for control better than with most diseases. Care should be taken not to
+bring in scions or trees from infected areas.
+
+Most members of the Northern Nut Growers Association have only a few
+grafted persimmon trees, usually located outside of the infected zone
+and therefore in little danger. Persimmon scions and trees should not be
+shipped from infected to healthy regions. The disease has not been
+reported in nurseries, but it could occur there because it attacks small
+trees.
+
+[Footnote 13: Crandall, Bowen S. A new species of +Cephalosporium+ causing
+persimmon wilt. Mycologia 37 (4): 495-498. 1945.]
+
+
++Thyronectria Disease of Honeylocust+
+
+Honeylocust is widely distributed both in native stands and in
+plantations. Some farmers plant this species or leave native trees in
+their pastures for the pods, which have a high sugar content, up to 38
+per cent. J. C. Moore, of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station,
+reported preliminary tests indicating a per-acre yield of livestock feed
+equal to that of oats.
+
+In many areas the growth of honeylocust is seriously affected by a
+canker and twig fungus, _Thyronectria austro-americana_. The disease
+often kills many twigs and branches and sometimes results in death of
+the tree. In most areas it causes only slight injury. Bowen S. Crandall
+and Jesse D. Diller have made a few observations on the prevalence and
+damage by this disease, which is present from New England south into the
+Gulf States and west into the Great Plains States.
+
+The fungus causing this disease is morphologically somewhat similar to
+the chestnut blight fungus, having two spore stages produced in
+reddish-brown pinhead-size fruiting bodies on the bark. Cankers are
+produced on the smaller branches, but they usually are not noted until
+some of the affected ones wilt and die. In the exposed outer wood of a
+branch cut above or below the canker there are reddish-brown streaks
+several inches long, indicating that the fungus has grown in the
+vascular system.
+
+As no control experiments are known, recommendations are based on
+general knowledge of sanitation. If an owner has only a few valuable
+planted trees, he should cut off the diseased parts a foot or more back
+from the lower edge of the affected bark and burn or bury them in the
+soil. If he has many trees scattered over extensive pasture areas, it is
+questionable whether any action other than elimination of the more
+susceptible trees is justified. We will be interested in the results
+obtained from control work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Now I will turn over the chairmanship of the meeting
+to Mr. Chase, who will have charge of the Round Table Discussion.
+
+
+
+
+Round Table Discussion on Chestnut Problems
+
+SPENCER B. CHASE, Presiding
+
+
+_Panel of Experts_: Max E. Hardy, Carroll D. Bush, H. F. Stoke, G. F.
+Gravatt, J. C. McDaniel.
+
+Mr. Chase: Gentlemen, in the last hour and a half we have heard perhaps
+more about chestnuts from qualified specialists than we will ever hear
+in any meeting of ours, and we requested each one to withhold questions
+until this point. So now we will have some questions from the floor,
+please.
+
+Mr. Slate: What is the present status of breeding chestnut species for
+timber purposes?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: The prospects are coming along. We have one cross between a
+none-too-promising Chinese chestnut and an American chestnut, with a
+good bunch of hybrids and they are different from other hybrids. It
+looks like they will stand up against blight. They will have blight
+canker growth from 10 feet down to the ground but it doesn't go into the
+cambium region. It is too early to evaluate the hybrids, but they do
+have the upright form and rapid growth of the American chestnut.
+
+Now when we take these first-generation hybrids, cross them back with
+the Chinese and get more resistance, as we have done so many times in
+the past, we lose that rapid and more upright growth habit of the
+American chestnut. But we have a lot more work to do before we are ready
+to say anything final on this question.
+
+Dr. Arthur H. Graves, formerly at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now
+consulting pathologist at the New Haven, (Conn.) Experiment Station. We
+have been working with him and partially supporting his chestnut
+breeding for a good many years. He has a lot of hybrids up there. We
+expect to have something later, but have nothing to release yet.
+
+A Member: Do you have any sprays to control diseases and insect pests in
+the tree that when they go into the soil won't destroy our ground
+friends?
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Gravatt?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I don't know what insects you are after, in the first
+place. We have a lot of trouble with Japanese beetles. Around
+Washington, Dr. Crane's and my plantings there would be defoliated if
+they weren't sprayed for Japanese beetle control, and it is the same way
+with filberts.
+
+A Member: The same sprays have a tendency to work against most of the
+pests, do they not? Of course, DDT will take one, the arsenate of lead
+takes another, Black Leaf 40 another, but if we had a spray that we can
+use around on--well, not limited to the chestnut--that would be
+neutralized in the earth. Now, we have a good deal of friendly bacteria
+and insects in the soil that we want to keep.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I would say that I am a pathologist, and insect work is out
+of my line.
+
+Mr. Chase: Does anyone else have a comment on that? Dr. Cross, did you
+hear the question?
+
+Dr. Cross: I didn't get his question.
+
+Mr. Chase: Would you stand and repeat your question?
+
+A Member: Is there a spray that we can use for combating the insect
+pests of our trees that when it is washed off and goes into the soil
+doesn't kill our soil friends. We have the friendly bacteria in the
+soil, as well as insect and worm life. Do we have a spray that will be
+neutralized as it hits the soil so we can spray the tree and not kill
+our lower friends?
+
+Dr. Cross: Sorry, Mr. Chase, that's beyond me.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: You are thinking of arsenate of lead poisoning the soil
+where you keep on spraying with it?
+
+A Member: Yes.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I think DDT may build up a little in the soil, but it is
+broken down, isn't it, Dr. Crane?
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, DDT is broken down and it is not a fungicide and it is
+not a bactericide. It is an insecticide that kills insects through
+affecting the nervous system, according to my understanding of it. I am
+not an entomologist, but that's what the entomologists say. So far we
+haven't any evidence to my knowledge of any build-up of DDT in soils
+that has been detrimental. I don't know what the situation would be if
+DDT was used to the same extent as arsenate of lead. It was not uncommon
+for some growers to put on anywhere from 6 to 15 lead sprays in a season
+in order to control codling moth, as they used to do in certain apple
+orchards, particularly in the West.
+
+I was talking to Dr. Van Leeuwen just a day or two before I had to leave
+for the meeting, and he is not ready yet to say anything about it, but
+he has already tested some very promising insecticides as far as the
+control of weevil is concerned. This DDT and some of the other new
+insecticides are very easily decomposed, and, of course, that's one of
+the disadvantages of them. Under certain climatic conditions they would
+need to be less readily decomposed to give control over a longer period.
+I know that we have not had enough experience to know all about those
+new spray materials.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: There has been one instance reported where DDT _in the
+soil_ was injurious to fruit plant growth. That was Goldsworthy's and
+Dunegan's work on strawberries. Where they used large amounts of
+technical DDT in the soil, they found that it inhibited the growth of
+the strawberry plant. I believe that's the only instance I've heard of,
+where soil application of DDT hurt growth of fruit plants. Benzene
+hexachloride, and some other chlorinated hydrocarbons, and parathion
+actually appeared to have a stimulating effect on the berry plants.[14]
+
+Mr. Frye: Why would there be any more danger of affecting the soil in a
+chestnut orchard than there would in the apple and peach orchard by
+spraying seven, eight and ten times? That's the only question that
+arises with me.
+
+Mr. Chase: Let's get back to chestnuts specifically, now, gentlemen.
+
+Mr. Kays (Oklahoma A. & M. College): Since I don't come from a chestnut
+area, my impression of the nut samples supplied by Mr. Moore of Auburn,
+was: "I'd like them if they had salted them." I am wondering if it
+wouldn't have affected their rancidity if they had been treated--salting
+material added, prior to or in the process somewhere along the line.
+
+Mr. J. C. Moore: I'd just like to say I have tried putting salt in the
+water, to boil the nuts with salt, and then I have tried shelling them
+and sprinkling salt, and I find that salt does not add anything to the
+flavor. Tasting the nuts raw, I, too, get the impression salt is what I
+want, but I haven't been able to add it satisfactorily. I don't say that
+it cannot be done.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, in view of the whole situation of chestnut
+incompatibility of stock with scion, what would be the position that we
+in the Northern Nut Growers Association can take in advising people what
+kind of chestnuts they should plant? Should they be encouraged to try to
+get grafted trees? What should be our position?
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Stoke, would you care to comment on that?
+
+Mr. Stoke: You are asking me to stick out my neck, and it seems as if I
+have always done that. The Chinese chestnut is in the Johnny Appleseed
+stage, in my opinion, and we are investigating to find out the best
+varieties, that is, the best specimen, best performance, best quality,
+best in blight resistance, growth, and other qualities and when we
+winnow out all we have and arrive at the best, we are going to
+find--now, this is just my personal opinion--I will say that for myself
+I'd rather have one acre of the best selections we have budded or
+grafted--asexually propagated, than five acres of seedling trees as a
+financial good bet, because I say that one acre of our very best produce
+virtually as many nuts as five acres of seedlings. I have trees from
+seed I imported through the Yokahama Nursery Company, and I think it
+came from Korea. The nuts run very small, and compared with those I am
+sure the others will pay much better, and I think it would be profitable
+to pay three or four or five times as much for your trees if you get
+good trees of good, known varieties and grafted or budded.
+
+Don't misunderstand me. We shouldn't ask the American public to wait
+until those can be furnished, because they won't wait, and they
+shouldn't. But I say as a commercial proposition, to plant trees
+commercially, I would exercise caution and I would encourage my
+customers to exercise caution unless they are willing to follow up and
+do their own top working later on, and a Chinese chestnut doesn't top
+work as readily as a black walnut.
+
+Mr. Chase: I don't believe that's quite the answer he wanted. The
+comment that I think Dr. MacDaniels is after is what position should the
+Northern Nut Growers Association take in regard to planting seedlings or
+planting grafted stock. Is that the point?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Yes, it seems to be seedlings against grafted stock.
+
+Mr. Stoke: May I answer? I don't think the Northern Nut Growers
+Association should take _any_ position. They should present the facts
+and let the buyer decide. I don't think we need to go on record, and I
+don't think we should. There is too much diversity of opinion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Between ourselves--and this is not an academic
+question--we get continual inquiries regarding the Chinese chestnuts and
+what should they plant and where can they get the trees, and so forth.
+It isn't good enough in most of these cases to write several pages
+explaining what the whole situation is, the _if's_, _and's_, and
+_but's_. But I just wonder what the opinion is of the people who know
+best in this regard. Who has a good orchard of 20-year-old grafted
+Chinese chestnuts? Where are they? I don't know: I am asking for
+information.
+
+Mr. Chase: Dr. Drain, are those trees you have grafted trees or seedling
+trees?
+
+Dr. Drain (University of Tennessee): They are seedling trees. They have
+produced a rather nice quality nut, and we have enjoyed propagating
+seedlings from them. That's really all we know. We haven't grafted any.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mac, would you care to comment on this?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I am ashamed to say that at present we have no grafted
+chestnut trees on my own north Alabama farms. We have about 50 trees
+that are 8-year-old seedlings from imported (Chinese) nuts, growing next
+to a commercial peach block, and find the production quite variable on
+the different trees. I am aiming at top-working most of these with the
+named varieties, beginning this year. At present I can't answer the
+question of seedlings vs grafted trees. I have been advising people who
+are interested in trying them in Tennessee that _for their first
+planting_ (to test the adaptability of their locations) they can get the
+seedlings generally quite a bit cheaper than the grafted trees. With the
+experience we have had over the State and the high mortality of trees,
+both grafted and seedling--killing of the tops and in some cases the
+whole tree--the seedling might be best economically _to begin their_
+experimenting with. I am _not recommending_ that anyone plant seedlings
+commercially, but just in a small way for trial. They are well worth a
+trial anywhere peaches are doing well. When we find a _suitable site_,
+then is the time to think about using the more expensive grafted trees.
+
+Pres. Davidson: I just want to give a little bit of my experience along
+that line. Way back in 1934 I planted a few seeds that I got from Amelia
+Riehl. They were nuts of the Riehl hybrids. [Ed. note: Mostly
+American--European crosses.] She named one Dan Patch and another
+Gibbons. They are now about 13 years old. Each of them is bearing burs
+this year. They have borne burs, a few of them, in the past, but no
+nuts. So far in 1948, the burs that have fallen to the ground, of
+course, have no nuts, but whether the burs that are still on the trees
+have nuts I don't know. I want to know whether those trees are
+normal---whether a hybrid of that kind is likely to be sterile or not.
+That's another matter that might be discussed. Anyhow, you are taking a
+chance, no question about that, when you plant seedlings.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Mr. Chairman, if you will pardon me for saying one more word,
+here is a suggestion I will make. Now you can check for yourself. The
+whole thing hinges on whether we can get _permanent_ grafts on the tree
+and get the characteristics in the grafted tree that the parent has--in
+the good selected tree. Now you take the reports sent us by Mr. Hemming;
+you take the reports of the station at Albany--of individual trees in
+those plots. You take the worst trees and you will find they are nothing
+but boarders. You take the best and you will find they are very
+profitable. You take the average and it will fall somewhere in between.
+
+Now, why keep a lot of boarders that don't pay--free boarders--or why
+use run-of-mine seedlings, _if_ we can graft successfully--and some
+people like to dispute that--and produce nothing but the best? And you
+can check it on any of those tables. [Mr. Hardy's paper.] We have a few
+tables in our former Reports. You can check it and figure it out for
+yourself.
+
+Dr. Crane: To clear up this situation I wanted to ask Mr. Hardy a
+question, and then I wanted to make a statement. In this report from the
+1938 and 1940 planting at Albany, Georgia, in the Brown tract in 1947
+there were 188 trees that bore crops, but that planting consisted of
+274 trees planted in 1938 and 60 trees planted in 1940. Why weren't
+those 274 trees plus those 60 trees represented in the 100 with the
+yield records of 1947?
+
+Mr. Hardy: Dr. Crane knows the answer, so I will let him ask the
+question and answer it, too.
+
+Dr. Crane: In 1936 we planted 1,000 trees of the same Peter Liu
+selections on the Station farm at Beltsville, Maryland. They were of the
+same number and letter designations as others that were distributed to
+cooperators. Out of the thousand trees that we planted on the Station
+farm some of them came into bearing at four and five years after
+planting. But the nuts were small in size and were not much good. With
+one or two exceptions, out of that planting there were none bearing
+satisfactorily to suit us after ten years. In 1945 we applied the ax,
+because a Chinese chestnut tree, from an orchard standpoint, if it's not
+in bearing in ten years after planting is not worth keeping. We haven't
+got time to wait. So out they came. And in addition to that we have had
+other trees that have done the same thing.
+
+Now, out of this 274 plus the 60 at Albany, Georgia, we have three trees
+that we now figure are good enough to be raised to a variety status,
+plus possibly two or three more. Now, you can figure your percentage of
+good trees when you plant seeds.
+
+Dr. Overholser: Mr. Chairman, may I ask a question, whether these three
+seedlings to which they propose to give variety status have been
+propagated in sufficient number that they are able to give distribution
+in other areas.
+
+Mr. Hardy: Dr. Overholser, they are not available yet in quantity. That
+same answer is part of the answer I wanted to make to Dr. MacDaniels.
+The present situation in the chestnut industry is that there are very
+few nurserymen who know how to propagate nursery grafted trees
+successfully. There is going to have to be quite a bit of work done on
+that. If some of you here know how to do it, I would like to know,
+myself. There are a lot of nurserymen who would like to know, according
+to the reports I have, how to graft or bud a nursery chestnut tree.
+
+As long as the situation is that way I would say to recommend seedling
+trees because of their low price, but--and every grower who has trees
+can fall in line with this--the seeds should be from properly culled-out
+orchards of the highest type, leaving nothing in there producing nuts or
+pollen but what is the highest type. I think all of you who have more
+than one type of chestnut in your plantings should cull them all down to
+the pure _Castanea mollissima_. I don't mean by cutting out the whole
+tree, but go ahead and top-work them. If they won't take the top, _then_
+cut them out. But if you can top-work them and the grafting is good, you
+can increase your planting of good trees in that manner.
+
+The improved quality of the seed will improve the quality of seedlings
+going to the buyer, and the chances of a higher percentage of good
+seedlings showing up will be greater. I think it will improve the
+industry through a period of years.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think I agree with his position. In fact, that's
+exactly what we are telling the inquiries that come in: At the present
+state of our knowledge, better try seedling trees.
+
+But I didn't hear anybody get up and say they had an orchard of
+20-year-old grafted chestnut trees. I have tried to get them, I have
+grafted successfully, I suppose, 7 or 8 different varieties on many
+different Chinese stocks that I have bought, or had given to me, and
+numbers of grafted trees. I have nothing left. They grow fine, 7 or 8
+feet the first year, 3 or 4 feet the next year, then they go along for a
+while and then they die. In other words, there is an unsolved problem
+there, so that it seems to me at the present state of our knowledge we
+had better admit it and say, "If you are an amateur, you better get the
+best seedling trees that you can and wait awhile."
+
+Mr. J. C. Moore: I just want to give some data on some of the class work
+at Auburn with Chinese chestnuts. We were studying Chinese seedlings,
+and we attempted to bud those Chinese chestnut seedlings, and on some of
+the larger seedlings we top-worked. We had some 3-year-old seedlings,
+and we top-worked the limbs. We put in patch buds, and we put in T-buds
+or shield buds, and in practically every case on some of the trees the
+buds stuck beautifully.
+
+In June and again in August, with another class, we had the same
+results, either with T-bud or shield bud or patch bud. Some of the
+seedlings wouldn't take the buds at all. I can't think why one seedling
+would take 100 per cent of the buds and another seedling growing right
+by it wouldn't take any buds.
+
+Mr. Weber: The oldsters here will remember Colonel C. K. Sober, one of
+our former members who propagated what he later named the Sober's
+Paragon chestnut. It was a grafted tree and apparently it was grafted
+successfully on native stocks, and it grew until the blight got it.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I am not talking about European or American, I am
+talking about Chinese chestnuts.
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: It may affect the nursery industry. The nurserymen are
+looking to the Northern Nut Growers Association, Federal bureaus and
+State experiment stations to guide them in the propagation of desirable
+trees. We know now that the Chinese chestnut is becoming quite
+prominent, is becoming quite popular in many sections of the country,
+and many nurserymen are now getting requests to supply the public in
+their states with Chinese chestnuts. They, in turn, would like to know
+what they should do. If they sell Chinese chestnut trees which have been
+propagated vegetatively and they only grow five, eight, 10 or 15 years
+and then die, it's going to come back on the nurserymen. They should
+like to know whether they should do that or whether they should rely
+upon seedlings which they can develop into pure lines as best they may.
+
+Now, that really is a serious question. I am wondering from what Mr.
+Hardy has told us today if it may not be an understock problem, and if
+it is an understock problem--if there are certain strains of understock
+which are compatible with certain scions, possibly we should ask for
+some investigations, some more research to be done in this direction.
+
+Then possibly, on the other hand, we should also ask that certain
+investigations be carried out so that we will have some idea of the
+inheritable characters that may be "fixed" through seed selection. I
+really think that this seed selection should be very seriously
+considered, and that nurserymen in particular and the public in general
+would benefit greatly by such consideration.
+
+Mr. Hardy: Mr. Chase, may I make this suggestion: I think it is
+something that a number of individuals could try, perhaps they should be
+backed up by agricultural institutions, either Federal or State. We are
+all interested and concerned with stocks, and I think a large part of
+our trouble with grafting chestnuts is a stock-scion relationship.
+
+We have some top-worked trees 13 years old that are just as healthy,
+just as normal as they can be. We have some top-worked trees of various
+ages below that. The graft-union is good; they are just as healthy and
+continue to be as productive and vigorous as the parent tree. Where
+there is incompatibility we run into difficulties very shortly. To a
+large extent I think we are involved with two problems in the trouble
+with incompatibility, or perhaps I should say the dying, of grafted
+trees. One is a stock-scion relationship, the other a mechanical
+problem.
+
+I think there are these two types of incompatibilities. Now, as to the
+mechanical part--that can be improved through developing the art of
+grafting or budding, whichever works out best. The other will require
+quite a lot of study, perhaps the development of certain strains of the
+root stocks for certain scion varieties.
+
+I have made this suggestion to two or three. I have started the work
+myself by putting out with friends two or three or four trees. After
+they get up to a size where I can top-work them, I will top-work with
+two varieties. Perhaps I will put Nanking and Kuling on two trees at one
+particular place. Two or three miles away I will put Kuling and Meiling
+on two others. At another place I will put Nanking and Meiling. I will
+get reciprocal pollination, because the chestnut is necessarily
+cross-pollinating.[15] I can then plant seedlings from both parents,
+each pollinated by the other. Then by grafting those varieties onto
+those seedlings stocks I can find out whether there is any reason to go
+into the work of developing seed orchards of two varieties whereby
+Meiling pollinated by Kuling may produce the best, most vigorous, most
+uniform seedlings on which Kuling can be propagated. And by propagating
+Kuling on such seedlings--the seedlings of such inheritance--we may get
+100 per cent of good grafts.
+
+The industry needs a lot of help, and I think it is a matter of time
+until those things are worked out, but it is going to take time and
+money and plenty of good effort to work out that problem. I think it
+probably should be worked out.
+
+Mr. Bush: I don't like the word "incompatibility", and I hardly believe
+in it, and I presume most of you know that. I have Chinese on European
+stock, and it has been there for 20 years or more, _grafted high_. I
+have Chinese on Japanese grafted _under the ground_. I think a good deal
+of our damage is done from wind, from cold, and from sun on the graft
+_just above the ground_. I suspect that grafting at that point is what
+is the matter with many trees in the TVA plantings and others that had
+low survival. Of late years when I did the grafting (in the last five or
+six years) I cut the stock underneath the ground and stuck the graft
+under the ground and seemingly I got far better results. Some of those
+graft failures showed up. I laid that largely to mechanical damage, and
+again with the Japanese, particularly, I laid it on the time when the
+sap comes up. Call it what you will, but the timing of the growth of the
+two trees is different and we had trouble there. I have grafted some
+very widely different kinds of chestnuts on the tops of other chestnuts,
+and am getting them to grow. When we see the break start, we take a twig
+from below and break and put it above, cut through the cambium and nail
+it on and they will heal over and the defect disappears. So, again, it
+seems to be mechanical.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I believe from observations on a number of trees,
+particularly Dr. Richards' in West Tennessee, that a large part of our
+so-called incompatibility in this State is due to winter injury _to the
+stock_. So what Dr. Richards meant, evidently, was that he was rather
+successful in getting a "take" from last summer's propagation but the
+stock then failed below the union this spring. I saw his trees, and they
+had the typical discoloration of bark and the dying of various bark
+areas--these girdling the whole tree in a number of instances. [See
+Richards' paper in this report.] I would agree in general with what Mr.
+Bush has just said, but there are certain other instances in which we
+think the only word for what we see is "incompatibility."
+
+Mr. Slate: What are the prospects of planting those low-grafted trees
+rather deep?
+
+Mr. Bush: I think that if the roots started to die the grafted tree
+would start a root above the graft. The sap is going up from the root.
+It will go down and the root will start above the graft and go out above
+the graft, thus getting the tree on its own root.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Since we got onto grafting, do you mind if I say a word? Here
+is a four-branch, top-worked specimen that I chopped off and brought
+with me. This first tree limb was still alive and had nuts on it, the
+second was dying and a third dead. This fourth union was still alive,
+but it was badly damaged, too. That's Illinois 31 -4 on Japanese. Here
+is another graft of Illinois 31 -4 on Japanese in a small tree, and if
+that's poor union, I am no grafter!
+
+Mr. Hardy: Mr. Stoke, may I ask you this: Is this [small graft] on the
+same tree as this? [Indicating larger tree first referred to.]
+
+Mr. Stoke: No. Those four grafts, you see, all went bad. This one is in
+perfect condition. But I am having a hard time keeping that Illinois 31
+-4 alive. I had a union on _mollissima_ three inches in diameter and as
+perfect as this, two years ago. Last year it began to bulge at the point
+of union. The top wasn't feeding back to the root, and this year it is
+in bad condition,--foliage very small and it put on a very full crop of
+burs which will never mature, and it's going to pass out. It is about
+four inches in diameter now.
+
+Last year to try to beat this thing I cut out the crown of a small
+_mollissima_ at the below-ground level and put in several grafts of this
+same Illinois 31 -4, and I got a nice growth, at least four feet high.
+When I dug it up to transplant it--it was right in my garden--I found I
+had a large callus more than an inch and a half in diameter at the union
+but no roots. I reset it, and I haven't ventured to see whether it was
+all right or not. This spring I tried again.
+
+I have four little trees, one as high as my head, the others smaller. I
+grafted each one on branch roots just as they lay in the ground. Didn't
+dig them up and they grew nicely, and along in July I went around and
+spaded them deeply and thought perhaps that would produce roots. About a
+week ago I examined one. I have a magnificent callus but no roots yet
+above the union. What the ultimate results will be I don't know.
+
+With that particular hybrid I want to try one more thing. I want to grow
+seedlings of the European chestnut, cut them below the ground, graft
+Illinois 31 -4 on the root and it may make a union that will not fail,
+because the European is a very robust grower, and by being grafted under
+the ground the stock will be away from blight organisms.
+
+[Editor's Note: Mr. C. A. Reed is naming this variety (Ill. 31-4)
+"Colby" in honor of the originator, Dr. Arthur S. Colby.]
+
+Mr. Hirschi: I would like to say I put on hybrids similar to that
+Illinois 31 -4 and they grew the first year, and just made a bulky knot
+right at the point of union and died the second year.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: What was that combination?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: That was _mollissima_ stock.
+
+Now, speaking about the varieties--this is in Oklahoma--I have tried
+practically all the older varieties and I have tried some Abundance
+grafts this last year. I have some Abundance grafts that are two years
+old that are producing. They have the most vigorous growth of anything,
+and in our climate we have to have vigor.
+
+I grafted a lot of the Abundance scions on Hobson seedlings. I started
+out to grow an orchard from Hobson seedlings, and I found out that out
+of 50 splice grafts of Abundance that I put in Hobson seedlings in 1948,
+forty-eight grew, and they were put on rather late, in April. That's a
+little late for us. I have the idea--I don't know whether I am right or
+not--that if the Abundance proves out as our best variety, we can grow
+seed for stock of the Abundance and then graft the Abundance back on the
+seedling from Abundance. If there is so much to this incompatibility, I
+should overcome it by doing that very thing.
+
+Personally I think it is a crime that thousands of trees--almost
+millions--are being put out by nurserymen as seedling trees, and if you
+will note in their price lists they have "6 to 12 inches" and "12 to 18
+inches", "2 to 3 feet" and "3 to 4 feet." I venture to say that those
+are probably all the same age. How would you like to plant some of those
+12-inch trees? Somebody is going to get hurt!
+
+Mr. Bush: I'd like to say that you can propagate the Chinese chestnut by
+layering if you want to, and that will put it on its own. Put a wedge on
+it or girdle it and keep it damp through the summer.
+
+Pres. Davidson: I think Dr. MacDaniels' question is still not answered.
+I do think that if a nurseryman sells a seedling he ought to definitely
+_say that it is a seedling_ and not merely that it is a
+"blight-resistant chestnut," or something of that sort. He should
+actually tell the public what he is selling.
+
+Now, then, there seem to be reasons why in some instances a man is
+justified in planting seedlings when it comes to Chinese chestnuts, but
+when it comes to the black walnut or filbert or some of these other
+things, they are still selling seedlings without labelling them as such.
+I think we should be on record against that practice, because it takes
+us five or six years, or ten years sometimes, to find out that we have
+been gypped, and it is so easy to gyp the public when you can't find out
+about it any sooner than that.
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: I quite agree with Mr. Davidson that the nurserymen should
+state that a seedling is a seedling when it is a seedling. And I am sure
+Mr. Hirschi will corroborate that the American Association of Nurserymen
+is exerting all the influence they can to that end. Is that right, Mr.
+Hirschi?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: Yes.
+
+Mr. Bregger: I would like to ask, if planters for some years yet will
+have to rely on seedlings, is there a chance that from certain parents
+or certain varieties we can get a larger percentage of good seedlings
+than from others? How much has it been studied and is there a known
+result from the parent trees in the percent of what their seedlings can
+do?
+
+Dr. Crane: I wish I could answer that one. It is a matter of time, to
+find out the seedling characteristics reproduced by a certain
+descendant. But we know that there is a difference in _uniformity_ of
+trees in the way they grow, but as far as bearing is concerned, and the
+type of nut produced, we haven't had enough time yet.
+
+It's just like this: We have made selections for rootstocks in which we
+have selected trees that were good, strong and vigorous--the most
+vigorously growing trees that we have known about, and yet at the same
+time produced a small nut or medium-sized nut that we could use for the
+production of rootstocks. And we have made progress on that, and we have
+demonstrated that there is a very marked difference between the
+graftability or budability of seedlings from certain parent trees. We
+have demonstrated that some varieties are much easier to propagate than
+are others. But as for the proper combinations of stock and scion, we
+still haven't got enough data to recommend any. We know that there are
+differences, but it is going to take quite a long while, at least four
+or five years or more, before we know.
+
+Now, there is just one other thing that comes up on propagation. We have
+found that if you bench-graft and make the graft into the transition
+zone between root and top just like the old method that the apple
+propagator used when he piece-root grafted and then plant deep, you can
+get a hundred per cent of the grafts to grow. In such cases the scion
+may root and the top will be on its own roots.
+
+Well, there are a lot of these tricks to learn as time goes on. I don't
+think that we should worry too much about this graft union problem. We
+know that this Carr variety is a bear-cat. It is the one that gave us so
+much trouble. When we tried to propagate that one we had a real, nasty
+cat by the tail. But on the other hand, in answer to Dr. MacDaniels'
+question if we go out to Dr. J. Russell Smith's plantings up at Round
+Hill (Virginia), we can see a lot of the oldest grafted trees that I
+know of anywhere in the country, and the unions are just as smooth and
+just as slick as anyone would want to see. They are not 20 years old; I
+don't think there was ever a _mollissima_ chestnut grafted 20 years ago.
+The first grafting that I know of was about 15 years ago, maybe 18.
+
+Mr. Stoke: In 1932.
+
+Mr. R. C. Moore: Thomas Jefferson grafted European chestnuts.
+
+Dr. Crane: No, I am talking about Chinese chestnuts. We didn't get in
+any Chinese chestnuts until 1906. We have this problem of
+incompatibility or graft union trouble, in apples, but do you hear
+anybody hollering about it? We have it in peaches, plums and cherries.
+One of the most important diseases they have out in the Pacific
+Northwest and California on Persian walnuts, is what is called "black
+line disease." We mustn't get excited about graft union failure. That
+has been used, in my opinion, by a lot of people, to discourage the
+propagating of grafted chestnuts. There are thousands of people in the
+United States who are spending good money for seedling trees, and some
+of them are going to get stung. We in the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are going to have this thing backfire on us, just as true as
+I tell you. I know there are some nurserymen today that are planting
+unknown chestnut seeds, and they are selling the trees as Chinese
+chestnut. They are planting seed out of mixed orchards, too, that have
+_C. seguinii_ and _C. henryi_ and _C. crenata_ trees in them. The _C.
+crenata_ Japanese has been introduced in the United States for over 70
+years and it has never made the grade.
+
+You know, there has been many a thing that has been promoted in the
+United States--big for a few days and then she backfired, and then it
+took the industry 50 or a hundred years to recover. You can sell people
+gold bricks once, but you can't sell them gold bricks _all_ the time!
+
+Mr. McCollum: Last year after Mr. Hemming's speech--you know, he is the
+nurseryman who sells seedlings over on the Eastern Shore--I asked him if
+he had been selling those long enough to have heard from customers.
+"Yes," he said he had, "all satisfied." Now, I don't know anything about
+that.
+
+Dr. Moss: I am not an expert. They say an expert is someone who, the
+more he studies, knows less about practically nothing at all. That's a
+good deal my shape. I planted before the war Chinese seed in Kentucky
+and a good many of those put on burs in the nursery row. I gave them
+away in the community. Out of the whole bunch, some of them 20 feet
+tall, I know of one outstanding nut in that bunch and it's off by
+itself, apparently a self-pollinizer[16], and puts out a crop of good
+nuts.
+
+Dr. Cross: I should like to ask Dr. Crane if it would not be possible to
+investigate the situation in China rather than wait to work this out.
+Certainly, the Chinese have sufficient knowledge of grafting and
+propagation to have been working on this long ago, and since these came
+from there, let's look into that phase of it.
+
+Dr. Crane: I did investigate the situation in China when I was there.
+Unfortunately in China, although it is one of our oldest countries and
+longest civilizations, they don't do much grafting. They grow their
+trees from seed, but they have certain seed trees that they select their
+seed from, and within a community, within a valley, you will have a
+certain type of chestnut. They call them varieties. They are not
+varieties. That's the situation. Most all of them are different, but
+they have accomplished the fixing of certain characteristics.
+
+Now, in South China the nuts are larger in size, they are stronger
+growing trees than they are in the North. I think that we will find that
+that's the situation in this country. The Chinese chestnut is one that
+does have a high heat requirement, just like pecan, and grown under
+conditions where they have high heat they are bigger in size and make
+more growth and probably they come into bearing sooner.
+
+But I didn't see anything grafted in China, and I was all over the
+country from the most northern parts to the most southern parts where
+chestnuts are produced. I could make a lot of observations myself, but I
+had to talk through interpreters, and sometimes you couldn't tell what
+the interpreter meant. But as near as I could tell, they were all
+seedlings. When he would tell me there was such-and-such a variety, I
+would ask him what it meant in English. He didn't know. When I found
+how they were propagated I found they planted the seed. When I found
+where they got the seed it was from a certain seed tree.
+
+So we have within the valleys what they call varieties, but they are not
+varieties, only seedlings grown from certain seed trees.
+
+Now, with the Japanese, on the other hand, the situation is different,
+because they propagated by budding and by grafting. I got a number of
+the Japanese publications of propagation methods and their stocks, and
+so forth, translated into English, and their problems are just the same
+as we are going through right here now. They propagate true varieties by
+asexual methods, but the Chinese do not to any extent at all.
+
+Dr. Cross: Have the Russians got any?
+
+A Member: That's the question I ask. Do we have any seed trees in this
+country that are better than other seed trees?
+
+Mr. Porter: Could the gentleman tell us whether the Chinese graft _any_
+chestnuts.
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, they do so, I was told.
+
+Mr. Porter: Well, the industry spends a lot of money, so do other
+people, and so on, in a proper way to investigate that. Why don't you
+find out where in that country they have been doing it?
+
+Dr. Crane: I didn't see any grafted chestnut trees over there.
+
+A Member: You said they grafted, and then you say, "I didn't see any."
+
+Dr. Crane: That's quite right, and I talked to their best horticultural
+authorities that they have. Practically all of it is produced by seed
+and not by budding or grafting. It is just exactly as I said with the
+Persian walnut. China has no varieties of Persian walnuts, although
+sometimes you will find some farmer that will bud or graft his trees.
+
+Mr. Porter: They graft up on the limb?
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, sir. Once in a while you will find one. They have a few
+real horticulturists. I met one man over there that would compare very
+favorably with Liberty Hyde Bailey.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Dr. MacDaniels asked for concrete evidence. He wanted to know
+where there was an orchard with 20-year-old grafted Chinese chestnut
+trees. They haven't been planted that long, but I would like to give him
+concrete evidence in my own experience.
+
+In 1932 I got scions from the Department, got what ultimately became
+known as the Hobson, from Jasper, Georgia. I grafted a tree in my front
+yard which is still bearing nicely, and in fact I have got two grafts on
+that tree about four feet from the ground, and it is very nice with
+perfect union. At the same time I grafted a Carr right at the side of my
+house that also has a perfect union about the same height from the
+ground. I grafted a scion sent me by Dr. Morris as Morris' best (which
+was pretty poor), and it is still living. At the present time I have
+perhaps five Carr trees that will average six inches or more in
+diameter. The oldest is the one by the side, of the house. The rest of
+them were grafted about 1935. One out of those five, when it got to be
+about six inches in diameter, in fact, about three years ago, it went
+bad. It is girdled and dead. It was grafted about as high as this table
+from the ground. The others are sound, and you'd find it very difficult
+to find where they were grafted.
+
+I have Hobson, perhaps a dozen trees anywhere from six to 16 years old,
+and I have not had a failure on a Hobson that really was once healed
+over properly and got to bearing, not one. That's concrete evidence,
+Doctor, and that's all I wish to say.
+
+Rev. Taylor (Alpine, Tenn.): Mr. Gravatt was about to answer a question
+about our seed trees, wasn't he?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: Would you repeat that question?
+
+Rev. Taylor: Are some seed trees better than others in the high per cent
+of good seedlings they produce?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: Well, McKay has done some work and published it to show
+that on seedlings of certain trees you get higher percentage of bud
+takes than on others.
+
+Mr. Chase: I think the question is a little confused. I think what you
+are after is, are there parent seed trees from which seed can be planted
+that would produce a good quality of seedlings.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Yes, of good productive seedlings. No grafting to it.
+
+Mr. Chase: I think that was answered. Apparently there are.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Apparently there are in China, as Dr. Crane brought up.
+
+Mr. Chase: He further brought up that those things are in the process of
+being tested here now, and he hopes for some information in--what was
+that?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: We had Professor Beattie over in Japan, China, and Korea
+for two or three years, and he found in Japan that there were certain
+selections there, certain grafted varieties that they used for seed
+stock. We imported those into this country. We were getting ready to go
+ahead with the Japs. We also brought in a hundred varieties of Japanese
+chestnuts. But the Japanese varieties didn't do well here. What would
+produce well over in Japan didn't produce well here. But a number of
+those scions that we grafted in 1932 and 1933 are still living. We have
+had very good success with top-working chestnuts in our orchards. We
+have some grafts there of pure Chinese chestnuts top-worked on some
+worthless Japanese. Some of those have been there for 12 and 14 years,
+with perfect unions. But we do receive a number of reports of trees
+dying from blight and various other and sundry other causes and when we
+examine them quite frequently these have died back to where the trees
+had been grafted.
+
+Rev. Taylor: I could enlarge on that question just a little bit to tie
+in with what Mr. O'Rourke said. If the nurserymen are going to propagate
+seedling trees for the trade for some time yet, where should they be
+advised to obtain their seed to get the best possible seedling trees?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: In a lot of our regional distributions we sent out
+mixtures. In other places we would send out related seedlings, as "MY,"
+"MZ," or "MAX," to different individuals. We have advised all
+nurseryman, all of our cooperators, to eliminate the Japanese; eliminate
+the hybrids. It gets down to pure Chinese. We have also advised again
+and again to take out the more worthless trees and propagate seed from
+the beat. But there are a lot of hybrid seeds with mixed parentage going
+into nursery trees.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: How many people are going to take out trees now when they
+can sell the seeds for at least 50 cents or maybe even $2.00 a pound?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: That's it. However, you take any of those Chinese trees
+over there at the Eastern Shore Nurseries, for example--nuts from all 19
+of them have been sent over here, and they are all good eating. I have
+been over a lot of the seedlings of Hemming's trees. Mr. Hemming has
+several hundred at his own place. I have been over other orchard
+plantings. There is lot of variability among those seedlings. They are
+not as uniform as the parent tree, for some reason. Why, I don't know.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Howell, as a nurseryman, has propagated the Chinese
+chestnut tree. Would you care to make a few comments? Mr. Howell has
+Howell's Nursery in Knoxville and at Sweetwater, Tennessee, and I
+believe has some of Mr. Gravatt's early seedling trees and has produced
+a great quantity of seedlings.
+
+Mr. Bruce Howell: A good many years ago we got from the Department five
+trees, and they grew and have all borne good nuts, and all chestnuts we
+have propagated since have been grown from seed from those five trees,
+and most of them are pretty good. One is a small nut, and among more
+recent seedlings we have got two of them that don't bear at all, or
+haven't so far. Now, we have got a bunch of them where they were set
+several years ago in nursery rows. At each end of each row the trees
+there bear very nice nuts, and when you get out through that row, the
+crowded trees don't bear at all.
+
+I think those seedlings and those trees practically all make fairly good
+nuts and some of them excellent. I have got some samples. About six
+years ago I got a pound of imported Japanese I planted. The third year
+they bore and they have done very well, and all of them are about the
+same size chestnuts. They are as good as any _after_ they are roasted or
+boiled. That's about all. A good many years ago, I guess 30 years ago, I
+grafted Paragon chestnuts, and they did well until the blight.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Does anybody else have this trouble? In North Central
+Tennessee we usually have a warm spell about the Middle of February,
+plowing time. We expect it every year. And then these Chinese chestnuts
+are the quickest trees to let the buds swell, and the bark softens up
+all the way to the ground on the young ones. Then we nearly always have
+a pretty hard freeze, afterward. So, for several years after our
+experimental planting was set out there they would get killed clear to
+the ground next year. Is that something others have the same experience
+with? How do you go at correcting that?
+
+After our trees got to be three or four or five inches in diameter they
+didn't kill back that way. The bark seemed to be tougher.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: That's very common experience in Tennessee and, I might
+say, in north Alabama.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Nothing you can do about it?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: On some sites it is not nearly so bad as it is in other
+locations. A northern or eastern slope with good elevation seems to be
+best.
+
+Mr. Frye: I have had some trouble and maybe, had a good education about
+frost pockets. If you get them in high elevations you escape that. I had
+that trouble two years ago. I got some Chinese trees from Dr. Smith, set
+them out. They were his best seedlings, three of them, and they started
+beautifully. I transplanted them. Just about that time they got nipped
+off. Did that three times and failed to come out the third time.
+
+Pres. Davidson: One other remedy for that that I remember reading about,
+I am not quite sure in which of our Reports--maybe Mr. Becker was the
+author, and that is this: He said that he cultivates until August after
+which he plants cover crops, and he sows cover crops that grow and they
+hold back this vegetative growth in the late part of the year, and it is
+really the late vegetative growth that causes the destruction. After he
+adopted that plan he had very much less winter killing in his
+plantation. That might be one way of helping the situation.
+
+Mr. Hardy: We have had some killing. Usually in the second year or the
+first year after we get killing down to the ground, if we will keep the
+stock pruned back to one shoot that one will make sufficient growth,
+become hardy enough to withstand any cold, or perhaps sun scald. Also
+wrapping the trunks of the trees with newspaper helps to prevent the
+variations in temperature, which in our section is what causes the cold
+injury. We don't have sufficient cold to cause absolute low-temperature
+injury, but we do have sudden drops just as you do in Tennessee,
+apparently, and wrapping with paper does help iron out those changes.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Wouldn't you suggest the paper wrap in the summer as well
+as the winter and spring?
+
+Mr. Hardy: Yes.
+
+Mr. Stoke: It is not only the planter of the trees that has sorrows
+along that line, but the nurseryman does also. I had some nursery
+seedlings growing on flat land, and they looked all right, passed the
+winter. When I went out to graft them I found that on these small stocks
+anywhere from the size of a lead pencil to the size of a finger, the
+cambium was discolored. It wasn't black nut brown. Any attempts I made
+to graft those failed, and yet many of those same trees grew on. They
+were stunted somewhat for a year or two, and they left a brown ring at
+that annual growth.
+
+I would say that the best guarantee against that kind of thing is to
+plant your chestnut orchards--and the nurseries--to plant on land that
+is well air drained. _Select the same site as you would for peaches._
+
+Mr. Chase: I will say that we should have allowed more time for
+discussion. However, we have used up our alloted time for this period.
+Supper is at six o'clock, and we are due back here at 7:30. I don't know
+how you folks feel about this little session, but I certainly did enjoy
+it.
+
+[Footnote 14: --Goldsworthy and his associates published several items
+along this line in 1948 issues of +Plant Disease Reporter+. His October
+15, 1948 item reported a similar result of 25% technical DDT (with 75%
+clay) inhibiting growth of seedling peach roots on 1-year budded Elberta
+trees. As low as 25 pound per acre application affected growth in quartz
+sand cultures, whereas with certain soils, no significant difference was
+noted until an 800 lb. per acre level of the DDT was reached. It was
+surmised that possibly some unknown constituent in the technical DDT was
+responsible for the suppression of new root growth, and consequent
+slowing down of top growth. In the case of Blakemore strawberries, and
+also with peaches, this effect has persisted for at least two crop
+years. Goldsworthy and Dunegan say, "How many other economic crop plants
+may be injured is unknown, but it appears certain that some caution is
+necessary in the promiscuous use of the chemical on ... plants, either
+as ... sprays or as soil additions...." In these experiments, of course,
+the DDT-containing material was in direct contact with all the roots.
+Spray residues ordinarily would be present only in the surface layer of
+the soil, and should have much less effect on tree roots in that
+case.--J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+[Footnote 15: --Dr. McKay of the U. S. D. A. found one tree only about
+2.5% fruitful to its own pollen.--Ed.]
+
+[Footnote 16: --There is a possibility of pollination from American
+chestnut sprouts in his vicinity.--Ed.]
+
+
+Let's adjourn.
+
+(Whereupon, at 5:30 p. m. the meeting was adjourned, to reconvene at
+7:30 o'clock p. m. of the same day.)
+
+
++Evening Session+
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will come to order, please. We first
+have the pleasure of hearing from Dr. C. A. Moss of Williamsburg,
+Kentucky, on Greetings from a Kentucky Nut. Dr. Moss.
+
+
+
+
+Greetings from a Kentucky Nut
+
+DR. C. A. MOSS, Williamsburg, Kentucky
+
+
+I am glad to see all of these beautiful ladies here this evening. We
+just had dinner, and I presume I should make an after-dinner speech. I
+have always wanted to attend a Northern Nut Growers Association
+convention. I am more or less of what you might call a convention addict
+and speak on any occasion on slight provocation. I attended a convention
+at Quebec earlier this year, and after that I went on to Rio de Janiero
+in South America and attended another convention, but this privilege of
+being able to attend the Northern Nut Growers Association tops all the
+rest.
+
+I am reminded of the tale of the man who rushed into the sheriff's
+office in Texas, and his gun was smoking, and he says, "I have killed a
+man." The sheriff said, "Who did you kill?" "Oh," he says, "I don't know
+his name. He is one of these after-dinner speakers." "You are in the
+wrong room," the sheriff said. "Go back in the hallway three doors to
+the right to the bounty room. They pay $5 a head for those."
+
+My family fortunes, if there be any, were founded on nuts. My father
+when he was 16 years old was raised on Straight Creek near Pineville,
+Kentucky, some hundred miles away from Lexington, and they gathered up a
+wagonload of the old chestnuts, he and a hired man on my grandfather's
+place, and they took an ox team and took them to Lexington to peddle
+them out. It took them three weeks to make the return trip.
+
+I come from Whitney County, Kentucky. It was named after old Colonel
+Whitney, the man who built the first brick house in Kentucky. It was in
+the fall of the year, and the mortar was freezing, and they mixed
+whiskey with their mortar to keep it from freezing.
+
+When I get away from home they ask me if I am a Kentucky Colonel. That's
+one of the first things I hear, and I tell them that I am. And they want
+to know why they put that honor upon a small fellow like me, and I tell
+them it was on account of scientific research that I had done, that I
+had developed a new way of making egg-nog. I feed the chickens the
+whiskey mash and they lay bourbon-flavored eggs, and all you have to do
+is drop one in a glass of milk.
+
+They always ask about the Kentucky Derby, and I tell them that the last
+I heard Mint Julep was coming in on the home stretch strong.
+
+I am not qualified with all of these experts to get up here and talk
+about nuts. They say an expert is a fellow that learns more and more
+about less and less until he knows practically everything about nothing
+at all; and that's kind of my shape, sir.
+
+Now, seriously, I have had this hobby of trying to grow nuts for a
+number of years. I grafted a golf club on a croquet post, and I got some
+wonderful golf balls. Before the war I ordered some Chinese chestnuts. I
+got in touch with Sakata and Company in Yokahama, and they finally came
+in. I didn't have any experience, and about all I had was some
+imagination, and I planted them out in the fall of the year like I
+planted any other nuts. I went out in the spring and investigated. There
+wasn't a darn one come up. The rats had beat me to them and eaten them
+all up.
+
+I was a persistent cuss and ordered some the next year, and I put them
+up in fruit jars and figured I would plant them in the spring, and when
+the spring came they all had the dry rot.
+
+So I ordered them the third year, and I made sacks out of fly screen
+wire and put those nuts outside, and in the spring they came up and I
+had a lot of nice sprouts about this high and put them in a seed bed
+with a board all the way around. My father is blind in one eye, couldn't
+tell a chestnut from a weed, and he pulled up the weeds and he pulled
+all the chestnuts up except one.
+
+The fourth year I had better success, and I raised that year
+400-and-some-odd chestnut seedlings, and I did more or less the Johnny
+Appleseed stuff with those. I gave those away in the community. I am,
+among other things, a banker, and I figured those would be as good as
+calendars, and I have not been able to follow the history of them.
+However, there is one of them I think is exceptional. It's a
+self-pollinator and is bearing heavy crops, and I intend to follow that
+particular tree up.
+
+A genius, he is no better than any of the rest of us. All a genius is is
+a fellow that's got good digestion so he can eat enough to work long
+hours and good eyesight so he don't get tired.
+
+So I was reading in a magazine about the Crath English walnut. They sent
+the Reverend Mr. Crath over to Poland before the war, and I got four
+pounds of those nuts he collected, and planted them. And every spring a
+cold spell would come along and get them before I could cut any grafts
+off of them. And I planted a Nebraska pecan and got some grafts from it,
+and my wife said that tree never did have a chance because I kept
+cutting the prunes off so they couldn't grow. I got several to growing,
+and then they didn't fill out the nuts.
+
+I was talking to a good doctor here from Baltimore last night. We ate
+dinner, at the same table here, and I told him I didn't see but one
+thing wrong with this Northern Nut Growers Association: It needed a lot
+of young people in it, because if it didn't they were going to have to
+hold a reunion over at the cemetery.
+
+I have done a lot of grafting, and I am not going into the details of
+that. I am going to say that I am glad to be here, I give you greetings
+from Kentucky, and I hope that I will meet you all again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: That certainly was refreshing, Dr. Moss. We enjoyed
+it.
+
+Next on the program is Dr. Aubrey Richards, Whiteville, Tennessee, who
+is not here. Nuts for West Tennessee is the subject of that paper, and
+Secretary MacDaniel will read it for us.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees for West Tennessee
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee
+
+
+At the present time I am attempting to grow 14 grafted varieties of
+Chinese and Japanese chestnuts, plus numerous hybrids and seedlings,
+eight varieties of black walnut, 5 named Persian and 18 unnamed
+Carpathians, 5 heartnuts, 5 hickory and hickory hybrids, 12 pecans, and
+7 hazels and filberts. The total number of trees, including all
+varieties, is well over three hundred. A few of the trees have been
+under my observation for 11 years on down to some that I have just
+acquired.
+
+I shall not bore you with a list of unsatisfactory varieties nor with
+the ones that have not had sufficient observation in this section, but
+shall confine my remarks to less than two dozen varieties.
+
+Pecans I shall touch only lightly, as they are a highly specialized crop
+only a little farther south. Stuart and Success are favorites here.
+Schley and Mahan are good if scab can be controlled. Sun scald on newly
+planted trees is our greatest problem, which I control by a paper wrap
+made by cutting two inch sections from a 36 inch roll of cheap felt-base
+wall paper. It gradually weathers away during the second summer. I wrap
+from the top down in a spiral, and when I reach the bottom, I place a
+hand full of earth on the end of the paper. No tying is required. In
+this way I have reduced the mortality rate of young nut trees greatly.
+I am also a strong believer in cover crops and mulching, for Tennessee
+weather is very temperamental.
+
+Although we get ample rainfall per annum, it is often not well
+distributed, especially during mid-summer. During the winter we have
+several days of balmy spring weather with a drop to possibly below zero
+occuring overnight.
+
+Thomas black walnut grows well here, but tends to over-bear, with many
+poorly filled nuts on alternate years. I counted an average of 8 nuts
+per lineal foot of bearing wood on one tree this season.
+
+Snyder and Stambaugh are excellent nuts, setting about all they can
+mature.
+
+Elmer Myers is a beautiful thin shelled nut, but so far a little shy in
+bearing. I believe this can be corrected if I can find another walnut
+that will shed pollen late enough to catch the Myers pistils. Homeland
+may be the one to do it. I have set some grafts of it with the Myers to
+see.
+
+Carpathian D, and a variety of unknown origin from Haywood County are
+the only Persian walnuts I have fruited. This tree of unknown origin
+grows alone, is at least 50 years old, is three feet in diameter, has a
+spread of 40 feet, and is about the same in height. Some years it
+produces a heavy crop, others, nothing. To my knowledge, it has received
+no care in the past 20 years.
+
+My 18 Carpathians are all growing with varying vigor and resistance to
+leaf spot. None has shown winter injury.
+
+Of all the heartnuts, Rhodes is my favorite. The nut does not appear to
+be as large as some, but the kernel is just as heavy, due to its compact
+shape which causes it to fall out when the nut is cracked. It is
+self-pollenizing and also a good pollenizer for all my other varieties,
+shedding pollen over a long period of time, although it is the latest of
+all in producing its pistils. It grows vigorously on black walnut stock.
+
+Rush seems to be the best filbert for this section. Its catkins are
+usually hardy here.
+
+Chestnut trees, like gray ghosts, still reach their naked arms high on
+many West Tennessee hillsides, and occasionally one finds a farmer
+splitting posts from their remains, for chestnut is an enduring wood. A
+few of these tenacious individuals are still sending up sprouts that may
+reach considerable size before they are again struck down.
+
+I have had no serious trouble with blight in any of the named chestnut
+varieties, either Chinese or Japanese. I have lost some trees by its
+entrance into the seedling stock, but not many. My greatest headache has
+been sun-scald and winter killing, or to be more exact, "early spring"
+killing.
+
+One of the juvenile characteristics of oriental chestnuts is the
+retention of their leaves all winter. They also grow in a rather
+sprangling way. This is a protective mechanism, and when we prune them
+to an upright form, or graft, this wood having lost its juvenile
+characteristics, we are inviting trouble unless we protect the trunk in
+some other way. I prefer to use a paper wrap as described under Pecans,
+as it is quickly done and is inexpensive. This also gives protection to
+immature callus cells at bud or graft union.
+
+Of the older Chinese chestnut varieties in my hands, Hobson has
+excelled, with large chestnuts (34 to the pound in 1948.) Zimmerman also
+produces a good nut. Colossal (Hybrid) is very productive and produces
+the largest nuts of any chestnut that I have seen grown in Tennessee,
+but the quality of the raw nut is not equal to Hobson. It refuses to
+grow on Chinese stock, but thrives on Japanese. It is pollen sterile. I
+have several newer varieties under observation and although they are
+growing vigorously I have not had time to form an opinion on them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: The Reverend Bernard Taylor of Alpine, Tennessee,
+will next read a paper on The Marketing of Black Walnuts as a Community
+Project. Mr. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Black Walnuts as a Community Project
+
+THE REV. BERNARD TAYLOR, Alpine, Tennessee
+
+
+The Rev. Mr. Taylor: I suppose that every community where black walnuts
+grow wild has a marketing of some kind, some kind of a plan of
+marketing, maybe just what every boy or every man who has some spare
+time or some of the womenfolks may do to make something out of the
+walnuts that are lying around.
+
+In the community of Alpine, which is in Overton County, people used to
+go out on the ridge with wagons and bring home wagonloads of walnuts,
+and they would sell them either in the shell or they would crack them
+and sell them in pretty poor condition, however they could sell them.
+When we first began selling walnut kernels in Alpine we got 19 cents a
+pound for the kernels, and that was more than they were worth, I
+believe, because they were dirty, greasy, and they had mildew gobs in
+the bunches of kernels. So I don't know how the rolling stores that came
+around that way could make anything out of them trading them in at that
+price.
+
+Then we began to study the Government bulletins on how to produce good
+walnut kernels, and there is a good bulletin on that; all of you are
+acquainted with it, probably. When we began to harvest those nuts and
+hull them as quickly as we could and wash them and dry them out
+thoroughly and then crack them before they got too dry, we organized
+what was called the Walnut Club. This Walnut Club mostly was composed of
+some of the women of the community who lived up in one little cove where
+the limestone outcroppings seem to favor the walnut and the air drainage
+or whatever it was seemed to favor the crop yields rather regularly. We
+don't have an every-year good walnut crop.
+
+Well, these women got finally so that they could get 35 cents a pound
+for their walnut kernels, then 45 cents a pound. Then we found a good
+friend in Pennsylvania who would take those kernels, all we could send
+her, and put them up in little pound packages and sell them for whatever
+she could get and send us all the money. That's altogether contrary to
+Hoyle I guess.
+
+You merchants, if there are some of you here, who are dealers in walnut
+kernels know that our people were just getting spoiled. Anytime now that
+a merchant says, "I will give you such-and-such a price for the walnuts
+and then I will sell them for such-and-such a price," he looks to them
+like a robber. They want to sell them for what the people pay who eat
+them. That isn't quite fair, maybe, but we got $1.39 a pound last year
+for all the kernels we could produce, and the year before it was $1.40,
+I believe, and it stays about that price.
+
+That is about the story of the community project. It is a direct contact
+by way of a benevolent friend between people in the mountains in
+Tennessee and people in Pennsylvania who say that these kernels taste
+better than black walnut kernels in Pennsylvania taste. I don't know
+whether any Pennsylvanians here agree with that or not. I think they are
+wonderfully mild-flavored, a good many of them very light-colored
+kernels. Though Mr. Chase has made some beautiful exhibits of how the
+color changes depending on how long a time you leave them in the hull,
+we still have some that stay lighter than others. Some of them have
+rather gray-colored kernels.
+
+There is one of those trees that Mrs. Ledbetter has, on her husband's
+farm. He was about to sell that tree for a log and a stump. They come
+along and grub the stumps out and sell the stumps and all for
+veneerwood. But she wouldn't let him sell it, and over the course of the
+last few years they sold enough kernels more than to pay for that walnut
+tree and it is still going to yield a good many years, probably better
+and better as time goes on.
+
+I think that possibly the community angle of this is a little bit
+misrepresenting. It's not the entire community, but it is a little group
+of the community who are interested in the wild black walnut.
+
+Last spring we were very fortunate in having some help in grafting some
+of the seedlings. This Mrs. Ledbetter's husband got interested in
+walnuts, and he planted a whole pasture with walnuts spaced every so
+often, and this spring we went there with the help of God and were able
+to graft those to Thomas black walnuts. They were just little seedlings,
+so we hope to go into the named black walnuts as time goes on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: May I ask, Mr. Taylor, the people, of course, now
+comply with the Government regulations on pasteurization and so on?
+
+Mr. Taylor: Never heard of it. You will have to tell me about that after
+a while, if you will, please.
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Shadow, the County Agent of Decatur, Meigs
+County, Tennessee, will tell his experiences with tree crops in that
+county.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences with Tree Crops in Meigs County, Tennessee
+
+W. A. SHADOW, Meigs County Agent, Decatur, Tennessee
+
+
+Mr. Shadow: Mr. Chairman and members of the Nut Growers Association: As
+President Davidson announced, I am an agricultural agent. About twelve
+years ago I thought it would be good to have a hobby, and since I was
+born and reared in the nursery world propagating fruit trees and
+ornamentals, and due to the fact that John Hershey came by one day and
+talked to me about the tree crops in the Tennessee Valley, it struck me
+just right, and I have made that my hobby.
+
+You know, every man who has a job gets fed up on his job and needs to
+get out and play with himself, or something else, to forget his
+troubles. So I find in propagating nut trees, top-working them, if you
+will, top-working trees where I find them to named varieties, is very
+interesting to me.
+
+John Hershey taught me the technique of grafting nut trees. I had
+grafted and budded in all kinds of ornamentals and fruits, but I needed
+training in nut trees. So in the spring of 1935, I guess, I grafted
+about a hundred Thomas black walnut on trees where I found them in the
+woodland. At the same time I grafted maybe a hundred Japanese persimmon
+of possibly a dozen varieties on the common native persimmon. I
+purchased three, four, maybe five Japanese persimmons and planted these
+trees in the spring of 1935. All these persimmons, maybe 60 or 70 of
+them, grew nicely. The Thomas grew very well, and the winter of 1939 or
+1940, I don't recall just which, was rather severe. We had below-zero
+weather, and all of my persimmons were killed--I thought. The next year
+I found a persimmon tree up in the woods with maybe a peck of great big
+nice persimmons and later I found that that was a Fuyugaki persimmon.
+All the rest of mine were winter killed. Those that I purchased were
+winter killed the first year. I don't know why. I grafted the persimmon
+about 5 feet high. Those that were grafted at the ground I noticed
+winter killed the first year, and these that are grafted up about
+shoulder high seemed to live three or four years before they winter
+killed, and the one variety that survived as Mr. Kline and Mr. Chase, or
+someone, has told, is Fuyugaki, I believe. I have a Tamopan persimmon, a
+great big, nice persimmon about so big, but bitter as the dickens, and
+about the only thing I think it is good for is to look at. It is pretty.
+But the Fuyugaki is never bitter. It is very tasty even partially green,
+and as it ripens my lady thinks it is very good, and I think it is good,
+myself.
+
+I have about two or three varieties of mulberries. I got them from Glen
+St. Mary Nurseries in Florida. They make awfully good pig feed and bird
+feed, and I don't mind eating them myself.
+
+There are some honeylocust, Millwood and Calhoun. I purchased several
+seedlings of thornless honeylocust from some northwestern nursery and
+grafted them to Millwood and Calhoun. I also have four trees that are
+ten years old and they have never borne. Last year there was one tree of
+that hundred that bore heavily, and the rest of them are barren. It must
+be lack of pollenization, or something. I am not getting fruit from my
+honeylocust.
+
+Someone asked me what I am going to do with all this stuff, and I said,
+"Well, the squirrels and I will have lots of fun anyhow, and the cows
+will eat the honeylocust if they ever bear."
+
+I have two pecan trees that are bearing nicely. One is a Posey and the
+other is a Greenriver, bearing very nicely. They are about ten years
+old. I have some Schley and Delmas and Mahan, and they are not bearing.
+I don't know why. We are out of the realm of the southern pecan and too
+far south for the northern pecan, I am afraid.
+
+My Persian walnut, heartnut and Japanese walnut think it is spring too
+quick, and every year they burst out and grow about so long, and then
+they fall down and die from freezing, and then they grow out, and this
+time of the year you look at them and you say, "That's a beautiful
+tree," But they freeze just enough to get the fruit each year.
+
+Mr. McDaniel came by last spring a year ago and left with me a little
+scion of a Carpathian walnut, the Bayer selection. I wasn't present,
+but he left it with my lady and suggested to my lady that I would know
+what to do with it. I put it on a common black walnut grafted about so
+high, and it is ten feet high now growing nicely, but this spring I
+noticed that it, too, thought the spring was here before it was here. I
+don't know how it is going to bear. I may have to take it out on top of
+the hill and re-graft it on a high place where it has more air drainage.
+
+Of the Chinese chestnut, I planted about a hundred, but I planted them
+in a cut-over woodland that was full of native chestnut sprouts. You
+know how the chestnut sprouts will do. They grow up and blight out and
+die down, and another sprout comes from the stump. They have been doing
+that for 30 years over in my part of the country. I planted these
+chestnuts purposely in that grove where there was lots of blight. Out of
+that hundred I have eight trees that are alive. The rest of them have
+died from blight. They are bearing very nicely, but I haven't learned
+how to care for those fruits so that they are good a long period of
+time. Someone just told me that you had someone on the program this
+morning who would tell us that. It is a very interesting subject for me.
+
+And the Thomas walnut is a nice black walnut. The trees are a little bit
+peculiar about their bearing; sometimes they bear heavily and again they
+forget to bear. The Stabler doesn't bear at all for me. I just know they
+are Stablers because someone told me so. I have them labeled. I have
+Creitz black walnut. I got five from TVA four or five years ago, and
+they just literally bear themselves to death. They're about so high and
+bear every year, very nice nuts. I will have to pull the walnuts off
+long enough to make them grow up and make real trees. I think they are
+going to be all right.
+
+Mr. Chairman, I am not an expert. I use my hobby to keep from bothering
+about the troubles that I have with other things, and when I get mad at
+a neighbor I go to playing on my trees, and it gets me well. I recommend
+it as a very soothing hobby.
+
+Now, some day we will make a business out of tree crops when we in
+Tennessee get the bugs out of it and get them so we will have the right
+varieties to produce. I am not satisfied with the Thomas. Someone
+suggested it was a wonderful nut. I am not satisfied with it. We need a
+better walnut than the Thomas. But it's the best I have.
+
+There is a native walnut I found in the valley near Watts Bar Dam. I
+named it Pineland. It is just a seedling. It is a most wonderful nut if
+it wasn't for its hard shell. It's hard as the dickens. It is a
+wonderful bearer, has borne every year for nine years. It happens to be
+in unusually good soil. But I have grafted a few up away from the river,
+and the grafted trees are bearing nicely. The trouble is it is hard, but
+it is a wonderful good kernel and it is a big nut.
+
+Groups like this working with tree crops and nuts over a period of time
+will develop the right varieties, and if we can get some youngsters
+interested--and I am in my county getting some youngsters interested in
+grafting--and tell them not to expect too much but get a whole lot of
+satisfaction out of the fun of producing something, I think this will be
+the beginning. Or rather, you have been going a long time. This is a
+means of progress in tree crops that I am well pleased to take a part
+in. Mr. Chairman, I think that's about all that I have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I know we all wish we had more county agents like
+that, interested in trees and interested in young folks. Those two
+things should go together. I wish you would just sort of propagate that
+idea when you meet other county agents, won't you, Mr. Shadow?
+
+Now, then, Mr. Frye of Pleasant Dale, West Virginia, will tell us
+something about Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia
+
+WILBERT M. FRYE, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Frye: After hearing such wonderful speeches as we have had, with
+your reading, Mr. McDaniel, I wish I could be all of us, but as it is, I
+am just myself. I don't know how many know where Pleasant Dale is, but
+anyhow, you know where Washington, D. C. is; I live just along U. S. 50
+and my section is 103 miles west of Washington, D. C. That will locate
+where we are.
+
+This section of the country is composed of a lot of long ridges with
+steep hills, narrow valleys, some of them very fertile. These valleys
+form bases where you will get the draft off these hills down into the
+valleys. You must keep all the fruit and most of the nut trees out of
+those places, or you have these frost spots that I have been telling
+some of you about.
+
+As far back as people can remember that country has been covered with
+all kinds of nuts except the European (Persian or "English") walnuts,
+and the early people coming in there used these nuts for food, and the
+chestnut was their main one. Whenever a person clearing the land found a
+nice tree he would save it. Then he would show much pride in having a
+good tree, and it kept on going until there became a rivalry as to who
+had the best chestnut tree. Some had an orchard of them.
+
+When the blight hit the country I had an orchard of chestnut trees. When
+I saw the first blight in the top of a tree I didn't like the looks. I
+kept noticing that. It kept on coming down the tree, and it killed the
+base. The total result was everybody lost their hobby trees, and then
+soon they changed to something else.
+
+Now, when the blight took the chestnut out of the country the people
+began to pride themselves on the walnut, who had the best walnut, who
+had the best shagbark in the country.
+
+Some distance from where I am is a two-acre grove, a wonderful grove of
+our larger nuts. Some places it is called kingnut and some places they
+call it under the name of this big one in the show room, shellbark.
+Anyhow, there were two acres there and real moist meadows, and every
+once in a while the frost would kill those nuts, and the next year they
+would have a wonderful crop. So the climate determines whether we have
+an annual crop or an intermittent crop on these trees.
+
+Then I always liked to mess around with hobbies with nature. I became
+interested, got to wondering who did have the best of the best. Then I
+began to go out and visit all of these farms and ask them for a certain
+number of the best, and I began to send them around to Mr. Reed and Mr.
+Zarger and other people to take their word on it. And, of course, I have
+located some that cracked very well. But every once in a while somebody
+tells me they have got a better one yet, and the other day I ran across
+a fellow a hundred miles away--he happened to hear about me, and I have
+a neighbor who knows him--who has a black walnut that looks like a
+Persian walnut. So you see, I have a trip of a hundred miles to make to
+see what he's got. I wrote to him just before I left. I wrote to him to
+send me at least 20 of those nuts, and just as soon as this fellow sends
+me the nuts I would come up and see him and later on would try to get
+some grafting wood and send down to Mr. Zarger of the TVA group.
+
+My job is not to keep them to myself but to put out the best. So we have
+those different nuts, and now it is time to consolidate the best in what
+we have and get them in the hands of the nut growers groups and those
+who will put them out and really make use of them. But first we want to
+see these best trees all over the country. Some of them are not as good
+for timber as the others, but I like to incorporate the timber with the
+nut production.
+
+We talked about the black walnut earlier today. The speaker was not
+saying much about flavor. That's one thing we want to do in all of our
+nut work, get as good a flavor as we can. So why not get the best and go
+putting it out to give it to everybody. Why keep anything within
+ourselves? That's the main thing we can do.
+
+A brother was talking a while ago about this nut job, a community nut
+job. Now, two years ago--I will have to use my dad, who is 82 years old,
+as a little reference--my dad cracked 83 pounds of black walnuts from
+just the best of them, you might say. Sold them at a price of $1.49 a
+pound. So that wasn't bad, was it? I thought that was right good.
+
+Last year we didn't have a nut in there because we had a freeze on the
+31st of May of around 26° to 28°, depending on where you were and the
+location. But then in the fall on the 23rd of September we had another
+drop just when everything was in full growth, due to a dry spell and
+then a rain. But in the fall on the 23rd of September we had a drop down
+to 20, so that was what happened to all the remaining nuts in that
+country. They were just frozen like black mummies.
+
+I had what they call the Texas Thinshell black walnut. I have one tree
+that is about eight or nine feet high, maybe ten feet high, had 45 nuts
+on it, nice big ones, and they just looked like mummies, and it made me
+heartsick, of course. I went out there and looked at the things, and
+they fell off the tree. I thought, "Well, I might just as well
+experiment. I will dig me a little trench here along the garden, I will
+put these in and see what happens." To my surprise 20 of them came up
+after being frozen. So that might be a question: Will things sprout or
+germinate without reaching maturity?[17] I don't know how much maturity
+they had. They certainly weren't in full growth when they were frozen.
+That's one thing we want to see.
+
+My main aim is just to grow things, for hobby purposes and see just what
+will grow. Last year we had such a hectic year from that late spring
+freeze and early fall freeze it discouraged me here where I am, in this
+frost pocket at an elevation of 1,050 feet. And I said, "Now, on the
+hill about 4 miles away and 300 feet higher they have a wonderful place
+for peaches." I have a friend who lives up there, and he has so many
+peach trees missing in his old orchard. I said, "How about setting out
+some nut trees in your peach orchard?" Ho said, "Go to it." I set out a
+nut tree wherever there is a peach tree out. So that gave me a chance to
+see what they would do. Last spring I started that too late, but I set
+out 45 or 50 trees, filberts, Persian walnuts, pecans, chestnuts and
+persimmons, and I will just see what they will do.
+
+And today my kind friend who gave a talk on the nut trees from down in
+Alabama gave me seed to plant. I expect to put a row of those out and
+see what they will do. The land I am planting them on at one time was
+just a great mass of chestnuts, and this friend there on one of those
+sections, of about three acres, had cut 35,000 feet of this dead timber
+after the chestnut blight killed them.
+
+That blight was a terrible shock to us. One thing I did note when it
+came on, prior to the chestnut blight in that country there were these
+little chipmunks, which, everybody knows, eat chestnuts. You couldn't
+hear yourself think for the little chipmunks chipping all over the
+country. You know, they carried off all the nuts. You had to be smart to
+beat them to them. When the chestnuts disappeared, the chipmunks
+disappeared, and there were eight or ten years when you were lucky if
+you got to hear one. In the meantime those little fellows have changed.
+They died, a lot of them, but now they have learned to eat something
+else, and now they are coming back.
+
+That little chipmunk always amused me, because I loved to go out and
+play with the squirrels and things like that. Anyhow, it's just pure
+hobby work, and as Mr. Shadow says you can get over a mad spell and get
+out close to nature, because in this nut work you can't get any closer
+to God's work than to get out and get something better. I think that's
+all I have to say.
+
+[Footnote 17: Some other members have reported similar behavior of
+frost-bitten and poorly filled black walnuts.--Ed.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Those of you who know Mr. Frye know that he works as
+well as he talks, and that's pretty good.
+
+Is Mr. Tatum here? (No response.) In that case I am told that Dr.
+Rohrbacher will read a paper by Mr. Tatum of Lebanon, Kentucky on "A
+Look, Backward and Forward, Into Nut Growing in Kentucky." Dr
+Rohrbacher.
+
+
+
+
+A Look "Backward and Forward" into Nut Growing in Kentucky
+
+W. G. TATUM, Route 4, Lebanon, Kentucky
+
+
+The lumberman's ax, the chestnut blight, forest fires, and the "new
+ground" hill farmer, together, have destroyed many thousands of our
+beautiful Kentucky forest acres. Much of this one time "nature lover's
+paradise" is now ugly, barren, and eroded, and too poor to give a living
+to either man or beast. Wanton destruction of God-given treasure and
+beauty is a sin and a shame. Thanks to the men of vision and foresight
+of the U.S.D.A., state agricultural colleges, and our own fraternity of
+nut tree lovers, this slaughter is coming to a halt at last. Our fellow
+citizens are being awakened to the real value of their woodlands. Much
+reforestation of these steep barren wastes is already under way.
+
+We, of THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC., can look back to many
+mistakes we have made in the selection of varieties for our respective
+climates and soils. Our dates and methods of grafting, budding, and
+transplanting have not always been right. We have gotten hold of
+scionwood that we were most sure would not grow when we used it, but we
+did use it, hoping, and most of it did fail, as we expected.
+
+In our Association, we have a large group of wise experimenters on
+varieties and methods, well placed all over the U. S. and I have every
+confidence that, in time, many commercially profitable varieties, and
+better methods will reward their research. But in the meantime, we
+should all keep ever on the alert for a new and better idea, or variety.
+
+Here in Central Kentucky, of the many black walnuts I have under test,
+only Thomas, Victoria, and Eureka have the tendency toward young and
+heavy bearing. These three do show great promise in my section as young
+and heavy croppers. And they are all top-bracket nuts, according to
+tests made by expert testers. There may be newer ones better than these,
+and we hope there will be yet better ones turn up continually in the
+future.
+
+There are at least a few Persian walnuts that show promise in my
+location. Of varieties I have of bearing age, only four are worthy of
+mention. These are Broadview, Elmore, "Crath-Dunstan No. I" and
+"Crath-Edmunds No. 3." All of the above have borne well on two year old
+grafts on large black walnut stocks. Their nuts are in my opinion
+excellent.
+
+Wright and Walters heartnuts seem well adapted here, and are doing
+equally well for me on Japanese, butternut, and black rootstocks. These
+are the only two I have old enough to bear, and they are bearing their
+first few nuts each this season. I would like to add here, that the wild
+nut crop in general in my section, is very light, and these nut trees
+that I mention as bearing this season, are the more to be noticed for
+their crops in this year of bad nut crops. I am trying "buartnuts" and
+butternuts, which are growing satisfactorily, but not large enough for a
+crop.
+
+This is wonderful natural chestnut territory. All of the many Chinese
+seedlings I have, and the few grafted ones, are growing nicely, and
+quite a number have burs on them when only about belt high to an average
+man. I am anxious to get graftwood of superior individuals as they come
+out, for propagation here in my own planting. I believe this to be a
+good home for any good chestnut. No blight is showing to date in either
+my seedlings or grafted ones.
+
+I live on rather deep, fertile upland, and am quite hopeful of good
+results from many of the Northern pecan varieties that I am trying. The
+oldest trees I have are only five years old, on small seedling stocks
+and hardly old enough to yield a crop for at least another five years.
+Major, Greenriver, Busseron, and Fisher are my oldest, and are making
+rapid growth. Stuart, of the Southern group, is bearing quite well for
+my friend, Lewis Edmunds, a few miles southwest of me, and he says it
+matures its nuts well before frost, but insects cause a goodly part of
+the crop to fall prematurely.
+
+I have quite a collection of the better known grafted shagbarks on my
+woodland. These are mostly on wild shagbark stocks. They are all growing
+well, but I have had no nuts from them as yet. Grainger is the fastest
+grower of the lot.
+
+To make my nut tree project complete, I have quite a long row of
+filberts and hazels, set hedge row fashion, which include quite a list
+of varieties. Those that bear quite regular and heavy crops include four
+"Jones Hybrids," Winkler hazel, two un-named hazels, and Barcelona
+filbert.
+
+I have persimmons, too, both American and Chinese named varieties. My
+Chinese are young and not bearing yet, but doing well. Kansas and
+Josephine are my choice of the natives.
+
+I am trying Millwood and Shessler honeylocusts for the first time this
+year. They are beautiful grafts, and I am looking forward to the
+pleasure and profit of adding them to my hill cow pasture in a year or
+two.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, very much, Dr. Rohrbacher. We have 15
+minutes before the next order comes on the program. Suppose you take a
+recess right now.
+
+(A recess was taken.)
+
+(Mr. William J. Wilson from Georgia showed moving pictures of his pecan
+orchard.)
+
+President Davidson: The next order of business, we will now hear a
+report of the Committee on Black Walnut Standards and Judging by Dr. L.
+H. MacDaniels.
+
+
+
+
+Round Table Discussion on Judging Schedule for Black Walnuts
+
+DR. L. H. MacDANIELS, Chairman
+
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: During the year your committee has worked on the problem
+of setting up a judging schedule for black walnuts, mainly through
+correspondence. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to get together
+for discussion. Had we done so, I'm sure we could have achieved close
+agreement upon essentials. As it is, there are several phases of the
+problem upon which we would like the judgment of the association
+members. As far as this group here is concerned, I am quite sure that we
+can't profitably go into a discussion of the various details and
+ramifications of a judging schedule. I do think, however, that we might
+discuss the problem of whether our point of view in developing such a
+schedule should be that of the value of a variety for the commercial
+buyer or for home use. As far as the committee is concerned, Mr. Chase
+favors the home use angle. Clarence Reed and Mr. Stoke have not
+expressed themselves definitely one way or the other. Mr. Stoke is here,
+and I expect that he will say something about it.
+
+I would like to open discussion on this question at this time, unless
+you want to go back to the consideration of whether it is desirable or
+possible, to have any such schedule, at all. May we assume that this is
+desirable?
+
+Mr. Weber: Could we have a double standard, one for the commercial
+grower and one for the home grower?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: In my judgment it would be better to try one at a time.
+
+Another schedule can be developed later.
+
+Mr. Weber: Have you any particular preference, Dr. MacDaniels?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I personally feel that the new and improved varieties
+will find their best use as a home proposition rather than in the
+commercial orchard, because apparently with a modern cracker the common
+wild nuts can be cracked in pieces that are satisfactory for the
+commercial trade, and crackability is of little moment.
+
+Have you any comments as to which point of view the committee should
+take?
+
+Dr. Crane: I would like to inquire as to the purpose for which this
+numerical score or method of evaluating these nuts is to be used. Is it
+to be used for show purposes, or is it for determining the value of a
+variety of nut to grow?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: The purpose of setting up a schedule is to provide a
+standard by which we can determine differences between samples in
+contests, and to give a basis for comparison in determining the value of
+a variety for growing in various climatic zones and of different
+varieties grown in the same place. For instance, the variety, Thomas, in
+one zone would be a very good nut and have a score of, say, 89. In
+another it might have a score of only 45, and in another a score of 55.
+The score would be directly related to the adaptability of this variety
+to a climatic zone or to a system of cultivation or to variation in any
+other environmental condition.
+
+Mr. Weber: How do the other members of the committee feel about it? What
+is their preference? It seems to me that if you are unanimous, all we
+have to do is approve your report and leave out the discussion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: We are not unanimous. Mr. Reed, who I regret is not
+here, rather doubts that any kind of schedule is either possible or
+desirable. Would you think that is a fair statement, Mr. Stoke?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chase believes that a schedule is both possible and
+desirable and that we should work along the general ideas advanced in
+the paper on judging schedules published in the last volume of the
+report. As I understand Mr. Stoke's position, he would go along with
+that in general with possibly the addition of the factors of taste and
+color. Is that right?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes, taste and color for domestic use.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I have already stated my position. I feel that unless we
+confine the schedule to characteristics that can be weighed or measured
+successfully its value and usefulness will be little.
+
+A Member: Dr. MacDaniels, if a man has a $20,000 machine for cracking
+walnuts and he has a choice between the Thomas walnut and a good wild
+one, he will pay a little bit more for Thomas walnuts, will he not?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: The question raised is that if a cracking plant which
+cracks thousands of pounds can get more kernels out of a hundred pounds
+of Thomas nuts or any other grafted variety, would the operators pay
+something more for them? I think undoubtedly they would, but would they
+pay enough of a differential over the wild nuts to make it worthwhile to
+the grower? I don't know.
+
+Dr. Crane: If you take pecans which are our best example, 95 per cent of
+all nuts produced in the United States are marketed as shelled kernels,
+and there is a very substantial price differential between seedlings and
+budded pecans, and the crackers will pay the difference based on the
+yield of kernels. That is their only interest. The thickness of shell,
+how well it cracks, or any other factor is of no importance. If the
+kernels are there, they will get them out.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That is the crux of this whole matter. Are we interested
+in developing varieties for cracking in which we care little about the
+size of the pieces recovered or about the ease of extraction, or do we
+want nuts for home use that will give a high yield of large pieces?
+These machines, as I understand it, will crack the walnuts and get the
+kernels out in small pieces regardless of how they crack in a Hershey
+cracker.
+
+Mr. Weber: As I understood Mr. Mullins, he favored having a lot of
+Thomas if he could get them.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Would he pay the difference? I don't know. Dr. Crane
+says he would.
+
+President Davidson: When I talked to him--we passed through there and
+saw the plant--he said he thinks well enough of the better nuts to come
+here for the purpose of learning where and how to manage a plantation of
+his own of Thomas and the other budded varieties for his own cracking
+plant. In his own cracking plant the yield for the amount of labor
+expended is so much better on the improved varieties that he wants to
+make a planting of his own. He will pay more, but just how much more, I
+don't know.
+
+That brings up another matter. As I have said before, our state
+authorities should be urged again and again and again to buy _good_ seed
+nuts for distribution to the public so that we can get these better
+quality nuts into the woods. Some of them are agreeing to that. Some of
+them are doing it. But so far not very much has been done.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think that before your committee goes ahead we must
+get a decision on this point, for the approaches are quite different. If
+you are developing a schedule for home use, the size of the nuts is of
+importance. In general, the bigger the nut the easier it is to handle,
+the easier it is to shuck and crack. The percentage of kernel is
+relatively less important than it is in the commercial cracking. The
+size of the particles recovered is more important for home use. If they
+come out easily and in large pieces, they are much more desirable.
+
+On the other hand, in commercial cracking the percentage of kernel is
+important. The commercial buyer wants to know how many pounds of kernels
+can be expected from a hundred pounds of nuts. He is not much interested
+in the size of the nuts or the size of pieces that are recovered. This
+is an entirely different approach to the problem. We have got to decide
+between the two before the committee goes further.
+
+Dr. Crane: There is another angle to the problem. A lot of the black
+walnuts today are used in the bakery trade and in the ice cream trade.
+But I visualize a market for black walnut kernels to be eaten out of
+hand. There are many people in the United States that like the flavor of
+black walnut kernels to eat in this way. I know I am one of them, and I
+don't want to eat crumbs. I don't want to eat small pieces. I like to
+have at least quarters.
+
+I think that if we were to gather from the status of our other native
+nut industry that there is going to be a premium paid for the larger
+pieces, then cracking quality _would_ enter into the matter. Our pecans
+are sold on count of whole kernels per pound or per ounce. Almonds are
+sold the same way. Walnuts the same way--that is, Persian or English
+walnuts. The number of kernels or pieces per pound is an important
+matter, notwithstanding the situation as it exists in the black walnuts
+today. So I do think that we can't take the present status of the
+industry as one which will prevail generally and in the future.
+
+Mr. Weber: Would the majority report favor the side of the home consumer
+rather than the commercial buyer?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it depends on what Mr. Stoke would think about
+the majority. We didn't get a chance to get together, because Mr. Stoke
+was so busy with exhibits.
+
+Mr. Weber: We might end by moving the adoption of the majority report
+and let it get at that.
+
+Mr. Stoke: I know I brought up that matter of whether we should judge by
+standards acceptable to the commercial buyer or to the ultimate
+consumer. The confectioner doesn't care about the size or color at all.
+When they are put up in candy or in chocolate cookies, color doesn't
+mean anything. It's a black walnut, and it doesn't have to depend on
+anything else. So I think those two points of view are pertinent.
+
+I never expressed any preference, and I don't know that I have any. I
+think it might be just as well to leave that up to this body. But the
+producer, or those anticipating producing must be considered. Mr.
+Hirschi can give us the word on marketing kernels.
+
+Mr. Hirschi: I do not market kernels. I just crack the nuts and sell
+them by the pound cracked.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Shell and all?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: Shells and all. I sold about a ton and a half each winter
+for the last four or five winters. They are Thomas walnuts. I get 35
+cents a pound with the horse shoe nail in the package.
+
+Mr. Stoke: That man wants good color, good flavor, kernels easy to pick
+out, and of good size. That goes with the retail buyer. If the
+commercial buyer gets 30 per cent kernels from good nuts compared with
+15 per cent from run-of-mine nuts, he doubtless will be willing to pay a
+considerable premium for the better nuts if he can get them. But unless
+the good nuts are in considerable quantity they go right in with the
+others and no more will be paid for them. That's my point of view. I
+don't want to express my particular opinion, because I have no
+particular opinion. But you might consider both, the commercial nut, and
+the home nut.
+
+I think we might vote and determine what action, to take tonight as to
+setting up a standard, or if you want to set up a double standard.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. Mullins does get a better price for a larger kernel. He
+separates them and treats them differently than the general run of small
+pieces. It's been my observation that the cracking machines do a
+remarkably good job with the ordinary run of seedling nuts. Kenneth Dick
+gets the kernels out in rather large pieces, and from what we saw up at
+Mullins' place he gets the same thing. He sifts out the larger pieces
+and gets a better price for them. So the preference is for the larger
+pieces. It's like buying hamburger; you prefer your hamburger ground up
+out of larger pieces rather than odds and ends that the butcher has
+around the shop and grinds it up and hands it to you.
+
+Mr. Stoke: But isn't it true that he sells the kernels in two separate
+classes?
+
+Mr. Weber: But the preference still seems to be, after we see them, for
+the larger pieces. They have better kernels; otherwise, they would break
+up in small pieces.
+
+Mr. Korn: I believe that as long as there are very few commercial
+orchards, we should approach it from the angle of the people who have
+just a few pet nut trees around their yards, because I don't think the
+commercial orchards of the improved grafted black walnuts are going to
+be large enough to color the picture very much for a few years to come.
+As long as they haven't been too profitable, I think it is going to be
+some time before we have to worry much about commercial orchards.
+Therefore, we are interested in getting a superior product in kernel; it
+has to be large, has to be of good color and good flavor. It seems to me
+that would be one of the first things to consider. Then, if orchards get
+more plentiful and profitable, we can take up the other angle.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Chairman, I'd like to make a few remarks on this business
+of commercial cracking and large pieces that I hear mentioned by my good
+friend, Mr. Weber. I had hoped to have the two largest shellers in the
+country present at these meetings, but was unable to get them here. In
+this area the commercial walnut cracking industry is related directly to
+the type of machinery necessary to recover the kernels. For example, the
+two or three cracking plants in Nashville handle an estimated ten
+million pounds of nuts each year and turn out roughly 1.2 million pounds
+of kernels. These kernels go directly to confectionary syrup and ice
+cream plants. Therefore, they are not interested in size of pieces. In
+fact, if they are too large, the commercial users have to chop them up.
+So what we are doing here, ladies and gentlemen, is confusing what we
+want to do in the way of judging nuts, it appears to me. There is little
+reason to assume that the Thomas, if they could get 10 million pounds of
+Thomas, would be more valuable to the commercial crackers. But that
+doesn't necessarily interfere with our judging system that we are trying
+to design to tell which nut is the best to grow.
+
+I specifically asked these buyers of millions of pounds of nuts: "If I
+came in with some Thomas nuts would I get some more money for them?"
+Their reply was, "No, sir. We pay a flat rate per hundred pounds of
+nuts. We know that some of them are going to be excellent; we know some
+of them are going to be poor, but we intend to get from 12 to 15 per
+cent kernel recovery out of them."
+
+In 1940 we brought quantities of improved varieties to the cracking
+plant in Knoxville and ran them through Mr. Smalley's machine. He was
+amazed. He didn't believe it; didn't believe his eyes. They came out in
+large pieces. But under present conditions they'd be chopped up. None of
+these kernels moving out of Nashville vicinity go to retail trade,
+except a few that go to confectionary stores in 25-pound boxes and are
+sold a pound at a time for cooking purposes, not for eating out of the
+hand.
+
+People like Mr. Korn and Mr. Hirschi, who are interested in selling
+kernels at a much higher price than the commercial crackers, have to
+have large pieces, attractive kernels, properly cared for, properly
+colored, and of mild flavor. Is it this group we are trying to assist by
+this judging system or the commercial cracker?
+
+The number of acres planted with Thomas sufficient to yield enough nuts
+to operate one of these machines would be tremendous. There are several
+examples of where the machine has been purchased to be used on Thomas
+but hasn't been used. It has been stored away. They prefer to crack the
+Thomas nuts by hand.
+
+So my point is this: It appears to me that we are interested in the
+grower of several trees around the farmstead. At least, in this section
+we are. Everyone here gathers and cracks walnuts. Our idea of
+acquainting them with the Thomas variety is to make their job easier in
+cracking and picking them out. It seems to me that's also the problem
+that we have as a group elsewhere, and I believe that in order for us to
+make headway on this judging schedule, which I think is necessary and
+desirable, we must view it from the home viewpoint at this time. That
+does not shut out the commercial viewpoint for later years. But now we
+are primarily interested in the home raising of nuts, unless I am in the
+wrong group. Thank you.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. Chairman, I agree heartily with what Mr. Chase has to
+say, or otherwise we might as well quit now and raise seedling nuts to
+the best of our ability and sell them to the commercial crackers and let
+it go at that. But, if we do that, what's the use of searching out
+better varieties?
+
+Dr. Cross: Mr. Chairman: I believe that if a nut acceptable to the home
+consumer, one which extracts easily and is attractive and palatable and
+is productive--if that type of nut is scored and comes to the attention
+of a sufficient number of growers, then I think the commercial people
+_will_ utilize it. So I don't believe there is anything to this
+argument. I believe if you go ahead on the basis of the home consumer
+and develop a nut that will be desirable for his purpose, and if in
+addition to these factors that have been discussed it is adaptable and
+productive, then it is going to be eventually the nut that the
+commercial man will utilize, because, after all, what we are growing
+nuts for is the kernel.
+
+Mr. Weber: To bring it to a head, I move that we adopt that part of the
+report that favors the home consumer as against the commercial consumer,
+or we will be here all night talking about it.
+
+Dr. Rohrbacher: I second the motion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: You have heard the motion, which was seconded. Any
+remarks?
+
+(Vote taken on the motion, carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That will be the basis on which the committee will work.
+
+There are several other points to be considered. I would suggest the
+committee be asked to make further tests with the schedule as proposed
+in order to get additional data to determine if it is a usable schedule
+and can be used by different people with reasonably similar results, and
+if it does differentiate the things that we want to have a schedule
+differentiate in a test.
+
+This last year we had hoped to do this, but there weren't enough samples
+of nuts available to be worth testing. I spent about $10 personally
+buying nuts from this source and that, and there wasn't a good sample in
+the lot, except one, which Sterling Smith gave me.
+
+I think that if we have another season to work the schedule that has
+been proposed, we at least can demonstrate whether or not it is
+differentiating between varieties in a manner which is satisfactory.
+
+I believe a motion is in order to bring this matter to a decision and
+end this discussion. Have you any further comment, Mr. Chase?
+
+Mr. Chase: If it is not out of order, I move that we adopt for further
+trial, the scoring schedule proposed in the paper by Dr. Atwood and Dr.
+MacDaniels in the 1947 Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+President Davidson: I second the motion.
+
+Mr. Stoke: May I make one remark? Does not that schedule ignore the
+factors of color and taste?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: It does, as not being objective characters.
+
+Mr. Stoke: In other words, this motion approves something from the
+commercial slant rather than from the personal use slant.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I wouldn't say that; it simply limits the judging
+schedule to those characteristics which can be objectively handled and
+are not a matter of opinion or judgment. That's the point here, I think.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Stoke and I don't quite agree--I don't think we are the
+only two--on flavor and color. However, in our exchange of
+correspondence we fully appreciate the advantage of light-colored,
+mild-flavored kernels. But I don't see any method by which we can place
+a numerical value on the color and flavor. Can we not describe the color
+and flavor along with the rating that describes the kernel and still
+have you on our side?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Personally, I think we are splitting hairs. When we can't
+agree as to which color class a sample belongs, it must be somewhere
+near the border-line. Ordinarily the average human being will agree
+pretty well as to a blonde or a brunette or one that's neutral. And I
+think in the judging of walnuts, there can be no exact value based on
+the color. If you consider color and make a scientific test, your test
+wouldn't be the same as my test. But if it is a dark kernel, you can
+recognize it, and so can I, if we have any common sense.
+
+Also in the matter of flavor, you and I can tell what we like and what
+we don't like. And I think there are those two limitations. We can't do
+this scientifically, because the human factor is here. But after all,
+it's humans that eat them and produce them for eating! And I rather, in
+the schedules last year, brought up objections to it. I didn't say I
+objected, and, of course, I don't now.
+
+Mr. Chase: I'd like to just say this, and I am going to call on my good
+friend, J. C. McDaniel here, for agreement. A long time ago we prepared,
+did we not, various judging systems?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Yes.
+
+Mr. Chase: We found that--you can correct me if this is wrong--by
+manipulating five points for flavor and five points given for color we
+could change the position of a variety of a list a great deal, and we
+also found that the points given for color were not related to
+inherently bad color but simply the result of poor handling, which also
+affects flavor. This is my reason for eliminating color and flavor from
+the schedule: it is _not_ to get away from the mild-flavored,
+pretty-colored kernels.
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Chairman, I must say that I am inclined to agree
+with Mr. Stoke, for this reason: Even though color and flavor are very
+frequently the result of poor handling, we all know that we will say
+that the Stabler has the characteristic that is distinctive of quickly
+coloring up and quickly becoming rancid as distinguished from the
+Thomas, which does not. Now, those things are inherent in the two
+varieties, I think, and I don't think this committee should ignore
+altogether the matter of color and flavor, although I do think, perhaps,
+not so much weight might be given to those two qualities as had been
+given to them in the past. But they certainly decidedly influence the
+marketability for kernels from the point of view of home consumption. I
+think there is no question about that. I should be inclined to agree
+with Mr. Stoke, that those two qualities should not be ignored by the
+committee.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think the point would be to ignore them in their
+simply not being objective; you can't weigh or measure them. There is a
+motion properly seconded before the house. Are there further remarks?
+
+Mr. Weber: Wouldn't there be just a certain amount of trial and error
+connected with it, and as you go along you will either add to or take
+off, and then you will get a correct system of judging? You have to
+start out with one system and if it is wrong, change it.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it's a matter of doing something rather than
+nothing, for a schedule is always subject to improvement.
+
+Mr. Stoke: I wish to point out we have made some tests together, and
+your personal tests and my personal tests ran very close together.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That is right.
+
+Mr. Stoke: And one member of the committee is always very conservative
+and his tests never run as high on any series as the others. I make a
+test and he makes a test, and his are always lower. Maybe, he doesn't
+recover as much; perhaps he isn't as expert a cracker. (Vote taken on
+the motion; carried.)
+
+President Davidson: Let us adjourn until 8:30 tomorrow morning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++A Picture from Our Most "Northern" Member+
+
+John Davidson wrote in our 1943 report: "If any man deserves a bright
+NNGA medal, it is A. L. Young, of Brooks, Alberta." By planting his
+trees near enough to irrigation ditches in his "desert, cactus country,"
+and protecting them from livestock, Mr. Young is able to get nuts on the
+hardier trees, but he reported that the nuts, "while of fair size, do
+not have fleshy kernels ... Butternuts are very sweet with fair size
+kernels ... Giant hickory from Ontario seems hardy but particular about
+the kind of soil ... Carpathian walnuts killed back quite a lot, so did
+most of my hybrid walnuts ... Some Manchurian walnuts ... got a setback
+with spring frosts ... Heartnuts got a rough deal last winter
+[1942-43.]" Mr. Young wrote to Dr. J. Russell Smith in 1948: "I have
+been using pollen of Broadview and Carpathian [Persian walnuts] on my
+blacks and while there are a lot of hybrid seedlings, none have fruited
+yet. On Peace River hazel [far Northern] I have been using Barcelona, Du
+Chilly and Gellatly pollen. Some of these hybrids look good, hardy, and
+produce good nuts ... A few varieties of oak are promising and
+fruiting."
+
+At his location, Mr. Young expects winter temperature of -45°, and the
+lowest known [before 1940] was -62°F. Summer temperatures go above
+100°F.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting black walnut grown at Brooks, Alberta, Canada,
+by member A. L. Young. The seed came from Ontario.]
+
+
++Tuesday Morning Session+
+
+President Davidson: The only way to get started is to start. We are
+going to be given a look at the honeylocust situation in the South by
+Professor Moore of the Department of Horticulture of the Alabama
+Polytechnic Institute of Auburn. Mr. Moore.
+
+
+The Present Outlook for Honeylocust in the South
+
+J. C. MOORE, Department of Horticulture, Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
+Auburn, Alabama
+
+
+Mr. Moore: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Before I start this
+discussion, just in case some of you are not familiar with honeylocust,
+its habit of growth, the size of the pods and the possibility of its
+yield, I'd like to take time out just to show a few slides, then I will
+go ahead with the discussion and give you some data on that honeylocust
+production. I believe if you would look at these slides before we start
+the discussion it would give you a good idea what the tree looks like,
+how it grows, the age at which it starts bearing and something about its
+general habits; it will help you a lot to understand what I have to say
+about it.
+
+(Slides shown.)
+
+This is the Millwood honeylocust. The pods will vary in size from about
+12 inches to 14 inches in length, from one and a half to one and
+three-quarters inches in width, and the back part of the pod, something
+that I can't show on this particular type of picture, is very thick, and
+this back part of the pod, the thick part of it, is very rich in
+carbohydrates. We have the Calhoun and Millwood selections that have run
+as high, the Millwood a little over 36 per cent sugar and the Calhoun a
+little over 38 per cent sugar. The Millwood is a much higher yielding
+tree than the Calhoun. I will bring that out in a few minutes' time.
+
+This is a borrowed slide and I don't know the history of these trees,
+but I judge that the tree is about three years old. We have had good
+yields on three-year-old trees at Auburn.
+
+Here is a group of trees growing with a ground cover, and again I am not
+familiar with the ground cover, but just judging from the general
+appearance it looks like a picture that came from our files. If that is
+true then I know the story. The tree in the background is a Calhoun tree
+and the tree in the foreground is a Millwood growing in _Lespedeza
+sericea_ and I will bring out some points in a few minutes in the
+general discussion on the value of these two plants growing together as
+a combination.
+
+I believe this is another tree that grew on my farm, and the year this
+picture was made this particular tree, eight years of age, bore 250
+pounds of those luscious pods.
+
+A close-up again, giving you the general size of the pod, how they are
+produced in masses, and you get quite a bit of weight in some of those
+thick-backed pods that you don't get from the thin pods that grow
+normally on seedling trees. The TVA has done quite a bit of work in
+selecting and developing the honeylocust, and I believe we give that
+particular organization credit for the development of both the Millwood
+and the Calhoun.
+
+I thought it would be very valuable to give you just a glimpse of the
+habit of growth of those trees before I start with my general discussion
+so that you would understand something about what I am talking about.
+
+Mr. Weber: Are these thornless?
+
+Mr. Moore: These are thornless honeylocusts. The original parent trees
+of the Millwood and Calhoun had thorns. By vegetative propagation--they
+went out and cut scionwood on the limbs above the thorns and propagated
+the thornless twigs on thornless root stock--we now have a thornless
+honeylocust.
+
+There has been quite a bit of disturbance in Alabama, especially in the
+northern part of the state, caused by native honeylocust. We have two or
+three characteristics that I think ought to be brought out about
+honeylocust. Some of out trees in the northern part of the state of
+Alabama have triple thorns. It is known as _G. triacanthos_ and the
+"tri-" part of that particular word, of course, gives us an idea of
+three thorns, and I have seen thorns at least 12 inches long that you
+could catch in your hand and use for a dagger, and it would be very
+dangerous. Now, some of those trees growing in the northern part of the
+state are very serious pests in pastures. Cows and horses and hogs are
+very fond of those lucious pods, and they will go around the trees and
+pick up every pod that falls, and occasionally a horse or cow will get
+close enough to the trunk of the tree and get speared with those thorns,
+and when the thorn pierces the skin there is a little tip on the end
+that breaks off and is left inside. When the usual infection that it
+carries get started from the part of the thorn that is left in the
+flesh, you get pus and, of course, later on the amputation of the leg,
+if it happens to be in the leg, of the horse. With the thornless type
+that is completely eliminated.
+
+Then this other thing that I think ought to be brought out, the
+thornless or near-thornless type as a general rule has a better quality
+of pods than the ones with the long thorns. Now, it is true that the
+parent seedling trees of the Calhoun and the Millwood both had a small
+quantity of thorns when they were growing wild. After they were
+propagated vegetatively the thorns, of course, were eliminated by taking
+scion wood from above the thorns. But in general in our state, the
+thornless trees--and we do have a lot of thornless trees growing
+wild--have a higher sugar content in the pods than do the trees with
+thorns.
+
+I just wanted to give you a general idea of what we have done with
+honeylocust in Alabama. In 1938 the TVA sent down some Millwood and
+Calhoun for test planting. We put those trees in two different types of
+planting. We had an integrated planting where we were trying to select
+at that time some good pasture plants, and, of course, we had something
+like a hundred different species in the one planting. The trees were
+planted relatively thick, but the larger trees were planted longer
+distances apart, and the intermediate trees intermediate distances
+apart, and then we had shrubs coming in under those. It was supposed to
+have been a three-story type of planting, black walnut in the upper
+story, honeylocust as an intermediate and shrubs for the ground. We were
+using different types of plums for the understory; then on the ground we
+had _Lespedeza sericea_. But from that we did get several different
+plant materials that did look promising, and we put the Calhoun
+honeylocust and the Millwood honeylocust in with that planting for
+trial, and they did so well that we expanded the honeylocust into
+another planting. I am very sorry that this latter planting had to be
+taken out.
+
+Hillculture research went under in June of 1947, and the Horticulture
+Department took this work over, and they thought they could not support
+the honeylocust pasture program in Horticulture, and the plot, of
+course, was pulled out and planted in peaches.
+
+Anyway, we do have some information I'd like to give you. The Dairy
+Department of the Alabama Experiment Station carried out quite an
+extensive feeding test over a two-year period to find out the value of
+these pods in the dairy ration. They substituted the honeylocust pods
+ground. Professor Eaton of the Dairy Department assures me that none of
+the seeds in those pods were cracked. They ground the pods with corn in
+order to take up some of the excess honey that is in the back of these
+pods so that they'd grind well, and they ground them in a hammermill,
+and the burrs were running far enough apart so that he assures me that
+very few of the seeds, if any, were ever cracked.
+
+That has been somewhat of a discussion, among feed producers especially,
+recently, as to whether or not it would be profitable to grind those
+seeds in order to get the protein and fats that the seed has. There
+isn't a very high percentage of food in the seed itself, but you do get
+a little more protein and a little more fat if you grind the seed
+itself.
+
+We have found in storage that weevils get in these seeds, but the weevil
+doesn't destroy the carbohydrates, and the weevil will only pierce the
+seed and make a hole in it. Then the intestinal juices of a cow will go
+in through this hole and they can digest the seed. That is something
+that comes along with storage.
+
+I'd like to give you just something briefly on what the Dairy Department
+of Alabama Polytechnic found out about the general value of these pods.
+They found that honeylocust pods could be substituted in a dairy ration
+for oats, pound for pound. Now, that means that if you can get a high
+yield of honeylocust pods and substitute it in a dairy ration for oats
+that you just about have half of the grain problem solved.
+
+I'd like then to follow that up to give you the average yields. Before I
+give you these average yields I'd also like to bring out this fact about
+the Calhoun and the Millwood honeylocust. Those trees are very peculiar
+in their habits of bearing. One year they will bear a heavy crop. The
+next year they will bear scarcely anything. They are definitely
+alternate bearing, and I think that alternate bearing has a
+physiological background behind it. How We can eliminate that
+physiological reaction is something else. But the years that the trees
+are heavily loaded with the fruit the amount of carbohydrates that it
+draws from the tree is so great that the tree doesn't have enough
+carbohydrates left to produce fruit the next year. I think it is the
+carbon-nitrogen ratio from the physiological standpoint, and, of course,
+if that is the case, then there is a possibility that you could
+eliminate or correct that carbon-nitrogen ratio by thinning during the
+blooming period. But when you see these results I think that you will
+agree that honeylocust has a place, even if they do bear only every
+other year.
+
+In our planting we have some trees that will bear this year. Next year
+they won't bear, but their sister trees will bear. So we have pods every
+year from some of the trees. Over a period of five years, during which
+these trees were planted (the oldest trees that we have in 1938, and in
+1942) the average production of the Millwood was 58.3 pounds per tree.
+In 1943 there were no pods produced on the Millwood variety. We had a
+cold spell in the spring that completely eradicated all of the fruit in
+that year. In 1944 the average yield--and that is taking the average
+yield of 10 trees of the oldest ones that were put in--the average yield
+was 146 pounds of pods per tree.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: That's for both varieties?
+
+Mr. Moore: That's just for Millwood. I will give you the Calhoun in a
+minute.
+
+Then in 1945 the average yield was 39.5 pounds per tree. In 1946 we had
+an average of 180 pounds per tree. In 1947 we had an average of 12
+pounds. Now, note the break there in averages from year to year: 58,
+none, 146, 39, 180, 12. You get from that that we have almost definitely
+alternate bearing in those trees.
+
+Now, this other thing is interesting. If you take the five-year average
+from 1942 through 1946 inclusive, and convert that to 35 trees--this is
+10 trees--but when you convert that to an average of 35 trees per acre
+you get the equivalent of 92 bushels of oats per acre. Now, understand,
+with this yield of pods we were cutting two and a half tons of hay from
+the _Lespedeza sericea_ each year. So we were getting our hay crop and
+our grain crop from the same source.
+
+Now, to give you just briefly what the Calhoun variety did during those
+years, in 1942 the Calhoun trees--the same age planted under the same
+conditions on the same soil--averaged 26.4 pounds of pods per tree. In
+1943 the Calhoun followed closely with the Millwood; on account of a
+freeze they didn't produce anything. In 1944 they produced 32.4 pounds
+of pods per tree. In 1945 they produced 63.8 pounds of pods per tree. In
+1946 they produced 22 pounds of pods per tree, and in 1947 they produced
+46 pounds of pods per tree.
+
+Now, if you will take the average of those, contrast it with the average
+for the Millwood, you will find that the Millwood tree over a period of
+five years produced almost three times as many pods as the Calhoun. The
+Calhoun variety has a little more carbohydrates, and it always averages
+a little more sugar per pound than the Millwood, but the additional
+yield of the Millwood variety makes it very worthwhile.
+
+I have done quite a bit of work on the blooming habits or the fruiting
+habits of the honeylocust over a number of years, and I find that there
+is quite a variation there in the individual trees. Some trees are
+typically males. They never bear anything, but they have staminate
+catkins. Others are typically females, never bearing anything but the
+pistillate flowers. Then we have an integration there of perfect trees.
+I know of one tree in Blount County, Alabama that for nine years never
+missed a crop. It had perfect flowers, or rather, both pistillate and
+staminate flowers on the same tree. However, the flowers were borne on
+separate catkins, the pistillate flowers, catkins, coming out on the
+same node with the male and producing the pod. So you do have a large
+variation in the fruiting habits, and we have found those variations on
+Millwood selections and on Calhoun selections, even though they were
+vegetatively propagated.
+
+The reason why we can take a bud off a female Millwood and put it onto a
+root stock and get a male tree I can't figure out, but they seem to act
+that way in that respect. I have had a Millwood tree that never bore
+anything but male flowers.[18] That is something for someone else to
+figure out. I can't explain it.
+
+Just briefly I'd like to give you the observational work that we have
+done with honeylocust. For mules in a feeding test we fed a team of
+mules for 30 days nothing but honeylocust and hay, and these mules were
+in fine shape when they came out at the end of the feeding test. You say
+that's an awfully short feeding test. It is, but we had very few pods.
+Then for cows I have gone into it more extensively. I have a cow myself,
+and I have fed that cow honeylocust pods and that was all the grain she
+had through the winter months, and got excellent milk production. You
+get excellent milk flavor from these pods and an increase in milk
+production.
+
+A very interesting thing happened. I went out in the community to gather
+pods from the wild trees for a feeding test, and there was a lady who
+owned a farm pretty close to our project. I went over and talked with
+her about getting the pods from her trees to feed to my cows for feeding
+tests, and it was O. K. But when I left she got to thinking the thing
+over, and she decided that if honeylocust pods were good for my cow they
+would be good for her cow! So I went back in a few days' time--the pods
+weren't mature when I went the first time. I went back in a few days and
+I didn't ask the lady if I could get the pods, I just stopped on the
+side of the road and we put a darky up in the tree to shake the pods
+off. And we saw a little darky coming across the field, just a streak.
+He said, "Missus says come over to the house." I went over there, and
+she was just a little bit embarrassed, but she said, "Mr. Moore, I have
+decided if honeylocust was good for the goose it was good for the
+gander, so I have been feeding honeylocust to my cows." And she went on
+with that story and said that she had been selling milk to a fraternity
+over in town, and the boys at the fraternity, after she had fed the cows
+honeylocust for a week or two, asked her what had happened to her milk,
+and she told them--she said honestly she was afraid she was going to
+lose the trade, she thought something bad was wrong with it. She told
+them, that so far as she knew there wasn't anything. They said, "Have
+you done anything to it?" "No, we haven't." They said, "Well, it's the
+best milk we have ever had, and we can tell the difference in the
+taste." And then she told them what she had done. She wouldn't tell them
+before.
+
+Now, we have had story after story coming to us to corroborate that.
+Now, I have never seen with my cow any difference in milk flavor, either
+good or bad, but my wife can definitely tell, and she is very particular
+about her butter, because she likes to sell that. I can quit feeding
+honeylocust a few days, and my wife will say, "How come you quit feeding
+honeylocust to the cow?" It is that definite.
+
+There are two things I want to mention: The value of a combination of a
+perennial ground cover with your honeylocust tree, and then I want to
+mention the fact that honeylocust _planted_ in a pasture will give no
+benefit whatsoever. You are going to have to grow your honeylocust on
+the outside, harvest the pods and feed them just like you would corn, or
+you are going to have to plant your honeylocust on a barren hillside
+someplace that doesn't grow anything else--and I think honeylocust will
+grow with a little fertilizer on about the poorest soil you have, the
+most eroded soil you have, with a little care--then pasture it after
+your trees are large enough so that the cow won't eat the limbs. There
+is something about the tree itself that a cow loves. They will chew the
+bark and chew the limbs right down to the main trunk.
+
+We have tried planting those trees at four years of age, even, in
+pastures, and we just can't get them to survive. In fact, the cows and
+the mules in our pasture ate the trees down to the stumps in the
+wintertime before they ever started putting out leaves in the spring. So
+it has been a problem. (See Dr. Diller's pasture tree-guard paper in
+this report.--Ed.)
+
+This value that you can get from growing honeylocust and _Lespedeza
+sericea_ on the same soil is the same as with honeylocust and alfalfa if
+you are in the alfalfa belt, or something like that with other perennial
+legumes. These are the benefits that I think you can get from a
+combination: In the first place, the soil is completely protected. In
+the second place, a concentrate and hay can be grown on the same
+acreage. Third, a good grazing and feeding out program can be
+maintained. If you plant your honeylocust on a hillside someplace and
+let the trees get large enough so that the cows won't eat them up, have
+your ground cover established, by the time that you are ready to pasture
+it you can put your cattle in. We had this combination, and I think it
+would have worked out very well if it had not been destroyed. We had our
+_Lespedeza sericea_ for our summer grazing crop; then we had winter
+annuals planted in the _Lespedeza sericea_ for our winter grazing, and
+the honeylocust was the fattening crop or finishing-off crop.
+
+What we had planned to do was turn the cattle in on this last plot about
+January 1st, let them graze crimson clover, or bur clover, or any other
+winter ground cover that grows in your section until the _Lespedeza
+sericea_ came on in the early summer. Then they'd graze the _Lespedeza
+sericea_ till the honeylocust pods started falling in the fall, and
+they'd fatten off on the honeylocust, and you'd put them on the market
+just before the Christmas holidays.
+
+Then fourth, the management cost is very low. Fifth, the weed problems
+in your pasture are controlled. Sixth, you get maximum production from
+the soil. You get your grain and your hay from the same piece of land.
+
+Now, that's all that I plan to give on this subject. There may be some
+questions come up that we can discuss later.
+
+A Member: What is the sugar content?
+
+Mr. Moore: The sugar content of the Calhoun pods is around 38 per cent,
+in the Millwood about 36 per cent.
+
+A Member: Is it different in the two varieties?
+
+Mr. Moore: Not very much, only about 2 per cent different.
+
+A Member: What spacing do you use in planting?
+
+Mr. Moore: 35 by 35 feet is about the correct spacing.
+
+Mr. Fisher: What is your labor problem? You say this is equal to oats.
+Can you run a combine over the field and harvest in one operation?
+
+Mr. Moore: This one you don't harvest at all. The cow picks them up off
+the ground.
+
+A Member: If you had a few hundred trees, would these pods all come on
+at one time, or you mentioned having somebody shake them off. Can you
+pick them all up at one time?
+
+Mr. Moore: Yes, you can shake them all off at one time, rake them all up
+with the rake, take a pitchfork rake, carry them to the barn and throw
+them in storage in a dry place. You don't have to worry about weevils.
+
+A Member: Store them like hay?
+
+Mr. Moore: Hay or corn. I have some that have been stored for three
+years, and the weevil gets into the seed, but it doesn't seem to affect
+it. My cattle like three-year-old pods as well as the new ones--well,
+they like them better.
+
+Mr. Weber: Do the pods heat up?
+
+Mr. Moore: They won't heat up, if they aren't green.
+
+A Member: What about the protein content?
+
+Mr. Moore: I will give you the analysis for that, the complete analysis
+of ground honeylocust pods. That might be interesting. Moisture content,
+12.47. Ash, 3.14. Crude protein, 8.58. Now, the crude protein has run as
+high as 14 per cent. I want to bring that out. This was pods collected
+in the wild, and this was a sample that the State Chemist ran for us on
+that. Fats 2.12. Fiber, 17.73. Carbohydrates total 55.96.
+
+President Davidson: I am afraid we will have to close this if we are to
+get on at all. That's the most authoritative information we have ever
+had, I think, in this Association about honeylocust. I am sure we have
+been enjoying it and have been benefited by it immensely.
+
+On the possibilities of filbert growing in Virginia, Dr. Overholser will
+now give you a talk.
+
+[Footnote 18: According to botanical authorities, the honey locust is
+polygamo-dioecious; that is, it generally has most of its male flowers
+on one tree and most of the female flowers on another tree, but the
+trees are not 100 per cent pure in this sex division. In my personal
+observations of flowers on grafted trees, including Millwood and Calhoun
+and scores of seedlings, both "male" and "female," I never found any
+pollen produced in flowers of the "female" trees, but nearly all "male"
+trees in the Tennessee Valley will have occasional catkins with one or
+more perfect flowers near their terminal ends (the basal flowers being
+staminate on the same catkin.) The functionally perfect flowers on such
+"male" trees have been observed to set from one to many pods in certain
+years, but such pods are generally small as compared with those borne on
+"female" trees in the same locality, and I have never observed a heavy
+pod crop on any "male" tree. Grafted trees of Millwood and Calhoun
+selections in Tennessee were observed to set pistillate flowers, but no
+pods (or very few) matured on them unless there was a "male" tree in
+flower within insect-flight distance from them. (At Auburn, Alabama,
+there were wild honeylocusts, including "male" trees, within a half-mile
+of the Hillculture planting of grafted honeylocusts when I saw it in
+1943.)
+
+I do not argue that no pollen is ever produced by Millwood or Calhoun
+flowers some probably is (though its demonstration might require almost
+microscopic examination, in contrast with the easy finding of pods on
+"male" trees.) But, in the practical culture of fruiting honeylocusts,
+and in our present scope of knowledge of their pollination requirements,
+our plantings should include a handful of seedling (thornless) trees or
+else some grafted trees of a thornless "male" selection such as the
+Smith, in a ratio of about 1 Smith to 10, say, of Millwood.
+
+It is unfortunate that the presumed male mutants of the fruiting
+varieties, reported above by Mr. Moore, were destroyed when the
+Hillculture plots at Auburn were discontinued. Perhaps similar ones will
+show up elsewhere, and they will be worth looking for. Meanwhile, the
+Smith variety (originally propagated through a mixup in scionwood
+collection), has been demonstrated to be a satisfactory pollinator for
+Millwood and Calhoun, and it, as grafted, is also a thornless tree.
+Perhaps any thornless male seedling honeylocust tree, if its flowering
+period coincides with that of the fruiting variety, might serve equally
+well.--Note by J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+
+
+
+Possibilities of Filbert Growing in Virginia
+
+E. L. OVERHOLSER, Head, Department of Horticulture, V. P. I.,
+Blacksburg, Virginia
+
+More than four-fifths of the United States filberts are grown in Oregon
+and nearly all the rest are produced in the State of Washington. Prior
+to 1933, total filbert production in these two states did not exceed 500
+tons, but production has since increased steadily and in 1945 it
+amounted to 5,320 tons. The value of filbert production in the U. S. in
+1945 was about 3 million dollars.[1]
+
+As a wild hazel is native of Virginia and as filberts have been
+profitably grown, especially in Oregon and Washington the question is
+often raised as to whether hazelnuts or filberts could not be grown
+commercially in Virginia. It has been suggested that if varieties now
+available are not successfull in Virginia, perhaps new varieties may be
+originated by crossing, including inter-specific crosses.
+
+
++American Species+
+
+AMERICAN HAZEL. As mentioned, one species, _Corylus americana_ Walt., is
+native to much of Virginia. Its distribution is from the northeastern
+states and Canada to Saskatchewan and the Dakotas and south to Florida
+and the Gulf of Mexico. Its adaptation is much wider than that of the
+beaked hazels (_C. cornuta_ Marsh or _C. roxtrata_ Ait. and the far
+western _C. californica_) the two other Corylus species native to the
+United States and Canada. This native _americana_, species appears at
+least to have value from the point of view of soil conservation, as food
+for wild life, and for breeding purposes.
+
+The American hazel is a large thicket-forming shrub, which sprouts very
+freely after cutting, and the foliage is generally dense. It is found
+growing on dry, well-drained sites, in both sun and shade. It, however,
+seldom bears fruit in the shade. The shrub is relatively hardy,
+withstanding mid-winter temperatures of -40° to -30°F. and is easily
+transplanted.
+
+The nuts are available in the wild from July through September and
+occasionally persistent on the plant until December or even February.
+The nuts average about 250 per pound, with a germination of about 80
+percent, producing about 60 usable plants per pound of seed.
+
+Three of the best known varieties of _C. americana_ are the Rush from
+Pennsylvania, the Littlepage from Indiana, and the Winkler (most hardy)
+from Iowa. [See footnote following.--Ed.][19]
+
+Incidentally, Thomas Jefferson in his list of plants native to Virginia,
+as published in his _Notes on the State of Virginia_, which was written
+in 1781, and published in 1782, in 1784-1785, and in 1787, lists among
+other plants the "Hazelnut (_Corylus Avellana_)", which apparently
+should have been called _Corylus americana_ Walters.
+
+_Breeding Filberts in the East._ This brings up the question of filbert
+breeding in the East. Crane and Wood (1937) have fully reviewed the
+breeding program with filberts, and the breeding of filberts, for the
+East may be briefly referred to here. Tho pollen from _C. californica_
+and _C. americana_ apparently does not function on the pistillate
+flowers of European varieties, (_Corylus avellana_ L. and _C. maxima_).
+Since however, _C. americana_ is useful as a pistillate parent, it is
+possible that _C. californica_ may be similarly used.
+
+The workers of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry are primarily
+testing first-generation hybrids resulting from crosses with the
+pistillate parents Rush,[20] Littlepage, and Winkler of _C. americana_
+and pollen from varieties of _C. avellana_ native of Europe, northern
+Africa, and western Asia, and of _C. maxima_, the filbert of
+southeastern Europe and western Asia. Other pollen parents were _C.
+colurna_, (Turkish hazel, native of southeastern Europe and western
+Asia) and _C. heterophylla_ Fisch., (various leaved hazel from eastern
+Asia.)
+
+Crane and Wood (1937) suggest that varieties of high merit should be
+developed for home plantings over much of the region from lower New
+England and Great Lakes on the north, and to the Potomac and Arkansas
+Rivers on the south, and that much of Wisconsin, southern Minnesota,
+South Dakota, and Nebraska might also be included.
+
+Dr. Crane writes, by letter dated July 27, 1948, that he has as a result
+of breeding work, which was started many years ago, two new varieties
+that have been placed in the hands of nurserymen for multiplication.
+These varieties are at the present time carried under the numbers of
+1667 and 2336, These are hybrids between the European filbert (_Corylus
+avellana_ L.) and the native American hazelnut (_C. americana._) At the
+Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Maryland, these two varieties have
+been outstanding in their yielding ability, hardiness, and quality of
+nuts produced. Dr. Crane does not think, however, that these varieties
+may very materially change the situation as regards commercial filbert
+growing in the East and in the South.
+
+Because of the conditions prevailing during the last war, nurserymen
+have not made as much progress, in propagating these new varieties as
+had been originally hoped. Dr. Crane plans to release these varieties
+for extensive plantings just as soon as there are sufficient plants in
+the hands of the nurserymen to warrant their being called to the
+attention of the general public.
+
+HILLCULTURE PROJECT. The Department of Horticulture of V.P.I, has what
+is called a Hillculture project, with Professor R. C. Moore in charge.
+Among the materials planted in connection with these studies are filbert
+varieties to determine their possible value on hill farms in the
+mountainous regions of Southwest Virginia as a source of additional food
+and supplemental income for such families. The Forestry Division of TVA
+has co-operated in supplying not only propagated plants of filberts, but
+also of walnuts and seedlings of chestnuts.
+
+Among the filberts now being grown are six German-named varieties from
+the Hillculture Division of the Soil Conservation Service, Glenn Dale,
+Maryland, planted as rooted cuttings in 1941. The German varieties, are
+as follows: (1) Barr's Spanische; (2) Neue Riesennuss; (3) Fruhe von
+Fruendorff; (4) Schliesserin; (5) Eckige Barelloner; and (6) Vollkugel.
+
+In addition five varieties, including two of the Jones numbered
+seedlings from crosses between the American hazel and the European
+filbert, purchased from the J. F. Jones Nursery[21] of Lancaster, Pa.,
+were planted in 1947. These are the following: (1) Jones 185; (2) Bixby
+(a Jones hybrid), (3) Cosford, (4) Italian Red; (5) Large Globe and (6)
+Medium Long.
+
+Seedlings of the American hazel have also been planted. Dr. Crane may be
+able to send the V. P. I. Department of Horticulture a few plants of his
+seedlings 1667 and 2336 to include among the variety plantings.
+
+
++Some Limitations of Filbert Growing in Virginia+
+
+DISEASES. Possibly the present most serious limitation to commercial
+production of filberts in Virginia is the Filbert Blight or Black Knot
+(_Cryptosporella anomala._ (PK) Sacc.). While this fungus results in
+little damage to native species (_C. americana_) it does spread rapidly
+and with serious results to European varieties in the State. Possibly
+the seriousness of the disease has been lessened by the eradication of
+native hazel plants on roadsides, fence rows, and in the wild nearby,
+which serve as hosts for the disease.
+
+It is present on the American hazel, but does little damage to the
+plant. The disease, however, as mentioned, is a serious menace to either
+European varieties or to the present hybrids resulting from _C.
+americana_ x _C. avellana_. The control to date is to prune off and burn
+affected parts. Mr. George Slate has mentioned that Mr. S. H. Graham of
+Ithaca, New York, has a number of hybrids between _C. americana_ and _C.
+avellana_ that have been subjected to severe attacks of Filbert Blight
+and a few of these have to date escaped, although the others have been
+destroyed by blight.
+
+The bacterial blight present on the Pacific Coast apparently does not
+occur in the East.
+
+INSECTS. A second limitation is the problem of the attacks of insects.
+Dodge and Rickett (1948) report that _Corylus_ may be affected by a
+leaf-damage from the feeding of leaf-hoppers (_Phepsins ishida_; _P.
+tinctorius_), which may involve less than half the leaf or may extend to
+the entire leaf. The first leaves to be infested are those next to the
+ground, which are affected early in July. Most of the damage ceases by
+the first week of August. Control is by spraying with nicotine sulphate
+and soap on the undersides of the leaves in late June or early July,
+repeating at the end of a week.
+
+Certain nut weevils (_Balaninus spp._) attack the native hazels, but
+Slate (1930) reports they do not attack the European filbert (_C.
+avellana_). Mr. Slate reports that in Geneva where nuts are carefully
+picked up they do not have much of a problem with weevils.
+
+Dr. Crane reports that the Japanese beetle severely damages the filbert.
+While the Japanese beetle has not yet become widely established in
+Virginia, it undoubtedly will eventually become a problem throughout
+this state. The Japanese beetle can be destroyed by using four pounds of
+50% wettable DDT or two pounds of actual DDT per 100 gallons. Such
+sprays should be applied as the Japanese beetles begin to cause injury,
+and usually two applications may be sufficient.
+
+Mr. G. F. Gravatt has reported that his filbert plantings, surrounded on
+three sides by woods, are badly attacked by stink bugs that sting the
+nuts. DDT as suggested for Japanese beetles may also be used for stink
+bugs.
+
+Another serious insect pest on hazelnut is the curculio. Clean
+cultivation has been reported as a supplementary measure for curculio
+control, as they depend, upon unbroken soil in the fall for their
+metamorphosis. Some hybrids are reported as being relatively immune to
+the attacks of curculio (Weschcke, 1946). Benezene hexachloride has
+shown promise with other plants in curculio control and may have
+possibilities on the filbert.
+
+LACK OF HARDINESS. A third limitation has been lack of hardiness in the
+case of European varieties. With the European varieties the staminate or
+the pistillate flowers or both are likely to be killed by winter
+temperatures. In fact, occasional unduly low winter temperatures may
+kill the tree tops or even the tree trunks to the ground. The Winkler
+variety (_C. americana_) has been reported as more hardy in New York
+State than the Barcelona (_C. avellana_) or the Jones hybrids (_C.
+americana_ x. _C. avellana_) (Ross Pier Wright, 1944).
+
+Under western New York conditions, Slate (1930) reported that the
+blooming period starts about March 20 to 25 at Geneva, and lasts about a
+month. In central Virginia this may well be several weeks earlier. Slate
+(1930) also reports that the flowers in bloom will withstand
+considerable frost, and that even with temperatures of 16°F. during the
+blooming season, neither female nor male flowers, may be injured.
+Nevertheless, with filberts coming into bloom in late February to early
+March, they would be subjected to temperatures that might result in
+injury especially to the catkins.
+
+Some of the more hardy varieties as reported by Slate (1930) include the
+following: (a) White Lambert (not of value) (_C. maxima_); (b) Red
+Lambert (_C. maxima_); (c) Cosford; (d) Purple Aveline (_C. avellana_);
+and (e) Early Globe (of little value).
+
+Some of the varieties upon which both the staminate and pistillate
+flowers tend to bloom relatively late are (a) Althaldensleber, (b)
+Kentish Cob, (c) Red Aveline, (d) Purple Aveline, and (e) Bolwiller.
+Late blooming, however, does not necessarily insure escaping injury from
+low spring temperatures. The Cosford, Italian Red, and Medium Long are
+considered by Slate as good for New York. The Bixby and Buchanan are the
+result of crossing _C. americana_ x _C. avellana_, and appear to be of
+promise for home plantings in the East. Mr. H. F. Stoke is growing the
+Italian Red and Du Chilly (Kentish Cob) with Daviana for pollination
+purposes in the Roanoke area.
+
+CROSS-POLLINATION. A fourth limitation is the fact that varieties are
+nearly entirely if not fully dependent upon cross-pollinization by other
+inter-fertile varieties that bloom at about the same time in order to
+insure a set of nuts. This limitation may be overcome by the proper
+planning of hardy varieties are inter-fertile. Colby (1944) has reported
+that the Winkler variety is self-fertile.
+
+SUCKERS. A sixth limitation is the tendency of the _C. avellana_ or _C.
+maxima_ to sprout about the base and the labor and expense of keeping
+these sprouts pruned out. It is possible that this factor may be
+overcome by using Turkish hazel (_C. colurna_ L.) as an understock and
+grafting or budding thereon the varieties that sprout when on their own
+roots. The Turkish hazel does not sprout as badly as the two other
+species.
+
+Note by Editor: An Oregon nursery, which formerly propagated European
+filberts on the Turkish understock, now has abandoned its use. The
+grafted filbert tops did not seem to survive and bear as consistently as
+those on their own roots, after a period of several years in orchards.
+
+PLANTING IN VIRGINIA. In a letter dated May 17, 1948, addressed to R.
+C. Moore, Assistant Horticulturist, V.P.I., H. J. Pettit, Assistant
+Secretary of the Planters Peanut Company, Suffolk, Virginia, reported
+that some years ago they planted several thousand trees of filberts,
+which they obtained from the states of New York and Oregon. From their
+experience it appears that late spring frosts destroyed the flower
+parts, which developed early, with the result that the yields were too
+low to be profitable. Hence, the filberts were removed and the land
+otherwise utilized. Mr. H. F. Stoke, however, in the Roanoke area has
+not found lack of hardiness as serious as the problems of diseases and
+insects of filberts.
+
+An important nursery in Maryland has provided information to the effect
+that during this past 1947-48 season it sold for planting in Virginia a
+total of 34 filbert plants in lots of from one to ten. Its 1947-48
+catalogue lists varieties of filberts for sale as follows: Barcelona,
+Daviana, Du Chilly, and American hazel.
+
+Dr. H. L. Crane, Principal Horticulturist of the USDA, writes in a
+letter dated July 27, 1948, that he knows of no substantial plantings
+being made anywhere in Virginia. He has observed a few bushes or trees
+scattered about the homesteads, particularly in the northern or more
+mountainous part of the state. In most cases the performance of these
+filberts has not been entirely satisfactory because of leaf scorch
+during the summer, due apparently to high temperatures or unfavorable
+moisture conditions or to the winter killing of the catkins, or in some
+cases winter injury of the shoots. The largest plantings in Virginia
+that have yet come to the attention of the V.P.I. Department of
+Horticulture are those of Mr. Stoke in the Roanoke area.
+
+Dr. Crane has observed the planting of a few bushes of the American
+hazelnut in Virginia. Their performance has been somewhat better than
+has been that of the European filbert, especially as to hardiness, and
+these American hazelnuts have borne more satisfactory crops of nuts than
+have the European filberts. The nuts produced by the native varieties,
+however, are small in size, thick shelled, and the kernels are small and
+lack quality. Observations by Dr. Crane, which have been made in the
+State of Virginia, lead him to believe that with the material that is at
+present available from nurserymen, there is not much hope of successful
+commercial filbert culture in the State of Virginia. When, however,
+seedlings 1667 and 2336 may become available, two varieties that are
+hardy and productive of fairly high quality nuts may provide material
+for home plantings or for local markets.
+
+_Ornamental Value._ The filbert, however, also has possible value for
+ornamental plantings with its attractive foliage, or as a hedge, as well
+as for nut production, providing the home owner will control insects and
+diseases and maintain favorable growing conditions for our best known
+varieties.
+
+_Future Outlook in Virginia._ With a further breeding program to combine
+the hardiness of the American hazel and its tolerance to Filbert Blight
+with some of the better qualities of the European and other species to
+obtain self-fertile varieties better adapted to Virginia conditions and
+with the better insecticides and fungicides now becoming available for
+insect and disease control, it may be that filbert growing in Virginia
+has a brighter future outlook than now appears to be true.
+
+[Footnote 19: Tree Nuts, Acreage, Production, Farm Disposition, Value,
+and Utilization of Sales, 1909-45. USDA Bureau of Agr. Eco. Crop Rept.
+Brd.: 1-25 Oct. 1947.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Rush, itself, is now considered a natural hybrid of
+American and European filberts. Many of the European varieties are
+derived from hybrids between +C. avellana+, +C. maxima+, and possibly other
+Eurasian species.--Ed.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Now located at Erie, Ill.--Ed.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. Overholser. We have a paper from Mr.
+Elliott. Mr. Elliott is not here, but we are already behind our program,
+so I am afraid you are going to have to have that in printed form later
+on.
+
+
+
+
+Filberts for Food and Looks in Kentucky
+
+   N. R. ELLIOTT, Extension Landscape Specialist,
+   Department of Horticulture,
+   University of Kentucky
+
+Those of us interested in the landscape phase are always thinking of as
+many different kinds of plants as possible that may be used to create
+pleasing effects. Perhaps we might be criticized for overlooking several
+plants that would not only assist in creating pleasing effects but at
+the same time produce edible fruits of good quality. In my own
+experience I have often recommended the use of grape vines on a trellis
+to create a screen and at the same time produce fruit. Also in border
+plantings, like the shrub border, the gooseberries and currants make
+attractive shrubs and in addition supply fruits. In making these
+suggestions for plantings one needs to depart somewhat from the usual
+run of plants and in most instances the homeowner has never thought of
+using plants for effects as well as fruits.
+
+
++Filberts Good Dual Purpose Plants+
+
+Filberts are certainly outstanding dual purpose plants, and I feel that
+they have not been used nearly as much as they should be. If we think of
+landscape from the broad point of view, we realize that screen or border
+plantings make up one of the most important parts of the set-up,
+especially in rural parts. Practically every farm home has some
+unattractive view near by that needs to be screened out, either
+partially or entirely. This view may be caused by a lot where farm
+animals are kept, an old, unattractive barn, or even a gullied field.
+Lots where animals are kept and the barn are necessary parts of the farm
+operations, and the gullied field may result from neglect, but
+regardless of the cause for the undesirable view it can and should be
+screened from view from the home.
+
+In making a screen planting, two plans are possible--one, the shrub
+border, and the other the hedge row, and filberts are excellent to use
+in either planting. Where space is at a premium, the hedge offers the
+best form of screen. Filberts planted two and a half feet apart and
+pruned in such a way as to make them have a shrub appearance will make
+an ideal hedge and produce lots of nuts of good quality. This hedge can
+be counted on to be effective up to twelve feet in height.
+
+In the shrub border filberts are allowed to produce many stems and to
+grow into small trees. This is done by pruning and by using groups of
+two or three plants in a place, planted some five or six feet apart.
+Different varieties may be used for different groups, thereby producing
+a variation of foliage. The filberts will take their places with the
+well known small trees like the dogwood and the redbud, when used in
+this way.
+
+Still another use for filberts in landscape work is to use them for
+small trees as lawn specimen plants. They have a size, shape, and
+foliage that makes them attractive when used in this way.
+
+
++Cross Pollination Necessary+
+
+Our experience has been that there is need for cross pollination to get
+maximum yields of fruit; therefore, we suggest that different varieties
+be used in a planting. Barcelona, DuChilly, and the Jones Hybrids seem
+to us well suited for this. Of course, there are others, but our
+experience with varieties is limited.
+
+When it comes to the soil for filberts, we find that a fairly rich soil
+that has plenty of moisture is the best. Of course, the soil must drain
+well because the roots of filberts seem to be very susceptible to poorly
+drained soil conditions. If there is a lot of sand in the soil, give the
+filberts more moisture and food because they are rapid growers.
+
+So far, we have not had many complaints about filberts suffering from
+winter injury. This may be due to the fact that so far Kentucky is not
+using great quantities of these plants, or it may be due to the fact
+that the varieties used have been reasonably hardy. The little winter
+injury seen so far has been in the terminal twig growth, and removal of
+these twigs in the spring has not meant altering the normal shape of the
+plant.
+
+I do not know whether there is any significance to it but the filberts
+that have been fed by using well rotted manure applied in the fall and
+spaded into the top four inches of soil next spring have made the best
+growth and produced the most fruit.
+
+So far the filberts that we have had experience with have been free from
+insects and diseases. One never knows how long that condition will last.
+
+Now, when it comes to discussing filberts as a food, all that I want to
+say is that at Christmas time when you buy mixed nuts you usually get a
+few of the filberts in the mixture. These nuts are good eating, and when
+the plants are grown on the home grounds everyone who has them says they
+are much enjoyed by all members of the family. Our experience has been
+that filberts yield annually and, if given reasonable care, in good
+amounts.
+
+In conclusion we would like to say we feel there is not only a place for
+filberts in landscape work, but there is an absolute need for greater
+use of these plants especially in rural plantings. At present, the
+professional landscape artists are not inclined to recommend them as
+often as they could, simply because they have not been trained to think
+of dual purpose plants. Greater publicity as to the value of these
+plants would undoubtedly mean greater use of them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: We also have a paper from Mr. Reed, which is of
+quite a good deal of importance historically on the work of Mr. Jones. I
+wish you could have that. Probably you will have to read that, too.
+
+
+
+
+J. F. Jones, Introducer of Many Nut Varieties
+
+CLARENCE A. REED, Collaborator[22]
+
+
+The name of J. F. Jones was once one of the best known and most highly
+respected in eastern nut culture. It was from Mountain Grove, Wright
+County, Mo., that he was first heard from in 1900, when he discovered
+and introduced the Rockville hican, which he named after the nearest
+town. It never proved of value, but that fact did not detract from the
+importance of being first, a habit which remained with him till his
+death. In 1902 he moved to Monticello, Jefferson County, Florida; five
+years later he moved to Jeanerette, Iberia Parish, Louisiana; and in
+1912, he moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died in January,
+1928.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In 1903, while at Monticello, he successfully graft-propagated the Rush
+Persian (English) walnut and the Weiker hickory, an intermediate form
+between shagbark and shellbark. Both were from Lancaster County, and he
+used scions sent him by J. G. Rush, of West Willow, south of Lancaster.
+Mr. Rush is credited with introducing the walnut bearing his name, while
+credit went to Mr. Jones for the Weiker hickory. Some years later, on
+two occasions, Mr. Jones took a visitor to the Weiker parent tree when
+the branches were laden with nuts so that they hung down in a manner
+suggestive of plums. For some reason, never explained, no other tree of
+the variety, so far as is known, ever bore as much as a quart of nuts,
+although the trees frequently flowered profusely. The variety was,
+however, markedly dichogamous. The parent tree, which stood in the yard
+of Mr. Christ LeFever of Lampeter, about two miles east of the Jones
+home, was blown over in a heavy gale many years ago.
+
+Mr. Jones graft-propagated a considerable number of Hales shagbark while
+at Monticello, with scions that came from the original tree near
+Ridgewood, New Jersey. However, this variety was first propagated by
+Henry Hales of Ridgewood, in 1879. He also had Kirtland from Yalesville,
+Connecticut, but like many others since that time, both it and Hales
+proved to be light bearers. Other hickories may have been propagated by
+Mr. Jones while at Monticello but these are the only ones of which there
+is record. The Kirtland was first propagated in 1897.
+
+[Footnote 22: U.S.D.A. Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural
+Engineering, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.]
+
+
++First Carload of Grafted Pecan Trees+
+
+When he went to Florida, there were few pecan trees of bearing age in
+either that State or Georgia and none to speak of in the Carolinas. The
+"fast" trains went no more than 30 or 35 miles an hour, and a minimum of
+three days was required to see even an occasional planting or a single
+tree. Within the next few years, nurserymen everywhere propagated their
+own varieties and listed them in their catalogs. Mr. Jones was
+discriminating and propagated only varieties that then had the best
+reputation, such as Schley and Stuart, and some others that have not
+stood the test of time. In one way, he was distinctively first; he
+shipped the first carload of pecan trees ever to go to one address. This
+was in January of 1906, when 10,000 trees were shipped to Professor H.
+E. Van Deman who was then establishing a 900-acre orchard near Ferriday,
+La. A picture of the car appeared in the American Nut Journal, published
+by W. N. Roper, Petersburg, Va., Vol. III, No. 50, March 1906, (Van
+Deman had been the first Pomologist in the Department of Agriculture,
+1886 to 1892).
+
+Mr. Ray Simpson of Vincennes, Ind., went to Mr. Jones to learn how to
+graft pecan trees. He offered to work without pay if Mr. Jones would
+teach him the art. He had graduated at Cornell in 1905, and had been
+inspired by John Craig, Professor of Horticulture there. Craig himself
+later invested somewhat heavily in pecan orchards both near Monticello
+and at Albany, Georgia. Mr. Simpson was taken on and proved as good a
+propagator as the best hand and received the same pay.
+
+While at Monticello Mr. Jones began to feel that the region might not be
+the best place for pecans. Perhaps he had made a mistake. It was 300
+miles to middle western Alabama, where there were the nearest native
+trees. A disease was appearing among many of the trees planted in the
+East, which was then poorly understood (rosette). Pecan wood for budding
+and grafting was scarce and Mr. Jones would trust no one to cut it for
+him. He went to the trees himself.
+
+One man who then had an abundance of wood and who could be relied upon
+was B. M. Young of Morgan City, La., and Mr. Jones went to him for wood
+several times. Once he became confused as to the trees from which he had
+cut a couple of bundles, so both were thrown in the river and he went
+back for more. Mr. Young was greatly impressed, so much so that he
+remembered the incident, as we shall see.
+
+
++The Move to Louisiana+
+
+Back in Florida Ray Simpson wished to buy and Mr. Jones wished to sell,
+so a deal was soon made. Mr. Jones went to Louisiana where the pecan is
+native and there were many large trees, probably as many as could be
+found in any one place in the entire South. Mr. Young knew of a group
+from St. Paul, Minnesota, who were about to buy and plant a thousand
+acres near Jeanerette and who were looking for an experienced man to
+take charge. Mr. Jones was recommended and was soon at work. For another
+five years, he worked harder than almost any other white man in the
+State. Great odds were against him. Being from the North, he did not
+associate exclusively with whites, and presently the southern white
+people left him severely alone. That was not all; he could not raise as
+good nursery trees as he had in Florida. The trees grew slowly in the
+cold, heavy soil of Louisiana, and the fibrous root system failed to
+materialize. The excellent reputation he and his trees had enjoyed in
+Monticello began to deteriorate. He worked harder than ever and waited
+for a break. When it came, he did not hesitate.
+
+
++Jones Shifts to Pennsylvania+
+
+The St. Paul crowd fell into a squabble and divided into two factions,
+each wishing control. A man went south to see if Mr. Jones would sell
+his stock. Would he? He knew when to keep his mouth shut and he meekly
+made a deal. He was probably never more glad over anything in his life.
+He came north, lock, stock, and barrel. But he was far from being
+without a place to land. Since his Monticello days, he and Mr. Rush had
+been good friends. Mr. Rush knew a farm of 20 acres with buildings,
+which could be had for $8,000. It was four miles south of Lancaster, and
+at a point where two main highways leading into the city came together.
+It sloped eastward enough so that it did not get the full force of west
+winds. It was two miles from Mr. Rush's home, with the town of Willow
+Street between.
+
+Mr. Jones then began eight or 10 years of lean hard work. He modernized
+buildings, planted an orchard of nut varieties most of which were
+purchased from W. C. Reed of Vincennes, Ind., and W. N. Roper of
+Petersburg, Va. From Roper he bought both seedling and grafted trees.
+Some of the "seedlings" had been budded and then not cut back to force
+the buds. The latter were still dormant and when the trees were properly
+cut back, the buds pushed forth. T. P. Littlepage, of Washington, and
+Prof. W. N. Hutt, of Raleigh, N. C., had a good laugh at Roper, but as
+the trees bore no labels, they were no more valuable than seedlings and
+were treated as such. All three men are now deceased.
+
+Thomas black walnut trees came from E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois. The
+variety had originated in eastern Pennsylvania and was first grafted in
+1881 by J. W. Thomas and Son, at King of Prussia, Pa. The parent tree
+had been destroyed some time before by the Pennsylvania Railroad, in
+extending its lines. The Thomas is today the most widely planted
+variety, although it has rarely borne well. Mr. Jones selected and
+grafted the Ohio walnut, but the owner of the seed-parent tree was given
+credit for its introduction, although she probably knows nothing of the
+incident, to this day. She was a Miss Clark, McCutcheonville, Ohio, and
+it was felt that it would help more to give her name as originator if
+one were ever to locate the tree.
+
+   [See Ohio black walnut original tree photos, NNGA Rept., 1946.--Ed.]
+
+The Stabler eastern black walnut, introduced in 1916 by Mr. T. P.
+Littlepage by means of a paragraph inserted in the _Country Gentleman_,
+was also propagated by Mr. Jones, but he early found it disappointing in
+its habits of bearing. He also found that about 80 percent of the nuts
+from the parent tree had single kernels, while with young trees 80
+percent had double kernels. Most planters have long since discontinued
+using this variety. However, Mrs. Jane Baum, Douglassville, Pa., reports
+that her customers like the Stabler best. Others she has are Thomas,
+Ohio, and Ten Eyck.
+
+Other varieties were tested by Mr. Jones, but he pushed none of them,
+rightly thinking that 4 leaders were as many as a nursery could afford
+to carry. He insisted that a new variety would have to prove its
+superiority before he would insert it in his catalog. Among other
+varieties was the Peanut from southern Ohio, the nut of which had single
+lobes; but apparently there was some mistake along the line, as nuts
+from grafted trees were indifferent and had 2 half kernels. He also had
+Creitz from Indiana, which Mr. H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke,
+Va., thinks well of at this time. It was a prize winner in the 1926
+contest of the NNGA. Neither Creitz nor Peanut was a Jones introduction.
+
+
++His Work with Hickories+
+
+Among the hickories, there was the Stanley from Indiana in 1916, which
+was quite a favorite with Mr. Jones for some time. But did any one ever
+see a shellbark that bore well and filled the nuts? Shellbark trees are
+beautiful to look at, have enormous leaves, seven to nine leaflets, but
+they leaf out early in spring and the flowers are frequently killed back
+by spring frosts. Part of its flowers are killed outright with too great
+frequency for it to be worth growing for the nuts. These are very large,
+the hulls split entirely to the base, and what kernel there is, is of
+sugar-like sweetness. The shells are mostly thick and the kernels seldom
+well-filled.
+
+The Glover shagbark hickory, from Connecticut, which was introduced by
+Mr. Jones in 1918, is undoubtedly one of the best shagbarks yet
+propagated. The nuts are of medium size and shell thickness. The flavor
+is very good. Most shagbarks have five leaflets; this one has seven
+quite as often, and the leaf is about a foot long.
+
+There were other hybrids, or what are supposed to be hybrids. The Pleas
+hickory, introduced in 1916, was perhaps first successfully grafted by
+Mr. Jones, but credit for introduction went to the owner of the parent
+tree, Dr. E. Pleas, Collinsville, Oklahoma. It was a beautiful tree,
+shapely, with an air of considerable refinement, making it a graceful
+lawn tree. It bore fairly well, although not heavily. The nuts were
+thin-shelled and also had thin hulls that split entirely to the base. So
+far as most laymen are concerned, the Pleas may be but an edible, or
+semi-edible bitternut. On the grounds of the Plant Industry Station, at
+Beltsville, Md., there were once two trees of Pleas, but they were given
+to the Wild Life Service for planting 10 miles away, although there are
+many native bitternut trees just over the line fence in neighboring
+woods. We fancied that we could detect bitternut flavor in good
+shagbarks about the plantings, due to xenia influence, as in the case of
+chestnuts.
+
+Burlington was another hican first propagated by Mr. Jones, in 1915. It
+came from eastern Iowa, and for a time was confused with Marquardt,
+which never was propagated, or apparently not. Burlington makes a fine
+appearing tree and serves well for ornamental purposes. It bears fairly
+well while young, but soon develops faulty nuts, few being well-filled
+and the majority weevil infested. It is also subject to shuck-worm and
+twig girdler injury.
+
+Mr. Jones once wrote that he had given up with the hickories "in
+disgust." So far as is known, he never used any stock for hickories
+other than pecan, which grew well, made good unions and generally
+outgrew the scions. John Hershey, however, says this is not a good
+combination, but there are too many trees of Jones' propagation about
+the country, to accept Hershey's verdict altogether. Carl Weschcke[23],
+of St. Paul, uses bitternut largely or entirely; if it is a mistake, it
+will be expensive. Hickories are slow to grow and one gets too few nuts
+at best. It takes a lifetime to get even small crops, and for our part,
+we want no bitternuts on the place. Too often shagbarks fail to unite
+with bitternut and frequently they are short-lived.
+
+In 1916 Mr. Jones propagated and introduced the Beaver hickory, from
+central Pennsylvania, a supposed bitternut-shagbark cross. It proved of
+little value and soon disappeared. The Fairbanks from northeast Iowa, a
+similar cross, was introduced the same year. It was one of the prettiest
+of all hybrids and stood up about the longest, but it had too much
+bitterness in the pellicle encasing the kernel and was much subject to
+weevil injury.
+
+
++Efforts with Persian Walnuts+
+
+Many varieties of Persian (English) walnut were propagated and brought
+into bearing. Mr. Jones included a majority of the varieties brought
+into the country from France by Felix Gillet, of Nevada City, Calif., as
+early as 1870. There were Franquette, Mayette, Meylan, Parisienne, and a
+cutleaf variety which appears to have had no other name. A California
+variety of which he thought well for a number of years was Eureka, a
+western introduction of 1908. He propagated a number of eastern
+varieties such as Lancaster (Alpine) in 1913, although credit went to
+Mr. Rush; Boston, from Massachusetts, also in 1913; Ontario, from
+Canada, in 1914; and probably others. He obtained Chinese walnuts, from
+P. Wang, Kinsan Arboretum, Shanghai, and sold seedlings at wholesale.
+These were an Asiatic form of _Juglans regia_. He limed the soil, and
+thought the effects were beneficial. In this he was warmly supported by
+T. P. Littlepage and more recently by growers in Northern Ohio; but
+lately liming has not been found beneficial in Italy. All in all,
+however, the Persian walnut was not particularly dependable, and during
+the last few years the nursery which he left discontinued selling
+Persian walnut trees. In the East, the trees of older varieties usually
+were little more than interesting novelties.
+
+
++He Tried the Chinese Chestnut+
+
+The Chinese chestnut was tried for a few years; but as so often happens
+with this species, nursery trees died badly in winter and Mr. Jones
+thought it due to blight, a disease which was then sweeping his part of
+the country, taking its mortal toll of both American and European
+species. However, blight does not seriously attack young trees and it is
+more likely that death was caused by a combination of summer drouth and
+winter cold; but no matter, the trees perished and the result was the
+same.
+
+
++First Heartnut Grafts+
+
+Mr. Jones tried the butternut and there is still one tree in the
+experimental planting east of the residence. It is Aiken, from New
+England, and was first propagated by him in 1918. It proved
+disappointing. He grafted the first heartnut ever grafted of any kind
+insofar as is known, the Lancaster, in 1918. The only other heartnut for
+which he received full credit for first propagation was Faust, obtained
+from a dentist, Dr. 0. D. Faust, Bamberg, S. C., in 1918. Others that he
+was doubtless first to propagate, but for which credit went to the
+owners of the parent trees, were Bates and Stranger in 1919, both from
+R. Bates, Jackson, Aiken County, S. C., and Ritchie, a Virginia variety
+found by John W. Ritchie of Flemington, N. J., in 1918.
+
+However, heartnuts are seldom heavy bearers and the trees do not grow
+large or live long. In Japan the wood is sometimes used for gunstocks
+but only because better material is unavailable. Heartnuts have
+practically no market where other kinds of nuts can be had and the trees
+are much subject to "bunch" disease. To an enormous extent the trees
+have been sold to unsuspecting people of the South and East as "English"
+walnuts.
+
+[Footnote 23: See Weschcke's paper, elsewhere in this report.--Ed.]
+
+
++The Filbert+
+
+Mr. Jones had a tree or two of the Turkish filbert, a species sometimes
+reaching a height of 60 feet and attaining a trunk diameter of three
+feet or more. Bixby found the species hardy in central New Hampshire.
+Mr. Jones obtained his seed from three trees in Highland Park,
+Rochester, New York, which are believed to be the oldest in the country.
+In some years, the Rochester trees bear freely, while in others there is
+not a nut. This is a valuable ornamental species, as it is green from
+early spring till the last thing in fall; specimens must be selected for
+such use, as often the trees are unshapely. Like all filberts, they are
+subject to Japanese beetle attack and must be sprayed or otherwise
+protected in beetle infested zones. Filbert foliage may be destroyed by
+these insects as many as three times in a summer and the trees die down
+to the ground. The nuts are too small to be of value; but the wood is
+white, very hard, and makes good turned articles.
+
+
++His Greatest Contribution+
+
+It was with the filbert that Mr. Jones made his greatest contribution to
+nut culture. In 1917 he tried crossing European varieties with pollen of
+the native Rush. There were no results, and he tried again in 1918 with
+no better luck. In 1919 he reversed the order of crossing and nearly
+every nut set. He had discovered that native pollen was not effective on
+European stigmas, but that the reciprocal cross worked. By 1924 he had a
+fine lot of fruiting plants. The great majority were of no value, but
+his No. 200 apparently was well worth while. It was named Bixby in 1937,
+four years after another seedling, No. 91, had been named Buchanan. The
+explanation of this belated selection is that the soil about the Bixby
+tree had so eroded that the tree was starved for a time; but with a
+couple of years of heavy application of stable manure, it came back, so
+much so that it is now considered the better of the two. Both are rather
+small as compared with the large filberts of the Pacific Northwest; but
+when fully mature, they are sweet and agreeable.
+
+After Mr. Jones was gone, the place was managed by his daughter, Miss
+Mildred Jones. She kept plants of her father's filbert varieties and the
+best of the crosses. The latter are now called the Mildred filberts, a
+name applied in _Standardized Plant Names_ to the entire group of
+crosses between Rush American and any European filbert. Mr. Jones hoped
+to have these called after himself but there was an old variety of Jones
+"hazel" and so his own name could not be used. He once sent specimens to
+Dr. C. S. Sargent of Arnold Arboretum and somehow gained the impression
+that the name Jones was given to the cross. Later, however, Sargent's
+successor, Mr. Alfred Rehder wrote that Sargent had not used the name in
+either correspondence or on specimens placed in the herbarium.
+
+The example of Mr. Jones in breeding filberts has since been followed by
+others, as the Department of Agriculture, the New York State
+Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, and. Mr. Carl Weschcke of St.
+Paul, Minnesota. The last has copyrighted his crosses under the
+designation "hazilbert," which is a good name; but with the issue of
+_Standardized Plant Names_ in 1942, the name "hazel" was dropped for all
+members of the family. For a time, an effort was made to distinguish
+between the two by calling small-fruited ones "hazels" and those with
+large fruits "filberts," but there is not exact dividing line and so now
+all are called filberts.
+
+Buchanan and Bixby are the only varieties of Mildred filberts thus far
+fully released by anyone and although neither variety is entirely hardy
+in the northernmost parts of the country, they do well as far south as
+eastern Tennessee. The nuts of both are too small to compete in the
+market with the large filberts of Oregon and Washington, but that is not
+the purpose for which they have been bred. It is for home planting, a
+use for which they are admirably adapted. Neither variety should be
+judged until after they have cured fully, at least a month or more. Then
+the flavor is excellent.
+
+Of the various introductions made by Mr. Jones, the ones most likely to
+endure are the Ohio black walnut, the Glover shagbark hickory, and the
+Mildred filberts. The first has already lasted 32 years; the second 30
+years; and the Mildred filberts are only nicely started.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: Except for the last two paragraphs, this paper was read
+and approved by Miss Mildred Jones in Pavilion, N. Y., on September 2,
+1948. The following day, or September 3, she became Mrs. Wesley Langdoc,
+of P. O. Box 126, Erie, Illinois.]
+
+
+
++Mr. Reed Comments on Seedling Trees+
+
++Editor's Note:+ The next two paragraphs should be read in connection with
+the "Round Table" on chestnut problems, elsewhere in this volume.
+
+In a broad sense, it must be remembered that every variety of seedling
+tree, of any species and every hybrid form that has ever been planted,
+or grafted on another tree, has been worth something. This is still a
+free country and every man has the inalienable right to plant whatever
+he pleases. Even the hybrids of various forms, hickory, walnut, and
+chestnut, are all worth something. All are trees and it is better to
+plant a poor kind of tree than not to plant anything, particularly if it
+is a nut tree. Whatever prompts a man to plant a tree is worth while.
+
+Hybrid chestnuts bred by crossing Chinese chestnuts of unknown
+performance record as to habit of bearing, size or flavor of nut, shape
+of tree, resistance to blight, or spring freezes, and other
+characteristics which combine to make good nuts, with the inferior and
+largely inedible Japanese chestnuts, are unlikely to do the damage to
+the industry that is sometimes predicted. They are now so mixed up that
+few will be planted by themselves, and there is considerable evidence
+that the xenia influence of good Chinese chestnuts with which the trees
+are being planted will render nuts from these hybrid trees fit to market
+and eat.
+
+[Illustration: MILDRED AND WESLEY LANGDOC]
+
+President Davidson: The value of nut trees in Tennessee, then, will be
+discussed by Mr. F. S. Chance of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment
+Station in Knoxville.
+
+
+
+
+The Value of Nut Trees in Tennessee
+
+F. S. CHANCE, Vice-Director, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Knoxville, Tennessee.
+
+
+Mr. Chance: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: As a representative of
+the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee I
+want to say it is a great honor to have this distinguished group meet
+here in Tennessee, especially on the banks of beautiful Norris Lake,
+which is one of the tributaries to the dammedest river in the country.
+We are something like 600 miles from the Gilbertsville Dam, or Kentucky
+Dam near Paducah, Kentucky, and this area here is the beginning of a
+chain of lakes that run just about that far.
+
+For those of you who are from a distance, you may know that in making a
+chain of lakes out of this great Tennessee Valley that we covered up
+lots of good land. We have developed lots of good power. Now, I am not
+just sure why I was put on this program, because, really I am not a nut
+tree specialist, as I see most of you people are. I will admit that I
+have been associating with experimentation for the last eight or ten
+years and have become slightly nutty, but really my big interest is
+timber. I am still a blockhead. So in discussing and talking with you
+this morning for a few minutes about the value of nut trees in Tennessee
+I want you to just keep in the back of your minds that the thing in the
+timber world that I think is the prettiest when it comes to furniture is
+black walnut.
+
+So in some plantings that we made several years ago with the help of
+Spencer Chase at our various substations and at the parent station at
+Knoxville, when we began to prune those trees I wanted to go to pruning
+for timber and he wanted to go to pruning for nuts. He won. So as we
+developed these plantings we are sure that we are going to have some
+very excellent nut trees.
+
+Tennessee ranging in altitude from something over a mile high down to
+some 300 or 350 feet at Memphis on the Mississippi gives us a very, very
+wide range of climate. This wide range of climate gives us the
+possibility of growing a very wide range of timber trees. A great part
+of that area is soil from a limestone formation. Nearly all parts of
+Tennessee are well adapted to the production of the black walnut. The
+tree as a nut tree has not in the past been looked at with such great
+interest. However, there are farms in Tennessee that have been purchased
+with walnut kernels. Over the period of years, why, thrifty families,
+especially in Eastern Tennessee sections, have gathered up the walnuts
+in the neighborhood round about, cracked them and sold the kernels and
+from year to year made certain accumulations of that kind, funds, and
+saved them with enough in the bank or in the sock to buy a farm. I knew
+one particular person who bought a nice farm in just that way.
+
+Now, a great many of the people in the same neighborhood did not save
+their walnuts. These walnuts were gathered from everybody's trees
+without any objection on the part of anyone. But it was a means of those
+people getting ahead with their savings from their other farming
+operations, and this wintertime work that they could put in, why, that
+kind of thrift is the kind that gets people ahead who want to get ahead
+and have vision.
+
+I might say a few words about pecans in Tennessee. We have throughout
+the state quite a few scattered native pecans that are used, especially
+in all except the more western sections of the state. As a whole they
+are for home use. Now, in the extreme western section of the state we
+have a certain amount of seedling pecans, mostly, that produce a
+considerable income to a limited number of people. In the 1945 census
+something over 4,000 farms reported some income from pecans--this was
+mostly in the western section of the state--the value of which was
+something over $32,000, which at the present time would be a
+considerable under-valuation.
+
+This tree is found, I might say, throughout the state. I recall a few
+years ago coming off of the Cumberland Plateau down in Warren County
+into the cove there around Viola and seeing a beautiful grove of pecans
+along a stream. I hadn't been through that country before, but I had
+known a family that lived there, and I stopped at a house to see just
+what those pecans meant. And there was an old lady on the porch who
+owned the property, and I asked her some questions about it, and she
+told me how they got there and knew when they were not there. She had
+been raised on that place but she said, "I want to show you something."
+So I went with her around the side yard into the back yard, and she had
+a couple of pecan trees there that were loaded with pecans until the
+limbs were hanging over just like pear tree limbs, heavily loaded pear
+tree limbs. I said, "My, what a crop of pecans you have here. That's
+really wonderful." Those were the budded pecans, the type that is grown
+farther south of us. She said, "Just wait a minute, now. I don't know
+whether I have any pecans or not." I said, "What do you mean?" She said,
+"If the frost is two weeks later than usual we will have a wonderful
+pecan crop, if we have a late frost. If we have an early frost we don't
+have any pecans."
+
+It was quite interesting to me to see that wonderful crop hanging on the
+tree and yet she wasn't at all assured that anything of value would come
+from it.
+
+We have on some of our holdings at the University experimental Stations
+some wonderful Chinese chestnut trees. I can't get overly excited over
+them, remembering the chestnut as we had it once in Tennessee with the
+long, slender body, wonderful telephone poles and wonderful timber of
+other kinds, and to see that a tremendous economic loss has come to this
+country through disease that was and probably is not controllable. But
+from the nut standpoint we have at the present time some trees that look
+as though they are going to be the equal of our own native chestnut that
+covered Tennessee from the mountain top to the river bank. So we are
+very much in hope that again Tennessee will have a supply of chestnuts
+which will be equivalent, probably, to the harvest of chestnuts we once
+had. However, that's going to be many, many years off.
+
+From the experimental standpoint I have been very much interested in the
+timber type of tree, hoping that our native chestnut trees, at least one
+out of the billions, maybe would prove to be resistant. However,
+watching these growths come up from time to time and attain an age
+sufficient to produce nuts and then have my hopes blighted by going back
+the next year and finding that the tree was blighted has become rather
+discouraging. I hope that some of you people will find just such a tree,
+one that will bear an excellent nut and at the same time produce
+excellent timber.
+
+Now I am coming to our big asset in the way of nut trees in Tennessee,
+as I see it. I was rather interested here in Professor Moore's
+discussion of the honeylocust, that detestable tree which was such a
+thorn in my flesh as a child, and having heard someone championing it
+with such a story as he had, I have heard everything now. Everybody,
+though, has a champion. Even my mother loved me, regardless.
+
+Black walnut is, as I said in the beginning, native to all sections of
+the state, and I think that through the collection of the better
+yielding or better cracking nuts by the Tennessee Valley Authority we
+are going to find in this crop a very potent asset to the state of
+Tennessee through the income from sale of nuts. We have in the state
+about four cracking plants. One of them is located in Morristown. Down
+in the basin part of the state where walnuts do particularly well, three
+others are in the city of Nashville. There were something like 10
+million pounds of walnuts in the shell delivered in Nashville this last
+year, yielding about 1,200,000 pounds of kernels. Now, this is no mean
+return from a crop which was really just gathered up with very, very
+little attention given to the planting. It is just one of these free
+crops, so to speak.
+
+If we were to add to that income the great income which we have been
+receiving through the years from the sale of timber trees, we would run
+the value of the black walnut into considerable proportions, with income
+from the sale of black walnuts in the kernel and in timber.
+
+I see no particular reason why that crop cannot be increased ten, twenty
+or a hundred fold by just a stimulation of interest in the black walnut.
+I recall back just previous to World War I, or about that time, there
+was a tremendous demand, as usual, for black walnut for gun stocks. I
+happened to be free for a month or so at that time so I could give some
+attention to the purchasing and delivery of both veneer stock and walnut
+for gun stocks. It was quite interesting to me as I went over a couple
+of counties in which I made some purchases, to see that someone in the
+40, 50 or 60 years back had had a vision of what the walnut tree would
+be worth to them on their tracts of land and how we were at that time
+reaping the harvest of the person who had a vision of the value of the
+walnut tree. A great many of those trees were trees that had been set or
+walnuts that had been planted years before by some far-seeing person,
+and it had gone on without any interruption, probably without the
+slightest bit of protection, until the time that it was needed and
+desperately needed for economic purposes.
+
+We have some work going on also in connection with the planting of
+walnuts in pasture fields. The returns _from the pasture_ in the
+planting of walnut trees have been just practically the same, maybe a
+little bit better in favor of the walnuts than where we did not have
+walnuts in the pasture. This work is being conducted down at the Middle
+Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee
+at Columbia. We are using the walnut tree and also the black locust in
+this experiment. We don't know what the future of it is going to be, but
+those walnut trees have grown large enough so that they have had to be
+thinned to keep them from putting too much shade over the ground.
+
+I made a statement several years ago in the presence of quite a
+distinguished agronomist or horticulturist that I had never seen a
+walnut tree growing in the open, whether it was in the blue grass region
+or outside of a blue grass region that did not have blue grass growing
+under it. He looked at me askance, and I said, "Do you believe it?"
+"Well, I don't know," he answered.
+
+So we happened to be coming out of Quincy, Florida, up through southern
+Georgia outside of the blue grass region, and we were both sitting in
+the back seat of the car. Our driver drove up to a filling station, and
+I saw this fellow looked up at a walnut tree over in the yard not very
+far away, in fact, the next yard to the filling station. I somehow or
+other sensed what he was thinking. He pushed his door open, got out. I
+pushed my door open, went around the car and followed him. He walked up
+to that walnut tree, turned around and said, "Well, it's there." He
+turned around and walked back.
+
+Now, of course, a condition may prevail in dense shade, where that does
+not happen in young walnut trees, but I just happened to be right. There
+is a symbiotic relationship between plants--I don't want to get into
+that subject--but this one thing I am thinking, and that is that the
+reason why they were able to get this good grazing from under these
+walnut trees is that there is a relationship there between those two
+plants that makes it ideal for the production of pasture grass, and blue
+grass over a great many of our states is our leading grass.
+
+I might say to the gentleman from Virginia that I had a letter from up
+there a few days ago. I don't know why they wanted to write to me,
+wanting to know if the walnut tree was _a legume_. So I presume that
+that was the reason, that the grass grew very nicely under those trees.
+
+I have taken too much of your valuable time. It certainly has been a
+pleasure and an honor to be here and talk to you these few minutes.
+Thank you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Chance. We will take a short recess.
+
+(Recess taken.)
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will now come to order, please. The
+embryo development of the black walnut will be illustrated and discussed
+by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels of Cornell University.
+
+(Paper to appear in next volume.)
+
+Dr. Crane: I was very glad Dr. MacDaniels' paper preceded mine, because
+it does give you a very much better picture of the development of all of
+our oily nuts, excepting the filbert and, of course, the almond to some
+extent. But we take in pecans and the hickories and for the walnuts the
+situation is quite general.
+
+Now, this paper that I am going to read is one that our staff in nut
+investigations has been working on for the past twenty or more years,
+and we feel we know a lot about the growing and the development and
+filling of nuts. And there is a lot in this paper that I think will be
+of value to all nut growers regardless of the kind of nuts that we are
+trying to grow.
+
+
+
+
+The Development and Filling of Nuts
+
+H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist, United States Department of
+Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Plant
+Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Fruit and
+Vegetable Crops and Diseases.
+
+
+All nut growers are confronted with the problems involved in the
+production of nuts of large size with well filled kernels that are
+"bright" or light colored. Unsatisfactory development and filling of the
+kernels is more often a cause of complaint by growers than any other
+single factor affecting nut production. This is because all of our
+commercial nuts now sold in the shell are priced on a basis of size and
+the degree to which they are filled. The size and degree of filling of
+the nuts varies not only from year to year, but from district to
+district, orchard to orchard, and even in the same orchard, because nuts
+of one variety may fill well and those of another poorly. This is true
+even though the kind and variety of nut being produced is grown in a
+locality usually having suitable climatic conditions for normal nut
+production.
+
+
++Climatic Conditions+
+
+Prevailing climatic conditions in any locality determine how well a
+particular kind of nut will fill. For example, the pecan is native to
+the southern part of the United States and a small area in northern
+Mexico. In its native habitat the summers are long and the day and night
+temperatures are uniformly high, with little difference between maximum
+and minimum daily temperatures. When the pecan is grown under conditions
+of shorter summers, or where there is a marked difference between night
+and day temperatures, the nuts do not grow to proper size and the
+kernels fill poorly, if at all. Although pecan trees are quite hardy and
+may be grown successfully well north of their native limits, the normal
+development of the nuts and the filling of them cannot be expected
+there.
+
+Good examples of the climactic effects can be cited. At Davis,
+California, the pecan tree grows, flowers, and sets fruit
+satisfactorily, but the nuts fail to grow to proper size, fill poorly,
+and may not mature before frost. At Davis there is an average length of
+growing season of 242 days; the day temperatures are high, but the night
+temperatures are comparatively low. Pecan trees are hardy even in
+Connecticut, but the trees fail to bear because of the short growing
+season and the great difference between day and night temperatures. The
+pecan is truly a hot weather crop and is not suited for culture under
+mountainous conditions. On the other hand it cannot be grown under
+subtropical conditions because of insufficient cold during the winter to
+meet the chilling requirement of the trees. Under such conditions, tree
+growth starts very late in the spring, and, although the trees may
+flower, few nuts may set and those that stick may be very poorly filled
+at harvest if they mature.
+
+The pecan is probably more exacting in regard to its climactic
+requirements than are our other kinds of nuts, but the filbert or
+hazlenut is probably a close second in this respect. The filbert,
+however, represents the opposite extreme in that it does best under
+conditions of mild winter and moderate summer temperatures. These
+differences are pointed out for the reason that many amateur nut
+growers want to grow certain nuts outside of their native range in
+places where unsuitable climatic conditions prevail, and they cannot
+understand why success is not possible.
+
+
++Growth and Fruiting Habit of Nut Trees+
+
+Since the growth and fruiting habits of our different kinds of nut trees
+are closely related, it is desirable to point out some of these
+relationships. All of our different species of walnuts, the pecan and
+all hickory nuts, as well as hazelnuts and filberts, are borne
+terminally on shoots of the current season. In other words all walnut
+species, pecan, and all hickory species bear the pistillate flowers that
+develop into nuts at the terminal end of the shoots produced the same
+year that the nuts mature. The staminate or pollen-producing flowers of
+all these species arise from lateral buds on shoots that grew the
+previous year. In the case of hazelnut and filbert the pistillate
+flowers are borne in lateral buds on shoots of the previous season, as
+are also the staminate flowers or catkins. In this case, however, the
+pistillate flowers are formed and pollinated before the current year's
+shoot growth is made. Almonds are borne laterally on shoots produced the
+previous season. All chestnuts are borne laterally on shoots produced
+the same season as the nuts.
+
+The chestnut bears most of the staminate flowers separately in staminate
+catkins whereas the pistillate flowers are in mixed catkins, but all are
+formed laterally on shoots of the current season. The almond, which has
+perfect flowers, produces these in lateral buds on shoots of the
+previous year. Both the hazelnut and the almond flower before any
+current-season growth is made, whereas all of the other kinds of nut
+trees mentioned produce almost all normal shoot growth before flowering
+occurs. These differences in growth, flowering, and fruiting habits
+provide a basis for the explanation of why growth of almond trees, for
+example, is harder to maintain than is that of walnut or pecan.
+Flowering and early development of the fruit before shoot growth is made
+tend to check such growth, so that flowering and fruiting trees will not
+make as much new growth as they would have made had flowering and
+fruiting been prevented.
+
+In general, it can be stated that, in the case of bearing trees, the
+longer the shoot growth and the greater its diameter in proportion to
+length, the greater is the number of pistillate flowers that may be
+formed at its terminal. Furthermore, the set of nuts and the size that
+they attain are in proportion to the length and diameter of the shoots
+bearing them. In other words, the number of flowers formed, the nuts
+set, and the size that they attain are directly correlated with the
+vigor and growth of the trees. As trees attain age, fewer long, strong
+shoots and more short, weak shoots are formed. Hence the average size of
+the nuts produced decreases because of the reduction in average shoot
+growth. Furthermore, under normal conditions, the degree to which the
+nuts are filled is related to the vigor as it is measured by the length
+and diameter of the shoots bearing them. Strong, vigorous shoots usually
+produce the best filled and earliest maturing nuts.
+
+
++What Is a Nut and of What Does It Consist?+
+
+Webster gives a general definition of a nut as "a fruit consisting of a
+kernel or seed enclosed in a hard woody or leathery shell that does not
+open when ripe, as in the hazel, beech, oak, chestnut." Technically
+speaking, it is a hard, indehiscent, one-seeded dry fruit resulting from
+a compound ovary. In horticultural language the fruit consists of the
+hard or leathery nut containing a kernel, together with the husk, hull,
+or bur that surrounds the nut shell. This kernel consists of the embryo
+plus the endosperm or its remains. In all of our important nuts, such as
+walnuts, pecans, hickory nuts, almonds, and filberts, the kernel is
+essentially the embryo with its thickened cotyledons or seed leaves, as
+the endosperm has been absorbed except for a thin membrane.
+
+At the beginning of its development, growth of the embryo is slow, and
+in very early stages it is merely a rounded mass of cells. Later, the
+meristems of the epicotyl (stem or top) and root axis develop, but the
+whole embryo is still microscopic in size. Still later the cotyledons
+(seed leaves) start development from the apical meristem and their
+growth in length is rapid, but they are very thin and follow the
+contours of the seed coat. Growth in length of the cotyledons may be
+arrested by unfavorable nutritional conditions during the time of
+elongation. In such case, the lobes of the cotyledons may not attain the
+full length of the seed coat, or pellicle, which surrounds them. After
+the cotyledons have attained full length, growth in thickness begins in
+the area nearest the epicotyl and proceeds toward the margins. This
+growth in thickness results from cambium-like meristem with the
+formation of new cells. The formation of well developed or solid kernels
+that completely fill the cavity within the shell is dependent upon
+meristematic activity continuing almost to maturity. The weather
+conditions, the nutrition of the tree, or other factors that affect the
+synthesis and translocation of elaborated food materials from the leaves
+and shoots to the kernels at this time determine the degree to which the
+cotyledons are thickened, or in other words how well the nuts are
+filled.
+
+
++Periods of Development+
+
+In the development of the nuts there are three periods or stages: (1)
+The period of growth in size; (2) the period of nut filling or
+development of the kernel; (3) the period of maturing.
+
+What takes place during these periods of development determines the size
+the nuts attain, the degree to which they are filled, and finally the
+quality at harvest. These three developmental stages are interdependent,
+because the size of the nuts may affect the degree of filling, and that,
+in turn, the time and nature of their maturity. They are not entirely
+separate and distinct but overlap in that there is more or less
+development of the kernel, varying with the species, while the nuts are
+growing in size. In general, however, there is not appreciable kernel
+development until after the nuts have attained approximately full size,
+except in the chestnut.
+
+The outstanding example of this situation is the pecan. There is
+practically no growth of the kernel until after the shell of the nut has
+started to become hard. At that time growth of the embryo, which
+constitutes the kernel, become rapid. The major portion of the kernel is
+formed during a period of approximately one month, starting at
+Beltsville, Maryland about the middle of September. The final stages of
+filling occur just before the nuts mature, and the first nuts to fall
+usually have the best filled kernels. Later maturing nuts are generally
+poorly filled; their shells and kernels are often discolored, and the
+shucks fail to open properly, if at all.
+
+The development of walnuts, hickory nuts, and filberts, so far as is
+known, is in all essentials the same as that described for the pecan nut
+except that the kernel or embryo begins to grow somewhat earlier in the
+season. However, the major portion of the filling, which consists in the
+thickening of the cotyledons, takes place late in the season, and only a
+month or a little more before the nuts mature.
+
+The period of the maturing of the nuts generally closely follows the
+completion of the filling of the kernels. During this period in the
+pecan, certain other species of hickory, the Persian walnut, chestnut,
+and others, food reserves are transferred from shucks, hulls, or burs to
+the nuts. Abscission layers are formed and shucks, hulls, or burs split
+open on drying out, thus partially or wholly releasing the nuts. There
+is a very direct relationship between the degree to which the nuts are
+filled and their time of and normality of maturing; well filled nuts
+mature early and normally, whereas poorly filled nuts mature late, if at
+all, and shucks, hulls, or burs fail to open properly.
+
+
++Growth in Size+
+
+The size of the nuts produced by a tree is determined by a number of
+factors, one or all of which may operate during the course of the
+season. These are: (1) Age of tree; (2) position of the nuts on the
+tree; (3) fertility of the soil and moisture supply, or the nutritional
+status of the tree; (4) size of the crop borne.
+
+In general, old trees bear smaller nuts than do younger trees. Hence
+size of nut for a particular variety is only relative. The first few
+crops produced by a tree usually consist of nuts large in size for the
+variety; and then, as the tree attains age, nuts become smaller in size.
+Young trees make longer and thicker shoot growth than do older trees.
+There is, then, under normal conditions, a direct relationship between
+the growth made by a tree and the size that the nuts attain. The more
+vigorous trees not only produce larger nuts than those produced by less
+vigorous trees, but the hulls and shells of such nuts are thicker and
+constitute a higher total percentage of the total weight of the fruit.
+
+The position of the nuts on a tree has an important effect on the size
+that they ultimately attain. In general, the nuts in the top are larger
+than those nearer the ground; and those on the strongest and most
+vigorous shoots of the top or lateral branches will attain a larger size
+under normal conditions than those located on weaker and shorter shoots
+or on the inside of the tree. Here again there is a direct relationship
+between growth of the tree and growth in size of nuts. All normal trees
+make longer and stronger shoot growth in the top than they do on the
+terminals of lateral branches, and the shortest and weaker shoots as
+well as the smallest nuts are generally on the lateral branches inside
+of the tree top.
+
+Fertility of soil and moisture supply determine in large measure both
+the growth made by the tree and the size of nuts. The nuts borne on
+trees growing on fertile soils adequately supplied with moisture are
+generally much larger in size than those borne by trees on infertile
+soil or soil poorly supplied with soil moisture. Deficiency of either
+nitrogen, or moisture, or both is particularly effective in limiting the
+size of nuts produced. Pecans grown under soil conditions in which both
+nitrogen and moisture were deficient have been known to attain only
+about one-fourth the size of nuts of the same varieties grown in the
+same orchard but under conditions of clean cultivation and supplementary
+nitrogen applications. A prolonged drought during the time that the nuts
+are increasing in size very frequently causes them to be much smaller
+than they would have been had the moisture supply been adequate.
+
+The size of the crop borne by a tree determines in a very large measure
+the size that the nuts attain at maturity. There is generally an inverse
+relationship also between the number of nuts borne in a cluster on a
+shoot and the size they attain. In this respect nut crops are little
+different from apples and peaches, which, too, are sold on the basis of
+size. In order to produce fruits of large size having a high market
+value, the crops are thinned in years of a heavy set of fruit. In the
+case of pecans, for example, thinning the crop at the time the nuts are
+growing in size on heavily producing trees is a very effective method of
+increasing the average size of the nuts allowed to remain on the trees.
+The earlier the thinning is done the more effective it is; however, it
+will increase the size of the nuts even when done as late as when the
+shells have started to become hard. No practical and economical method
+of thinning the crop of nuts has as yet been found; nevertheless it is
+well to bear in mind that a large crop borne by a tree generally means
+reduced average size of the nuts at harvest.
+
+
++Filling or Development of the Kernels+
+
+In general, the fruits (nuts) of a nut-bearing tree are what might be
+termed storage organs. In them are stored mineral elements and such
+elaborated food materials as carbohydrates (sugars and starch), oil,
+amino acids, and proteins that have been removed from the leaves and
+wood of the tree. These materials are stored for future use of the
+embryo in the nut to sustain respiration, to permit germination, and to
+maintain the seedling until it has produced enough leaf area to become
+self-sufficient.
+
+The question may be asked, why is it so important that nuts be well
+filled? The answer is very simple, because the quality of the oily nuts
+is determined by how well the kernels are filled. All but one of our
+most important nuts--almonds, filberts, hickory nuts, pecans, and
+walnuts--are oily nuts; and well filled kernels contain from 50 to 75
+percent or more of oil, depending upon the species. Chestnuts are
+starchy nuts and contain less than one percent of oil. The relationship
+between the degree of filling and the composition of the kernel in oily
+nuts is outstanding, in that the better filled nuts have a higher
+content of oil and a lower content of protein, carbohydrates, water, and
+undetermined constituents than do poorly filled nuts. Highest quality of
+the kernels is directly associated with highest oil content and highest
+degree of filling. Nut kernels that are poorly filled are often hollow,
+shrunken, shriveled, and chaffy. When eaten they may taste sweet, but
+are lacking in the oily flavor characteristic of the particular species
+of nut eaten. It is only in the best filled nuts that highest quality,
+flavor, and oil content are found.
+
+The degree to which nuts are filled or how well the kernels are
+developed at harvest is determined by a rather large number of
+interrelated factors: (1) Size of crop, or ratio of number of leaves per
+nut; (2) average size of nuts; (3) condition of leaves; (4) amount of
+second growth of the trees; (5) size of preceding crop and how well the
+nuts produced were filled; (6) disease and insect injury to the nuts;
+(7) weather conditions; (8) heterosis or effect of cross-pollination on
+embryo size.
+
++Size of crop:+ Nut growers want their trees to bear large annual crops of
+nuts. It is very seldom that one hears a nut grower express the opinion
+that a certain tree is carrying too many nuts for the crop to attain
+proper size and fill well, yet this is very often the case. Furthermore,
+the production of a large crop of poorly filled nuts one year is almost
+certain to result in a light crop or none at all the following year.
+There is a very close inverse relation between the size of the crop
+produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled at harvest, namely,
+the larger the crop the less the nuts will be filled. It has been
+pointed out above that nuts are storage organs, and the food materials
+required to grow and fill them must be made in the leaves. When too many
+nuts are set and carried through to the filling period, in proportion to
+the number of leaves or the leaf area of the tree, it is not possible
+for the leaves to synthesize the large amount of food materials required
+to fill the nuts. In pecans, for example, it has been shown that six to
+eight leaves are required normally to fill a nut properly and 10 or more
+leaves per nut if the tree is to flower and set a crop the following
+year. Other ratios for number of leaves or leaf area exist with other
+kinds of nuts. It is general experience that large crops of nuts remove
+such large amounts of food materials and minerals from the trees that a
+light crop or no crop at all is produced the following year. This is
+especially true if the nuts are not especially well filled in the "on
+crop year."
+
++Size of nuts:+ Almost everyone prefers large nuts to small ones, and that
+is one reason, why the larger sizes command a higher price on the
+markets. Many remember how popular the McCallister hican was a number of
+years ago because of its extremely large size. Such varieties of the
+pecan as Nelson and Mahan were very popular because the nuts produced
+were generally much larger than those of other varieties. These
+varieties remained popular until experience in growing them showed that
+they were very often poorly filled at harvest. As a general rule, large
+nuts are more difficult to fill properly than small nuts. This is
+obvious, because much more food material must be made by the leaves and
+transported to fill the kernels of large nuts than is required to fill
+an equal number of nuts of smaller size. In seasons with conditions
+favorable for both tree growth and growth in size of the nuts, it is
+often the experience that the nuts are poorly filled at harvest. On the
+other hand, if the weather is dry during the period in which the nuts
+are growing in size, they are much more likely to be well filled at
+maturity. In fact, the writer has seen several instances in which,
+because of severe drought in the spring, pecans were undersized, yet the
+kernels developed and filled so well that the shells of the nuts cracked
+at maturity.
+
++Condition of leaves:+ To produce well filled nuts, nut trees must bear a
+large leaf area and the leaves must be in good health and vigor. If they
+are to produce annual crops, the trees must carry their leaves until
+cold weather in the late fall, undamaged by insects or diseases. The
+importance of a large leaf area free from injury or abnormal condition
+is so great that it can hardly be overemphasized in connection with nut
+production. It can be definitely stated that under normal conditions the
+size of the crop produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled is
+directly related to the leaf area and the length of time it is carried
+by the tree.
+
+If the leaf area is to be large, the trees must make good, strong,
+vigorous shoot growth, and this means that proper attention must be
+given to fertilization to insure that the trees have adequate amounts
+of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and boron, as well as all other
+essential elements. The elements mentioned have been found most likely
+to be deficient in the soils of eastern and southern United States. In
+those regions their lack may be expected most frequently to limit tree
+growth or the filling of the nuts because of their effects on the leaves
+and the consequent inability of the leaves to make food materials.
+Deficiency of one or more of these elements results in leaves that are
+not able to make food materials in anywhere near such amounts as do
+normal leaves well supplied with all essential elements. In severe
+cases, deficiency of one or more of these elements results in chlorosis
+of the leaves, still later in leaf scorch, and finally in premature leaf
+fall. Trees having leaves in such condition cannot be expected to fill
+the nuts borne by them.
+
+Most nut trees grown about home or farmstead are deficient in nitrogen,
+as the trees must compete with grass, weeds, shrubbery, or other trees.
+Frequently there is not enough plant food for all. A deficiency of
+nitrogen limits the growth and the leaf area carried by a tree. A
+deficiency of potassium or magnesium very greatly limits the amount of
+food material made by the leaves and hence greatly decreases the filling
+and the oil content of the kernels. Zinc or boron deficiency has a
+similar effect.
+
+Hence, to insure the production of well filled nuts, one must be certain
+that the trees are well fertilized and that the fertilizer elements
+applied are in proper balance one with the others.
+
+Injury to the leaves resulting from attacks by diseases and insects is
+one of the most common and important causes of poorly filled nuts. Every
+species and variety of tree nut suffers from at least one disease or
+insect pest that damages the leaves and hence limits or curtails the
+amount of elaborated food materials they can make. In most cases the
+fungi or bacteria causing foliage diseases infect the leaves in early
+spring at the time they are unfolding and growing in size, although the
+infection may not be noticeable until later. These infected areas, even
+though they are small and not numerous enough to cause the leaf to fall,
+seriously impair the functioning of the leaf out of all proportion to
+the area directly affected. Should the infection be so severe as to
+cause premature defoliation, the damage will be great even though only a
+small percentage of the leaves falls. The disease of eastern Mack walnut
+known as leaf spot, or anthracnose, is one of these defoliating diseases
+that causes untold damage from poorly filled nuts in the current crop
+year, and results in a small crop or none at all the following year. The
+development and spread of these diseases is gradual, and unsuspecting
+growers do not realize the damage they cause.
+
+On other hand, the injuries caused by such insects as the webworm, the
+walnut caterpillar, the pecan leaf case-bearer, the Japanese beetle, and
+others are somewhat spectacular in that the leaves may be partly or
+completely consumed on portions of the trees. The injury caused by the
+walnut aphis, the walnut lace bug, the pecan black aphis, and others, on
+the other hand, is less conspicuous; but the end result is far more
+serious than it usually is with the leaf eating insects, because the
+damage caused is more widespread, almost all of the leaves on a tree
+being affected. These sucking insects are small in size and may be
+overlooked until premature defoliation takes place. If nut trees are to
+bear satisfactory crops of well filled nuts, the diseases and insects
+that attack and cause injury to the leaves must be controlled. Under
+normal conditions the size of the crop produced, the regularity of
+bearing, and the quality of the nuts harvested is proportional to the
+leaf area of normal leaves carried by the tree from early spring until
+freezing-weather in the fall.
+
++Second growth of the trees:+ Certain of our nut trees, such as pecan and
+walnuts, under some conditions have two or perhaps more periods of shoot
+growth during the same growing season. The first, or main period of
+growth, starts at the time of foliation in the spring and ends soon
+after the shoots flower. The second period of growth, if it occurs, may
+begin any time after the nuts are set, and may end any time later. This
+second growth seriously affects the filling of the nuts, in that food
+materials are consumed in producing this second growth rather than in
+the growth and filling of the nuts. Generally this second growth is not
+made until late in the season, and it usually follows a period of dry
+weather, when conditions again become favorable for growth. Usually this
+is at the time the kernels should be developing, and hence the degree of
+filling is affected. The seriousness of the effect on the filling of the
+nuts is largely proportional to the amount and duration of this second
+growth. A third period of growth may occur later if weather conditions
+are suitable.
+
++Preceding crop:+ It has already been pointed out that nuts are storage
+organs and in their growth and development large amounts of food
+materials and minerals are removed from the tree. Under conditions of
+heavy crop production, the reserves of these materials left in the tree
+at the time of harvest are likely to be very low; and unless the trees
+are growing on a fertile soil and carry their leaves until frost, these
+reserves of minerals and elaborated food materials are not likely to be
+restored. Under such conditions, in the following spring the reserves
+are low and although there may be enough to initiate flowering and the
+set of nuts, they are not sufficiently high to produce well filled nuts.
+It is for this reason that the nuts produced in an "off crop year," even
+though the crop may be much lighter, may be less well filled than those
+produced in an "on crop year."
+
+Such nuts as pecans, hickory nuts, and walnuts transfer large amounts of
+potassium from the tree itself into the shucks or hulls. The kernels of
+such nuts are high in nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium as well as in
+oil, which is one of the most concentrated food materials and has the
+highest calorie value. Nitrogen reserves in the trees are readily and
+rather quickly replaced if adequate amounts are applied, as this element
+is not fixed by the soil. This is not true of phosphorus and potassium,
+as they are apparently taken up by the trees much more slowly than is
+nitrogen. Furthermore, certain soils have a high fixing power for these
+elements and hence they are slowly, if at all, available.
+
++Insect and disease damage to the nuts:+ Certain insects and diseases
+attack the nuts, causing them to be poorly filled at harvest. Although
+these pests may destroy, or cause a certain percentage of the crop to
+drop before harvest, and hence serve as a thinning measure, the affected
+nuts remaining on the tree may not be well filled at maturity. Examples
+of such insects are the pecan or hickory shuck worm, the walnut husk
+maggot, and the codling moth. Infestations by these insects occurring
+before the shells of the nuts have become hard cause the nuts to drop.
+However, infestations taking place after the nut shells have become hard
+do not cause the nuts to drop. These late-infested nuts may be poorly
+filled because the insect larvae mine the hulls or shucks, severing the
+conducting tissues that transport food materials from the fruit stem or
+peduncle through the shuck to the kernel. The damage caused not only
+results in poorly filled nuts but also interferes with the natural
+separation of the shucks or hulls from the shells.
+
+Examples of diseases that attack the nuts and cause them to be poorly
+filled at harvest are pecan scab and walnut bacteriosis. Pecan scab may
+also attack other species of hickory. It is the most destructive pecan
+disease, causing a high percentage of the nuts on highly susceptible
+varieties to drop prematurely and those that stick to the tree to be
+poorly filled at harvest. Walnut bacteriosis or blight is the most
+important walnut disease in the West and unless controlled causes severe
+losses from premature drop or from nuts both poorly filled and having
+discolored kernels at harvest. It is obvious that if large crops of well
+filled nuts are to be produced, these insects and diseases must be
+controlled.
+
++Weather conditions:+ Many growers are inclined to blame the weather for
+all small crops and poor nut quality because they realize it can have
+such important effects. In reality its direct effects are generally much
+less than they are thought to be, and its indirect effects are usually
+much greater than is usually realized. Weather conditions have a very
+great effect on the development of insects and diseases and on the
+damage caused by them, so that most often these are of major importance.
+
+It has already been pointed out that a prolonged drought may adversely
+affect the size of nuts when it occurs while they are growing in size.
+Similarly, the degree to which nuts are filled at harvest is affected by
+the moisture supply during the filling period. A moisture deficiency
+within the tree probably affects the translocation of food materials to
+the nuts to a greater extent than it affects leaf functioning, for under
+such conditions the leaves will withdraw so much water from the
+developing nuts that the shucks and hulls become wilted. Under
+conditions of prolonged drought the kernels do not fill properly,
+maturity of the nuts is delayed, and the shucks or hulls do not open
+normally.
+
+Under drought conditions the temperatures of the air and of surfaces
+exposed to the sun are often very high, and this sometimes results in
+sun-scald or burning of the hulls or shucks. In severe cases the injury
+extends through the hull or shuck to the shell and kernels. The
+pellicle, or skin of the kernel, turns brown or amber color, as does the
+portion of the kernel that has developed at the time of injury. Further
+development of the affected portion of the kernel is arrested; and on
+drying it becomes shriveled because of lack of filling. The greatest
+amount of damage from sunburn occurs on the south and southwest sides of
+the trees. Little can be done to prevent this type of injury other than
+to grow good, strong, vigorous trees that bear a heavy dense foliage
+that shades the nuts.
+
++Heterosis or hybrid vigor:+ The pistillate flowers of certain nut
+species, such as the almond, chestnuts, and filberts, must be
+cross-pollinated with pollen from another variety if satisfactorily
+crops of well filled nuts are to be produced. These species are
+self-sterile or self-unfruitful. On the other hand all walnut, pecan,
+and hickory species are self-fertile and cross-fertile, but may be
+self-unfruitful because of dichogamy, because they may shed their pollen
+either before or after the stigmas of the pistillate flowers are
+receptive to it. In all nut species cross-pollination is generally
+recommended so as to assure a set of nuts. With cross-pollination a
+better set of nuts is to be expected than with self-pollination, as well
+as better filling of the kernels. It has recently been found that when
+the pistillate flowers of a certain variety are cross-pollinated with a
+pollen from another definite variety the embryo or nut kernel is larger
+and better filled. This is a manifestation of hybrid vigor, or
+heterosis. Heterosis has been found in the chestnut and in the pecan. It
+likely will be found in other nut species. Some day the principles of
+selected and controlled parentage underlying hybrid vigor may be
+utilized in producing superior nuts, as these principals are now so
+widely used in producing hybrid seed corn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: That paper was so extremely important that I
+hesitated very much to stop it, but we are already at the point where we
+should have adjourned. Now, unfortunately, we have some very important
+things, I think, yet before us, but if the speakers can give their talks
+from now on in the form of, shall we say, syntheses of the whole thing
+and give us the conclusions rather than the details, it will be
+appreciated by us all. Mr. Wilkinson is going to give us a very
+important talk on what he has done with the propagation of the Lamb
+curly walnut. Mr. Wilkinson.
+
+
+
+
+The Grafted Curly Walnut as a Timber Tree
+
+J. FORD WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana
+
+
+Our native trees are and have always been one of the most valuable
+resources of this country, and one of the greatest heritages ever to
+fall to a nation.
+
+Wood has been used by our people since the landing of the Pilgrims, for
+almost every comfort and purpose in life, from the making of cradles to
+caskets.
+
+Wood is still one of the principal materials in building homes and
+furniture, and is used for railroad ties, for paper, and in so many
+other ways that we could scarcely get along without wood.
+
+The United States is the native home of many species of trees, of which
+a number are superior in some certain ways for some special purposes.
+The hickory has no equal for ax handles. As a building-timber where
+strength and durability are needed the oak ranks among the first. Other
+species are equally as important for some other uses.
+
+Not to be overlooked are nut trees. They serve the twofold purpose of
+producing both food for man and wild life, and valuable timber.
+
+
++Black Walnut Has Great Value+
+
+Of the nut tree group, the black walnut is one of the most important. It
+ranks among the first for lumber, furniture, cabinets, and finishing
+material. It has no rival in use for gun stocks and airplane propellers;
+as walnut wood is light, strong, will not get rough, but wears smoother
+with use. Neither will it splinter when pierced by a bullet. Walnut wood
+has been largely responsible, at times, for keeping us a nation of free
+people.
+
+The black walnut tree is an aristocrat of forest and field. It can
+justly be proud, for no other tree can fill its place. As the late
+author A. H. Marks said, "Who has not noticed the look of contended
+usefulness which a nut-bearing tree wears? It is of use to the world and
+knows it."
+
+Walnuts, like other species of trees, are not all alike, either as to
+nut production or in the grain of the wood.
+
+
++The Lamb Black Walnut+
+
+Several years ago an unusually highly figured, and very valuable,
+black walnut tree was discovered by Mr. George N. Lamb, then
+Secretary-Treasurer of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association of
+Chicago, Illinois.
+
+When the logs from this tree came into the mill, and their value was
+realized, Mr. Lamb went to the place where the tree had grown. He
+secured some twigs from the branches of this top and sent these, as I
+have been informed, to Dr. Robert T. Morris and Mr. Willard G. Bixby,
+knowing of their interest in propagating better varieties of nut trees.
+
+This wood had been taken from the top many days after the tree was
+felled, and so was dry and nearly dead. I believe Dr. Morris succeeded
+in getting only one graft to grow, and Mr. Bixby two. This variety was
+then named in honor of Mr. Lamb.
+
+Several years later Mr. Bixby sent me a very small stick of graft wood
+from one of his trees, from which I made two grafts. One of them grew,
+giving me a start of this variety. I have annually propagated a few
+trees of it ever since, though with little encouragement, and even much
+discouragement from others, including State and U. S. Government
+authorities.
+
+On one occasion I thought I practically had an order for a quantity of
+these Lamb walnut trees for a reforestation project. However, the
+prospective purchaser, before placing his final order, wrote to
+government authorities, then wrote me as follows:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+" ... Sept. 30, 1940 ...
+
+"Following some investigation in connection with the so-called curly
+walnut varieties, we have been advised by government authorities that
+these trees do not form, or grow into, a curly walnut tree at any time
+during the growing stage.
+
+"We took it for granted that the wood formation would be of a curly
+nature, and for that reason we were interested in that particular
+variety.
+
+"In view of this information which we have concerning these trees, we
+would not be interested in growing them as we have plenty of native
+black walnut here...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This and other discouragements, from both government authorities and
+individuals, had about as much effect on me as King George's advice to
+the American people not to use tobacco; they smoked calmly on, and I
+continued to propagate Lamb curly black walnut trees.
+
+I have been propagating nut trees since 1910, and have never yet known
+one of my propagated nut trees to fail to carry the characteristics of
+the parent tree, as to habits of growth, bark, bud formation, foliage,
+texture of wood, or quality of nuts. The Deming Purple walnut tree, when
+asexually propagated, reproduces the purple wood, so I reasoned the Lamb
+variety would reproduce figured wood. Nature seldom blunders.
+
+
++Value of Original Lamb Walnut Tree+
+
+When I was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a few years ago, doing some tree
+work for the late William J. Wallace, he took me a few miles to the
+location of the original Lamb tree. It was near a small river in a
+gravel loam soil near Ada, Kent County, Michigan.
+
+The following is an extract of a letter received from Mr. Lamb as to the
+original tree:
+
+"November 27, 1929
+
+   Lamb Figured Walnut--
+   Cut into veneers @ 6 to 18c per sq. ft. (1/28")
+   Use: Furniture
+   Amount of veneers 60627' [Value: $8,637.62 to $10,918.86 (Prewar!)--Ed.]
+   Logs produced:
+    8' x 21"--144 Log Ft.
+    6' x 18"-- 73  "   "
+   10' x 36"--640  "   "
+   14' x 30"--591  "   "
+   10' x 32"--490  "   "
+   Stump    --500  "   "
+            _____
+
+             2438
+
+   Location of tree--Ada, Kent County, Michigan.
+   Location--River flat 20 rods from river.
+   Soil-Gravel loam.
+   Type of tree--Open grown.
+   Shape---Double stump.
+   Height--40 ft.
+   Figure--Throughout the tree."
+
+Mr. Lamb further states in his letter: "Unquestionably it was one of the
+most thoroughly figured trees ever discovered, and if figured wood will
+propagate itself this stock should, certainly should, do so."
+
+He further states, "The figure in this tree was quite apparent, even in
+the small branches, while the Forest Products Laboratory found evidence
+of a developing figure in the twigs not over five years old."
+
+The wood specimens I now have on exhibit here were taken from one of my
+12-year-old grafted trees that I cut, and in them you will find figure
+visible to the naked eye, or easily noticeable by touching with a
+finger, in wood from branches not over 7 years old.
+
+Comparing age at which figure shows in the wood of the two trees, this
+young tree seems to be developing figure at an early age, as in the
+parent tree.
+
+My confidence in this outcome had never been shaken by the doubts of
+others. Few seemed to share this belief with me, and for this reason I
+have never pushed the sale of Lamb trees. Now I do not hesitate to state
+that curly figure will reproduce in any propagated Lamb trees, as the
+evidence before you here is stronger than any argument.
+
+One purpose of the Northern Nut Growers Association is to encourage the
+perpetuation by propagation of the better varieties of nut trees. I
+consider the Lamb variety one of the best walnut trees known from a
+timber point of view, and until a better variety is found I shall
+continue to propagate Lamb black walnut trees.
+
++Ed. note:+ The nuts on Lamb trees, as seen at Norris, Tennessee, during
+this meeting, appear to be of at least average size and have better
+than average shell structure. They probably would be well adapted to
+machine-cracking. Thus the Lamb would not be a bad variety to grow for
+its nuts. Or we could double-work the trees, to have each tree with a
+good trunk of the Lamb wood growing beneath a fruiting top of any
+desired walnut variety. One or two of our members already have made a
+start on this latter scheme of propagation.
+
++Author's Note:+ The Lamb variety is a rapid and upright grower and should
+be well adapted as a stock for the purpose suggested.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I don't think one can minimize the importance of
+what Mr. Wilkinson has done with the Lamb curly walnut. There are
+possibilities here that are of immense value to those who are interested
+in timber. Now, I am very, very sorry to put off the rest of this
+program until this afternoon. Possibly we can work a part of it then.
+Meantime, we had better adjourn.
+
+Mr. Chase says that he has arranged for a group picture to be taken at
+the Community Building at one o'clock. Let's everyone be there at one
+o'clock. That means, of course, that you are going to cut the sandwich
+and coffee pretty short.
+
+All right, let's adjourn.
+
+(Luncheon recess was taken.)
+
+
++Tuesday Afternoon Session+
+
+President Davidson: Come to order, please. The first speaker on the
+afternoon program is Mr. Shivery. I think I will get Mr. Chase to say a
+word.
+
+Mr. Chase: Our next speaker is Mr. George Shivery, Extension Forester
+for the University of Tennessee, and I know that the interest of this
+Association is in the planting of improved black walnuts, and I simply
+can say this man arranged for the planting of more Thomas walnut trees
+than any other man in the world. George Shivery.
+
+
+
+
+The Black Walnut Situation in Tennessee
+
+GEORGE B. SHIVERY, Extension Forester, University of Tennessee,
+Knoxville, Tennessee.
+
+
+Mr. Shivery: Mr. Chairman and members of the Association: I certainly
+appreciate that compliment made by Mr. Chase, and I want to assure all
+of you that we certainly are interested in the black walnut in
+Tennessee. In the past we have had to depend pretty much on the wild
+black walnut, and we will for years in the future. But we have done
+everything possible to get distribution on this Thomas improved black
+walnut which has been propagated here through the efforts of Mr. Chase,
+Mr. Zarger and other members in his division.
+
+It seems to me that this black walnut kernel industry is sort of a
+tradition, particularly in East Tennessee. If you have lived in this
+state as long as I have, you have become curious about its history.
+Well, in the early days there were no railroads in this state, and
+commerce moved pretty much by means of wagon team, and the supply center
+seemed to be Baltimore, Maryland. Now, I can visualize very well that
+on outbound trips they doubtless carried black walnut kernels, and on
+the way in, of course, they'd bring clothing and other materials that
+were not produced here at home.
+
+In the early days they produced tremendous amounts of maple sugar and
+maple syrup. Doubtless this was consumed at home and nowadays we don't
+have any evidence of that, because the climatic conditions in New York
+State and other northern states and New England are much better suited
+to the flow of the sap. The weather, I believe, is not so changeable up
+there. Our weather is changeable. We may have a very severe cold week,
+and then in ten days it will be balmy and pretty weather. We haven't
+made any effort to bring back the sugar maple industry. We don't
+consider it economic in this state, because cane sugar in the past has
+been cheap in price, and then we have another product that some of you
+may not be familiar with, sorghum molasses. That serves as dessert lots
+of times in many meals, hot biscuits and sorghum to finish up the meal.
+
+Now, I might mention something about the size of the black walnut
+industry in this state. We estimate that there are eight million pounds
+of uncracked whole walnuts produced on the average in a normal crop year
+in Tennessee, and there is another five million pounds that is never
+gathered, never hulled, never enters the market, never used, and the
+value of this crop in a normal year would be around $750,000. That is
+for the nuts, the fruit, the kernels. If you speak of timber it will
+amount to $960,000. That is in the form of lumber and veneers, and if
+you figure that in the form of a log at the shipping point, we'd reduce
+that figure and say it would be $480,000.
+
+I think to understand this state you have to give some consideration to
+physiographic regions, and if you will bear with me I'd like to sketch
+through these regions of the state, because they have a bearing on
+production of black walnut. Here in the east we have the East Tennessee
+Mountains, and proceeding westward we have the Great Valley of East
+Tennessee. It goes all the way down to Chattanooga, up through Bristol,
+on up through Virginia to Hagerstown, Maryland, all the way up to
+Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
+
+We have fine soil, and we also have different kinds of shale in that
+valley. Then we proceed westward. We come to the Cumberland Plateau, and
+the elevation of this plateau is around 2,000 feet. It is higher than
+this valley. Then we cross that and we reach this area (indicating on
+map). That is what we call the Highland Rim. That is made up of
+limestone soil of a different character, usually, than that in this East
+Tennessee valley. That is what we term the Eastern Highland Rim, and
+this around here (indicating) we term the Western Highland Rim. And this
+red portion would be the Central Basin in which Nashville is situated.
+Then you would travel through this central elevation, come up on the
+Western Highland Rim, and then you come up here and you cross the
+Tennessee River flowing north. Then you get into West Tennessee.
+
+Now, that is coastal plain soil, and as you approach the Mississippi
+River here you have a covering of what the Germans call loess, fine,
+wind-blown material, silt loam. So that very sketchily gives you some
+idea of the physiographic regions in this state.
+
+Now you want to know where these black walnuts are grown. Well, up about
+here (indicating the northeast) we have the towns of Greeneville and
+Rogersville and Morristown and Jonesboro, the counties of Washington
+County, Greene County, Hawkins County, say, ten counties; radiating
+around those ten counties you have in the past had great quantities of
+walnut kernels produced and sold. Now, go on down this valley past
+Knoxville, and McMinn County (southeast) has some years produced heavy
+crops of walnuts. So you have heavy production all through the valley.
+
+There's another center, we might term it, of about six counties in this
+central basin. But I don't want you to get the wrong impression, because
+walnuts grow in almost any county in this state, but I am mentioning
+these greater producing areas. And this County of Williamson south of
+Nashville in years past has sent plenty of walnuts to market. So that's
+a walnut producing area. And up here in this Highland Rim we have some
+counties by the name of Pickett and Overton and Clay County. Well, they
+produce walnuts, and the people up there have in the past cracked out a
+lot of walnuts. And in Montgomery County they produce walnuts. So the
+normal trade centers where these walnuts move is really to a great
+degree here at this town of Morristown in East Tennessee, and Nashville
+in Middle Tennessee, and this Middle Tennessee center draws from
+Kentucky. In fact, these four or five large shelling concerns know about
+the walnuts pretty much all over the entire walnut producing territory.
+
+Through the years the Agricultural Extension Service, University of
+Tennessee, with which I am connected, has been keenly interested in
+assisting in any way we can to get additional income out of walnut
+kernels, and in recent years the whole uncracked walnut. And even though
+I am a forester I can see the possibilities of this, and we like to
+carry it along. In fact, I consider walnut as kind of a dual-purpose
+tree, fine for timber production, also for production of nuts, walnut
+meats or kernels. You might term it a triple-purpose tree. I don't think
+there is any better tree than that for a shade tree in pastures, in the
+field, and around the home, because for one reason it makes what we term
+in this state a "cold shade," and it is not a hot shade like you get
+under a sugar maple. The maple has a dense foliage. And as Mr. Chance
+indicated this morning, walnut is usually associated with blue grass.
+Blue grass will grow under it.
+
+I guess some of you here remember the years of the depression, and I
+remember in 1932, for example, we had a heavy crop of black walnuts in
+the state. Then I believe the price for kernels of 15 cents a pound
+would have been a good price during that year, and some of them probably
+sold for less. So if we had the time we would follow through all the
+years, beginning with 1927, but just to make it as brief as possible, I
+will leave those out, but I would like to mention the year 1941. It sort
+of disrupted things in the kernel industry, because at that time the
+Pure Food and Drug people came in here and set up regulations, and it
+interfered with the merchandising of these kernels, because the producer
+had to satisfy certain sanitary regulations, and it really sounded worse
+than it was. Anyway, it confused our people, and probably that is about
+the year in which we had this big shift from the production of walnut
+kernels cracked out at home to a sale of uncracked walnuts to these
+shelling plants.
+
+Then another year that I think of (we always think of these as walnut
+crop years) was 1945, and that year we got better prices, probably, than
+ever before or since, and a lot of our country people were able to sell
+hulled uncracked walnuts as high as $6 per hundred pounds.
+
+We will continue to be interested in this industry, but, of course,
+nowadays the wage scale is higher and money is not worth as much as it
+was in the past, so it really seems to me that in order to get out this
+crop we just have to try to make the price a little more attractive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: "We are now going to hear from Mr. Shessler of Ohio,
+on his method of grafting, and I wish to assure you that he knows what
+he is talking about. He has done a lot of it.
+
+
+
+
+Grafting Walnuts in Ohio
+
+SYLVESTER SHESSLER, Genoa, Ohio
+
+
+In 1934 the Ohio Nut Growers Association conducted a black walnut nut
+contest. I read about it in the _Ohio Farmer_. As soon as the names of
+the winners appeared in that publication, each owner was contacted for
+some nuts from the prize winning trees. Answers were received from nine
+of the 10 winners. I did not receive nuts from the Hoover tree. The
+Brown nuts I planted came up in 1935 and the trees are now 22 feet high,
+with spread of 22 feet, and are 27 Inches in circumference. The Tritten
+prize nuts were planted in a fence row. These did not come up the first
+year. The next year I plowed and disked the patch of ground and planted
+potatoes. To my surprise the Tritten seedlings came up with the
+potatoes. I let them grow and I now have five trees from these nuts. All
+of these trees produce nuts which resemble the original Tritten nut and
+have good cracking quality. One in particular fills out nicely, has a
+very thin hull, and is a little larger than the original Tritten. I have
+named it the Shessler. The Brown seedling trees also produce good nuts.
+The seedling trees from the Cowle nuts produce nuts with rough shells.
+
+Following my nut planting project I began to collect scions from all of
+the original trees. Mr. Homer Jacobs, of Kent, Ohio, supplied me with
+scions from the Tritten tree. The next year Mr. Jacobs asked me to send
+him scions from the Brown tree as he intended to bench-graft some. I
+have planted nuts along a road 80 rods long, so that I could have many
+stocks to top-work. I began to graft in 1935, using the seedling trees
+as stock. I now have 200 seedling black walnut trees, 100 grafted black
+walnut trees, 25 grafted Persian walnuts, 20 chestnut trees, two
+"buartnuts," 15 heartnuts, six pecans, one butternut, 20 grafted hickory
+trees and five persimmons. Some of these trees are planted in orchard
+form, others are scattered along fence rows.
+
+For grafting, I cut scions so that there is about four inches of
+two-year-old wood at the base and some one-year-old wood with small
+matured buds. These small buds will grow, as a rule. The scions are kept
+in damp sawdust until used. I like the stock to be a half to one inch in
+diameter. I wait until the trees are in full leaf before I graft. After
+leafing out the stock does not bleed. If I find that the stock is
+bleeding hard when I cut back, I wait a few days before grafting. It is
+a waste of time to graft when the stock is bleeding. I have grafted very
+early when the bark would not bleed at all. I just dug down into the
+cambium layer and put in the scion. I tried one Persian and three black
+walnuts like this and all grew. I use the slot bark method of grafting,
+as described in Mr. Reed's bulletin [U.S.D.A. Farmers Bull. 1501]. The
+stock is cut straight across and I put the lower bud just above the
+bark on the outside. I roughen the bark of the scion that fits just
+behind the bark of the stock. A small nail is pushed through the bark
+and scion with the handle of my knife. I generally tie with cord but
+sometimes when the bark is heavy I do not use cord. A two-pound paper
+sack with a hole on the earth side is placed over the graft and the sack
+is tied at the bottom. This serves as a "hot house" and protects the
+scion from rain. As soon as leaves appear on the scion, the sack is
+removed and all the new sprouts are broken off below the graft. I put
+only one scion on each graft. I use Beck's cold wax. It is easy to thin
+with water and I just flatten a stick for my brush. I never wax the bud
+but wax scion well on top.
+
+I cannot give an accurate count of my grafting success but estimate that
+75 percent of my grafts live. Rather than keep records I use that time
+to graft more trees. I am not an experimenter--I simply like to have
+grafted nut trees. My own trees are scattered over a two-mile area. I
+have grafted trees in Toledo and Grand Rapids. Every Sunday I attend
+church, then in the afternoon I graft trees. My aim is to try all the
+promising trees and select the best and weed out the poor ones. I am
+saving only the trees that bear nuts every year.
+
+In 1947, I grafted the Ohio 1946 prize winning black walnuts. I achieved
+survival on all except Nos. 5 and 8. The scionwood of these two was in
+poor condition and I did not think they would live. I also have No. 54
+which looks promising to me. I am looking forward to other contests in
+Ohio and elsewhere so that we can uncover some more superior black
+walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Shessler.
+
+Mr. Slate, will you say a word to us on grafting? That's right along the
+same line.
+
+
+
+
+Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse
+
+GEORGE L. SLATE, State Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+
+Walnuts have been grafted in pots in the greenhouse at the Experiment
+Station at Geneva, N. Y. for a dozen years or more and the practice is
+successful and very useful. This method was adopted for two reasons.
+First: Under field conditions results are often uncertain, owing to the
+vagaries of the weather or neglect at a critical time. The inexpertness
+of the operator made it desirable that the work be done under as
+favorable conditions as possible, with the hope that a favorable
+environment might overcome in part the lack of skill. Second: The work
+can be done in March before the field work begins, whereas field
+grafting in May would often not get done owing to the pressure of other
+work at that time. This method is not original with the writer, but is
+similar to the method used at the East Malling Research Station in
+England and described by Witt in 1928 [1].
+
+The rootstocks, two year old black walnut seedlings raised from nuts
+planted in the nursery, are dug in the fall, stored in the nursery
+cellar until late February or early March, at which time they are potted
+in six or eight inch pots, depending upon the size of the rootstocks.
+The roots are cut back so that the plant will fit in the pot. At this
+time the tops are cut off, leaving the stem about 8 inches high. The
+pots are placed in a warm house, watered as needed, and in about 10 days
+the buds begin to break.
+
+The Jones modified cleft graft is used. The stub is cut off at grafting
+time and the cleft is made by cutting, not splitting, the stock with a
+large grafting knife. The scion is tied in place with nursery tape,
+half-inch size, with a short wick leading out of the cleft. The scion is
+painted with grafting wax.
+
+
++Care of the Grafted Plant+
+
+The pot is set in a propagating frame about 18 inches deep, with bottom
+heat, and covered with glass, plus lath or cloth shade. An inch of peat
+in the bottom of the frame is desirable, to hold moisture and maintain
+high humidity. The temperature of the frame is kept in the eighties, but
+is not allowed to go above 90°F. Under these conditions of warmth and
+high humidity, growth activity is rapid and in about two weeks the buds
+break, although, some may not start for a month. This spring
+adventitious buds developed on several scions. Many suckers arise from
+below the graft, and these are rubbed off two or three times a week. As
+soon as the shoots from the scion are two or three inches long the
+plants may be removed to a cooler house, where there is less danger of
+overheating on hot spring days. Later, they go to the cold frame for
+hardening off, and when danger of frost is over after May 21st, they are
+set in the nursery for two years. First year growth is not over eight or
+ten inches, but the second year the plants grow to three or four feet or
+even more in a favorable season.
+
+The percentage of grafts starting depends largely on the scion wood.
+Wood cut from vigorous young trees which is grafted the same day will
+give a 90 percent stand or better, but wood from other sources varies
+according, to the age and vigor of the tree from which it is cut and the
+percentage of success may be much less.
+
+This method is useful for small scale operations where a greenhouse is
+available and it is desirable to do the grafting before outside work
+interferes with it. For one not skilled in nut tree grafting success is
+probably more certain than with nursery grafting.
+
+
++Literature Cited+
+
+1 Witt, A. W. The vegetative propagation of walnuts. Ann. Rpt. of the
+East Malling Research Station 14th and 15th Yrs. 1926-1927 II Supplement
+pp. 60-64.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: There are plenty of us who don't know much about
+grafting, and I did want you to hear Mr. Slate's method. It is certainly
+worth trying and would come at a pleasant time of the year, would be
+easy to do, and any of us could try it out.
+
+We now should like to hear from Mr. Clarke on Nut Investigations at
+Pennsylvania State College.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Investigations at the Pennsylvania State College
+
+WILLIAM S. CLARKE, JR., State College, Pennsylvania
+
+
+Our present work in nut growing at the Pennsylvania State College was
+begun in 1946. Some work had been started many years ago, and a small
+number of trees were planted, mostly black walnut; but a site was
+selected which proved to be very cold and frosty, and most of the trees
+soon died. Further work had been planned at a later date, but the
+depression and lack of labor and land prevented us from getting under
+way then.
+
+When the present project in nut growing was approved, the country was
+just beginning to recover from the recent war, and materials of most
+kinds, including nut trees, were very difficult to obtain. Therefore, in
+order to learn as much as possible about nut trees, we started at the
+beginning, with the seed. About two bushels of hulled black walnuts were
+collected from fence-row trees; some were planted out in the ground that
+autumn, and some were placed in soil in a box and kept over winter on
+the outdoor porch of the packing house. Some hickory and pecan nuts were
+bought and also stored in a similar box. The only nuts which grew were
+those planted out in the ground. They gave us a good germination, while
+not a single nut stored in the boxes grew.
+
+At the present time we have about 200 black walnut seedlings in the
+nursery. When they are a year or two older, they will be grafted to
+several of the named varieties of black walnuts, and those that take
+will be planted out in a nut orchard. These seedling trees were
+transplanted after one year's growth. About four or five times as much
+of the walnut plant was underground in the root as grew above ground
+where we could see it.
+
+Since the first year's work we have made a few purchases, and planted a
+few more nut seeds. At the present time we have planted five pairs of
+named varieties of filberts, four Chinese chestnuts, of which three
+survive, four Persian walnuts, three of which survive, and two Japanese
+walnuts. We also have a few seedlings of Turkish tree hazel obtained
+from nuts sent to us by one of our friends in the state of Washington
+and a few butternut seedlings grown from nuts of a tree on the college
+campus.
+
+Future plans include an orchard with many of the named varieties of
+black walnuts and also, we hope, some of the new hardy strains and
+selections of the Persian walnut being introduced by the United States
+Department of Agriculture. Representative specimens of a wide range of
+nut species will be collected. Some further work on chestnuts and
+filberts may be attempted if they prove to be hardy here. Plans for the
+more distant future include studies in soil fertilization and in
+spraying for disease and insect control.
+
+
++Cold Injury in 1947-48+
+
+This past winter has been very hard on nut trees, and on some other
+trees as well. In the first place, the cold weather of the autumn began
+very suddenly after six weeks of uninterrupted warm weather without any
+cool nights to harden the wood. In late September a few days of cool
+weather came, and then three nights in five with temperatures near 20°.
+The walnut foliage and some of the youngest wood turned black. Next came
+a winter with extremely low temperatures, with the minima ranging from
+18 to 23 degrees below zero over our orchard land. Our four Persian
+walnut trees were killed back to the ground; three of them have sprouted
+this summer from the roots. Considerable leaf bud killing occurred on
+Chinese chestnut. One Japanese walnut died back to the ground and has
+sprouted from the roots. The other tree lost most of its younger wood,
+but some buds near the base of last season's growth have sprouted out to
+make a new top. Several specimens of the golden chinkapin
+(_Castanopsis_) of the Pacific Coast, which had made one year's growth
+here, were killed outright.
+
+Most of the terminal buds and youngest wood of our nursery trees of
+black walnut were killed, but the trees have grown well this year from
+the lateral buds. In the woods some black walnuts which had been cut
+down about four or five years ago, and which had made sprout growth now
+about fifteen feet high, were killed back from two to four feet by the
+winter. A twenty-year-old Stabler black walnut on our lawn lost many of
+its top limbs, though the lower limbs survived the winter all right.
+Some other types of trees were also badly damaged: some locust trees
+were killed to the ground, and many others were killed to very old wood.
+A ginkgo tree on our lawn was killed back to the main trunk. This was
+one of the few times that I have ever seen injury on this species.
+
+One of the five named varieties of filberts, Pal, escaped winter injury.
+DuChilly and Italian Red each have one good tree and one that was killed
+back to the ground, but is now sprouting from the roots. Of Medium Long,
+both trees have been killed way back. One tree of Cosford was killed
+completely, and the other tree has been badly damaged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Clarke. Our family stopped on the way
+at a shelling plant where they were handling nuts by the ton, not the
+bushel, just the ton. I am not exaggerating. You have all heard the
+hill-billy program from Renfro Valley, no doubt, and we have with us
+today the man who is running that cracking plant and also this
+hill-billy chorus, Tom Mullins, who will tell us about what he is doing
+down at Renfro Valley.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnuts: A New Specialty at Renfro Valley
+
+TOM MULLINS, Renfro Valley, Kentucky
+
+
+Mr. Mullins: As Mr. Davidson said, I come from a little hill-billy
+section up in Kentucky known as Renfro Valley. Up until about a year ago
+the main commodity there was hill-billy music and a lot of noise on
+Saturday night. About last August our boss there kind of got interested
+in black walnuts. There were a lot of them going to waste all over the
+county due to the fact that most of our locals up there are kind of
+lazy. They don't like to get up there and stomp them out.
+
+His original idea was to set up a hulling plant and hull the nuts and
+then buy the walnuts from the locals after they were dried. One thing
+led to another, and we talked to Mr. McCauley there, and Dad bought a
+big walnut plant to process black walnuts all the way through. He was
+new to it and so was I. He said, "Let's buy a million pounds of black
+walnuts." I didn't any more know what a million pounds of black walnuts
+was than I know how many grains of sand is in three or four buckets. It
+didn't take me very long, I think it was 31 days, and I bought 1,030,000
+pounds. That's a whole lot of walnuts in anybody's language.
+
+One of the local boys on our radio program came up with the bright idea
+that before in Renfro Valley we used to be just half nuts; now we are
+walnuts.
+
+We started cracking these things along about the 15th of October, and
+last Saturday we cracked our last 10,000 pounds. Our machine is capable
+of cracking approximately 10,000 pounds in an 8-hour shift, and we carry
+the walnut all the way through to remove any of the field litter that it
+may have when it is picked up, and through cleaning air blasts and into
+a cracking machine that does darn near all the work. The only thing we
+haven't been able to figure out yet is how to get this machine to tell a
+bad kernel from a good one. We have to leave that to some of the girls
+who do the work on the picking belts.
+
+Our future plan for this fall is to buy a million and a half pounds this
+year and process them. I believe one of these gentlemen a while ago
+mentioned something about the pure food laws. They are pretty rough on
+us. We have to pasteurize our walnuts. The state law of Kentucky
+requires 190 degrees of heat for an hour and a half. That's a lot of
+heat.
+
+We package our nuts in two-ounce packages and in 35 and 50-pound cartons
+for the wholesale trade.
+
+That has created quite a little industry there in our county. We have
+one county there, Clark County--Winchester, Kentucky, is the county seat
+of it--and out of that one county last year alone I bought 800,000
+pounds of walnuts. That was, walnuts in the hull that the farmer had
+picked up and brought to us in trucks.
+
+Our success was not too great in this method of hulling green walnuts to
+get our supply. We weren't adequately fixed up to dry the walnuts and
+take care of them in storage. We lost a few of them that way, but I
+think this year we have a little better sense and will let the farmer
+stomp them out.
+
+We are working now on an educational program, both newspaper and radio,
+to persuade the farmers in our locality to let their walnut trees grow.
+We tell them nearly all the walnut trees will produce enough kernels or
+shelled walnuts to bring in as much money as they would if cut down and
+taken to the mill and used for saw logs. That is our main problem now,
+to try to keep the black walnut industry working there in our community.
+And our future plans call for plantings of black walnut seedlings and
+convincing the farmer and the 4-H Club members and all the boys in the
+Future Farmers of America and organizations like that to protect and
+cultivate their black walnut trees.
+
+I am kind of on the fence this year. I stuck my neck away out the other
+day and bought a farm. After checking the farm I found I had about 600
+walnut trees. Now, then, I am hollering on one hand for an increase in
+prices of raw material, and as a sheller I am hollering on the other
+hand to get the prices down. But I believe as a producer for next year I
+am going to try to forget about the shelling and let the prices go to
+the devil.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Would you mind telling us what you had to pay for the
+walnuts in the shell?
+
+Mr. Mullins: Our average last year was $4.33. We went as high as $4.80.
+Some of those we bought hurriedly--
+
+President Davidson: In the hull?
+
+Mr. Mullins: No, that's dry shell. Our walnuts in the hull we paid a
+dollar and a quarter a hundred for, and if we had had good success we'd
+have made some money on it at that angle.
+
+There is one question I'd like to put before you gentlemen. Maybe some
+of you know a little something about it. I was reading an article not
+long ago in Popular Mechanics Magazine about some plant on the West
+Coast that is developing the Vitamin C content of the walnut hull
+itself. It is very high, the Vitamin C content in the walnut hull.
+
+Another thing we did last year. After we hulled all of these walnuts we
+had a mess of hulls on hand, and our farmers were a little reluctant to
+come and get them. We tried to talk them into using them for fertilizer.
+They are kind of like some of the boys, they have got to be shown. They
+have to see somebody else do it before they tackle it.
+
+Out of curiosity I laid my garden off and divided it in half, and on one
+half I put a top dressing of these dried-out, pulverized walnut hulls,
+and I firmly believe that the side that had the walnut hulls on it
+produced twice as much. And some of the boys in the neighborhood kind of
+noticed what kind of garden I had, and we don't have any hull problem
+anymore. They carried them all off.
+
+Same way with the shells. We tried to get them to haul the shells off to
+use them on the fields for tobacco land and to grow blue grass, and they
+found out that was pretty good, so they are bothering us now about our
+shells.
+
+We have another by-product. It is too small a granule kernel to go
+through, and we can't remove the shell from it. We have tried that out
+on chickens and hogs and some other farm animals, turkeys, ducks and
+geese. One boy that works for me there in the cracking plant had 28
+hens. He had them in a pen, and he was getting six and eight eggs a day.
+So I talked him into taking some of these granules home and feeding them
+to his chickens, and in two weeks his 28 hens were producing 20 to 24
+eggs a day. That kind of settled that problem, too. Some of the boys
+kind of got an idea they'd like to have some of that.
+
+A lot of you folks are here from the North, and you possibly would be
+going back along Highway 25 going home, and I'd like to extend an
+invitation now to stop off tomorrow or the next day and look over our
+plant. It's quite interesting, quite a complicated piece of machinery.
+Mr. McCauley at Chicago is the gentleman who designed the machine, and
+he will have something to say about it.
+
+One of the local farmers came in to see that machine one day, and it was
+operating, just batting the kernels out right and left. He looked up at
+it, gandered it all over, and I asked him what he thought it was. He
+said, "It's a damn lie. That thing can't do it."
+
+So come see us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Mullins. Next, Marketing Black Walnut
+Kernels. This fits in with what Mr. Mullins has said. Mr. McCauley from
+Chicago will tell us about it. Mr. McCauley.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Black Walnut Kernels
+
+F. J. McCAULEY, McCauley Company, Chicago, Illinois
+
+
+Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Tom has got me on the spot here. I
+came here to speak to you about the marketing of black walnuts.
+Machinery is a hobby of mine, and that thing there was just one of those
+off-shoots of an infertile brain. But Tom is having a lot of trouble,
+and a lot of fun with it, so if you people would like to see that
+machine, that particular machine, I am glad that he invited you up
+there. It may give you a little different idea of what the sheller is up
+against in the salvaging of black walnut kernels.
+
+You are interested in growing the black walnuts and other nuts in the
+shell, but they do have to be prepared for the public, and Tom's job,
+and other people's that are in the shelling business, is getting them
+out. The machines are made at Knoxville, Tennessee, and you can get a
+fairly decent idea about the shelling of black walnuts from the machine
+Smalley has. Tom's is a much larger size.
+
+Now we will get down to this thing I came here to talk to you about, the
+marketing of black walnuts. My speech is divided into three parts; the
+first is about nuts, the second is about nuts and the third is about
+nuts, and I am nuts. Yes, that's more true than you think. My nickname
+throughout the United States is "Nuts" McCauley, and I am proud of it.
+It is a good nickname to have for a man that's in the nut business. And
+I most certainly am in the nut business, machinery on one hand and the
+selling of various types of nut kernels on the other.
+
+You people probably don't know it, but you have the best advertised nut
+in the United States that you are working with, black walnuts. There are
+very few people in the United States that don't know what a black walnut
+kernel is, or a black walnut. In fact, I would say that 75 per cent of
+them at some time or other have gathered black walnuts, have hulled
+them. You know those pretty stained hands you have, and I can remember
+back in those days when I was a kid when I used to get those hands of
+mine just so brown and black from the hulling of black walnuts that my
+mother would almost want to turn me over her knee and spank me. But when
+wintertime came I always had a bunch of black walnuts that we could sit
+down and crack and put in those cookies or in that fudge.
+
+I have talked to a good many of you people here, and I have a prepared
+speech, but I am going to ramble a little bit and I am going to ask you
+to ask me questions, because I found out that I don't know so many
+things, or the speech that I was going to make to you might not be as
+interesting as your asking me questions. I do want to say a few things,
+and I will go through quickly.
+
+The first is the marketing of black walnuts in the shell. We find in the
+marketing of any product that there is a tremendous amount of waste due
+to poor sacking, due to a little dishonesty on the part of the people
+who are selling merchandise. You know, if there is a brick in a bag, the
+brick weighs a pound, that costs the man who buys the black walnuts
+money. In other words, out of that pound of brick he intended to get a
+small quantity of meats to sell, so his cost immediately goes up. You'd
+be surprised at how many bricks and how much iron there is in black
+walnuts and pecans! It's universal throughout the United States. There
+is a lot of chiseling that goes on. Your bags should be good. Black
+walnuts must be held for some time before they are processed, and one
+black walnut bag used one year can't be used another. If you can get by
+with one year's use of a bag to hold a hundred pounds, or whatever is
+put in it, of black walnuts, you are very fortunate. Usually they break
+out before the year is over, and that causes waste. So start out with a
+decent bag.
+
+I made a little note here to talk to you about California black walnuts.
+The standard throughout the United States to people who actually buy
+black walnut kernels is what we call in the brokerage field Eastern
+black walnuts. That means Kentucky and Tennessee. Those are Eastern
+blacks, they are the blacks with the flavor, the blacks that stand up.
+From my home state they have Missouri blacks, but the quality isn't
+there. The flavor doesn't hold up. But you people down here grow the
+finest blacks in the world. California, yes, California grows and shells
+a lot of black walnuts, but they don't have a black walnut flavor. The
+flavor is gone. Where it went, I don't know. But there isn't any black
+walnut flavor in California blacks. [A different species, _Juglans
+hindsi_--Ed.]
+
+So some unscrupulous people buy California blacks and mix them with
+Eastern black walnuts. Then they can't call them Eastern blacks. They
+are just black walnut kernels. But black walnut kernels that are 100 per
+cent Eastern black walnut kernels should be the standard of black
+walnuts through the country.
+
+Now, Tom has told you something about the process of shelling. I am just
+going on to say that the average sheller gets about 10 to 11.7 pounds of
+black walnut kernels to the hundred pounds. So you can realize there
+again what a problem he has.
+
+Well, the marketing of black walnuts is the selling of black walnuts in
+the shell or shelled. We have very little demand in the Chicago markets
+for in-the-shell black walnuts. I probably sell, oh, maybe 5,000 pounds
+a year on South Water Market, and they go out to the various stores, and
+they, in turn, sell them to the homes that like to crack black walnuts
+instead of buying the kernels.
+
+The American public buy with their eyes. Consequently, the packaging of
+black walnut kernels or the packaging of any merchandise is very
+important. I made a statement this morning that has always been
+interesting to me. You know, Chicago is the biggest candy center in the
+world, and we do a lot of experimenting with candy. Now, your industry
+is tied very closely to candy, because a lot of the black walnuts,
+hickory nuts, and the like, go into the making of candy. But to prove my
+point, a number of times friends of mine who are interested in the sale
+of merchandise have taken quality candy and packed it in a common box,
+and they have taken an inferior quality of candy and packed it in a
+fancy box and set it on the floor and put the same price on both
+products. The American public, remember, buys with their eyes. So they
+buy something that is well dressed and they buy that inferior product,
+twice or three times as fast as they would that quality product in the
+common box.
+
+I am bringing this out to illustrate a point. _Well packaged
+merchandise, sightly merchandise, always pays._ Quality to you people
+who actually crack black walnuts in your homes is something that will
+pay dividends. Separate your big kernels. Offer them to the public and
+they will pay for them.
+
+I was talking to Dr. Jones of Pennsylvania about the sale of black
+walnut halves. He says that he gets a good many of them. Well, there
+are throughout these United States of ours a good many very fancy
+stores that will buy merchandise of this type. But the quantity that
+anyone gets is very small, so the suggestion that I made to Dr. Jones is
+that he take his quarters and mix them with his halves. That's not
+cheating or anything like it. It is making a product that is superior.
+And you know they say if a man makes a better mousetrap the world will
+come to his door. And that is generally true. Sometimes it takes a long
+time to bring it to the American public or to your buyers, to make them
+realize that you have a superior product, but that's the thing that it
+takes.
+
+Now, there are a number of ways they sell blacks in this country. They
+sell them in two-ounce cellophane bags, they sell them in six-ounce
+cellophane, they sell them in eight-ounce cellophane, but the greater
+quantity of the blacks are sold in bulk, as Tom told you, in 35- and
+50-pound cases, and they go to the candy manufacturer, they go to the
+ice cream manufacturer, and chiefly throughout the southern part of the
+United States for ice cream, believe it or not. The Southern States buy
+more black walnut ice cream than any other division of the United
+States. In the Central West, too, black walnuts are quite popular for
+use in ice cream.
+
+Now, if there is anyone that has any questions, I'd like for you to ask
+them, and I will try to answer them, I won't promise that I can, about
+the marketing of black walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Member: What's the retail sale on those cellophane bags?
+
+Mr. McCauley: What would be the retail sale price?
+
+A Member: Yes.
+
+Mr. McCauley: Well, the cellophaning of walnuts is quite an expensive
+proposition. We will say right now the kernels are worth 70 cents a
+pound. The cellophaner has to add a dime a pound to that price, so he
+figures his cost at 80 cents and the cost of cellophane, and he sells
+that merchandise so that he makes a 15 per cent profit. Let me see if I
+can tell you, a two-ounce bag--
+
+Mr. Mullins: It sells for from 18 cents to 25 cents.
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, 18 cents in the chain stores. An 8-ounce package at A
+& P in Chicago will sell for 59 or 69 cents. I have forgotten now just
+what it is. I can't keep these prices in my mind, although I will tell
+you this now. If any of you ever come to Chicago, I have an experimental
+plant in Chicago. If you could remember McCauley, it's "McCauley
+Company," or "McCauley Machinery Company," and in that plant I also have
+a new machine for bagging nuts, cellophane bagging. It makes the bag,
+fills it and seals it in one operation, and we have operated that
+machine at the rate of 100 bags per minute, 2-ounce or 6-ounce, it
+doesn't make any difference. The only trouble is the people couldn't
+handle the bags that fast, so we had to cut it down to 58 a minute. It's
+quite an operation, and at this time it is an experimental operation.
+But I would be more than pleased to have any of you drop in on me in
+Chicago. If I am not there someone in my organization will be glad to
+show you, if you tell them what you came for.
+
+I have a "California" walnut, or Persian, as you call it. I was much
+surprised to see all these samples of walnuts down here. I have a walnut
+shelling plant in Chicago, I do at this time. Maybe when you get there
+it will be a pecan shelling plant, or maybe it will be a _Macadamia_ nut
+plant. How many of you people have ever heard of _Macadamia_ nuts?
+(Several hands raised.) More than I thought for. Well, we are working on
+a plant to shell _Macadamias_ now. Of course, that is a tropical nut,
+grown chiefly in Hawaii and Australia. The Australian nut is not nearly
+as good as the Hawaiian nut. But to those of you who are not familiar
+with the nut, I have given it to any number of people and asked for
+their reaction, and some said it tasted like a filbert, others said it
+tasted like cocoanut, and the third one named was Brazil nut. So it's a
+very pleasant nut to eat, but very, very expensive.
+
+Dr. Moss: I live in Williamsburg in Whitley County not far from you, and
+we have no market there for black walnuts at all and got quite a lot of
+them there. I wonder if it would be practical to have a collection
+center.
+
+Mr. Mullins: It certainly would. In the southeastern part of Texas we
+have one.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: A question, Mr. McCauley. You said that you are able to
+recover about 11 per cent in the cracking plant on the average, I think
+you said 10 to 11.7 for ordinary run quality. Now, if you had walnuts
+that would run 25 to 28 per cent kernel, how much would your processing
+plants recover out of that, I am just-wondering?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Well, I would like to say two per cent less than the
+hand-cracked weight. In other words, if you had a total, hand-cracking
+total kernel content of 25 per cent, I would like to say 23, but I think
+that is just a little bit strong. In Tom's early processing of black
+walnut kernels at Renfro Valley his first average was 16 per cent on
+wild nuts. I don't know where he got those nuts. They must have been
+Thomas variety. But as he told me today, he is down to 10.7.
+
+Mr. Mullins: Those nuts I talked about, Mac, that ran up that high
+percentage were from over in Clark County around Winchester. And I have
+quite a few of them that I pick-up that are even larger in size than
+some of these Thomas nuts that are lying in here, out of that particular
+locality. They are very big.
+
+Mr. McCauley: You will find that that is true. Your percentage varies
+over the country. I like to think that the wild seedling black walnut
+has a possibility of about 18 pounds in a hundred. I may be wrong.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Is that loss in the cracking procedure; I mean, that the
+things don't crack out?
+
+Mr. McCauley:. The loss is in the cracking, but on an 18 pounds
+possibility we would probably get between 14 and 15 per cent with this
+new method of cracking and processing.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Now, if you had a nut that would run hand-cracked 24 per
+cent, you lose 2 in your cracking procedure, and you recover 22. Would
+you pay twice as much for nuts of that quality as you would for common
+grade?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, I think that I would. If I had assurance that I was
+going to get 22 per cent kernels I would be very pleased to pay double.
+It would pay me, if I were shelling, to pay twice as much for that
+variety for the simple reason that I only have one cost of picking. Now,
+the average cost of picking black walnuts kernels is about 11-1/2 cents
+a pound. At least, that's the best I have ever been able to do with
+them. And if you sold me a walnut that would give me twice as many
+kernels with one cracking and one picking, I'd make money and I could
+pay you twice as much money for that nut.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: What volume would a cracker have to have to make it
+interesting? What quantity would have to be produced and offered to a
+cracker to make it interesting? That is, say I have 50 bushels of
+Thomas. That isn't any good to you, because your cracking plant--
+
+Mr. McCauley: Why wouldn't it? If I had 50 bushels, that is 2500 pounds,
+right? All right, Tom could run his plant for two hours and a half, we
+will say, on 2500 pounds, and in that two hours and a half he would be
+getting as much kernels as he would otherwise in five hours. That's good
+business.
+
+Mr. Chase: I'd just like to comment on that 18 per cent kernel you
+mentioned as the average you'd like to think of. Mr. Zarger has run a
+study on the sample trees in the Tennessee Valley to measure the kernel
+content in some 130 trees for about seven years running, and it pans out
+to about 18 per cent. I thought you'd just like to know.
+
+Mr. McCauley: I didn't want to make a definite statement and then have
+somebody throw something back in my face. That's why I said I'd like to
+think.
+
+Mr. Fisher: Since this question has come up and a cracker is here, and
+that is the question, whether the commercial cracker would be willing to
+pay a premium price for premium nuts, I wonder if Tom will answer the
+question, would he pay twice as much?
+
+Mr. Mullins: Certainly.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Acker is another sheller who operates in Morristown,
+Tennessee, and Broadway, Virginia, who just dropped in on us. I'd like
+to ask him that same question.
+
+Mr. Acker: What is the question again?
+
+Mr. Chase: Would a considerable quantity of walnuts such as Thomas be
+worth more to you?
+
+Mr. Acker: We'd be inclined to buy them according to the value we get
+out of them.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: What would you do, run sort of a pilot test on them?
+
+Mr. Acker: If I can buy something for a dollar and make money on it, I
+am willing to try.
+
+Mr. Chase: I made a little unscheduled talk last night in which I said
+from my information from shellers in Nashville, particularly, that they
+at this time would not be able to pay any premium price for higher
+quality nuts simply because they do not have time to examine each
+bushel, each hundred pounds that comes in and see whether they would pay
+a special price for better walnuts. Is that the general situation?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, I think generally that is. They take everything at
+the price of seedling variety. However, you gentlemen who are growing
+cultivated nuts shouldn't be too disturbed, because of the fact that
+there is going to be a time in the not-too-distant future where you can
+dispose of those nuts according to the kernel content within the nut.
+
+President Davidson: I think that's the answer. Eventually it will come.
+
+Mr. McCauley: It's good business. Stop and consider. We go right back to
+that point where we are going to get twice the amount of merchandise out
+of a hull which must be broken, which must be picked, which must be
+cleaned, which is one operation. In a two and a half hour period, which
+is what it would take, we will say, to run 2500 pounds, you would get
+the net content on a Thomas variety that you would ordinarily receive in
+five hours of actual operation. You are saving two and a half hours
+labor, you are saving two and a half hours machine time, and you are
+getting just twice as much.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: You'd have twice as many girls on the sorting belt,
+wouldn't you, to examine that volume?
+
+Mr. McCauley: No, not necessarily. When it gets to that point it isn't
+necessary. Sometimes the machine gets too far ahead of them, but the
+machinery is fast getting to a point where it is going to be more or
+less mechanical. It's an inspection proposition.
+
+Mr. Taylor: May I ask you this question? In other branches of farming
+you have what you call seed certification, as with certified potatoes,
+and people who certify those potatoes. Wouldn't it be possible for the
+same Government agency to certify growers of walnuts so that when you
+bought from certain members of this association they would be certified
+so you would know what you were getting? Would that be possible?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Certification has to do with planting stock.
+
+Mr. Taylor: I mean a different type of certification.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: What you have in mind probably is U. S. Grades on fruit.
+For instance, if it is stamped "U.S. 1" it should be considerably better
+than orchard run, and I don't know why it shouldn't be possible for nuts
+in the shell. It is used in California.
+
+Mr. McCauley: It is in peanuts. All peanuts are Government graded, and
+that's in the shell. But this black walnut situation is going to take a
+little longer than that. But I am sure that there are people in the
+shelling business who would buy Thomas variety or the other varieties if
+you just go ahead and tell them that's what you have. People are always
+looking for something better, and I am sure that your cultivated
+varieties are going to be better, but you are going to have to keep
+talking them up all the time and getting them to the people who will buy
+them.
+
+President Davidson: Right. We'd all like to go on with this, but we must
+really go on with the program, too. We will next hear something about
+pasteurization. The Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels will be
+discussed by Mr. Pease of West Virginia University. Mr. Pease.
+
+
+
+
+Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels
+
+ROGER W. PEASE, Assistant Hillculturist, West Virginia University,
+Morgantown, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Pease: Before I go into any detail about the construction of the
+pasteurizer, I am going to review the bacillus that causes the trouble
+very briefly. Most of you will know more about it than I do, but some of
+you may know less.
+
+When the farmer takes the hulls from the black walnuts he generally
+spreads his hulled crop to dry almost anywhere. Rats will go over them,
+and these rats or mice infect the hulled walnuts with an organism called
+_Bacillus coli_ that is on the outside of the shell. They go from there
+to the cracking plant, go through the cracker which thoroughly mixes up
+the infected nuts with the clean ones. They go from there to the
+separator, which does a better job at spreading the bacteria. Then they
+go on the market. If they are shipped from one state to another they are
+subject to inspection by Federal authorities. If they find this
+organism in the kernels, they may at their discretion heave the whole
+shipment into the river. They don't always do it. They haven't worked
+out yet a definite scheme to follow. In other words, they will not tell
+us, "If your kernels have a certain number of these _B. coli_ in them we
+will let them by." As it reads, there should be not one organism there,
+and I can assure you that's almost impossible to get if a rat has
+crawled over those things.
+
+Now, to get rid of poison ivy the best way is not to get it, and it's
+just the same with this organism. The place to get rid of it would be
+for the farmer to store the nuts to dry where the rats and mice cannot
+get to them and for the cracking plants to do the same. Unfortunately,
+this isn't done and sometimes isn't practicable. The next place to hit
+them would be before they are tumbled, that is, before the black powder
+on the outside of the shells is shaken off in a tumbler, or immediately
+after that to disinfect the shell without hurting the kernel.
+
+That is where we should have started at West Virginia, but we didn't. We
+began at the other end after the thing was through and began studying
+pasteurization. The Government had recommended, I believe, temperatures
+of up to 300°F. for pasteurization. We found out right away--that is, I
+didn't, Dr. Colmer and Harvey Erickson, who are now--one of them--in
+Baton Rouge and the other one in Seattle, and they would know about it.
+They found out that after temperatures of over 300° the nuts tasted
+toasted and they would not keep nearly so well or so long as an
+unpasteurized nut.
+
+After inspecting what pasteurizers they could get access to they
+concluded some work was necessary, so they spent 12 months and found
+that at a temperature of 160 and humidity of 80 per cent a more
+efficient job of pasteurization was done, and at the same time the
+kernel was not hurt at all. The taste was identical with an
+unpasteurized nut, and it would keep just as long. At that point one of
+them, as I say, went to Louisiana and the other went to Washington, and
+the research fell on my shoulders, that didn't know much about it.
+
+We started to construct the machine. Meanwhile, Mr. Erickson told me he
+had developed a new strain of bacteria which was much more hardy and 160
+degrees at 80% humidity would not kill the thing. So we constructed our
+machine to run a temperature of 180 at 70% humidity for 30 minutes, and
+that will kill them.
+
+Now, in 15 minutes I can't give you anywhere near all the details of
+construction of that machine. I can give you a few of the principles. On
+the outside, of course, is a well insulated box. The nuts are fed
+through the top with a revolving drum with fins on it. They comes down
+to a belt that travels this way for six feet, drops to another, travels
+back, a series of five belts. It takes them just half an hour to go
+through. The layer of nuts is perhaps three-eighths of an inch thick.
+The temperature is kept up with electric coils. It is regulated with a
+thermostat.
+
+We had some difficulty with the humidity. Try it and see. As we raised
+our temperature it was hard to keep our humidity up. Finally we went
+back to the simplest thing, which usually works. We just took a pan of
+water, with a solenoid valve and float such as you have in the modern
+hot air furnaces and put a magnetic switch on it. As the water boiled it
+helped raise the temperature, and it gave off vapors. The automatic
+switch and the wet and dry bulb from the thermometer and thermostat will
+shut the water off and shut the heat off automatically when you get the
+required temperature and the required humidity. In that machine our
+nuts start at the top, take 30 minutes to travel through. From the time
+they start at the top until the time they get to the bottom they have a
+standard temperature of 180° plus the 70% humidity.
+
+Then the second problem, if you want to make one, is to get that
+temperature standard in all places. I know one man who made one of these
+machines and put four fans in at different places, and when he closed it
+up and got it to working, the center of his machine was still cold,
+because your hot air acts differently from free air. We put at the
+bottom a shelf with a tube in it and a big fan in the middle. The air is
+drawn down from the top here, driven through there, hits some baffles
+and comes across each belt. In that way it works.
+
+Now, if you want, any of you, to get the details of the pasteurizer you
+could write to Mr. Erickson, College of Forestry, University of
+Washington, Seattle 5, and he who designed it would be very glad, I
+believe, to help with your problems, or you could write up to our
+Agricultural Engineering department, and they would do the same.
+
+I will tell you this, that after we drew up the plans, I took the plans
+to several manufacturers, and the cheapest bid I got was $5,000 to make
+it. We made it ourselves for a little less than $1,200 not counting
+labor. Not that they would have made that much profit, but I tell you
+that to show you it's a rather inexpensive machine. On the other hand,
+you can save considerable money by getting it made up yourselves.
+
+I am going to stop with the thing there. If there are a few questions
+that you wish to ask, I will try to answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Member: What is the name of the bacteria you are killing?
+
+Mr. Pease: _Bacillus coli_, that's the chief bacteria, and the others
+that cause the damage are similar to that, and they are always spread by
+the rats or the mice.
+
+A Member: Do the kernels properly pasteurized show any brownness of
+kernel?
+
+Mr. Pease: No, they are identical with an unpasteurized kernel at that
+temperature.
+
+Mr. Korn: I buy kernels at the plant in Nashville, and some of them have
+been toasted.
+
+Mr. Pease: They have 350 degrees.
+
+Mr. Kays: You mentioned you should have started on the other end a while
+ago. Could you treat those nuts before they are cracked and do the same
+thing for less money?
+
+Mr. Pease: I believe you could.
+
+Mr. Kays: The other question I have is how about using ultra-violet
+light?
+
+Mr. Pease: I have written to a good many authorities, and some of them
+say yes and some say no.
+
+Mr. Kays: In pecans that is one of the practices.
+
+Mr. Pease: I believe you could use it in our present machine.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Isn't this heat to remove contamination? After the nuts are
+cracked is there any examination of the nuts?
+
+Mr. Pease: No, there is not.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Could there be any possible value in sterilizing the nut
+before it is cracked?
+
+Mr. Pease: Yes. You see, the bacteria is on the shell, on the outside.
+Then when you crack it, it gets on the nut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you very much, Mr. Pease. I do hate to cut
+these discussions short. You get as much out of them or more, sometimes,
+than we do otherwise. There is just one thing I'd like to say before we
+take a five-minute recess. Mr. Acker is here. He is another man that you
+might talk to in addition to talking to Mr. Mullins during the recess.
+
+(Recess taken.)
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will come to order. The first thing on
+the program is a talk by Dr. Cross, Head of the Department of
+Horticulture, Oklahoma A. & M., Stillwater, Oklahoma, on Pecan Selection
+in Oklahoma. Dr. Cross.
+
+
+
+
+Pecan Selection in Oklahoma
+
+DR. FRANK B. CROSS, Head, Department of Horticulture, Oklahoma A & M
+College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+
+
+Dr. Cross: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: The present status of the
+pecan industry in Oklahoma is the result of close cooperation between
+the growers and the experiment station combined with a resource which we
+have in that state consisting of thousands of native pecan trees which
+may be quickly and economically changed into producing trees instead of
+just wild forest trees.
+
+I am going to utilize my time this afternoon to discuss, first, briefly
+the present situation as we find it with reference to pecans in
+Oklahoma, because there is the important phase of nut growing which we
+follow in that state. We do grow some walnuts and we have a great many
+men interested in walnuts, but far and away our major interest is in
+pecans.
+
+We might divide the work and interest in the state into two phases.
+First, but of least importance, is that connected with the planting and
+production of varieties. We have a great many men in the state who wish
+to plant land to pecans, and, of course, in cases like that the
+varieties which are available are always selected for planting, and
+nursery trees, of course, are utilized. The latest phase of that type of
+development is the planting of apple trees for filler trees with the
+expectation that the apple trees will be removed after 15 or 20 years,
+thus leaving the pecan trees at a large size to fully occupy the ground,
+and in the meantime the apple trees, of course, have produced a
+profitable crop.
+
+Our growers, however, and the industry in the state are far more
+concerned with the utilization of the native trees. To talk about these
+native trees is almost--well, we might borrow a Texas expression--these
+trees grow both in Oklahoma and Texas--and the Texans say whenever a
+Texan tries to tell the truth everybody knows he is lying. That's the
+way everybody knows about some of these native trees. When we think of a
+huge, tall tree 20 or so feet in circumference over a hundred years of
+age and realize that the white man has occupied that particular
+territory for only a little over 50 years, we wonder about the history
+of that tree for the first 50 years of its life when wild Indians were
+roaming the territory and buffalo were grazing under these trees which
+were getting started.
+
+These trees occur along the streams, very seldom out away from the
+streams for any considerable distance, as one of the native forest trees
+and in sufficient number so that when all other trees are removed the
+stand of pecan trees remaining is in many cases more than adequate to
+make a complete stand of pecans for commercial production. So that after
+having removed the oaks and elms and cottonwoods and willows and the
+other native trees, we have the opportunity of making a considerable
+selection of desirable native or seedling trees by observing the type of
+nut which each tree produces.
+
+We are not, in making this selection, concerned so much with the size of
+the nut produced as we are with the kernel percentage which will be
+yielded by the nut upon cracking and extracting the kernels and by the
+ease of separation. Within comparatively recent years many cracking and
+shelling plants have been established throughout the state, and the
+history of the industry I think will record that the establishment of
+these cracking plants in the territory where the pecans are produced
+will be a great stimulus to the production of that kind of nuts.
+
+I don't know whether I have made the picture clear or not. Throughout
+the eastern part of the state, that part which you in your old
+geographies knew under the name of Indian Territory, and particularly
+concentrated in the middle of the state there are native trees which if
+properly handled, that is, cultivated and sprayed and thinned so that
+each tree stands out individually by itself, will produce in paying
+quantities.
+
+On the experiment station we have a half mile of such territory lying
+between cultivated fields on both sides of a creek which had eroded a
+considerable basin. The area was unsatisfactory for cultivation, and so
+it was fenced out. Back some years ago the area was cleared of grape
+vines and other trees, and we have since that time pastured sheep in
+this tract of land. It Is narrow, not over three or four hundred feet
+wide at any place and, of course, varying in width from one end to the
+other, and the creek meanders along. There really is more than a half
+mile of total length.
+
+The potential production of that half mile is now, in terms of dollars
+and cents, about $2,500 to $3,000, and before wheat and cattle attained
+their present prices that was no mean income for a quarter section of
+land. Naturally, with that opportunity prevalent over a great part of
+the state, we in Oklahoma are interested in the production of native or
+seedling pecans to be sold to the cracker. We feel that the future of
+the pecan industry is undoubtedly headed toward the utilization of
+pecans as kernels and not nuts in the shell. Such being the case, we are
+not interested particularly in large size. We are interested in kernel
+yield and in the potential production of each individual tree.
+
+There are a great many problems connected with the industry, and we have
+more or less taken those into consideration and classified them under
+insects and diseases and marketing and harvesting and varieties. I will
+not have time to touch upon very many of these. Our harvesting situation
+is completely chaotic. Within the last two ot three years shaking
+machines have been developed, and we are indebted to the West Coast
+growers for these inventions, which are very helpful. Previous to that
+a, long bamboo pole was used to knock the pecans from the trees, and
+then they were picked up off the ground. There are two machines now
+waiting for the present crop to be harvested which are supposed to pick
+up the nuts by vacuum picking.
+
+If the industry can be mechanized in that manner, getting away from
+harvesting pecans as we have been harvesting them, it is just like
+cradling wheat as compared to the present-day 12-foot, self-propelled
+combine that cuts the wheat so rapidly. If this mechanization can be put
+into effect, then the native seedling territory in Texas and Oklahoma
+will be able to produce pecans at a price which the market will accept.
+
+I don't know whether you know it or not, but the pecan market situation
+has apparently reached a condition of saturation. It was very difficult
+to sell pecans last fall, not because there is over-production, no, but
+because there is under-consumption.
+
+There are two things which will remedy the situation. The pecan is
+unquestionably the finest nut that is produced in the United States. If
+the people of the North can be acquainted with the pecan, there is no
+question in my mind but that it will be possible to vastly increase
+consumption. The Oklahoma growers and buyers hope to put before the
+legislature a proposition to assess a tax of a quarter of a cent or
+something like that per pound, which will be used in an advertising
+campaign to advertise pecans outside of the state, so maybe you folks in
+New York and elsewhere, if the campaign is successful, will hear more
+about Oklahoma pecans in the future.
+
+Well, these seedling trees--I must get on with my story--are cultivated
+and sprayed. We are sometimes accused of producing wild nuts at no cost.
+This is not the situation distinctly. It costs just as much to produce
+these native seedling nuts as it does to produce the varieties, the
+advantage being that we start with a large tree which is capable of
+producing from 50 to 200 or 300 or even 400 pounds of nuts within four
+or five years after the operation is started instead of waiting 20 or 25
+years to get good commercial production.
+
+As I said, a selection is made of the trees at the beginning. The
+selection is continued with each succeeding year as the trees grow
+larger and additional trees are thinned out so that they stand
+eventually a hundred or 150 feet apart, giving to each tree adequate
+room.
+
+Throughout the state we have a great deal of interest in propagation by
+topworking of varieties of pecans. The experiment station made the
+serious error for 15 or 20 years in the early development of the
+interest in the work in centering on the idea of changing these natives
+over to varieties. We now are swinging back to a proper evaluation of
+the native nuts, and nobody is satisfied with the present varieties, our
+interest of developing and the exploration and discovery of new
+varieties being such that the Northeast Oklahoma Pecan Growers
+Association arranged two years ago to finance a contest for the
+discovery of seedling nuts which could be utilized in that territory and
+be more profitable than any variety that we now have.
+
+We don't like the Stuart because of its low quality. We don't like the
+Stuart because it doesn't come into production until it reaches a
+considerable age. We just simply will not have the Mahan, because it
+doesn't fill. We do not like the Success because it has a tendency to
+over-bear every other year and does not fill. We cannot use the
+Squirrel's Delight which for ten years or so we had at the top of our
+list, because a special strain of scab fungus came in and completely
+wiped them out, and so on throughout the list of varieties that we have.
+
+Well, these growers decided to take the matter into their hands and in
+cooperation with the experiment station have been, during the past two
+years, attempting to find some nuts which would be more desirable, and I
+thought those of you who are in the walnut exploration work would be
+interested in learning how this is worked out.
+
+I don't suppose you can see this. It Is an entry blank for the grower.
+Annual prizes of $50, $25, $15 and $10 are awarded. Ten awards are made
+each year, and the ten winning growers this year will have their
+particular nut automatically entered in a grand prize contest hoping
+that some of those nuts will be worth naming, and if any should be worth
+naming, after further study, naming and introducing, the grower will be
+awarded a prize of $1,000.
+
+Four of the Tulsa, Oklahoma, crackers are financing this work by putting
+in $75 each annually. The college is cooperating in this respect, and
+when I say the college, I also mean the Extension Division. The
+Extension Director is pushing the matter and tells the county agents to
+pay attention to these entry blanks when they come, and get as many
+growers in each county to send in samples as possible.
+
+The contest closes on November 25th. Those samples are sent to the
+college, and in three or four days--and those of you in colleges will
+recognize the Thanksgiving holiday--in three or four days' time those
+nuts are cracked and evaluated and placed. Last year, the second year of
+the contest, there were over 200 entries, and it was no small job to
+finish in time to get them on display at the annual meeting and show of
+the Oklahoma Pecan Growers Association in early December.
+
+We are not content with the evaluation of the nut. It is just one phase
+of successful production to have a nut which is satisfactory for
+cracking and consumption; unless those trees are free from disease and
+productive and otherwise satisfactory we could never think of
+introducing a variety. And so the staff at the college, as soon, as the
+show is over, goes out and locates each of these trees individually and
+puts a tag on it. We visit each of those trees a sufficient number of
+times during the year to properly evaluate the tree.
+
+The things that we are looking for, of course, are productiveness,
+freedom from disease and other characteristics of that type. If, after
+five years of observation, the tree characteristics are satisfactory,
+then the nut will be certified as worthy of propagation.
+
+We are getting some place with this program, as evidenced by the data on
+last year's cracking contest. Normal seedling pecans yield about 33 per
+cent kernel to the packing plant. In last year's contest, as I say,
+there were over 200 entries, and I was just looking to see what the low
+was. I really haven't paid enough attention. The lowest entry apparently
+was about 33 per cent, and the highest entry was 59 per cent kernel.
+Over 30 of these seedling nuts yielded better than 50 per cent kernel,
+and that is better than most popular varieties.
+
+These nuts are relatively small. The cracker doesn't care how small they
+are, he wants a nut that handles well in the cracker, a nut that is the
+shape of a football. A miniature football is an ideal cracking type of
+nut. The cracking docks come together from the ends. We cannot use a
+round nut. About two-thirds of these good nuts which yielded over 50 per
+cent kernel were so round that the machinery in cracking would not place
+the docks on the ends, but they were apt to hit anyplace. So they had to
+be discounted.
+
+It is quite a job to evaluate these nuts. We have been arbitrary about
+it. We haven't developed any scoring system, because there are so many
+variable factors that it seems to be almost impossible to do so. In our
+general plan of operation in the state we expect this native grove
+improvement program that I described to continue, and as the trees get
+larger the growers will topwork sprouts which develop from the trees
+which have been removed so that the thing goes on and on with a constant
+improvement in the quality of the nut.
+
+We also have many, many acres of nuts being propagated by topworking to
+varieties rather than by letting the seedling continue to produce. That
+is the reason why we are so much interested in getting a better type of
+pecan.
+
+One man who makes it a commercial practice puts on thousands of scions
+every year. We in Oklahoma can't understand why you all seem to have so
+much trouble propagating nut trees. It is just as easy to propagate
+pecans and walnuts--not quite as easy--as apples, but then it isn't too
+difficult. I think it is the attitude and frame of mind in which you go
+about it.
+
+Thank you very much, I appreciate the time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you. Now, then, Mr. Magill of the University
+of Kentucky, will give us "A Planned Program for Improving the Pecan
+Industry in Southwestern Kentucky."
+
+
+
+
+A Pecan Improvement Program for Southwestern Kentucky
+
+W. W. MAGILL, Extension Horticulturist, University of Kentucky
+
+
+The production and marketing of seedling pecans in extreme southwestern
+Kentucky has been of major importance for many years.
+
+This industry naturally extends into northwestern Tennessee and parts of
+Missouri directly across the state line in the Mississippi River bottom.
+It might be said that this industry was developed by nature, because in
+the Mississippi River bottoms we find seedling pecan trees which
+undoubtedly are more than 100 years old. Some native seedling pecan
+trees in this area are five feet or more in diameter; some have a spread
+of branches covering a radius of 60 feet, and are more than 100 feet in
+height.
+
+This industry took on considerable momentum about seven years ago when a
+group of local business men at Hickman, the county seat of Fulton
+County, developed a cracking plant known as the Roper Pecan Company.
+They now have thirty modern cracking machines, with sorting belts,
+grading machines, and other complete equipment, so that they are in a
+position to receive and process a large tonnage of native seedling
+pecans, merchandise the kernels and other by-products and, therefore,
+are able to purchase a large quantity of seedling nuts and operate their
+plant for eight months each year. Not having sufficient local nuts
+("Kentucky Kernels") to take care of their business, they also buy not
+only Kentucky nuts but also from Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, and
+Arkansas.
+
+
++Young Native Trees Top-Grafted+
+
+Realizing that this industry is here to stay and that many farmers of
+that district have many young seedling pecans growing on their farms,
+the Kentucky Agricultural Extension Service, cooperating with some of
+the leading farmers of the district, has launched a program of
+top-working these native seedling pecans with some of the known,
+improved varieties that have a reputation for producing good yields of
+high quality nuts. The beginning of this top-grafting program was in
+late April of 1948, when some 200 trees were top-worked mostly on the
+farm of the late Roscoe Stone, a farmer in this area who had
+considerable land holdings. It is highly pleasing to our Extension
+workers to observe what we think is an outstanding success in this first
+year of development, for we find that over 90% of the five to ten year
+old trees that were top-grafted have developed a new growth from the
+spring grafting, to the extent of from two to eight feet of new growth.
+John Watts, County Farm Agent of Fulton County, who pioneered this pecan
+improvement development, tells me that we already have requests for
+top-working over 500 other trees in this area for the spring of 1949.
+
+
++Northern Varieties Preferred+
+
+The best information available was sought from such pecan authorities as
+Ford Wilkinson of Rockport, Indiana, Dr. A. S. Colby, chief in nut
+culture, Horticulture Department of the University of Illinois, Bob
+Endicott of Villa Ridge, Illinois, and others. They are of the opinion
+that this southwestern Kentucky area approaches the northern limit of
+successful production of known southern varieties of pecans, and that
+our success in our pecan grafting program can best be assured by
+top-working to the hardy northern varieties of pecans such as the Major,
+Greenriver, Niblack, Giles, Goforth, and others.
+
+Thanks to our pioneers of this generation who located some outstanding
+seedling pecans in the Ohio Valley, such trees as the original Major,
+Greenriver, and others have proved their worth as hardy northern pecans
+and they have been used for propagating purposes rather than being
+destroyed by farm hands who burned piles of debris left by high water
+around many of these early trees.
+
+
++Some Superior Local Nuts+
+
+We are of the opinion that other seedling varieties are now growing in
+this Reelfoot Lake area, maybe in Kentucky, maybe in Tennessee, or
+across the line in Missouri, that are equally as good pecans, and, we
+hope, better, than the already named seedlings which have been mentioned
+above.
+
+During early August it was my pleasure to spend a day in the Hickman
+bottoms with County Agent Watts and Mr. Ernest Fields, manager of the
+local nut cracking factory, together with Mr. C. B. Toombs, of Hickman,
+at which time we inspected a number of recognized successful native
+pecan groves. Mr. Toombs knows that whole area and is familiar with the
+pecan trees of outstanding quality and yield history, just as you and I
+knew where every tree stood in the old home apple orchard or that of
+grandfather, where as boys we made frequent trips to get a pocketful of
+those outstanding local variety apples.
+
+Mr. Toombs pointed out to me a tree on his own farm that he said bears a
+crop every year of from 300 to 400 pounds of nuts. In his own language
+he described the tree in detail but the thing which impressed me was the
+fact that he had developed standing orders for private sales to
+individuals from the crops of this one tree each year because they are
+of outstanding value. He showed us another tree on a neighbor's farm,
+one which produced 700 pounds of nuts one year; another tree on which
+the nuts were ready to harvest a month ahead of the nuts from other
+pecan trees in that region. (Mr. Wilkinson, it strikes me that
+propagation from this early maturing tree might well find a place
+several miles north of the Mason-Dixon Line where normal fall frosts
+often injure the crops.)
+
+We are of the opinion that with organized effort we can locate these
+outstanding individual trees, get enough scion wood from them and put it
+in the hands of a good pecan grower, and in a few years develop
+sufficient grafting wood so that we can top-work thousands of these
+young native trees in the district, thereby increasing not only the
+number of pounds produced per tree, but have a volume of production of
+the very best quality of nuts. They tell me that one of the trees I
+observed has a cracking percentage of above 60 as compared to many of
+the native seedlings which have a cracking percentage of only 20-30 of
+nut kernels.
+
+
++First Annual Nut Show in 1948+
+
+In an effort to locate these outstanding seedling trees in an organized
+way, our Kentucky Extension Service, cooperating with the Fulton County
+Farm Bureau, local civic organizations, the local nut cracking plant,
+and the Northern Nut Growers Association, through its secretary, Mr. J.
+C. McDaniel, has made plans for a nut show to be held at the county
+court house in Hickman, Kentucky, in early December of 1948. The feature
+of the show with be the cash prizes offered for the best seedling
+pecans. We request that the owners give us a history of the trees, the
+age, regularity in bearing, etc., with the nut show management reserving
+the right to cut a few sticks of grafting wood from the winning trees.
+Prizes will also be offered for hickory and walnut seedling trees. An
+educational program is also planned in connection with the day's show,
+and it will include a visit to the farm of the late Roscoe Stone, where
+a top-working program was started last spring, as well as a visit to the
+local nut cracking firm. This nut show is set up to become an annual
+affair, and we feel that the sky is the limit for the good that can come
+out of such an organized program as it affects the pecan industry in
+that area.
+
+There are thousands of acres of excellent pecan land in this
+southwestern Kentucky area, that can be profitably developed into pecan
+groves. The land is deep, very fertile, and is already well supplied
+with moisture. We cannot question its being a natural home for pecan
+production, for nature proved this point to the public two generations
+ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRESIDENT DAVIDSON: Pecan Culture in South Carolina by Mr. A. M. Musser,
+Head of the Department of Horticulture at Clemson Agricultural College
+is next. Mr. Senn will read the paper because Mr. Musser is not able to
+be here.
+
+
+
+
+Pecan Production in South Carolina
+
+T. L. SENN, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, Clemson, South Carolina
+
+
+In the southern colonies on the Atlantic coast, the pecan was first
+described by Thomas Walter in his publication "_Flora Caroliniana_" in
+1787. He was an Englishman who had a plantation in St. John's Parish on
+the Santee River, South Carolina, where he made an extensive collection
+of southern plants. After describing the tree, evidently a nursery
+specimen, he ended with the words, "The fruit I have never seen." It is
+known now that the native range of pecan did not extend to the present
+state of South Carolina. One of the first large pecan plantings in the
+state dates back to 1890; This was a seedling planting of 1000 trees
+made by John S. Horlbock at Charleston. Some of these trees are still
+producing. The planting never proved profitable and has changed
+ownership several times.
+
+There are several small plantings of black walnuts, Chinese chestnuts,
+and Persian walnuts in various parts of the state. Persian walnuts do
+well in the Piedmont soil region and in 1947 the trees there had a good
+crop.
+
+
++Commercial Pecan Plantings+
+
+The pecan, is one of the most popular tree nuts and is the only one
+grown on a commercial scale in South Carolina. Pecans are grown in every
+county, although there is a comparatively small number of trees in most
+of the Piedmont and Mountain counties, and several counties in the lower
+Coastal Plain. Orangeburg County, with the largest number, had 27,528.
+Pickens County, with the fewest trees, had 801. The total for the state
+was reported as 227,027 trees.
+
+Pecans are an important money crop of the state. During the last five
+years the production of pecans has averaged three million pounds, which
+brought farmers a yearly average of $500,000. The average yield per tree
+of bearing age in 1947 was only about 7 pounds, or 100 pounds per acre.
+Eighteen cents was the average price received for improved varieties,
+and twelve cents for seedlings, during the ten-year period 1935-1944.
+With these prices and yields per bearing tree, it is easily seen that
+there is plenty of room for improvement, for the production of pecans in
+South Carolina by the average grower has not been very profitable during
+the past nine or ten years. South Carolina has ranked fifth or sixth in
+the production of pecans of improved varieties during the past several
+years. While production from year to year has been up and down, the
+general trend is up.
+
+There are two general classes of pecan trees grown in South Carolina:
+seedlings and named or improved varieties. The average crop figures over
+the ten-year period 1933 to 1942, show that six times as many nuts of
+improved varieties were produced as of seedlings. South Carolina
+produces about 6% of the pecan nuts of improved varieties in the United
+States and less than 1% of the seedlings. The seedling trees are for the
+most part given very little attention, receiving neither fertilizers nor
+sprays. They produce nuts of miscellaneous size, shape, and quality, and
+are usually smaller than the improved varieties. The cost of production
+of seedling pecans is small for they are usually grown in back yards, in
+chicken ranges, and in pastures.
+
+There are a number of pecan varieties that are adapted to and grown in
+South Carolina. The most popular varieties are Schley, Stuart, Success
+and Moneymaker. A number of other varieties, including Teche, Frotscher,
+Mahan, Pabst, Delmas, Van Deman, and Moore are grown in some sections.
+
+Schley is very susceptible to scab and should not be planted if a spray
+program is not carried out. Moneymaker, Stuart, and Success are not so
+very susceptible to scab and are satisfactory where a complete spray
+program is not used. Some years ago several growers in one county
+ordered Stuart trees and these trees, now bearing, turned out to be
+Teche, so there is some uncertainty as to the variety names in some
+sections.
+
+The planting distance varies considerably, depending somewhat upon
+fertility of soil and length of growing season. Most of the plantings
+are too close, having as many as 20 or more trees per acre. Because of
+the longer growing season in the lower half of the state, trees grown
+there will be larger at a given age than those grown in the Piedmont
+section.
+
+
++Cultivation Methods+
+
+Intercrops or cover crops are usually grown to increase the income of
+the farm. Cultivation programs vary according to the intercrop grown.
+Pecan trees are grown on various types of soil, which also vary greatly
+in their fertility. Different fertilizers are recommended for these
+varying conditions. Fertilizer is usually applied late in February or
+early in March, several weeks prior to the swelling of the buds. The
+exact time of application varies according to the area in the state in
+which the trees are grown. Many of the soils of the state are probably
+too acid for best growth of pecans and the necessary winter cover crops
+that should be grown in the plantings. In some soils that have been
+limed, or where the soil pH is 7.0 or approximately so, the application
+of zinc, to the soil has not eliminated rosette. Few such conditions
+exist in South Carolina, but where these conditions do prevail, zinc
+treatment is being tried in the form of sprays, using commercial spray
+materials.
+
+Unfavorable weather at blooming time often prevents pollination.
+Instances of cross-incompatability occurring between the varieties grown
+in this state are practically unknown. Late spring frosts sometimes kill
+the male or female flowers or both.
+
+The pecan in South Carolina is subject to attack by numerous insects and
+diseases, just as it is in other places. Scab is the worst offender.
+Several species of borers are found attacking the trunks, the twig
+girdler severing the tips of twigs, the shuck worm and case-bearer
+affecting the husk, and the pecan weevil affecting the nuts. Many of the
+trees growing in South Carolina are not planted in sufficiently large
+groves to justify the expenditure necessary for spray equipment.
+Contract spraying has been done to some extent and has possibilities in
+South Carolina. Where the number of trees is small this will be the only
+way in which growers can afford to obtain the use of high pressure
+equipment.
+
+
++Marketing Conditions+
+
+South Carolina Circular 301 gives the following account of the pecan
+marketing situation in South Carolina. "Most of the pecans in this state
+are sold in small lots. The assembling at a number of locations of
+these small lots into lots large enough to make handling economical has
+been a great problem. It is believed that three auction markets properly
+located in the state would be the most satisfactory marketing
+arrangement. If each of these markets would have one sales day per week
+so that buyers could attend sales at each place, the cost of marketing
+could be greatly reduced." There are nine companies in five counties
+that handle pecans.
+
+This is a rather brief discussion relating facts about the pecan
+industry in South Carolina, and most of the figures given are average
+figures. Those plantings receiving good cultural practices give more
+satisfactory returns. The pecans enterprise can be made a profitable one
+if the grower will carry out a complete program to overcome the problems
+of fertilization and control of diseases and insects and not just leave
+the trees to fight the battle alone.
+
+
++References+
+
+Rawl, E. H. and Nettles, W. C.--Pecan Production, S. C. Circ. 183, 1940.
+
+Musser, A. M., et al--Pecan Production and Marketing in S. C., S. C.
+Circ. 301, 1947.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Senn. I think this program is just
+tops. I don't know how you feel, but I think it is a wonderful program.
+
+The Storage of Shelled Pecans will be told to us by Professor Harris of
+the Department of Horticulture of Alabama Polytechnic Institute of
+Auburn, Alabama. Professor Harris.
+
+
+
+
+Preservation of Shelled Pecans by Drying and Hermetically Sealing
+
+HUBERT HARRIS, Associate Horticulturist, Alabama Agricultural
+Experiment, Station.
+
+
+Without some special treatment, storage life of pecans at ordinary
+temperatures is rather short. Nuts held in common storage from fall
+harvest show noticeable flavor losses by spring. Staleness and rancidity
+are likely to follow as summer weather approaches.
+
+These facts emphasize the need of a better method that might be used
+both commercially and in the home for preserving the pecan over a long
+period at common storage temperatures. A satisfactory method might be
+used not only for preserving nuts for year-round use, but for carrying
+them over from heavy crop years to light crop years.
+
+This report presents the results of experiments conducted at the Alabama
+Agricultural Experiment Station on methods of preserving pecans.
+
+
++Storage Troubles+
+
+Some of the common pecan storage troubles are staleness, rancidity,
+color changes, molding, and insect injury. Molding occurs only when the
+product is stored in a moist atmosphere at ordinary temperatures. Insect
+infestation usually results when the shelled kernels are held in
+unsealed containers under ordinary storage conditions. Rancidity
+develops during the summer months when the product is stored by common,
+methods at ordinary temperatures.
+
+Rancidity is probably the most common of pecan storage troubles; it has
+been considered the most difficult to control. Rancidity is usually
+preceded by general loss of flavor followed by staleness of kernels.
+Color gradually becomes darker as the typical rancid condition develops.
+These changes are associated with and caused by certain chemical
+reactions that progress at a slow rate. The oils and fats are slowly
+oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, and other chemical compounds (10), which
+cause the undesirable aromas and flavors characteristic of the rancid
+condition.
+
+
++Review of Previous Work+
+
+The period during which pecans will remain free of rancidity and other
+forms of spoilage varies considerably with storage conditions and other
+factors. Common storage periods ranging from 3 to 12 months have been
+reported. Wright (10) placed the common storage life at 3 to 5 months.
+Blackmon (1) suggested 6 months as the maximum period. Medlock (11) was
+able to keep them in edible condition for periods up to 12 months. The
+wide ranges of time as observed by the different investigators are due,
+no doubt, to storage conditions, variety, quality of the nuts, and
+seasonal variations.
+
+Cold storage was effective in preserving pecans for periods up to 2-1/2
+years. Wright (10) reported effective periods of 13 to 30 months, and
+Medlock (11) was able to keep them for more than 2 years. Shelled pecans
+did not keep as long either in common or cold storage as the unshelled
+nuts.
+
+
++Methods and Procedures+
+
+Results of preliminary tests made at the Alabama Station in 1937
+indicated that pecans kernels might be kept at common temperatures by
+drying them in an oven and storing in sealed containers, which prevents
+absorption of moisture from the air. Since storage tests reported by
+other workers did not include studies of the relationship of moisture
+content of kernels to their storage life, it was felt that this phase of
+the problem should be investigated.
+
+Preliminary tests were made to determine suitable temperatures and
+periods for the drying process. Temperatures of 200 to 225°F proved to
+be most satisfactory. These temperatures dried the kernels quite rapidly
+without appreciable scorching or discoloration. The drying period was
+varied to give desired moisture contents for the various treatments.
+
+Four methods of sealing the jars were used in the experiments. They were
+the "cold seal," "steam seal," "hot seal," and "vacuum seal."
+
+The cold seal was accomplished by placing cool kernels in cool jars and
+sealing without special treatment.
+
+By the steam seal, air was exhausted from the jars with a small blast of
+steam and the jars sealed immediately. Condensation of the steam
+resulted in a partial vacuum in the jars and a slight increase in
+moisture content of the kernels.
+
+By the hot seal, hot kernels were transferred directly from the oven
+pans to clean, dry, hot jars, and sealed immediately. Contraction of the
+air as the jars cooled resulted in a partial vacuum.
+
+The vacuum seals were made in clamp-top fruit jars by means of a home
+pressure cooker. Filled jars, with covers partially clamped, were placed
+in the cooker. The cooker cover was lubricated at the sealing surface
+and screwed down tightly. The pressure gauge in the top of the cooker
+was replaced with a vacuum gauge. The needle valve was removed. An
+aspirator was attached to the water faucet and connected to the needle
+valve opening by means of a vacuum hose. After the desired vacuum had
+been pulled on the cooker, the vacuum hose was removed from the needle
+valve fitting thus permitting air to rush back into the cooker. The
+sudden change in pressure automatically sealed the jars.
+
+
++Presentation of Data+
+
+Preliminary studies were made to determine the effect of temperature and
+time of drying on moisture content, color, and toasting of kernels.
+Results of these studies are given in Table I.
+
+   TABLE I.--Effect of Temperature and Time of Drying on Moisture Content,
+   Color, and Toasting of Pecan Kernels.
+   =================================================
+      Oven     Time in  Moisture  Change
+   temperature   oven      in       in    Degree of
+                         kernels  color[25]  toasting
+               Minutes  Per cent
+
+                  0       3.7      0.0          0
+                 20       2.6      0.5          0
+                 30       1.4      1            1
+                 37       1.2      2            2
+     225°F       44       1.0      3            4
+                 51       0.5      6            8
+                 58       0.3      8           10
+                 65       0.2      8           10
+                 72       0.1      9           10
+   -------------------------------------------------
+                 10       3.2
+                 20       3.1
+     203°F       30       2.9
+                 41       2.4
+                 50       2.2
+                 60       1.9
+   =================================================
+
+[Footnote 25: The numbers 0 to 10 indicate varying amounts of change in
+color or degree of toasting: 0 represents normal color and/or no
+toasting. 10 represents considerable intensification of color and/or
+development of typical flavor of toasted kernels.]
+
+
+The first series of the processing and storage tests was started in
+December, 1939. The treatments together with results are given in Table
+II. The different samples were dried in an electric oven at 225°F to
+moisture contents ranging from 0.1 to 3.4 per cent. They were sealed in
+glass jars, both with and without vacuum, and stored in a dark room at
+ordinary temperatures. Those dried to 2.9 per cent moisture or less were
+still good after 2 years in storage, whereas those with higher moisture
+content were rancid after one year in storage. Samples dried to
+approximately 2 per cent moisture were still good September 1, 1948,
+which was almost 9 years after processing and storing. The color was
+preserved somewhat better by vacuum sealing. However, the quality of
+air-sealed samples was practically as good as those that were vacuum
+sealed. These tests did not show how long kernels might have been kept
+by drying and storing in unsealed containers.
+
+Table II.--The Effect of Different Amounts of Drying and Different
+Methods of Sealing on the Storage Qualities of Pecan Kernels (Tests made
+at Auburn, beginning December, 1939.)
+
+ =========================================
+
+                                  Per cent
+                        No. min.  moisture
+ Methods of     Sample  in oven    in dry
+ sealing [28]     No.     225°F    kernels
+
+ Cold-seal (a)    1        0        8.4
+ Hot seal (b)     2       20        2.9
+                  3       30        1.6
+                  4       44        1.0
+                  5       51        0.7
+ Steam-seal (c)   6        0        3.4
+                  7       50        0.2
+                  8       60        0.16
+                  9       65        0.10
+ Vacuum-seal (d) 10        0        3.4
+                 11       20        2.7
+                 12       30        1.0
+
+ =========================================
+
+ =====================================================================
+
+                        When canned      After 12 mo.     After 24 mo.
+                        ______________  _______________  _____________
+ Methods of     Sample
+ sealing [28]     No.    Color Flavor     Color Flavor     Color Flavor
+                         [26]   [27]        [26]   [27]        [26]   [27]
+
+ Cold-seal (a)    1       1   Excellent    2   Medium       3   Medium
+ Hot seal (b)     2       1   Excellent    2   good         3   Very good
+                  3       2   Very good,   2   Very Good,   3   Good,
+                              slightly dry     slightly dry    slightly dry
+                  4       2   Excellent,   3   Very good,   3   Very good,
+                              slightly         slightly         slightly
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  5       2   Excellent,   2   Very good    2   Very good
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+ Steam-seal (c)   6       1   Excellent    2   Fair         2   Fair
+                  7       3   Excellent,   3   Very good,   3   Very good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  8       3   Excellent,   3   Good,        3   Good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  9       4   Excellent    4   Good,        5   Good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+ Vacuum-seal (d) 10       1   Excellent    1   Very good    1   Good,
+                                                                slightly
+                                                                flat
+                 11       1   Excellent    1   Very good    1   Good,
+                                                                slightly
+                                                                flat
+                 12       2   Very good,   2   Very good,   2   Medium,
+                              slightly dry     slightly dry     slightly
+                                                                flat
+
+   =======================================================================
+
+   [Footnote 26: Color ratings: Nos. 1 to 5 represent different amounts of
+                 discoloration.
+   1 = Normal bright yellow color of fresh kernels.
+   5 = Normal brown color of aged kernels.]
+
+   [Footnote 27: Flavor ratings: fair means scarcely edible.]
+
+   [Footnote 28: Methods of sealing: (a) sealed without heating; (b)
+   hot kernels immediately transferred from oven pans to dry, hot jars
+   and sealed; (c) air exhausted from jars with steam and sealed
+   immediately; (d) sealed under vacuum by method described under
+   "Procedures."]
+
+   Table III.--Effect of Moisture Content, Container, and Sealing on
+   Storage Quality of Schley Pecan Kernels--1940.
+
+   ================================================================
+
+              Moisture content                 Flavor
+              ________________     ________________________________
+
+               When[29] After 6     After 8    After 12    After 18
+              stored   months      months      months      months
+
+   Covered     6.00     7.00     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   unsealed    4.43     6.85     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   ice cream   3.50     6.75     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   cartons     1.71     6.80     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   ________________________________________________________________
+
+   Covered     6.00    10.45[30]  Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   unsealed    4.43     6.70     Rancid      Not edible  Not edible
+   glass       3.50     5.00     Fair        Not edible  Not edible
+   jars        1.71     4.50     Good        Fair        Not edible
+   ________________________________________________________________
+
+               6.00     6.15     Rancid      Not edible  Not edible
+   Sealed      4.43     4.70     Fair        Not edible  Not edible
+   glass       3.50     3.30     Good        Good        Rancid
+   jars        1.71     1.85     Very good   Very good   Very good
+
+   ================================================================
+
+ [Footnote 29: The cured pecan kernels had a moisture content of 4.43 at
+ the time the tests were made. Samples with moisture contents below 4.43
+ per cent were oven dried at 200°F for periods necessary to reach
+ the respective moisture levels. Samples with moisture contents above
+ 4.43 were treated in steam to obtain the desired amount of moisture.]
+
+ [Footnote 30: Excessive increase in moisture content resulted in heavy
+ molding of product.]
+
+ A second series of processing and storage tests was started in December,
+ 1940. These studies included tests of effect of moisture content, type
+ of container, and sealing on storage qualities of Schley pecan kernels.
+ Table III shows a portion of these tests together with the results
+ obtained. It is pointed out that unsealed samples regained moisture and
+ became rancid within 8 months in storage.
+
+
++Summary+
+
+Results from the foregoing experiments show that pecan kernels can be
+kept for nine years by drying them to about 2 per cent moisture and
+storing them in sealed containers. The best results were obtained by
+drying the kernels in an oven for about 50 minutes at 200°F. The exact
+length of the drying period may vary somewhat with the moisture content
+of the undried kernels and the quantity of kernels dried at one time.
+The temperature of the oven could probably be reduced without affecting
+the drying time by using a fan for circulating the air in the oven.
+
+This method will preserve the fresh qualities of pecans for a much
+longer time and equally as well as such common methods as freezing and
+canning preserve fresh qualities of other foods. It is felt that the
+process offers a practical and effective method that might well be used
+in the home as well as in commercial plants for preserving shelled
+pecans for year-round use and/or for carrying over surpluses from a
+heavy crop year to supplement the light crops that usually follow.
+
+
++Literature Cited+
+
+1. Blackmon, G. H., 1927, Pecan Growing in Florida. Florida Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Bulletin 191: 86.
+
+2. Kirkpatrick, S. M., 1924. The Pecan. Alabama Pecan Growers'
+Association, Proceedings, May, 1924, P. 10.
+
+3. The Encyclopedia Americana. Volume XXI: 461.
+
+4. Bailey, I. H., and Bailey, E. Z., Hortus. Second Edition: 542.
+
+5. The Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume XVI: 647.
+
+6. Skinner, J. J.; Fowler, E. D.; and Alben, A. O.: 1928, Pecan Soils of
+the Gulf and Southeastern States and Maintenance of their Fertility,
+USDA Circular 492: 1.
+
+7. United States Agricultural Statistics for 1941: 279.
+
+8. Davis, P. O., 1924, Some Facts About the Pecan. Alabama Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings, May, 1924: 9.
+
+9. Salmon, W. D., 1924, Nutritive Value of the Pecan. Alabama Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings, May, 1924: 38-40
+
+10. Wright, R. C., 1941, Investigations on the Storage of Nuts, USDA
+Technical Bulletin No. 770: 1-35.
+
+11. Medlock, O. C. 1931, Pecan Storage, Alabama Agricultural Experiment
+Station Annual Report, Volume XLII: 50-51.
+
+12. Blackmon, G. H., 1932. Cold Storage of Pecans. Florida Agricultural
+Experiment Station Annual Report, 1932: 102-105.
+
+13. Smith, C. L.; Thor, C. J. B.; and Romberg, L. D.; 1933, Effect of
+Storage Conditions on the Germination of Seed Pecans. Texas Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings 13: 68-71.
+
+14. Harris, Hubert, 1937, Preservation of Pecan Kernels. Department
+Annual Report of the Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Alabama
+Experiment Station, 1937. (Unpublished).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I wonder, Professor Harris, whether those methods
+could be applied to other nuts in addition to pecans. Would your methods
+with the pecan be adaptable to other nuts or kernels?
+
+Prof. Harris: I have not tried other nuts, but I have thought quite a
+bit about the black walnut, and I would like to run some experiments. It
+seems to me that it would be adaptable to other nuts which have
+constituents similar to the pecan such as black walnut, and perhaps
+peanuts. We intend to work some on the peanuts down there. Now, of
+course, in the case of the chestnut we more or less checked it out on
+that, because when you dry the chestnut down to low moisture content you
+have a hard product that is not palatable and is quite undesirable.
+
+President Davidson: Now comes the follow-up studies on the 1946 Ohio
+black walnut prize winners. Mr. L. Walter Sherman has prepared something
+on that matter but Mr. Sterling Smith, I believe, is going to read that
+to us.
+
+
+
+
+Follow-Up Studies on the 1946 Ohio Black Walnut Prize Winners
+
+L. WALTER SHERMAN, Mahoning County Experiment Farm, Canfield, Ohio
+
+In 1946 a black walnut contest was conducted in Ohio that brought out
+roughly 800 samples of nuts from all sections of the state. Judging on
+the characters of the nuts only, there were ten selected as prize
+winners.
+
+Notice that I say on nut characters only. In 1950 a grand prize is to be
+given to the tree selected from these ten trees that has been the
+outstanding performer for the five year period. We want to know more
+about these trees. Do they produce regularly? Do the nuts fill well each
+year? Are the trees young or old? On what kind of soil are they located?
+Just what are the factors that cause them to produce such superior nuts?
+
+In order to try to answer some of this type of questions each of the ten
+trees was visited in 1947 and a careful survey of each was made. This
+was done in August, at which time the crop prospects for 1947 could be
+noted. Mimeographed blanks such as the following were used to record the
+desired data.
+
+ Tree Name
+
+                                      Latitude ____________
+
+ Name of Owner ______________________ Address _____________
+
+ County _______________ State __________ State Route ______
+
+ Telephone ___________________
+
+ TREE    Isolated [] ; moderately crowded [] ; dense woods []
+
+ LOCATION   Types of trees in vicinity _____________________
+            Air drainage ___________________________________
+
+            Level [] ;  Slope [] ; Direction of slope ______
+
+ TREE SIZE  Circumference 4-1/2 feet from ground ___________
+
+ AND SHAPE  Probable age ____ ; limb spread [] ; tall [] ; short [] ;
+
+            open-branched [] ; symmetrical [] ; irregular [] ;
+
+ SOIL    Sod [] ; plowland [] ; bottom [] ; upland [] ; hillside [] ;
+
+ CONDITIONS clay [] ; alluvial [] ; loam [] ; sandy [] ; pH []  ;
+
+            Distance to subsoil ______ ; kind of subsoil ________
+
+            Humus [] ; lack of humus [] .
+
+ DRAINAGE   Nearness to spring [] ;  tile drain [] ;  well [] ;
+
+            lake [] ; stream [] .
+
+ FERTILITY  Fertilized [] ; manure [] ; commercial fertilizer [] ;
+
+            lime [] ; not fertilized [] .
+
+                    PERFORMANCE CHART
+
+ Resistance to disease and insects:
+
+ Blight______; Witches' Broom______; Caterpillars______;
+
+ 1947        1948        1949        1950
+
+ 1947        1948        1949        1950
+
+ Bearing:  G F S F
+
+ Good; Fair; Scattering; Failure.
+
+                               1947     1948     1949     1950
+
+ Season:  Date of leafing out
+
+ Male:    Date of blossoming
+
+ Female:  Date of blossoming
+
+          Date of ripening
+
+          Date of killing frost
+
+          Last in spring;
+            first in fall
+          Rate of growth
+
+          Moisture; Rainy,
+              dry, average
+
+ Clusters:  Size                    1947     1948     1949     1950
+            Range in number of nuts
+                per cluster
+
+ Production: Size of crop in proportion to size of tree
+
+                                     1947     1948     1949     1950
+
+
+ Percentage of unfilled nuts:
+                                      1947     1948     1949     1950
+           R*H
+ --------------------crop
+           pounds
+
+ * R = 1/2 limb spread.
+ * H = height; lowest branch to top.
+
+In addition to these data, photographs, both in black and white, and in
+color, were taken of the trees and often of the surroundings, and a map
+made so that the trees can be located in the future by any one wishing
+to do so.
+
+For examination by any one wishing to do so, there are on the
+secretary's desk copies of the case histories, as written up, of the
+first and second prize winners, the Duke and the Burson.
+
+A careful study of these ten trees has not revealed any single factor
+that can be pointed to as essential to the production of a superior
+walnut variety. They were found on good and on poor soils, on good and
+poor sites, in soils of a wide range of pH values from very acid to
+alkaline in reaction. Most of the trees were located in the southern
+part of the state at 39° to 40° North Latitude, but it is hard to
+imagine that the latitude has any specific effect on the superior
+qualities of the nuts.
+
+In all cases where the trees were now standing in impoverished soils,
+low in humus, fertility, and in pH value, it was quite evident that the
+soil was probably in far better condition when the trees got their start
+fifty to a hundred or more years ago.
+
++Winter Killing 1947-1948+
+
+In 1947 scions of six of these prize winning trees were successfully
+grafted into established ten year old black walnut seedling trees at the
+Mahoning County Experiment Farm at Canfield, Ohio, location 41° north
+latitude. The scions grew nicely in 1947 but all were winter killed
+during the winter of 1947-1948 with the exception of one scion of Kuhn
+and one of Davidson. Two scions of Duke, two of Kuhn, one of Athens, one
+of Orth, seven of Jackson perished during the first winter after
+grafting. This severe killing of 1947-48 apparently indicates that
+winter injury to these varieties may be expected some years when they
+are planted under conditions similar to those at the Mahoning County
+Experiment Farm. The one scion of the Davidson variety came through in
+fine shape, so this would be the exception.
+
+The winter of 1947-48 was unusual in the severity of the winter injury
+to the black walnut trees at the Mahoning County Experiment Farm. Two
+ten year old Stabler trees and a ten year old Jansen tree killed back to
+the ground level, and one year old growth of Cowle, Havice, Jansen,
+Murphy, Mohican, Ohio, Stambaugh, Twin Lakes, and Lisbon was badly
+damaged although not always completely killed.
+
+
++Winter Killing of Bench Grafts+
+
+Bench grafts that were still in the hot bed and were not transplanted to
+nursery rows until spring of 1948 fared much better than the grafts
+growing in the established trees. As they had no winter protection but
+the side walls of the hot bed it is a little hard to see why they fared
+so much better.
+
+One bench graft of the Duke, two of Burson, four of Kuhn, two of
+Davidson, three of Orth, two of Williamson, two of Penn, and six of
+Jackson all came through in good shape.
+
+Indications certainly point to the conclusion that the prize winning
+varieties of the Ohio 1946 contest are adapted to the southern part of
+the state rather than to the northern part. The Davidson is a possible
+exception to this.
+
+Mr. Smith: I asked Mr. Silvis why Mr. Sherman wasn't here, and he said
+he wasn't able to come because he was doing the same type of work this
+year, and it is very evidently the reason why he wasn't at the last
+meeting because he was preparing this work. Instead of coming and
+enjoying the convention, he stays home and does work that helps the
+Association, so I think the Association is very much indebted to him.
+
+President Davidson: I think that is true.
+
+That makes it possible for us to close in good time. I think this
+program is tops. I think it is by far the best program I remember.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Let's give Mr. Chase, the Program Chairman, a big hand.
+
+(Applause.)
+
+President Davidson: We will now adjourn.
+
+(Whereupon, at 4:30 o'clock, p. m. the meeting was adjourned to
+reconvene for business session after the banquet.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++Tuesday Evening Business Session+
+
+President Davidson: There is a little business that remains to be done.
+In order to let Mr. Slate get away, we'd like to have a report of the
+Committee on Place of Meeting.
+
+Mr. Slate: The committee consisting of Royal Oakes, myself and two
+others, conferred with each other. We have considered the matter of a
+meeting place for next year, and we think, and those we have talked with
+think, that perhaps Beltsville would be the best place. It does not seem
+feasible to have a meeting in the Middle West. The New York City region
+will probably be better for us a year later. The other good places we
+have visited rather recently. So we are recommending that the place of
+meeting be Beltsville.
+
+Do you wish to consider the time of meeting now, or will we vote on the
+place?
+
+President Davidson: Let's act on that now. First, may I have a motion?
+
+A Member: I will move we hold our next convention at Beltsville,
+Maryland.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Now, time of meeting.
+
+Mr. Slate: It has been customary for us to have our meeting early in
+September, about Labor Day. Next Labor Day is the 5th of September. Now,
+we are not making any recommendations as to time, but if we follow our
+past custom we will probably meet about the 6th, 7th and 8th. Some of
+you might like to come later to avoid the Labor Day traffic, but that
+interferes with some of those who have teaching duties, registration,
+and so forth, at that time of the year. Personally, I do not think that
+the Labor Day traffic is insurmountable. It is rather unpleasant in
+certain areas, but we can make it all right, and we have made it.
+Perhaps I should recommend the dates the 6th, 7th and 8th, which are
+Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report. What shall you do with
+it?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I move its adoption.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Next, I should say, we would like to have a report
+of the nominating committee.
+
+Mr. Weber: The Nominating Committee reports for the consideration of the
+members the following list of candidates:
+
+For president, H. F. Stoke from Virginia. Vice-president, L. H.
+MacDaniels from New York. For secretary, J. C. McDaniel from Tennessee,
+and treasurer, Sterling A. Smith from Ohio.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report of this committee. I
+should say that in this case nominations from the floor would be in
+order.
+
+A Member: Mr. President, I move that nominations be closed.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken, and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: That was on the motion that nominations be closed.
+What is your pleasure, shall we vote by ballot or shall we vote by--
+
+A Member: Mr. President, I move that the secretary be instructed to cast
+a unanimous ballot for those nominated by the Nominating Committee.
+
+Mr. Fisher: Second.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: This gavel I should have called to your attention
+before. It is called to your attention at the end of our program, and so
+you know its story. The other one that has been used in our past
+meetings was sent to me by Mr. Reed. It is "An Historical Gavel,
+Northern Nut Growers Association." I understand from Mr. Reed that this
+was a piece of wood sent to Mr. Littlepage and turned by him and made
+into a gavel, and this little metallic name plate sunk in by Mr.
+Littlepage, who is one of the very early members of our association. So
+we have two historic gavels. Rather interesting, I think.
+
+One other matter. The question has come up in view of the fact that the
+next annual report will be larger than normal and also in view of the
+fact that the membership dues have been raised to $3.00, whether it
+should not be wise and fitting to charge $3.00 for the coming 1948
+report instead of the old price of $2.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: $2.00 is the current price for the last two issues of the
+report to non-members. If that is allowed to continue the man who
+purchases a report without becoming a member will get it for one-third
+less than the members do.
+
+President Davidson: What is your wish?
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. President, I say that they should not be given any more
+preference than the members, so let them pay $3.00 like the rest of us.
+I make it in the form of a motion.
+
+A Member: Second.
+
+President Davidson: Moved and seconded that the charge for the
+forth-coming report of this Association be made $3.00 to non-members. Of
+course, that report goes to all members, as you know. Are there any
+remarks on this motion?
+
+Mr. Slate: Mr. President, what about the matter of supplying reports to
+libraries? In the past we supplied libraries at $1.00 a copy. I don't
+know whether Mr. McDaniel has had any special requests.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I haven't had any orders from libraries during the past
+year.
+
+President Davidson: Shall we make a difference for libraries? What is
+your feeling?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, if we have had a differential before I
+think that might be continued. I will propose a motion that libraries be
+allowed to purchase the proceedings for $2.00.
+
+President Davidson: Do you make that in the form of an amendment?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Yes.
+
+Mr. Weber: I accept that amendment.
+
+A Member: It meets the second's approval.
+
+President Davidson: The motion is then that a charge for the
+forth-coming report shall be $3.00 to non-members, except that the
+charge shall be $2.00 to libraries and similar organizations, if that is
+satisfactory.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I have a report to read, as follows:
+
+
++Report of the Auditing Committee+
+
+The Auditing Committee has examined the records of our treasurer, D. C.
+Snyder, for the fiscal year just closed and has found them correct as
+reported and commends him for his excellent service to our Association.
+[Signed] R. P. Allaman, Royal Oakes, _Auditing Committee_.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report. What will you do with it?
+
+A Member: I move that the report be accepted.
+
+A Member: Second.
+
+(A vote on the motion was taken, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President, members of the Association: Most of the
+thunder that the Resolutions Committee had has been taken care of either
+tonight or at various meetings that we have had. These resolutions have
+been rather spontaneous at these meetings. However, the Resolutions
+Committee, for a matter of record, does make the following report:
+
+
++Report of the Resolutions Committee+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association in its annual meeting assembled at
+Norris, Tennessee, September 13th to 15th, 1948, adopts the following
+resolutions:
+
+That, our sincere thanks be extended to Mr. George F. Gant, General
+Manager of Tennessee Valley Authority, the members of his staff,
+especially to Mr. Willis G. Baker, Director of the Division of Forest
+Relations, Mr. Spencer Chase, Mr. Thomas G. Zarger, and others, for the
+courtesies extended and for making-the necessary arrangements for
+holding the meetings and caring for the needs of those in attendance.
+
+That we extend thanks and appreciation to Mrs. Willis G. Baker and the
+other ladies of her committee who provided and served the refreshments
+on Sunday evening and assisted in arrangements for the banquet.
+
+That we extend thanks to Mr. Spencer Chase and the other members of the
+committee for the very interesting and instructive program.
+
+May we extend our thanks to those who presented papers and otherwise
+took part in the program.
+
+We greatly appreciate the very fine work being done by our Secretary, J.
+C. McDaniel. _Resolutions Committee_, Stoke, Silvis, Sterling Smith, and
+Crane.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard this report, and I think it is well
+that we have had it in the form so that it could be a part of our
+record. What will you do with it?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Move the acceptance of the report.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Second.
+
+(Vote taken on motion, carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: I have here a telegram that I should like to read to
+you, and this is the way it is worded: "Your generously worded telegram
+is greatly appreciated. I am grateful beyond all words. My greetings to
+everyone present tonight. C. A. Reed." We are glad to have the word from
+Mr. Reed.
+
+Our business meeting is now adjourned.
+
+(Whereupon, the program and business sessions of the Thirty-ninth Annual
+Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association were closed.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(On September 15, the members were conducted on a tour of the nursery,
+arboretum, and experimental nut plantings of the Tennessee Valley
+Authority near Norris.)
+
+
+
+
+Odds and Ends
+
+DR. W. C. DEMING, West Hartford, Connecticut
+
+
+I would like to suggest, especially to the younger members of the
+association, three horticultural projects that I believe promise to be
+of importance, and on which nobody that I know of is doing any work.
+Only one of these projects has to do with a nut.
+
+1. Utterly neglected and wasted, the fruit of the horsechestnut or
+buckeye, "said, to have been formerly used as food or medicine for
+horses," still might become an abundant food for animals, and perhaps
+for man, if a way could be found to deprive it of its disagreeable
+bitter taste and reputed, probably exaggerated, poisonous quality.[31]
+
+There is one late flowering horsechestnut, _Aesculus parviflora_, a
+dwarf species from the Southeast, and commonly seen in Connecticut as an
+ornamental on lawns, which bears a nut entirely free from bitterness,
+and is sometimes known as the edible horsechestnut. The possibilities in
+crossing this with the bitter horsechestnut tree species are evident and
+fascinating. [Several hybrid horsechestnuts are cultivated, but none of
+these apparently involves any _A. parviflora_ parentage.--Ed.]
+
+2. In temperate zones there are, so far as I have learned, no
+_perennial_ legumes the seeds of which are used as food. All our
+immensely valuable edible leguminous seed crops are annually planted.
+The only exception I think of is the honeylocust, the pods of which,
+under favorable conditions, are sometimes used as fodder for horses and
+cattle. But there are thousands of leguminous plants and trees, many of
+them hardy. I mention the herbaceous _Baptisia australis_, several hardy
+perennial peas, such as _Lathyrus sylvestria_, _L. maritimus_ etc.,
+_Caragrana_ the pea tree, and species of _Robinia_, _Cercis_;
+_Cymocladus_ and _Wistaria_. A collection of these, with as many more as
+one might wish, would be a fascinating group in which to spend hours
+with brush and forceps.
+
+3. All over America thousands of "tired business men," and school boys
+who ought to be tending to their baseball, have to spend weekends and
+holidays pushing lawn-mowers. If an acceptable ground cover could be
+found that would have to be mowed only half as often, or one quarter as
+often, or maybe only once a year, or even (glory be) not at all, what a
+saving of time it would be for good healthy sport and non-depressing
+exercise.
+
+There are many promising plants. _Pachysandra_ and _Vinca_, don't quite
+fill the bill but have their good points, such as growing in the shade.
+There is a little round-leafed plant common in Florida and, apparently,
+found in the north. There are many plants that could be grown
+experimentally in patches a yard square. Why have we so tamely limited
+ourselves to grasses and clover? What a chance for a man to immortalize
+himself by discovering variants for grasses and clover for lawns and
+thus become a benefactor to millions of lawn-mower slaves!
+
+[Footnote 31: (_See letter from the American Medical Association on next
+page.--Ed._)]
+
+   COUNCIL ON PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
+
+   of the
+
+   AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
+   Office of the Secretary,
+   535 N. Dearborn Street, Chicago 10, Illinois
+
+   January 5, 1949
+
+   Doctor W. C. Deming
+   31 South Highland Street
+   West Hartford, Connecticut
+
+   Dear Doctor Deming:
+
+This is in reply to your inquiry of December 28, 1948, regarding the
+toxicity of horse chestnuts.
+
+All six of the species of Aesculus which are native to the United States
+have been reported as poisonous, but specific references in the
+literature are infrequent. The species Aesculus hippocastanum has been
+studied and has been found to contain saponin, tannin, and the
+glycoside, esculin. Esculin is used in patent remedies in the form of
+ointments and pastes to protect the skin from sunburn. The saponin seems
+to be the toxic component.
+
+Fruit of the horse chestnut is rich in starch and oil and is a _valuable
+food for livestock_. The bitter taste of the nut is removed by alcohol
+extraction which removes the saponin, thus rendering the nut harmless.
+Certain domestic animals, however, seem to be able to eat the untreated
+nut without suffering ill effects. [_Italics are by Dr. Deming.--Ed._]
+
+Most of the saponins are markedly irritant to the mucous membranes. They
+have an acrid taste and provoke a flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting and
+diarrhea. If injected directly into the circulation they produce
+hemolysis, diuresis and direct actions on the central nervous system
+which may be rapidly fatal. Absorption after oral administration is so
+poor that saponins produce only local effects. The toxicity of various
+saponins is ten to a thousand times higher by vein than by mouth and is
+generally proportional to the hemolytic action. Some saponins have a
+different toxicity for different species.
+
+In experiments with rats Hindemith found that the saponin from Aesculus
+hippocastanum is not toxic in daily oral doses of 87.5 mg. per kg.
+Nonhemolytic doses injected intravenously in cats have no effect on
+respiration or blood pressure; hemolytic doses produce a sudden drop in
+pressure owing to liberation of potassium from the _erythrocytes_. The
+saponin increases the activity of the isolated frog heart, then stops it
+in systole. In frog nerve muscle preparations of this saponin reversibly
+interrupt stimulus transmission; recovery occurs upon washing.
+
+For a general review of the literature you are referred to Bull. Sc.
+Pharmacol. 47:290 (November-December) 1940, which is available at the
+New York Academy of Medicine Library, 2 East 103rd Street, New York
+City.
+
+   Sincerely yours,
+
+   [Signed]
+   BERNARD E. CONLEY, R. Ph.
+   Administrative Assistant.
+
+   BEC:nr
+
+
+
+
+The Birth of a New Walnut Cracker
+
+B. H. THOMPSON
+
+
+The home of the Thompson walnut cracker is the home of the maker, on the
+farm, five and a half miles northwest of Harrisonburg, in the Shenandoah
+Valley of Virginia. I live in the upland area, 1,500 to 1,700 feet up in
+the hills.
+
+A man once said he killed two birds with one stone. I went him one
+better in one instance. I went to the back end of the farm and picked up
+all the walnuts and placed them on a pile, not too far from the house.
+Then the squirrels came to help themselves. I got all the squirrels I
+wanted to eat and those that got away retreated so fast they dropped
+their walnut. Then I cracked what walnuts were left for cakes and candy,
+which we all enjoy so much.
+
+It was while cracking these nuts with a hammer that the thought came to
+me: Why should there not be a faster and better way to crack nuts? Later
+I happened to see a walnut cracker made by a blacksmith which did a very
+good job of cracking, but was entirely too slow for me.
+
+Being mechanically inclined, I have always entertained a desire to
+invent something worth while. I set out to perfect a cracker that would
+be fool-proof, easy to work, fast, simple, and strong enough to last a
+lifetime. This I accomplished in the Model 6. Before reaching this
+point, I had designed and tested five different models, made five
+different ways, to see which would be best. They all worked, some good,
+some I did not like so well. It was discouraging at times but something
+seemed to tell me I had the right principle.
+
+This No. 6 walnut cracker is a success, now in its 11th season and going
+stronger all the time. You will find it in 37 states, from Florida to
+Washington State, from New Hampshire to California, from Minnesota to
+Texas.
+
+Most of the crackers are sent by mail, and some of the customers mention
+the fact that they are members of the N.N.G.A. Others do not have trees
+on their premises, but collect walnuts by the roadside. One I know of
+has 2,000 walnut trees on his 1,200 acre farm.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing of Black Walnuts in Arkansas
+
+T. A. WINKLEMAN, Rogers, Arkansas
+
+
+The Benton County Produce Company has been in the walnut business for 38
+years. For the first few years we dealt only in hulled nuts, shipping
+carloads of them to Omaha, Chicago, several points in Nebraska, and the
+West Coast. About twenty years ago, as I recall, there was a large
+cracking plant at Kansas City and we shipped several carloads there.
+
+Eventually we began to receive small orders for kernels. We filled them
+and the number of orders increased. This led us finally to the decision
+that we should get out of the hulled nut business and sell only kernels,
+and with few exceptions, that's what we have been doing for the past 25
+years. During this time the production of kernels throughout the walnut
+region has gone up tremendously. As you know, many plants using
+mechanical cracking machines have become established. We have stuck to
+hand-operated crackers; but even so, we were able one year to turn out
+13,000 pounds of kernels. At present we ship kernels to practically
+every state in the Union.
+
+Millions of pounds of walnuts are available from Arkansas, Missouri and
+Tennessee. Here the walnut tree seems to make its best growth. It has
+been our experience that the better nuts come from upland trees. Those
+produced in the bottomlands along the larger streams lack the rich
+flavor typical of those coming from higher elevations. This means we get
+our best nuts from the Ozarks in northern Arkansas and southern
+Missouri. So far, few walnut trees are grown commercially. Practically
+all of the nuts come from wild trees. But recently there seems to be a
+trend toward planting grafted walnut trees and grafting native seedlings
+to improved varieties. The nurseries in this area now have walnut
+seedlings for sale and some landowners are setting out considerable
+acreages. It seems like a good investment. The trees grow fast, bear
+nuts at an early age, and eventually yield additional income in the form
+of logs. We believe walnut offers better prospects for commercial
+production than pecan, owing mainly to the value of the walnut wood for
+cabinet uses.
+
+Not much has been done here with improved varieties. There are some
+Thomas trees in the region and they yield very well. You get about 20
+pounds of kernels from 100 pounds of hulled Thomas nuts as against an
+average of 12 pounds from our wild native nuts. We anticipate that
+within three or four years the Thomas will attain commercial importance
+here. In my opinion, however, _Thomas kernels do not have the flavor
+that the wild nuts have_; the percentage of oil seems to be less. I have
+also been told that wood from the Thomas trees has little value in the
+furniture trade. Why this should be true, or whether it is true, I don't
+know.
+
+Shells are a problem with us as they are with most concerns in the
+walnut cracking business. We sent some samples to Iowa State College for
+testing and got a pretty favorable report. If available in sufficient
+quantity, the shells apparently can be used for gas production, oils and
+for other purposes.
+
+Walnut in this region has few enemies; but one, the walnut _Datana_
+caterpillar, does considerable damage. We need federal or state aid in
+controlling this dangerous pest.
+
+
+
+
+Further Notes on Nut Tree Guards for Pasture Plantings
+
+OLIVER D. DILLER, project Supervisor, Hillculture Research, Soil
+Conservation Service, Wooster, Ohio
+
+
+In an article entitled, "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," which appeared in
+the 37th annual report of the Northern Nut Growers Association[32], the
+writer called attention to the advantages of nut trees planted in fence
+rows and in the interior of permanent pastures and the need for a more
+satisfactory cattle guard to protect the trees during their period of
+establishment.
+
+[Illustration: Nut Easy Tree to Guard Install]
+
+The writer has for several years studied various types of cattle guards
+and in 1946 suggested the possible use of an electric guard along
+permanent fence lines. This set-up worked fairly well during the first
+growing season, but it was found that a considerable amount of
+maintenance is necessary and therefore electric guards may not be
+practicable over a period of years.
+
+During the summer of 1947 a prominent wire fence manufacturing company
+was contacted concerning the availability of a welded wire fabric which
+might be used as a substantial yet economical tree guard. The company
+made available for test purposes two 150-foot rolls 72 inches high. One
+roll was galvanized, 11 gauge wire, with 2 x 4 inch staves, while the
+other was ungalvanized 10 gauge, with 4 x 4 inch spacing between the
+staves. These rolls were cut into lengths of 13.7 feet, resulting in a
+circular guard 4.36 feet in diameter (shown in picture). The guards were
+installed along a permanent fence on the pasture research farm of the
+Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster during the summer of
+1947. Observations made during July, 1948, indicate that these guards
+have not been damaged in any way by the dairy cattle on this farm during
+the current season, and that the trees are being adequately protected.
+No guards have as yet been installed in the interior of the pasture, but
+it would seem that only one standard fence post would be required to
+support such a guard.
+
+The wire company was not able to give the exact cost of this material to
+the farmer, but suggested a quotation of $3.90 per hundred square feet
+for the galvanized wire, 2 x 4 inch spacing, 11 gauge, as compared to
+$3.00 per hundred square feet for the ungalvanized wire, 4 x 4 inch
+spacing, 10 gauge.
+
+Assuming that the ungalvanized wire would serve the purpose for a
+period of ten years, the cost would be approximately $2.50 per guard if
+it were attached to a line fence; If placed in the interior of a field,
+the cost of a standard fence post would have to be added. While this
+cost may appear to be rather high, it is believed that it will compare
+favorably with another type guard which will provide equal service. The
+chief advantages of this guard seem to be its apparent sturdiness and
+ease of installation.
+
+[Footnote 32: Diller, O. D. "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," Northern Nut
+Growers Association, Inc., 37th Annual Report. 1946, pp. 62-64.]
+
+
+
+A Pecan Orchard in Gloucester County, Virginia
+
+MRS. SELINA L. HOPKINS, River's Edge Flower Farm, Nuttall, Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Reed has asked me to tell you of our experience with pecans in
+Gloucester County, very near Chesapeake Bay, on North River, a tidewater
+estuary of Mobjack Bay. Our house is about 20 feet from the shore, so we
+call it "River's Edge," which describes it very well. The pecan trees
+are on the lawn, in the barnyard, and in an adjoining field.
+
+The orchard was planted by my late husband about 1915. The trees came
+from at least two nurseries as there are two distinct sets of varieties.
+There are eight varieties from the North and eight from the South. Of
+the northern sorts there are Busseron, Butterick, Indiana, Kentucky,
+Major, Niblack, Posey, and Warrick. These came from the nursery of R. L.
+McCoy, Lake, Spencer County, Indiana.
+
+The southern varieties are Delmas, Frotscher, Georgia (Georgia Giant),
+Hale, Schley, Stuart, Teche, and Van Deman. Hale trees have been the
+slowest to come into bearing, and there are several which appear to be
+Hale which are not yet in fruit.
+
+
++Nut Crops Scanty+
+
+The trees near the house, both on the lawn and in the barnyard are set
+irregularly but those in the orchard are in rows, 65 feet each way. They
+are beautiful in appearance, being from 40 to 55 feet tall, and are very
+healthy.
+
+However, they do not bear well. We had a pretty good crop in 1943, about
+500 pounds, which we sold for 30 and 35 cents per pound. Since then we
+have had very few nuts, as the flowers have evidently been killed each
+year by frost.
+
+Most of the nuts we have had have come from trees near the river, where
+the air is tempered by salt air coming in at high tide. At this writing,
+early August, there seems to be more nuts than at any time since 1943.
+There was no frost that I could detect after the trees flowered, but
+there are few nuts on the trees farthest from the river.
+
+The fruit trees back in the county, on what we call "the highlands,"
+have no fruit this year. Apparently our northern varieties of pecan do
+not stand the cold any better than the southern sorts. In the last few
+years, there have been more nuts of the southern varieties. I suppose
+the flowers of the northern varieties came out at a time when they were
+more easily frozen.
+
+We have several trees that are evidently seedlings, as they grew up from
+the ground after the tops died, They usually bear well, producing sweet
+nuts, well-flavored but small.
+
+We have six Persian walnuts that have had only about ten nuts in all
+these years. One tree has a black walnut coming up from the root on
+which it was grafted. It is of the same size as the Persian top. Two
+years ago, this tree had about 30 nuts on the Persian side and 50 on the
+black. It is not easily accessible and I have not been to it this year.
+
+
++Behavior of Pecans+
+
+The Posey trees are in an east-west row about one-third the distance
+from the north end of the orchard. Most of the Major and Busseron trees
+are farther south, some as much as 200 yards. A few trees of both
+varieties are directly south, within 100 yards, while others are the
+same distance away off and some farther southwest. It is stated in a
+recent bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Extension Service that
+Posey is needed to pollinate Busseron and Major.
+
+Since reading the bulletin, I have been thinking of our crops in the
+past. I remember that trees of these two varieties farthest from the
+Posey, do not bear as well. Until now, I have attributed this to the
+fact that the soil was less fertile and the trees are smaller and less
+vigorous. Also the trees are farther from the frost-tempering river. I
+am not sure yet that this is not the reason.
+
+We are not alone in our experience of an uncertain crop, as other pecan
+growers in the county tell the same tale. There are a number of large
+old trees in this general section of Virginia, as well as a good many
+seedlings. In addition, there are native, bitter, large-growing water
+hickory (_Carya aquatica_), which is not uncommon in lowlands. (These
+hybridize freely with true pecans, producing beautiful trees but
+astringent nuts. Ed.)
+
+One of the largest orchards was set out a few years before ours, by the
+late Dr. Wm. C. Stubbs, on a farm that had been in his family for many
+generations. It is on York River, about 15 miles from our place. It was
+he who encouraged my husband to set out our orchard. Dr. Stubbs was for
+many years Director of the Louisiana Experiment Station near New
+Orleans. He spent his summers at his old home. His trees were probably
+the best started and cared for during his life, as he knew how to do it.
+I drove to see the farm recently, and talked with the present owner, who
+bought it in 1942. The next year, when I also had my good crop, he
+nearly paid for the place with proceeds from the nuts.
+
+However, like ourselves, he has had practically no nuts since, and is so
+much discouraged that he plans to take out some of the trees. The
+varieties there are mostly Moneymaker, Schley and Success. The same
+varieties are also in a small orchard of another neighbor, who reports
+that Success does best. The trees owned at one time by Dr. Stubbs seem
+not to be cultivated at all, but are grazed and mowed, and the orchard
+is now rather a tangle of briers and weeds.
+
+
++We Grow Bulbs with Pecans+
+
+As this is primarily a daffodil farm, and the trees have the best land,
+it is also used for bulb growing. The daffodils are a much surer crop
+with us than pecans. We sell both flowers and bulbs. The season for
+daffodils is in March and April which is well ahead of the pecans. The
+pecans do not leaf out early enough to shade the daffodils, and I can't
+see that they injure them in any way except in very dry years. Bulbs
+near the trees do just as well as those in the open field and sometimes
+bloom earlier.
+
+All cultivation and fertilization that the trees get is what is accorded
+the bulbs. As soon as the season is ended for bulbs, we begin
+cultivating. We go over the bulbs about three times before the tops die
+back to the ground, in late May. In late July, we mow the weeds, which
+are high by that time. We frequently mow again later in the fall. We
+take up the bulbs every two or three years in June, cure them in trays
+in airy buildings, grade them, sell some, and replant what we need to
+keep up our supply. When a plot is dug, we plant it with soybeans, turn
+them under in late summer and replant with a winter cover crop, rye or
+clover usually. That crop is turned under the following late April when
+the rye is usually waist high. We replant again with beans which are
+turned under in July.
+
+If we think the soil needs more humus, we repeat the process another
+year. During this rotation we apply 0-14-7 at least twice, usually with
+the first two plantings. The land is limed only at long intervals, as
+daffodils like a soil rather on the acid side. Of course, during this
+cultivation and planting, we plow rather close to the trees, within
+about four feet, and sometimes cut the roots. You may well think that
+this accounts for their not bearing well, but in this neighborhood there
+is the same story with trees that are not plowed around. I have wondered
+at times if they are not too near salt water, and maybe the roots go
+down to water, yet the trees nearest the river bear best. We have a
+Teche tree only about 20 feet from high tide line, and it is our surest
+bearer, having never missed a crop.
+
+Our only varieties that scab to any extent are the one Georgia and the
+two trees of Delmas, but the man on Dr. Stubbs' place says that both
+varieties scab although I forgot to ask which variety was worst. (Delmas
+is one of worst scabbing varieties in the South.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+Indiana Nut Shows Have Educational Value
+
+W. B. WARD, Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
+
+
+A few days ago I had a letter from Professor George L. Slate, of the
+Geneva station, requesting that I send you some information concerning
+our recent nut shows and a couple of pictures to be used in the current
+report.
+
+I am enclosing two pictures--one showing a display of hicans, shellbark,
+shagbark, bitternut, mockernut hickories and in the background a few of
+the miscellaneous sorts, while the other picture shows mostly the black
+walnuts. (Latter picture printed on next page.--Ed.)
+
+If you will note in the pictures, we have used a saw and cut the nuts in
+two for display purposes. This has been one means of classifying the
+seedlings to find out whether or not they were worthy of further
+propagation, although this alone was not the final classification. It
+was rather surprising to the number of visitors we have had at our shows
+to see the difference in the interior of the nut and believe me it has
+done a lot toward the education of the people when it comes to locating
+some of the better seedlings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The purpose of the nut program in the state of Indiana was for the
+betterment of native nuts and we were in hopes that we could find some
+very promising seedlings that would be worthy of further work. With the
+cooperation of the Indiana Horticultural Society and the Student
+Horticultural Show here at the University, we have had this nut show for
+the past six or eight years. Sometimes it has been in competition, other
+times it has been mostly for display. The show served the purpose which
+we had in mind for thus we have located some very nice walnuts, hickory
+nuts and a few good seedling pecans. After the show had been visited by
+some six to eight thousand annually for the past several years, we have
+further made displays at the annual meeting of the Indiana Horticultural
+Society in Indianapolis, at the A.P.S. meeting at St. Louis last winter
+and at the Indiana State Fair in 1948, with a display going to some of
+the other institutions--particularly to Oklahoma and Texas--for display
+at their state shows. A new collection was gathered by the students and
+the writer this year which, in part, will be displayed at the Indiana
+Horticultural Society meeting on January 19, 20 and 21 and another
+collection is being shown at Oklahoma A. & M. at this time. The nuts
+will be returned and placed in cold storage to be exhibited at the State
+Fair next fall and we have sufficient quantities on hand for individual
+displays as well as for collections.
+
+Each plate contains from 35 to 40 nuts of seedlings or named varieties
+and at our recent show we had 66 plates of hickory nuts and allied
+species. We had 41 plates of walnuts including some very fine Persian
+walnuts, 16 samples of filbert seedlings, 20 plates of miscellaneous and
+all told 141 different plates at our show which was held on November 5,
+6 and 7, 1948.
+
+Some of our best contributors have been such as Ferd Bolten, Linton,
+Indiana, who sent five good Persian walnuts and one excellent black
+walnut. Edward Smith, of Rochester, Indiana, and Henry Buit, of
+Lafayette, also have found some wonderful walnut seedlings. Donald Sly,
+Rockport, Indiana, has produced the best seedling filberts, about eight
+in number, and contributed a wonderful display of the McCallister hican.
+Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Proprietor of the Indiana Nut Nursery, has
+contributed largely to the collection of seedling and named varieties of
+hardy northern pecan while W. A. Owen, Poseyville, and Clem Seib,
+Owensville, have been consistent winners in the large shellbark
+hickories. O. W. Thompson, Owensville, and William Seng, of Jasper,
+contributed some large size thin-shelled shagbark hickories to our show.
+James Stall, of Brownstown, is a consistent winner in butternuts.
+
+Each year more interest is being shown in the planting of native nuts
+and some of our Persian walnuts are rather outstanding. Nolan Fateley,
+Franklin, Indiana, has a very fine seedling Persian walnut of large size
+which we are hoping to propagate. (A large Carpathian tree.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and Walnut
+
+CARL WESCHCKE, St. Paul, Minnesota
+
+
+Twenty-five years of practical study and living with the hickories ought
+to suffice to make a success in growing these trees for their delicious
+product. However, it is only in the twenty-eighth year of such work that
+I have made an important discovery about the particular hickory with
+which I have had the most success; I refer to the variety known as the
+Weschcke shagbark hickory.
+
+I began to graft such varieties as Beaver and Fairbanks
+(bitternut--shagbark hybrid) hickory on Wisconsin native bitternut
+hickory (_Carya cordiformis_) in 1920, and some grafts are doing very
+well at this time, 1948, but they are practically barren of fruit.
+Since then I have accumulated more varieties to test from many different
+sources, to continue the work down to the present day. During that time
+I noticed, but did not appreciate, the significance of the relationship
+of growth between scion and root system. True, I have been very
+cognizant of the so-called compatibility between stock and scion in the
+hickory family, and have written about this matter for publication
+several times, but I was then more concerned with the stock and scion
+living together in a harmonious state of existence and health without
+realizing that there was something else necessary to this relationship
+in order to promote heavy bearing.
+
+
++Experiments in Grafting Black Walnuts+
+
+Parallel to these early experiments, I was grafting in the same family
+as the hickories, known as the walnut, or _Juglandaceae_ family, using
+wild native butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) as a stock for grafting to
+such varieties as the Thomas, Ohio, Stabler and Ten Eyck black walnut
+(_J. nigra_). Some of these trees, so grafted, exist today, being more
+than 25 years old, and they have never borne more than a hatful of
+walnuts to a tree, even when they became large trees. Most of them are
+entirely barren year after year. I often remarked to persons who were
+interested in this phase of my work, that the black walnut was
+non-productive on the butternut root system, but it was very evident
+that there was not completecompatibility because the walnut scion
+greatly outgrew the butternut stock causing a marked difference in their
+trunk diameters just below and above the union. This great difference,
+the butternut being so much smaller, was no doubt the cause of a
+shortage of food supply elaborated through the bark circumference which
+limited the top to a mere growth of leaves, not leaving sufficient
+additional supply for the growth of fruit.
+
+My observation among the hickories, with which I did far more
+experimental work than with the walnuts, was beclouded by the fact that
+many successful, apparently compatible varieties, grew and throve on the
+native bitternut stock without bearing fruit, except for just a few nuts
+occasionally; and yet there was no apparent difference between the scion
+diameter and the trunk diameter, nothing like the overgrowth of the
+black walnut when grafted on butternut. So it took many years and a
+different growth phenomenon to open my eyes as to what was the trouble
+in getting hickories to bear on foreign root systems.
+
+The final solution of the problem was determined by my observation this
+year of grafted hickories of several sizes and ages were Weschcke
+shagbark (_C. ovata_)[33] scions and other hickory scions, such as
+Siers, Bridgewater, Deveaux, Beaver, and Fairbanks have been grafted on
+the same tree to act as pollinators for the Weschcke, which is devoid of
+pollen.[33] This year particularly, the difference in rate of growth
+between two varieties grafted on the same stock was very apparent; in
+every case all other varieties greatly exceeded the growth of the
+Weschcke hickory, but in many cases, only the Weschcke hickory had any
+nuts growing on the graft, and if there were any nuts on another graft,
+there were but a few. In practically all cases, the diameters of the
+scions of varieties of hickory other than the Weschcke were at least
+twice the diameters of the Weschcke grafts, and the growth of all
+varieties so grafted was healthy and vigorous and thoroughly compatible
+with the native bitternut hickory root system.
+
+Several years ago I had to trim some of these other varieties back in
+order to allow the Weschcke graft to get more growth because it was so
+backward in development that it looked as though it might be crowded out
+of existence. It never occurred to me in those years that it was the
+difference in rate of growth between the two varieties which was really
+responsible for the difference in the diameter of the scion growth, and
+not some accident of propagation. Now it is very apparent, from the many
+examples that I have about me, that the Weschcke hickory is about
+one-half as fast a grower as such varieties as Bridgewater, Deveaux,
+Laney, Siers, and many others. This, then, accounts for the heavy
+bearing of the Weschcke when it starts to bear on the bitternut roots,
+and it also explains the lack of bearing in such varieties as Beaver,
+Fairbanks, Laney, Siers, Pleas, Deveaux, Rockville, Green Bay, Hope
+pecan, Stanley shellbark, Platman, Kirtland, Glover, Barnes, and many
+others which are hardy and get along well with the native bitternut root
+system, some of them having lived more than fifteen years grafted in
+such combination. The Bridgewater is the only variety which bears a fair
+crop of nuts as compared to the prolific Weschcke, and is the pollinator
+for the Weschcke when used in orchard planting.
+
+[Footnote 33: See author's added remarks following.--Ed.]
+
+
++Are Pecan Stocks Desirable for Hickory Scions?+
+
+It would appear, therefore, that it is necessary for stocks to be at
+least as vigorous as the variety to which they are grafted, and to
+insure this it would seem to me that the northern pecan seeds, such as
+grow around Des Moines, Iowa, would be the proper seedling stock for
+almost any variety of hickory, as they outgrow bitternuts and shagbarks
+by quite a margin. I have only one Weschcke grafted on a pecan of this
+sort, and it makes much greater growth each year than does this variety
+grafted on the native bitternut stocks. However, it has not started to
+bear yet and the reason is that it is still very young, and is
+over-topped by plum brush and apple trees.
+
+Since it requires about ten years here for a native bitternut to acquire
+the proper size of one-half inch to three-quarter inch diameter, which
+is about the size necessary for grafting, you have some idea of how
+slowly this native species grows. The forest trees, of which there seem
+to be thousands on my property, very seldom exceed a diameter of six
+inches, yet they appear to be very old trees. Occasionally we find one
+that reaches the diameter of a foot or more, and generally it is one
+that is located where it has plenty of space to grow, as in open
+pasture. The tree is rather easy to graft to many varieties of
+hickories. No doubt if it were grown in large numbers, in the proper
+soil, the time for producing seedling stock ready for nursery
+propagation could be cut down. But it appears more likely that some
+northern pecan seed can be found which will produce a hardy understock
+to furnish a seedling of sufficient vigor and size for propagating
+purposes in five years or less.
+
+
++Records of Bearing+
+
+Our first successful grafting of Weschcke hickory on bitternut hickory
+(_Carya cordiformis_) was in 1927, but these grafts did not bear for
+about ten years. We know now that this was because there was a lack of
+pollen of the shagbark species to pollinate its blossoms. Now these
+trees are bearing profusely.
+
+The second batch of grafts from the original Weschcke hickory, which
+grew near Fayette, Iowa, was made in 1934. One mature nut from grafts
+made that spring was gathered from the ground in the same year, about
+October 1, 1934, but it had been partly consumed by a squirrel. From
+that year to the present, these grafted trees produced each year and
+never failed to mature some edible nuts up to and including this year,
+when there is a very large crop (6-1/2 bushels). This, then, is the 15th
+consecutive crop of nuts of which I have a record. During two years we
+had such early fall frosts that the nuts were a little shriveled and not
+fully mature, but still edible. In other years there were some light
+crops, but there never has been a crop failure in all this time. The
+variation in bearing is also due in part to several late frosts which in
+the spring in some years killed back all the foliage and newly expanding
+buds. Yet new dormant buds opened, some of which had flowers, and so
+carried on the unbroken bearing record.
+
+Last winter (1947-48) produced the most severe damage to exotic species
+of fruit and nut trees as well as ornamentals, including evergreens,
+ever recorded in this area; yet the grafted Weschcke hickory trees were
+so loaded down with nuts that I had to support the load by tying up
+branches to keep them off the ground. This tough winter caused almost
+every variety of apple tree to be barren, such as Wealthy, Northwestern
+Greening, Whitney Crab, Haralson and Malinda. Only two varieties,
+Lowland Raspberry and Hibernal, bore fair crops. Last winter killed
+outright (to the ground) most of my Thomas black walnuts, some of which
+were more than 25 years old, and damaged severely such other varieties
+as Ohio, Vandersloot, and Ten Eyck. The winter was responsible also for
+the killing of several seedling Chinese chestnuts which had survived ten
+years of our winters and yet others of these Chinese chestnuts are
+growing again from sprouts near the ground surface. The mulberries
+suffered greatly also, but in general the hickories of many varieties
+came through this winter, with very little damage, and most of them are
+bearing a few nuts. Even the wild hazels suffered differing amounts of
+damage and have only partial crops of nuts because of the effects of the
+winter.
+
+In conclusion, keep in mind that these experiments and tests have been
+conducted in severe climatic conditions in the 45th parallel at River
+Falls, Wisconsin, 35 miles east of St. Paul, Minnesota, and that out of
+more than fifty varieties of hickories and pecans and their hybrids
+tested, only these two, Bridgewater and Weschcke hickory, (both
+thin-shelled easy-cracking varieties), have succeeded to a point which
+can be classed as commercial; the writer can now recommend these two
+varieties for propagation by nursery firms capable of undertaking the
+propagation of hickory nut trees, the sale of which to the public is a
+foregone conclusion.
+
+_By request of the secretary, Mr. Weschcke sent the following additional
+information on the Weschcke hickory:_
+
+About ten years ago I noticed that there was no pollen coming from this
+tree and yet from the very beginning, even when there was no other
+pollen available except the wild hickory pollen from the _Carya
+cordiformis_, the Weschcke hickory produced nuts. Thinking that it was
+due to parthenogenesis I bagged clusters of pistillate blossoms, and
+although setting nuts they all dropped off which is typical of
+non-pollenization. I then bagged groups of pistillate blossoms which I
+pollinized with different available pollens of the _Carya ovata_ and
+these set nuts which started to grow, upon which I removed the bags.
+From this experiment I found that the Bridgewater did a very good job
+of pollenization and it became the tree that I considered as a
+compatible mate. Other trees that pollinate well are Kirkland, Deveaux
+and Glover; Beaver is not a good pollenizer and I have not experimented
+with Fairbanks to know whether it is satisfactory. The catkins grow
+vigorously on the Weschcke up to the time that the pollen sacs seem
+ready to open, then the catkin drops off. No pollen has ever matured
+that I know of. When dried from this state, they yield no pollen.
+
+I told Dr. J. W. McKay about this nearly seven years ago, and he asked
+for fresh samples of the catkins at different periods which I mailed to
+him in receptacles that he furnished. He wrote me a very nice treatise
+on this subject for inclusion in my book which I expected to be
+published at that time. The book was never published, however, since
+Orange Judd turned it down during the war for lack of paper as the
+excuse. I did not try any further to get it published, and since that
+time many new things should be added to the hazel hybrid chapter. Dr.
+McKay said that he is familiar with this action on the part of nut
+trees. I have felt that it was phenomenal since I have had no other such
+experience among all the nut trees with which I have experimented.
+However, this loss of pollen saves vitality apparently for the
+production of several times the pistillate bloom that I have seen on any
+other hickory with which I have worked and this apparently accounts for
+the prolificacy of the Weschcke when grafted on the native Wisconsin
+hickory. (Male-sterility occurs with chestnut and apple.--Ed.)
+
+At first I considered the Weschcke somewhat of a hybrid nut; later I
+changed my mind about it and considered it a pure shagbark. I have
+reversed my opinion again and consider the possibility of its being
+slightly hybrid with bitternut blood. The parent tree at Fayette, Iowa
+stood close to big bitternuts. The shell, being the thinnest of all
+hickories (known to me) leads me to suspect the hybridity with the
+bitternut. It is quite smooth and the ridges are less prominent than in
+almost any other hickory except such known hybrids as the Beaver. Its
+shape is oval to long and it is flat so that whenever you throw a
+handful down to a smooth surface they all assume the same position, and
+because of this they would no doubt lend themselves to commercial
+cracking as they would feed through the mechanism of a cracking machine
+exactly in the same order.
+
+I have not always had such a high opinion of this nut. Dr. Deming has
+letters from me which have a disparaging note, and although Dr. Deming
+considered it a valuable nut, he has letters from me in which I
+indicated that I was sorry that it was not productive and that it had
+such a small nut. Both these conditions changed with time and within
+twenty years this nut sometimes becomes one of the largest hickories of
+the cultivated varieties and its proficacy then probably depended on
+correct pollination which I was not aware of in the beginning.
+
+I hope you will pardon me for dwelling so on this hickory, but after
+working with hickories for nearly thirty years it certainly seems
+remarkable to me that we have such a productive variety that is hardy
+this far north and west, that is perfectly at home on the native hickory
+roots, and that matures its nuts from September 15 to October 1, is
+self-hulling, that has escaped the attack of all sorts of weevils that
+infest our native nuts. (I have never found one wormy Weschcke hickory
+nut although sometimes you find empty nuts.) This variety also escapes
+the spring frosts so that there have been fourteen consecutive years of
+bearing without interruption. The foliage is vigorous, has no diseases
+so far; the young branches are sometimes cut off by oak tree pruners or
+girdlers. This happens to many kinds of trees, including all the oaks,
+butternut, black walnut, all the hickories and even the chestnuts. When
+you take into consideration the fact, that no other hickory has such a
+fine record it makes me very enthusiastic over this variety in spite of
+the fact that it bears my name. Were you to classify this hickory from
+casual observation, you would think it is a pure shagbark, and it is
+only the extreme thinness of shell and the outside appearance pf the nut
+shell which indicates some slight hybridity.
+
+
+
+
+Progress with Nuts at Wolfeboro, New Hampshire
+
+MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+
+Inasmuch as I do not expect to be able to attend the thirty-ninth annual
+meeting, I thought I would report to you on the progress of my nut trees
+since my letter of a year ago.
+
+Last winter was a severe one in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (43° 36' north
+latitude.) We had more than the usual amount of snow, and although the
+temperature did not get down much lower than 25° below zero at my place,
+it remained cold for many days at a time without relief. This, and the
+fact that last fall was one of the driest seasons on record, plus the
+fact that this spring it rained almost continuously for more than a
+month, resulted in considerable damage to my nut trees.
+
+My Broadview Persian walnut graft suffered severe damage, with branches
+up to two inches in diameter being killed. Whether this was from frost
+or lack of moisture in the fall I do not know, but two Crath Persian
+walnuts, one of which is situated within fifty feet of the Broadview,
+suffered no apparent winter injury at all. Neither Broadview nor Crath
+bore any nuts this year, whereas last year the Broadview produced
+eighteen nuts.
+
+My Gellatly heartnut also suffered severe winter injury similar to the
+Broadview Persian walnut, and after it leafed out it looked as if a fire
+had gone through it because of the dead wood. However, it is bearing
+thirteen nuts this year.
+
+Strange to say, the black walnut trees did not suffer any winter injury
+(the Thomas, set out in the spring of 1939, having been injured in each
+previous winter), except that the Tasterite is barren of nuts this year
+against a pretty good crop last year. However, the Thomas is bearing a
+fair crop, but the nuts are smaller than usual.
+
+While my hickory trees appeared to suffer no winter injury, out of
+possibly two dozen that I have planted since 1939 I expect to have only
+three left. The number had dwindled to nine last year, and six of those
+I am afraid will be dead by the end of next year. These six had done
+well for six or seven years. The cause appears to be poor circulation
+through the graft union. This is unfortunate as I believe hickory trees
+will live and bear fruit in our climate.
+
+I had the usual experience with filberts and hazelnuts, namely that the
+catkins were, for the most part, Winter killed. There, are no nuts on
+Rush, Barcelona, Medium Long, or Red Lambert, and the Winkler bushes
+[self-fertile--Ed.] which bore heavily last year (although the nuts did
+not fully ripen), are bearing only a few nuts this year.
+
+Native butternut trees last year bore a heavy crop of nuts. This year,
+the crop is very light.
+
+As an experiment, I planted three Chinese chestnuts this spring:
+Abundance, Nanking, and a "straight line" seedling. Although I haven't
+much hope that they will survive many winters, I thought I would try
+them out.
+
+Several people have inquired about nut growing in New Hampshire, and I
+have sent them a resumé of my experiences.
+
+
+
+
+Breeding Chestnuts in the New York City Area
+
+ALFRED SZEGO, Jackson Heights, New York City
+
+[Part of a letter to the Secretary, October 27, 1948.]
+
+
+I am one of those members who have not been able to attend annual
+meetings. In the two or three years that I have been a member, I have
+derived great enjoyment from reading the annual reports and receiving
+information through your news bulletin.
+
+Therefore, when I received your improved bulletin, "The Nutshell," I
+felt that I and others like me should write and tell you how wonderful
+it is.
+
+There is much that I just want to "get off my chest." My past criticism
+was that the organization was a bit lethargic. But nut trees are _slow_
+in showing results, despite the nurserymen's attractive visions of
+quick, big harvests of nuts and even timber!!! This slow patience of the
+black walnut has determined the tempo of much of the membership.
+
+
++Chestnut Breeding Efforts+
+
+My main work is to attempt to breed two types of chestnuts: (1) One that
+is very productive with a low head and will bear nuts like the old
+American chestnut. (2) Another that will make a good timber stick. It is
+my theory that present chestnut breeders are crossing inferior material,
+using any specimens that happen to be in flower at the right time as
+long as they represent the species to be crossed.
+
+Suppose they intend to cross _C. crenata_ x _C. dentata_. An average
+Japanese chestnut is usually pollinated with flowers from a poor
+struggling sprout on the edge of the woods that has only one thing to
+recommend it. That is an early bearing characteristic which is inherent,
+but which, according to experiments and observations I have tediously
+carried out, _is not totally due to ringing by the blight_.
+
+The experiment takes place and a few hybrid nuts are produced. They are
+termed (_C. crenata_ x _C. dentata_). It is expected that the
+characteristics of the offspring will be somewhere between those of the
+two parents in blight resistance and nut size and quality. But what of
+the grandparents, the many ancestors of the American chestnut sprout
+that have not even the slight resistance of the sprout? Can they not
+express their characteristics and hand them, down to their
+grandchildren? And some individuals of _C. crenata_ are not reputed to
+be so highly blight resistant.
+
+Of course the scientists engaged in this work are men of the highest
+calibre and no doubt are aware of this, but it is extremely difficult to
+obtain, propagate, and care for named varieties of the finest
+individuals of each chestnut species.
+
+Apple, cherry, and other fruit breeders would not dream of crossing
+common scrub cull fruit trees and expect any degree of success.
+
+My first task when I began, three years ago, on my coppice growth 35 to
+40 year old hardwood forest, was to clear a little land and to begin
+planting different world species of _Castanea_.
+
+You would be astonished to find that it was impossible for me to obtain
+seed or trees, at the time, of _C. crenata_, _C. seguinii_, _C. pumila_,
+_C. henryi_ and _C. alnifolia_. I obtained some 24 seeds of _C.
+mollisima_ from Dr. A. H. Graves, for which I was grateful. At the time
+he didn't have a good crop, I think. Institutions and government
+agencies would not or did not like to release their newly developed
+hybrids for fear that I was a nurseryman or perhaps would sell them for
+"blight resistant" chestnuts, although they were not yet proven.
+
+
++Experiment at Pine Plains+
+
+By diligent search I managed to get a few trees and hybrids of _C.
+crenata_ and a variety (seedling of) called "Colossal." These thrived
+and survived about 30° below zero under deep snow at Pine Plains, New
+York. I also set out 2 bushes (_C. pumila_) obtained from Harlan P.
+Kelsey, East Boxford, Massachusetts. Dr. Graves' seed gave fair
+germination, and I now have seven nice young _mollisimas_ from 8" to 30"
+high. Of two three year old trees I obtained from a local nursery, one
+died (my fault) from not reducing the top, and the other died back to
+the ground from winterkill, but came back again as sprouts. I easily
+obtained seed of _C. sativa_, but the severe winter mowed the seedlings
+down and there are only two survivors. One is smaller this year than
+last but the other is about 14" high and making slow, straight growth.
+The _chinkapins_ are perfectly hardy and this year one of them made _3
+feet of growth_.
+
+I estimate that I have some 3,000 to 4,000 American chestnut sprouts
+that range anything from 1 to 18 feet in height. But more promising--I
+have a cluster of fine young seedlings that I have been caring for. All
+the woods were cleared away from them to give them plenty of light. They
+are watered by the old hand bucket method in dry spells. I report on
+them occasionally to Mr. G. F. Gravatt and Mr. Russell B. Clapper of the
+U.S.D.A. They are a faint ray of hope.
+
+Four of them are about from 18 to 20 feet tall. One is about 9 feet
+high. One blighted and died two years ago and was removed. Another
+blighted at the base and I cut the canker out, but I fear it's going.
+One branch is dead and was removed. The others developed strong blight
+resistance. Small cankers formed on the lower branches but did not make
+headway. I cut some of these out and the trees healed nicely. As the
+trees become older, their resistance diminishes and the proof lies
+ahead. One tree that I labeled No. 1 has about two dozen, well healed
+_Endothia_ scars already. The trees have not bloomed for me yet but I
+may have some results soon. I intend to cross this clonal group with the
+following:
+
+1. With _C. seguinii_ for greater blight resistance and productivity.
+
+2. With _C. mollisima_ (var. Abundance) for blight resistance, fine nuts
+of medium size, and a good timber stick with good vigor.
+
+3. With large Japanese like Austin, and their hybrids like "Colossal,"
+for a medium size nut of fair quality and highly prolific for the
+general market for a cooking or roasting chestnut.
+
+Though many people dislike the Japanese chestnuts, they are at least
+productive and hardy (at my place). Their chief attribute is their
+possibility as food for stock and wildlife. Some of the same people who
+dislike them (among nurserymen) recommend planting oaks which certainly
+do not compare with _C. crenata_. When a very "sweet" acorn is found it
+is proclaimed to be "as good as Japanese chestnut."
+
+The Chinese chestnut has its faults here. It is not very thrifty in
+growth here and as a rule doesn't bear until late. It is not very
+productive and the nuts spoil easily. I have since planted much seed
+from the south and it often doesn't even get here in a viable condition.
+
+
++Assistance from Beltsville+
+
+My work has lately been facilitated by Mr. Gravatt and Mr. Clapper. I
+visited them at Beltsville and Mr. Clapper personally toured the orchard
+with me at Glenn Dale, showing me the kind of helpful courtesy that one
+never forgets and that is a tribute to these men.
+
+Some promising material was given to me which will greatly facilitate my
+work. Mr. Gravatt suggested the use of "Ammate" as an experiment to
+poison trees that interfere with any American chestnut growth I wish to
+save. The experiment is intended to eliminate the resulting sprouts that
+accompany girdling. Incidentally, part of the experiment is to attempt
+to give light and cultivation and fertilizer to 100 native chestnut
+sprouts in a four acre area.
+
+I have some information on American chestnut sprouts that may be of
+interest to the membership. In an endeavor to locate the best American
+material, I have been combing the woods and thickets on Long Island, in
+New Jersey, Connecticut, and parts of Dutchess County, New York (the
+latter not extensively). Many thousands of sprouts were examined to
+discover the following:
+
+_Their present status._
+
+1. Sprouts occur almost always in woodlands.
+
+2. They reach their greatest height and are most luxuriant at the edge
+of woodlands or in clearings therein.
+
+3. They rarely exceed 15 feet in height and reach a diameter of about
+three inches.
+
+4. One in many hundreds, and only where there is light in abundance,
+will bear flowers.
+
+5. One in many thousands bears female or pistillate flowers which
+sometimes produce "blind" or empty nuts. [Unpollinated--ED.]
+
+6. Rarely, indeed very rarely, are two flowering trees close enough to
+produce viable seed.
+
+7. There are a few seedlings that are single stem upright trees (no old
+stump in evidence) that reach up to 20 and rarely 25 or 30 feet in
+height with a diameter of 6" or so.
+
+(Mr. R. B. Clapper thinks it is probably due to the absence of an old,
+infected stump that this greater height is reached.)
+
+8. Ringing by the blight does not necessarily force the flowers and
+nuts. The woodlands abound with chestnut sprouts in all stages of
+girdling without pollen or fruit.
+
+When I have my trees in bearing, I will be glad to furnish pollen and
+nuts from them to anyone that pursues the important work of trying to
+improve what I consider the most promising nut tree we yet know.
+
+
+
+
+Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and Winter
+of 1947-48
+
+L. H. MacDANIELS and DAMON BOYNTON, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+
+The winter of 1947-48 caused more damage to nut trees at Ithaca, New
+York, than any since 1933-34. It was a combination of a series of early
+freezes followed by sub-zero temperature in mid-winter. Apparently the
+most injury was done by the fall freezes. These occurred on September
+25, 26, and 27. On each successive night the temperature dropped lower
+than the preceding, and on September 27 was around 20°F. There was
+considerable variation in temperature related to exposure, air drainage
+conditions, and other factors.
+
+On West Hill in Ithaca the minimum temperature recorded on September 27
+was 23°F. Injury to leaves and nuts was severe. Within a few days the
+leaves had shrivelled and dried on the trees. It was apparent that this
+early freeze came before the abscission layers were formed in the leaf
+bases or growth matured. Ordinarily, a hard freeze late in the season
+will cause the trees to drop the leaves the next day. The nuts on the
+trees were frozen solid and mostly turned black within a few days and
+began to shrivel. Development was stopped, with the result that the nuts
+on all varieties were very poorly filled. The cavities appeared on first
+cracking to be full of kernel, but on drying these shrunk so that they
+were practically valueless. Some of the nuts were planted in a nursery
+row in the fall and germinated fairly early, showing viable embryos in
+spite of arrested development.
+
+During the winter the temperature fell to -25°F, a temperature which
+ordinarily would not damage black walnuts seriously. It is impossible to
+separate the effect of the low winter temperatures from that of the
+early freeze in September. In this location the net result of the early
+freeze and the severe winter was to kill vigorously growing grafts on
+the walnut trees. Also the cambium in the main crotches of a Stambaugh
+tree with a trunk about 14 inches in diameter was killed. This tree was
+destroyed in a windstorm in August, 1948, but it is not clear that the
+breakage was related to the winter killing in 1947-48. None of the trees
+now has a good crop, which may be or may not be related to the frost in
+the fall. It is entirely possible that failure to form blossom buds is
+caused either by killing of bud primordia or more likely by depletion of
+carbohydrate reserves due to the loss of leaves in early fall.
+
+One seedling of Carpathian walnut was not damaged seriously except for
+some slight terminal twig killing. Another tree, however, had most of
+the smaller branches killed. Hickories and chestnuts were apparently
+not seriously damaged but some seedlings of the Japanese walnut were
+killed to the ground.
+
+
++Walnut and Hickory Plantings+
+
+At the orchard of the Department of Pomology of Cornell University there
+is a large collection of walnut and hickory varieties and other nut
+trees. It is not known exactly what the temperatures were in this
+location but an exposed location half a mile distant had a minimum
+September temperature recorded of 24°F. and minimum winter temperature
+of -20°F. The planting in question is on two levels and on a hillside.
+The damage on the hillside and the upper level was relatively less than
+on the lowlands where apparently the air drainage was poor. Probably the
+temperature in the lowlands may have reached 20°F. in September and
+-25°F. in the winter. At any rate, the damage to the trees was much more
+severe than in the West Hill location where the temperature reached
+23°F. in September.
+
+Injury to the black walnut on the higher land and on the hillside was
+mostly the killing back of the twigs and smaller branches. On some
+trees, the petioles of last year's leaves were still attached to the
+dead twigs late the following summer, showing that the freeze occurred
+before the abscission layers had formed. The dozen or more varieties of
+black walnut on the higher land showed little difference between them
+except that the Elmer Myers showed somewhat greater injury. On the low
+ground, many varieties including Murphy, Edmunds, Benton, Ohio, Todd,
+and Stambaugh were killed to the ground or back to the main branches of
+the trunk. Of three Thomas trees, about 20 years old, one was killed
+outright, one severely injured, and the other injured only in the twigs.
+Apparently the difference in these three trees was related to the size
+of the crop on the trees, although no definite data are available on
+this point. Walnuts showing little or no injury were: Mintle and
+Tasterite. Neither of these had had a crop in 1947.
+
+Many of the varieties of hickory were injured as was the native
+bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. This injury consisted mostly of the
+killing back of the lower limbs and twigs with some varieties being
+killed outright. Killing of the lower limbs as compared with the tops of
+the trees is probably related to lower temperatures near the ground due
+to temperature inversion and possibly to the fact that the lower
+branches were somewhat weaker in their growth. This sort of injury is
+common with fruit trees.
+
+On the higher ground the Chinese chestnut trees planted some 20 years
+ago showed considerable injury. About 50% of them were killed and others
+were damaged in the lower branches. Chestnut trees in this planting had
+all survived the cold winter of 1933-34, with winter temperatures below
+-30°F., so that it is probable that the early freeze of September 27 was
+responsible for their death.
+
+Japanese walnut seedlings again showed great difference in hardiness,
+the more tender seedlings killing to the ground and others showing
+little damage.
+
+Northern pecans on higher ground showed severe damage, the killing
+extending to the trunk and larger limbs. The variety Burlington, which
+is a hybrid, pecan x shagbark, showed little injury.
+
+In a planting of several hundred seedling black walnut trees in another
+location the temperature on September 27 was probably around 18-20°F.
+About 20% of the trees were killed to the ground. These trees were
+growing under a sod mulch, were not overly vigorous, and for the most
+part had not come into fruiting.
+
+In the 1947-48 winter about half of the sweet cherries in the Pomology
+orchard were killed and peaches were severely injured. No injury was
+apparent on apple trees.
+
+Weather conditions such as occurred in 1947-48, though unusual, are to
+be expected occasionally in the latitude of Ithaca, and in fact
+throughout the northern states. Apparently the fall freeze was
+widespread as it was almost impossible to obtain any black walnuts that
+were of any value. Some of the specimens received from other sources
+obviously had been frozen. The possibility of such damage might well be
+a deterrent on planting black walnuts in any considerable acreage as a
+commercial venture in the north. The experience of the past year
+certainly emphasizes the fact that as yet our knowledge of varieties is
+incomplete and also that the Northern Nut Growers Association has much
+work to do in either locating or developing varieties of greater
+hardiness or with growth characteristics which provide early maturity
+and thus immunity from early frost damage.
+
+
+
+
+What Came Through the Hard Winter in Ontario
+
+GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario
+
+
+For winter killing of trees I refer you to the winter of 1947-48. I had
+a huge elm and a very tall white ash killed. A lot of black walnuts and
+heartnuts and some Persian (English) walnuts were killed back the length
+of last year's growth. Some Persian walnuts were killed to the ground
+while others were not even nipped off of a bud. Very strange to say, my
+best Persian walnut---whose shell is very thin, whose meats are very
+sweet and fat, the tree itself a fast grower, prolific and
+self-pollenizing--not only did not show a sign of trouble but actually
+had a crop of most excellent nuts. _These trees only_ will I distribute
+in future, as well as my two types of "Rumanian Giants." The Rumanian
+Giants did show a little winter killing of two or three inches of the
+tips and showed up poorly on the crop size.
+
+I find that all my Russian walnuts [_J. regia_, probably
+"Carpathian"--Ed.] run true to seed--no bitter nuts as from north China.
+They evidently planted the sweet nuts only, thus eliminating the bitter
+types; they knew and practiced no budding or grafting in [that part of]
+Russia. Astounding to say, filberts came through last winter in
+excellent shape, but the terrible, cold, late spring, froze all male
+blossoms but those of the "Jones Hybrid" types, which I have from seeds
+I sowed. These latter yielded a good crop of nuts as did Brixnut
+seedlings.
+
+Not a butternut on a tree nor a beechnut! Some black walnuts were loaded
+while others were quite empty.
+
+And so I predicted--last September--a mild, open winter with some cold
+days. [His prediction was good for his locality.--Ed.]
+
+My "Senator Pepper" hybrid (butternut x heartnut cross) had a crop but
+my "David Fairchild" had some empty and some full. My "Mitchell hybrid"
+had a good crop and, believe me, this nut is far away ahead of the
+Mitchell heartnut and up against the world for cracking out clean. It
+will equal an almond, and as for taste, it is so far ahead of a Brazil
+nut that the Brazil nut would rank D 3 beside it.
+
+I still believe in seed planting, even for speed of eventual growth.
+Last October I climbed up a black walnut tree I planted in mid-World War
+I. From the top of it I looked away down to the tops of electric power
+poles!
+
+
+
+
+Filberts Grow in Vermont
+
+JOSEPH N. COLLINS, R.F.D. No. 3, Putney, Vermont
+
+
+Fifteen years ago I set out a few hundred nut trees and bushes. The
+Chinese chestnuts are not doing very well, as they needed more attention
+than I could give them. Honeylocusts, in this climate, require more
+time. At present I can report only on seedling filberts. The seeds for
+these plants were collected from the four corners of the world. Some of
+the seedlings perished, lots of them were discarded as unworthy. At
+present I am setting out two acres of the ones that stood up well under
+the test.
+
+The filbert (_Corylus avellana_) is a bush 15 to 20 feet tall and the
+bushes should be planted 20 to 25 feet apart. It doesn't mind partial
+shade, requires no spraying and very little pruning. Like the red
+raspberry, it is easily propagated by suckers. Most of my bushes started
+producing when they were four years old and now in their fourteenth
+year, drop about 15 pounds of large fine nuts each September. They stand
+up well under the rigorous Vermont climate, at an elevation of 1,000
+feet. Knowing as much about their growing habits as I do, I believe that
+a steady winter with plenty of snow on the ground and a late spring that
+isn't fickle, is well suited for filbert growing in the Northeast. The
+need for wind protection and good air and water drainage cannot be
+over-emphasized.
+
+There are a few reasons why I should advise against growing filberts in
+tree fashion--with a single trunk, as they are mostly grown on the West
+Coast. The catkins of the filbert develop during the summer, lie dormant
+through the winter, and shed their pollen very early in the spring.
+Should the temperature fall as low as -35°F, the catkins winterkill. To
+overcome this shortcoming, I bend down and peg to the ground, in the
+late fall, a few slim shoots with dormant catkins, so that the snow, or
+some other mulching material supplied when there is insufficient snow,
+will cover and protect the catkins from winterkilling.
+
+By the end of March, after a stretch of fair weather, two tiny red
+tongues appear at the tips of some of the leaf buds. These are the
+pollen catching parts of the pistillate flowers. If the winter was kind,
+the filbert bushes will be a riot of golden catkins, shedding their
+pollen. If the catkins remain dormant when the pistillate flowers bloom,
+they have been winterkilled, and the bent down reserves have to be
+called up. These being protected during the winter, on being bent back
+to their original position, will come into bloom in a few days,
+pollenizing the waiting pistillate flowers. Bees eagerly seek this, one
+of the earliest pollens. The now fertilized flowers, which always stayed
+inside the buds, go back to sleep for about two months; they are safe
+from the "North Easter," from late freezes, or from snow. When filberts
+are grown naturally, that is with many shoots from the ground, it is
+easy to harvest them by shaking the slender shoots. I hand hoed my
+bushes for the first three years, and gave them a permanent mulch over
+the whole area, adding some material each year.
+
+I am inclined to believe that part of my success with filberts is due to
+mulching. In the middle of summer, I apply a 4" cover of low grade hay,
+and in the fall I again cover the ground with fallen leaves. Due to the
+ideal conditions thus created (optimum temperature and moisture) for
+soil bacteria and earthworms, this material is entirely digested. The
+mulching material almost disappears by the middle of the next summer,
+indicating vigorous biological activity. By this time a new layer of
+mulch is spread, completing the cycle. Late in the fall a load of manure
+is heaped in the middle of the plantation as an earthworm refuge. This
+heap is scattered early in the spring. Light applications of wood ashes
+and super-phosphate are given yearly, late in the fall.
+
+In conclusion, I wish to state that selected varieties of filbert nuts
+can be grown in the Northeast. Hybrids between the American and European
+filbert are good growers and producers, although I find that the flavor
+of the nut isn't as good as that of the pure _avellana_. I would advise
+the planting of a dozen bushes by each of a great number of persons
+further to prove the possibilities of growing this specific nut in the
+New England area, also to promote the idea of growing both feed and food
+on trees and bushes.
+
+
+
+
+Report of Necrology Committee
+
+C. E. SCHUSTER
+
+
+Carl E. Schuster, horticulturist with the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture stationed on the Oregon State College campus and generally
+recognized as the nation's foremost authority on filbert production,
+died February 6, 1948, in Corvallis as a result of a heart attack. At
+the time of his death, he was 58.
+
+Associated with the Northwest's growing nut industry for more than 30
+years, he was recognized for his outstanding contributions to filbert
+and walnut production. One of his first and most outstanding
+developments was related to the pollination requirements of filbert
+trees. After research proved the common commercial filbert variety, the
+Barcelona, was self-sterile, he recommended to filbert growers that they
+plant DuChilly, Daviana and White Aveline filbert trees with their
+Barcelona to insure complete pollination. Full crops resulted.
+
+
++Organized Summer Tours+
+
+For approximately 20 years prior to 1941, he served as
+secretary-treasurer of the Western Nut Growers Association. In this
+capacity he assisted in starting the summer tours which have been
+carried on continuously since. He helped guide the Association through
+its early years to a position of importance among the commodity groups
+of the state. In 1941, he was forced to relinquish his office as a
+result of the enactment of a federal regulation. At this time, he was
+given an honorary life membership in the Association.
+
+In recent years, he devoted major attention to orchard management with
+emphasis on fertilization and general nutrition needs of nut trees. In
+this work he co-operated with Dr. R. E. Stephenson at Oregon State
+College. Their outstanding development was in the field Of boron
+deficiency in walnuts.
+
+Walnut production of many orchards, they discovered, could be increased
+two and three fold by the addition of borax fertilizer. The presence of
+"snake heads" or sprouts in summer walnut growth and "die-back" or
+winter kill noticeable in some walnut trees during the winter months are
+now generally recognized as signs of boron deficiency.
+
+
++Wrote Many Nut Articles+
+
+Other work in walnuts proved that fertilizer applications can and do
+pay. Prior to this work with resulting fertilizer recommendations, many
+walnut growers had not made heavy enough applications on certain soil
+types and felt that fertilizers were not worthwhile in walnut
+production.
+
+Mr. Schuster was the author of many articles pertaining to nut culture.
+
+In the 10 years he was on the staff of the college horticulture
+department before entering federal service, he made an outstanding
+record in teaching and research. With other scientists he worked in
+developing a successful pollination program for cherries. This work was
+carried on after it was determined that the three leading cherry
+varieties, Royal Ann, Bing, and Lambert, were all self-sterile and
+intersterile.
+
+A native of Ohio, he came to Oregon in 1912 to attend Oregon State
+College after having completed two years at Ohio Wesleyan. He received a
+B.S. degree in agriculture in 1914 and two years later, 1916, received
+his master's degree.
+
+He joined the college staff three years later and remained until 1929,
+when he took the federal position he held until his death. He was a
+veteran of World War I, having served as an infantry second lieutenant.
+He was a member of Alpha Zeta Sigma Xi, and Gamma Sigma Delta honor
+societies and was a life-long member of the Evangelical church, which
+has since merged with the United Brethren church.
+
+He is survived by Mrs. Schuster and four children, Charles, Robert and
+Margaret--all Oregon State College students, and Flora, a high school
+student. A brother, Dr. Earl J, Schuster, lives at Tillamook.--Reprinted
+from _Better Fruit_ magazine.
+
+
+
+
+MRS. LAURA SELDEN ELLWANGER
+
+
+Mrs. Laura Selden Ellwanger, member of one of Rochester's pioneer
+families, died at her home, 510 East Avenue, Rochester, New York on
+September 1, 1948, after a short illness.
+
+She was the widow of William D. Ellwanger, whose father, George
+Ellwanger, was a co-founder of the Ellwanger & Barry Nursery Company.
+
+Her brother, George B. Selden, was inventor of the gasoline automobile,
+and her father, Henry R. Selden, was a New York State Court of Appeals
+judge and one-time lieutenant governor of the state.
+
+Mrs. Ellwanger was the last survivor of 12 children in the Selden
+family. Her maternal grandfather, Dr. Abel Baldwin, settled in Clarkson
+in 1811, just a year before Rochester was founded. She was born in a
+house on the land now occupied by the Highland Hospital. One of her
+sisters, Louise, was the wife of Maj. Gen. Elwell C. Otis, former
+governor of the Philippine Islands.
+
+Mrs. Ellwanger spent many summers at her home, Brookwood, in Ontario,
+Wayne County.
+
+She was honorary president of the Rochester Female Charitable Society,
+one of the city's oldest organizations, and a member of the Rochester
+Historical Society, The Rochester Garden Club, Genesee Valley Club, and
+the Rochester Rose Society.
+
+She is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Kenneth H. Field, of Rochester; two
+granddaughters, Mrs. John F. Weis, Jr., of New York City, and Mrs. Edwin
+II, Atwood, Jr., Rochester, and four great-grandchildren.
+
+(The above, is from a Rochester newspaper clipping.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+M. M. KAUFMAN
+
+
+(The secretary received the following letter from Mrs. M. M. Kaufman,
+dated March 17, 1949.)
+
+"I regret to advise you that my husband, M. M. Kaufman (Clarion,
+Pennsylvania), a member of the Association for many years, died March 3,
+1948.
+
+"My husband was a strong, conservationist and always appreciated the
+work of the Nut Growers. In continuing his interests, I should like to
+join the Association, and I am enclosing my check for $8.00 to cover
+dues of $3.00.... and $5.00 as a contribution in my husband's name for
+furthering the work of the group."
+
+
+
+
+NORMAN B. WARD
+
+
+Norman B. Ward, a new member, with offices at 866 Hanna Bldg., Cleveland
+15, Ohio, was reported deceased in September, 1948. No obituary notice
+has been received for him.
+
+
+
+
+Attendance
+
+
+   R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania
+   Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania
+   Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York
+   Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York
+   Charles B. Berst, Erie, Pennsylvania
+   Frank B. Blow, Norris, Tennessee
+   Gertrude R. Blow, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. L. C. Brann, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   John T. Bregger, Clemson, South Carolina
+   Carroll D. Bush, Eagle Creek, Oregon
+   J. Edwin Caruthers, Alpine, Tennessee
+   Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., Dept, of Horticulture, State College, Pennsylvania
+   B. C. Cobb, Norris, Tennessee
+   Miss Mary R. Cochran, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Mrs. C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Thomas S. Cox, 103 Hotel Avenue, Knoxville. 18, Tennessee
+   H. L. Crane, 6822 Pineway, Hyattsville, Maryland
+   Frank B. Cross, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   Mrs. Frank B. Cross, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee
+   Mrs. W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee
+   Helen E, Davidson, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio
+   John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio
+   Margaret Davidson, Xenia, Ohio
+   Elora Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey
+   John H. Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey
+   Brooks D. Drain, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri
+   Mrs. Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri
+   R. W. Fisher, West Plains, Missouri
+   A. E. France, Charleston, West Virginia
+   Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia
+   F. C. Galle, Dept, of Horticulture, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   H. R. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Mrs. Bessie J. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Jack Godwin, Signal Mountain, Tennessee
+   G. H. Gordon, Union, South Carolina
+   Dr. Edward A. Grad & Family, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   G. F. Gravatt, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.
+   Dr. Clyde Gray, Horton, Kansas
+   G. A. Gray, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   John L. Gray, Raleigh, North Carolina
+   Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York
+   Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York
+   Earl C. Haines, Shanks, West Virginia
+   Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia
+   Mrs. Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia
+   Max Hardy, Jr., Albany, Georgia
+   Hubert Harris, Auburn, Alabama
+   John F. Hatmaker, Norris, Tennessee
+   Agnes V. Hendricks, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   A. G. Hirschi, 414 N. Robinson St., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
+   C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+   Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+   Bruce Howell, Sweetwater, Tennessee
+   C. B. Howell, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Lilian Jenkins, Norris, Tennessee
+   Denman A. Jones, Walnut Grove Farms, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania
+   G. S. Jones, Rt. I, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama
+   Mrs. Tinman W. Jones, Walnut Grove Farm, Parkesburg, Pa.
+   Raymond Kays, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   J. B. Kingrohm, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   G. J. Korn, 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo, Michigan
+   Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa
+   E. W. Lemke, Detroit 14, Michigan
+   R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio
+   Mrs. R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio
+   W. W. Magill, Lexington, Kentucky
+   D. E. Manges, Norris, Tennessee
+   J. C. Moore, Auburn, Alabama
+   R. G. Moore, Dept, of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va.
+   Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg, Kentucky
+   John T, Mullins, Renfro Valley, Kentucky
+   H. O. Murphy, Chattanooga, Tennessee
+   Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   Mrs. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   Frances C. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   F. J. McCauley, 233 West Erie St., Chicago 10, Illinois
+   Elizabeth L. McCollum, White Hall, Maryland
+   Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Maryland
+   J. C. McDaniel, 403 State Office Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn.
+   Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt, Rainier, Maryland
+   James R. Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois
+   Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois
+   Mrs. Vincent L. Odum, San Diego, California
+   Robert E. Ogle, Tenn. Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Michigan
+   E. L. Overholser, Dept. of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Virginia
+   Roger W. Pease, Morgantown, West Virginia
+   Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
+   Sara M. Potts, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Carl Prell, South Bend, Indiana
+   Edna M. Pritchett, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Ralph H. Quick, Lesage, West Virginia
+   G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee
+   Mrs. G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee
+   Ralph, Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   Mrs. Ralph Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   David Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   John Rick, Reading, Pennsylvania
+   W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee
+   Mrs. W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee
+   Dr. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa
+   Mrs. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa
+   Ralph Schreiber, Sr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana
+   Ralph Schreiber, Jr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana
+   T. L. Senn, Clemson, South Carolina
+   W. A. Shadow, Decatur, Tennessee
+   Maurice E. Shamer, M. D. & Son, Baltimore, Maryland
+   Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio
+   Mrs. E. D. Shipley, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   G. B. Shivery, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, Ohio
+   Frances Simpson, Norris, Tennessee
+   George L. Slate, Geneva, New York
+   Barbara Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Donald R. Sly, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana
+   Louesa M. Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Raymond E. Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Sterling Smith, 630 W. South St., Vermilion, Ohio
+   H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Bernard M. Taylor, Alpine, Tennessee
+   Clifford R. Von Gundy, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   Ford Wallick, Peru, Indiana
+   Arthur Weaver, 3339 South St., Toledo, Ohio
+   Harry R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio
+   Mrs. Martha R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio
+   J. F. Wilkinson, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana
+   Mrs. R. Allen Williams, Chicago, Illinois
+   William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia
+   Mrs. William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia
+   T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+
+
+
+
+Membership Listings
+
+
+Miss Helen Lewis, of the secretary's office, has corrected the following
+alphabetical list of members by states and countries, up to May 1, 1949,
+and further additions up to press time will be added below "Wisconsin",
+if space permits. We are listing also the members' occupations, so far
+as they have been furnished, and ask that other members who want them
+listed include this information when they pay their dues for the coming
+year. Please check on your own listing now, and notify the secretary if
+any correction in the name or address (including zone number) should be
+made.
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List as of May 1, 1949
+
+ *Life Member
+
+ **Honorary Member
+
+
+  ALABAMA
+
+  Campbell, R. D., Route 1, Stevenson. +Farmer, mine operator.+
+  Dean, Charles C., Route 3, Box 220, Anniston
+  Orr, Lovic, Route 1, Danville. +Farmer, chestnut and peach grower,
+    merchant.+
+
+
+  ARKANSAS
+
+  Clawitter, A. T., Route 3, Box 210, Little Rock
+  Hale, A. C., Route 2, Box 322, Camden
+  Van Arsdale, D. N., Route 4, Berryville
+  Williams, Jerry F., Viola
+  Winn, J. B., West Fork
+
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+
+  Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario. +General nurserymen,
+    plant breeders.+
+  Gaston, Eugene T., Route 2, Box 771, Turlock. +Nut nurseryman,
+    Turlock Nursery+
+  Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. Street, Sacramento. +Surgeon+
+  Kemple, W. H., 216 West Ralston Street, Ontario. +Nurseryman, plant,
+    breeder and research horticulturist.+
+  Nicholson, Thomas B., 1017 N. Ophir Street, Stockton
+  Parsons, Charles E., Felix Gillett Nursery, P. O. Box 1026, Nevada City.
+    +Nurseryman.+
+  Pozzi, P. H., 2875 South Dutton Avenue, Santa Rosa
+  Serr, E. F., Agri. Experiment Station, Davis. +Associate Pomologist.+
+  Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley
+  Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. +Private & Corporation
+    Horticulture.+
+  Williams, Edward L., Sheepranch
+
+
+  CANADA
+
+  Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. +Farmer.+
+  Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Drive, Toronto 6, Ontario
+  Casanave, John A., 209 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C.
+  Cornell, R. S., R. R. No. 1, Byron, Ontario
+  Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario. +Nurseryman,
+    nut breeder.+
+  Crisp, Dr. Allan G., Suite 204, 160 Eloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario
+  Elwood, H., 78 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C. +Nurseryman.+
+  English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. +Farmer, fruit and nut grower.+
+  Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario. +Fruit and vegetable grower.+
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. +Plant breeder. Fruit grower &
+    nurseryman.+
+  Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C.
+  Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Route 3, St. Catherines, Ontario. +Fruit grower.+
+  Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 1, Burgessville, Ontario
+  Housser, Levi, Rt. No. 1, Beamsville, Ontario, +Fruit farmer.+
+  Maillene, George, R. R. 1, Saanichton, B. C.
+  Manten, Jacob, Route 1, White Rock, B. C.
+  *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ontario
+  Papple, Elton E., Route 3, Cainsville, Ontario
+  Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 1, Harrow, Ontario. +Chemist+
+  Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Dept. of Industry & Resources,
+    140 Cumberland St., Charlotteville, P. E. I.
+  Trayling, E. J., 609 Richards Street, Vancouver, B. C. +Jeweller.+
+  Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+  Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario. +Farmer.+
+  Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.
+  Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba
+  Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.
+
+
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+
+  *Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7.
+    +(Dean of the Association)+
+  Giesecke, Paul. R.F.D. 3, Pinewood Road, Stamford. +Physicist.+
+  Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien
+  Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 255 South Main Street, Wallingford +Consulting
+    Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Connecticut.
+  *Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+  McSweet, Arthur Clapboard Hill Road Guilford. +Industrial Engineer.+
+  *Newmaker, Adolph, Route 1, Rockville
+  Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+  White, George F., Route 2, Andover
+
+
+  DELAWARE
+
+  Brugman, Elmer W., 1904 Washington Street, Wilmington.
+    +Chemical Engineer.+
+  Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. +Fruit grower.+
+
+
+  DENMARK
+
+  Granjean, Julie, Hillerod. (See New York.)
+  Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+  American Potash Institute, Inc., 1155-16th St., N.W., Washington, D. C.
+  Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy Street, N.W., Washington 11, D. C.
+   +Civil Engineer.+
+  Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., N.E., Washington 20.
+  Graff, George U., 242 Peabody Street, N. W., Washington, 11, D. C.
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave.,
+    Washington, D. C. +Research Associate.+
+  **Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, N. W., Washington 12, D. C.
+    +Nut Culturist.+
+
+
+  ECUADOR
+  SOUTH AMERICA
+
+  Colwell, P. A., Institute of Inter-American Affairs, c/o American
+    Embassy, Quito.
+
+
+  FLORIDA
+
+  Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Avenue, Miami. +Pecan grower.+
+  Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs. +General Manager.+
+
+
+  GEORGIA
+
+  Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S.W., Atlanta
+  Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Station, Box 84, Albany.
+    +Chemist, U.S.D.A.+
+  Hardy, Max, P. O. Box 128, Leeland Farms, Leesburg. +Nurseryman, farmer.+
+  Hobsen, James, Jasper
+  Hunter, Dr. H. Reid. 561 Lake Shore Drive, N. E., Atlanta.
+    +Teacher and farmer.+
+  Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1. Carnesville. +Farmer, nurseryman.+
+  Noland, S. C., P. O. Box 1747, Atlanta 1. +Owner of Skyland Farms.+
+  Wilson, William J., North Anderson Avenue, Fort Valley.
+    +Fruit and nut orchardist.+
+
+
+  IDAHO
+
+  Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main Street, Emmett
+  Dryden, Lynn, Peck. +Farmer.+
+  Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl. +Orchardist.+
+  McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake. +Nurseryman.+
+  Steele, A. A., John Steel Orchards, Parma. +Manager of Orchard.+
+  Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino
+
+
+  ILLINOIS
+
+  Albrecht, H. W., Delavan
+  Allen, Theodore R., Delavan
+  Anthony, A. B., Route 3, Sterling. +Apiarist.+
+  Baber, Adlin, Kansas
+  Best, R. B., Eldred. +Farmer.+
+  Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign
+  Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson Street, Evanston
+  Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwold, Chicago
+  Coe, John E., 2024 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago 25
+  Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+  Dietrich, Ernest, Route 2, Dundas. +Farmer.+
+  Dintelman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville
+  Erkman, John O., 103 N. Lincoln Street, Urbana
+  Fordtran, E. H., 8700 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago 47
+  Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48.
+    +Assistant to V. P., C B I & P R. R.+
+  Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48. +Housewife.+
+  Gerardi, Louis, Route 1, Caseyville. +Nut and fruit nurseryman.+
+  Grefe, Ben, R. R. 4, Box 22, Nashville. +Farmer.+
+  Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago
+  Heborlein, Edward W., Route 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe
+  Helmle, Herman C., 526 S. Grand Avenue, W., Springfield.
+    +Division Engineer, Asphalt Institute.+
+  Hockenyos, C. L., 213 E. Jefferson Street, Springfield. +Business man.+
+  Johnson, Hjalmar, W., 5811 Dorchester Avenue, Chicago 37
+  Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Avenue, Alton
+  Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond
+  Langdoc, Mrs. Wesley W., P. O. Box 136, Erie. +(J. F. Jones Nursery)+
+  Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County)
+  Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main Street, LeRoy. +Attorney.+
+  Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru. +Machinist.+
+  Sonemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalla.
+    +Lawyer and farm operator.+
+  Whitford, A. M., Farina. +Horticulturist.+
+
+
+  INDIANA
+
+  Arata, J. W., R. R. 2, Box 28, Osceola. +Mechanical Engineer.+
+  Bauer, Paul J., 123 South 29th Street, Lafayette
+  Behr, J. E., Laconia
+  Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+  Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne Street, Ft. Wayne 2.
+    +Physician and Surgeon.+
+  Clark, C. M., c/o C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, R. R. 2, Middletown
+    +Fruit & nursery stock.+
+  Eagles, A. E., Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville. +Apple grower.+
+  Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 220 Southeast Drive, Evansville 8.
+    +Medical Doctor.+
+  Fateley, Nolan W., c/o Campbell Oil Co., 2003 Madison Avenue,
+    Indianapolis 2
+  Garber, H. C., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle
+  Gentry, Herbert M., Route 2, Noblesville
+  Glaser, Peter, Route 18, Box 463, Evansville
+  Hite, Charles Dean, Route 2, Bluffton
+  Hunter, J. Robert, 215 So. Broadway, Peru
+  Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17
+  Richards, E. E., 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend.
+    +Studebaker Corporation.+
+  Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine Street, South Bend
+  Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry Street, New Albany
+  Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route 1, Thorntown. +Teacher and farmer.+
+  Sly, Miss Barbara, Route 3, Rockport
+  Sly, Donald R., Route 3, Rockport. +Nurseryman, nut tree propagator.+
+  Wallick, Ford, Route 4, Peru
+  Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue University, Lafayette.
+    +Ext. Horticulturist, Vegetables.+
+  Wichman, Robert P., R.R. 3, Washington
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. +Nurseryman, farmer.+
+
+
+  IOWA
+
+  Anderson, Donald, Welton Junction
+  Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+  Boice, R. H., Route 1, Nashua. +Farmer.+
+  Clayton, Donovan, Route 1, Coin
+  Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic
+  Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. +Nurseryman.+
+  Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. +President of Earl Ferris Nursery.+
+  Harrison, L. E. c/o Harrison Lake Shore Orchards, Nashua. +Orchards.+
+  Huen, E. F., Eldora
+  Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. +General nurserymen.+
+  Iowa Fruit Growers' Assn., State House, Des Moines 19.
+    +Cooperative buying organization+
+  Kaser, J. D., Winterset. +Farmer.+
+  Kivell, Ivan E., Route 1, Greene. +Farmer.+
+  Knowles, W. B., Box 126, Manly
+  Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. +Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman.+
+  Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Avenue, Ames
+  Martazahn, Frank A., Route 8, Davenport
+  McLaran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. +Lawyer.+
+  Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg. +Farmer.+
+  Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 311 East College Street, Iowa City.
+    +Practice of Medicine.+
+  Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route 2, Fort Madison. +Farmers.+
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point. +Nurseryman, nuts and general.+
+  Tolstead, W. L., Central College, Pella
+  Wade, Miss Ida May, Route 3, LaPorte City. +Bookkeeper.+
+  Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+  White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. +Rural Mail Carrier.+
+  Williams, Wendell V., Danville
+
+
+  KANSAS
+
+  Baker, F. C., Troy
+  Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth
+  Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th & Central,
+    Kansas City.
+    +Bank President.+
+  Funk, M. D., 612 W. Paramore Street, Topeka. +Pharmacist.+
+  Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. +Osteopathic Physician.+
+  Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville
+  Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route 3, Leavenworth.
+    +Nut nurserymen.+
+  Mondero, John, Lansing
+  Thielenhaus, W. F., Route 1, Buffalo
+  Underwood, Jay, Uniontown
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+
+  Alves, Robert H., Nebi Bottling Company, Henderson
+  Magill, W. W., University of Kentucky, Lexington. +Field Agent
+    in Horticulture+
+  Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg. +Physician and Bank President.+
+  Mullins, Tom, Renfro Valley. +Radio entertainer, commercial
+    walnut cracker.+
+  Rouse, Sterling, Route 1, Box 70, Florence
+  Tatum, W. G., Route 4, Lebanon. +Commercial orchardist.+
+  Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love. +Growing nut trees, evergreens,
+    fruit trees.+
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+
+  Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.
+    +Principal Horticulturist, U.S.D.A.+
+  Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Road, Easton. +Chinese chestnuts &
+    ornamentals.+
+  Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. +Research Forest
+    Pathologist.+
+  Hogdson, William C, Route 1, White Hall
+  Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill. +Retired farmer.+
+  Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne.
+    +General nursery.+
+  Lowerre, James D., Dist. Training School, Laurel
+  McCollum, Blaine, White Hall
+  McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. +Government
+    Scientist.+
+  Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514 32nd Street, Mt. Rainier
+  Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. +Farm Owner.+
+  Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore 16
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Babbit, Howard S., 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield. +Service Station owner
+    and part time farmer.+
+  Bradbury, Capt. H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+  Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston
+  Bump, Albert H., 160 Standish Rd., Watertown
+  Davenport, S. Lathrop, North Grafton. +Farmer, Fruit Grower.+
+  Farrell; Charles, 46 Pratt Street, Tanaton
+  Pitts, Walter H., 39 Baker Street, Foxboro. +General Foreman, Instrument
+    Company.+
+  Feitse, Ernest, Osterville
+  Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+  La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosie Road, Williamstown. +Steam engineer.+
+  Rice, Horace J., Box 146, Wilbraham. +Attorney-at-Law.+
+  Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Avenue, South Hadley
+  Short, I. W., 299 Washington Street, Taunton
+  Steward O. W., 15 Milton Avenue, Hyde Park 36, +Fire Protectors Engineer
+    and Manager.+
+  Swartz, H. P., 206 Chincopee Street, Chicopee
+  Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Torsfield. +Lawyer.+
+  Weston Nurseries, Int., Brown & Winter Streets, Weston. +Nurserymen.+
+  Weymonth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth Street, Halbrook
+  Wood, Miss Louise B., Poeassett, Cape Cod.
+
+
+  MEXICO
+
+  Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia", Escobado No., 76,
+    San Luis Potosi, Mexico. +General Manager of "Cordelia" Farms.+
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+
+  Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey
+  Ainsworth, Donald W., 5851 Mt. Elliott, Detroit 11
+  Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville
+  Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Avenue Detroit 5
+  Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+  Hoylan, P.B., Cloverdale
+  Bradley, L. J., Route 1 Springport. +Farmer.+
+  Bumler Malcolm R., 2600 Dickerson, Detroit 15. +Insurance Trustee.+
+  Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. +Nurseryman.+
+  Burgess, E. H., Burgess seed & Plant Company, Galesburg
+  Burr, Redmond M., 820 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. +General Chairman,
+    The Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry.
+    Co+
+  Cook, Ernest A., M. D., c/o County Health Dept., Centerville
+  Corsan, H. H., Route 1, Hillsdale. +Nurseryman.+
+  Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue. Highland Park 3
+  Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida. Summer Address: Rt. 4,
+    Box 762. Battle Creek,)
+  Grater, A. F., 820 Liberty Avenue, Buchanan
+  Hackett, John C., 3921 Butterworth Rd., S. W., R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6
+  Hagleshow, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg. +Grain farmer. Odd contract jobs.+
+  Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+  Healey, Scott, 200 Sherwood Street, Otsegu
+  **Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+  King, Harold J., Sodus. +Farmer and fruit grower.+
+  Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose Street, Kalamazoo 12. +Shop worker.+
+  Lee, Michael, P. O. Box. 16, Milford
+  Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Avenue, Detroit 14. +Engineer, and nut
+    orchardist.+
+  Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. +District Forester.+
+  O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Horticultural Dept., Michigan State College,
+    East Lansing +Professor of Horticulture.+
+  Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Avenue, Jackson
+  Prushek, E., Route 3, Niles
+  Scherer, Milton E., M.C.M.T., Qts, 20, Sault Saint Mario
+  Stahelin, C. A., Stahelin Nursery, Bridgman. +Nurseryman.+
+  Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville
+  Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Street, Birmingham
+  Taylor, Merrill W., Trust Dept., First Natl. Bank & Trust Co., Kalamazoo
+  Whallon, Archer P., Route 1, Stockbridge
+  Wiard, Everett, 510 South Huron St. Ypsilanti
+  Zekit, Arnold, 1958 Catalpa Court, Ferndale 20
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+
+  Ruer, Eldred, Route 3, Canby
+  Hodgson, B. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Wasaca
+  Mayo Forestry & Horticultural Institute, Benjamin F. Dunn, Supt.,
+    Box 498; Rochester
+  Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart
+  Tulare, Willis E., 800 3rd Avenue, S.E., Rochester
+  Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha Street, St. Paul. +Proprietor, Hazel Hills
+    Nursery Co.+
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+
+  Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville.
+    +Cytogeneticist (Cotton.)+
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+
+  Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington
+  Blake, R. F., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washington Ave, St.
+    Louis 3.
+  Fisher, J. B., Rt. 1, Pacific
+  Fisher, Richard W., Box 112, West Plains
+  Glesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases
+  Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+  Howe, John, Route 1, Box 4, Pacific
+  Huber, Frank J., Weingarten. +Farmer.+
+  Hudson, Perry H., Smithton
+  James, George, Brunswick
+  Johns, Jeannette F., Route 1, Festus
+  Logan, George F., Oregon
+  Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove. +Farmer.+
+  Nicholson, Kadire A., Ash Grove
+  Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. +Foreman in garment factory.+
+  Richterlessing, Ralph, Route 1, St. Charles. +Farmer.+
+  Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchard Co., Louisiana. +Fruit and general
+    nurserymen.+
+  Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth Street, St. Charles. +Factory worker and
+    Nursery owner.+
+  Van Erp, George D., 7 East 85th St., Kansas City
+  Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Company, 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8.
+    +Representative on agricultural chemicals for Dow.+
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+
+  Brand, George, Route 5, Box 60, Lincoln
+  Caha, William, Wahoo
+  Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+  Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple Street, Omaha 4. +Cane weaving chairs--seats
+    and backs. All kinds of weaving.+
+  Marshall's Nurseries. Arlington
+  Ricky, Lowell D., 1516 South 29th Street, Lincoln
+  White, Miss Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5
+  White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4. +Watchmaker.+
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+  Latimer, Professor L. P., Dept. of Horticulture, Durham
+  Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumnek Farm, Jefferson
+  Messier, Frank, Route 2, Nashua
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+
+  Anderegg, F. O., Raritan
+  Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+  Bottoni, R. J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange. +President of Harbot Die
+    Casting Corp.+
+  Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn
+  Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington
+  Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., 20 Cedar Street, South Bound Brook. Chemist.
+  Cumberland Nursery, Route 1, Millville. +Nurserymen.+
+  Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Company, 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+  Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
+  Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route 1, Box 137, Keyport
+  Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Avenue, Franklin
+  Hyper Humus Company, Newton
+  *Jacques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+  Kelly, Mortimer B., Route 2, James St., Morristown
+  McCullouch, J. D., 73 George Street, Freehold
+  McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Avenue, Belmar
+  Ritchie, Walter M., Route 2, Box 122R, Rahway. +Landscape nurseryman.+
+  Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover. +Farmer.+
+  Sheffield O. A., 288 Hamilton Place, Hackensack
+  Sorg, Henry, Chicago Avenue, Egg Harbor City
+  Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Route 2, Lebanon
+  Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Road, South Orange. +Lawyer.+
+  Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+
+  Barber, George H., Route 1, Stockton.  +Farmer.+
+  Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls. +Engineer.+
+  Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main Street, Buffalo
+  Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst
+  Benton, William A., Wassaic. +Farmer & Secretary, Mutual Insurance Co.+
+  Bernath's Nursery, Route 1, Poughkeepsie. +Nut Nursery.+
+  Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route 1, Poughkeepsie
+  Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I., +Executive V. P., American
+    Kennel Club, New York City.+
+  Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham Street, Rochester 7. +Sales Engineer.+
+  Brooks, William G., Monroe. +Nut Tree Nurseryman.+
+  Bundick, Clarkson U., 35 Anderson Avenue, Scarsdale
+  Button, Arthur J., Lock Box 348, Olean
+  Carter, George, 428 Avenue A., Rochester 5. +Textile weaver
+    and tree grower.+
+  Cassino, Augustus, Valatie, Columbia County
+  Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Building, The Bronx, New York 55
+  Elsbree, George, R.F.D., Stanfordville
+  Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Road, Hilton. +Building Contractor.+
+  Ferguson, Donald V., L. I. Agr. Tech. Institute, Farmingdale
+  Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield Street, Buffalo 14
+  Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Road, Fairport
+  Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Avenue, Rochester 11.
+  Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry Street, New York 14. Artist.
+  Graham, S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca. +Nurseryman.+
+  Granjean, Julio, c/o K. E. Granjean, 9406 68th Ave., Forest Hills
+  Gressel, Henry, Route 2 Mohawk
+  Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th Street, New York 24. +Physician.+
+  Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., 19 Grove Street, New Paltz
+  Iddings, William A., 1931 Park Place, Brooklyn
+  Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie
+  Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 16 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York
+  Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport. +Physician.+
+  Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rennsselaer Street, Buffalo, 10
+  *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Avenue, New York
+  Little, George, Ripley.  +Farmer.+
+  *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca. +Head, Dept. of
+    Floriculture & Orn. Hort.+
+  Miller, J. E., J. E. Miller Nurseries, Canandaigua. +Nurseryman,
+    fruit grower.+
+  Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24
+  *Montgomery, Robert H., I E. 44th Street, New York
+  Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+  Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca. +Prof. of Botany,
+    Cornell University, also grows black walnuts.+
+  Nelson, Howard F., 350 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo 18
+  Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Route 1, Westfield
+  Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop Street, Carthage
+  Owen, Charles H., Sennett. +Superintendent of Schools.+
+  Page, Charles E., Route 2, Oneida
+  Rightmyer, Harold, Route 4, Ithaca
+  Salzer, George, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9. +Chestnut nurseryman.+
+  Schlegel, Charles P. 990 South Avenue, Rochester 7
+  Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+  Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Avenue, Buffalo
+  Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+  Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Road, Orangeburg
+  Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva
+  Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic. +Nut Nurseryman.+
+  Smith, Jay L., Chester. +Nut Tree Nurseryman.+
+  Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+  Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 87th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New York
+  Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel Street, Fayetteville
+  Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowaite Moor, Perrysburg. +Physician.+
+  Wichlae, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee Street, Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21
+  *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R.--no address.
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+
+  Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka
+  Burch, O. L., Route 2, Roxboro
+  Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+  Finch, Jack R., Bailey. +Farmer.+
+  Parks, C. H., Route 2, Asheville. +Mechanic.+
+  Wagner, J. M., Turner Manufacturing Company, Statesville
+
+
+  NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. +Refuge Manager.+
+
+
+  OHIO
+
+  Glen Helen Department, Antioch College, Yellow Springs
+  Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan Street, Oberlin. +Real Estate.+
+  Bitler, W. A., R.F.D. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima. +General Contractor.+
+  Brewster, Lewis, Swanton
+  Bungart, A. A., Avon
+  Cinade, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Avenue, Cleveland 20
+  Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Road, East Cleveland 12
+  Cook, H. C, Route 1, Box 12, Leetonin
+  Cornett, Charles L., R.R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St.,
+    Cincinnati. +Inspector.+
+  Craig, George E., Dundas (Vinton County)
+  Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm. Ira
+  Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front Street, Marietta
+  Daley, James R., 400 W. South Street, Vermilion. +Electrician.+
+  Davidson, John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia. +Writer.+
+  Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia
+  Davidson, William J., Old Springfield Pike, Xenia
+  Diller, Dr. Oliver, D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Station, Wooster
+  Dowell, Dr. L. L., 529 North Ave., N.E., Massillon
+  Dubois, Miss Frances H., 6938 Miami Road, Cincinnati 27. +Landscape
+    gardener and newspaper columnist.+
+  Emch, F. E., Genoa
+  Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main Street, Akron 8
+  Fickes, Mrs. Ada C., Route 1, Wooster
+  Foraker, Major C. Merle, 2545 Romig Road, Akron
+  Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin Street, Akron 2
+  Frederick, George F., 3925 W, 17th, Cleveland 9
+  Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland
+  Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 15.  +Ocullst.+
+  Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+  Gerstenmaier, John A., 18 Pond S. W., Massillon
+  Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Avenue, Akron 20
+  Gard, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase Street, Cincinnati 23
+  Greib, Louis W., 1150 N. Limestone St., Springfield
+  Hawk & Son Nursery, Rt. 2, Beach City. +Chestnut trees.+
+  Heena, Carl R., Route 2, New Richmond
+  Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland
+  Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th Street, Cleveland 8
+  Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent
+  Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+  Kintzel, Frank W., 2506 Briarcliffe Avenue, Cincinnati 13.
+  Kobelt, Don, Route 5, Medina. +Insurance Adjuster.+
+  Kratzer, George, Route 1, Dalton
+  Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th Street, Lorain. +Research and Development
+    Engineer.+
+  Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Avenue, Cleveland 9
+  Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main St., Wellington
+  Lehmann, Carl, 1601 Union Trust Building, Cincinnati, 2. +Attorney
+    at Law.+
+  Lorenz, R. C., 121 North Arch Street, Route 5, Fremont
+  Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Blvd., Columbus 12
+  Madson, Arthur E., 13608 Fifth Avenue, E. Cleveland 12
+  McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Road, Columbus 10
+  McKinster, Ray, 1682 South 4th Street, Columbus 7
+  Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Avenue, Toledo 5
+  Miller, Ralph J., 251 Westview Avenue, Worthington
+  Nicholson, Jonathan J., 175 W. Columbus Avenue, Mount Sterling
+  Nicolay, Charles, 2259 Hess Avenue, Cincinnati 11. +Accountant.+
+  Oches, Norman M., R.D. 1, Brunswick. +Mechanical Engineer.+
+  Osborne, Frank C., 4040 W. 160th Street, Cleveland 11
+  Pomerene, Walter H., Route 3, Coshocton. +Agricultural Engineer,
+    Hydrological Research Station+
+  Ranke, William, Route 1, Amelia
+  Rieck, C., 522 S. Main Street, Findlay
+  Rummel, E. T., 13618 Laverne Avenue, Cleveland 11. +Sales Engineer.+
+  Schaufelberger, Hugo S., Route 2, Sandusky
+  Seas, D. Edward, 721 South Main Street, Orrville
+  Scitz, M. B., 975 Nome Ave., Akron. +Auto dealer.+
+  Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+  Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning County Experiment Farm, Canfield
+  Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+  Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindberg Avenue, N.E. Massillon. +Realty.+
+  Slutz, Russell C., Box 504, 123 High St., Navarre
+  Smith, Kenneth, 642 Collins Park Avenue, Toledo
+  Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South Street, Vermilion +Telegrapher,
+    N.Y.C.R.R. (Treasurer of the Association.)+
+  Spring Hill Nurseries Company, Tipp City. +General nurseryman.+
+  Steinbeck, A. P., Box 824, Route 7, North Canton
+  Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. Street, Lorain
+  Thomas, Fred, Route 1, Bedford Road, Masury
+  Thomas, W. F., 406 South Main Street, Findlay
+  Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus 12. +College
+    Professor.+
+  Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21. +Mayor.+
+  Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Avenue, Apt. B-1, Newark
+  Von Gundy, Clifford E., R.F.D. 13, Cincinnati 30
+  Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Road, Cleveland 18
+  Weaver, Arthur W., 3339 South Street, Toledo 4
+  *Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th Street, Cincinnati. +Attorney,
+    Farm owner.+
+  Weber, Mrs, Martha R., Route 1, Morgan Road, Cleves
+  Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9. +Engineer.+
+  Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore
+  Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Drive, N.E., Cleveland 10
+  Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Avenue, Cincinnati 13
+  Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+
+  Butler, Roy, Route 2, Hydro. +Farmer, cattleman.+
+  Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept. of Horticulture, Oklahoma A & College,
+    Stillwater. +Teaching and Experiment Station work.+
+  Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+  Hirschi's Nursery (A.G.) 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City.
+    +Dry cleaning business, nurseryman.+
+  Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Company, P. O. Box 882, Tulsa 1.
+    +Nurseryman.+
+  Hughes, C. V., Route 3, Box 614, 5600 N.W. 16th Street, Oklahoma City
+  Meek, E. B., Route 2, Wynnewood
+  Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+  Ruhlen, Dr. Charles A., 114 North Steele. Cushing. +Dentist.+
+  Swan, Oscar E. Jr., 1226 E. 30th Street, Tulsa 6. +Attorney,
+    Mid-Continent Petroleum Co.+
+
+
+  OREGON
+
+  Carlton Nursery Company, Forest Grove. +Nurserymen and Nut Orchardists.+
+  Miller, John E., Route 1, Box 912-A, Oswego
+  Osborne, W. L. H., Mont Alto, Idylyld Route 275, Roseburg
+  Pearcy, Harry L., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem. +H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co.
+    (Nut trees.)+
+  Sheppard, Charles M., Tucker Road, Hood River
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Allaman, R. P., Route 86, Harrisburg
+  Bangs, Ralph E., Route 2, Spartansburg. +Farmer.+
+  Banks, H. C. Route 1, Hellertown
+  Beard, H. K., Route 1, Sheridan. +Insurance Agent.+
+  Berst, Charles B., 11 W. 8th Street, Erie. +Inspector, Lord Mfg Co.,
+    Erie, Pa.+
+  Bowen, John C. Route 1, Macungie
+  Breneiser. Amos P., 427 North 5th Street, Reading
+  Brown, Morrison, 342 East Cooper Street, Slippery Rock. +Teacher.+
+  Clarke, William S., Jr., P. O. Box 167, State College
+  Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa
+  Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle Street, Wilkinsburg.  +Telephone man.+
+  Eckhart, Pierce, 5731 Haddington Street, Philadelphia 31
+  Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemesters. +General Line Foreman for an
+    Electric Company.+
+  Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth Street, Harrisburg. +Assistant State
+    Fire Marshall.+
+  Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview Street, Lock Haven. +Retired.+
+  Gorton, F. B., Route 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek.
+    +Electrical Contractor.+
+  Hammond, Harold, 903 South Poplar Street, Allentown
+  Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield
+  Hostetter, L. K., Route 3, Lancaster. +Farmer, black walnut grower.+
+  Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st Street, Erie
+  Johnson, Rooert F., 1625 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 5
+  Jones, Mildred M. (See Mrs. Langdoc--under Illinois)
+  Jones, Dr. Truman W., Walnut Grove Farm, Parksburg
+  Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Clarion.
+  Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove. +Engineer.+
+  Knowse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg. +Coal Dealer.+
+  Laboski, George T., Route 1, Harbor Creek. +Fruit Grower and Nurseryman.+
+  Lambert, E. A., Box 76, McKean
+  Leach, Will, 406-410 Scranton Life Bldg., Scranton 3. +Lawyer.+
+  Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. +Consultant in Arboriculture.+
+  Mecartney, J. Lupton, Room 1 Horticultural Building, State College.
+    +Teacher.+
+  Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Porkiomenville
+  Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works, Hazleton
+  Miller, Robert O., 3rd and Ridge Street, Emmaus
+  Moyer, Philip S., U.S.F. & G. Building, Harrisburg
+  Nicderriter, Leonard, 1726 State Street, Erie. +Merchant.+
+  Nonnemacher, H. M., Box 204, Alburtis. +Line Foreman,
+    Bell Tel. Co. of Pa.+
+  Oesterling, Howard M., R.D. 1, Marysville
+  Ranson, Flaval, 728 Monroe Avenue, Scranton 10. +Farmer.+
+  Reidler, Paul G., Ashland. +Manufacturer of textiles.+
+  Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave, Greensburg
+  *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+  Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret Street, Carlisle.
+    +Draftsman--Tree Surgeon.+
+  Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy. Laborer.
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Avenue, Swarthmore.
+    +Geographer-Nurseryman-Author.+
+  Sofianos, Louis S., Greenfields, Reading. Gardener.
+  Starr, Miss Charlottee Churchill. R.R. 1 Bucks County, Quakertown.
+    +Artist & housewife.+
+  Stewart, E. L., Pino Hill Farms Nursery, Route 2, Homer City
+  Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg. +Writer-Retired
+    College Professor+
+  Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland
+  Washick, Dr. Frank A., S.W. Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11.
+    +Surgeon.+
+  Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+  Weinrich, Whitney, P. O. Box 225, Wallingford
+  *Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore.
+    +Horticulturist.+
+  Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th Street, Erie
+  Zarger, Thomas G., Route 3, Chambersburg
+  Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R.D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+
+  *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance Street, Providence
+  Rhode Island State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  Bregger, John T., Clemson +Research Supervisor (Soil Conservation),
+    Orchard Erosion Investigations.+
+  Gordon, G. Henry, 13 1/2. Main Street, Union. +Retired Mariner.+
+  Henderson, E. P., Bath. +Manager, Kaolin Mines & Ornamental Nurseryman.+
+  Hundley, P. C. & Son, Woodruff. +Orchard supplies.+
+  Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor. +Beach grower.+
+  Senn. T. L., Horticultural Dept. Clemson College. Clemson.
+    +College Teacher.+
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  Richter, Herman, Madison
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+
+  Acker Black Walnut Corporation, Morristown. +Walnut processors.+
+    (See also under Virginia.)
+  Alpine Forest Reserve, Alpine. +Presbyterian Church project.+
+  Boyd, Harold B., M. D., 905 Kensington, Memphis 7. +Physician.+
+  Boyd, Robert W., Boyd Nursery Company, McMinnville. +General nurseryman.+
+  Chase, Spencer, T.V.A., Norris. +Horticulturist.+
+  Cox, T. S., 108 Hotel Avenue, Knoxville 18.
+  Dunlap, Dr. William B., 912 E. Main Street, Union City. +Optometrist.+
+  Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs. +Surgeon.+
+  Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeill, Memphis 7
+  Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. +Ornamental and chestnut nurserymen.+
+  Kingsolver, J. B. Route 2, Concord
+  Lowe, Dr; Jere W., c/o Mrs. Murphy Webb; Westover Drive, Nashville
+  McAlexander, Kenneth J., Cedar Grove. +College student.+
+  McDaniel, J. C, Tenn. Dept: of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg.,
+    Nashville 3. Horticulturist, farmer.
+  McDaniel, Mrs. J. C, 1421 Kirtland Avenue, Nashville 6
+  McDaniel, J. C, Jr., 1421 Kirkland Avenue, Nashville 6
+  McQueen, S. S., Box 1262, Mountain Home
+  Murphy, H. O. 12 Sweetbriar Avenue, Chattanooga. +Fruit grower.+
+  Parsley, G. B., Route 1, Smithville. +Nurseryman.+
+  Rhodes, G. B., Route 1, Covington. +Farmer.+
+  Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. +Physician.+
+  Roark, W, F., Malesus. +Farmer, chestnut grower.+
+  Robinson, W. Jobe, Route 7, Jackson. +Farmer.+
+  Sammons, Julius, Jr., Whiteville
+  Shadow, Willis A., Decatur. +County Agricultural Agent.+
+  Shipley, Mrs. E. D., 3 Century Court, Knoxville
+  Smathers, Rev. Eugene, Calvary Church, Big Lick. +Pastor.+
+  Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester
+  Sutherland, W. B., 520 Clearview Street, Knoxville 17
+  Zarger, Thomas G. (Temporarily in Pennsylvania)
+
+
+  TEXAS
+
+  Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+  Arp Nursery Company, (Clark Kidd) 5th and Wall St., P.O. Box 867, Tyler.
+    +Wholesale Nursery.+
+  Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips. +Chemist.+
+  Brison, Prof. F. R., Dept. of Horticulture, A. & M. College, College
+    Station
+  Florida, Kaufman, Box 151, Rotan
+  Price, W. S. Jr., Navarro County, Kerens
+  Romberg, L. D., U. S. Pecan Field Station, Box 539, Brownwood
+  Winkler, Andrew, Route 1, Moody. +Farmer and pecan grower.+
+
+
+  UTAH
+
+  Petterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden. +Highway Engineer.+
+
+
+  VERMONT
+
+  Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Sprinfield. +Farmer.+
+  Collins, Joseph N., Route 3, Putney
+  Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven. +Perpetual member, "In Memoriam."+
+  Foster, Forest K., West Topsham. +Fruit grower.+
+  Ladd, Paul, Putney. +School Teacher.+
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+
+  Acker Black Walnut Corporation, Broadway. +Walnut processors.
+    (See also under Tennessee.)+
+  Burton, George L., 728 College Street, Bedford
+  Case, Lynn B., Route 1, Fredericksburg
+  Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th Street, Newport News. +Statistician, farmer.+
+  Dudley, Charles, Glen Wilton
+  Gibbs, H. R., 808 William Street, Front Royal. +Carpenter, wood worker.+
+  Gunther, Eric F., Route 1, Box 31, Onancock. +Retired business man.+
+  Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11
+  Pinner, R. McR., P.O. Box. 155, Suffolk
+  Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Avenue N.W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Avenue, N.W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Avenue, S.E., Roanoke 18. +Chiropractor.+
+  Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg. +Manufacturer of nut crackers.+
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25.
+    +Surgeon.+
+  *Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+  Gold Chestnut Nursery, c/o Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. +Chestnut
+    nurseryman.+
+  Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+  Long, J. L., Box 491, Princeton
+  Mish, Arnold F., Inwood
+  Reed, Arthur M., Moundsville. +Proprietor, Glenmount Nurseries.+
+  Shepler, Harvey, Oxford
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+
+  Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King Street, Bellingham 9
+  Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Route 3, Spokane 15. +Watchmaker and farmer.+
+  Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy. +Office worker.+
+  Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., 928 Gordon Avenue, Spokane 12
+  Brown, H. R., Greenacres
+  Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview. +Chestnut grower and shipper.+
+  Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Avenue, Spokane 10. +Dairyman.+
+  Eliot, Craig P., P. O. Box 158, Shelton. +Electrical Engineer, part
+    time farmer.+
+  Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12
+  Kling, William L., Route 2, Box 230, Clarkston
+  Knight, J. C., W. 723 Sinto Avenue, Spokane 12. +Retired.+
+  Latterell, Misa Ethel, Greenacres
+  Linkletter, F. D., Route 2, Box 722, Mercer Island
+  Naderman, G. W., Route 1, Box 381, Olympia
+  Shane Brothers, Vashon
+  Shepard, Will, Chelan Falls
+  Tuttle, Lynn, Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+
+  Cox, Irvin W., P.O. Box 2632, West Allis
+  Koelsch, Norman, Jackson
+  Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+  Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Avenue, Racine
+  Talbot, Harold W., Rt. 7, Hex 198, Milwaukee 13
+
+
+  NEW MEMBERS ADDED SINCE MAY 1, 1949
+
+  Carlisle, Francis, 819 Second Street, S.E., New Philadelphia, Ohio
+  Gehring, Rev. Titus, P. O. Box 668, Grants, New Mexico
+  Keathly, Jack, Marland, Oklahoma
+  Koeferl, Alots J., 2835 North 20th St., Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin
+  O'Brien, Howard C., 25 Irvington Street, Boston 16, Massachusetts
+  Spears, Ernest G., 4326 Forest Avenue, Norwood 12, Ohio
+  Warnecke, Martin H., 714 S. First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+
++Subscribers and Standing Library Orders+
+
+ Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25,
+   N. Y.
+ Clemson College Library, Clemson, South Carolina.
+ Cornell University, College of Agriculture Library, Ithaca, New York.
+ Detroit Public Library, 5201 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 2, Michigan.
+ Jones, G. S., Route 1, Phenix City, Alabama.
+ Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables 34, Florida.
+ Library, University of New Hampshire, Durham N. H.
+ Oregon State College Library, Corvallis, Oregon.
+ Peachy, Enos D., P. O. Box 22, Belleville, Pennsylvania.
+ Rhode Island State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston, Rhode
+    Island (membership).
+ Rutgers University; Agricultural Library, Nichol Ave., New Brunswick,
+    N. J.
+ St. Louis Public Library, Olive, 13th and 14th Streets, St. Louis,
+    Missouri.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS AT THE NORRIS MEETING, 1948
+
+
+_Noah Abernathy, Marble, North Carolina._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Wassaic, New York._ Shagbark
+hickories, hybrid hickory, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Grensboro, North Carolina._
+Persian walnuts.
+
+_A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma._ Pecans, black walnuts,
+heartnut, Carpathian Persian walnut, Chinese chestnuts, Oriental
+persimmons.
+
+_Jaynes Hobson, Jasper, Georgia._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater, Tennessee._ Chinese chestnuts, Japanese
+chestnut.
+
+_Dr. G. S. Jones, Phenix City, Alabama._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Michigan._ Shagbark hickories, shellbark
+hickory, black walnuts, butternut, collection of photographs.
+
+_R. C. Lorenz, Fremont Ohio._ Pecan, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg, Kentucky._ Black walnuts, Persian walnut,
+pecans, shellbark hickory, Chinese chestnut, filbert.
+
+_New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York._
+Turkish tree hazel; Chinese tree hazel, native hazel, European hazels,
+hybrid hazels, black x Persian hybrid walnut.
+
+_G. B. Rhodes, Covington, Tennessee._ Pecans, heartnut, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. Aubrey Richards, Whiteville, Tennessee._ Chinese and hybrid
+chestnuts, heartnuts, black walnuts.
+
+_Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio._ Persian walnuts, black walnuts,
+heartnut.
+
+_H, F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia._ Persian walnuts, black walnuts,
+butternuts, heartnuts, shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, filberts,
+Chinese, Japanese and hybrid chestnuts, hybrid hazels, graft unions,
+photographs.
+
+_TVA Forestry Relations Department (Norris Nursery), Norris, Tennessee._
+Large collections of black and seedling Persian walnuts; Chinese
+chestnuts, heartnuts, filberts, American hazel, pecans, shellbark
+hickory, Oriental persimmons.
+
+_U.S.D.A. Pecan Station, Albany, Georgia._ Named varieties of Chinese
+chestnut.
+
+_J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana._ Pecans.
+
+_Dr. W. C. Willett, Elmore, Ohio._ Heartnuts.
+
+_William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia._ Black walnut, hican.
+
+(List compiled by H. F. Stoke)
+
+
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENTS
+
+40th Annual Meeting at Beltsville, Maryland September 6, 7 and 8, 1949
+
+Dr. H. L. Crane, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, is
+chairman of the local arrangements and program committees for the 40th
+Annual meeting this year, to be held at Beltsville, a suburb of
+Washington, D.C. Other committee members are listed in the front of this
+volume; They will welcome your suggestions on things to be included in
+the program and the tour near Washington. _Members will receive the
+advance program._
+
+
++Older Reports of the Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., Are
+Available+
+
+The Association, which was organized in 1910, has published a report of
+its annual meeting each year except two, beginning with 1911.
+
+Sets of reports lacking only volumes for 1923, 1925, 1926, 1935, 1940,
+1941, and 1944 may still be purchased, These sets, consist of 29 reports
+through 1948 and contain over 3800 pages of material pertaining to nut
+culture in many stated and Canada. The price of the set of available
+reports is $12.00. (A very few complete sets through Vol. 39, including
+an index to the first 30 volumes, are available to agricultural and
+other libraries only at $17.00). Single numbers are $1.00 each, except
+the current number and the preceding one: 1948 at. $3.00 and 1947 at
+$2.00 each. Orders should be sent to the secretary accompanied by
+remittances made payable to the Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Libraries and other institutions desiring to receive the reports
+regularly without the bother of ordering them every year may have their
+names placed on a special mailing list to receive each report regularly
+when published. A bill for $2.00 will accompany the 1949 report, when
+sent to such institutions.
+
+
++Other Publications on Nut Growing+
+
+   1. Bush, Carrol D. _Nut Grower's Handbook._ Orange Judd Publishing
+   Company, New York, 1941. $2.50.
+
+   2. Smith, J. Russell. _Tree Crops, A Permanent Agriculture._
+   Revised edition on schedule for 1949 publication. Inquire of author
+   at Swarthmore, Pa.
+
+   3. Smith, J. Russell, _How to Graft Nut Trees._ May be purchased
+   from Walnut Lane Press, Swarthmore, Pa. Illustrated with diagrams.
+   9 pp. 25c.
+
+   4. Smith, J. Russell. _The Planting, Fertilization and Care of Nut
+   Trees and Persimmon Trees._ Available from Sunny Ridge Nursery,
+   Swarthmore, Pa., price 25c.
+
+   5. Reed, C. A. _Nut Tree Propagation._ U. S. Department of
+   Agriculture Farmers' Bul. 1501. For sale only. 5c (coin) from Supt.
+   of Documents, U. S. Government Pointing Office, Washington 25, D.
+   C.
+
+   6. Mattoon, W. R. & Reed, C. A. _Planting Black Walnuts._ U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture Leaflet 84. Free from Department of
+   Agriculture; Washington, D. C.
+
+   7. Moznette, G. F. et al. _Insects and Diseases of the Pecan and
+   their Control._ U. S. Department of Agriculture-Farmers' Bul. 1829.
+   May be had from U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+   8. Sitton, B. G. & Akin, E. O. _Grafting Wax Melter,_ U. S.
+   Department Leaflet 202. Free from U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+   Washington, D. C.
+
+   9. Sitton, B. G. _Pecan Grafting Methods and Waxes._ U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture Circ. 545. May be had from U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+   10. Sitton, B. G. _Vegetative Propagation of the Black Walnut._
+   Mich. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 119. Sept., 1931. Available from Michigan
+   State College, E. Lansing.
+
+   11. MacDaniels, L. H. _Nut Growing._ Cornell Univ. Ext. Bul. 701.
+   From College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York.
+
+   12. Haseman, L. _The Walnut Caterpillar._ Missouri Exp. Sta. Bul.
+   418.
+
+   13. Talbert, T. J. _Nut Tree Culture in Missouri._ Mo. Exp. Sta.
+   Bul. 454. May be had from Agr. Exp. Station, Columbia, Mo.
+
+   14. Schuster, C. E. _Filberts._ Oregon State College Ext. Bul. 628.
+   May be had from Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.
+
+   15. Schwartze, C. D. _Filbert Culture._ Washington State Col. Ext.
+   Bul. 263. May be had from Extension Service, Washington State
+   College, Pullman, Wash.
+
+   16. Sherman, L. W. and Ellenwood, G. W. _Topworking and
+   Bench-grafting Walnut Trees._ Special Circ. 69. May be had from
+   Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, Ohio.
+
+   17. Slate, G. L. _Filberts._ N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 192.
+   Free from Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+   18. _DDT to Control Pecan Weevil._ Multigraphed, 1948. Available
+   free from Division of Horticulture, Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture,
+   Nashville 3, Tenn.
+
+   19. Blake, M. A. and Edgerton, L. J. _Experience with Blight
+   Resistant Chestnuts in New Jersey._ Bul. 717 N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
+   New Brunswick, N. J.
+
+   20. Yerkes, Guy E. _Propagation of Trees and Shrubs._ U.S.D.A.
+   Farmers' Bul. No. 1567, available from Supt. of Documents, U. S.
+   Gov't Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., price 10c (coin).
+
+   21. Cox, John A., et al. _Top Working Pecan Trees._ Ext. Circ. 209.
+   Available free from Louisiana State University, University,
+   Louisiana.
+
+   22. Hilton, R. J. _Frameworking Fruit Trees._ Farmers' Bulletin 136
+   of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Available from Dominion
+   Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. (Framework
+   grafting technique is adapted to top-working large seedling nut
+   trees).
+
+   23. Snyder, John C. _Pollination of Tree Fruits and Nuts._ Ext.
+   Bul. 342. Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.
+
+   24. Smith, Gilbert L. _Practical Nut Growing._ 60 pp. illus. $1.50
+   from author, Wassaic, N. Y.
+
+Note: In addition to the above publications, the horticultural
+departments of many state and provincial agricultural experiment
+stations and agricultural colleges have free circulars or bulletins
+listing the recommended varieties of fruit and nut trees for their
+areas. The prospective tree planter is advised to place more reliance on
+the local recommendations (where available) than on those from distant
+states where the soils, the climate, and the adapted varieties may be
+quite different.
+
+The NNGA list of some nurseries which sell hardy, named varieties of nut
+trees is revised each winter. The secretary, will send copies of the
+next revision free on request.--J. C. McDaniel, _Sec'y._, Nashville 3,
+Tenn.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Incorporated 39th Annual Report, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Incorporated 39th Annual Report, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Incorporated 39th Annual Report
+       at Norris, Tenn. September 13-15 1948
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 24, 2008 [EBook #25583]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   NORTHERN
+
+   NUT GROWERS
+
+   ASSOCIATION
+
+   INCORPORATED
+
+   39th Annual Report
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   CONVENTION AT NORRIS, TENN.
+
+   SEPTEMBER 13-15
+
+   1948
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+
+
+ _Fruiting Chinese Chestnut Branches_ (_Courtesy Dr. H. Reid Hunter_)  2
+
+ Officers and Committees                                               6
+
+ State and Foreign Vice-Presidents                                     7
+
+ Constitution                                                          8
+
+ By-Laws                                                               9
+
+ Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Annual Convention                    12
+   Address of Welcome--George F. Gant                                 12
+   Response--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                     14
+   President's Address--John Davidson                                 15
+   Secretary's Report--J. C. McDaniel                                 16
+   Treasurer's Report--D. C. Snyder                                   18
+   Other Business of the Association, Committee Election and Reports  19
+
+ The Development and Propagation of Blight Resistant Chestnut in
+ West Virginia--Ralph H. Quick                                        26
+
+ The Present Status of the Chestnut in Virginia--R. C. Moore          31
+
+ Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama--G. S. Jones        34
+
+ Processed Chestnuts on the Market throughout the Year--J. C. Moore   38
+
+ Chestnut Growing in the Southeast--Max B. Hardy                      41
+
+ _Mr. Hardy and Some Chestnuts Prepared for Storage_                  41
+
+ Marketing Chestnuts in the Pacific Coast--Carroll D. Bush            51
+
+ Chestnut Weevils and Their Control with DDT--E. R. Van Leeuwen       54
+
+ Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings--G. F. Gravatt
+ and Donald C. Stout                                                  60
+
+ _Chinese x American Hybrid Chestnut Trees_                           62
+
+ _The Brooming Disease of Walnuts_    64-65
+
+ _Trees Killed by the Persimmon Wilt_                                 67
+
+ Round Table Discussion on Chestnut Problems--Spencer B. Chase,
+ Presiding                                                            69
+
+ Greetings from a Kentucky Nut--Dr. C. A. Moss                        83
+
+ Nut Trees for West Tennessee--Aubrey Richards, M.D.                  85
+
+ Marketing Black Walnuts as a Community Projects--Rev. Bernard
+ Taylor                                                               87
+
+ Experiences with Tree Crops in Meigs County, Tennessee--W. A.
+ Shadow                                                               88
+
+ Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia--Wilbert M. Frye               91
+
+ A Look, "Backward and Forward" into Nut Growing in Kentucky--W.
+ G. Tatum                                                             93
+
+ Round Table Discussion on Judging Schedule for Black Walnuts--Dr.
+ L. H. MacDaniels, Chairman                                           95
+
+ _Fruiting Black Walnut at Brooks, Alberta, Canada_                  103
+
+ Present Outlook for Honeylocust in the South--J. C. Moore           104
+
+ Possibilities of Filbert Growing in Virginia--E. L. Overholser      111
+
+ Filberts for Food and Looks in Kentucky--N. R. Elliott              116
+
+ J. F. Jones, Introducer of Many Nut Varieties--Clarence A. Reed     118
+
+ _J. F. Jones_                                                       118
+
+ _Mildred and Wesley Langdoc_                                        125
+
+ The Value of Nut Trees in Tennessee--F. S. Chance                   126
+
+ The Development and Filling of Nuts--H. L. Crane                    130
+
+ The Grafted Curly Walnut as a Timber Tree--J. Ford Wilkinson        139
+
+ The Black Walnut Situation in Tennessee--George B. Shivery          142
+
+ Grafting Walnuts in Ohio--Sylvester Shessler                        145
+
+ Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse--George L. Slate                 146
+
+ Nut Investigations at the Pennsylvania State College--William S.
+ Clarke, Jr.                                                         148
+
+ Black Walnuts: A New Specialty at Renfro Valley--Tom Mullins        149
+
+ Marketing Black Walnut Kernels--F. J. McCauley                      152
+
+ Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels--Roger W. Pease          157
+
+ Pecan Selection in Oklahoma--Dr. Frank B. Cross                     160
+
+ Pecan Improvement Program for Southwestern Kentucky--W. W.
+ Magill                                                              164
+
+ Pecan Production in South Carolina--T. L. Senn                      167
+
+ Preservation of Shelled Pecans by Drying and Hermetically
+   Sealing--Hubert Harris                                            169
+
+ Follow-Up Studies on the 1946 Ohio Black Walnut Prize Winners--L.
+ Walter Sherman                                                      174
+
+ Final Business Session, Election of Officers, Reports of Committees 177
+
+ Odds and Ends--Dr. W. C. Deming                                     181
+
+ The Birth of a New Walnut Cracker--B. H. Thompson                   183
+
+ Marketing of Black Walnuts in Arkansas--T. A. Winkleman             183
+
+ Further Notes on Nut Tree Guards for Pasture Plantings--Oliver D.
+ Diller                                                              184
+
+ _Wire Guard Around Young Chestnut Tree_                             185
+
+ A Pecan Orchard in Glouchester County, Virginia--Mrs. Selina L.
+ Hopkins                                                             186
+
+ Indiana Nut Shows Have Educational Value--W. B. Ward                188
+
+ _View of an Indiana Nut Exhibit_                                    189
+
+ The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and
+   Walnut--Carl Weschcke                                             190
+
+ Progress with Nuts at Wolfeboro, New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti       195
+
+ Breeding Chestnuts in the New York City Area--Alfred Szego          196
+
+ Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and
+ Winter of 1947-48--L. H. MacDaniels and Damon Boynton               199
+
+ What Came Through the Hard Winter in Ontario--George Hebden
+ Corsan                                                              201
+
+ Filberts Grow in Vermont--Joseph N. Collins                         202
+
+ Report of Necrology Committee                                       203
+   Carl E. Schuster                                                  203
+   Mrs. Laura Selden Ellwanger                                       204
+   M. M. Kaufman                                                     205
+   Norman B. Ward                                                    205
+
+ Attendance                                                          206
+
+ Northern Nut Growers Association, Membership List                   209
+
+ Exhibitors at the 39th Annual Meeting                               222
+
+ Announcements                                                       223
+
++Please Note: The membership list is in the back of this volume.+
+
+
+
+   OFFICERS OF
+   THE ASSOCIATION
+   1949
+
+ _President_--H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia
+
+ _Vice-President_--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dept. of Floriculture and
+ Ornamental Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
+
+ _Treasurer_--Sterling A. Smith, 630 West South Street, Vermilion, Ohio
+
+ _Secretary_--J. C. McDaniel, Tennessee Dept. of Agriculture, State Office
+   Bldg., Nashville 3, Tennessee
+
+ _Directors_ include above officers _plus_:
+   John Davidson, 234 E. Second Street, Xenia, Ohio; and
+   Clarence A. Reed, 7309 Piney Branch Road, N. W., Washington
+   12, D.C.
+
+ _Dean_--Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7, Connecticut
+
+ _Nominating Committee_--Dr. H. L. Crane, Harry R. Weber, Dr. William L.
+   Rohrbacher, J. Ford Wilkinson, George L. Slate
+
+
+ EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS
+
+ _Press and Publications_--Editorial Section: Dr. Lewis E. Theiss,
+   Dr. W. C. Deming, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, C. A. Reed, Dr. A. S. Colby,
+   George L. Slate, Dr. J., Russell Smith
+   Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, C. A. Reed, Dr. A. S. Colby,
+   Carrol D. Bush, A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel
+   Printing Section: John Davidson, Harry R. Weber, J. C. McDaniel
+
+ _Program_--H. L. Crane, R. P. Allaman, George L. Slate, C. A. Reed, J. C.
+   McDaniel, Raymond E. Silvis
+
+ _Place of Meeting_--Dr. A. S. Colby, J. F. Wilkinson, D. C. Snyder,
+    Carl F. Walker, H. H. Corsan
+
+ _Varieties and Contests_--Spencer B. Chase, G. J. Korn, J. F. Wilkinson,
+   Gilbert Becker, A. G. Hirschi, L. Walter Sherman, C. A. Reed, Dr.
+   L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. J. Russell Smith
+   Standards and Judging section of this committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels,
+   Spencer B. Chase, C. A. Reed, Dr. J. Russell Smith
+
+ _Survey and Research_--R. E. Silvis, plus the state and foreign
+   vice-presidents
+
+ _Membership_--Mrs. Harry Weber, Mrs. Blaine McCollum, Mrs. Stephen
+   Bernath
+
+ _Exhibits_--R. P. Allaman, Carl Weschcke, Fayette Etter, A. G. Hirschi,
+   G. J. Korn, J. F. Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, Seward Berhow, Royal
+   Oakes, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan
+
+ _Necrology_--Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Miss Jeannette F.
+   Johns, Barbara Sly
+
+ _Audit_--Dr. Wm. Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, Raymond E. Silvis
+
+ _Finance_--Harry Weber, D. C. Snyder, Carl Weschcke, Sterling Smith
+
+ _Legal Advisers_--Sargent Wellman, Harry Weber
+
+ _Official Journal--American Fruit Grower_, 1370 Ontario St., Cleveland 13,
+   Ohio
+
+
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+
+Alabama LOVIC ORR
+
+Alberta, Canada A. L. YOUNG
+
+Arkansas A. C. HALE
+
+British Columbia, Canada J. U. GELLATLY
+
+California DR. THOMAS R. HAIG
+
+Connecticut GEORGE D. PRATT, JR.
+
+Delaware LEWIS WILKINS
+
+Denmark COUNT F. M. KNUTH
+
+District of Columbia GEORGE U. GRAFF
+
+Ecuador, South America F. A. COLWELL
+
+Florida C. A. AVANT
+
+Georgia WM. J. WILSON
+
+Idaho J. E. MCGORAN
+
+Illinois ROYAL OAKES
+
+Indiana FORD WALLICK
+
+Iowa IRA M. KYHL
+
+Kansas DR. CLYDE GRAY
+
+Kentucky DR. C. A. MOSS
+
+Manitoba, Canada A. H. YOUNG
+
+Maryland BLAINE MCCOLLUM
+
+Massachusetts I. W. SHORT
+
+Mexico FEDERICO COMPEAN
+
+Michigan GILBERT BECKER
+
+Minnesota R. E. HODGSON
+
+Mississippi JAMES R. MEYER
+
+Missouri RALPH RICHTERKESSING
+
+Nebraska GEORGE BRAND
+
+New Hampshire MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+New Jersey MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER
+
+New Mexico REV. TITUS GEHRING
+
+New York GEORGE SALZER
+
+North Carolina DR. R. T. DUNSTAN
+
+North Dakota HOMER L. BRADLEY
+
+Ohio A. A. BUNGART
+
+Oklahoma A. G. HIRSCHI
+
+Ontario, Canada G. H. CORSAN
+
+Oregon HARRY L. PEARCY
+
+Pennsylvania R. P. ALLAMAN
+
+Prince Edward Island, Canada ROBERT SNAZELLE
+
+Rhode Island PHILIP ALLEN
+
+South Carolina JOHN T. BREGGER
+
+South Dakota HERMAN RICHTER
+
+Tennessee THOMAS G. ZARGER
+
+Texas KAUFMAN FLORIDA
+
+Utah HARLAN D. PETTERSON
+
+Vermont A. W. ALDRICH
+
+Virginia H. R. GIBBS
+
+Washington CARROLL D. BUSH
+
+West Virginia WILBERT M. FRYE
+
+Wisconsin NORMAN KOELSCH
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+
+(As read at the annual meeting, Guelph, Ontario, September 5, 1947, and
+adopted September 13, 1948, at Norris, Tennessee)
+
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE 1. _Annual members._ Persons who are interested in the purposes
+of the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE 2. _Contributing members._ Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE 3. _Life members._ Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE 4. _Honorary members._ Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE 5. _Perpetual members._ "Perpetual" membership is eligible to
+any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and
+such membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle
+the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members
+as "Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds
+received therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be to the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committees
+as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE 2. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE 3. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE 4. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 5. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+Association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers on
+the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place at
+the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE 3. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949 and
+thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at the
+preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE 4. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE 5. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues will be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE 3. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE 2. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practicable after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE 1. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE 2. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE 1. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS of the Thirty-ninth Annual Convention of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Meeting at NORRIS, TENNESSEE SEPTEMBER 13-15, 1948
+
+
+The meeting was called to order by President John Davidson at 8:45
+o'clock, a. m.
+
+
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+GEORGE F. GANT, General Manager, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville,
+Tennessee
+
+
+Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: It is a distinct pleasure to
+welcome you to Norris and to the Tennessee Valley. You have had very
+fine weather here, and we hope that you will enjoy the climate and the
+scenery and the fishing and the pleasures of this part of the country
+during your short stay.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association is a much older organization than I
+had thought, and it is much older than the Tennessee Valley Authority,
+but a review of some of the things, you have done and some of the
+interests you have expressed from time to time indicate that we have
+many interests in common, your organization and the TVA.
+
+You are concerned with experimentation of new and better ways of growing
+tree crops. You are concerned with the environment in which tree crops
+must find a place in our economy and in our culture, because, as I
+understand it, your interest goes beyond mere economics to the full use
+of trees.
+
+Now, the Tennessee Valley Authority is likewise concerned with
+experimentation. As a matter of fact, it is an experiment, a new and
+different way of achieving a better use of natural resources.
+
+There is nothing new in what the TVA does. There are no activities
+conducted by TVA that have not been or are not being conducted by other
+agencies all over the country and which have been conducted by Federal
+agencies for many, many years. The TVA has no new regulatory or coercive
+functions. As a matter of fact, the TVA has no coercive functions. It
+has no new or unique or different governmental functions. There is only
+one thing that is different about TVA, and that is the way in which it
+approaches the job of resource use on an overall basis.
+
+Now, I might illustrate that by referring to the construction of dams
+and reservoirs. In the Tennessee Valley the TVA builds dams and
+reservoirs to prevent floods, to produce a navigable channel, to produce
+power, and in its reservoirs it also has the responsibility of
+achieving the best uses of reservoirs and reservoir lands in the
+interests of fish and wild life, in the interests of recreation, and in
+the interests of malaria control.
+
+Now, the unique fact here is not that these things are going on or being
+done, at least in part, through a Federal agency, but that one Federal
+agency is responsible for achieving a balance between all of these
+activities and with the administrative responsibility for doing that. In
+other efforts the situation is different, with as many as eight agencies
+having something to do with the development of some one of these
+activities in a way which might or might not be integrated.
+
+Now, the second illustration, I think, is that unity can be accomplished
+only if all of the agencies which are concerned with the use of
+resources have an environment in which they can work effectively. The
+Federal Government is not and should not in the Tennessee Valley be
+developing all of these resources itself. It feels that the unified
+development of the resources depends upon the participation of the
+people of the Tennessee Valley and their institutions, the local and the
+state agencies. There can't be unity any more if local agencies are
+conducting one program and a Federal agency conducting another program,
+than there can be if several Federal agencies are conducting several
+programs.
+
+Consequently, the Tennessee Valley Authority, except for the operation
+of these huge new facilities which have been added to the resources of
+the Tennessee Valley, conducts its activities in collaboration with
+local and state agencies. That not only avoids the expense of
+duplication, but it achieves the collaboration, the participation, the
+active interest of the people in getting a full job done.
+
+That is true in the field of forestry. Forestry has a particular role in
+the Tennessee Valley. First of all, the TVA is concerned with the
+effective use and control of water, not only in the river channel
+itself, but on the land. Forestry, together with engineering and
+agriculture, must come together, not only come together within the
+administrative framework of TVA, but within the framework of what our
+colleges and state departments are doing and with what the land owners
+are doing in these watersheds.
+
+Further than that, the TVA is fully aware that watershed protection
+cannot be achieved except within the economy of the region. That means
+that the best use of forest lands from the economic point of view, from
+the productive point of view, as well as from the conservation point of
+view, must be taken into account.
+
+For these reasons the TVA is concerned not only with multiple-purpose
+dams, but with multiple-purpose land use. These activities are not
+conducted directly by TVA, but in cooperation with the land grant
+colleges and with the appropriate state departments.
+
+I think and I hope that as you review the several activities which are
+going on in the Tennessee Valley area that you will keep these
+characteristics of TVA in mind. We are very happy to have you here. I
+hope that many of you will be able to extend your visit or to come back
+and see us another time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President John Davidson: I am personally very glad to have heard this
+talk. I know quite a bit more about the fundamental principles of the
+work underlying TVA than I did before.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels, will you say a word on behalf of the Association?
+
+
++Response+
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, I am sure that I voice the sentiment of all of the
+Association to you, Mr. Gant, and all of the Tennessee Valley Authority
+our very great appreciation of your allowing us to come and meet with
+you and use the very fine facilities which are available here in Upper
+Norris Park.
+
+As far as I am concerned, and probably I am in the same situation as
+most of you in the North; we have heard a lot about the Tennessee Valley
+Authority, but mostly it is bandied around in the newspapers and usually
+connected with some sort of a political argument of one kind or another.
+And I think that to come here and to see the place and to live in the
+cabins and drive through the forests, to swim in the lake, as some of us
+did yesterday afternoon, went far away around the bend, and went in
+swimming--I think you might improve the mud bottom in some places, which
+is not too good, but it reminds us of our youth, at least--and to fish
+in the lakes, although not too successfully. After we have done that we
+certainly know much more about what sort of a development the Tennessee
+Valley Authority is.
+
+Another thing, as a member of the Northern Nut Growers Association and
+as you are members, I think we all appreciate what the Tennessee Valley
+Authority has done for the Northern Nut Growers Association. The
+Tennessee Valley Authority has been the first, you might say, large
+agency which has taken northern nut growing seriously and has used the
+knowledge which has been developed by this Association in an extensive
+way in the planting and developing of new varieties, developing of new
+techniques in the use of the plants, the nut trees and the persimmons,
+and what not, with which the Northern Nut Growers Association has been
+concerned.
+
+As we drive up the valley here and we see these thousands of walnut
+seedlings which are still to be used and see the plantings which you
+will see more intimately later, we can realize just how extensively the
+Tennessee Valley Authority has been concerned with the development of
+our forest resources and particularly these plants which are of economic
+value, inasmuch as they are nut trees, and their relationship to
+wildlife and a project of this kind in which forest resources and tree
+resources are to be made use of.
+
+I have noticed that you did mention fishing as one of the things that
+has been developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. I also am reminded
+of the fact that some of us, including our president, tried to go out
+and exercise some of these fish, without much success, and I have been
+trying to think of the reason. I know, as far as we are concerned, we
+used all the plugs and spinners and floating baits and sinking baits,
+and I went completely through my tackle box and pulled out the one that
+we call the "Christmas tree," a big bunch of spoons with a place to put
+a minnow on the end, and we dragged that around, almost swamped the
+motor, but did get around; didn't catch anything.
+
+It reminds me of an incident there at Cornell. We have a director, who
+was head of the Pomology Department at that time. He had a dog that
+wasn't disciplined very well, he wouldn't come when he was called, and
+so on. The foreman out at the orchard had a dog that was very well
+disciplined. He'd say, "Go get my hat," and he'd get the hat, and "Go
+quickly," and he'd go quickly. And this head of the department asked the
+foreman, "Well, how was it that you trained this dog, and how do you
+train a dog, anyway?"
+
+"Well," he said, "first of all, you have got to know more than the dog."
+Perhaps that's the case with some of us and the fish. Anyway, we didn't
+catch any fish.
+
+I don't care to say any more, except, Mr. Gant, to express our
+appreciation to you for the excellent facilities which you have
+furnished.
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+I believe the next order is the little talk by myself.
+
+
+
+
+President's Address
+
+JOHN DAVIDSON, Xenia, Ohio
+
+
+When I was notified that this Association, in session at Guelph, had
+named me as its president, I was surprised and deeply honored. I suppose
+there is not a single member of this body who does not have the feeling
+that the Northern Nut Growers Association is "different," unique, and,
+very special: Here are all kinds: scientists and rule-of-thumb planters,
+experienced professionals and inexperienced amateurs, conservationists
+and hobbyists, all bent on one objective--to enlighten Americans and
+themselves on the values and opportunities that lie in the study and
+practice of planting forest trees which bear crops--specifically, nuts.
+
+But the interest of most of our members is rather broader than our name
+would indicate. Forest _crops_, not merely nuts, are the logical
+outgrowth in interest that such an organization as ours stimulates. Dr.
+Zimmerman's work with papaws is a case in point. Mr. Wilkinson's work
+with the Lamb curly walnut is another. The persimmon, the papaw, the
+mulberry, the haws, the juneberries--you are likely to find them all,
+sooner or later, among the nut trees of our members. You will hear
+presently about a wood from one of our nut trees that is so valuable,
+_and so possible to grow_, that we may presently be planting for
+extraordinarily beautiful and valuable _timber_.
+
+Patience is what it takes, and faith. Trees are an example to us. If we
+could only look at the procession of the centuries with the eyes of the
+sequoias, we should see creation moving on marvelously with magnificent
+fruitfulness, and we should take courage.
+
+Has the process of evolution been more successful with plants than with
+the human race? Should benevolent creation _fail at its highest point_?
+Certainly it should not. Nevertheless it certainly will fail there so
+long as so large a body of the race is undernourished, ill-born,
+hopelessly submerged--dragging downward rather than lifting upward.
+
+Who knows the total answer? Education, of course, is a part of it--in
+industry, in eugenics, in moral responsibility. But you can't preach
+education effectively to a starving or half-starved man or child. The
+multiplication of population, the better distribution of goods
+throughout the world (which means in the end the avoidance of extremes
+of over and under-production)--these are the world's next greatest
+problems. I personally have the feeling that we are on the verge of an
+almost unthinkable increase in food productiveness through chemurgy's
+better and more complete use of plant life. We shall yet learn to gauge
+population to food supplies and food to population. Both are essential.
+
+We need more plant breeders and more organic chemists at work on food
+supply all over the world. We need more people of good will and long
+vision, fewer political and social parasites; more producers.
+
+Singularly, at the very moment of writing these words, a letter from a
+well known plant breeder is dropped upon my desk. In it he turns down
+the idea of an hypothetical executive position which most people would
+regard as promotion. The importance and interest of his work is so great
+_in its own right_ that he would not think of changing.
+
+That is what I mean. We need more of his kind in the world. It is hoped
+that in this Association such men may find the kindredship and
+comradeship they so richly earn.
+
+This was the spirit with which our Association was organized by Dr.
+Robert Morris, Dr. Deming, and a few far-sighted men in the early days
+of this century and carried on by them, by Mr. Reed, Dr. Zimmerman,
+Professor Neilson and their kind since. We salute them all. Their works
+follow and honor them by their multiplied fruits.
+
+I shall not take the time in this full program to review the events of
+the past year. Some of our speakers will do this far better than I. But
+I wish to greet our visitors and the new members who may not have been
+with us before. We hope you will feel very much at home in our family of
+kindred minds.
+
+Also, these remarks would not be complete without recognition of the
+efforts of those who unselfishly and unstintingly have given of their
+time and strength to this important work: our Secretary, Joe McDaniel!
+You all know him by his exceptional service to us all. (Let's rise and
+give him a hand.) And while we are on our feet--one of the best
+treasurers any organization ever had, efficient, kindly, but a veritable
+watch-dog of the Treasury, Mr. Snyder! Also a hand to the members of our
+important committees, Mr. Chase, Dr. MacDaniels, Mr. Slate, Mr. Stoke--I
+can't name or praise them all as they deserve. The NNGA could not
+possibly be what it is without them.
+
+And now let us get on to the business before us.
+
+
+
+
+Secretary's Report
+
+J. C. McDANIEL, Nashville, Tennessee
+
+
+The membership of the Association seems to be increasing fairly
+steadily. When I checked the mailing list early last October, it had 667
+names, as compared with 691 listed in the 37th Annual Report. When I
+left Nashville last week, the number had increased to 742, according to
+my stenographer's latest count. There have been some discontinued
+memberships, as will happen almost every year in any organization, but
+the new members have more than compensated for them, in numbers.
+
+We did not add up a total on all the mail sent out in response to
+inquiries, but it has been voluminous. Close to 800 requests for our nut
+nursery list have been received solely as a result of Mr. Stoke's
+_Southern Agriculturist_ chestnut article in last February's issue, and
+they are still trickling in. Some new memberships have resulted from
+these contacts, but more have come as a result of our column in the
+_American Fruit Grower_, and a Chinese chestnut article in _The Flower
+Grower_ early last spring, which gave our Association a boost.
+
+Some members have said they did not find their _American Fruit Grower_
+subscriptions of much value to them, particularly since the inauguration
+of _The Nutshell_, our news bulletin which has been issued four times
+since the last annual meeting. I will take some of the blame for this,
+since as editor of _The Nutshell_, I am somewhat in the position of
+competing with myself as columnist for the _Fruit Grower_. Space is
+limited in the latter publication, too, and sometimes publication of the
+"Nut Growers News" column is deferred a month or two, and again, I have
+been known to miss a deadline. Most of the columns, as in the previous
+years, are digests of material previously given in our Annual Reports.
+This practice seems to be justified as a matter of keeping nut news
+before the orcharding public and as a means of attracting some new
+memberships for the Association. I do not know of a better conditioned
+list of prospects than the more than 150,000 _American Fruit Grower_
+subscribers all over the continent, who are at least interested in some
+kind of fruiting trees or plants. In that many, by the law of averages,
+are many with some interest in nuts. Several hundred will write to the
+secretary or other N.N.G.A. members who are mentioned during the year,
+and at least a few score normally will join us.
+
+This does not minimize the desirability of having other publicity
+outlets. More of you who have a knack at writing should try your own
+contributions to national, regional or even community-wide publications.
+Even short letters to the editor, in such cases, may be read by "kindred
+spirits," and you will be read by men and women whose interest in nut
+trees (even though it may have been a dormant interest) will be
+stimulated to the extent of becoming N.N.G.A. members. Then it is up to
+our officers, the program committee members, and our contributors to
+keep them interested enough to renew their memberships another year!
+
+Your comments on _The Nutshell_ have been quite flattering to its
+editor. You _all_ can help make it a better publication by contributing
+short original observations or clippings of good items on hardy nut
+trees from other sources.
+
+There is a continuing shortage apparent in the supply of good named
+varieties of hardy nut trees in nearly all areas. This seems
+particularly the case with Chinese chestnuts. Few propagators at present
+have them in even enough quantity to catalogue, and the demand which has
+been built up by the good publicity on chestnuts exhausts most
+nurseries' supplies each spring before all orders can be filled. Our
+nursery list in the Winter issue of _The Nutshell_ has gone to some
+2,000 people and has helped the nurserymen to sell out their trees
+quickly. We hope this will lead to a sound expansion in the commercial
+propagation of _good_ nut trees.
+
+I should again call attention to our affiliation with the American
+Horticultural Society. This enables our members in good standing to
+receive their good quarterly publication, _The National Horticultural
+Magazine_, for only $3.50 a year. You may obtain your affiliate
+membership through our Treasurer, or directly from the American
+Horticultural Society, Room 821, Washington Loan and Trust Building,
+Washington 4, D. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the Secretary's report. Has anyone
+any revisions or modifications of this report to suggest?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I move acceptance with thanks.
+
+(The motion was seconded, a vote taken, and the motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: If the Secretary will also read the Treasurer's
+report, we will proceed with it.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Mr. Snyder wrote recently, regretting that he would miss
+this meeting (for reasons of health). He says he can not accept the
+position of Treasurer another year.
+
+
+
+
+Treasurer's Report for Year September 1, 1947 to September 1, 1948
+
+D. C. SNYDER, Center Point, Iowa
+
+
+   INCOME
+
+        Dues                                       $1,396.00
+        Reports sold                                  153.75
+        Bond Dividends                                 25.00
+        Advertising                                     5.00
+        Miss Jones' Postage Acc't.                     36.85
+        C. A. Reed Typesetting                         32.50
+        Miscellaneous                                   7.60
+                                                   _________
+                                                              $1,656.70
+
+
+   DISBURSEMENTS
+
+        Fruit Grower Subscriptions                    100.80
+        Reports, Stationery etc.                    1,105.06
+        Secretary's expense                           100.30
+        Treasurer's expense                            58.17
+        Reporting Guelph Meeting                       25.00
+        Miscellaneous                                  15.60
+        Bank service charges and checks returned N.G.  12.90
+                                                    ________
+                                                               1,417.83
+                                                              _________
+
+   Balance gained during year                                    238.87
+   On hand September 1, 1947                        1,790.44
+   Paid out for Bonds                               1,100.00
+                                                   _________
+                                                                 680.44
+                                                              _________
+   Cash total on hand, September 1, 1948 (subject to minor
+     bank service charges and checks which may be
+     returned)                                                 $ 919.31
+   Bonds in box at Peoples Bank & Trust Company               $2,500.00
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the Treasurer's Report. Any remarks?
+It is a very good report. It shows that the organization is creeping up
+financially and in very good condition due to the continuous care that
+the Secretary and the Treasurer both have used in keeping up with our
+membership, keeping dues paid up, and so on. I will entertain a motion
+to accept our Treasurer's Report.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I so move.
+
+(The motion was seconded.)
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: It should be accepted for audit.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I will accept the amendment.
+
+President Davidson: It is moved now, then, that the report be accepted
+for audit. Are there any remarks?
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: The next order of business is the regular business
+meeting of the Association. I think perhaps the first thing we should do
+might be to proceed with the election of a Nominating Committee and the
+Auditing Committee. I believe both, if I am not misinformed, are
+elective and not appointive. The chair will entertain nominations for
+the Nominating Committee.
+
+
++Nominating Committee Elected+
+
+(The following were nominated for the Nominating Committee: Dr. H. L.
+Crane, Harry R. Weber, Dr. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, J. F. Wilkinson, George L.
+Slate. Upon motion that the Secretary cast a unanimous ballot for those
+nominated, vote was taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Am I correct in saying that the Auditing Committee
+is elective, rather than appointive by the Executive Committee?
+
+Mr. Silvis: I understood it was three members and just appointed.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Yes, under Article I of the by-laws, it is appointed.
+
+President Davidson: In that case we will do nothing about that now.
+
+I think perhaps we might proceed with a few resolutions or motions
+before going to the further order of business. The chair will entertain
+a motion that the Association give its thanks to Mrs. Baker and her
+committee of the ladies for their entertainment of last evening and for
+future entertainment.
+
+Mr. Weber: I so move, Mr. President.
+
+(The motion was seconded, a vote called for, and the motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Also the chair will entertain a motion that the
+Secretary be instructed to send Dr. Deming our usual affectionate
+greetings and assure him that his beloved association is still carrying
+on in the spirit of the founders.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: By the way, I have a letter from Dr. Deming. Should I read
+that?
+
+President Davidson: That would be fine if you would, yes.
+
+
++A Letter from Dr. Deming+
+
+_(Secretary's note: We substitute a more recent letter, dated May 9,
+1949)._
+
+"... You are giving me much consolation for all _my_ broken promises to
+get out the annual report at an early date. I suggest that you have a
+lawyer draw up a contract for the printer to get out the report at a
+given date or forfeit so much per day for all delay. If you don't do
+that the printer will put you off for something that will give him a
+little more profit. I don't know that we ever got out a report in plenty
+of time for the members to get their orders in early or get other
+benefits from the report if it arrived before planting time.
+
+"I note in the announcement of our Connecticut state medical society
+that it scheduled a recess of 15 minutes or so at intervals for members
+to 'view the exhibits.' It looks to me like a good idea....
+
+"Congratulations on the fast work of Joe, Jr. The idea is to get plenty
+of limbs before letting him bear. Have you tried the sweet buckeye on
+him? [See page 181.]
+
+"We have Spring here, too, as well as you in Nashville, and it is good.
+
+"I get awfully tired after very little exertion. I'll be 87 on September
+1. Too old to undertake any obligations.
+
+"Best luck.
+
+   "Yours,
+
+   s/W. C. DEMING"
+
+President Davidson: That is expressed beautifully, as usual. May I have
+that motion?
+
+Dr. Crane: It has been moved and seconded that the Secretary be
+instructed to send Dr. Deming our affectionate greetings and assure him
+that his beloved association is still carrying on in the spirit of the
+founders.
+
+(A vote on the motion was taken, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Another, that the Association accept with deep
+regrets the resignation of D. C. Snyder, and that the Secretary be
+instructed to send him our affectionate greetings and thanks for his
+long, efficient and outstanding services as Treasurer of this body. Are
+you in favor of such a motion?
+
+Mr. Weber: Take out the accepting the resignation part, and the rest
+will be O.K.
+
+President Davidson: That is right. As amended then, with the omission of
+that "accepting the resignation."
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+
++Clarence A. Reed Elected Honorary Member+
+
+President Davidson: One more. The chair will entertain a motion that the
+Secretary be instructed to send C. A. Reed our greetings and as a small
+measure of the esteem we have for him and in recognition of his long and
+extraordinary services to this Association, we elect him a life member
+there-of.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it should be an "honorary member" rather than a
+"life member." A life member contributes $75.
+
+President Davidson: I believe that is correct, an honorary member. With
+that amendment, then.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I would so move, Mr. President.
+
+Dr. Crane: Second the motion.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President, I would like at this time, if I may, to say a
+few remarks in regard to Mr. Reed. I saw him last Friday afternoon, and
+he asked me to convey to the Association his very deep regrets that he
+was unable to attend. He had planned to attend, but his doctor said
+absolutely no. So he has learned from experience that he has got to pay
+more attention to his doctor's orders than he has in the past.
+
+He wanted me to tell the members of the Association that although he
+wasn't here in body he was in spirit and in mind.
+
+President Davidson: That's fine. I think perhaps we should proceed first
+with the reports of committees.
+
+The Finance Committee. Mr. Weshcke is not here. Mr. Weber is next in
+order on that committee. I presume there would be nothing special to
+report at this time.
+
+Mr. Weber: Nothing.
+
+President Davidson: Press and Publication. Mr. Stoke is chairman of that
+committee. Mr. Stoke is not present at this time. Dr. MacDaniels, would
+you have anything to say in the matter of Press and Publications
+Committee? Have you any recommendations or reports to make?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, I hadn't planned to make any report. As a
+matter of fact, I had very little to do with the work of the
+Publications Committee this year. I have been rather happy that it has
+been handled otherwise, and I think our thanks are due to our Secretary,
+who has carried the brunt, in fact, almost the entire burden of the
+publication of the proceedings. Also of _The Nutshell_. That occurred
+through a series of circumstances which I don't wish to outline here. I
+think probably the chief determining factor was that the contract for
+printing was awarded to a firm in Nashville, which almost automatically
+made it at least convenient and expedient to have the matter handled in
+Nashville. I believe you will concur in that general opinion.
+
+Mr. MacDaniel: Yes.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: So that our Secretary has had an unusually heavy burden
+which we should not expect him to carry again.
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+The chair will entertain a motion to accept Dr. MacDaniels' report on
+behalf of the Press and Publication Committee.
+
+(It was so moved and seconded, a vote taken and motion carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: On Varieties and Contests. Mr. Zarger is not going
+to be with us, I am afraid, and if there is any other member of that
+committee present who has something to say on the matter of variety and
+contests, we would be very glad to hear from him. I don't hear anything,
+so we will proceed to the next one.
+
+The report of the Survey Committee. Mr. Silvis is chairman of that
+committee, and I will say on his behalf that he was raring to go and
+would have gone if it had been the feeling on the part of some of the
+other members that a survey was timely at that time. It happened that
+that was not the feeling, it was not a good year to make a survey, and
+on that account I wrote to Mr. Silvis that possibly it would be well to
+put off any important survey for the year 1947.
+
+Do you have anything to say, Mr. Silvis, in addition to this?
+
+Mr. Silvis: Well, on the cuff, no, and off the cuff I would like to make
+this remark, that I just had one question I was going to require every
+member to answer to me for, and that was what kind of a nut tree should
+I plant, and thereby try to establish a zone between frost-free dates
+for various locations or states or territories. It didn't develop.
+
+I received as late as last week John Bregger's note explaining why it
+was his reply came late. But I do want to make this remark, and for our
+able Secretary's first issue of _The Nutshell_ I know this to be a fact,
+that with it, it's the nuts, and without it, it's hell.
+
+President Davidson: What shall we do with Mr. Silvis's report? We have
+some action to take presently on the matter of survey in addition to
+this report. Could I have a motion to accept the report of the Survey
+Committee?
+
+Dr. Crane: So move.
+
+Mr. Weber: Second.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Chase disappeared again. He is chairman of the
+Program Committee. We all have evidence of what he has been doing.
+Perhaps his program is sufficient to report.
+
+Mrs. S. H. Graham is chairman of the Membership Committee. I think Mrs.
+Graham is not here, so perhaps we can pass on.
+
+Report of the Necrology Committee fortunately is blank.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: There is one that I know of. Mr. Schuster of Oregon passed
+away last winter.
+
+President Davidson: I think that points out a little weakness in our
+organization. The death of Mr. Schuster should have been reported and
+some notice of it taken, perhaps.
+
+Mr. Stoke, you are here as chairman of the Exhibits Committee. Would you
+like to say something?
+
+Mr. Stoke: I don't know that I have anything to say. The exhibits speak
+for themselves back there. I wish to thank those who made contributions
+to that exhibit, and some still came in this morning that you haven't
+seen. I think it's been fine cooperation.
+
+I feel an apology is due for not getting out more publicity on behalf of
+the committee. I had hoped that another copy of _The Nutshell_ would be
+out before this meeting so I could make another call for exhibits, but
+it wasn't, and I didn't get my material in to our Secretary in time for
+the earlier one.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I believe we did have a notice in the summer issue.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes, there was a notice. At any rate, we have had exhibits
+here all the way from Georgia to New York. I am not sure whether they
+have any from Canada or not. I think it makes a very nice display, and I
+certainly appreciate your cooperation.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: In connection with these exhibits, we were driving along
+talking to Mr. Slate about the desirability of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association sending an exhibit to the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. That was done about ten years ago, and the
+Society gave us a silver medal at that time. I know from talking with
+Mr. Nehrling that they would be pleased to have such an exhibit put on,
+and I think that if we could take much of the material from our exhibits
+here and send it there that that would make an acceptable exhibit, and
+we almost assuredly would get not only considerable publicity out of
+that, because it would be an exhibit of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, but we might also get either a cash award or a medal. I
+think if we work behind the scenes, if we preferred the cash we could
+get that, which would be of some value to the Association.
+
+Now, I speak of this merely to bring it to your attention and to point
+out that any of the personally furnished exhibits that you wish to turn
+over for that purpose, you may arrange with Mr. Stoke for that.
+
+(Further discussion on the details of sending in the above-mentioned
+exhibits.)
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I would move this Association favored sending an exhibit
+to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society Harvest show, provided
+material is available.
+
+Dr. Crane: Second the motion.
+
+Dr. Silvis: May I make this remark and also be in the form of a motion,
+that those exhibitors report immediately at the adjournment of this
+session to Mr. Stoke and make known to him whether yes or no, whether
+their exhibits can be sent up.
+
+President Davidson: Do you make that motion in the form of an amendment?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I will include that in the motion.
+
+Dr. Crane: I accept it.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion as amended, and it was carried
+unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Place of Meeting Committee. I judge that that
+committee is not ready to report, is it, Mr. Slate, for this following
+meeting?
+
+Mr. Slate: The chairman didn't realize until just before we were ready
+to leave that he was a member of that committee. I have given the matter
+some thought on the way down, and in the previous years I have usually
+gone fishing for invitations some time before the meeting. I did drop a
+line overboard a few days ago, but I didn't catch anything more than I
+caught in this big lake up here.
+
+Now, from previous experience I don't believe we can consider going to
+the Middle West. Mr. Snyder, Mr. Becker in Michigan, and Dr. Colby at
+Illinois, have not thought that they had enough material to make it
+worth while to go out there. That throws it back to the East, and we
+have been to some of the better places in recent years; Ronoake,
+Virginia, Hershey, Pennsylvania, and Boston.
+
+I think there are two places that we should consider. I think we should
+consider Beltsville and the New York City region. We all know that there
+is plenty of material at Beltsville. We have not been there for some
+time. And in the New York City region we have the plantings of Gilbert
+Smith, who is probably 85 or 90 miles above New York. He is not far from
+Poughkeepsie where I am sure there are ample facilities for handling the
+crowd. Then there may be possibly some of Dr. Graves' plantings that
+would be worth seeing on a field trip.
+
+Now, of course, the committee will be very glad to receive invitations
+from anyone here and consider them, and we will make the final report at
+the final business session at the time of the banquet, I believe. But
+between now and then I want you to consider the matter rather seriously
+and let me know what you are thinking about.
+
+President Davidson: I think it would be desirable, if it were possible,
+for Mr. Slate to wire the proper authorities at Beltsville or
+Poughkeepsie.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. President, one of our members is Mr. Bernath, who has
+been quite faithful in attending nearly all our meetings, and he has, I
+imagine, much of interest to show to the members, and he is located near
+Poughkeepsie. I am just throwing that out for the members to think over
+as to what they would think about Poughkeepsie as a possible meeting
+place.
+
+President Davidson: That's worth listening to.
+
+Would it be advisable, do you think, for Mr. Slate at the expense of the
+Association to wire to Poughkeepsie or to Beltsville to see whether an
+invitation is available or not?
+
+Mr. Slate: Those places are well represented now.
+
+Mr. Weber: I imagine Mr. Bernath can speak for himself.
+
+Mr. Bernath: I don't know, I think if we could delay it another year,
+Mr. Smith is going to retire from the State School, and he will have
+plenty of time. I am very busy, and he will have loads of time on his
+hands, and then he can give it his attention. I think that would be all
+right next year.
+
+Mr. Slate: That's up to the Association to decide.
+
+Mr. Bernath: We would like to have you come at that time.
+
+Mr. Slate: Beltsville is very well represented in Dr. Crane.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr, Chairman, in view of what Mr. Bernath says, I'd accept
+Mr. Bernath's suggestion and have Poughkeepsie on the list for the year
+following.
+
+Mr. Bernath: That's right.
+
+President Davidson: Dr. Crane may have something.
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President and members of the Association, we'd like to
+have the Association meeting at Beltsville again. However, we have had
+four years of May freezes in Beltsville Station, and I am going to tell
+you all is not in any too good condition. A lot of it has been pulled,
+and we have had to replant an awful lot of the stuff that is now just
+planted this year. We lost a lot of the plantings that were made last
+year because of injury. As you folks probably know that have been there
+before, we labored under very great difficulties on soil conditions in
+that we have mostly sands and gravel.
+
+So we are kind of in a mess there right now. We'd be glad to have the
+Association meet at Beltsville, and we have right good facilities there
+for meetings, but as far as any plantings in the area, a lot of the work
+we are doing, we are kind of going through a period of change right now
+and getting re-established, and I want you to know the situation.
+
+President Davidson: Well, we have been forewarned. It's a case, I judge,
+of not being unwilling to see us, but you are not so anxious, for us to
+see you, is that it?
+
+Dr. Crane: I wouldn't want you to come there under false hopes that you
+would see a lot.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I would like to say we have done quite a lot of work in
+breeding chestnuts and also work with forest types, crossing American
+chestnuts and Chinese. But I agree quite with Dr. Crane, that we haven't
+so much to show you there. Of course, it's a dog-gone good thing to get
+familiar with these diseases and see what you are up against, because
+all through the history of nut culture, and so forth, one of the basic
+defects has been the failure to appreciate the importance of insect and
+disease factors. And we are very much in need of more basic research
+along those lines, but I agree with Dr. Crane that at present we have a
+limited amount to show you there.
+
+Of course, there is the Plant Industry Station there with a lot of
+experimental work, greenhouse work and all sorts of basic research work,
+fertilization work, and so forth, going on there. A lot of people like
+to come to Washington. Our plantings are pretty much the same condition
+as Dr. Crane's and not a display proposition such as you have here at
+TVA.
+
+President Davidson: Suppose we regard this report, then, as temporary
+and hear more from you later.
+
+I think that concludes the reports.
+
+The Board of Directors, unless there is some other order of business to
+be taken up, have some recommendations to make to the Association. One
+is the recommendation that the Association place the annual membership
+fee at $3, the supporting membership fee at $10 and the life membership
+fee at $75. They didn't wish to take the responsibility of doing
+anything more than referring that matter to this Association.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That could be handled in the by-laws under the
+constitution.
+
+President Davidson: We still also have another rather important matter
+that's been referred to the Association, and that is the matter of a
+sufficient amount of remuneration to permit our Secretary to hire a
+stenographer to do the extra amount of work that is gradually
+accumulating in that office. The resolution that is referred to you
+calls for a payment of 50 cents per member to the Secretary for this
+purpose.... We have no right to be set up so that the work of the
+Association would encroach upon a person's job as it is set up at the
+present time. That recommendation was that it was contingent, of course,
+upon raising the dues to $3.00 and take 50 cents of that to offset the
+stenographic help and try to re-organize our affairs between the
+Secretary and Treasurer so that as much as possible of the routine
+mailing, and routine stenographic work would be carried in this way.
+
+(Discussion on the above recommendation.)
+
+Mr. Weber: I move that the additional remuneration be granted, 50 cents
+per member, to the Secretary.
+
+Mr. Smith: I will second the motion.
+
+Mr. Fisher: I'd like to make an amendment to that, that the dues be
+raised to $3.00 in order to make this possible.
+
+Mr. Weber: I will accept the amendment.
+
+Mr Smith: And I will second the motion contingent, of course, to the
+raising of the dues.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: We will appoint a Resolutions Committee.
+
+
++Resolutions Committee+
+
+Sterling Smith, H. L. Crane, Raymond E. Silvis, H. F. Stoke.
+
+President Davidson: I think so far as I know that's everything except
+the report of the Committee on the Constitution. Unless I hear otherwise
+we will proceed with that report.
+
+(Discussion on Constitution.)
+
+(Constitution and by-laws approved as set out in another part of this
+report, the Constitution having first been read at 1947 meeting)
+
+President Davidson: As I understand it, then, this constitution, unless
+we make some other provision, is in effect as of now.
+
+Mr. Weber: Now with these by-laws in effect there will have to be a
+fresh nominating committee elected for the next year.
+
+Mr. Smith: Mr. President, I make a motion, if it's in order, that the
+Nominating Committee as elected previously for this meeting also
+continue and serve for next year.
+
+Mr. Clarke: Second the motion.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: There is one other matter that was brought up at the
+directors' meeting, and inasmuch as the directors did not have a quorum,
+it should be voted through here, I think, and that is that a motion is
+in order to pay Mrs. Gibbs $25 for her services as stenographer at our
+meeting. That was done, I believe, at Guelph, and it involves a lot of
+important work.
+
+Mr. Korn: I second the motion.
+
+(Vote taken, motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Shall we adjourn, with a continuance of the business
+meeting at the banquet?
+
+(Recess taken until 1:00 o'clock p. m.)
+
+
++Monday Afternoon Session+
+
+President Davidson: Shall we come to order?
+
+We now come to the interesting part of our program, and we will listen
+first to Mr. Quick of West Virginia, who will take the place of Mr.
+Sayers, the State Forester at Charleston, West Virginia. Mr. Quick.
+
+
+
+
+The Development and Propagation of Blight Resistant Chestnut in West
+Virginia
+
+RALPH H. QUICK, Conservation Commission, Charleston, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Quick: Ladies and gentlemen of the Association, your guests and
+friends: In substituting for the State Forester of West Virginia I
+realize that I am undertaking a big job. A few of you know Mr. Wilson
+Sayers, who is the State Forester, and those of you who do may assure
+the rest of the group what a big job I am undertaking, because I feel
+that I am in pretty good-sized shoes.
+
+The subject that has been assigned is The Development and Propagation of
+Blight Resistant Chestnut in West Virginia. Now, being a forester, I am
+perhaps interested in blight resistant chestnut from a little different
+standpoint than the majority of this group. As representing the
+Conservation Commission of that state I might say that we are interested
+primarily from the game-food viewpoint. Now, that's a little bit
+different, I expect, than most of you have been thinking about, or some
+of you, at least. But that is the standpoint from which we are
+interested.
+
+So I would like to go along with you this afternoon and discuss some of
+the things that we have done and some of the things that we are
+learning--there are a few yet--that lead us along that line to believe
+that we can do something with blight-resistant chestnuts in West
+Virginia as a game food. We are just at the beginning, so to speak--that
+is, the Conservation Commission of that state is just at the beginning
+of our study. We have been fooling with it a little off and on since
+back in the middle '30's, but interest has lagged and then has picked up
+again two or three times.
+
+I am sure that as far as the production of good strains of
+blight-resistant chestnut, better strains of Chinese, and so on, that
+there are people in West Virginia who are more capable of telling you
+what has been done from a private viewpoint than anyone with the
+Conservation Commission, but we are interested in learning about it and
+producing it in large numbers for a game food, and, of course, if we are
+interested in distributing from our nursery over the state for that
+purpose, we are interested in producing better strains of
+blight-resisting chestnut as we go.
+
+Along back in the 1920's a few plantations, or a few trees were planted
+in the state by what was then the old Fish and Game Commission, and the
+records have been lost, as has been true in many other states. But then,
+apparently, the beginning was made. In going over some of those early
+plantings I will only have time to hit the high spots and the ones in
+which we are particularly interested in our line, but the first ones
+were back there somewhere in the '20's.
+
+One of the best plantations, the one that we are particularly interested
+in at the present time, is in Jackson County, West Virginia, and it is
+of the University of Nanking strain, and there were 34 trees planted
+there back in 1926, and we are told that they were planted from 2-0[1]
+stock, from nuts that came from China in 1924. Twenty-six of those trees
+survived, and we think they are pretty good nuts. You may be interested
+to know that that plantation now averages 22 feet in height and has an
+average diameter at breast height of 8 inches. The spacing in that
+plantation was 26 by 26 feet.
+
+Now, we can't take credit, nor do we want to take credit, for that
+plantation. The state agency had nothing to do with it. It was put in
+there through the cooperation of the gentlemen from Beltsville, but we
+are very much interested in that plantation; so interested that we have
+gone to the owner, along with the permission of the fellows from
+Beltsville, and sewed the thing up for a five year period, during which
+time we hope to get the seed and to improve our own strains and
+establish blocks of our own on state-owned land under different
+conditions and on different sites where we expect in the future to be
+able to secure seed for our use and production at the nursery.
+
+In the first few years that this plantation that we are speaking of in
+Jackson County produced, not many people paid much attention to it or
+attached much significance to it. The man who had charge of it gave the
+nuts away for experimental purposes or for any reason that anybody
+happened to ask for them, and shipped a lot of them free. But along in
+the early 1940's he began to find out what he had, and he started
+selling seed and made a pretty good thing out of it.
+
+Last year was the first year that we had gotten seed from that
+plantation. We got 75 pounds of good nuts taken in the fall of 1947.
+
+We have another orchard, another plantation that led us to become
+interested, I guess, in producing blight-resistant chestnut as a game
+food and along forestry lines, and that is the orchard that we have on
+nursery property. It was one of the early ones, and I expect one of the
+earliest in the state, but it was planted along back in 1936, fifty-one
+trees.
+
+When we started in this we didn't know anything about it at all, so we
+have built up our small knowledge in the last few years. But it didn't
+take us long to realize that our orchard on our nursery property was of
+badly crossed material, and it had some very undesirable trees. If we
+succeeded in doing anything with them as a game food we would have to
+eliminate, and only last year did we get around to the place where we
+could secure authority to eliminate the undesirable species. We have
+about half of the stand left now, but we are pretty sure that the trees
+that we do have are of good strain.
+
+It might be interesting for you to note--maybe some of you can top
+it--we were interested when this orchard was planted, in what would
+happen if the trees were planted and allowed to grow as a forest stand.
+So they were planted in six-by-six spacing. Of course, we got a lot of
+self-pruning and a lot of competition, as we would in forests by the
+trees growing up and competing with each other and reaching for height
+and light. Some of them died and some were so badly suppressed that they
+failed to make any growth at all. But there is one tree that we still
+have in that orchard that we are proud of, not from the standpoint of
+nut production, nor does it produce a very good nut as far as the human
+taste is concerned. But it has made a single stick that far surpasses
+any other tree we have in the orchard. It looks like a forest tree. In
+1945--it might be hard for you to believe--it grew nine feet. That isn't
+an exaggeration. It was measured. We thought that was a lot better than
+fair growth. Of course, it hasn't made any growth like that since, and I
+don't think it ever did before, but it just had the push to go and went
+nine feet in one growing season.
+
+Leaving that orchard for a few minutes, there were 38 plantings of from
+10 to 50 trees each made by the Soil Conservation Service and the
+Division of Forest Pathology of the Bureau of Plant Industry in the
+spring of 1939. These were examined by Dr. Diller of that Bureau in the
+spring of 1940 and in 1947. He has told us that he graded those
+plantings as he found them, 10 being good, and he said the next 15 were
+only fair and he put 13 down as total failures.
+
+Of those 13 that failed--from the forestry standpoint now, remember--he
+said that 7 of the failures were due to poor site selection, three were
+suppressed by surrounding hardwoods and other competing growth, and
+three had been destroyed by cattle.
+
+[Footnote 1: Meaning, two years old, not transplanted in the
+nursery.--Ed.]
+
+
++A Commercial Chestnut Nurseryman+
+
+I don't know whether any of you know of--I expect you do--the Gold
+Chestnut Nursery in West Virginia near Cowen, and it is owned and
+operated by Mr. Arthur A. Gold. He has been interested in
+blight-resistant chestnuts from a commercial standpoint, selling from
+his nursery for a good many years. He has worked with us some in the
+Conservation Commission and has given us the benefit of his experience.
+And if any of you have the opportunity I think you would be interested
+in seeing Mr. Gold's nursery. He was an old-time nurseryman that handled
+most of the conifers found in a commercial nursery, but in the last few
+years he has gone into chestnut production almost entirely, and if you
+have an opportunity, I am sure Mr. Gold would welcome you to his nursery
+in Webster County.
+
+The Game Division of the Conservation Commission of West Virginia
+established three or four small plantings on the state forests in 1938
+and 1939, but they had low survival. Dr. Diller in going around with
+some of us and checking on those has found that we were back there where
+all of us were trying to find something and trying to learn something
+and that we made many mistakes and that we picked poor stock, for one
+thing, and poor sites for another thing, but the great disadvantage and
+the biggest limiting factor was our poor selection of sites there in the
+beginning.
+
+In handling chestnuts that you people handle maybe in small or large
+quantities where all of your time can be devoted to that particular
+thing, you probably have a lot of things that you do that we don't have
+time to do because at the nursery in West Virginia we are interested
+primarily in producing conifers and other forest trees for the
+reforestation of abandoned land. So in handling this Chinese chestnut as
+a game food we are working on a sideline. We have to pick it up as fast
+as we can do the job and do as much as we can and learn about as much as
+we can. And, of course, we learn slower than people who have the time to
+spend and perhaps the money to spend at it. But we are limited in those
+two respects.
+
+But seed collections are made, and we find it necessary in collecting
+from two of the orchards that we are now using for seed to collect twice
+a day in the season that the nuts are ripening, because both of those
+orchards which we prize are close to forest lands and squirrel country,
+and they really give us a race for it. The fact of the matter is the
+orchard at the nursery has attracted the squirrels on that particular
+side of the mountain. I have hunted on opening day and killed my limit
+of squirrels without going outside of the residence and been back at
+work time at eight o'clock. It really attracts them on that side of the
+hill. We are going to compete with the squirrels, but as you will see,
+we have just about given up that orchard as a seed source.
+
+We find it necessary to treat the seed, of course, before we plant it.
+Many of you people, of course, go into the spraying end of it before the
+nut ever develops. We haven't the time or the money right now to go into
+it that way, so we try to take care of the nut after we collect it and
+bring it in.
+
+I expect it is not necessary for me to go into any of the details on any
+of the methods that may be used to get rid of the weevil, because you
+are all familiar with that. Maybe it suffices to say that we at the
+nursery now are using the hot water treatment. The little weevil is
+found in there and not always apparent. In fact, most of the time it
+isn't apparent that the nut is infested, but they are, and if we take
+measures to kill the weevil we haven't any germination of the weevil. We
+used gas once, but we are limited in that at present. It is a lot more
+expensive.
+
+We have, in the first few years that we tried to produce chestnuts at
+the nursery, stratified them. We got along pretty well with that in damp
+sand, we got along fairly well in sawdust, and we got along especially
+well with damp sphagnum moss. But in the end we determined that we are
+getting better results if we plant the nuts as they are collected. In
+other words, the seed was taken from the orchard, treated to kill the
+weevil and put in the ground in the fall.
+
+Now, you can't get away with that everywhere. Our orchard is far enough
+away from the nursery that we don't have any rodent damage. We have had
+some trouble from skunks, and they finally find out that the nuts are in
+there in a row where we have planted them, and they go right down and
+get them. But we have no trouble from mice or rats. We are far away from
+woodland and buildings.
+
+We find that some people have trouble with wind or water erosion. We
+don't have that. So we can get by and do a better job and produce better
+trees by sowing nuts in the fall, and we sow them in the fall, just as
+if we were sowing black walnuts for production and distribution over the
+state.
+
+By the next fall when we are ready to distribute those seedlings as 1-0
+stock we find that we have produced seedlings of about 14 inches in
+height as 1-0 stock. From what I have seen that isn't a bad size to
+produce as 1-0 stock, though it is better in some places. We find, too,
+in the spring before germination, that in our particular section of the
+state along the Ohio River valley we sometimes get a dry spring and find
+it necessary to irrigate that land where we planted the chestnuts, just
+as the seed beds where we planted pine, in order to keep the ground
+moist and keep it in a condition where seeds will germinate freely.
+
+We weed our chestnuts just as we do every row planted in the nursery,
+cultivate with the tractor about three times in a season, which is all
+the time we have to give to it, and hand weed it once. Perhaps it ought
+to have a little more than that. Some seasons I am sure it should, but
+that's about the time we are allowed or the time that we can allot to
+that.
+
+I hope, Mr. Davidson, you will check me here on this time. I don't want
+to get too far out and upset the schedule.
+
+President Davidson: All right, if necessary.
+
+Mr. Quick: In distributing, the seedlings or blight-resistant chestnut
+seed in West Virginia we began back in 1943 putting them out in
+quantity. We had to limit them, the only thing in the nursery we had to
+limit the amount as to seed. That was because everybody in the state
+became very much interested, and the Conservation Commission makes those
+available to any land owner in the state free of charge if he will plant
+them as a game food but not under other circumstances. He can't use them
+for ornamentals, and he can't use them for shade purposes in his yard.
+But he can receive a limited number if he is willing to use them for
+game. So in scattering them over the state, so many people wanted so
+many of them that if we didn't watch we'd have all of our chestnuts
+planted in three or four, or half a dozen spots in the state, and we are
+interested in learning as much as we can by having them put out at
+different elevations, different sites and under different conditions, so
+we had to limit it to ten to an individual in 1943. We have gradually
+upped that as our production has gone up, from 15 to 20, then 40, and
+this year we are offering 50 to any land owner in the State of West
+Virginia.
+
+Now you can see why we are interested in trying to improve the nut. If
+we are going to distribute them all over the state, let's distribute a
+good nut, a nut that is not only a heavy bearer for the game, but a nut,
+too, that is fit for human consumption.
+
+In our site recommendations we have been trying to follow pretty well
+the ideas of the boys from Beltsville, and we found out that what they
+have been telling us is just about right. In other words, we are setting
+our chestnuts in the cove types, moist with gentle slope, preferably on
+the north, and we are getting better growth there. It doesn't mean as
+far as we are concerned that it doesn't grow well on drier land and on
+rich hill-tops but the growth is so much greater when it's put in good
+ground and under those conditions. In other words, it needs a tulip
+poplar site; where tulip poplar is growing or has recently grown might
+be one way to select a site for our chestnuts.
+
+In these five year now that we have been distributing these chestnuts we
+have distributed something like 200,000. Now, we know that all of those
+seedlings haven't been good strains, but they have been the best we
+could do at that time as we were going along. We hope to learn from you
+people, and we hope you can give us help in improving our strains so
+that we can distribute better chestnuts over the state.
+
+We haven't had a good system of checking up, until the present time, on
+plantings that have been made in the past, but we are initiating a
+system just now wherein all plantations that have been made from forest
+stock will have regular examination all over the state of West Virginia,
+and we are including chestnuts in that. We have made some checks in the
+state on certain selected sites and have found out, strange enough, that
+these little plantations that are spotted around on the farms, if they
+were put in correctly and handled properly according to our
+instructions, have given us a survival of about 80 to 85 per cent, which
+is, as you will remember, about the percentage in the Nanking strain
+planting in Jackson County, 26 out of the 34 original trees. That seems
+strange, but it has proved true all over the state in the few checks
+that we have made. But we are going into it and checking these
+plantations and by so doing I believe we can eliminate a good many of
+our own troubles, along with your help.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Quick for a very interesting paper.
+
+Is Professor Moore, present? Our next talk will be on The Present Status
+of the Chestnut in Virginia, by Professor R. C. Moore of the Virginia
+Polytechnic Institute of Blacksburg, Virginia. Professor Moore.
+
+
+
+
+The Present Status of the Chestnut in Virginia
+
+R.C. MOORE, Department of Horticulture Virginia Agricultural Experiment
+Station
+
+
+Briefly reviewing the past, Virginia has been in the same position as
+many other states in regard to the large number of native American
+chestnuts that once grew wild before the blight epidemic occurred. Most
+of the chestnuts were found on loose, open type soils rather than on
+heavy limestone soil. In mountainous parts of the state, considerable
+income was obtained from the sale of wild chestnuts. Men, women, and
+children gathered these nuts and traded them at the stores for
+merchandise. One small country store, in Floyd County, southwest
+Virginia, assembled and shipped between sixty and eighty thousand pounds
+annually. A small town, Stuart, in Patrick County, shipped three
+carloads daily during the peak of the season. These nuts found their way
+to city markets, where chestnut roasters were as commonly seen as
+popcorn poppers. Since many of these native chestnut trees grew in
+forests or on wasteland, there was little expense involved except in the
+time required to gather them. The demand was good but frequently the
+sale price was rather low, especially during years when the crop was
+heavy.
+
+After blight destroyed the wild trees, a considerable amount of timber
+was cut from the dead trees. At present this wood has largely decayed
+beyond usefulness except for firewood, although in some areas it is
+being gathered for pulpwood. Sprouts have arisen from the bases of the
+trunks and have borne nuts, but blight sooner or later destroys those
+sprouts.
+
+Chinkapins are found in many counties of Virginia, especially on shale
+or sandy loam soils. Blight affects chinkapins to a considerable extent;
+but because of their bushy type of growth, new shoots arise to replace
+blighted shoots, thus perpetuating the plants so that they have not died
+out. Chinkapins are gathered by children for eating and for sale along
+the roadside, but at present they have little total economic value.
+
+
++The Asiatic Chestnuts+
+
+Since the native American chestnuts passed out of existence, there has
+been a gradually accumulating interest in the Asiatic species,
+especially Chinese chestnuts, which appear superior, in blight
+resistance and nut quality to the Japanese species. The growing of these
+Chinese chestnuts is such a new enterprise that its problems are not
+fully solved nor its opportunities fully explored.
+
+The earlier plantings of seedling Chinese chestnut trees were made by
+cooperating growers and nurserymen. They were interested in a forest
+type chestnut that might replace the dead native trees. A few of these
+plantings were made under semi-forest conditions, on cut-over timber
+land or on dry ridges. The first lesson that was learned was that the
+Chinese chestnut is an orchard type tree requiring rather fertile soil
+and ample moisture. It would not compete favorably with most native
+forest trees, but rather was a slow growing, shallow rooted type of
+tree. Under these unfavorable growing conditions the trees tended to be
+small and to sprout from the bases of the trunks. The weakest seedlings
+died.
+
+In other cases the trees were planted in yards, back lots, along the
+sides of ravines, or in other locations where the soil was fertile and
+moist. Under these favorable conditions most seedlings have grown and
+produced crops of nuts, especially when the trees were pruned and
+competing weeds and brush were mowed. Very few of these first seedlings
+of the Chinese chestnuts showed much promise although a few of them were
+fairly satisfactory.
+
+Several old Japanese chestnut trees have been observed. One of these is
+estimated to be 50 years of age with a trunk diameter of 18 inches and a
+height of about 50 feet. It is growing in a very fertile spot and heavy
+crops in the past have broken its limbs. Chinkapins growing nearby
+appeared to have supplied pollen. Recently the nearest chinkapins were
+cleared away and hence at present the nuts fail to fill well. Another
+large tree in eastern Virginia produces many burs but the nuts fail to
+develop, indicating self-sterility. The nuts of both trees are rather
+coarse and of poor quality.
+
+More recent plantings have been rather widely scattered over the state,
+although the total number of trees is not large and no one person has
+planted many trees. One large general nursery, serving this area,
+reported sales last spring of 196 Chinese seedling trees to thirty-five
+different customers. The largest single sale was for fifty trees.
+Several customers purchased only one tree each.
+
+
++Problems Encountered+
+
+In visiting and corresponding with individuals who are growing Chinese
+chestnuts, I have made a few observations, as to problems that have
+arisen.
+
++1. Site and Soil.+ The most successful trees from the standpoint of
+growth and production were those growing on fertile, well drained soil
+in which moisture was plentiful. The Chinese chestnut tree appears to be
+shallow rooted and to require good growing conditions. Dry ridges were
+unfavorable for growth, and in bottom land the trees frequently were
+subjected to late spring freezing of tender shoots.
+
+2. Blight injury to the trees and weevil damage to the nuts seemed to be
+the most serious enemies of chestnuts. Seedlings varied considerably in
+their resistance to blight. Some of them showed no indications of
+blight; others were damaged but outgrew the injury; and a few trees were
+weakened and died.
+
+Weevils appeared to be quite prevalent. One grower reported almost 100%
+wormy nuts. It is my understanding that a spray program has been
+developed for control of the weevil. Mr. H. F. Stoke of Roanoke believes
+that the Illinois No. 31-4 chestnut (a hybrid) is resistant to weevil,
+probably because of its thick burs and closely set spines.
+
++3. Cultural Care.+ Chinese chestnuts benefited from pruning; it being
+especially important to cut away the sprouts at the bases of the trunks.
+Mowing weeds and brush around the trees seemed helpful. Applications of
+nitrate of soda stimulated more rapid growth of young trees, and in
+limited amounts benefited the older trees. It appears, however, that
+there may be a danger of overstimulation which increases the hazard of
+limb breakage by snow and ice, especially in the case of younger trees.
+The largest crops of nuts, however, were frequently produced on trees of
+only moderate vigor.
+
++4. Freezing damage to the bark of the trunks and large limbs.+ This
+occurred in the VPI Horticultural Department planting in 1945, when a
+temperature of about 17 deg.F. occurred after the trees had started growth
+in the spring. This injury appeared as a darkening of the outer bark and
+cambium. Trees that were severely damaged became weakened and tended to
+sprout vigorously from the bases of their trunks. Other trees overcame a
+slight injury with little apparent ill-effect.
+
++5. Seedlings or Varieties.+ The question is whether to grow seedlings or
+grafted varieties. Seedlings are more easily propagated, the nursery
+plants less expensive, and the trees longer lived on the average; but
+seedling trees and nuts are quite variable. Named varieties are
+difficult to propagate, the nursery plants expensive, and stock-scion
+incompatability may occur; but the trees and nuts are uniform. Seedlings
+serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties; but with more
+planting of superior varieties and a fuller understanding of propagation
+methods, and of cultural care, chestnut growing on a commercial scale
+may be more likely to become a reality.
+
+
++Future Prospects+
+
+For the present, at least, it appears that growing Chinese chestnuts may
+be limited to small specialty plantings rather than any large commercial
+enterprise. The trees seem well adapted to yard and back lot planting
+as ornamentals and to furnish the family with nuts. Also hobbyists and
+specialists find them to be interesting plants with which to work.
+
+The industry is new and involves uncertainties and risks, which a
+commercial grower should not be expected to assume. Further study is
+needed to clear up the uncertainties, especially as to production costs,
+markets, and profits to be expected. As additional trees come into
+bearing over a wider area, a better understanding may be had of the
+economic value of these chestnuts in the various sections of the state.
+There is a market for high quality chestnuts, but it remains to be seen
+whether there will be sufficient profit with the risks involved to
+attract commercial growers.
+
+
++Summary+
+
+In conclusion, the following points are to be stressed in regard to
+growing chestnuts in Virginia:
+
+(1) Chinese chestnuts are adapted for home planting or for planting by
+hobbyists and specialists; but their commercial prospects as yet are
+uncertain.
+
+(2) The trees require fertile soil with ample moisture but should not be
+planted in frost pockets.
+
+(3) Weevils and blight have been the most serious pests.
+
+(4) Seedlings serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties; but
+greater progress should be expected from growing superior named
+varieties.
+
+(5) Additional study is needed to determine the profit prospects, to
+evaluate varieties, and to work out details of cultural practices,
+harvesting, and storage of nuts on a variety basis.
+
+Although the chestnut blight has destroyed the native _Castanea dentata_
+trees, it is hoped that breeding programs may produce a blight
+resistant, hardy tree, of a size that will lend itself to orchard
+planting and cultural practices, and which will be regularly productive
+of high quality nuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Moore.
+
+The next thing on the program is the talk by Mr. G. S. Jones of Phenix
+City, Alabama, on Growing Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama.
+
+
+
+
+Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Lee County, Alabama
+
+G. S. JONES, R.F.D. 1, Phenix City, Alabama
+
+
+Ever since childhood, chestnuts have held a fascination for me. How well
+I remember the delightful Sunday afternoon trips we used to make in the
+fall up on Earkett's Hill to gather a few small nuts from some native
+trees which often had been burned by woods fires. I occasionally revisit
+this area to see these trees, which are in better condition now than
+then. Native chestnuts were never, to my knowledge, very abundant in our
+area and are now indeed scarce, but I still hear of a few living trees,
+some of which grow as far south as North Florida.
+
+I first became interested in Chinese chestnuts from an article I read in
+the early '30's in a Department of Agriculture yearbook which I think
+had been written by Mr. Gravatt. This article told about these trees
+being introduced into this country because of their high resistance to
+blight. Until this time I had heard little about chestnut blight. In
+order to find out more about these trees I wrote Mr. Gravatt, who in
+reply said seedling trees were available for distribution on an
+experimental basis. I applied for some of these, more, I must admit, to
+get them to grow on our place just to have some chestnuts than with any
+thought of disease resistance. When these trees came in the spring of
+1934 I even had some trouble in getting permission to set them in an
+open field near the house, for chestnuts were considered as a tree of
+minor importance, to be grown in some out of the way place.
+
+These trees were set in sandy loam soil with a porous yellow subsoil in
+a field of medium elevation which has excellent air drainage so I have
+had little damage from cold injury. The soil is of fair fertility for
+the Upper Costal Plain area. Of the trees sent me, fourteen of the ML
+selection, originating, I am informed by Mr. Gravatt, from seed obtained
+in Anhwei Province of China, and 10 MO selection originating in Chekiang
+Province were set in my orchard. Only two of these failed to survive,
+leaving a total of twenty-two. These were cultivated with the field
+crops, mostly cotton and corn, and I must admit didn't have much
+individual attention for several years. I even left the side branches to
+minimize injury from the mule and plow used in cultivation. Some leaves
+and trash were put around them at times and they received some benefit
+from the fertilizer of the row crops. I mention this to show that my
+chestnuts grew quite well though only moderately fertilized, but
+receiving good cultivation while young. I might mention that I set two
+trees in stiff Piedmont clay soil a few miles above here, to try them
+under woodland conditions. These have never done well, although one had
+burs but I found no nuts. Other trees which I observe have not been
+given cultivation grow very slowly, although I have not seen any tried
+on what I would consider _good_ woodland areas.
+
+My trees, spaced about 40 x 40 ft., have grown quite rapidly so that now
+some of the limbs are almost touching. Tree ML No. 2, which is about
+average size, measured last fall in diameter 12-1/2 inches, in height 24
+feet, with a limb spread of 30 feet. By 1943 the trees were getting so
+large that cultivation was discontinued. An attempt is made to keep all
+litter possible in the orchard, which, with the shade of the trees, has
+caused much of the soil to become loose and mellow. Since our sandy soil
+is very low in calcium I applied limestone one time at the rate of about
+1500 lbs. per acre. This I hoped would improve the texture of the soil
+and make better conditions for growing bur clover between the trees.
+Basic slag which contains about 10% phosphate was applied at the rate of
+about 600 lbs. per acre in the early '40's. For the last four or five
+years I applied about 200 lbs. of guano (4-10-7 usually) and 200 lbs of
+basic slag annually. Since 1944 I have been adding about 50 lbs. of
+minor mineral elements to the above mixture. Whether it is a coincidence
+or not I cannot say, but the next year after applying these elements my
+yields increased from 430 lbs. the previous year to 961 lbs. and have
+remained high ever since. Minor mineral elements show beneficial results
+on our garden crops, and I am inclined to believe they are needed, since
+our soil is so sandy and porous, and especially the soil that has been
+cultivated so long. Since my trees have produced so well with this
+moderate fertilization, I have made no check against higher rates of
+application. In fact I am against the use of large amounts of mineral
+guanos since I know certain tender shrubs and plants are injured by
+their use and some soil bacteria and animal life are also harmfully
+affected, according to reports I have read.
+
+Three of my trees bore a few nuts at four years. No record of yields was
+kept until the seventh year or 1942, in which I gathered about 328 lbs.
+of nuts. After that my records show for 1943, 554 lbs., 1944--430 lbs;
+1945--961 lbs; 1946--1722 lbs; 1947--1554 lbs. No individual tree
+records were kept except in a few cases. I kept a rough record by
+looking at the burs at the end of the season, and classed trees as
+excellent, good, or poor producers, along with other characteristics of
+the trees. However, I know several of my trees produced over 100 lbs.
+each in 1946 and one tree, ML No. 2, of which I kept a record by weight,
+in 1947 produced a little over 150 lbs. of nuts.
+
+[A note from Mr. Jones early in 1949 reports a crop of 1,836 pounds of
+chestnuts harvested from his 21 trees in 1948, the largest yield to
+date. His ML No. 2 tree produced 165 pounds.]
+
+Nuts on a few of my trees begin ripening the latter part of August, but
+September is the heavy month, with some extending to the middle of
+October. Their early ripening period while the weather is usually hot
+and dry, I think tends to cause damage to nuts from the effects of the
+hot sun and rapid drying. Damage to the nuts and consequent spoilage can
+be kept at a minimum if they are gathered promptly, which should be
+daily.
+
+
++Preparing Chestnuts for Market+
+
+Here is how I generally handle my crop. As soon as the nuts are gathered
+I put them in a container with water and remove the nuts that float.
+This eliminates practically all spoiled nuts and those beginning to
+spoil. Those that sink are then placed in coarse mesh burlap bags (about
+25 lbs. to the bag) which are tied near the top. These bags are laid on
+a slatted platform under a shade tree and pressed out flat, so nuts will
+not be thicker than 2 or 3 inches. These bags are thoroughly wet with
+water once or twice daily, depending on the weather, until I can carry
+them to cold storage and store at 30 deg.F., or they are marketed fresh,
+advising buyer of the perishable nature of these nuts. Last year my nuts
+kept excellently in cold storage, and after remaining there about six
+weeks had dried sufficiently to keep much better after taking out than
+when they were fresh.
+
+Nuts for planting purposes can be kept in excellent condition for
+several weeks by spreading them thinly between layers of damp sphagnum
+moss and storing in a cool place. This cannot be allowed to get very wet
+or sprouting will begin. While holding the nuts out of cold storage I
+attempt to keep sufficient moisture available so the nuts are not
+allowed to dry much, and yet have plenty of ventilation to keep them
+from heating or souring. Until I began using this method, a large
+percentage of my nuts began spoiling soon after gathering, which caused
+me much discouragement, as I did not want to offer such a product for
+sale. Since then my losses still run around 12%, but this could be
+reduced still further by more prompt gathering and by the elimination of
+several trees which retain nuts in the burs to a large extent.
+
+I have been able to dispose of my nuts quite easily in near-by Columbus,
+Ga. and for the last few years have had quite a demand for nuts to use
+in planting.
+
+My orchard as a whole has been very healthy, showing no blight signs
+that I can detect, although there is little chance of exposure to blight
+in my section. One tree is slowly dying, which may be due to cold
+injury, as it comes into leaf early and also ripens very early. So far I
+have noticed no damage from chestnut weevils. As my trees are seedlings,
+there is quite a bit of variation in size of nuts and production of
+individual trees.
+
+
++Undesirable Traits in Seedling Trees+
+
+I might mention some undesirable traits which I notice in my trees.
+First, I would place retention of nuts in the burs as the worst trouble.
+This is quite bad in five or six of my trees. Next, nuts too dry and
+loose in the hull at time of falling, which is present in four or five
+trees, some of which retain nuts in the burs and some which do not. The
+dry textured nuts seem to spoil more easily than plump well filled ones.
+Some trees produce too small nuts but the trees which produce extra
+large nuts do not usually yield nearly so heavily as those producing
+small to medium size nuts. I consider too early ripening as undesirable,
+for those that ripen later are usually better keepers, but this does not
+always hold true as some of the later ripening ones are also poor
+keepers.
+
+This year my trees have an excellent crop of burs and show promise of a
+good average yield on each tree. Considering all things, I am highly
+pleased with my Chinese chestnuts and believe they have a good future in
+our section if no greater troubles arise than I now know of although
+there is much room for improvement.
+
+
++Other Tree Crops+
+
+Although Chinese chestnuts are my largest producing tree crop, I am
+working with a number of other trees and shrubs for both nut and fruit
+production, as well as other purposes. I have several Thomas black
+walnuts which I set about 1938. Three of these have grown quite rapidly
+and are beginning to produce nice crops of nuts, although the kernels
+have a tendency to be spongy at times.
+
+Of course, I have a small orchard of budded pecans, which do so well in
+our section. These trees, which are young, are just coming into
+production. Some other nut trees which I am trying in field plantings
+include native chestnuts, chinkapins, hazel nuts, native black walnuts,
+and scaly bark hickory (_Carya ovata_). Since most of these are young
+and grow so slowly, I cannot say much about their production yet. I have
+also planted quite a large number of white oaks from a high production
+tree in hopes of producing acorns for hogs and wild life, also some cork
+oaks on an experimental basis.
+
+Among non-nut producers I am trying honeylocust, persimmons, and
+mulberries. I also grow catalpa and black locust for fence posts. This
+makes no mention of the great variety of native timber trees such as
+pines, tulip poplar, and others which I try to protect from fires so as
+to get as great a variety of trees as possible to use for various
+purposes. I also encourage the growth of ornamental trees and shrubs
+such as dogwood, redbud, and holly to add beauty to the landscape in
+season.
+
+Dr. J. Russell Smith's book, "Tree Crops" has been a great inspiration
+to me along these lines, and I am attempting to study and use as many
+trees, shrubs, and plants here on my place as possible because I
+believe we can live easier and better and make better use of the land
+both for ourselves and nature when we learn how to use our various
+native plants to the best advantage along with many of the exotic ones.
+
+I might end by saying that I would much rather work in the shade of
+trees than in the open sun and benefit by their long life and varied
+uses than to depend so heavily on short lived crops which often require
+such intensive care.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Jones. A very interesting paper with
+details that are worth listening to.
+
+Professor J. C. Moore of the Department of Horticulture, Alabama
+Polytechnic Institute, will give us a talk on Processed Chestnuts on the
+Market throughout the Year.
+
+
+
+
+Processed Chestnuts on the Market throughout the Year
+
+J. C. MOORE, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.
+
+
+Professor Moore: Mr. President, members of the Association: I have a few
+packages here that I just wanted to pass around after we get through
+with a short discourse on processed chestnuts. It might be somewhat of
+an inspiration to look while I talk a few minutes about it.
+
+These nuts, of course, have been put up from the 1947 crop, but I have
+nuts put up in 1945 that are still in fair shape. The quality on the
+1945 product is not too good. The quality on the 1947 product is
+excellent when the nut is hot. For instance, a toasted chestnut, I
+think, has a quality that no other nut has. When the nut sits in a bag
+sealed for several weeks and gets cold it still is good, but it doesn't
+have quite the crispness that it has when it is really fresh and hot.
+
+We were very much disappointed with Chinese chestnuts when they first
+began to bear at Auburn. We got some plants from Mr. Gravatt and the
+Bureau of Plant Industry in Beltsville in 1938. They were planted; some
+of them started bearing in 1941. The nuts were large in size; the trees
+seemed to be perfectly healthy. The early bearing habit gave us a great
+deal of encouragement. Then we sampled these nuts, and the quality was
+not good. While the nuts were green and in storage the nuts decomposed
+in just a few days' time.
+
+The first nuts that we harvested in 1941 were picked, placed in paper
+bags, set in the office, and we forgot about them, because they were not
+good when we put them in the bags, and we just put them back for our
+record purposes. A few days afterwards they were moldy and ruined. In
+1942 we had a little better crop, but again the nuts rotted. In 1943 we
+had a still larger crop, and the nuts rotted again. We did not know how
+to take care of those nuts at the time.
+
+In 1944 Mr. L. S. Holden was with the Soil Conservation Service. He was
+transferred to Auburn at the time I was transferred down into Haiti to
+do some work on rubber production, and he took my place at Auburn on the
+hillculture project. In the fall of 1944 Mr. Holden had an idea that he
+could can those chestnuts and preserve them. So he took the nuts,
+cracked the hull off of the nut, ground it with a little food chopper,
+and placed the nuts in cans, pints and quarts, put them in a pressure
+cooker at 15 pounds pressure and cooked them for 15 minutes.
+
+During the fall of 1944, or after the crop was produced, Mr. Holden left
+Auburn, and he told me when he left that he had sent some of the samples
+to different parts of the United States and had gotten favorable replies
+from the samples that he had sent out. That gave me a renewed courage,
+and along with that in 1945 we sold quite a few raw nuts on the market
+at Auburn. Those nuts sold just like hot cakes for 40 cents a pound.
+There were quite a few comments came back to us about those nuts. They
+were the most beautiful nuts the people had ever seen, and several
+different ones made comments that the nuts toasted had excellent quality
+and the nuts boiled had excellent quality, and raw nuts after they were
+cured had an excellent quality.
+
+Those few different peoples comment on the material and Mr. Holden's
+work that he had done on canning gave me an idea that maybe he had
+something, and I have worked since that time trying to perfect a product
+that would be edible from the hand from a cellophane-bag standpoint. At
+the present time we have a plan worked out whereby we can produce large
+quantities of Chinese chestnuts in Alabama.
+
+The thing that is going to confront us in the near future is the
+marketing possibility. We have to handle Chinese chestnuts rapidly if we
+put them on the market raw. This processed method that we have has been
+worked out to perfection, we think, for cold storage purposes.
+
+Now, you can put Chinese chestnuts raw in cellophane bags and seal them
+with a hot iron. These bags are not sealed. It is a non-sealable
+cellophane. I didn't get hold of the type of cellophane that you can
+seal. They are unsealed. They have been in this package about a week,
+and the nuts are in good shape. On cold storage I have held those nuts
+for 40 days. Last year was the first time that I tried them in sealed
+cellophane, but sealed in cellophane bags in cold storage last year they
+remained perfectly good for 40 days. At that time the cold storage plant
+went bad, and, of course, the nuts molded.
+
+We think that on the cold storage proposition, and if you have followed
+food processing and cold storage possibilities on strawberry shortcake,
+strawberry pies, apple pies and other types of cold storage products, I
+think when you go to the locker and pick out a little bag of lima beans
+in a cold storage locker or any other kind of cold packed foods, if you
+see a pack that looks attractive, chestnuts, after you get accustomed to
+their flavor especially, it will be a difficult thing for you to fail to
+pick up a bag of chestnuts and walk out with them among your other
+grocery purchases. That type of marketing has possibilities throughout
+the year.
+
+With that possibility from last year this crop came in. We had an
+excellent crop. I contacted Mr. Harris, who is one of the professors
+working with food processing at Auburn, and we went over the work quite
+carefully together, what I had done and the possibilities for the work
+in the future, and with some suggestions from him and with his help we
+think we have just about fixed a product that will be a permanent thing
+on the grocery shelves throughout the year.
+
+Up to the present time all of the nuts that were canned in cans with the
+shells on developed throughout the year somewhat of a soured condition.
+When you opened the can and smelled, the odor was foul. When you cracked
+the shell and tasted the nut, the flesh had just the least bit of a foul
+odor. Mr. Harris suggested that probably that was a flat sour. We
+weren't sure that it was flat sour, but we haven't had the bacteria
+check to find out whether it was caused by one of the thermophilic
+bacteria or not, but we are pretty confident that it was a flat sour
+that caused the foul odor. With careful heating and careful drying we
+have developed some products here that I think have a possibility, and
+these products will maintain their quality throughout the year.
+
+
++Nuts Cured Before Canning+
+
+I have canned chestnuts that have been canned for three years, and the
+quality is just as good as it was a month after they were canned. The
+product, however, when it is canned green does not have the quality that
+it does when it is canned after curing. The way we handle these, to
+begin with, is to take the nuts from the field, put them on a woven wire
+and elevate the wire so that air can go under and over, cure at room
+temperature for about three days. If you cure longer than three days you
+will lose quite a few of your nuts. That is a rapid cure. We have not
+tried curing under cooler conditions to see if we can eliminate part of
+the damage that is caused by deterioration, but curing the nuts rapidly
+you get a deterioration on quite a few of the nuts after the third or
+fourth day. If you take the raw nuts three days cured rapidly where the
+air can circulate over and under, the quality is excellent raw, and I
+have those nuts cured for three days in cellophane bags on cold storage
+that can be sold throughout the year. Those nuts must be heated enough
+to stop the deterioration, whatever it is. It may be a physiological
+condition, I am not sure, it may be a vitamin reaction, I am not sure,
+but when the nut dries too fast it turns white on the inside, gets hard,
+loses its flavor, and it is no good.
+
+This nut (indicating) canned in cans, I will give you the treatment for
+it. I told you we cured them on those drying racks for three days. Then
+we put them in a pressure cooker and run the temperature up to about 10
+pounds pressure for 30 minutes, take them out of the pressure cooker and
+hull them, and at that stage they hull quite easily. The hull itself
+will turn loose from the nut quite easily if you heat it a little while
+before you try to hull. A machine which can thresh the hulls off very
+easily will be simple to develop. After the shell is taken off, then
+they are put in an oven (a drying oven that has an automatic control at
+270 degrees), for about 10 minutes in order to evaporate the excess
+moisture that you get in the steaming process. Then they are put in the
+cans hot, set back into the oven and heated for just a few moments to
+get your temperature up again and you put lids on at a boiling
+temperature. You get quite a vacuum created by sealing them hot. We have
+had as high as fourteen and a half pounds of vacuum on those cans the
+third day after they were canned, and if you can get a vacuum like that
+by sealing the nuts hot, you can preserve their quality for a long
+period.
+
+I don't care if you open any bag that's here and taste these products.
+You will find that the ones with the shells off are much better than the
+ones with the shells on. I believe you will find that. However, the
+quality of the nut with the shell on is excellent.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Hardy and some chestnuts prepared for storage
+(Courtesy Southern Agriculturist)]
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Growing in the Southeast
+
+Max B. Hardy,[2] Leeland Farms, Leesburg, Ga.
+
+
++Introduction+
+
+Just about forty years ago the first blight resistant chestnuts were
+introduced into the Southeast. This event was to have more far-reaching
+effects than could be foreseen at that time, as is illustrated by the
+present extensive interest in the growing of these chestnuts as an
+orchard crop.
+
+Chestnut blight, a fungus disease of the native American chestnut
+(_Castanea dentata_ (Marsh) Borkh), first appeared on Long Island in
+1904 and destroyed this magnificent nut and timber tree. A Phytophthora
+root disease added its toll so that a bearing tree of this species is a
+rarity in the East at the present time. The U. S. Department of
+Agriculture began making introductions of two species of chestnut from
+the Orient in 1906, both of which were resistant to the blight which was
+then destroying the native American chestnut. Of the two species, the
+Japanese chestnut (_C. crenata_ Sieb. and Zuce.) and the Chinese
+chestnut (_C. mollissima_ Bl.), only the latter proved to have much
+merit other than blight resistance and chestnut growing in the eastern
+United States in recent years has been confined almost entirely to the
+Chinese chestnut.
+
+About twenty-five years ago, after the first introduction from the
+Orient of seed nuts of blight resistant chestnut species, the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture distributed a few seedling trees to various
+interested growers in the Southeast. Some of these trees are still
+growing and bearing good crops of nuts and have reached rather large
+size. The distribution of trees produced from nuts imported at
+subsequent intervals was continued by the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture until rather widely scattered planting of several species
+under varied soil, climatic, and cultural conditions was attained. As
+time passed it became clear that only the Chinese chestnut had promise
+as a commercial crop for the production of nuts. As a timber tree none
+of the introduced species has as yet shown outstanding merit.
+
+[Footnote 2: Formerly Associate Pomologist, U. S. Pecan Field Station,
+U. S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Georgia.]
+
++General Observations+
+
+The Chinese chestnut grows well throughout the southern part of the
+natural range of the American chestnut and southward to the Gulf Coast,
+and possibly even into central Florida. Farther north it apparently
+grows and produces better crops along the Atlantic Coast than inland,
+thus indicating the need of this species for a long growing season and
+freedom from late spring and early fall frosts. In the plantings in
+Georgia, from Atlanta to the southward, no loss of crop from late spring
+frosts has ever been noted. In the Gulf States and northward along the
+Atlantic seaboard the Chinese chestnut tree is vigorous, healthy, and
+productive, coming into bearing at a fairly early age and thereafter
+producing regular crops. The trees grow to be rather large in size,
+developing a somewhat rounded form with a spread of branches about equal
+to the height. Without pruning when young many sprouts usually develop
+near the ground so that the mature tree has numerous trunks of about
+equal size, with the lower lateral branches resting on the ground.
+
+Nearly all of the Chinese chestnut trees being grown at the present time
+are seedlings and exhibit a wide range of tree and nut characteristics.
+A few trees develop a somewhat more upright type of growth than that
+commonly seen, but this type is generally less productive than trees of
+more spreading habit, and the nuts are smaller and less desirable. Some
+trees showing the most upright type of growth originated from nuts
+imported from the more northern provinces of China and may represent a
+distinct strain or form of _Castanea mollissima_. The degree of
+incompatibility exhibited when southern China strains are grafted on
+northern China strains would indicate the same conclusion.
+Unfortunately, several different species or strains have been included
+in the plantings of most cooperators with the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture so that seedlings resulting from cross-pollination of these
+types may exhibit an even wider range of characteristics and performance
+from the standpoint of commercial production than is commonly seen at
+present. A few of these hybrids may be superior to pure _C. mollissima
+seedlings_ in certain important respects because of hybrid vigor, but
+taken as a whole the best types of _C. mollissima_ seedlings are
+superior to the other blight resistant species for purposes of nut
+production.
+
+The earliest introductions of blight resistant chestnuts from the Orient
+are represented by very few trees in the Southeast, but a small number
+of plantings of trees distributed in 1926 have been observed. These are
+producing good nuts and the trees are quite healthy, regardless of
+conditions of planting except when they have been given no attention of
+any kind. In one planting the trees were planted about 10 feet apart on
+the square with the result that they are tall and spindly with nut
+production only in the tops and very light on a per tree basis, which
+indicates the need of adequate spacing if the trees are to be vigorous
+and productive. Incidentally, this close spacing has not resulted in a
+desirable timber type of growth.
+
+In two other plantings the trees are planted in cleared areas in
+cut-over timber and then given no further attention. In both locations a
+few trees are still living but are of no value either for timber or nut
+production. In still another planting on a bench about halfway up a
+mountain, where infrequent cultivation or mowing is practiced, the trees
+are growing and producing moderately well but the nuts are small. A few
+other scattered plantings of a few trees each are doing well around
+homes though receiving only moderately good care.
+
+The distribution of trees by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1935
+and 1937 has resulted in a few plantings that have done moderately well.
+In one planting the trees are growing fairly well without care but are
+producing few nuts. In another planting the trees are planted on rather
+heavy soil that is terraced; they are given applications of commercial
+fertilizers and infrequent cultivations and have been producing fairly
+good crops of nuts in recent years. Still another planting of a
+considerable number of trees has been entirely removed through lack of
+interest of the new owner. The plantings described have all been on
+private property.
+
+Plantings at various experiment stations have received somewhat more
+attention in general than those on private property; but because of lack
+of keeping quality of the nuts have not for the most part been accepted
+as a promising crop and have been the subject of very little study.
+
+From the foregoing observations it is evident that the Chinese chestnut
+cannot withstand the effects of crowding either in a solid planting or
+in competition with native growth. The trees have performed moderately
+well with a minimum of care, but respond to good care by increased
+production and nut size. The rotting of the nuts soon after harvest as a
+result of improper methods of handling and storage has prevented an
+earlier acceptance of the crop as of potential economic importance in
+the Southeast.
+
+
++Experimental Studies at the U. S. Pecan Field Station, Albany, Georgia+
+
+In 1926, twenty-eight seedling trees of _Castanea mollissima_ were
+planted in the Champion experimental block at Philema, near Albany,
+Georgia. These trees grew well and began producing nuts in 1932. In
+1935, an additional 16 trees were planted in the same block. The trees
+in both plantings have shown good vegetative vigor and have been fairly
+productive. All the variations common to any group of Chinese chestnut
+seedling trees have been in evidence. One or two trees have lacked
+vegetative vigor but have produced heavy crops of nuts for their size.
+Type of bur opening has varied from free dropping of nuts to those burs
+from which the nuts are removed with difficulty; nut size has varied
+from about 35 to about 90 nuts per pound; the date of earliest and
+latest ripening of the nuts varies by about three weeks; nut color has
+ranged from light browns to dark mahogany and dark chocolate brown; and
+keeping quality and eating quality have ranged from good to poor.
+However, nut production, as shown by the data presented in Table I has
+been good and nut quality has been acceptable, so that with increasing
+knowledge of the storage requirements of the nuts the trees have paid a
+good profit in recent years. One of the older trees has consistently
+produced close to 150 pounds of nuts each year for the past few years.
+
+Some of the trees in this planting have been topworked to selections
+from other plantings, including the variety Carr which showed up very
+poorly in comparison with most of the seedlings. Some of the trees have
+been culled out because of poor yield or nut size; and some have died as
+a result of poor drainage.
+
+An additional planting at Philema in the Brown tract was made in 1938.
+The trees were planted in a portion of a five-acre block at some
+distance from the original plantings, with a spacing of 25 feet apart on
+the square in soil of rather light and sandy texture with fair subsoil
+drainage. The fertility was low but has been improved through the use of
+winter leguminous green manure crops and commercial fertilizers. Some of
+the trees planted consisted of trees grown from carefully selected
+_Castanea mollissima_ nuts imported from south China and designated by
+the initials MBA, MAY, MAZ, and MAX. Others carried the designating
+letters of "FP." The nuts from which these trees were grown were
+imported by the Division of Forest Pathology of the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture which also grew and distributed the trees. Still others were
+selections of _C. crenata_, the Japanese chestnut; and _C. mollissima_
+selections from an experimental planting in California were also
+included. In 1940 the remainder of the five-acre block was planted with
+trees grown from seed produced by the original Philema planting.
+
+
+Table I. Summary of chestnut yields at Philema, Georgia.
+
+
+   ______________________________________________________
+                          |                              |
+                          |         HARVEST DATA         |
+                          |______________________________|
+                          |                              |
+                          |   1926 and 1935 Planting[3]  |
+                  Length  |______________________________|
+          Date    Harvest |                              |
+   Year  Harvest  Period  | Yield   No. Trees  Av. Yield |
+          Began   in Days | in Lbs.  Bearing   per Tree  |
+   _______________________|______________________________|
+                          |                              |
+   1932                   |    14        3         4.7   |
+   1933                   |     7        7         1.0   |
+   1934                   |    80       16         5.0   |
+   1935    8-29      22   |   222       22        10.1   |
+   1936    8-26      33   |   379       25        15.1   |
+   1937    8-26      37   |   278       18        15.4   |
+   1938    8- 6      42   |   480       21        22.9   |
+   1939    8-15      42   |   995       26        38.3   |
+   1940    8-27      38   |   740       34        21.8   |
+   1941    8-14      51   | 1,467       38        38.6   |
+   1942    9- 3      41   |   876       32        27.4   |
+   1943    9- 9      26   | 1,335       38        25.1   |
+   1944    8-15      44   |   560       29        19.3   |
+   1945    8-18      34   | 1,450       27        53.7   |
+   1946    8-20      41   | 1,455       28        52.0   |
+   1947    8-26      43   | 1,975       27        73.1   |
+   _______________________|______________________________|
+
+   _______________________________________________________________
+                          |
+                          |              HARVEST DATA
+                          |_______________________________________
+                          |
+                          |       1938 and 1940 Planting[4]
+                  Length  |_______________________________________
+          Date    Harvest |
+   Year  Harvest  Period  | Yield   No. Trees  Av. Yield  Range in
+          Began   in Days | in Lbs.  Bearing   per Tree    Yields
+   _______________________|_______________________________________
+                          |
+   1941    8-14      51   |     44      63          .7    .1-6.9
+   1942    9- 3      41   |     30      46          .7    .1-5.2
+   1943    9- 9      26   |    357     108         3.3    .1-29.7
+   1944    8-15      44   |    716     136         5.3    .1-37.0
+   1945    8-18      34   |  3,025     208        14.6    .1-50.7
+   1946    8-20      41   |  1,447     173         8.4    .1-48.3
+   1947    8-26      43   |  6,615     188        35.2    .1-108.5
+   _______________________|_______________________________________
+
+[Footnote 3: 28 trees planted in 1926 and 16 planted in 1935, at spacing
+of 25 to 40 feet.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 274 trees planted in 1938 and 60 in 1940, at spacing of 25
+feet on square.]
+
+The yield's produced in the 1938 planting have been outstanding, as
+indicated by the data in Table I, The trees began bearing when younger
+and developed heavier production than those of the 1926 planting,
+whether judged by age of tree or years of bearing. Many of the trees
+have produced nuts of outstanding size, attractiveness, eating quality,
+and keeping quality. There has been the usual degree of variation common
+to any collection of seedlings, but the best trees in this planting have
+been superior to any previously seen. Nut size has varied from 23 to
+more than 100 to the pound; the color of the nuts has varied from light
+tan to deep mahogany, and a few are nearly black. All have been of good
+eating quality. The keeping quality has varied materially, some keeping
+very well and others quite poorly.
+
+Bur opening, has likewise varied so that at one extreme the nuts drop
+entirely free from the burs on some trees and at the other extreme the
+burs drop with the nuts in them and considerable work is required to
+remove the nuts. It is out of this group of trees that the three
+seedlings have been selected that the U. S. Department of Agriculture is
+considering worthy of variety status. These have not yet been officially
+released and no official description is yet available. The yield data
+for these three selected Seedlings are given in Table II.
+
+ Table II. Yield data by years, of three seedlings tentatively proposed for
+ variety status, Philema, Georgia.
+
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Tree Proposed       Yield in Pounds by Years       Total yield   No. Nuts
+                                                      (in Lbs.)    per Lb.
+              ---------------------------------------
+ No.    Name  1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 from Planting
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 7880[5]Meiling .2       3.6 20.9 36.9 23.9 73.1 36.9   195.5      38-43
+ 7919 Kuling   4.0  3.8  5.8  6.5 13.8 34.2 50.2 38.2   168.5      35-43
+ 7930 Nanking   .1       3.8 28.0 37.8  1.0 87.7 54.6   213.0      30-43
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Footnote 5: Meiling ("Beauty") is the first name of Mme. Chiang
+Kai-shek.]
+
+
+The trees of the "FP" designation and, of other species were grown to
+fruiting, but have since been removed or topworked in entirety because
+of their lack of desirable characteristics and because they produced
+pollen for cross-pollination which would result in undesirable progeny
+when the _Castanea mollissima_ nuts were used for seed. Furthermore, a
+number of trees of the three-letter designations have been removed or
+topworked because they produced very small nuts, or showed poor keeping
+quality, or because of some other undesirable characteristic. Therefore,
+the nuts now being produced in this experimental orchard are of pure _C.
+mollissima_ inheritance of the best type, and, as such, represent some
+of the best and purest seed nuts available in this country today. This
+procedure is being continued so as to maintain the quality of the nuts
+for seed purposes at its present standard.
+
+Unfortunately, many of the nuts offered in the general trade for seed
+purposes at the present time are coming from orchards composed of a
+mixture of species or types comparable to the 1938 Philema planting
+before culling. This is very undesirable because of the great
+variability in the nuts produced by trees with such an origin. When
+grafted or budded trees of the newer and improved varieties are
+available to orchardists chestnut growing for nut production may be
+based on the same sound practices as the other fruit industries.
+
+In the topworking of "FP" trees at Philema with scions from other
+strains of _Castanea mollissima_ the degree of incompatibility has been
+so great, that the scion tops will have either blown out or died at the
+end of four or five years from grafting. At the present time this
+failure can only be attributed to the fact that the stocks were of mixed
+ancestry. On the other hand, scions of pure _C. mollissima_ placed on
+the same stock strains have made good unions and are entirely normal
+after as long as 13 years from grafting. This problem of incompatibility
+between stock and scion is one that yet remains to be completely solved.
+
+The topworking of trees in the five-acre block at Philema has been
+generally successful where incompatibility is not a problem.
+Bearing-size trees topworked one spring will generally produce a few
+nuts in the second subsequent growing-season. Growth the first year
+after grafting will frequently be as much as 12 feet long and very
+stocky. Both cleft grafting and inlay bark grafting have been practiced,
+the latter method proving to be the more satisfactory from all
+standpoints. In this method of grafting scaffold limbs from 1 to 6
+inches in diameter are cut off square across. Scions 6 to 8 inches long
+are prepared by making a slanting cut 2 to 3 inches long and ending
+about three-fourths through the scion at its basal end. A strip of bark
+just wide and long enough to receive the scion, with about one-half of
+the upper end of the bevel showing above the cut surface of the stub, is
+then removed from the stub. The scion is then nailed into place with
+5/8-inch nails and painted over with melted grafting wax. Two or three
+scions are required for most stubs. This work is done just as growth is
+starting in the spring and the bark is slipping well. The scions may
+generally be cut directly from the trees, but sometimes they may need to
+be cut several days earlier and stored in damp material in a
+refrigerator to keep them dormant.
+
+In south Georgia the Chinese chestnut normally begins growth soon after
+March 1, but in some years it has started as much as a month after this
+date. Between south and north Georgia there is a differential in the
+time growth starts in the spring of one to two weeks. This differential
+also carries over into the date of blossoming and the date the harvest
+period begins. In south Georgia pollination generally occurs during the
+latter part of April and early part of May, and the harvest period
+begins about 100 days later. The peak of harvest averages 185 days after
+the initiation of growth in the spring. Dormancy comes only after the
+first frost sufficiently heavy to kill the leaves, usually about two
+months after nut harvest is completed. This period between harvest and
+leaf fall is undoubtedly an important factor in the annual bearing habit
+of the chestnut in the Southeast since it permits the food reserves in
+the tree to be replenished after the crop is mature. This is true under
+favorable conditions but does not hold under conditions of crowding, low
+soil fertility, or premature defoliation. For best growth and production
+the tree should be in foliage approximately nine months out of the year.
+
+
++ORCHARD MANAGEMENT+
+
+The planting of chestnut trees in the Southeast should be done as soon
+as possible after the trees become dormant in the nursery. They should
+be planted on fertile soil which is well drained but not subject to
+serious drought injury. The Chinese chestnut cannot withstand a high
+water table, or free standing water, but appears to be somewhat
+resistant to drought injury when once well established. The chestnut
+trees have not yet reached an age at which their largest potential size
+has been attained, but trees of 50-foot spread have been observed. It
+appears likely, then, that orchards should be planted at 50 to 60-foot
+distances on the square, unless closer planting and subsequent thinning
+is resorted to in order to build up high nut production per acre at an
+earlier age of the orchard. Planting distances of 25 x 25 feet, 30 x 30
+feet, 25 x 50 feet, and 30 x 60 feet are recommended for this reason,
+but only if the orchardist will plan to thin the stand at 10 to 15 years
+of orchard age and at later intervals as required. In no case should the
+branches of adjacent trees be allowed to touch as under such conditions
+competition between trees will reduce the yield per tree and nut size,
+and induce alternate-year bearing.
+
+In planting the young tree it is usually advisable to fill the hole in
+which the tree is to be set with top soil, packing it firmly around the
+roots as the hole is being filled. Usually no fertilizer is used at the
+time of planting, although mixing about a handful of bone meal with the
+soil around the roots has given a higher percentage of living trees and
+has increased growth the first year. A shallow basin around the tree to
+facilitate watering when necessary during the first growing season, or
+the application of a mulch around the tree, or both, will be helpful in
+obtaining a high percentage of living trees and good growth. Adding
+water at the time of planting is good insurance that the soil will be
+well settled around the roots. A wrap of newspaper tied loosely around
+the trunk of the young tree will aid in preventing winter injury and
+sun-scald.
+
+Under conditions of little or no care the seedling chestnut tree will
+generally develop several trunks as a result of the forcing of multiple
+sprouts from near the ground line. The tree should be trained to one
+trunk, as such a form seems to be less susceptible to winter injury
+while young and makes a much more desirable orchard tree when older.
+Pruning of the young trees subsequent to the development of the head at
+a 4 to 5-foot height should be confined to the removal of crossing
+branches and those so near to the ground as to interfere with the
+necessary cultivation and harvesting work under the tree.
+
+Most soils in the Southeast are somewhat low in fertility and must
+receive good care if chestnuts are to grow well. The annual application
+of commercial fertilizers is generally required as is the growing of a
+winter green manure crop, preferably a legume. One of the most
+satisfactory systems is to plant hairy vetch, Austrian winter peas, or
+blue lupine[6] in late October or early November, applying broadcast at
+the time of planting from 400 to 600 pounds per acre of a 0-14-10 or
+0-14-7 fertilizer mixture. This green manure crop should then be disced
+in by April 15 of the following spring, with subsequent shallow
+cultivations at about six-week intervals through the growing season. The
+ground should be clean by the middle of August to facilitate harvesting
+the nuts. If such a system of culture is not feasible, as on too steep
+slopes or around buildings, mowing or mulching can be used to advantage,
+but the trees must be given annual applications of a complete fertilizer
+mixture, such as 4-8-6, 6-8-8, or 5-7-5. These should be made each year
+about a month before growth starts at a rate of 2 to 3 pounds for each
+year of tree age. This should be broadcast under and slightly beyond the
+spread of the branches.
+
+It has not yet been found necessary to spray the trees for the control
+of any disease or insect. This does not indicate that control measures
+may not be required at some time in the future, for it is the history of
+horticultural crops when planted in any concentration that diseases and
+insects increase in number and degree of injury. As yet, the chestnut
+weevil has not been found at the lower elevations in the Southeast.
+
+In a few plantings a condition causing some premature defoliation has
+been observed at infrequent intervals. The condition begins as a leaf
+scorch which may or may not develop to the point where the leaf drops.
+It is thought to be caused by some mineral deficiency or unbalance
+associated with erratic weather conditions, but the exact cause is yet
+unknown. A leaf spot disease has been observed but has caused no
+appreciable defoliation and no control measures have been thought
+necessary.
+
+[Footnote 6: Blue lupine is winter-hardy only in the warmer coastal
+areas, not adapted north of Columbus, Georgia, Meridian, Mississippi, or
+Shreveport, Louisiana. Ed.]
+
+
++Harvesting and Nut Storage+
+
+Harvesting of Chinese chestnuts has proved to have definite requirements
+if the nuts are to be obtained in the best possible condition. The nuts
+are quite susceptible to rots of several kinds and must be properly
+handled to keep losses at a minimum. They are also very easily and
+quickly injured by exposure to the sun, with the consequent, high
+temperatures and drying. If the nuts are to be stored for any length of
+time, as is necessary when they are to be used for seed purposes and as
+will be necessary when they are to be marketed for eating purposes
+during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday seasons, it is paramount
+that they be picked up from the orchard at not more than two-day
+intervals. Cleaning up all dropped nuts at daily intervals is most
+desirable.
+
+At the end of each day the harvested nuts must be placed in cold storage
+at temperatures between 32 deg.F. and 45 deg.F. It has been found that a nearly
+air-tight container is required in order to maintain a relative humidity
+of 100% and prevent too much drying of the nuts. A 50-pound tin lard can
+with one 20d nail hole in the side near the lid has proven to be a good
+container for large quantities and these same cans also make good
+shipping containers merely by wiring on the lids. One-gallon friction
+top syrup cans with a single nail hole in the side make a good container
+for smaller quantities. In air-tight containers the nuts do not decay
+but germination capacity is quickly destroyed and bitter flavors develop
+quite rapidly. Nuts to be used for eating purposes shortly after harvest
+may be stored at lower relative humidities but should be placed in cold
+storage. A loss of about 15% in weight from the fresh weight of nuts is
+necessary to reach proper eating quality. Nuts dried to this extent are
+sweet and palatable but cannot be stored for any length of time and fail
+to germinate well when planted.
+
+The experimental study of chestnut storage problems is being continued
+with the hope of working out still better methods. The manner of
+marketing chestnuts so that they will reach the consumer in a desirable
+condition also is still to be worked out, but it appears possible that
+retail cold storage and packaging in moisture-proof bags which are
+pervious to CO_{2} and O_{2} give promise at present. Probably the most
+promising aid to an increased storage life of chestnuts will come
+through the selection of trees for propagation and planting that produce
+nuts of superior resistance to storage rots. There is rather great
+variation among seedlings in this respect, some being-quite superior,
+although no completely resistant seedlings have yet been found.
+
+
++Discussion and Conclusions+
+
+The perishable nature of the nuts of the Chinese chestnut has probably
+been the greatest drawback to an earlier acceptance of this crop as an
+adjunct to the horticulture of the Southeast. It has been only in the
+past few years that enough has been learned about the harvesting and
+storage requirements to permit the storing of these chestnuts so that
+they can be marketed in an orderly manner either for eating or for seed
+purposes. Storage losses through periods up to six months have been held
+to less than 10% for a mixture of nuts from all the trees at Philema.
+Storage tests of nuts from individual trees have shown a range in
+keeping quality from no loss after six months' storage to nearly 100%
+loss. By culling out the trees producing nuts with a high rate of
+spoilage under the best storage conditions it should be possible to
+reduce storage losses to a minimum. Every grower of seedling trees
+should follow this same process of culling out or topworking trees
+producing nuts of poor keeping quality if the industry is to grow and
+prosper, since otherwise the offering of spoiled nuts for sale to the
+consumer will soon destroy the demand for the nuts.
+
+There is no question but that the Chinese chestnut tree is very well
+adapted to the Southeast. It has proven to be healthy, vigorous, and
+productive. Yield records at Philema show actual yields of more than
+1,000 pounds per acre and potential average annual yields of 1,500 or
+more pounds per acre are not out of reason. In 1947, in the Brown tract
+at Philema, if all the trees that bore nuts had been collected into a
+solid block the yield per acre would have been nearly 2,500 pounds.
+Crowding of the trees in the Brown tract is becoming serious at 11 years
+of age with a 25 x 25 foot spacing. Alternate-year bearing is becoming
+apparent and the stand of trees must be thinned immediately. Because of
+such potential yields and because rather extended storage of nuts of
+varied keeping quality is now economically possible the future of the
+chestnut industry in the Southeast is very promising.
+
+The selection and propagation of selected seedlings is desirable as a
+means of advancing the industry at a more rapid rate. The propagation of
+selected seedlings offers a problem because of lack of compatibility
+between some stocks and scions. Since the chestnut is almost completely
+cross-pollinated it may be necessary to develop special plantings of two
+or three selections as a source of seed nuts for the production of
+stocks. Such plantings might possibly produce seedlings of quite uniform
+and desirable characteristics, but this prospect, is not very promising.
+Certainly, the evidence points to the conclusion that scion selections
+must be worked on stocks of the same strains if incompatibility is to be
+held at a minimum.
+
+There is a further problem in the propagation of varieties on seedling
+rootstocks in the nursery. Only one propagator appears to be having much
+success in this art but others must learn it. Topworking of older trees
+by the inlay bark graft is generally successful and older seedling
+orchards can be worked over to improved selections without difficulty so
+long as the stocks are of compatible strains. Time will be required to
+work out the details of the solution for this problem but they will be
+worked out.
+
+In the selection of improved seedlings for propagation the strictest
+attention should be paid to the important characteristics of tree
+vigor, precocity, productiveness, nut size, attractiveness, and keeping
+and eating quality, and type of bur opening. These characteristics have
+been previously discussed but it is well to emphasise their importance.
+The tree that comes into bearing at an early age seems likely to be more
+productive in later years. The nuts should be no smaller than 45 nuts to
+the pound and be attractive to the eye of the buyer. Most individuals
+prefer nuts with a bright and shining surface free of fuzz and with a
+fairly rich mahogany or chocolate color. Keeping quality is, of course,
+of great importance and should be carefully determined. Eating quality
+is generally good but distinctly superior selections may be found in the
+future. For the most part eating quality is dependent on the proper
+curing of the nuts. The type of bur opening is more important than
+usually considered, as it materially affects the satisfactory harvesting
+of the nuts. From the commercial standpoint it appears that the most
+desirable bur should drop from the tree with the nuts still in it but be
+well split so that the nuts can be readily removed. Such a bur type
+prevents exposure of the enclosed nuts to the hot sun while on the tree
+and reduces injurious drying to a minimum yet permits rapid gathering of
+the nuts in the burs for later mechanical separation. Nuts that drop
+free from the burs are more subject to injury by drying and require more
+hand work in gathering. Burs that do not split readily would be more
+difficult to separate mechanically; and mechanical aids will be
+necessary for the economical daily gathering of the nuts in commercial
+orchards.
+
+If is encouraging to note that many of the present new plantings in the
+Southeast are being made by orchardists rather than hobbyists. Many home
+owners are planting a few trees but the acceptance of the Chinese
+chestnut for commercial production by men already growing other orchard
+crops portends the future success of the industry. The hobbyist has been
+of great service and should be given full credit for his far-sighted
+interest in a crop that now has commercial promise, especially in the
+Southeast. Much experimental work is still needed by both State and
+Federal agencies and by individuals. This work needs be concerned now
+more with details of refinement rather than with basic possibilities of
+the crop.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Carroll D. Bush, of whom I am sure you have
+often heard and whom very few of you, including myself, have met, of
+Grapeview, Washington, will now tell us something about the Marketing of
+Chestnuts on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Bush.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Chestnuts on the Pacific Coast
+
+CARROLL D. BUSH, Grapeview, Washington
+
+
+Mr. Bush: Friends of the Association: There are so many here that I have
+known through correspondence that I have welcomed this opportunity to
+say something to you today. I don't think that I will add very much to
+anything that has been said. I hope perhaps we will have some ideas from
+what we have been doing on the Coast.
+
+We were in the nursery business near Portland, and during the war we
+went out of it, but we are working back in trees again[7], and all this
+time we have been preaching the gospel of nut trees, and we find that we
+can't preach a gospel unless there is some reward. There is no market
+for chestnuts in our section of the country, and yet we had quite a few
+of them around Portland. We could not talk about chestnut trees when
+there was no market. Buyers there had been offering as low as three
+cents a pound or not buying them at all, and we, ourselves, had quite a
+few nuts to sell. So I took a trip up to Seattle and found a commission
+man there that would take our nuts and arranged with him, and we have
+sent nuts to Seattle ever since that year and got a very good price.
+Then a neighbor had me send some of his, and we are still sending nuts.
+
+
++Introduced on Mid-West Markets+
+
+The next year through Carl Weschcke of St. Paul I got in touch with a
+reliable Minneapolis firm. They evidently had been burned and they were
+somewhat skeptical. They said if we would send a sample there they would
+look them over. So I went out and picked up a mixed sample and shipped
+to Minneapolis, and they said if we could send nuts as good as the
+sample they could use some.
+
+We began to send them. When we shipped them we made sure we sent nuts
+that were considerably better than the sample, and the rewards for
+shipping there were also very good. Then we went on to Chicago, and we
+have been shipping to Chicago over since. At this time I am out here to
+find a little more market for some of the nuts that we have in Oregon.
+
+At first we put the nuts in cold storage at about 32 degrees, expecting
+to get a better price on the Thanksgiving market. We found out that we
+were making a mistake and that the earliest nuts on the market brought
+us our best price. So now we are shipping just as early as we can ship.
+
+We first adopted the western cranberry box as being open enough to allow
+a little drying off and tight enough so that it wouldn't allow too much
+and yet we didn't get any mold. We were very much afraid of that,
+because a good many of the California chestnuts had molded on the way to
+market. Later we turned to the splint bushel basket, and lately we have
+been in favor of the half-bushel basket. There seem to be buyers who
+don't like to stock up more than a half bushel at a time, chestnuts
+being of a rather high price. They dry out too fast.
+
+We found that cold storage above 32 degrees keeps chestnuts in good
+condition with little dry-out. One dealer in Oregon we know of wraps his
+cold storage nuts in waterproof paper, keeps them that way clear on into
+January. A very little mold will develop on chestnuts kept in storage
+from 32 to 35 degrees, but not enough so we take any precaution. We have
+had a few batches that people have stood in sacks on damp nights, and
+they started to mold, especially on the open end, and we find we can
+kill the mold with Clorox. We have just used a little Clorox in water.
+We think this would prevent mold from developing on all nuts if they
+were put through a chlorine bath. We haven't taken the trouble to do
+that. I might say our walnuts, and filberts have been put through a
+chlorine solution, and, of course, after a chlorine solution is used you
+have to put the nuts through water again and wash that off.
+
+We have on our place a nice washer. We have graded the European
+varieties, which we handle mostly, into three grades: standard, fancy,
+and extra fancy, by size. All our grading has been done by hand, except
+we expect to have a simple grader this year.
+
+[Footnote 7: Mr. Bush informed the secretary by letter, early in 1949,
+that he did not then have any nursery stock ready for sale at his Eagle
+Creek, Oregon, nursery. From that location about 10 years ago he
+introduced, under numbers, three selections of Chinese chestnuts grown
+from seed imported in the early 30's. Two of these, in 1941, were named
+Abundance and Honan. The Abundance is now considered one of the most
+desirable varieties from Oklahoma to Pennsylvania, while Honan is
+slightly less desirable.--Ed.]
+
+
++"Sweet" Nuts Sell Faster+
+
+We have a few "sweets." All of those on our farms are Riehl varieties,
+hybrids, I think. All of our European chestnuts have an astringent
+pellicle, heavy with tannic acid. We classify as sweets any of those
+that have a pellicle that is sweet enough to be eaten. We label these
+the sweets and mark them as they go into the market. And while, I say,
+we don't seem to get a better price for the sweets than for the
+European, they do sell faster. There are some people in the eastern
+cities that are grabbing these in preference to the large ones. While
+the large nuts sell very well, I suppose they go to the Italians and
+Europeans who are used to cooking them, and out on the West Coast
+nothing but the large nut goes; the larger the better. In the Seattle
+market we try to send in large nuts.
+
+We also grade out all "cracks" by hand. They mold easily, and we have a
+lot of cracked nuts in our climate there, but we have been able to
+dispose of all of these through the Seattle market where they move off
+very fast and are lower priced.
+
+
++California Supplies Distant Markets+
+
+Last winter we went to California and looked into the chestnut market
+there. We found them in the Sierras and found them growing in the Coast
+Range without irrigation, but the largest growers were in the San
+Joaquin Valley near Stockton. The largest grove was 30 acres at Linden
+owned by Caesar De Martini. He gave us our best insight into California
+chestnut growing. He used to grade and package his own, and he still has
+his cylinder grader. It has three different size holes, one inch, one
+and a quarter and one and a half. Anything that goes through the
+one-inch hole is discarded as a cull. That leaves three sizes, the size
+that goes through the one and a quarter, the one and a half, and the
+size that goes out the end, which is, of course, a class of jumbos.
+
+All the chestnuts in California, I think, now go to buyers to do the
+grading and packing much as De Martini worked out. All of the California
+nuts have to be soaked in water just as Mr. Jones does, as they come to
+the packer dried out. The largest buyer that we found in California
+shipped about seven carloads, and he shipped them all over the world,
+the Philippines, Honolulu, Alaska, and other places where the chestnut
+hasn't been growing.
+
+
++Early Autumn Best Marketing Season+
+
+Now, I am going to sum up what our experience has been and what we
+recommend as general from our experience. Your experience may be
+different. We clean the nuts, wash them, if necessary, grade them; large
+and small nuts do not sell well together. We would pack in baskets, half
+bushel for sweets. We are trying to make that half bushel basket the
+mark of the sweet nut in the markets where we sell, so that when a buyer
+comes in there and sees a half bushel basket he knows that's sweets.
+Then we ship as wet as possible, and they dry out on the way. And just
+as fast as we can get those nuts off the ground we pack them and ship
+them. Our greatest trouble now is, of course, the imported chestnut.
+They are beginning to come in in great quantities, and they hit the
+market in Chicago last year at about the 20th of October, and we tried
+to beat that line if we possibly can with our nuts, because just the
+minute the carloads of chestnuts come in on the East Coast the market
+drops right down.
+
+Without question we could use some of the preparations that we use on
+filberts to put a gloss on the chestnut, run them through, I think it is
+a paraffin mixture, put a gloss on the shell and give us a better
+chestnut in the market, make it look nicer and, of course, make it sell
+better.
+
+
++"Stick-tight" Burs Preferred for Pacific Coast+
+
+I disagree, I think, with two of the former speakers in regard to the
+chestnut that falls free from the bur. I would prefer a chestnut that
+sticks tight to the bur. We have threshers out there that thresh them
+out. We can pick up those nuts in the bur with a shovel or fork, throw
+them into the wagon, take them in the wagon, thresh them out. You have a
+cleaner nut, you don't have to pick around on the ground with rubber
+gloves that we use, which is easy enough, but it certainly adds a great
+deal of work as compared to threshing them out easily after they are
+once picked up.
+
+I thank you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Bush. We are glad to have that
+western angle. It is going to be very useful to us.
+
+Next on the program is a paper on the Control of the Chestnut Weevil,
+the author of which is absent, but I believe Mr. Gravatt is going to
+read that.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Weevils and Their Control with DDT
+
+E. R. VAN LEEUWEN
+
+United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
+Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Division of
+Fruit Insect Investigations.
+
+
+Failure of the American chestnut to resist the chestnut blight has
+resulted in the planting of a few blight-resistant species obtained from
+foreign lands. These foreign chestnuts would now be planted more
+extensively in certain districts, were it not for the fact that the nuts
+are injured by two species of weevils, for which heretofore there has
+been no practical control.
+
+The 1947 season marks the fourth year of the experimental use of DDT for
+control of the chestnut weevils. During these years our knowledge of the
+spray and how best to use it has been advanced by conducting laboratory
+and field tests. Unfortunately, few chestnut orchards now exist in the
+Eastern States, and the scattered plantings consist mostly of a large
+number of Asiatic seedlings, some of which had to be top-worked to other
+Asiatic species and varieties. Many of these trees are grown for
+ornamental, shade, or timber purposes rather than for nut production.
+Owing to these conditions and to a series of spring frosts since 1945,
+it has been impossible to conduct insecticide experiments on an adequate
+basis of replicated plats.
+
+Although much is to be learned regarding time of application of the
+sprays and the proper dosage, the use of DDT can be recommended as a
+standard practice, because it has proved highly valuable in protecting
+chestnut trees from heavy losses due to the chestnut weevil. It is the
+purpose of this paper to discuss some of the experiments that have been
+made with DDT and the observations made on the time of egg deposition.
+
+
++Nature and Extent of Injury+
+
+The worms attacking chestnuts are the larvae of two very similar species
+of weevils, one larger than the other. The adults are medium-sized
+beetles having extremely long, slender beaks. With these they drill
+through the husk of the nuts, making openings through which they insert
+their eggs into the nuts. From these eggs the familiar worms develop.
+Weevil injury varies greatly in different chestnut-growing localities.
+It is not unusual for 50 to 75 percent of the nuts to be wormy, and
+often infestation reaches 90 to 100 per cent. The small weevil does the
+most damage, but there are indications that this may not always be true.
+Because the mouth parts of the adult are situated at the end of an
+extremely long and slender beak, it can obtain most of its food from
+beneath the surface of the host plant. For this reason, stomach poisons
+applied to trees have not been eaten by these weevils, and hence have
+been of no practical value. As DDT kills by contact, it is necessary
+only for the body of the insect to come in contact with DDT.
+
+
++Life Histories of the Weevils+
+
+In the vicinity of Beltsville, Md., the adults of the large chestnut
+weevil[8] leave the soil about August 15. The date will vary, of course,
+with season and locality. Both males and females soon begin to feed by
+piercing the burs with their long beaks. Mating begins soon after the
+weevils collect on the trees, and egg laying follows shortly. The eggs
+hatch within a few days and the worms develop within the nut. A few of
+the worms will complete their growth and leave before the nuts fall, but
+most of them emerge from the nuts after they have fallen. The worms then
+enter the soil, where they build cells and remain until they change to
+pupae the following summer. This weevil has a one-year cycle, or one
+generation a year.
+
+The life history of the small chestnut weevil[9] is somewhat similar,
+except that in the vicinity of Beltsville the weevils leave the soil
+late in May or early in June, when the trees are in bloom. Several weeks
+later the females deposit eggs in the nuts. At Beltsville, egg laying
+begins late in August and continues for several weeks. After the nuts
+have fallen from the tree, the full-grown larvae leave them and enter
+the soil. Earthen cells are constructed at a depth of 4 to 12 inches,
+where some of the larvae remain for two winters.
+
+The small chestnut weevil completes its life cycle in two years, and a
+small percentage requires three years, whereas the large chestnut weevil
+completes its transformation from egg to adult in one year. The large
+weevils pass the winter as larvae, whereas the small weevils pass one
+winter as larvae and the second winter as adults. With the few
+individuals of the small weevil which require three years for
+transformation, the first two winters are passed in the ground as larvae
+and the third in the same location as adults. This habit of the small
+weevil complicates control measures, as one season's spraying with DDT
+does not reduce the entire infestation of weevils.
+
+[Footnote 8: +Curculio proboscideus+ Fab.]
+
+
++Proper Time for Spray Applications+
+
+Application of DDT sprays at the proper time is very important. An
+examination in 1944 of many unopened chestnut burs disclosed the fact
+that eggs of the small chestnut weevil were being deposited many weeks
+before the burs would open. It was also noted that great numbers of the
+larvae were leaving the nuts soon after the burs cracked open. Evidently
+these full-grown larvae had hatched from eggs deposited several weeks
+before the burs split.
+
+In 1945, 1946, and 1947, cloth bags were tied over developing burs at
+various intervals during the season to prevent further egg laying in the
+nuts. At harvest time, the bags were removed and the nuts examined.
+Occasionally adults were hidden among the spines of the burs and were
+inadvertently enclosed in the bags; therefore, all nuts in bags
+containing female adults that might have continued ovipositing were
+discarded. The data in Table 1 show the approximate time prior to which
+the nuts were infested.
+
+Because of difficulty in obtaining sufficient burs for bagging, and
+other orchard conditions, the results of these studies were far from
+conclusive. They indicated, however, that many eggs had been deposited
+in the nuts before the burs had reached maturity. They also suggested
+that the seasonal histories of the two species are closely parallel. At
+Glenn Dale, Md., and Fairfax, Va., the small weevils predominated,
+constituting about 69 to 90 per cent of the total numbers taken. At
+Elkton, Md., only 42 per cent of the weevils were of the small species.
+
+[Footnote 9: Curculio auriger Casey.]
+
+   Table 1. Results of studies to determine the time of oviposition of the
+   chestnut weevils.
+
+                                          Nuts Infested with
+
+                      Date of      Total   Small     Large     Wormy
+                      Bagging      Nuts   Chestnut  Chestnut    Nuts
+                       Nuts       Bagged   Weevil    Weevil
+   Year and Orchard
+                                  Number   Number    Number   Percent
+             1945     July  9       52        2         5       13
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    Aug.  1       46        4         2       13
+                      Aug.  15     107       18        11       27
+   Fairfax, Va.       Aug.  21     110       22        13       32
+                      Sept. 12     123       63        11       60
+             1946     July  12      65        0         0
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    July  18      40        0         0
+                      July  26      67        0         0
+                      Aug.  1       71        0         0
+                      Aug.  9       29        1         0        3
+                      Aug.  14      88        3         2        6
+                      Aug.  23      53       18         2       38
+                      Aug.  29      53       23        11       64
+   Fairfax, Va.       July  26      98        0         0        0
+                      Aug.  15     168        0         0        0
+                      Sept. 4      164      139        16       95
+             1947     Aug.  15      54        5         1       11
+   Glenn Dale, Md.    Aug.  25      38        8         0       21
+                      Sept. 2       24        7         1       33
+                      Sept. 9       42       18         4       52
+                      Sept. 15      56       29         7       64
+                      Sept. 22      90       27        11       64
+                      Sept. 29     143       83        22       73
+   Fairfax, Va.       Aug.  26      35        9         1       29
+                      Sept. 10      58       25         4       50
+                      Sept. 28      50       35         7       84
+                      Oct.  7      217      177        22       92
+   Elkton, Md.        Aug.  21     139       11        13       17
+                      Sept. 4       83       22        25       57
+                      Sept. 18     116       21        35       48
+                      Oct.  1      108       31        44       69
+
+
++Spray Experiments in 1944+
+
+Shortly after adults of the large chestnut weevil first appeared in the
+orchards in 1944, six trees isolated from other chestnuts were selected
+for treatment. Five trees were sprayed with from 1 to 5 pounds of
+technical DDT plus 1/2 pound of sodium lauryl sulfate to 100 gallons of
+water, and the sixth tree was left untreated as a check. A thorough
+application of a coarse, drenching spray at a pressure of 400 pounds per
+square inch was used in an attempt to force the DDT between the many
+spines of the burs. The DDT used was very coarse, and difficulty was
+experienced in getting a proper suspension. This formula was used,
+however, in preference to one which contained other ingredients that
+might have formed a protective coating over the particles of DDT. Heavy
+rains prevented later spray applications.
+
+Adult weevils obtained by jarring untreated trees were then confined in
+screen cages placed over the lower branches of the trees. At the end of
+each cage was a cloth sleeve which was tied to the limb to hold the cage
+in place. The treatments used and the results are given in Table 2.
+
+
+Table 2. Percentage mortality of chestnut weevils placed in field cages
+on trees at different intervals after they had been sprayed with with
+DDT, 1944.
+
+   Strength of
+   DDT (lb. per   Small Chestnut Weevil     Large Chestnut Weevil
+    100 gal.)    48 Hrs. 96 Hrs. 144 Hrs.  48 Hrs. 96 Hrs. 144 Hrs.
+
+       1            0      61      100       25      50      100
+       2           19      69      100        0      34      100
+       3            4      50      100        0      40      100
+       4           27      87      100        0      50      100
+       5           18      50      100       30      46      100
+     Check          0       0        0        0       7        7
+
+Although the results obtained the first few days in the cages containing
+treated foliage were somewhat irregular, because of the small numbers of
+tests made, all weevils were killed within 6 days. The results indicate
+definitely that DDT is toxic to the adults of both species of weevils.
+No consistent differences between species were noted.
+
+As the matured nuts dropped from the treated trees, daily collections
+were made, and one-third of each collection was used as a sample in
+determining the percentage of wormy nuts. At the time the nuts drop, the
+holes in the shell through which the eggs were inserted are very
+difficult to detect. The nuts were therefore held in wire baskets to
+permit most of the larvae to emerge before the final examination. All
+nuts not showing exit holes were cut open to find out whether they were
+wormy. The marked increase in clean nuts after all treatments indicates
+that DDT is a promising insecticide for use against the weevils. The
+treatment and infestation records for the sprayed trees and the check
+tree are given in Table 3, which also includes the results obtained in
+later years.
+
+
++Spray Experiments 1945 to 1947+
+
+Spring frosts in 1945 destroyed 95 per cent of the crop of chestnuts in
+the Eastern States. Only six trees of different species and ages in the
+Government orchard at Glenn Dale, had sufficient nuts for experimental
+purposes. Applications of a 50 per cent DDT wettable powder in the
+proportions of 4 and 6 pounds plus 1/2 gallon of summer oil as a sticker
+to 100 gallons of water were made on August 20 and September 9.
+
+Spring frosts again damaged the orchards in 1946, destroying about 80
+per cent of the possible chestnut crop, and leaving only eight trees in
+the Government orchard that were suitable for experimental purposes. The
+remaining trees having a small scattered crop were disregarded. A
+mixture consisting of equal parts by weight of DDT and kaolin 41 was
+used in the strength of 2 pounds of DDT to 100 gallons of water. The
+time and number of applications were varied.
+
+Table 3. Results of spray tests with DDT against chestnut weevils,
+1944-1947.
+
+                                          Larvae Emerging from Sample
+                                                                  Reduction
+                                  Nuts    Small     Large    Wormy    of
+    DDT (per Application           in    Chestnut  Chestnut  Nuts   Injured
+    100 gal.)                    Sample   Weevil    Weevil           Nuts
+ Year
+     Pounds                      Number   Number    Number  Percent Percent
+
+                 Government Orchard, Glenn Dale, Md.
+
+ 1944  1   Aug. 14                 533     1896       21      44      42
+       2                           646      402       45      25      67
+       3                           712      421        5      18      76
+       4                           951      814        5      22      71
+       5                          1844      850       10      16      79
+       0                           976     3238      100      76
+ 1945  2   Aug. 20 & Sept. 9       660      434       38      30      57
+       3                           305      285       58      22      69
+       0                           297     1164       61      70
+ 1946  2   Aug. 15 & 30, Sept. 11  621      131       12       9      90
+       2   Aug. 15 & 30            371      171       23      19      79
+       2   Aug. 30 & Sept. 11      292       87       21      26      71
+       2   Aug. 15 & Sept. 11      949      553      190      43      53
+       2   Aug. 30                1267     1407       98      43      53
+       2   Aug. 15                1212     3207       66      43      53
+       2   Sept. 11                368     1832       53      58      36
+       0                           870     5364      134      91
+ 1947  2   Aug. 13 & 29, Sept. 12 4084     3817      234      30      66
+       2   Aug. 13 & 29           2618     4255      151      52      40
+       2   Sept. 12               3029     9498      402      79       9
+       2   Aug. 13                2639     5049      198      51      41
+       0                           974     4714      121      87
+
+                 Van Reynolds Orchard, Elkton, Md.
+
+ 1947  2   Aug. 21, Sept. 4 & 18  1153      264       64      14      84
+       2   Sept. 4 & 18            338        5      118      67      23
+       2   Aug. 21 & Sept. 18      149       18       59      34      61
+       2   Aug. 21 & Sept. 4       669      102       12      51      41
+       2   Sept. 18                324       63      129      77      11
+       2   Sept. 4                 270      303       67      56      36
+       2   Aug. 21                 500      192      127      57      34
+       0                           338      152      118      87
+
+Sprays containing DDT were applied in two orchards in 1947, the
+Government orchard at Glenn Dale, and the Van Reynolds orchard at
+Elkton, Md. Spring frosts injured 50 per cent of the chestnut crop at
+Glenn Dale and 70 per cent at Elkton, and as a result only a few trees
+suitable for tests were available. The remaining trees were not
+sprayed. Four pounds of the standard mixture of equal parts of DDT and
+kaolin were used to 100 gallons of water in all applications.
+
+In Table 3 will be found information on the quantities of DDT used, the
+schedules followed, and the results obtained during the period 1944
+through 1947.
+
+These results indicate clearly the effectiveness of DDT in chestnut
+weevil control, in spite of numerous discrepancies brought about by the
+small number and variability of the trees available for the tests. As
+might be expected, programs of three applications were more effective
+than those of only one or two. Of the single applications, those put on
+during the latter half of August were much more effective than those
+made during the first half of September, presumably because most of the
+eggs had been laid by the early part of September.
+
+These experiments gave fairly exact information on the relative
+abundance of the two species of weevils. At Glenn Dale the small
+chestnut weevil constituted 92 to 98 per cent of the population; at
+Elkton, 61 per cent.
+
+The matured nuts that fell from count trees were collected daily, and
+one-third of each lot collected was used as a sample for determining the
+percentage of wormy nuts. It was possible, therefore, to obtain a rough
+estimate of the numbers of larvae produced on each tree. In 1946, from
+1,863 nuts on a tree sprayed three times, 429 larvae emerged; and from a
+comparable unsprayed tree having 2,610 nuts 16,494 larvae emerged. In
+1947, 1,350 larvae were produced on 9 trees with an average crop of
+1,361 nuts sprayed three times, compared with 14,505 larvae from 2,922
+nuts on an unsprayed tree. These figures indicate that DDT sprays bring
+about large decreases in the numbers of weevils and that the proper use
+of DDT sprays on all host trees over a period of a few years would
+doubtless reduce the infestation to a point where fewer applications
+would be necessary for effective control of the chestnut weevils.
+
+
++Tentative Recommendations+
+
+For the benefit of those who wish to try DDT for chestnut weevil
+control, the following tentative recommendation is made:
+
+Thoroughly apply +to all parts of the tree+ 2 pounds of DDT in 100 gallons
+of water. For example, use 4 pounds of a wettable powder that contains
+50 per cent of DDT, or 8 pounds of one that contains 25 per cent of DDT.
+Make three applications, the first about 30 days before the first nut is
+due to drop, and the second and third after intervals of 12 days. Unless
+the entire bur, especially that portion near the stem end where most of
+the feeding punctures are made, +is thoroughly covered+ with a film of
+DDT, the weevils may feed without being affected by the insecticide. In
+handling DDT, one should use the same care as with such well-known
+poisons as lead arsenate, Paris green, calcium arsenate, and nicotine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I might say that Mr. Van Leeuwen has used only a small
+section of our experimental orchard, and right near-by would be large
+sections not used. The weevils are not killed quickly by the DDT, they
+are somewhat resistant, and so we think quite a number of weevils come
+over and deposit eggs before they are killed by this DDT, because they
+don't lose any time getting to work on the nuts. He hopes to have much
+better results where the entire orchard is sprayed. This year we
+sprayed our entire orchard twice, and it is a real pleasure to go out
+there now and gather up nuts and not be eating weevils when we do eat
+them.
+
+President Davidson: Well, Mr. Gravatt will now give us a talk on
+Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings, and I am sure we
+all are on our toes to hear about that. Mr. Gravatt.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I only ask a few minutes to show a few slides.
+
+(Slides shown.)
+
+
+
+
+Diseases Affecting the Success of Tree Crop Plantings
+
+G. F. GRAVATT and DONALD C. STOUT
+
+Division of Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,
+Maryland.
+
+
+Mass plantings of many trees of the same kind frequently result in an
+increase in the severity of insect pests and diseases. Leaf diseases,
+for instance, spread quickly through such plantings when weather
+conditions favor growth of the causal organisms. Plants on sites
+unfavorable to a specific tree species also are responsible for disease
+increases. Chinese chestnuts grown on a site where they are subject to
+early-fall and late-spring frosts will fail. Not only will crops be
+reduced by the killing of buds or blooms, but the twigs, or even whole
+trees, may be killed by freezing. The blight fungus develops rapidly on
+such injured trees and may mislead people into thinking that the blight
+fungus is the primary cause of the killing.
+
+Still another factor that determines the damage by diseases, and thus
+the success or failure of nut tree plantings, is the ignoring of soil
+and fertilizer requirements. Trees weakened by drought, because they are
+on a site having a soil too shallow for good root growth, are much more
+subject to attack even by weakly parasitic fungi than those growing on a
+site with deeper soil. Innumerable dying twigs and branches with fungi
+growing on them are sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture or State
+experiment stations with requests that the disease be identified, when
+the real trouble is lack of water for the roots. Weak trees are much
+more subject to winter injury than vigorous ones.
+
+Trees require a good supply of plant food materials and water to produce
+profitable crops. Tho heaviest bearing chestnut trees we have observed
+were grown in an irrigated orchard in California and in a poultry yard
+in the East where chicken droppings actually formed a mulch under the
+trees. However, if you wish to kill a young chestnut tree quickly, just
+apply a very heavy application of chicken manure; the point is that
+trees must become adjusted to chicken manure by gradual applications.
+
+Another way to damage a tree is to keep it growing late in the fall by
+cultivation and fertilizers so that it does not harden off properly.
+Many plantings, representing heavy investments, fail because of lack of
+organic matter in the soil. This is related to water-holding and
+water-supplying capacity of the soil, and lack of proper fertilizer. Dr.
+Harley L. Crane and his assistants, in their work with tung and pecan
+trees, have shown the vital need for certain elements on some soils.
+Trees weakened by the lack of these elements are early prey for some
+diseases. The element most frequently deficient is nitrogen, but
+sometimes boron, copper, or iron is lacking; or the elements are not in
+balance, because of the excess of some, or the lack of others.
+
+By adjusting the various soil, water, and site factors necessary for a
+continuous, vigorous growth of trees, many so-called disease conditions
+are eliminated. Many fungi and viruses, however, will attack trees in
+the pink of condition; a few of the more important of these are treated
+in the following sections.
+
+
++Chestnut Blight+
+
+The destruction by blight of the native stands of the American chestnut,
+and of the small eastern orchard industry based on European and American
+chestnuts and their hybrids is almost complete. Blight has been found in
+the planted European chestnut orchards of the Pacific Coast from time to
+time, but it has been kept under control by eradication. Chestnut trees
+or nuts from the eastern States, where blight is common, should not be
+shipped into the Rocky Mountain or Pacific Coast States.
+
+Finding the Asiatic chestnuts resistant to the blight, the Division of
+Forest Pathology sent R. Kent Beattie to Asia to make selections of
+chestnuts for introduction into this country. Later Peter Liu, a Chinese
+collector who worked with Mr. Beattie, continued to select Chinese
+chestnuts for introduction. These introductions, together with the
+earlier ones made by the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction,
+were grown at Chico, Calif., Savannah, Ga., and Bell, or Glenn Dale, Md.
+Altogether some 300,000 chestnut trees, of pure species and hybrids,
+were distributed to cooperators for forest and orchard plantings. (Fig.
+1.) These constituted a fine lot of material from many parts of Asia as
+a basis for selecting the best ones for our use. Private nurseries and
+State game and forestry departments are now growing these chestnuts and
+the Division of Forest Pathology has discontinued general distribution
+of trees to cooperators.
+
+Chinese chestnuts have proved to be the most valuable for forest,
+orchard and ornamental use. The Japanese chestnut is being discriminated
+against because of the poor quality of its nuts. Orchardists having
+mixed plantings containing Japanese chestnuts are advised to top work
+the trees or remove them, if the seed is to be used for plantings. In
+fact, for orchard plantings, nuts should be used only from the best
+individual trees of the Chinese chestnut.
+
+The Chinese chestnut should be planted on sites with good air drainage
+as it is very susceptible to injury from early-fall or late-spring
+freezes. Many persons think their trees have been killed by the blight
+when the primary cause of the trouble was injury to the trunk by
+freezing followed by growth of the blight organism over the injured
+parts. This fungus may grow for many years in the outer layers of the
+bark without doing any material damage to the tree. An important factor
+in resistance of the Chinese chestnuts to the blight is to keep the
+trees growing vigorously. Avoid late growth in the fall as this favors
+fall freezing damage.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--F1 hybrids between the Chinese chestnut and
+the American chestnut.]
+
+
++Nut Spoilage+
+
+In the Southern States one of the most serious problems with some
+selections of the Chinese chestnut is the spoilage of the nuts. Marvin
+E. Fowler made a study of this trouble at Savannah, Ga., and found that
+most of the trouble in that restricted area was caused by a
+Gleoesporium-like fungus that infects the nuts at the tip.[10] Because
+spraying experiments did not give control, the more susceptible trees
+have been removed. In most parts of the South, however, this fungus is
+not the primary cause of nut spoilage and the limited work so far
+carried out has not revealed the cause. Part of the trouble may be due
+to physiological break-down. As individual trees vary greatly in
+susceptibility to this deterioration of the nuts, orchardists are
+advised to top work or eliminate the more susceptible trees. Some people
+have believed that exposure of the nuts to the hot sun while in the bur
+or on the ground may cause damage. The market for Chinese chestnuts can
+be ruined by shipping nuts that are partly spoiled by the time they
+reach the consumer.
+
+[Footnote 10: Gravatt, G. F., and Marvin E. Fowler. Diseases of chestnut
+trees and nuts. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. Rept. (1940) 31: 110-113.
+1941.]
+
+
++Phytophthora Root Disease of Chestnut+
+
+Phytophthora root disease, caused by _Phytophthora cinnamomi_, is
+treated briefly here, and interested nut growers can consult the
+detailed earlier article.[11] Briefly, this fungus is considered as
+introduced into this country over a hundred years ago. It killed the
+chestnut and chinkapin growth over large areas in the southern States.
+Asiatic chestnuts are highly resistant to this disease, and when grown
+on well-drained soils have not been damaged. Our test plantings of
+Chinese chestnuts growing in the same soils where susceptible trees of
+American and European chestnuts were killed, continue to make a vigorous
+growth. The European and American chestnuts and their hybrids growing in
+the western States are in danger from this fungus as it has now been
+reported in the West. This same fungus sometimes kills thousands of
+young nursery trees of the black walnut, but these epidemics are usually
+brought on by unusual weather conditions. Poor soil aeration, induced by
+excessive rainfall and poor drainage, makes ideal conditions for damage
+to the walnut and other hosts by _Phytophthora_. Even the very resistant
+Chinese chestnut roots are invaded by the fungus when the soil remains
+waterlogged for extended periods.
+
+
++Brooming Disease of Walnut+
+
+A systemic brooming disease, observed on planted walnuts as early as
+1917, has been the subject of considerable discussion during recent
+years, because it has now spread widely into the native black walnut
+growth. In 1932 Waite published that he had been observing the disease
+for some 15 years but that "it was unknown on the black walnut in the
+wild in this country or on planted trees away from the Japanese walnut."
+The disease has continued to increase in prevalence in recent years and
+is now widely distributed in native black walnut growth in Tennessee,
+Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. This
+extensive spread into the native growth during the last 15 or 20 years
+and the fact that reports indicate that all of the early cases of the
+disease were found near nursery-grown trees offer some evidence that the
+disease is an importation from another area or continent into the
+eastern black walnut zone. From the literature and oral reports, it
+seems that the disease is now present also in North Carolina, West
+Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Surveys probably
+would uncover the disease among native wild and planted walnuts in other
+States.
+
+[Footnote 11: Crandall, B. S., G. F. Gravatt, and M. M. Ryan. Root
+diseases of Castanea species and some coniferous and broadleaf nursery
+stocks, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathology 35: 162-180.
+Illus. 1945.]
+
+
++Economic Importance and Hosts+
+
+The black walnut is a valuable native forest tree, widely but not
+abundantly distributed in the eastern United States. It is extensively
+planted as a forest tree. The numerous plantings and natural stands
+around farm homes, along fences, and in pastures are also very valuable.
+More and more grafted ornamentals, and orchards of black walnut are
+being planted. For these the per-tree investment is high.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--The brooming disease of walnut. Severe
+brooming on Japanese walnut.]
+
+The ultimate effect of the brooming disease on the black walnut is not
+known. Dr. Waite stated, "Trees even moderately attacked soon become
+worthless for nut production." Some affected black walnut trees,
+however, continue to produce small crops of nuts. Visible symptoms have
+been known to disappear. In addition, some seedlings, and probably large
+trees also, are infected without showing symptoms. Such observations
+indicate the complex nature of the disease. Detailed studies are needed,
+but at present this Division is not in position to do more than limited,
+part-time work on the disease.
+
+The butternut, a widely distributed forest tree of minor importance, is
+seriously injured or killed by this disease. The disease severely
+damages or kills the Japanese walnut, which has been planted to a
+limited extent but is of little importance. According to Dr. Waite's
+report, the Persian, or English, walnut is attacked, but very few trees
+of this species are planted in the eastern States. Precautions should be
+taken to prevent the introduction of this disease into areas where it is
+not now present, particularly the western states.
+
+Symptoms expressed by infected trees are viruslike, and Hutchins and
+Wester[12] were able to produce the brooming symptoms on a small number
+of trees by means of bark patch grafts, indicating that the brooming
+disease probably is caused by a virus.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--Brooming disease on black walnut. Ascending
+type, upright, sucker growth is typical of this species.]
+
+
++Description of Symptoms+
+
+The entire range of symptoms of the brooming disease has not been
+determined. Symptoms are recognizable during mid-July but they are most
+pronounced during September and October. Curling and cupping of
+leaflets, chlorosis, narrowing and basal tapering of leaflets appear to
+be associated with early stages of the disease. On severely affected
+trees there are distinct broomlike growths at branch terminals, along
+primary or secondary branches, or on the main stem to the ground line
+(Fig. 2). The broomlike growths are formed by the continuing abnormal
+development of normally located buds into short, succulent branches.
+Upright, suckerlike branches appear on primary and secondary branches
+and on the main stem of the affected tree. (Fig. 3).
+
+The broomed parts usually die back during the dormant period following
+their appearance. The dead brooms on trees that appear to be healthy
+during the early months of the growing-season indicate that the trees
+are infected. Usually the diseased trees, even those severely affected,
+exhibit normal growth during the early summer months.
+
+Evidence that walnut trees may be infected for a considerable time prior
+to appearance of recognizable symptoms was obtained when 37 per cent of
+a total of 300 severely pruned trees exhibited brooming disease
+symptoms. These trees had looked healthy until they were pruned.
+Unpruned control trees showed a 4 per cent increase in disease during
+the same period.
+
+[Footnote 12: Hutchins, Lee M., and Horace V. Wester.
+Graft-transmissible brooming disease of walnut. Phytopathology. 37 (1):
+11. (Abstract) 1947.]
+
++Summary+
+
+There is strong evidence that a virus disease is active among certain
+species of walnut in central and eastern United States. The disease
+exhibits distinctive symptoms and appears to damage infected trees,
+sometimes severely, over several growing seasons. Present data indicate
+that recognizable symptoms of the disease may not appear for some time
+after infection, unless the host is subjected to severe shock. Thus,
+nursery stock may be one means of spreading the disease into new areas.
+It is recommended, without experimental work to back up the
+recommendation, that walnut nurserymen remove infected trees in the
+vicinity of their nursery sites.
+
+Investigation of this disease to the present time has been limited.
+General observations indicate that severely broomed trees produce poor
+nut crops. Mortality caused by the disease appears to be quite low among
+black walnut trees. Butternut and Japanese walnut trees are, in general,
+more severely affected by the disease than the black walnut and many
+seem to be killed by it, although the killing process is slow. As a
+result of experience with other virus diseases, orchardists who have
+only a few infected trees among their black walnuts are advised to
+remove them. Whether the disease can be kept under control by repeated
+roguing is uncertain. If an owner has just a few trees of value as
+ornamentals as well as nut producers, one hesitates to advise him to
+remove a lightly infected tree until more information is obtained
+concerning the disease.
+
+This Division will welcome information from persons having experience
+with the brooming disease of walnut, as it is in a position to do only a
+limited amount of work on the disease.
+
+
++Persimmon Wilt+
+
+Persimmon wilt is very destructive to the native persimmon (Fig. 4). It
+is caused by the fungus _Cephalosporium diospyri_, which was described
+in 1945 by Bowen S. Crandall[13]. The fungus grows in the wood of the
+trees, producing discolored streaks. Most trees are rapidly killed,
+with yellow, wilted leaves making quite a contrast to the normal green
+trees.
+
+This disease was found in spots from central Tennessee south to the
+Gulf, east into Florida, and up the coast into North Carolina. The
+American persimmon seemed to be in danger, as this quickly killing
+disease appeared to be spreading. The limited work on this disease was
+discontinued because of the war and the transfer of Mr. Crandall to
+Peru. However, this summer Mr. Crandall and the senior writer spent two
+weeks surveying some of the old infections and nearby territory, and
+were pleased to note that the disease had made very little progress into
+new territory. On several small areas where the disease was present some
+six years ago practically all of the larger trees had been killed, but
+some new small trees were coming up. At Chattanooga National Park, where
+the wilt was rampant about six years ago, it is continuing to kill
+trees, but many new ones are coming up. No northward extension of the
+disease in Tennessee or North Carolina was noted in the limited time
+spent in inspection.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--Small persimmon trees killed by the wilt.]
+
+What does the disease mean to the grower of grafted persimmons, both
+native and Oriental? The Japanese or Chinese persimmons do not grow as
+well on their own roots, although they are quite safe that way as these
+two species are very resistant to the wilt. In the East, most of the
+Oriental persimmons are grafted on American root stocks, and trees in
+one case were killed by the wilt fungus getting in on the susceptible
+root stock. No attempts to control the wilt have been made, and these
+recommendations are based on procedure with other diseases and on
+knowledge of the spore production of this fungus. An owner of a valuable
+planting of grafted trees in a region where the disease is present
+should watch his trees for the first indication of trouble. The planting
+will be safer, if there are no nearby native trees; and if native trees
+are growing nearby and cannot be removed, they should be given a general
+inspection. Prompt removal and burning of any infected trees found is
+advisable. The fact that usually fungus spore production does not take
+place until after the tree has been dead for a while makes the prospect
+for control better than with most diseases. Care should be taken not to
+bring in scions or trees from infected areas.
+
+Most members of the Northern Nut Growers Association have only a few
+grafted persimmon trees, usually located outside of the infected zone
+and therefore in little danger. Persimmon scions and trees should not be
+shipped from infected to healthy regions. The disease has not been
+reported in nurseries, but it could occur there because it attacks small
+trees.
+
+[Footnote 13: Crandall, Bowen S. A new species of +Cephalosporium+ causing
+persimmon wilt. Mycologia 37 (4): 495-498. 1945.]
+
+
++Thyronectria Disease of Honeylocust+
+
+Honeylocust is widely distributed both in native stands and in
+plantations. Some farmers plant this species or leave native trees in
+their pastures for the pods, which have a high sugar content, up to 38
+per cent. J. C. Moore, of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station,
+reported preliminary tests indicating a per-acre yield of livestock feed
+equal to that of oats.
+
+In many areas the growth of honeylocust is seriously affected by a
+canker and twig fungus, _Thyronectria austro-americana_. The disease
+often kills many twigs and branches and sometimes results in death of
+the tree. In most areas it causes only slight injury. Bowen S. Crandall
+and Jesse D. Diller have made a few observations on the prevalence and
+damage by this disease, which is present from New England south into the
+Gulf States and west into the Great Plains States.
+
+The fungus causing this disease is morphologically somewhat similar to
+the chestnut blight fungus, having two spore stages produced in
+reddish-brown pinhead-size fruiting bodies on the bark. Cankers are
+produced on the smaller branches, but they usually are not noted until
+some of the affected ones wilt and die. In the exposed outer wood of a
+branch cut above or below the canker there are reddish-brown streaks
+several inches long, indicating that the fungus has grown in the
+vascular system.
+
+As no control experiments are known, recommendations are based on
+general knowledge of sanitation. If an owner has only a few valuable
+planted trees, he should cut off the diseased parts a foot or more back
+from the lower edge of the affected bark and burn or bury them in the
+soil. If he has many trees scattered over extensive pasture areas, it is
+questionable whether any action other than elimination of the more
+susceptible trees is justified. We will be interested in the results
+obtained from control work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Now I will turn over the chairmanship of the meeting
+to Mr. Chase, who will have charge of the Round Table Discussion.
+
+
+
+
+Round Table Discussion on Chestnut Problems
+
+SPENCER B. CHASE, Presiding
+
+
+_Panel of Experts_: Max E. Hardy, Carroll D. Bush, H. F. Stoke, G. F.
+Gravatt, J. C. McDaniel.
+
+Mr. Chase: Gentlemen, in the last hour and a half we have heard perhaps
+more about chestnuts from qualified specialists than we will ever hear
+in any meeting of ours, and we requested each one to withhold questions
+until this point. So now we will have some questions from the floor,
+please.
+
+Mr. Slate: What is the present status of breeding chestnut species for
+timber purposes?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: The prospects are coming along. We have one cross between a
+none-too-promising Chinese chestnut and an American chestnut, with a
+good bunch of hybrids and they are different from other hybrids. It
+looks like they will stand up against blight. They will have blight
+canker growth from 10 feet down to the ground but it doesn't go into the
+cambium region. It is too early to evaluate the hybrids, but they do
+have the upright form and rapid growth of the American chestnut.
+
+Now when we take these first-generation hybrids, cross them back with
+the Chinese and get more resistance, as we have done so many times in
+the past, we lose that rapid and more upright growth habit of the
+American chestnut. But we have a lot more work to do before we are ready
+to say anything final on this question.
+
+Dr. Arthur H. Graves, formerly at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now
+consulting pathologist at the New Haven, (Conn.) Experiment Station. We
+have been working with him and partially supporting his chestnut
+breeding for a good many years. He has a lot of hybrids up there. We
+expect to have something later, but have nothing to release yet.
+
+A Member: Do you have any sprays to control diseases and insect pests in
+the tree that when they go into the soil won't destroy our ground
+friends?
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Gravatt?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I don't know what insects you are after, in the first
+place. We have a lot of trouble with Japanese beetles. Around
+Washington, Dr. Crane's and my plantings there would be defoliated if
+they weren't sprayed for Japanese beetle control, and it is the same way
+with filberts.
+
+A Member: The same sprays have a tendency to work against most of the
+pests, do they not? Of course, DDT will take one, the arsenate of lead
+takes another, Black Leaf 40 another, but if we had a spray that we can
+use around on--well, not limited to the chestnut--that would be
+neutralized in the earth. Now, we have a good deal of friendly bacteria
+and insects in the soil that we want to keep.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I would say that I am a pathologist, and insect work is out
+of my line.
+
+Mr. Chase: Does anyone else have a comment on that? Dr. Cross, did you
+hear the question?
+
+Dr. Cross: I didn't get his question.
+
+Mr. Chase: Would you stand and repeat your question?
+
+A Member: Is there a spray that we can use for combating the insect
+pests of our trees that when it is washed off and goes into the soil
+doesn't kill our soil friends. We have the friendly bacteria in the
+soil, as well as insect and worm life. Do we have a spray that will be
+neutralized as it hits the soil so we can spray the tree and not kill
+our lower friends?
+
+Dr. Cross: Sorry, Mr. Chase, that's beyond me.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: You are thinking of arsenate of lead poisoning the soil
+where you keep on spraying with it?
+
+A Member: Yes.
+
+Mr. Gravatt: I think DDT may build up a little in the soil, but it is
+broken down, isn't it, Dr. Crane?
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, DDT is broken down and it is not a fungicide and it is
+not a bactericide. It is an insecticide that kills insects through
+affecting the nervous system, according to my understanding of it. I am
+not an entomologist, but that's what the entomologists say. So far we
+haven't any evidence to my knowledge of any build-up of DDT in soils
+that has been detrimental. I don't know what the situation would be if
+DDT was used to the same extent as arsenate of lead. It was not uncommon
+for some growers to put on anywhere from 6 to 15 lead sprays in a season
+in order to control codling moth, as they used to do in certain apple
+orchards, particularly in the West.
+
+I was talking to Dr. Van Leeuwen just a day or two before I had to leave
+for the meeting, and he is not ready yet to say anything about it, but
+he has already tested some very promising insecticides as far as the
+control of weevil is concerned. This DDT and some of the other new
+insecticides are very easily decomposed, and, of course, that's one of
+the disadvantages of them. Under certain climatic conditions they would
+need to be less readily decomposed to give control over a longer period.
+I know that we have not had enough experience to know all about those
+new spray materials.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: There has been one instance reported where DDT _in the
+soil_ was injurious to fruit plant growth. That was Goldsworthy's and
+Dunegan's work on strawberries. Where they used large amounts of
+technical DDT in the soil, they found that it inhibited the growth of
+the strawberry plant. I believe that's the only instance I've heard of,
+where soil application of DDT hurt growth of fruit plants. Benzene
+hexachloride, and some other chlorinated hydrocarbons, and parathion
+actually appeared to have a stimulating effect on the berry plants.[14]
+
+Mr. Frye: Why would there be any more danger of affecting the soil in a
+chestnut orchard than there would in the apple and peach orchard by
+spraying seven, eight and ten times? That's the only question that
+arises with me.
+
+Mr. Chase: Let's get back to chestnuts specifically, now, gentlemen.
+
+Mr. Kays (Oklahoma A. & M. College): Since I don't come from a chestnut
+area, my impression of the nut samples supplied by Mr. Moore of Auburn,
+was: "I'd like them if they had salted them." I am wondering if it
+wouldn't have affected their rancidity if they had been treated--salting
+material added, prior to or in the process somewhere along the line.
+
+Mr. J. C. Moore: I'd just like to say I have tried putting salt in the
+water, to boil the nuts with salt, and then I have tried shelling them
+and sprinkling salt, and I find that salt does not add anything to the
+flavor. Tasting the nuts raw, I, too, get the impression salt is what I
+want, but I haven't been able to add it satisfactorily. I don't say that
+it cannot be done.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, in view of the whole situation of chestnut
+incompatibility of stock with scion, what would be the position that we
+in the Northern Nut Growers Association can take in advising people what
+kind of chestnuts they should plant? Should they be encouraged to try to
+get grafted trees? What should be our position?
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Stoke, would you care to comment on that?
+
+Mr. Stoke: You are asking me to stick out my neck, and it seems as if I
+have always done that. The Chinese chestnut is in the Johnny Appleseed
+stage, in my opinion, and we are investigating to find out the best
+varieties, that is, the best specimen, best performance, best quality,
+best in blight resistance, growth, and other qualities and when we
+winnow out all we have and arrive at the best, we are going to
+find--now, this is just my personal opinion--I will say that for myself
+I'd rather have one acre of the best selections we have budded or
+grafted--asexually propagated, than five acres of seedling trees as a
+financial good bet, because I say that one acre of our very best produce
+virtually as many nuts as five acres of seedlings. I have trees from
+seed I imported through the Yokahama Nursery Company, and I think it
+came from Korea. The nuts run very small, and compared with those I am
+sure the others will pay much better, and I think it would be profitable
+to pay three or four or five times as much for your trees if you get
+good trees of good, known varieties and grafted or budded.
+
+Don't misunderstand me. We shouldn't ask the American public to wait
+until those can be furnished, because they won't wait, and they
+shouldn't. But I say as a commercial proposition, to plant trees
+commercially, I would exercise caution and I would encourage my
+customers to exercise caution unless they are willing to follow up and
+do their own top working later on, and a Chinese chestnut doesn't top
+work as readily as a black walnut.
+
+Mr. Chase: I don't believe that's quite the answer he wanted. The
+comment that I think Dr. MacDaniels is after is what position should the
+Northern Nut Growers Association take in regard to planting seedlings or
+planting grafted stock. Is that the point?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Yes, it seems to be seedlings against grafted stock.
+
+Mr. Stoke: May I answer? I don't think the Northern Nut Growers
+Association should take _any_ position. They should present the facts
+and let the buyer decide. I don't think we need to go on record, and I
+don't think we should. There is too much diversity of opinion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Between ourselves--and this is not an academic
+question--we get continual inquiries regarding the Chinese chestnuts and
+what should they plant and where can they get the trees, and so forth.
+It isn't good enough in most of these cases to write several pages
+explaining what the whole situation is, the _if's_, _and's_, and
+_but's_. But I just wonder what the opinion is of the people who know
+best in this regard. Who has a good orchard of 20-year-old grafted
+Chinese chestnuts? Where are they? I don't know: I am asking for
+information.
+
+Mr. Chase: Dr. Drain, are those trees you have grafted trees or seedling
+trees?
+
+Dr. Drain (University of Tennessee): They are seedling trees. They have
+produced a rather nice quality nut, and we have enjoyed propagating
+seedlings from them. That's really all we know. We haven't grafted any.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mac, would you care to comment on this?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I am ashamed to say that at present we have no grafted
+chestnut trees on my own north Alabama farms. We have about 50 trees
+that are 8-year-old seedlings from imported (Chinese) nuts, growing next
+to a commercial peach block, and find the production quite variable on
+the different trees. I am aiming at top-working most of these with the
+named varieties, beginning this year. At present I can't answer the
+question of seedlings vs grafted trees. I have been advising people who
+are interested in trying them in Tennessee that _for their first
+planting_ (to test the adaptability of their locations) they can get the
+seedlings generally quite a bit cheaper than the grafted trees. With the
+experience we have had over the State and the high mortality of trees,
+both grafted and seedling--killing of the tops and in some cases the
+whole tree--the seedling might be best economically _to begin their_
+experimenting with. I am _not recommending_ that anyone plant seedlings
+commercially, but just in a small way for trial. They are well worth a
+trial anywhere peaches are doing well. When we find a _suitable site_,
+then is the time to think about using the more expensive grafted trees.
+
+Pres. Davidson: I just want to give a little bit of my experience along
+that line. Way back in 1934 I planted a few seeds that I got from Amelia
+Riehl. They were nuts of the Riehl hybrids. [Ed. note: Mostly
+American--European crosses.] She named one Dan Patch and another
+Gibbons. They are now about 13 years old. Each of them is bearing burs
+this year. They have borne burs, a few of them, in the past, but no
+nuts. So far in 1948, the burs that have fallen to the ground, of
+course, have no nuts, but whether the burs that are still on the trees
+have nuts I don't know. I want to know whether those trees are
+normal---whether a hybrid of that kind is likely to be sterile or not.
+That's another matter that might be discussed. Anyhow, you are taking a
+chance, no question about that, when you plant seedlings.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Mr. Chairman, if you will pardon me for saying one more word,
+here is a suggestion I will make. Now you can check for yourself. The
+whole thing hinges on whether we can get _permanent_ grafts on the tree
+and get the characteristics in the grafted tree that the parent has--in
+the good selected tree. Now you take the reports sent us by Mr. Hemming;
+you take the reports of the station at Albany--of individual trees in
+those plots. You take the worst trees and you will find they are nothing
+but boarders. You take the best and you will find they are very
+profitable. You take the average and it will fall somewhere in between.
+
+Now, why keep a lot of boarders that don't pay--free boarders--or why
+use run-of-mine seedlings, _if_ we can graft successfully--and some
+people like to dispute that--and produce nothing but the best? And you
+can check it on any of those tables. [Mr. Hardy's paper.] We have a few
+tables in our former Reports. You can check it and figure it out for
+yourself.
+
+Dr. Crane: To clear up this situation I wanted to ask Mr. Hardy a
+question, and then I wanted to make a statement. In this report from the
+1938 and 1940 planting at Albany, Georgia, in the Brown tract in 1947
+there were 188 trees that bore crops, but that planting consisted of
+274 trees planted in 1938 and 60 trees planted in 1940. Why weren't
+those 274 trees plus those 60 trees represented in the 100 with the
+yield records of 1947?
+
+Mr. Hardy: Dr. Crane knows the answer, so I will let him ask the
+question and answer it, too.
+
+Dr. Crane: In 1936 we planted 1,000 trees of the same Peter Liu
+selections on the Station farm at Beltsville, Maryland. They were of the
+same number and letter designations as others that were distributed to
+cooperators. Out of the thousand trees that we planted on the Station
+farm some of them came into bearing at four and five years after
+planting. But the nuts were small in size and were not much good. With
+one or two exceptions, out of that planting there were none bearing
+satisfactorily to suit us after ten years. In 1945 we applied the ax,
+because a Chinese chestnut tree, from an orchard standpoint, if it's not
+in bearing in ten years after planting is not worth keeping. We haven't
+got time to wait. So out they came. And in addition to that we have had
+other trees that have done the same thing.
+
+Now, out of this 274 plus the 60 at Albany, Georgia, we have three trees
+that we now figure are good enough to be raised to a variety status,
+plus possibly two or three more. Now, you can figure your percentage of
+good trees when you plant seeds.
+
+Dr. Overholser: Mr. Chairman, may I ask a question, whether these three
+seedlings to which they propose to give variety status have been
+propagated in sufficient number that they are able to give distribution
+in other areas.
+
+Mr. Hardy: Dr. Overholser, they are not available yet in quantity. That
+same answer is part of the answer I wanted to make to Dr. MacDaniels.
+The present situation in the chestnut industry is that there are very
+few nurserymen who know how to propagate nursery grafted trees
+successfully. There is going to have to be quite a bit of work done on
+that. If some of you here know how to do it, I would like to know,
+myself. There are a lot of nurserymen who would like to know, according
+to the reports I have, how to graft or bud a nursery chestnut tree.
+
+As long as the situation is that way I would say to recommend seedling
+trees because of their low price, but--and every grower who has trees
+can fall in line with this--the seeds should be from properly culled-out
+orchards of the highest type, leaving nothing in there producing nuts or
+pollen but what is the highest type. I think all of you who have more
+than one type of chestnut in your plantings should cull them all down to
+the pure _Castanea mollissima_. I don't mean by cutting out the whole
+tree, but go ahead and top-work them. If they won't take the top, _then_
+cut them out. But if you can top-work them and the grafting is good, you
+can increase your planting of good trees in that manner.
+
+The improved quality of the seed will improve the quality of seedlings
+going to the buyer, and the chances of a higher percentage of good
+seedlings showing up will be greater. I think it will improve the
+industry through a period of years.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think I agree with his position. In fact, that's
+exactly what we are telling the inquiries that come in: At the present
+state of our knowledge, better try seedling trees.
+
+But I didn't hear anybody get up and say they had an orchard of
+20-year-old grafted chestnut trees. I have tried to get them, I have
+grafted successfully, I suppose, 7 or 8 different varieties on many
+different Chinese stocks that I have bought, or had given to me, and
+numbers of grafted trees. I have nothing left. They grow fine, 7 or 8
+feet the first year, 3 or 4 feet the next year, then they go along for a
+while and then they die. In other words, there is an unsolved problem
+there, so that it seems to me at the present state of our knowledge we
+had better admit it and say, "If you are an amateur, you better get the
+best seedling trees that you can and wait awhile."
+
+Mr. J. C. Moore: I just want to give some data on some of the class work
+at Auburn with Chinese chestnuts. We were studying Chinese seedlings,
+and we attempted to bud those Chinese chestnut seedlings, and on some of
+the larger seedlings we top-worked. We had some 3-year-old seedlings,
+and we top-worked the limbs. We put in patch buds, and we put in T-buds
+or shield buds, and in practically every case on some of the trees the
+buds stuck beautifully.
+
+In June and again in August, with another class, we had the same
+results, either with T-bud or shield bud or patch bud. Some of the
+seedlings wouldn't take the buds at all. I can't think why one seedling
+would take 100 per cent of the buds and another seedling growing right
+by it wouldn't take any buds.
+
+Mr. Weber: The oldsters here will remember Colonel C. K. Sober, one of
+our former members who propagated what he later named the Sober's
+Paragon chestnut. It was a grafted tree and apparently it was grafted
+successfully on native stocks, and it grew until the blight got it.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I am not talking about European or American, I am
+talking about Chinese chestnuts.
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: It may affect the nursery industry. The nurserymen are
+looking to the Northern Nut Growers Association, Federal bureaus and
+State experiment stations to guide them in the propagation of desirable
+trees. We know now that the Chinese chestnut is becoming quite
+prominent, is becoming quite popular in many sections of the country,
+and many nurserymen are now getting requests to supply the public in
+their states with Chinese chestnuts. They, in turn, would like to know
+what they should do. If they sell Chinese chestnut trees which have been
+propagated vegetatively and they only grow five, eight, 10 or 15 years
+and then die, it's going to come back on the nurserymen. They should
+like to know whether they should do that or whether they should rely
+upon seedlings which they can develop into pure lines as best they may.
+
+Now, that really is a serious question. I am wondering from what Mr.
+Hardy has told us today if it may not be an understock problem, and if
+it is an understock problem--if there are certain strains of understock
+which are compatible with certain scions, possibly we should ask for
+some investigations, some more research to be done in this direction.
+
+Then possibly, on the other hand, we should also ask that certain
+investigations be carried out so that we will have some idea of the
+inheritable characters that may be "fixed" through seed selection. I
+really think that this seed selection should be very seriously
+considered, and that nurserymen in particular and the public in general
+would benefit greatly by such consideration.
+
+Mr. Hardy: Mr. Chase, may I make this suggestion: I think it is
+something that a number of individuals could try, perhaps they should be
+backed up by agricultural institutions, either Federal or State. We are
+all interested and concerned with stocks, and I think a large part of
+our trouble with grafting chestnuts is a stock-scion relationship.
+
+We have some top-worked trees 13 years old that are just as healthy,
+just as normal as they can be. We have some top-worked trees of various
+ages below that. The graft-union is good; they are just as healthy and
+continue to be as productive and vigorous as the parent tree. Where
+there is incompatibility we run into difficulties very shortly. To a
+large extent I think we are involved with two problems in the trouble
+with incompatibility, or perhaps I should say the dying, of grafted
+trees. One is a stock-scion relationship, the other a mechanical
+problem.
+
+I think there are these two types of incompatibilities. Now, as to the
+mechanical part--that can be improved through developing the art of
+grafting or budding, whichever works out best. The other will require
+quite a lot of study, perhaps the development of certain strains of the
+root stocks for certain scion varieties.
+
+I have made this suggestion to two or three. I have started the work
+myself by putting out with friends two or three or four trees. After
+they get up to a size where I can top-work them, I will top-work with
+two varieties. Perhaps I will put Nanking and Kuling on two trees at one
+particular place. Two or three miles away I will put Kuling and Meiling
+on two others. At another place I will put Nanking and Meiling. I will
+get reciprocal pollination, because the chestnut is necessarily
+cross-pollinating.[15] I can then plant seedlings from both parents,
+each pollinated by the other. Then by grafting those varieties onto
+those seedlings stocks I can find out whether there is any reason to go
+into the work of developing seed orchards of two varieties whereby
+Meiling pollinated by Kuling may produce the best, most vigorous, most
+uniform seedlings on which Kuling can be propagated. And by propagating
+Kuling on such seedlings--the seedlings of such inheritance--we may get
+100 per cent of good grafts.
+
+The industry needs a lot of help, and I think it is a matter of time
+until those things are worked out, but it is going to take time and
+money and plenty of good effort to work out that problem. I think it
+probably should be worked out.
+
+Mr. Bush: I don't like the word "incompatibility", and I hardly believe
+in it, and I presume most of you know that. I have Chinese on European
+stock, and it has been there for 20 years or more, _grafted high_. I
+have Chinese on Japanese grafted _under the ground_. I think a good deal
+of our damage is done from wind, from cold, and from sun on the graft
+_just above the ground_. I suspect that grafting at that point is what
+is the matter with many trees in the TVA plantings and others that had
+low survival. Of late years when I did the grafting (in the last five or
+six years) I cut the stock underneath the ground and stuck the graft
+under the ground and seemingly I got far better results. Some of those
+graft failures showed up. I laid that largely to mechanical damage, and
+again with the Japanese, particularly, I laid it on the time when the
+sap comes up. Call it what you will, but the timing of the growth of the
+two trees is different and we had trouble there. I have grafted some
+very widely different kinds of chestnuts on the tops of other chestnuts,
+and am getting them to grow. When we see the break start, we take a twig
+from below and break and put it above, cut through the cambium and nail
+it on and they will heal over and the defect disappears. So, again, it
+seems to be mechanical.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I believe from observations on a number of trees,
+particularly Dr. Richards' in West Tennessee, that a large part of our
+so-called incompatibility in this State is due to winter injury _to the
+stock_. So what Dr. Richards meant, evidently, was that he was rather
+successful in getting a "take" from last summer's propagation but the
+stock then failed below the union this spring. I saw his trees, and they
+had the typical discoloration of bark and the dying of various bark
+areas--these girdling the whole tree in a number of instances. [See
+Richards' paper in this report.] I would agree in general with what Mr.
+Bush has just said, but there are certain other instances in which we
+think the only word for what we see is "incompatibility."
+
+Mr. Slate: What are the prospects of planting those low-grafted trees
+rather deep?
+
+Mr. Bush: I think that if the roots started to die the grafted tree
+would start a root above the graft. The sap is going up from the root.
+It will go down and the root will start above the graft and go out above
+the graft, thus getting the tree on its own root.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Since we got onto grafting, do you mind if I say a word? Here
+is a four-branch, top-worked specimen that I chopped off and brought
+with me. This first tree limb was still alive and had nuts on it, the
+second was dying and a third dead. This fourth union was still alive,
+but it was badly damaged, too. That's Illinois 31 -4 on Japanese. Here
+is another graft of Illinois 31 -4 on Japanese in a small tree, and if
+that's poor union, I am no grafter!
+
+Mr. Hardy: Mr. Stoke, may I ask you this: Is this [small graft] on the
+same tree as this? [Indicating larger tree first referred to.]
+
+Mr. Stoke: No. Those four grafts, you see, all went bad. This one is in
+perfect condition. But I am having a hard time keeping that Illinois 31
+-4 alive. I had a union on _mollissima_ three inches in diameter and as
+perfect as this, two years ago. Last year it began to bulge at the point
+of union. The top wasn't feeding back to the root, and this year it is
+in bad condition,--foliage very small and it put on a very full crop of
+burs which will never mature, and it's going to pass out. It is about
+four inches in diameter now.
+
+Last year to try to beat this thing I cut out the crown of a small
+_mollissima_ at the below-ground level and put in several grafts of this
+same Illinois 31 -4, and I got a nice growth, at least four feet high.
+When I dug it up to transplant it--it was right in my garden--I found I
+had a large callus more than an inch and a half in diameter at the union
+but no roots. I reset it, and I haven't ventured to see whether it was
+all right or not. This spring I tried again.
+
+I have four little trees, one as high as my head, the others smaller. I
+grafted each one on branch roots just as they lay in the ground. Didn't
+dig them up and they grew nicely, and along in July I went around and
+spaded them deeply and thought perhaps that would produce roots. About a
+week ago I examined one. I have a magnificent callus but no roots yet
+above the union. What the ultimate results will be I don't know.
+
+With that particular hybrid I want to try one more thing. I want to grow
+seedlings of the European chestnut, cut them below the ground, graft
+Illinois 31 -4 on the root and it may make a union that will not fail,
+because the European is a very robust grower, and by being grafted under
+the ground the stock will be away from blight organisms.
+
+[Editor's Note: Mr. C. A. Reed is naming this variety (Ill. 31-4)
+"Colby" in honor of the originator, Dr. Arthur S. Colby.]
+
+Mr. Hirschi: I would like to say I put on hybrids similar to that
+Illinois 31 -4 and they grew the first year, and just made a bulky knot
+right at the point of union and died the second year.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: What was that combination?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: That was _mollissima_ stock.
+
+Now, speaking about the varieties--this is in Oklahoma--I have tried
+practically all the older varieties and I have tried some Abundance
+grafts this last year. I have some Abundance grafts that are two years
+old that are producing. They have the most vigorous growth of anything,
+and in our climate we have to have vigor.
+
+I grafted a lot of the Abundance scions on Hobson seedlings. I started
+out to grow an orchard from Hobson seedlings, and I found out that out
+of 50 splice grafts of Abundance that I put in Hobson seedlings in 1948,
+forty-eight grew, and they were put on rather late, in April. That's a
+little late for us. I have the idea--I don't know whether I am right or
+not--that if the Abundance proves out as our best variety, we can grow
+seed for stock of the Abundance and then graft the Abundance back on the
+seedling from Abundance. If there is so much to this incompatibility, I
+should overcome it by doing that very thing.
+
+Personally I think it is a crime that thousands of trees--almost
+millions--are being put out by nurserymen as seedling trees, and if you
+will note in their price lists they have "6 to 12 inches" and "12 to 18
+inches", "2 to 3 feet" and "3 to 4 feet." I venture to say that those
+are probably all the same age. How would you like to plant some of those
+12-inch trees? Somebody is going to get hurt!
+
+Mr. Bush: I'd like to say that you can propagate the Chinese chestnut by
+layering if you want to, and that will put it on its own. Put a wedge on
+it or girdle it and keep it damp through the summer.
+
+Pres. Davidson: I think Dr. MacDaniels' question is still not answered.
+I do think that if a nurseryman sells a seedling he ought to definitely
+_say that it is a seedling_ and not merely that it is a
+"blight-resistant chestnut," or something of that sort. He should
+actually tell the public what he is selling.
+
+Now, then, there seem to be reasons why in some instances a man is
+justified in planting seedlings when it comes to Chinese chestnuts, but
+when it comes to the black walnut or filbert or some of these other
+things, they are still selling seedlings without labelling them as such.
+I think we should be on record against that practice, because it takes
+us five or six years, or ten years sometimes, to find out that we have
+been gypped, and it is so easy to gyp the public when you can't find out
+about it any sooner than that.
+
+Mr. O'Rourke: I quite agree with Mr. Davidson that the nurserymen should
+state that a seedling is a seedling when it is a seedling. And I am sure
+Mr. Hirschi will corroborate that the American Association of Nurserymen
+is exerting all the influence they can to that end. Is that right, Mr.
+Hirschi?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: Yes.
+
+Mr. Bregger: I would like to ask, if planters for some years yet will
+have to rely on seedlings, is there a chance that from certain parents
+or certain varieties we can get a larger percentage of good seedlings
+than from others? How much has it been studied and is there a known
+result from the parent trees in the percent of what their seedlings can
+do?
+
+Dr. Crane: I wish I could answer that one. It is a matter of time, to
+find out the seedling characteristics reproduced by a certain
+descendant. But we know that there is a difference in _uniformity_ of
+trees in the way they grow, but as far as bearing is concerned, and the
+type of nut produced, we haven't had enough time yet.
+
+It's just like this: We have made selections for rootstocks in which we
+have selected trees that were good, strong and vigorous--the most
+vigorously growing trees that we have known about, and yet at the same
+time produced a small nut or medium-sized nut that we could use for the
+production of rootstocks. And we have made progress on that, and we have
+demonstrated that there is a very marked difference between the
+graftability or budability of seedlings from certain parent trees. We
+have demonstrated that some varieties are much easier to propagate than
+are others. But as for the proper combinations of stock and scion, we
+still haven't got enough data to recommend any. We know that there are
+differences, but it is going to take quite a long while, at least four
+or five years or more, before we know.
+
+Now, there is just one other thing that comes up on propagation. We have
+found that if you bench-graft and make the graft into the transition
+zone between root and top just like the old method that the apple
+propagator used when he piece-root grafted and then plant deep, you can
+get a hundred per cent of the grafts to grow. In such cases the scion
+may root and the top will be on its own roots.
+
+Well, there are a lot of these tricks to learn as time goes on. I don't
+think that we should worry too much about this graft union problem. We
+know that this Carr variety is a bear-cat. It is the one that gave us so
+much trouble. When we tried to propagate that one we had a real, nasty
+cat by the tail. But on the other hand, in answer to Dr. MacDaniels'
+question if we go out to Dr. J. Russell Smith's plantings up at Round
+Hill (Virginia), we can see a lot of the oldest grafted trees that I
+know of anywhere in the country, and the unions are just as smooth and
+just as slick as anyone would want to see. They are not 20 years old; I
+don't think there was ever a _mollissima_ chestnut grafted 20 years ago.
+The first grafting that I know of was about 15 years ago, maybe 18.
+
+Mr. Stoke: In 1932.
+
+Mr. R. C. Moore: Thomas Jefferson grafted European chestnuts.
+
+Dr. Crane: No, I am talking about Chinese chestnuts. We didn't get in
+any Chinese chestnuts until 1906. We have this problem of
+incompatibility or graft union trouble, in apples, but do you hear
+anybody hollering about it? We have it in peaches, plums and cherries.
+One of the most important diseases they have out in the Pacific
+Northwest and California on Persian walnuts, is what is called "black
+line disease." We mustn't get excited about graft union failure. That
+has been used, in my opinion, by a lot of people, to discourage the
+propagating of grafted chestnuts. There are thousands of people in the
+United States who are spending good money for seedling trees, and some
+of them are going to get stung. We in the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are going to have this thing backfire on us, just as true as
+I tell you. I know there are some nurserymen today that are planting
+unknown chestnut seeds, and they are selling the trees as Chinese
+chestnut. They are planting seed out of mixed orchards, too, that have
+_C. seguinii_ and _C. henryi_ and _C. crenata_ trees in them. The _C.
+crenata_ Japanese has been introduced in the United States for over 70
+years and it has never made the grade.
+
+You know, there has been many a thing that has been promoted in the
+United States--big for a few days and then she backfired, and then it
+took the industry 50 or a hundred years to recover. You can sell people
+gold bricks once, but you can't sell them gold bricks _all_ the time!
+
+Mr. McCollum: Last year after Mr. Hemming's speech--you know, he is the
+nurseryman who sells seedlings over on the Eastern Shore--I asked him if
+he had been selling those long enough to have heard from customers.
+"Yes," he said he had, "all satisfied." Now, I don't know anything about
+that.
+
+Dr. Moss: I am not an expert. They say an expert is someone who, the
+more he studies, knows less about practically nothing at all. That's a
+good deal my shape. I planted before the war Chinese seed in Kentucky
+and a good many of those put on burs in the nursery row. I gave them
+away in the community. Out of the whole bunch, some of them 20 feet
+tall, I know of one outstanding nut in that bunch and it's off by
+itself, apparently a self-pollinizer[16], and puts out a crop of good
+nuts.
+
+Dr. Cross: I should like to ask Dr. Crane if it would not be possible to
+investigate the situation in China rather than wait to work this out.
+Certainly, the Chinese have sufficient knowledge of grafting and
+propagation to have been working on this long ago, and since these came
+from there, let's look into that phase of it.
+
+Dr. Crane: I did investigate the situation in China when I was there.
+Unfortunately in China, although it is one of our oldest countries and
+longest civilizations, they don't do much grafting. They grow their
+trees from seed, but they have certain seed trees that they select their
+seed from, and within a community, within a valley, you will have a
+certain type of chestnut. They call them varieties. They are not
+varieties. That's the situation. Most all of them are different, but
+they have accomplished the fixing of certain characteristics.
+
+Now, in South China the nuts are larger in size, they are stronger
+growing trees than they are in the North. I think that we will find that
+that's the situation in this country. The Chinese chestnut is one that
+does have a high heat requirement, just like pecan, and grown under
+conditions where they have high heat they are bigger in size and make
+more growth and probably they come into bearing sooner.
+
+But I didn't see anything grafted in China, and I was all over the
+country from the most northern parts to the most southern parts where
+chestnuts are produced. I could make a lot of observations myself, but I
+had to talk through interpreters, and sometimes you couldn't tell what
+the interpreter meant. But as near as I could tell, they were all
+seedlings. When he would tell me there was such-and-such a variety, I
+would ask him what it meant in English. He didn't know. When I found
+how they were propagated I found they planted the seed. When I found
+where they got the seed it was from a certain seed tree.
+
+So we have within the valleys what they call varieties, but they are not
+varieties, only seedlings grown from certain seed trees.
+
+Now, with the Japanese, on the other hand, the situation is different,
+because they propagated by budding and by grafting. I got a number of
+the Japanese publications of propagation methods and their stocks, and
+so forth, translated into English, and their problems are just the same
+as we are going through right here now. They propagate true varieties by
+asexual methods, but the Chinese do not to any extent at all.
+
+Dr. Cross: Have the Russians got any?
+
+A Member: That's the question I ask. Do we have any seed trees in this
+country that are better than other seed trees?
+
+Mr. Porter: Could the gentleman tell us whether the Chinese graft _any_
+chestnuts.
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, they do so, I was told.
+
+Mr. Porter: Well, the industry spends a lot of money, so do other
+people, and so on, in a proper way to investigate that. Why don't you
+find out where in that country they have been doing it?
+
+Dr. Crane: I didn't see any grafted chestnut trees over there.
+
+A Member: You said they grafted, and then you say, "I didn't see any."
+
+Dr. Crane: That's quite right, and I talked to their best horticultural
+authorities that they have. Practically all of it is produced by seed
+and not by budding or grafting. It is just exactly as I said with the
+Persian walnut. China has no varieties of Persian walnuts, although
+sometimes you will find some farmer that will bud or graft his trees.
+
+Mr. Porter: They graft up on the limb?
+
+Dr. Crane: Yes, sir. Once in a while you will find one. They have a few
+real horticulturists. I met one man over there that would compare very
+favorably with Liberty Hyde Bailey.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Dr. MacDaniels asked for concrete evidence. He wanted to know
+where there was an orchard with 20-year-old grafted Chinese chestnut
+trees. They haven't been planted that long, but I would like to give him
+concrete evidence in my own experience.
+
+In 1932 I got scions from the Department, got what ultimately became
+known as the Hobson, from Jasper, Georgia. I grafted a tree in my front
+yard which is still bearing nicely, and in fact I have got two grafts on
+that tree about four feet from the ground, and it is very nice with
+perfect union. At the same time I grafted a Carr right at the side of my
+house that also has a perfect union about the same height from the
+ground. I grafted a scion sent me by Dr. Morris as Morris' best (which
+was pretty poor), and it is still living. At the present time I have
+perhaps five Carr trees that will average six inches or more in
+diameter. The oldest is the one by the side, of the house. The rest of
+them were grafted about 1935. One out of those five, when it got to be
+about six inches in diameter, in fact, about three years ago, it went
+bad. It is girdled and dead. It was grafted about as high as this table
+from the ground. The others are sound, and you'd find it very difficult
+to find where they were grafted.
+
+I have Hobson, perhaps a dozen trees anywhere from six to 16 years old,
+and I have not had a failure on a Hobson that really was once healed
+over properly and got to bearing, not one. That's concrete evidence,
+Doctor, and that's all I wish to say.
+
+Rev. Taylor (Alpine, Tenn.): Mr. Gravatt was about to answer a question
+about our seed trees, wasn't he?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: Would you repeat that question?
+
+Rev. Taylor: Are some seed trees better than others in the high per cent
+of good seedlings they produce?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: Well, McKay has done some work and published it to show
+that on seedlings of certain trees you get higher percentage of bud
+takes than on others.
+
+Mr. Chase: I think the question is a little confused. I think what you
+are after is, are there parent seed trees from which seed can be planted
+that would produce a good quality of seedlings.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Yes, of good productive seedlings. No grafting to it.
+
+Mr. Chase: I think that was answered. Apparently there are.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Apparently there are in China, as Dr. Crane brought up.
+
+Mr. Chase: He further brought up that those things are in the process of
+being tested here now, and he hopes for some information in--what was
+that?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: We had Professor Beattie over in Japan, China, and Korea
+for two or three years, and he found in Japan that there were certain
+selections there, certain grafted varieties that they used for seed
+stock. We imported those into this country. We were getting ready to go
+ahead with the Japs. We also brought in a hundred varieties of Japanese
+chestnuts. But the Japanese varieties didn't do well here. What would
+produce well over in Japan didn't produce well here. But a number of
+those scions that we grafted in 1932 and 1933 are still living. We have
+had very good success with top-working chestnuts in our orchards. We
+have some grafts there of pure Chinese chestnuts top-worked on some
+worthless Japanese. Some of those have been there for 12 and 14 years,
+with perfect unions. But we do receive a number of reports of trees
+dying from blight and various other and sundry other causes and when we
+examine them quite frequently these have died back to where the trees
+had been grafted.
+
+Rev. Taylor: I could enlarge on that question just a little bit to tie
+in with what Mr. O'Rourke said. If the nurserymen are going to propagate
+seedling trees for the trade for some time yet, where should they be
+advised to obtain their seed to get the best possible seedling trees?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: In a lot of our regional distributions we sent out
+mixtures. In other places we would send out related seedlings, as "MY,"
+"MZ," or "MAX," to different individuals. We have advised all
+nurseryman, all of our cooperators, to eliminate the Japanese; eliminate
+the hybrids. It gets down to pure Chinese. We have also advised again
+and again to take out the more worthless trees and propagate seed from
+the beat. But there are a lot of hybrid seeds with mixed parentage going
+into nursery trees.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: How many people are going to take out trees now when they
+can sell the seeds for at least 50 cents or maybe even $2.00 a pound?
+
+Mr. Gravatt: That's it. However, you take any of those Chinese trees
+over there at the Eastern Shore Nurseries, for example--nuts from all 19
+of them have been sent over here, and they are all good eating. I have
+been over a lot of the seedlings of Hemming's trees. Mr. Hemming has
+several hundred at his own place. I have been over other orchard
+plantings. There is lot of variability among those seedlings. They are
+not as uniform as the parent tree, for some reason. Why, I don't know.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Howell, as a nurseryman, has propagated the Chinese
+chestnut tree. Would you care to make a few comments? Mr. Howell has
+Howell's Nursery in Knoxville and at Sweetwater, Tennessee, and I
+believe has some of Mr. Gravatt's early seedling trees and has produced
+a great quantity of seedlings.
+
+Mr. Bruce Howell: A good many years ago we got from the Department five
+trees, and they grew and have all borne good nuts, and all chestnuts we
+have propagated since have been grown from seed from those five trees,
+and most of them are pretty good. One is a small nut, and among more
+recent seedlings we have got two of them that don't bear at all, or
+haven't so far. Now, we have got a bunch of them where they were set
+several years ago in nursery rows. At each end of each row the trees
+there bear very nice nuts, and when you get out through that row, the
+crowded trees don't bear at all.
+
+I think those seedlings and those trees practically all make fairly good
+nuts and some of them excellent. I have got some samples. About six
+years ago I got a pound of imported Japanese I planted. The third year
+they bore and they have done very well, and all of them are about the
+same size chestnuts. They are as good as any _after_ they are roasted or
+boiled. That's about all. A good many years ago, I guess 30 years ago, I
+grafted Paragon chestnuts, and they did well until the blight.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Does anybody else have this trouble? In North Central
+Tennessee we usually have a warm spell about the Middle of February,
+plowing time. We expect it every year. And then these Chinese chestnuts
+are the quickest trees to let the buds swell, and the bark softens up
+all the way to the ground on the young ones. Then we nearly always have
+a pretty hard freeze, afterward. So, for several years after our
+experimental planting was set out there they would get killed clear to
+the ground next year. Is that something others have the same experience
+with? How do you go at correcting that?
+
+After our trees got to be three or four or five inches in diameter they
+didn't kill back that way. The bark seemed to be tougher.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: That's very common experience in Tennessee and, I might
+say, in north Alabama.
+
+Rev. Taylor: Nothing you can do about it?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: On some sites it is not nearly so bad as it is in other
+locations. A northern or eastern slope with good elevation seems to be
+best.
+
+Mr. Frye: I have had some trouble and maybe, had a good education about
+frost pockets. If you get them in high elevations you escape that. I had
+that trouble two years ago. I got some Chinese trees from Dr. Smith, set
+them out. They were his best seedlings, three of them, and they started
+beautifully. I transplanted them. Just about that time they got nipped
+off. Did that three times and failed to come out the third time.
+
+Pres. Davidson: One other remedy for that that I remember reading about,
+I am not quite sure in which of our Reports--maybe Mr. Becker was the
+author, and that is this: He said that he cultivates until August after
+which he plants cover crops, and he sows cover crops that grow and they
+hold back this vegetative growth in the late part of the year, and it is
+really the late vegetative growth that causes the destruction. After he
+adopted that plan he had very much less winter killing in his
+plantation. That might be one way of helping the situation.
+
+Mr. Hardy: We have had some killing. Usually in the second year or the
+first year after we get killing down to the ground, if we will keep the
+stock pruned back to one shoot that one will make sufficient growth,
+become hardy enough to withstand any cold, or perhaps sun scald. Also
+wrapping the trunks of the trees with newspaper helps to prevent the
+variations in temperature, which in our section is what causes the cold
+injury. We don't have sufficient cold to cause absolute low-temperature
+injury, but we do have sudden drops just as you do in Tennessee,
+apparently, and wrapping with paper does help iron out those changes.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Wouldn't you suggest the paper wrap in the summer as well
+as the winter and spring?
+
+Mr. Hardy: Yes.
+
+Mr. Stoke: It is not only the planter of the trees that has sorrows
+along that line, but the nurseryman does also. I had some nursery
+seedlings growing on flat land, and they looked all right, passed the
+winter. When I went out to graft them I found that on these small stocks
+anywhere from the size of a lead pencil to the size of a finger, the
+cambium was discolored. It wasn't black nut brown. Any attempts I made
+to graft those failed, and yet many of those same trees grew on. They
+were stunted somewhat for a year or two, and they left a brown ring at
+that annual growth.
+
+I would say that the best guarantee against that kind of thing is to
+plant your chestnut orchards--and the nurseries--to plant on land that
+is well air drained. _Select the same site as you would for peaches._
+
+Mr. Chase: I will say that we should have allowed more time for
+discussion. However, we have used up our alloted time for this period.
+Supper is at six o'clock, and we are due back here at 7:30. I don't know
+how you folks feel about this little session, but I certainly did enjoy
+it.
+
+[Footnote 14: --Goldsworthy and his associates published several items
+along this line in 1948 issues of +Plant Disease Reporter+. His October
+15, 1948 item reported a similar result of 25% technical DDT (with 75%
+clay) inhibiting growth of seedling peach roots on 1-year budded Elberta
+trees. As low as 25 pound per acre application affected growth in quartz
+sand cultures, whereas with certain soils, no significant difference was
+noted until an 800 lb. per acre level of the DDT was reached. It was
+surmised that possibly some unknown constituent in the technical DDT was
+responsible for the suppression of new root growth, and consequent
+slowing down of top growth. In the case of Blakemore strawberries, and
+also with peaches, this effect has persisted for at least two crop
+years. Goldsworthy and Dunegan say, "How many other economic crop plants
+may be injured is unknown, but it appears certain that some caution is
+necessary in the promiscuous use of the chemical on ... plants, either
+as ... sprays or as soil additions...." In these experiments, of course,
+the DDT-containing material was in direct contact with all the roots.
+Spray residues ordinarily would be present only in the surface layer of
+the soil, and should have much less effect on tree roots in that
+case.--J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+[Footnote 15: --Dr. McKay of the U. S. D. A. found one tree only about
+2.5% fruitful to its own pollen.--Ed.]
+
+[Footnote 16: --There is a possibility of pollination from American
+chestnut sprouts in his vicinity.--Ed.]
+
+
+Let's adjourn.
+
+(Whereupon, at 5:30 p. m. the meeting was adjourned, to reconvene at
+7:30 o'clock p. m. of the same day.)
+
+
++Evening Session+
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will come to order, please. We first
+have the pleasure of hearing from Dr. C. A. Moss of Williamsburg,
+Kentucky, on Greetings from a Kentucky Nut. Dr. Moss.
+
+
+
+
+Greetings from a Kentucky Nut
+
+DR. C. A. MOSS, Williamsburg, Kentucky
+
+
+I am glad to see all of these beautiful ladies here this evening. We
+just had dinner, and I presume I should make an after-dinner speech. I
+have always wanted to attend a Northern Nut Growers Association
+convention. I am more or less of what you might call a convention addict
+and speak on any occasion on slight provocation. I attended a convention
+at Quebec earlier this year, and after that I went on to Rio de Janiero
+in South America and attended another convention, but this privilege of
+being able to attend the Northern Nut Growers Association tops all the
+rest.
+
+I am reminded of the tale of the man who rushed into the sheriff's
+office in Texas, and his gun was smoking, and he says, "I have killed a
+man." The sheriff said, "Who did you kill?" "Oh," he says, "I don't know
+his name. He is one of these after-dinner speakers." "You are in the
+wrong room," the sheriff said. "Go back in the hallway three doors to
+the right to the bounty room. They pay $5 a head for those."
+
+My family fortunes, if there be any, were founded on nuts. My father
+when he was 16 years old was raised on Straight Creek near Pineville,
+Kentucky, some hundred miles away from Lexington, and they gathered up a
+wagonload of the old chestnuts, he and a hired man on my grandfather's
+place, and they took an ox team and took them to Lexington to peddle
+them out. It took them three weeks to make the return trip.
+
+I come from Whitney County, Kentucky. It was named after old Colonel
+Whitney, the man who built the first brick house in Kentucky. It was in
+the fall of the year, and the mortar was freezing, and they mixed
+whiskey with their mortar to keep it from freezing.
+
+When I get away from home they ask me if I am a Kentucky Colonel. That's
+one of the first things I hear, and I tell them that I am. And they want
+to know why they put that honor upon a small fellow like me, and I tell
+them it was on account of scientific research that I had done, that I
+had developed a new way of making egg-nog. I feed the chickens the
+whiskey mash and they lay bourbon-flavored eggs, and all you have to do
+is drop one in a glass of milk.
+
+They always ask about the Kentucky Derby, and I tell them that the last
+I heard Mint Julep was coming in on the home stretch strong.
+
+I am not qualified with all of these experts to get up here and talk
+about nuts. They say an expert is a fellow that learns more and more
+about less and less until he knows practically everything about nothing
+at all; and that's kind of my shape, sir.
+
+Now, seriously, I have had this hobby of trying to grow nuts for a
+number of years. I grafted a golf club on a croquet post, and I got some
+wonderful golf balls. Before the war I ordered some Chinese chestnuts. I
+got in touch with Sakata and Company in Yokahama, and they finally came
+in. I didn't have any experience, and about all I had was some
+imagination, and I planted them out in the fall of the year like I
+planted any other nuts. I went out in the spring and investigated. There
+wasn't a darn one come up. The rats had beat me to them and eaten them
+all up.
+
+I was a persistent cuss and ordered some the next year, and I put them
+up in fruit jars and figured I would plant them in the spring, and when
+the spring came they all had the dry rot.
+
+So I ordered them the third year, and I made sacks out of fly screen
+wire and put those nuts outside, and in the spring they came up and I
+had a lot of nice sprouts about this high and put them in a seed bed
+with a board all the way around. My father is blind in one eye, couldn't
+tell a chestnut from a weed, and he pulled up the weeds and he pulled
+all the chestnuts up except one.
+
+The fourth year I had better success, and I raised that year
+400-and-some-odd chestnut seedlings, and I did more or less the Johnny
+Appleseed stuff with those. I gave those away in the community. I am,
+among other things, a banker, and I figured those would be as good as
+calendars, and I have not been able to follow the history of them.
+However, there is one of them I think is exceptional. It's a
+self-pollinator and is bearing heavy crops, and I intend to follow that
+particular tree up.
+
+A genius, he is no better than any of the rest of us. All a genius is is
+a fellow that's got good digestion so he can eat enough to work long
+hours and good eyesight so he don't get tired.
+
+So I was reading in a magazine about the Crath English walnut. They sent
+the Reverend Mr. Crath over to Poland before the war, and I got four
+pounds of those nuts he collected, and planted them. And every spring a
+cold spell would come along and get them before I could cut any grafts
+off of them. And I planted a Nebraska pecan and got some grafts from it,
+and my wife said that tree never did have a chance because I kept
+cutting the prunes off so they couldn't grow. I got several to growing,
+and then they didn't fill out the nuts.
+
+I was talking to a good doctor here from Baltimore last night. We ate
+dinner, at the same table here, and I told him I didn't see but one
+thing wrong with this Northern Nut Growers Association: It needed a lot
+of young people in it, because if it didn't they were going to have to
+hold a reunion over at the cemetery.
+
+I have done a lot of grafting, and I am not going into the details of
+that. I am going to say that I am glad to be here, I give you greetings
+from Kentucky, and I hope that I will meet you all again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: That certainly was refreshing, Dr. Moss. We enjoyed
+it.
+
+Next on the program is Dr. Aubrey Richards, Whiteville, Tennessee, who
+is not here. Nuts for West Tennessee is the subject of that paper, and
+Secretary MacDaniel will read it for us.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees for West Tennessee
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee
+
+
+At the present time I am attempting to grow 14 grafted varieties of
+Chinese and Japanese chestnuts, plus numerous hybrids and seedlings,
+eight varieties of black walnut, 5 named Persian and 18 unnamed
+Carpathians, 5 heartnuts, 5 hickory and hickory hybrids, 12 pecans, and
+7 hazels and filberts. The total number of trees, including all
+varieties, is well over three hundred. A few of the trees have been
+under my observation for 11 years on down to some that I have just
+acquired.
+
+I shall not bore you with a list of unsatisfactory varieties nor with
+the ones that have not had sufficient observation in this section, but
+shall confine my remarks to less than two dozen varieties.
+
+Pecans I shall touch only lightly, as they are a highly specialized crop
+only a little farther south. Stuart and Success are favorites here.
+Schley and Mahan are good if scab can be controlled. Sun scald on newly
+planted trees is our greatest problem, which I control by a paper wrap
+made by cutting two inch sections from a 36 inch roll of cheap felt-base
+wall paper. It gradually weathers away during the second summer. I wrap
+from the top down in a spiral, and when I reach the bottom, I place a
+hand full of earth on the end of the paper. No tying is required. In
+this way I have reduced the mortality rate of young nut trees greatly.
+I am also a strong believer in cover crops and mulching, for Tennessee
+weather is very temperamental.
+
+Although we get ample rainfall per annum, it is often not well
+distributed, especially during mid-summer. During the winter we have
+several days of balmy spring weather with a drop to possibly below zero
+occuring overnight.
+
+Thomas black walnut grows well here, but tends to over-bear, with many
+poorly filled nuts on alternate years. I counted an average of 8 nuts
+per lineal foot of bearing wood on one tree this season.
+
+Snyder and Stambaugh are excellent nuts, setting about all they can
+mature.
+
+Elmer Myers is a beautiful thin shelled nut, but so far a little shy in
+bearing. I believe this can be corrected if I can find another walnut
+that will shed pollen late enough to catch the Myers pistils. Homeland
+may be the one to do it. I have set some grafts of it with the Myers to
+see.
+
+Carpathian D, and a variety of unknown origin from Haywood County are
+the only Persian walnuts I have fruited. This tree of unknown origin
+grows alone, is at least 50 years old, is three feet in diameter, has a
+spread of 40 feet, and is about the same in height. Some years it
+produces a heavy crop, others, nothing. To my knowledge, it has received
+no care in the past 20 years.
+
+My 18 Carpathians are all growing with varying vigor and resistance to
+leaf spot. None has shown winter injury.
+
+Of all the heartnuts, Rhodes is my favorite. The nut does not appear to
+be as large as some, but the kernel is just as heavy, due to its compact
+shape which causes it to fall out when the nut is cracked. It is
+self-pollenizing and also a good pollenizer for all my other varieties,
+shedding pollen over a long period of time, although it is the latest of
+all in producing its pistils. It grows vigorously on black walnut stock.
+
+Rush seems to be the best filbert for this section. Its catkins are
+usually hardy here.
+
+Chestnut trees, like gray ghosts, still reach their naked arms high on
+many West Tennessee hillsides, and occasionally one finds a farmer
+splitting posts from their remains, for chestnut is an enduring wood. A
+few of these tenacious individuals are still sending up sprouts that may
+reach considerable size before they are again struck down.
+
+I have had no serious trouble with blight in any of the named chestnut
+varieties, either Chinese or Japanese. I have lost some trees by its
+entrance into the seedling stock, but not many. My greatest headache has
+been sun-scald and winter killing, or to be more exact, "early spring"
+killing.
+
+One of the juvenile characteristics of oriental chestnuts is the
+retention of their leaves all winter. They also grow in a rather
+sprangling way. This is a protective mechanism, and when we prune them
+to an upright form, or graft, this wood having lost its juvenile
+characteristics, we are inviting trouble unless we protect the trunk in
+some other way. I prefer to use a paper wrap as described under Pecans,
+as it is quickly done and is inexpensive. This also gives protection to
+immature callus cells at bud or graft union.
+
+Of the older Chinese chestnut varieties in my hands, Hobson has
+excelled, with large chestnuts (34 to the pound in 1948.) Zimmerman also
+produces a good nut. Colossal (Hybrid) is very productive and produces
+the largest nuts of any chestnut that I have seen grown in Tennessee,
+but the quality of the raw nut is not equal to Hobson. It refuses to
+grow on Chinese stock, but thrives on Japanese. It is pollen sterile. I
+have several newer varieties under observation and although they are
+growing vigorously I have not had time to form an opinion on them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: The Reverend Bernard Taylor of Alpine, Tennessee,
+will next read a paper on The Marketing of Black Walnuts as a Community
+Project. Mr. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Black Walnuts as a Community Project
+
+THE REV. BERNARD TAYLOR, Alpine, Tennessee
+
+
+The Rev. Mr. Taylor: I suppose that every community where black walnuts
+grow wild has a marketing of some kind, some kind of a plan of
+marketing, maybe just what every boy or every man who has some spare
+time or some of the womenfolks may do to make something out of the
+walnuts that are lying around.
+
+In the community of Alpine, which is in Overton County, people used to
+go out on the ridge with wagons and bring home wagonloads of walnuts,
+and they would sell them either in the shell or they would crack them
+and sell them in pretty poor condition, however they could sell them.
+When we first began selling walnut kernels in Alpine we got 19 cents a
+pound for the kernels, and that was more than they were worth, I
+believe, because they were dirty, greasy, and they had mildew gobs in
+the bunches of kernels. So I don't know how the rolling stores that came
+around that way could make anything out of them trading them in at that
+price.
+
+Then we began to study the Government bulletins on how to produce good
+walnut kernels, and there is a good bulletin on that; all of you are
+acquainted with it, probably. When we began to harvest those nuts and
+hull them as quickly as we could and wash them and dry them out
+thoroughly and then crack them before they got too dry, we organized
+what was called the Walnut Club. This Walnut Club mostly was composed of
+some of the women of the community who lived up in one little cove where
+the limestone outcroppings seem to favor the walnut and the air drainage
+or whatever it was seemed to favor the crop yields rather regularly. We
+don't have an every-year good walnut crop.
+
+Well, these women got finally so that they could get 35 cents a pound
+for their walnut kernels, then 45 cents a pound. Then we found a good
+friend in Pennsylvania who would take those kernels, all we could send
+her, and put them up in little pound packages and sell them for whatever
+she could get and send us all the money. That's altogether contrary to
+Hoyle I guess.
+
+You merchants, if there are some of you here, who are dealers in walnut
+kernels know that our people were just getting spoiled. Anytime now that
+a merchant says, "I will give you such-and-such a price for the walnuts
+and then I will sell them for such-and-such a price," he looks to them
+like a robber. They want to sell them for what the people pay who eat
+them. That isn't quite fair, maybe, but we got $1.39 a pound last year
+for all the kernels we could produce, and the year before it was $1.40,
+I believe, and it stays about that price.
+
+That is about the story of the community project. It is a direct contact
+by way of a benevolent friend between people in the mountains in
+Tennessee and people in Pennsylvania who say that these kernels taste
+better than black walnut kernels in Pennsylvania taste. I don't know
+whether any Pennsylvanians here agree with that or not. I think they are
+wonderfully mild-flavored, a good many of them very light-colored
+kernels. Though Mr. Chase has made some beautiful exhibits of how the
+color changes depending on how long a time you leave them in the hull,
+we still have some that stay lighter than others. Some of them have
+rather gray-colored kernels.
+
+There is one of those trees that Mrs. Ledbetter has, on her husband's
+farm. He was about to sell that tree for a log and a stump. They come
+along and grub the stumps out and sell the stumps and all for
+veneerwood. But she wouldn't let him sell it, and over the course of the
+last few years they sold enough kernels more than to pay for that walnut
+tree and it is still going to yield a good many years, probably better
+and better as time goes on.
+
+I think that possibly the community angle of this is a little bit
+misrepresenting. It's not the entire community, but it is a little group
+of the community who are interested in the wild black walnut.
+
+Last spring we were very fortunate in having some help in grafting some
+of the seedlings. This Mrs. Ledbetter's husband got interested in
+walnuts, and he planted a whole pasture with walnuts spaced every so
+often, and this spring we went there with the help of God and were able
+to graft those to Thomas black walnuts. They were just little seedlings,
+so we hope to go into the named black walnuts as time goes on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: May I ask, Mr. Taylor, the people, of course, now
+comply with the Government regulations on pasteurization and so on?
+
+Mr. Taylor: Never heard of it. You will have to tell me about that after
+a while, if you will, please.
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Shadow, the County Agent of Decatur, Meigs
+County, Tennessee, will tell his experiences with tree crops in that
+county.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences with Tree Crops in Meigs County, Tennessee
+
+W. A. SHADOW, Meigs County Agent, Decatur, Tennessee
+
+
+Mr. Shadow: Mr. Chairman and members of the Nut Growers Association: As
+President Davidson announced, I am an agricultural agent. About twelve
+years ago I thought it would be good to have a hobby, and since I was
+born and reared in the nursery world propagating fruit trees and
+ornamentals, and due to the fact that John Hershey came by one day and
+talked to me about the tree crops in the Tennessee Valley, it struck me
+just right, and I have made that my hobby.
+
+You know, every man who has a job gets fed up on his job and needs to
+get out and play with himself, or something else, to forget his
+troubles. So I find in propagating nut trees, top-working them, if you
+will, top-working trees where I find them to named varieties, is very
+interesting to me.
+
+John Hershey taught me the technique of grafting nut trees. I had
+grafted and budded in all kinds of ornamentals and fruits, but I needed
+training in nut trees. So in the spring of 1935, I guess, I grafted
+about a hundred Thomas black walnut on trees where I found them in the
+woodland. At the same time I grafted maybe a hundred Japanese persimmon
+of possibly a dozen varieties on the common native persimmon. I
+purchased three, four, maybe five Japanese persimmons and planted these
+trees in the spring of 1935. All these persimmons, maybe 60 or 70 of
+them, grew nicely. The Thomas grew very well, and the winter of 1939 or
+1940, I don't recall just which, was rather severe. We had below-zero
+weather, and all of my persimmons were killed--I thought. The next year
+I found a persimmon tree up in the woods with maybe a peck of great big
+nice persimmons and later I found that that was a Fuyugaki persimmon.
+All the rest of mine were winter killed. Those that I purchased were
+winter killed the first year. I don't know why. I grafted the persimmon
+about 5 feet high. Those that were grafted at the ground I noticed
+winter killed the first year, and these that are grafted up about
+shoulder high seemed to live three or four years before they winter
+killed, and the one variety that survived as Mr. Kline and Mr. Chase, or
+someone, has told, is Fuyugaki, I believe. I have a Tamopan persimmon, a
+great big, nice persimmon about so big, but bitter as the dickens, and
+about the only thing I think it is good for is to look at. It is pretty.
+But the Fuyugaki is never bitter. It is very tasty even partially green,
+and as it ripens my lady thinks it is very good, and I think it is good,
+myself.
+
+I have about two or three varieties of mulberries. I got them from Glen
+St. Mary Nurseries in Florida. They make awfully good pig feed and bird
+feed, and I don't mind eating them myself.
+
+There are some honeylocust, Millwood and Calhoun. I purchased several
+seedlings of thornless honeylocust from some northwestern nursery and
+grafted them to Millwood and Calhoun. I also have four trees that are
+ten years old and they have never borne. Last year there was one tree of
+that hundred that bore heavily, and the rest of them are barren. It must
+be lack of pollenization, or something. I am not getting fruit from my
+honeylocust.
+
+Someone asked me what I am going to do with all this stuff, and I said,
+"Well, the squirrels and I will have lots of fun anyhow, and the cows
+will eat the honeylocust if they ever bear."
+
+I have two pecan trees that are bearing nicely. One is a Posey and the
+other is a Greenriver, bearing very nicely. They are about ten years
+old. I have some Schley and Delmas and Mahan, and they are not bearing.
+I don't know why. We are out of the realm of the southern pecan and too
+far south for the northern pecan, I am afraid.
+
+My Persian walnut, heartnut and Japanese walnut think it is spring too
+quick, and every year they burst out and grow about so long, and then
+they fall down and die from freezing, and then they grow out, and this
+time of the year you look at them and you say, "That's a beautiful
+tree," But they freeze just enough to get the fruit each year.
+
+Mr. McDaniel came by last spring a year ago and left with me a little
+scion of a Carpathian walnut, the Bayer selection. I wasn't present,
+but he left it with my lady and suggested to my lady that I would know
+what to do with it. I put it on a common black walnut grafted about so
+high, and it is ten feet high now growing nicely, but this spring I
+noticed that it, too, thought the spring was here before it was here. I
+don't know how it is going to bear. I may have to take it out on top of
+the hill and re-graft it on a high place where it has more air drainage.
+
+Of the Chinese chestnut, I planted about a hundred, but I planted them
+in a cut-over woodland that was full of native chestnut sprouts. You
+know how the chestnut sprouts will do. They grow up and blight out and
+die down, and another sprout comes from the stump. They have been doing
+that for 30 years over in my part of the country. I planted these
+chestnuts purposely in that grove where there was lots of blight. Out of
+that hundred I have eight trees that are alive. The rest of them have
+died from blight. They are bearing very nicely, but I haven't learned
+how to care for those fruits so that they are good a long period of
+time. Someone just told me that you had someone on the program this
+morning who would tell us that. It is a very interesting subject for me.
+
+And the Thomas walnut is a nice black walnut. The trees are a little bit
+peculiar about their bearing; sometimes they bear heavily and again they
+forget to bear. The Stabler doesn't bear at all for me. I just know they
+are Stablers because someone told me so. I have them labeled. I have
+Creitz black walnut. I got five from TVA four or five years ago, and
+they just literally bear themselves to death. They're about so high and
+bear every year, very nice nuts. I will have to pull the walnuts off
+long enough to make them grow up and make real trees. I think they are
+going to be all right.
+
+Mr. Chairman, I am not an expert. I use my hobby to keep from bothering
+about the troubles that I have with other things, and when I get mad at
+a neighbor I go to playing on my trees, and it gets me well. I recommend
+it as a very soothing hobby.
+
+Now, some day we will make a business out of tree crops when we in
+Tennessee get the bugs out of it and get them so we will have the right
+varieties to produce. I am not satisfied with the Thomas. Someone
+suggested it was a wonderful nut. I am not satisfied with it. We need a
+better walnut than the Thomas. But it's the best I have.
+
+There is a native walnut I found in the valley near Watts Bar Dam. I
+named it Pineland. It is just a seedling. It is a most wonderful nut if
+it wasn't for its hard shell. It's hard as the dickens. It is a
+wonderful bearer, has borne every year for nine years. It happens to be
+in unusually good soil. But I have grafted a few up away from the river,
+and the grafted trees are bearing nicely. The trouble is it is hard, but
+it is a wonderful good kernel and it is a big nut.
+
+Groups like this working with tree crops and nuts over a period of time
+will develop the right varieties, and if we can get some youngsters
+interested--and I am in my county getting some youngsters interested in
+grafting--and tell them not to expect too much but get a whole lot of
+satisfaction out of the fun of producing something, I think this will be
+the beginning. Or rather, you have been going a long time. This is a
+means of progress in tree crops that I am well pleased to take a part
+in. Mr. Chairman, I think that's about all that I have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I know we all wish we had more county agents like
+that, interested in trees and interested in young folks. Those two
+things should go together. I wish you would just sort of propagate that
+idea when you meet other county agents, won't you, Mr. Shadow?
+
+Now, then, Mr. Frye of Pleasant Dale, West Virginia, will tell us
+something about Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Hobbying in Eastern West Virginia
+
+WILBERT M. FRYE, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Frye: After hearing such wonderful speeches as we have had, with
+your reading, Mr. McDaniel, I wish I could be all of us, but as it is, I
+am just myself. I don't know how many know where Pleasant Dale is, but
+anyhow, you know where Washington, D. C. is; I live just along U. S. 50
+and my section is 103 miles west of Washington, D. C. That will locate
+where we are.
+
+This section of the country is composed of a lot of long ridges with
+steep hills, narrow valleys, some of them very fertile. These valleys
+form bases where you will get the draft off these hills down into the
+valleys. You must keep all the fruit and most of the nut trees out of
+those places, or you have these frost spots that I have been telling
+some of you about.
+
+As far back as people can remember that country has been covered with
+all kinds of nuts except the European (Persian or "English") walnuts,
+and the early people coming in there used these nuts for food, and the
+chestnut was their main one. Whenever a person clearing the land found a
+nice tree he would save it. Then he would show much pride in having a
+good tree, and it kept on going until there became a rivalry as to who
+had the best chestnut tree. Some had an orchard of them.
+
+When the blight hit the country I had an orchard of chestnut trees. When
+I saw the first blight in the top of a tree I didn't like the looks. I
+kept noticing that. It kept on coming down the tree, and it killed the
+base. The total result was everybody lost their hobby trees, and then
+soon they changed to something else.
+
+Now, when the blight took the chestnut out of the country the people
+began to pride themselves on the walnut, who had the best walnut, who
+had the best shagbark in the country.
+
+Some distance from where I am is a two-acre grove, a wonderful grove of
+our larger nuts. Some places it is called kingnut and some places they
+call it under the name of this big one in the show room, shellbark.
+Anyhow, there were two acres there and real moist meadows, and every
+once in a while the frost would kill those nuts, and the next year they
+would have a wonderful crop. So the climate determines whether we have
+an annual crop or an intermittent crop on these trees.
+
+Then I always liked to mess around with hobbies with nature. I became
+interested, got to wondering who did have the best of the best. Then I
+began to go out and visit all of these farms and ask them for a certain
+number of the best, and I began to send them around to Mr. Reed and Mr.
+Zarger and other people to take their word on it. And, of course, I have
+located some that cracked very well. But every once in a while somebody
+tells me they have got a better one yet, and the other day I ran across
+a fellow a hundred miles away--he happened to hear about me, and I have
+a neighbor who knows him--who has a black walnut that looks like a
+Persian walnut. So you see, I have a trip of a hundred miles to make to
+see what he's got. I wrote to him just before I left. I wrote to him to
+send me at least 20 of those nuts, and just as soon as this fellow sends
+me the nuts I would come up and see him and later on would try to get
+some grafting wood and send down to Mr. Zarger of the TVA group.
+
+My job is not to keep them to myself but to put out the best. So we have
+those different nuts, and now it is time to consolidate the best in what
+we have and get them in the hands of the nut growers groups and those
+who will put them out and really make use of them. But first we want to
+see these best trees all over the country. Some of them are not as good
+for timber as the others, but I like to incorporate the timber with the
+nut production.
+
+We talked about the black walnut earlier today. The speaker was not
+saying much about flavor. That's one thing we want to do in all of our
+nut work, get as good a flavor as we can. So why not get the best and go
+putting it out to give it to everybody. Why keep anything within
+ourselves? That's the main thing we can do.
+
+A brother was talking a while ago about this nut job, a community nut
+job. Now, two years ago--I will have to use my dad, who is 82 years old,
+as a little reference--my dad cracked 83 pounds of black walnuts from
+just the best of them, you might say. Sold them at a price of $1.49 a
+pound. So that wasn't bad, was it? I thought that was right good.
+
+Last year we didn't have a nut in there because we had a freeze on the
+31st of May of around 26 deg. to 28 deg., depending on where you were and the
+location. But then in the fall on the 23rd of September we had another
+drop just when everything was in full growth, due to a dry spell and
+then a rain. But in the fall on the 23rd of September we had a drop down
+to 20, so that was what happened to all the remaining nuts in that
+country. They were just frozen like black mummies.
+
+I had what they call the Texas Thinshell black walnut. I have one tree
+that is about eight or nine feet high, maybe ten feet high, had 45 nuts
+on it, nice big ones, and they just looked like mummies, and it made me
+heartsick, of course. I went out there and looked at the things, and
+they fell off the tree. I thought, "Well, I might just as well
+experiment. I will dig me a little trench here along the garden, I will
+put these in and see what happens." To my surprise 20 of them came up
+after being frozen. So that might be a question: Will things sprout or
+germinate without reaching maturity?[17] I don't know how much maturity
+they had. They certainly weren't in full growth when they were frozen.
+That's one thing we want to see.
+
+My main aim is just to grow things, for hobby purposes and see just what
+will grow. Last year we had such a hectic year from that late spring
+freeze and early fall freeze it discouraged me here where I am, in this
+frost pocket at an elevation of 1,050 feet. And I said, "Now, on the
+hill about 4 miles away and 300 feet higher they have a wonderful place
+for peaches." I have a friend who lives up there, and he has so many
+peach trees missing in his old orchard. I said, "How about setting out
+some nut trees in your peach orchard?" Ho said, "Go to it." I set out a
+nut tree wherever there is a peach tree out. So that gave me a chance to
+see what they would do. Last spring I started that too late, but I set
+out 45 or 50 trees, filberts, Persian walnuts, pecans, chestnuts and
+persimmons, and I will just see what they will do.
+
+And today my kind friend who gave a talk on the nut trees from down in
+Alabama gave me seed to plant. I expect to put a row of those out and
+see what they will do. The land I am planting them on at one time was
+just a great mass of chestnuts, and this friend there on one of those
+sections, of about three acres, had cut 35,000 feet of this dead timber
+after the chestnut blight killed them.
+
+That blight was a terrible shock to us. One thing I did note when it
+came on, prior to the chestnut blight in that country there were these
+little chipmunks, which, everybody knows, eat chestnuts. You couldn't
+hear yourself think for the little chipmunks chipping all over the
+country. You know, they carried off all the nuts. You had to be smart to
+beat them to them. When the chestnuts disappeared, the chipmunks
+disappeared, and there were eight or ten years when you were lucky if
+you got to hear one. In the meantime those little fellows have changed.
+They died, a lot of them, but now they have learned to eat something
+else, and now they are coming back.
+
+That little chipmunk always amused me, because I loved to go out and
+play with the squirrels and things like that. Anyhow, it's just pure
+hobby work, and as Mr. Shadow says you can get over a mad spell and get
+out close to nature, because in this nut work you can't get any closer
+to God's work than to get out and get something better. I think that's
+all I have to say.
+
+[Footnote 17: Some other members have reported similar behavior of
+frost-bitten and poorly filled black walnuts.--Ed.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Those of you who know Mr. Frye know that he works as
+well as he talks, and that's pretty good.
+
+Is Mr. Tatum here? (No response.) In that case I am told that Dr.
+Rohrbacher will read a paper by Mr. Tatum of Lebanon, Kentucky on "A
+Look, Backward and Forward, Into Nut Growing in Kentucky." Dr
+Rohrbacher.
+
+
+
+
+A Look "Backward and Forward" into Nut Growing in Kentucky
+
+W. G. TATUM, Route 4, Lebanon, Kentucky
+
+
+The lumberman's ax, the chestnut blight, forest fires, and the "new
+ground" hill farmer, together, have destroyed many thousands of our
+beautiful Kentucky forest acres. Much of this one time "nature lover's
+paradise" is now ugly, barren, and eroded, and too poor to give a living
+to either man or beast. Wanton destruction of God-given treasure and
+beauty is a sin and a shame. Thanks to the men of vision and foresight
+of the U.S.D.A., state agricultural colleges, and our own fraternity of
+nut tree lovers, this slaughter is coming to a halt at last. Our fellow
+citizens are being awakened to the real value of their woodlands. Much
+reforestation of these steep barren wastes is already under way.
+
+We, of THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC., can look back to many
+mistakes we have made in the selection of varieties for our respective
+climates and soils. Our dates and methods of grafting, budding, and
+transplanting have not always been right. We have gotten hold of
+scionwood that we were most sure would not grow when we used it, but we
+did use it, hoping, and most of it did fail, as we expected.
+
+In our Association, we have a large group of wise experimenters on
+varieties and methods, well placed all over the U. S. and I have every
+confidence that, in time, many commercially profitable varieties, and
+better methods will reward their research. But in the meantime, we
+should all keep ever on the alert for a new and better idea, or variety.
+
+Here in Central Kentucky, of the many black walnuts I have under test,
+only Thomas, Victoria, and Eureka have the tendency toward young and
+heavy bearing. These three do show great promise in my section as young
+and heavy croppers. And they are all top-bracket nuts, according to
+tests made by expert testers. There may be newer ones better than these,
+and we hope there will be yet better ones turn up continually in the
+future.
+
+There are at least a few Persian walnuts that show promise in my
+location. Of varieties I have of bearing age, only four are worthy of
+mention. These are Broadview, Elmore, "Crath-Dunstan No. I" and
+"Crath-Edmunds No. 3." All of the above have borne well on two year old
+grafts on large black walnut stocks. Their nuts are in my opinion
+excellent.
+
+Wright and Walters heartnuts seem well adapted here, and are doing
+equally well for me on Japanese, butternut, and black rootstocks. These
+are the only two I have old enough to bear, and they are bearing their
+first few nuts each this season. I would like to add here, that the wild
+nut crop in general in my section, is very light, and these nut trees
+that I mention as bearing this season, are the more to be noticed for
+their crops in this year of bad nut crops. I am trying "buartnuts" and
+butternuts, which are growing satisfactorily, but not large enough for a
+crop.
+
+This is wonderful natural chestnut territory. All of the many Chinese
+seedlings I have, and the few grafted ones, are growing nicely, and
+quite a number have burs on them when only about belt high to an average
+man. I am anxious to get graftwood of superior individuals as they come
+out, for propagation here in my own planting. I believe this to be a
+good home for any good chestnut. No blight is showing to date in either
+my seedlings or grafted ones.
+
+I live on rather deep, fertile upland, and am quite hopeful of good
+results from many of the Northern pecan varieties that I am trying. The
+oldest trees I have are only five years old, on small seedling stocks
+and hardly old enough to yield a crop for at least another five years.
+Major, Greenriver, Busseron, and Fisher are my oldest, and are making
+rapid growth. Stuart, of the Southern group, is bearing quite well for
+my friend, Lewis Edmunds, a few miles southwest of me, and he says it
+matures its nuts well before frost, but insects cause a goodly part of
+the crop to fall prematurely.
+
+I have quite a collection of the better known grafted shagbarks on my
+woodland. These are mostly on wild shagbark stocks. They are all growing
+well, but I have had no nuts from them as yet. Grainger is the fastest
+grower of the lot.
+
+To make my nut tree project complete, I have quite a long row of
+filberts and hazels, set hedge row fashion, which include quite a list
+of varieties. Those that bear quite regular and heavy crops include four
+"Jones Hybrids," Winkler hazel, two un-named hazels, and Barcelona
+filbert.
+
+I have persimmons, too, both American and Chinese named varieties. My
+Chinese are young and not bearing yet, but doing well. Kansas and
+Josephine are my choice of the natives.
+
+I am trying Millwood and Shessler honeylocusts for the first time this
+year. They are beautiful grafts, and I am looking forward to the
+pleasure and profit of adding them to my hill cow pasture in a year or
+two.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, very much, Dr. Rohrbacher. We have 15
+minutes before the next order comes on the program. Suppose you take a
+recess right now.
+
+(A recess was taken.)
+
+(Mr. William J. Wilson from Georgia showed moving pictures of his pecan
+orchard.)
+
+President Davidson: The next order of business, we will now hear a
+report of the Committee on Black Walnut Standards and Judging by Dr. L.
+H. MacDaniels.
+
+
+
+
+Round Table Discussion on Judging Schedule for Black Walnuts
+
+DR. L. H. MacDANIELS, Chairman
+
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: During the year your committee has worked on the problem
+of setting up a judging schedule for black walnuts, mainly through
+correspondence. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to get together
+for discussion. Had we done so, I'm sure we could have achieved close
+agreement upon essentials. As it is, there are several phases of the
+problem upon which we would like the judgment of the association
+members. As far as this group here is concerned, I am quite sure that we
+can't profitably go into a discussion of the various details and
+ramifications of a judging schedule. I do think, however, that we might
+discuss the problem of whether our point of view in developing such a
+schedule should be that of the value of a variety for the commercial
+buyer or for home use. As far as the committee is concerned, Mr. Chase
+favors the home use angle. Clarence Reed and Mr. Stoke have not
+expressed themselves definitely one way or the other. Mr. Stoke is here,
+and I expect that he will say something about it.
+
+I would like to open discussion on this question at this time, unless
+you want to go back to the consideration of whether it is desirable or
+possible, to have any such schedule, at all. May we assume that this is
+desirable?
+
+Mr. Weber: Could we have a double standard, one for the commercial
+grower and one for the home grower?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: In my judgment it would be better to try one at a time.
+
+Another schedule can be developed later.
+
+Mr. Weber: Have you any particular preference, Dr. MacDaniels?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I personally feel that the new and improved varieties
+will find their best use as a home proposition rather than in the
+commercial orchard, because apparently with a modern cracker the common
+wild nuts can be cracked in pieces that are satisfactory for the
+commercial trade, and crackability is of little moment.
+
+Have you any comments as to which point of view the committee should
+take?
+
+Dr. Crane: I would like to inquire as to the purpose for which this
+numerical score or method of evaluating these nuts is to be used. Is it
+to be used for show purposes, or is it for determining the value of a
+variety of nut to grow?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: The purpose of setting up a schedule is to provide a
+standard by which we can determine differences between samples in
+contests, and to give a basis for comparison in determining the value of
+a variety for growing in various climatic zones and of different
+varieties grown in the same place. For instance, the variety, Thomas, in
+one zone would be a very good nut and have a score of, say, 89. In
+another it might have a score of only 45, and in another a score of 55.
+The score would be directly related to the adaptability of this variety
+to a climatic zone or to a system of cultivation or to variation in any
+other environmental condition.
+
+Mr. Weber: How do the other members of the committee feel about it? What
+is their preference? It seems to me that if you are unanimous, all we
+have to do is approve your report and leave out the discussion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: We are not unanimous. Mr. Reed, who I regret is not
+here, rather doubts that any kind of schedule is either possible or
+desirable. Would you think that is a fair statement, Mr. Stoke?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chase believes that a schedule is both possible and
+desirable and that we should work along the general ideas advanced in
+the paper on judging schedules published in the last volume of the
+report. As I understand Mr. Stoke's position, he would go along with
+that in general with possibly the addition of the factors of taste and
+color. Is that right?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Yes, taste and color for domestic use.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I have already stated my position. I feel that unless we
+confine the schedule to characteristics that can be weighed or measured
+successfully its value and usefulness will be little.
+
+A Member: Dr. MacDaniels, if a man has a $20,000 machine for cracking
+walnuts and he has a choice between the Thomas walnut and a good wild
+one, he will pay a little bit more for Thomas walnuts, will he not?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: The question raised is that if a cracking plant which
+cracks thousands of pounds can get more kernels out of a hundred pounds
+of Thomas nuts or any other grafted variety, would the operators pay
+something more for them? I think undoubtedly they would, but would they
+pay enough of a differential over the wild nuts to make it worthwhile to
+the grower? I don't know.
+
+Dr. Crane: If you take pecans which are our best example, 95 per cent of
+all nuts produced in the United States are marketed as shelled kernels,
+and there is a very substantial price differential between seedlings and
+budded pecans, and the crackers will pay the difference based on the
+yield of kernels. That is their only interest. The thickness of shell,
+how well it cracks, or any other factor is of no importance. If the
+kernels are there, they will get them out.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That is the crux of this whole matter. Are we interested
+in developing varieties for cracking in which we care little about the
+size of the pieces recovered or about the ease of extraction, or do we
+want nuts for home use that will give a high yield of large pieces?
+These machines, as I understand it, will crack the walnuts and get the
+kernels out in small pieces regardless of how they crack in a Hershey
+cracker.
+
+Mr. Weber: As I understood Mr. Mullins, he favored having a lot of
+Thomas if he could get them.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Would he pay the difference? I don't know. Dr. Crane
+says he would.
+
+President Davidson: When I talked to him--we passed through there and
+saw the plant--he said he thinks well enough of the better nuts to come
+here for the purpose of learning where and how to manage a plantation of
+his own of Thomas and the other budded varieties for his own cracking
+plant. In his own cracking plant the yield for the amount of labor
+expended is so much better on the improved varieties that he wants to
+make a planting of his own. He will pay more, but just how much more, I
+don't know.
+
+That brings up another matter. As I have said before, our state
+authorities should be urged again and again and again to buy _good_ seed
+nuts for distribution to the public so that we can get these better
+quality nuts into the woods. Some of them are agreeing to that. Some of
+them are doing it. But so far not very much has been done.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think that before your committee goes ahead we must
+get a decision on this point, for the approaches are quite different. If
+you are developing a schedule for home use, the size of the nuts is of
+importance. In general, the bigger the nut the easier it is to handle,
+the easier it is to shuck and crack. The percentage of kernel is
+relatively less important than it is in the commercial cracking. The
+size of the particles recovered is more important for home use. If they
+come out easily and in large pieces, they are much more desirable.
+
+On the other hand, in commercial cracking the percentage of kernel is
+important. The commercial buyer wants to know how many pounds of kernels
+can be expected from a hundred pounds of nuts. He is not much interested
+in the size of the nuts or the size of pieces that are recovered. This
+is an entirely different approach to the problem. We have got to decide
+between the two before the committee goes further.
+
+Dr. Crane: There is another angle to the problem. A lot of the black
+walnuts today are used in the bakery trade and in the ice cream trade.
+But I visualize a market for black walnut kernels to be eaten out of
+hand. There are many people in the United States that like the flavor of
+black walnut kernels to eat in this way. I know I am one of them, and I
+don't want to eat crumbs. I don't want to eat small pieces. I like to
+have at least quarters.
+
+I think that if we were to gather from the status of our other native
+nut industry that there is going to be a premium paid for the larger
+pieces, then cracking quality _would_ enter into the matter. Our pecans
+are sold on count of whole kernels per pound or per ounce. Almonds are
+sold the same way. Walnuts the same way--that is, Persian or English
+walnuts. The number of kernels or pieces per pound is an important
+matter, notwithstanding the situation as it exists in the black walnuts
+today. So I do think that we can't take the present status of the
+industry as one which will prevail generally and in the future.
+
+Mr. Weber: Would the majority report favor the side of the home consumer
+rather than the commercial buyer?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it depends on what Mr. Stoke would think about
+the majority. We didn't get a chance to get together, because Mr. Stoke
+was so busy with exhibits.
+
+Mr. Weber: We might end by moving the adoption of the majority report
+and let it get at that.
+
+Mr. Stoke: I know I brought up that matter of whether we should judge by
+standards acceptable to the commercial buyer or to the ultimate
+consumer. The confectioner doesn't care about the size or color at all.
+When they are put up in candy or in chocolate cookies, color doesn't
+mean anything. It's a black walnut, and it doesn't have to depend on
+anything else. So I think those two points of view are pertinent.
+
+I never expressed any preference, and I don't know that I have any. I
+think it might be just as well to leave that up to this body. But the
+producer, or those anticipating producing must be considered. Mr.
+Hirschi can give us the word on marketing kernels.
+
+Mr. Hirschi: I do not market kernels. I just crack the nuts and sell
+them by the pound cracked.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Shell and all?
+
+Mr. Hirschi: Shells and all. I sold about a ton and a half each winter
+for the last four or five winters. They are Thomas walnuts. I get 35
+cents a pound with the horse shoe nail in the package.
+
+Mr. Stoke: That man wants good color, good flavor, kernels easy to pick
+out, and of good size. That goes with the retail buyer. If the
+commercial buyer gets 30 per cent kernels from good nuts compared with
+15 per cent from run-of-mine nuts, he doubtless will be willing to pay a
+considerable premium for the better nuts if he can get them. But unless
+the good nuts are in considerable quantity they go right in with the
+others and no more will be paid for them. That's my point of view. I
+don't want to express my particular opinion, because I have no
+particular opinion. But you might consider both, the commercial nut, and
+the home nut.
+
+I think we might vote and determine what action, to take tonight as to
+setting up a standard, or if you want to set up a double standard.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. Mullins does get a better price for a larger kernel. He
+separates them and treats them differently than the general run of small
+pieces. It's been my observation that the cracking machines do a
+remarkably good job with the ordinary run of seedling nuts. Kenneth Dick
+gets the kernels out in rather large pieces, and from what we saw up at
+Mullins' place he gets the same thing. He sifts out the larger pieces
+and gets a better price for them. So the preference is for the larger
+pieces. It's like buying hamburger; you prefer your hamburger ground up
+out of larger pieces rather than odds and ends that the butcher has
+around the shop and grinds it up and hands it to you.
+
+Mr. Stoke: But isn't it true that he sells the kernels in two separate
+classes?
+
+Mr. Weber: But the preference still seems to be, after we see them, for
+the larger pieces. They have better kernels; otherwise, they would break
+up in small pieces.
+
+Mr. Korn: I believe that as long as there are very few commercial
+orchards, we should approach it from the angle of the people who have
+just a few pet nut trees around their yards, because I don't think the
+commercial orchards of the improved grafted black walnuts are going to
+be large enough to color the picture very much for a few years to come.
+As long as they haven't been too profitable, I think it is going to be
+some time before we have to worry much about commercial orchards.
+Therefore, we are interested in getting a superior product in kernel; it
+has to be large, has to be of good color and good flavor. It seems to me
+that would be one of the first things to consider. Then, if orchards get
+more plentiful and profitable, we can take up the other angle.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Chairman, I'd like to make a few remarks on this business
+of commercial cracking and large pieces that I hear mentioned by my good
+friend, Mr. Weber. I had hoped to have the two largest shellers in the
+country present at these meetings, but was unable to get them here. In
+this area the commercial walnut cracking industry is related directly to
+the type of machinery necessary to recover the kernels. For example, the
+two or three cracking plants in Nashville handle an estimated ten
+million pounds of nuts each year and turn out roughly 1.2 million pounds
+of kernels. These kernels go directly to confectionary syrup and ice
+cream plants. Therefore, they are not interested in size of pieces. In
+fact, if they are too large, the commercial users have to chop them up.
+So what we are doing here, ladies and gentlemen, is confusing what we
+want to do in the way of judging nuts, it appears to me. There is little
+reason to assume that the Thomas, if they could get 10 million pounds of
+Thomas, would be more valuable to the commercial crackers. But that
+doesn't necessarily interfere with our judging system that we are trying
+to design to tell which nut is the best to grow.
+
+I specifically asked these buyers of millions of pounds of nuts: "If I
+came in with some Thomas nuts would I get some more money for them?"
+Their reply was, "No, sir. We pay a flat rate per hundred pounds of
+nuts. We know that some of them are going to be excellent; we know some
+of them are going to be poor, but we intend to get from 12 to 15 per
+cent kernel recovery out of them."
+
+In 1940 we brought quantities of improved varieties to the cracking
+plant in Knoxville and ran them through Mr. Smalley's machine. He was
+amazed. He didn't believe it; didn't believe his eyes. They came out in
+large pieces. But under present conditions they'd be chopped up. None of
+these kernels moving out of Nashville vicinity go to retail trade,
+except a few that go to confectionary stores in 25-pound boxes and are
+sold a pound at a time for cooking purposes, not for eating out of the
+hand.
+
+People like Mr. Korn and Mr. Hirschi, who are interested in selling
+kernels at a much higher price than the commercial crackers, have to
+have large pieces, attractive kernels, properly cared for, properly
+colored, and of mild flavor. Is it this group we are trying to assist by
+this judging system or the commercial cracker?
+
+The number of acres planted with Thomas sufficient to yield enough nuts
+to operate one of these machines would be tremendous. There are several
+examples of where the machine has been purchased to be used on Thomas
+but hasn't been used. It has been stored away. They prefer to crack the
+Thomas nuts by hand.
+
+So my point is this: It appears to me that we are interested in the
+grower of several trees around the farmstead. At least, in this section
+we are. Everyone here gathers and cracks walnuts. Our idea of
+acquainting them with the Thomas variety is to make their job easier in
+cracking and picking them out. It seems to me that's also the problem
+that we have as a group elsewhere, and I believe that in order for us to
+make headway on this judging schedule, which I think is necessary and
+desirable, we must view it from the home viewpoint at this time. That
+does not shut out the commercial viewpoint for later years. But now we
+are primarily interested in the home raising of nuts, unless I am in the
+wrong group. Thank you.
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. Chairman, I agree heartily with what Mr. Chase has to
+say, or otherwise we might as well quit now and raise seedling nuts to
+the best of our ability and sell them to the commercial crackers and let
+it go at that. But, if we do that, what's the use of searching out
+better varieties?
+
+Dr. Cross: Mr. Chairman: I believe that if a nut acceptable to the home
+consumer, one which extracts easily and is attractive and palatable and
+is productive--if that type of nut is scored and comes to the attention
+of a sufficient number of growers, then I think the commercial people
+_will_ utilize it. So I don't believe there is anything to this
+argument. I believe if you go ahead on the basis of the home consumer
+and develop a nut that will be desirable for his purpose, and if in
+addition to these factors that have been discussed it is adaptable and
+productive, then it is going to be eventually the nut that the
+commercial man will utilize, because, after all, what we are growing
+nuts for is the kernel.
+
+Mr. Weber: To bring it to a head, I move that we adopt that part of the
+report that favors the home consumer as against the commercial consumer,
+or we will be here all night talking about it.
+
+Dr. Rohrbacher: I second the motion.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: You have heard the motion, which was seconded. Any
+remarks?
+
+(Vote taken on the motion, carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That will be the basis on which the committee will work.
+
+There are several other points to be considered. I would suggest the
+committee be asked to make further tests with the schedule as proposed
+in order to get additional data to determine if it is a usable schedule
+and can be used by different people with reasonably similar results, and
+if it does differentiate the things that we want to have a schedule
+differentiate in a test.
+
+This last year we had hoped to do this, but there weren't enough samples
+of nuts available to be worth testing. I spent about $10 personally
+buying nuts from this source and that, and there wasn't a good sample in
+the lot, except one, which Sterling Smith gave me.
+
+I think that if we have another season to work the schedule that has
+been proposed, we at least can demonstrate whether or not it is
+differentiating between varieties in a manner which is satisfactory.
+
+I believe a motion is in order to bring this matter to a decision and
+end this discussion. Have you any further comment, Mr. Chase?
+
+Mr. Chase: If it is not out of order, I move that we adopt for further
+trial, the scoring schedule proposed in the paper by Dr. Atwood and Dr.
+MacDaniels in the 1947 Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+President Davidson: I second the motion.
+
+Mr. Stoke: May I make one remark? Does not that schedule ignore the
+factors of color and taste?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: It does, as not being objective characters.
+
+Mr. Stoke: In other words, this motion approves something from the
+commercial slant rather than from the personal use slant.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I wouldn't say that; it simply limits the judging
+schedule to those characteristics which can be objectively handled and
+are not a matter of opinion or judgment. That's the point here, I think.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Stoke and I don't quite agree--I don't think we are the
+only two--on flavor and color. However, in our exchange of
+correspondence we fully appreciate the advantage of light-colored,
+mild-flavored kernels. But I don't see any method by which we can place
+a numerical value on the color and flavor. Can we not describe the color
+and flavor along with the rating that describes the kernel and still
+have you on our side?
+
+Mr. Stoke: Personally, I think we are splitting hairs. When we can't
+agree as to which color class a sample belongs, it must be somewhere
+near the border-line. Ordinarily the average human being will agree
+pretty well as to a blonde or a brunette or one that's neutral. And I
+think in the judging of walnuts, there can be no exact value based on
+the color. If you consider color and make a scientific test, your test
+wouldn't be the same as my test. But if it is a dark kernel, you can
+recognize it, and so can I, if we have any common sense.
+
+Also in the matter of flavor, you and I can tell what we like and what
+we don't like. And I think there are those two limitations. We can't do
+this scientifically, because the human factor is here. But after all,
+it's humans that eat them and produce them for eating! And I rather, in
+the schedules last year, brought up objections to it. I didn't say I
+objected, and, of course, I don't now.
+
+Mr. Chase: I'd like to just say this, and I am going to call on my good
+friend, J. C. McDaniel here, for agreement. A long time ago we prepared,
+did we not, various judging systems?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Yes.
+
+Mr. Chase: We found that--you can correct me if this is wrong--by
+manipulating five points for flavor and five points given for color we
+could change the position of a variety of a list a great deal, and we
+also found that the points given for color were not related to
+inherently bad color but simply the result of poor handling, which also
+affects flavor. This is my reason for eliminating color and flavor from
+the schedule: it is _not_ to get away from the mild-flavored,
+pretty-colored kernels.
+
+President Davidson: Mr. Chairman, I must say that I am inclined to agree
+with Mr. Stoke, for this reason: Even though color and flavor are very
+frequently the result of poor handling, we all know that we will say
+that the Stabler has the characteristic that is distinctive of quickly
+coloring up and quickly becoming rancid as distinguished from the
+Thomas, which does not. Now, those things are inherent in the two
+varieties, I think, and I don't think this committee should ignore
+altogether the matter of color and flavor, although I do think, perhaps,
+not so much weight might be given to those two qualities as had been
+given to them in the past. But they certainly decidedly influence the
+marketability for kernels from the point of view of home consumption. I
+think there is no question about that. I should be inclined to agree
+with Mr. Stoke, that those two qualities should not be ignored by the
+committee.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think the point would be to ignore them in their
+simply not being objective; you can't weigh or measure them. There is a
+motion properly seconded before the house. Are there further remarks?
+
+Mr. Weber: Wouldn't there be just a certain amount of trial and error
+connected with it, and as you go along you will either add to or take
+off, and then you will get a correct system of judging? You have to
+start out with one system and if it is wrong, change it.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I think it's a matter of doing something rather than
+nothing, for a schedule is always subject to improvement.
+
+Mr. Stoke: I wish to point out we have made some tests together, and
+your personal tests and my personal tests ran very close together.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: That is right.
+
+Mr. Stoke: And one member of the committee is always very conservative
+and his tests never run as high on any series as the others. I make a
+test and he makes a test, and his are always lower. Maybe, he doesn't
+recover as much; perhaps he isn't as expert a cracker. (Vote taken on
+the motion; carried.)
+
+President Davidson: Let us adjourn until 8:30 tomorrow morning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++A Picture from Our Most "Northern" Member+
+
+John Davidson wrote in our 1943 report: "If any man deserves a bright
+NNGA medal, it is A. L. Young, of Brooks, Alberta." By planting his
+trees near enough to irrigation ditches in his "desert, cactus country,"
+and protecting them from livestock, Mr. Young is able to get nuts on the
+hardier trees, but he reported that the nuts, "while of fair size, do
+not have fleshy kernels ... Butternuts are very sweet with fair size
+kernels ... Giant hickory from Ontario seems hardy but particular about
+the kind of soil ... Carpathian walnuts killed back quite a lot, so did
+most of my hybrid walnuts ... Some Manchurian walnuts ... got a setback
+with spring frosts ... Heartnuts got a rough deal last winter
+[1942-43.]" Mr. Young wrote to Dr. J. Russell Smith in 1948: "I have
+been using pollen of Broadview and Carpathian [Persian walnuts] on my
+blacks and while there are a lot of hybrid seedlings, none have fruited
+yet. On Peace River hazel [far Northern] I have been using Barcelona, Du
+Chilly and Gellatly pollen. Some of these hybrids look good, hardy, and
+produce good nuts ... A few varieties of oak are promising and
+fruiting."
+
+At his location, Mr. Young expects winter temperature of -45 deg., and the
+lowest known [before 1940] was -62 deg.F. Summer temperatures go above
+100 deg.F.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting black walnut grown at Brooks, Alberta, Canada,
+by member A. L. Young. The seed came from Ontario.]
+
+
++Tuesday Morning Session+
+
+President Davidson: The only way to get started is to start. We are
+going to be given a look at the honeylocust situation in the South by
+Professor Moore of the Department of Horticulture of the Alabama
+Polytechnic Institute of Auburn. Mr. Moore.
+
+
+The Present Outlook for Honeylocust in the South
+
+J. C. MOORE, Department of Horticulture, Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
+Auburn, Alabama
+
+
+Mr. Moore: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Before I start this
+discussion, just in case some of you are not familiar with honeylocust,
+its habit of growth, the size of the pods and the possibility of its
+yield, I'd like to take time out just to show a few slides, then I will
+go ahead with the discussion and give you some data on that honeylocust
+production. I believe if you would look at these slides before we start
+the discussion it would give you a good idea what the tree looks like,
+how it grows, the age at which it starts bearing and something about its
+general habits; it will help you a lot to understand what I have to say
+about it.
+
+(Slides shown.)
+
+This is the Millwood honeylocust. The pods will vary in size from about
+12 inches to 14 inches in length, from one and a half to one and
+three-quarters inches in width, and the back part of the pod, something
+that I can't show on this particular type of picture, is very thick, and
+this back part of the pod, the thick part of it, is very rich in
+carbohydrates. We have the Calhoun and Millwood selections that have run
+as high, the Millwood a little over 36 per cent sugar and the Calhoun a
+little over 38 per cent sugar. The Millwood is a much higher yielding
+tree than the Calhoun. I will bring that out in a few minutes' time.
+
+This is a borrowed slide and I don't know the history of these trees,
+but I judge that the tree is about three years old. We have had good
+yields on three-year-old trees at Auburn.
+
+Here is a group of trees growing with a ground cover, and again I am not
+familiar with the ground cover, but just judging from the general
+appearance it looks like a picture that came from our files. If that is
+true then I know the story. The tree in the background is a Calhoun tree
+and the tree in the foreground is a Millwood growing in _Lespedeza
+sericea_ and I will bring out some points in a few minutes in the
+general discussion on the value of these two plants growing together as
+a combination.
+
+I believe this is another tree that grew on my farm, and the year this
+picture was made this particular tree, eight years of age, bore 250
+pounds of those luscious pods.
+
+A close-up again, giving you the general size of the pod, how they are
+produced in masses, and you get quite a bit of weight in some of those
+thick-backed pods that you don't get from the thin pods that grow
+normally on seedling trees. The TVA has done quite a bit of work in
+selecting and developing the honeylocust, and I believe we give that
+particular organization credit for the development of both the Millwood
+and the Calhoun.
+
+I thought it would be very valuable to give you just a glimpse of the
+habit of growth of those trees before I start with my general discussion
+so that you would understand something about what I am talking about.
+
+Mr. Weber: Are these thornless?
+
+Mr. Moore: These are thornless honeylocusts. The original parent trees
+of the Millwood and Calhoun had thorns. By vegetative propagation--they
+went out and cut scionwood on the limbs above the thorns and propagated
+the thornless twigs on thornless root stock--we now have a thornless
+honeylocust.
+
+There has been quite a bit of disturbance in Alabama, especially in the
+northern part of the state, caused by native honeylocust. We have two or
+three characteristics that I think ought to be brought out about
+honeylocust. Some of out trees in the northern part of the state of
+Alabama have triple thorns. It is known as _G. triacanthos_ and the
+"tri-" part of that particular word, of course, gives us an idea of
+three thorns, and I have seen thorns at least 12 inches long that you
+could catch in your hand and use for a dagger, and it would be very
+dangerous. Now, some of those trees growing in the northern part of the
+state are very serious pests in pastures. Cows and horses and hogs are
+very fond of those lucious pods, and they will go around the trees and
+pick up every pod that falls, and occasionally a horse or cow will get
+close enough to the trunk of the tree and get speared with those thorns,
+and when the thorn pierces the skin there is a little tip on the end
+that breaks off and is left inside. When the usual infection that it
+carries get started from the part of the thorn that is left in the
+flesh, you get pus and, of course, later on the amputation of the leg,
+if it happens to be in the leg, of the horse. With the thornless type
+that is completely eliminated.
+
+Then this other thing that I think ought to be brought out, the
+thornless or near-thornless type as a general rule has a better quality
+of pods than the ones with the long thorns. Now, it is true that the
+parent seedling trees of the Calhoun and the Millwood both had a small
+quantity of thorns when they were growing wild. After they were
+propagated vegetatively the thorns, of course, were eliminated by taking
+scion wood from above the thorns. But in general in our state, the
+thornless trees--and we do have a lot of thornless trees growing
+wild--have a higher sugar content in the pods than do the trees with
+thorns.
+
+I just wanted to give you a general idea of what we have done with
+honeylocust in Alabama. In 1938 the TVA sent down some Millwood and
+Calhoun for test planting. We put those trees in two different types of
+planting. We had an integrated planting where we were trying to select
+at that time some good pasture plants, and, of course, we had something
+like a hundred different species in the one planting. The trees were
+planted relatively thick, but the larger trees were planted longer
+distances apart, and the intermediate trees intermediate distances
+apart, and then we had shrubs coming in under those. It was supposed to
+have been a three-story type of planting, black walnut in the upper
+story, honeylocust as an intermediate and shrubs for the ground. We were
+using different types of plums for the understory; then on the ground we
+had _Lespedeza sericea_. But from that we did get several different
+plant materials that did look promising, and we put the Calhoun
+honeylocust and the Millwood honeylocust in with that planting for
+trial, and they did so well that we expanded the honeylocust into
+another planting. I am very sorry that this latter planting had to be
+taken out.
+
+Hillculture research went under in June of 1947, and the Horticulture
+Department took this work over, and they thought they could not support
+the honeylocust pasture program in Horticulture, and the plot, of
+course, was pulled out and planted in peaches.
+
+Anyway, we do have some information I'd like to give you. The Dairy
+Department of the Alabama Experiment Station carried out quite an
+extensive feeding test over a two-year period to find out the value of
+these pods in the dairy ration. They substituted the honeylocust pods
+ground. Professor Eaton of the Dairy Department assures me that none of
+the seeds in those pods were cracked. They ground the pods with corn in
+order to take up some of the excess honey that is in the back of these
+pods so that they'd grind well, and they ground them in a hammermill,
+and the burrs were running far enough apart so that he assures me that
+very few of the seeds, if any, were ever cracked.
+
+That has been somewhat of a discussion, among feed producers especially,
+recently, as to whether or not it would be profitable to grind those
+seeds in order to get the protein and fats that the seed has. There
+isn't a very high percentage of food in the seed itself, but you do get
+a little more protein and a little more fat if you grind the seed
+itself.
+
+We have found in storage that weevils get in these seeds, but the weevil
+doesn't destroy the carbohydrates, and the weevil will only pierce the
+seed and make a hole in it. Then the intestinal juices of a cow will go
+in through this hole and they can digest the seed. That is something
+that comes along with storage.
+
+I'd like to give you just something briefly on what the Dairy Department
+of Alabama Polytechnic found out about the general value of these pods.
+They found that honeylocust pods could be substituted in a dairy ration
+for oats, pound for pound. Now, that means that if you can get a high
+yield of honeylocust pods and substitute it in a dairy ration for oats
+that you just about have half of the grain problem solved.
+
+I'd like then to follow that up to give you the average yields. Before I
+give you these average yields I'd also like to bring out this fact about
+the Calhoun and the Millwood honeylocust. Those trees are very peculiar
+in their habits of bearing. One year they will bear a heavy crop. The
+next year they will bear scarcely anything. They are definitely
+alternate bearing, and I think that alternate bearing has a
+physiological background behind it. How We can eliminate that
+physiological reaction is something else. But the years that the trees
+are heavily loaded with the fruit the amount of carbohydrates that it
+draws from the tree is so great that the tree doesn't have enough
+carbohydrates left to produce fruit the next year. I think it is the
+carbon-nitrogen ratio from the physiological standpoint, and, of course,
+if that is the case, then there is a possibility that you could
+eliminate or correct that carbon-nitrogen ratio by thinning during the
+blooming period. But when you see these results I think that you will
+agree that honeylocust has a place, even if they do bear only every
+other year.
+
+In our planting we have some trees that will bear this year. Next year
+they won't bear, but their sister trees will bear. So we have pods every
+year from some of the trees. Over a period of five years, during which
+these trees were planted (the oldest trees that we have in 1938, and in
+1942) the average production of the Millwood was 58.3 pounds per tree.
+In 1943 there were no pods produced on the Millwood variety. We had a
+cold spell in the spring that completely eradicated all of the fruit in
+that year. In 1944 the average yield--and that is taking the average
+yield of 10 trees of the oldest ones that were put in--the average yield
+was 146 pounds of pods per tree.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: That's for both varieties?
+
+Mr. Moore: That's just for Millwood. I will give you the Calhoun in a
+minute.
+
+Then in 1945 the average yield was 39.5 pounds per tree. In 1946 we had
+an average of 180 pounds per tree. In 1947 we had an average of 12
+pounds. Now, note the break there in averages from year to year: 58,
+none, 146, 39, 180, 12. You get from that that we have almost definitely
+alternate bearing in those trees.
+
+Now, this other thing is interesting. If you take the five-year average
+from 1942 through 1946 inclusive, and convert that to 35 trees--this is
+10 trees--but when you convert that to an average of 35 trees per acre
+you get the equivalent of 92 bushels of oats per acre. Now, understand,
+with this yield of pods we were cutting two and a half tons of hay from
+the _Lespedeza sericea_ each year. So we were getting our hay crop and
+our grain crop from the same source.
+
+Now, to give you just briefly what the Calhoun variety did during those
+years, in 1942 the Calhoun trees--the same age planted under the same
+conditions on the same soil--averaged 26.4 pounds of pods per tree. In
+1943 the Calhoun followed closely with the Millwood; on account of a
+freeze they didn't produce anything. In 1944 they produced 32.4 pounds
+of pods per tree. In 1945 they produced 63.8 pounds of pods per tree. In
+1946 they produced 22 pounds of pods per tree, and in 1947 they produced
+46 pounds of pods per tree.
+
+Now, if you will take the average of those, contrast it with the average
+for the Millwood, you will find that the Millwood tree over a period of
+five years produced almost three times as many pods as the Calhoun. The
+Calhoun variety has a little more carbohydrates, and it always averages
+a little more sugar per pound than the Millwood, but the additional
+yield of the Millwood variety makes it very worthwhile.
+
+I have done quite a bit of work on the blooming habits or the fruiting
+habits of the honeylocust over a number of years, and I find that there
+is quite a variation there in the individual trees. Some trees are
+typically males. They never bear anything, but they have staminate
+catkins. Others are typically females, never bearing anything but the
+pistillate flowers. Then we have an integration there of perfect trees.
+I know of one tree in Blount County, Alabama that for nine years never
+missed a crop. It had perfect flowers, or rather, both pistillate and
+staminate flowers on the same tree. However, the flowers were borne on
+separate catkins, the pistillate flowers, catkins, coming out on the
+same node with the male and producing the pod. So you do have a large
+variation in the fruiting habits, and we have found those variations on
+Millwood selections and on Calhoun selections, even though they were
+vegetatively propagated.
+
+The reason why we can take a bud off a female Millwood and put it onto a
+root stock and get a male tree I can't figure out, but they seem to act
+that way in that respect. I have had a Millwood tree that never bore
+anything but male flowers.[18] That is something for someone else to
+figure out. I can't explain it.
+
+Just briefly I'd like to give you the observational work that we have
+done with honeylocust. For mules in a feeding test we fed a team of
+mules for 30 days nothing but honeylocust and hay, and these mules were
+in fine shape when they came out at the end of the feeding test. You say
+that's an awfully short feeding test. It is, but we had very few pods.
+Then for cows I have gone into it more extensively. I have a cow myself,
+and I have fed that cow honeylocust pods and that was all the grain she
+had through the winter months, and got excellent milk production. You
+get excellent milk flavor from these pods and an increase in milk
+production.
+
+A very interesting thing happened. I went out in the community to gather
+pods from the wild trees for a feeding test, and there was a lady who
+owned a farm pretty close to our project. I went over and talked with
+her about getting the pods from her trees to feed to my cows for feeding
+tests, and it was O. K. But when I left she got to thinking the thing
+over, and she decided that if honeylocust pods were good for my cow they
+would be good for her cow! So I went back in a few days' time--the pods
+weren't mature when I went the first time. I went back in a few days and
+I didn't ask the lady if I could get the pods, I just stopped on the
+side of the road and we put a darky up in the tree to shake the pods
+off. And we saw a little darky coming across the field, just a streak.
+He said, "Missus says come over to the house." I went over there, and
+she was just a little bit embarrassed, but she said, "Mr. Moore, I have
+decided if honeylocust was good for the goose it was good for the
+gander, so I have been feeding honeylocust to my cows." And she went on
+with that story and said that she had been selling milk to a fraternity
+over in town, and the boys at the fraternity, after she had fed the cows
+honeylocust for a week or two, asked her what had happened to her milk,
+and she told them--she said honestly she was afraid she was going to
+lose the trade, she thought something bad was wrong with it. She told
+them, that so far as she knew there wasn't anything. They said, "Have
+you done anything to it?" "No, we haven't." They said, "Well, it's the
+best milk we have ever had, and we can tell the difference in the
+taste." And then she told them what she had done. She wouldn't tell them
+before.
+
+Now, we have had story after story coming to us to corroborate that.
+Now, I have never seen with my cow any difference in milk flavor, either
+good or bad, but my wife can definitely tell, and she is very particular
+about her butter, because she likes to sell that. I can quit feeding
+honeylocust a few days, and my wife will say, "How come you quit feeding
+honeylocust to the cow?" It is that definite.
+
+There are two things I want to mention: The value of a combination of a
+perennial ground cover with your honeylocust tree, and then I want to
+mention the fact that honeylocust _planted_ in a pasture will give no
+benefit whatsoever. You are going to have to grow your honeylocust on
+the outside, harvest the pods and feed them just like you would corn, or
+you are going to have to plant your honeylocust on a barren hillside
+someplace that doesn't grow anything else--and I think honeylocust will
+grow with a little fertilizer on about the poorest soil you have, the
+most eroded soil you have, with a little care--then pasture it after
+your trees are large enough so that the cow won't eat the limbs. There
+is something about the tree itself that a cow loves. They will chew the
+bark and chew the limbs right down to the main trunk.
+
+We have tried planting those trees at four years of age, even, in
+pastures, and we just can't get them to survive. In fact, the cows and
+the mules in our pasture ate the trees down to the stumps in the
+wintertime before they ever started putting out leaves in the spring. So
+it has been a problem. (See Dr. Diller's pasture tree-guard paper in
+this report.--Ed.)
+
+This value that you can get from growing honeylocust and _Lespedeza
+sericea_ on the same soil is the same as with honeylocust and alfalfa if
+you are in the alfalfa belt, or something like that with other perennial
+legumes. These are the benefits that I think you can get from a
+combination: In the first place, the soil is completely protected. In
+the second place, a concentrate and hay can be grown on the same
+acreage. Third, a good grazing and feeding out program can be
+maintained. If you plant your honeylocust on a hillside someplace and
+let the trees get large enough so that the cows won't eat them up, have
+your ground cover established, by the time that you are ready to pasture
+it you can put your cattle in. We had this combination, and I think it
+would have worked out very well if it had not been destroyed. We had our
+_Lespedeza sericea_ for our summer grazing crop; then we had winter
+annuals planted in the _Lespedeza sericea_ for our winter grazing, and
+the honeylocust was the fattening crop or finishing-off crop.
+
+What we had planned to do was turn the cattle in on this last plot about
+January 1st, let them graze crimson clover, or bur clover, or any other
+winter ground cover that grows in your section until the _Lespedeza
+sericea_ came on in the early summer. Then they'd graze the _Lespedeza
+sericea_ till the honeylocust pods started falling in the fall, and
+they'd fatten off on the honeylocust, and you'd put them on the market
+just before the Christmas holidays.
+
+Then fourth, the management cost is very low. Fifth, the weed problems
+in your pasture are controlled. Sixth, you get maximum production from
+the soil. You get your grain and your hay from the same piece of land.
+
+Now, that's all that I plan to give on this subject. There may be some
+questions come up that we can discuss later.
+
+A Member: What is the sugar content?
+
+Mr. Moore: The sugar content of the Calhoun pods is around 38 per cent,
+in the Millwood about 36 per cent.
+
+A Member: Is it different in the two varieties?
+
+Mr. Moore: Not very much, only about 2 per cent different.
+
+A Member: What spacing do you use in planting?
+
+Mr. Moore: 35 by 35 feet is about the correct spacing.
+
+Mr. Fisher: What is your labor problem? You say this is equal to oats.
+Can you run a combine over the field and harvest in one operation?
+
+Mr. Moore: This one you don't harvest at all. The cow picks them up off
+the ground.
+
+A Member: If you had a few hundred trees, would these pods all come on
+at one time, or you mentioned having somebody shake them off. Can you
+pick them all up at one time?
+
+Mr. Moore: Yes, you can shake them all off at one time, rake them all up
+with the rake, take a pitchfork rake, carry them to the barn and throw
+them in storage in a dry place. You don't have to worry about weevils.
+
+A Member: Store them like hay?
+
+Mr. Moore: Hay or corn. I have some that have been stored for three
+years, and the weevil gets into the seed, but it doesn't seem to affect
+it. My cattle like three-year-old pods as well as the new ones--well,
+they like them better.
+
+Mr. Weber: Do the pods heat up?
+
+Mr. Moore: They won't heat up, if they aren't green.
+
+A Member: What about the protein content?
+
+Mr. Moore: I will give you the analysis for that, the complete analysis
+of ground honeylocust pods. That might be interesting. Moisture content,
+12.47. Ash, 3.14. Crude protein, 8.58. Now, the crude protein has run as
+high as 14 per cent. I want to bring that out. This was pods collected
+in the wild, and this was a sample that the State Chemist ran for us on
+that. Fats 2.12. Fiber, 17.73. Carbohydrates total 55.96.
+
+President Davidson: I am afraid we will have to close this if we are to
+get on at all. That's the most authoritative information we have ever
+had, I think, in this Association about honeylocust. I am sure we have
+been enjoying it and have been benefited by it immensely.
+
+On the possibilities of filbert growing in Virginia, Dr. Overholser will
+now give you a talk.
+
+[Footnote 18: According to botanical authorities, the honey locust is
+polygamo-dioecious; that is, it generally has most of its male flowers
+on one tree and most of the female flowers on another tree, but the
+trees are not 100 per cent pure in this sex division. In my personal
+observations of flowers on grafted trees, including Millwood and Calhoun
+and scores of seedlings, both "male" and "female," I never found any
+pollen produced in flowers of the "female" trees, but nearly all "male"
+trees in the Tennessee Valley will have occasional catkins with one or
+more perfect flowers near their terminal ends (the basal flowers being
+staminate on the same catkin.) The functionally perfect flowers on such
+"male" trees have been observed to set from one to many pods in certain
+years, but such pods are generally small as compared with those borne on
+"female" trees in the same locality, and I have never observed a heavy
+pod crop on any "male" tree. Grafted trees of Millwood and Calhoun
+selections in Tennessee were observed to set pistillate flowers, but no
+pods (or very few) matured on them unless there was a "male" tree in
+flower within insect-flight distance from them. (At Auburn, Alabama,
+there were wild honeylocusts, including "male" trees, within a half-mile
+of the Hillculture planting of grafted honeylocusts when I saw it in
+1943.)
+
+I do not argue that no pollen is ever produced by Millwood or Calhoun
+flowers some probably is (though its demonstration might require almost
+microscopic examination, in contrast with the easy finding of pods on
+"male" trees.) But, in the practical culture of fruiting honeylocusts,
+and in our present scope of knowledge of their pollination requirements,
+our plantings should include a handful of seedling (thornless) trees or
+else some grafted trees of a thornless "male" selection such as the
+Smith, in a ratio of about 1 Smith to 10, say, of Millwood.
+
+It is unfortunate that the presumed male mutants of the fruiting
+varieties, reported above by Mr. Moore, were destroyed when the
+Hillculture plots at Auburn were discontinued. Perhaps similar ones will
+show up elsewhere, and they will be worth looking for. Meanwhile, the
+Smith variety (originally propagated through a mixup in scionwood
+collection), has been demonstrated to be a satisfactory pollinator for
+Millwood and Calhoun, and it, as grafted, is also a thornless tree.
+Perhaps any thornless male seedling honeylocust tree, if its flowering
+period coincides with that of the fruiting variety, might serve equally
+well.--Note by J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+
+
+
+Possibilities of Filbert Growing in Virginia
+
+E. L. OVERHOLSER, Head, Department of Horticulture, V. P. I.,
+Blacksburg, Virginia
+
+More than four-fifths of the United States filberts are grown in Oregon
+and nearly all the rest are produced in the State of Washington. Prior
+to 1933, total filbert production in these two states did not exceed 500
+tons, but production has since increased steadily and in 1945 it
+amounted to 5,320 tons. The value of filbert production in the U. S. in
+1945 was about 3 million dollars.[1]
+
+As a wild hazel is native of Virginia and as filberts have been
+profitably grown, especially in Oregon and Washington the question is
+often raised as to whether hazelnuts or filberts could not be grown
+commercially in Virginia. It has been suggested that if varieties now
+available are not successfull in Virginia, perhaps new varieties may be
+originated by crossing, including inter-specific crosses.
+
+
++American Species+
+
+AMERICAN HAZEL. As mentioned, one species, _Corylus americana_ Walt., is
+native to much of Virginia. Its distribution is from the northeastern
+states and Canada to Saskatchewan and the Dakotas and south to Florida
+and the Gulf of Mexico. Its adaptation is much wider than that of the
+beaked hazels (_C. cornuta_ Marsh or _C. roxtrata_ Ait. and the far
+western _C. californica_) the two other Corylus species native to the
+United States and Canada. This native _americana_, species appears at
+least to have value from the point of view of soil conservation, as food
+for wild life, and for breeding purposes.
+
+The American hazel is a large thicket-forming shrub, which sprouts very
+freely after cutting, and the foliage is generally dense. It is found
+growing on dry, well-drained sites, in both sun and shade. It, however,
+seldom bears fruit in the shade. The shrub is relatively hardy,
+withstanding mid-winter temperatures of -40 deg. to -30 deg.F. and is easily
+transplanted.
+
+The nuts are available in the wild from July through September and
+occasionally persistent on the plant until December or even February.
+The nuts average about 250 per pound, with a germination of about 80
+percent, producing about 60 usable plants per pound of seed.
+
+Three of the best known varieties of _C. americana_ are the Rush from
+Pennsylvania, the Littlepage from Indiana, and the Winkler (most hardy)
+from Iowa. [See footnote following.--Ed.][19]
+
+Incidentally, Thomas Jefferson in his list of plants native to Virginia,
+as published in his _Notes on the State of Virginia_, which was written
+in 1781, and published in 1782, in 1784-1785, and in 1787, lists among
+other plants the "Hazelnut (_Corylus Avellana_)", which apparently
+should have been called _Corylus americana_ Walters.
+
+_Breeding Filberts in the East._ This brings up the question of filbert
+breeding in the East. Crane and Wood (1937) have fully reviewed the
+breeding program with filberts, and the breeding of filberts, for the
+East may be briefly referred to here. Tho pollen from _C. californica_
+and _C. americana_ apparently does not function on the pistillate
+flowers of European varieties, (_Corylus avellana_ L. and _C. maxima_).
+Since however, _C. americana_ is useful as a pistillate parent, it is
+possible that _C. californica_ may be similarly used.
+
+The workers of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry are primarily
+testing first-generation hybrids resulting from crosses with the
+pistillate parents Rush,[20] Littlepage, and Winkler of _C. americana_
+and pollen from varieties of _C. avellana_ native of Europe, northern
+Africa, and western Asia, and of _C. maxima_, the filbert of
+southeastern Europe and western Asia. Other pollen parents were _C.
+colurna_, (Turkish hazel, native of southeastern Europe and western
+Asia) and _C. heterophylla_ Fisch., (various leaved hazel from eastern
+Asia.)
+
+Crane and Wood (1937) suggest that varieties of high merit should be
+developed for home plantings over much of the region from lower New
+England and Great Lakes on the north, and to the Potomac and Arkansas
+Rivers on the south, and that much of Wisconsin, southern Minnesota,
+South Dakota, and Nebraska might also be included.
+
+Dr. Crane writes, by letter dated July 27, 1948, that he has as a result
+of breeding work, which was started many years ago, two new varieties
+that have been placed in the hands of nurserymen for multiplication.
+These varieties are at the present time carried under the numbers of
+1667 and 2336, These are hybrids between the European filbert (_Corylus
+avellana_ L.) and the native American hazelnut (_C. americana._) At the
+Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Maryland, these two varieties have
+been outstanding in their yielding ability, hardiness, and quality of
+nuts produced. Dr. Crane does not think, however, that these varieties
+may very materially change the situation as regards commercial filbert
+growing in the East and in the South.
+
+Because of the conditions prevailing during the last war, nurserymen
+have not made as much progress, in propagating these new varieties as
+had been originally hoped. Dr. Crane plans to release these varieties
+for extensive plantings just as soon as there are sufficient plants in
+the hands of the nurserymen to warrant their being called to the
+attention of the general public.
+
+HILLCULTURE PROJECT. The Department of Horticulture of V.P.I, has what
+is called a Hillculture project, with Professor R. C. Moore in charge.
+Among the materials planted in connection with these studies are filbert
+varieties to determine their possible value on hill farms in the
+mountainous regions of Southwest Virginia as a source of additional food
+and supplemental income for such families. The Forestry Division of TVA
+has co-operated in supplying not only propagated plants of filberts, but
+also of walnuts and seedlings of chestnuts.
+
+Among the filberts now being grown are six German-named varieties from
+the Hillculture Division of the Soil Conservation Service, Glenn Dale,
+Maryland, planted as rooted cuttings in 1941. The German varieties, are
+as follows: (1) Barr's Spanische; (2) Neue Riesennuss; (3) Fruhe von
+Fruendorff; (4) Schliesserin; (5) Eckige Barelloner; and (6) Vollkugel.
+
+In addition five varieties, including two of the Jones numbered
+seedlings from crosses between the American hazel and the European
+filbert, purchased from the J. F. Jones Nursery[21] of Lancaster, Pa.,
+were planted in 1947. These are the following: (1) Jones 185; (2) Bixby
+(a Jones hybrid), (3) Cosford, (4) Italian Red; (5) Large Globe and (6)
+Medium Long.
+
+Seedlings of the American hazel have also been planted. Dr. Crane may be
+able to send the V. P. I. Department of Horticulture a few plants of his
+seedlings 1667 and 2336 to include among the variety plantings.
+
+
++Some Limitations of Filbert Growing in Virginia+
+
+DISEASES. Possibly the present most serious limitation to commercial
+production of filberts in Virginia is the Filbert Blight or Black Knot
+(_Cryptosporella anomala._ (PK) Sacc.). While this fungus results in
+little damage to native species (_C. americana_) it does spread rapidly
+and with serious results to European varieties in the State. Possibly
+the seriousness of the disease has been lessened by the eradication of
+native hazel plants on roadsides, fence rows, and in the wild nearby,
+which serve as hosts for the disease.
+
+It is present on the American hazel, but does little damage to the
+plant. The disease, however, as mentioned, is a serious menace to either
+European varieties or to the present hybrids resulting from _C.
+americana_ x _C. avellana_. The control to date is to prune off and burn
+affected parts. Mr. George Slate has mentioned that Mr. S. H. Graham of
+Ithaca, New York, has a number of hybrids between _C. americana_ and _C.
+avellana_ that have been subjected to severe attacks of Filbert Blight
+and a few of these have to date escaped, although the others have been
+destroyed by blight.
+
+The bacterial blight present on the Pacific Coast apparently does not
+occur in the East.
+
+INSECTS. A second limitation is the problem of the attacks of insects.
+Dodge and Rickett (1948) report that _Corylus_ may be affected by a
+leaf-damage from the feeding of leaf-hoppers (_Phepsins ishida_; _P.
+tinctorius_), which may involve less than half the leaf or may extend to
+the entire leaf. The first leaves to be infested are those next to the
+ground, which are affected early in July. Most of the damage ceases by
+the first week of August. Control is by spraying with nicotine sulphate
+and soap on the undersides of the leaves in late June or early July,
+repeating at the end of a week.
+
+Certain nut weevils (_Balaninus spp._) attack the native hazels, but
+Slate (1930) reports they do not attack the European filbert (_C.
+avellana_). Mr. Slate reports that in Geneva where nuts are carefully
+picked up they do not have much of a problem with weevils.
+
+Dr. Crane reports that the Japanese beetle severely damages the filbert.
+While the Japanese beetle has not yet become widely established in
+Virginia, it undoubtedly will eventually become a problem throughout
+this state. The Japanese beetle can be destroyed by using four pounds of
+50% wettable DDT or two pounds of actual DDT per 100 gallons. Such
+sprays should be applied as the Japanese beetles begin to cause injury,
+and usually two applications may be sufficient.
+
+Mr. G. F. Gravatt has reported that his filbert plantings, surrounded on
+three sides by woods, are badly attacked by stink bugs that sting the
+nuts. DDT as suggested for Japanese beetles may also be used for stink
+bugs.
+
+Another serious insect pest on hazelnut is the curculio. Clean
+cultivation has been reported as a supplementary measure for curculio
+control, as they depend, upon unbroken soil in the fall for their
+metamorphosis. Some hybrids are reported as being relatively immune to
+the attacks of curculio (Weschcke, 1946). Benezene hexachloride has
+shown promise with other plants in curculio control and may have
+possibilities on the filbert.
+
+LACK OF HARDINESS. A third limitation has been lack of hardiness in the
+case of European varieties. With the European varieties the staminate or
+the pistillate flowers or both are likely to be killed by winter
+temperatures. In fact, occasional unduly low winter temperatures may
+kill the tree tops or even the tree trunks to the ground. The Winkler
+variety (_C. americana_) has been reported as more hardy in New York
+State than the Barcelona (_C. avellana_) or the Jones hybrids (_C.
+americana_ x. _C. avellana_) (Ross Pier Wright, 1944).
+
+Under western New York conditions, Slate (1930) reported that the
+blooming period starts about March 20 to 25 at Geneva, and lasts about a
+month. In central Virginia this may well be several weeks earlier. Slate
+(1930) also reports that the flowers in bloom will withstand
+considerable frost, and that even with temperatures of 16 deg.F. during the
+blooming season, neither female nor male flowers, may be injured.
+Nevertheless, with filberts coming into bloom in late February to early
+March, they would be subjected to temperatures that might result in
+injury especially to the catkins.
+
+Some of the more hardy varieties as reported by Slate (1930) include the
+following: (a) White Lambert (not of value) (_C. maxima_); (b) Red
+Lambert (_C. maxima_); (c) Cosford; (d) Purple Aveline (_C. avellana_);
+and (e) Early Globe (of little value).
+
+Some of the varieties upon which both the staminate and pistillate
+flowers tend to bloom relatively late are (a) Althaldensleber, (b)
+Kentish Cob, (c) Red Aveline, (d) Purple Aveline, and (e) Bolwiller.
+Late blooming, however, does not necessarily insure escaping injury from
+low spring temperatures. The Cosford, Italian Red, and Medium Long are
+considered by Slate as good for New York. The Bixby and Buchanan are the
+result of crossing _C. americana_ x _C. avellana_, and appear to be of
+promise for home plantings in the East. Mr. H. F. Stoke is growing the
+Italian Red and Du Chilly (Kentish Cob) with Daviana for pollination
+purposes in the Roanoke area.
+
+CROSS-POLLINATION. A fourth limitation is the fact that varieties are
+nearly entirely if not fully dependent upon cross-pollinization by other
+inter-fertile varieties that bloom at about the same time in order to
+insure a set of nuts. This limitation may be overcome by the proper
+planning of hardy varieties are inter-fertile. Colby (1944) has reported
+that the Winkler variety is self-fertile.
+
+SUCKERS. A sixth limitation is the tendency of the _C. avellana_ or _C.
+maxima_ to sprout about the base and the labor and expense of keeping
+these sprouts pruned out. It is possible that this factor may be
+overcome by using Turkish hazel (_C. colurna_ L.) as an understock and
+grafting or budding thereon the varieties that sprout when on their own
+roots. The Turkish hazel does not sprout as badly as the two other
+species.
+
+Note by Editor: An Oregon nursery, which formerly propagated European
+filberts on the Turkish understock, now has abandoned its use. The
+grafted filbert tops did not seem to survive and bear as consistently as
+those on their own roots, after a period of several years in orchards.
+
+PLANTING IN VIRGINIA. In a letter dated May 17, 1948, addressed to R.
+C. Moore, Assistant Horticulturist, V.P.I., H. J. Pettit, Assistant
+Secretary of the Planters Peanut Company, Suffolk, Virginia, reported
+that some years ago they planted several thousand trees of filberts,
+which they obtained from the states of New York and Oregon. From their
+experience it appears that late spring frosts destroyed the flower
+parts, which developed early, with the result that the yields were too
+low to be profitable. Hence, the filberts were removed and the land
+otherwise utilized. Mr. H. F. Stoke, however, in the Roanoke area has
+not found lack of hardiness as serious as the problems of diseases and
+insects of filberts.
+
+An important nursery in Maryland has provided information to the effect
+that during this past 1947-48 season it sold for planting in Virginia a
+total of 34 filbert plants in lots of from one to ten. Its 1947-48
+catalogue lists varieties of filberts for sale as follows: Barcelona,
+Daviana, Du Chilly, and American hazel.
+
+Dr. H. L. Crane, Principal Horticulturist of the USDA, writes in a
+letter dated July 27, 1948, that he knows of no substantial plantings
+being made anywhere in Virginia. He has observed a few bushes or trees
+scattered about the homesteads, particularly in the northern or more
+mountainous part of the state. In most cases the performance of these
+filberts has not been entirely satisfactory because of leaf scorch
+during the summer, due apparently to high temperatures or unfavorable
+moisture conditions or to the winter killing of the catkins, or in some
+cases winter injury of the shoots. The largest plantings in Virginia
+that have yet come to the attention of the V.P.I. Department of
+Horticulture are those of Mr. Stoke in the Roanoke area.
+
+Dr. Crane has observed the planting of a few bushes of the American
+hazelnut in Virginia. Their performance has been somewhat better than
+has been that of the European filbert, especially as to hardiness, and
+these American hazelnuts have borne more satisfactory crops of nuts than
+have the European filberts. The nuts produced by the native varieties,
+however, are small in size, thick shelled, and the kernels are small and
+lack quality. Observations by Dr. Crane, which have been made in the
+State of Virginia, lead him to believe that with the material that is at
+present available from nurserymen, there is not much hope of successful
+commercial filbert culture in the State of Virginia. When, however,
+seedlings 1667 and 2336 may become available, two varieties that are
+hardy and productive of fairly high quality nuts may provide material
+for home plantings or for local markets.
+
+_Ornamental Value._ The filbert, however, also has possible value for
+ornamental plantings with its attractive foliage, or as a hedge, as well
+as for nut production, providing the home owner will control insects and
+diseases and maintain favorable growing conditions for our best known
+varieties.
+
+_Future Outlook in Virginia._ With a further breeding program to combine
+the hardiness of the American hazel and its tolerance to Filbert Blight
+with some of the better qualities of the European and other species to
+obtain self-fertile varieties better adapted to Virginia conditions and
+with the better insecticides and fungicides now becoming available for
+insect and disease control, it may be that filbert growing in Virginia
+has a brighter future outlook than now appears to be true.
+
+[Footnote 19: Tree Nuts, Acreage, Production, Farm Disposition, Value,
+and Utilization of Sales, 1909-45. USDA Bureau of Agr. Eco. Crop Rept.
+Brd.: 1-25 Oct. 1947.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Rush, itself, is now considered a natural hybrid of
+American and European filberts. Many of the European varieties are
+derived from hybrids between +C. avellana+, +C. maxima+, and possibly other
+Eurasian species.--Ed.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Now located at Erie, Ill.--Ed.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Dr. Overholser. We have a paper from Mr.
+Elliott. Mr. Elliott is not here, but we are already behind our program,
+so I am afraid you are going to have to have that in printed form later
+on.
+
+
+
+
+Filberts for Food and Looks in Kentucky
+
+   N. R. ELLIOTT, Extension Landscape Specialist,
+   Department of Horticulture,
+   University of Kentucky
+
+Those of us interested in the landscape phase are always thinking of as
+many different kinds of plants as possible that may be used to create
+pleasing effects. Perhaps we might be criticized for overlooking several
+plants that would not only assist in creating pleasing effects but at
+the same time produce edible fruits of good quality. In my own
+experience I have often recommended the use of grape vines on a trellis
+to create a screen and at the same time produce fruit. Also in border
+plantings, like the shrub border, the gooseberries and currants make
+attractive shrubs and in addition supply fruits. In making these
+suggestions for plantings one needs to depart somewhat from the usual
+run of plants and in most instances the homeowner has never thought of
+using plants for effects as well as fruits.
+
+
++Filberts Good Dual Purpose Plants+
+
+Filberts are certainly outstanding dual purpose plants, and I feel that
+they have not been used nearly as much as they should be. If we think of
+landscape from the broad point of view, we realize that screen or border
+plantings make up one of the most important parts of the set-up,
+especially in rural parts. Practically every farm home has some
+unattractive view near by that needs to be screened out, either
+partially or entirely. This view may be caused by a lot where farm
+animals are kept, an old, unattractive barn, or even a gullied field.
+Lots where animals are kept and the barn are necessary parts of the farm
+operations, and the gullied field may result from neglect, but
+regardless of the cause for the undesirable view it can and should be
+screened from view from the home.
+
+In making a screen planting, two plans are possible--one, the shrub
+border, and the other the hedge row, and filberts are excellent to use
+in either planting. Where space is at a premium, the hedge offers the
+best form of screen. Filberts planted two and a half feet apart and
+pruned in such a way as to make them have a shrub appearance will make
+an ideal hedge and produce lots of nuts of good quality. This hedge can
+be counted on to be effective up to twelve feet in height.
+
+In the shrub border filberts are allowed to produce many stems and to
+grow into small trees. This is done by pruning and by using groups of
+two or three plants in a place, planted some five or six feet apart.
+Different varieties may be used for different groups, thereby producing
+a variation of foliage. The filberts will take their places with the
+well known small trees like the dogwood and the redbud, when used in
+this way.
+
+Still another use for filberts in landscape work is to use them for
+small trees as lawn specimen plants. They have a size, shape, and
+foliage that makes them attractive when used in this way.
+
+
++Cross Pollination Necessary+
+
+Our experience has been that there is need for cross pollination to get
+maximum yields of fruit; therefore, we suggest that different varieties
+be used in a planting. Barcelona, DuChilly, and the Jones Hybrids seem
+to us well suited for this. Of course, there are others, but our
+experience with varieties is limited.
+
+When it comes to the soil for filberts, we find that a fairly rich soil
+that has plenty of moisture is the best. Of course, the soil must drain
+well because the roots of filberts seem to be very susceptible to poorly
+drained soil conditions. If there is a lot of sand in the soil, give the
+filberts more moisture and food because they are rapid growers.
+
+So far, we have not had many complaints about filberts suffering from
+winter injury. This may be due to the fact that so far Kentucky is not
+using great quantities of these plants, or it may be due to the fact
+that the varieties used have been reasonably hardy. The little winter
+injury seen so far has been in the terminal twig growth, and removal of
+these twigs in the spring has not meant altering the normal shape of the
+plant.
+
+I do not know whether there is any significance to it but the filberts
+that have been fed by using well rotted manure applied in the fall and
+spaded into the top four inches of soil next spring have made the best
+growth and produced the most fruit.
+
+So far the filberts that we have had experience with have been free from
+insects and diseases. One never knows how long that condition will last.
+
+Now, when it comes to discussing filberts as a food, all that I want to
+say is that at Christmas time when you buy mixed nuts you usually get a
+few of the filberts in the mixture. These nuts are good eating, and when
+the plants are grown on the home grounds everyone who has them says they
+are much enjoyed by all members of the family. Our experience has been
+that filberts yield annually and, if given reasonable care, in good
+amounts.
+
+In conclusion we would like to say we feel there is not only a place for
+filberts in landscape work, but there is an absolute need for greater
+use of these plants especially in rural plantings. At present, the
+professional landscape artists are not inclined to recommend them as
+often as they could, simply because they have not been trained to think
+of dual purpose plants. Greater publicity as to the value of these
+plants would undoubtedly mean greater use of them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: We also have a paper from Mr. Reed, which is of
+quite a good deal of importance historically on the work of Mr. Jones. I
+wish you could have that. Probably you will have to read that, too.
+
+
+
+
+J. F. Jones, Introducer of Many Nut Varieties
+
+CLARENCE A. REED, Collaborator[22]
+
+
+The name of J. F. Jones was once one of the best known and most highly
+respected in eastern nut culture. It was from Mountain Grove, Wright
+County, Mo., that he was first heard from in 1900, when he discovered
+and introduced the Rockville hican, which he named after the nearest
+town. It never proved of value, but that fact did not detract from the
+importance of being first, a habit which remained with him till his
+death. In 1902 he moved to Monticello, Jefferson County, Florida; five
+years later he moved to Jeanerette, Iberia Parish, Louisiana; and in
+1912, he moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died in January,
+1928.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In 1903, while at Monticello, he successfully graft-propagated the Rush
+Persian (English) walnut and the Weiker hickory, an intermediate form
+between shagbark and shellbark. Both were from Lancaster County, and he
+used scions sent him by J. G. Rush, of West Willow, south of Lancaster.
+Mr. Rush is credited with introducing the walnut bearing his name, while
+credit went to Mr. Jones for the Weiker hickory. Some years later, on
+two occasions, Mr. Jones took a visitor to the Weiker parent tree when
+the branches were laden with nuts so that they hung down in a manner
+suggestive of plums. For some reason, never explained, no other tree of
+the variety, so far as is known, ever bore as much as a quart of nuts,
+although the trees frequently flowered profusely. The variety was,
+however, markedly dichogamous. The parent tree, which stood in the yard
+of Mr. Christ LeFever of Lampeter, about two miles east of the Jones
+home, was blown over in a heavy gale many years ago.
+
+Mr. Jones graft-propagated a considerable number of Hales shagbark while
+at Monticello, with scions that came from the original tree near
+Ridgewood, New Jersey. However, this variety was first propagated by
+Henry Hales of Ridgewood, in 1879. He also had Kirtland from Yalesville,
+Connecticut, but like many others since that time, both it and Hales
+proved to be light bearers. Other hickories may have been propagated by
+Mr. Jones while at Monticello but these are the only ones of which there
+is record. The Kirtland was first propagated in 1897.
+
+[Footnote 22: U.S.D.A. Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural
+Engineering, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.]
+
+
++First Carload of Grafted Pecan Trees+
+
+When he went to Florida, there were few pecan trees of bearing age in
+either that State or Georgia and none to speak of in the Carolinas. The
+"fast" trains went no more than 30 or 35 miles an hour, and a minimum of
+three days was required to see even an occasional planting or a single
+tree. Within the next few years, nurserymen everywhere propagated their
+own varieties and listed them in their catalogs. Mr. Jones was
+discriminating and propagated only varieties that then had the best
+reputation, such as Schley and Stuart, and some others that have not
+stood the test of time. In one way, he was distinctively first; he
+shipped the first carload of pecan trees ever to go to one address. This
+was in January of 1906, when 10,000 trees were shipped to Professor H.
+E. Van Deman who was then establishing a 900-acre orchard near Ferriday,
+La. A picture of the car appeared in the American Nut Journal, published
+by W. N. Roper, Petersburg, Va., Vol. III, No. 50, March 1906, (Van
+Deman had been the first Pomologist in the Department of Agriculture,
+1886 to 1892).
+
+Mr. Ray Simpson of Vincennes, Ind., went to Mr. Jones to learn how to
+graft pecan trees. He offered to work without pay if Mr. Jones would
+teach him the art. He had graduated at Cornell in 1905, and had been
+inspired by John Craig, Professor of Horticulture there. Craig himself
+later invested somewhat heavily in pecan orchards both near Monticello
+and at Albany, Georgia. Mr. Simpson was taken on and proved as good a
+propagator as the best hand and received the same pay.
+
+While at Monticello Mr. Jones began to feel that the region might not be
+the best place for pecans. Perhaps he had made a mistake. It was 300
+miles to middle western Alabama, where there were the nearest native
+trees. A disease was appearing among many of the trees planted in the
+East, which was then poorly understood (rosette). Pecan wood for budding
+and grafting was scarce and Mr. Jones would trust no one to cut it for
+him. He went to the trees himself.
+
+One man who then had an abundance of wood and who could be relied upon
+was B. M. Young of Morgan City, La., and Mr. Jones went to him for wood
+several times. Once he became confused as to the trees from which he had
+cut a couple of bundles, so both were thrown in the river and he went
+back for more. Mr. Young was greatly impressed, so much so that he
+remembered the incident, as we shall see.
+
+
++The Move to Louisiana+
+
+Back in Florida Ray Simpson wished to buy and Mr. Jones wished to sell,
+so a deal was soon made. Mr. Jones went to Louisiana where the pecan is
+native and there were many large trees, probably as many as could be
+found in any one place in the entire South. Mr. Young knew of a group
+from St. Paul, Minnesota, who were about to buy and plant a thousand
+acres near Jeanerette and who were looking for an experienced man to
+take charge. Mr. Jones was recommended and was soon at work. For another
+five years, he worked harder than almost any other white man in the
+State. Great odds were against him. Being from the North, he did not
+associate exclusively with whites, and presently the southern white
+people left him severely alone. That was not all; he could not raise as
+good nursery trees as he had in Florida. The trees grew slowly in the
+cold, heavy soil of Louisiana, and the fibrous root system failed to
+materialize. The excellent reputation he and his trees had enjoyed in
+Monticello began to deteriorate. He worked harder than ever and waited
+for a break. When it came, he did not hesitate.
+
+
++Jones Shifts to Pennsylvania+
+
+The St. Paul crowd fell into a squabble and divided into two factions,
+each wishing control. A man went south to see if Mr. Jones would sell
+his stock. Would he? He knew when to keep his mouth shut and he meekly
+made a deal. He was probably never more glad over anything in his life.
+He came north, lock, stock, and barrel. But he was far from being
+without a place to land. Since his Monticello days, he and Mr. Rush had
+been good friends. Mr. Rush knew a farm of 20 acres with buildings,
+which could be had for $8,000. It was four miles south of Lancaster, and
+at a point where two main highways leading into the city came together.
+It sloped eastward enough so that it did not get the full force of west
+winds. It was two miles from Mr. Rush's home, with the town of Willow
+Street between.
+
+Mr. Jones then began eight or 10 years of lean hard work. He modernized
+buildings, planted an orchard of nut varieties most of which were
+purchased from W. C. Reed of Vincennes, Ind., and W. N. Roper of
+Petersburg, Va. From Roper he bought both seedling and grafted trees.
+Some of the "seedlings" had been budded and then not cut back to force
+the buds. The latter were still dormant and when the trees were properly
+cut back, the buds pushed forth. T. P. Littlepage, of Washington, and
+Prof. W. N. Hutt, of Raleigh, N. C., had a good laugh at Roper, but as
+the trees bore no labels, they were no more valuable than seedlings and
+were treated as such. All three men are now deceased.
+
+Thomas black walnut trees came from E. A. Riehl, Godfrey, Illinois. The
+variety had originated in eastern Pennsylvania and was first grafted in
+1881 by J. W. Thomas and Son, at King of Prussia, Pa. The parent tree
+had been destroyed some time before by the Pennsylvania Railroad, in
+extending its lines. The Thomas is today the most widely planted
+variety, although it has rarely borne well. Mr. Jones selected and
+grafted the Ohio walnut, but the owner of the seed-parent tree was given
+credit for its introduction, although she probably knows nothing of the
+incident, to this day. She was a Miss Clark, McCutcheonville, Ohio, and
+it was felt that it would help more to give her name as originator if
+one were ever to locate the tree.
+
+   [See Ohio black walnut original tree photos, NNGA Rept., 1946.--Ed.]
+
+The Stabler eastern black walnut, introduced in 1916 by Mr. T. P.
+Littlepage by means of a paragraph inserted in the _Country Gentleman_,
+was also propagated by Mr. Jones, but he early found it disappointing in
+its habits of bearing. He also found that about 80 percent of the nuts
+from the parent tree had single kernels, while with young trees 80
+percent had double kernels. Most planters have long since discontinued
+using this variety. However, Mrs. Jane Baum, Douglassville, Pa., reports
+that her customers like the Stabler best. Others she has are Thomas,
+Ohio, and Ten Eyck.
+
+Other varieties were tested by Mr. Jones, but he pushed none of them,
+rightly thinking that 4 leaders were as many as a nursery could afford
+to carry. He insisted that a new variety would have to prove its
+superiority before he would insert it in his catalog. Among other
+varieties was the Peanut from southern Ohio, the nut of which had single
+lobes; but apparently there was some mistake along the line, as nuts
+from grafted trees were indifferent and had 2 half kernels. He also had
+Creitz from Indiana, which Mr. H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke,
+Va., thinks well of at this time. It was a prize winner in the 1926
+contest of the NNGA. Neither Creitz nor Peanut was a Jones introduction.
+
+
++His Work with Hickories+
+
+Among the hickories, there was the Stanley from Indiana in 1916, which
+was quite a favorite with Mr. Jones for some time. But did any one ever
+see a shellbark that bore well and filled the nuts? Shellbark trees are
+beautiful to look at, have enormous leaves, seven to nine leaflets, but
+they leaf out early in spring and the flowers are frequently killed back
+by spring frosts. Part of its flowers are killed outright with too great
+frequency for it to be worth growing for the nuts. These are very large,
+the hulls split entirely to the base, and what kernel there is, is of
+sugar-like sweetness. The shells are mostly thick and the kernels seldom
+well-filled.
+
+The Glover shagbark hickory, from Connecticut, which was introduced by
+Mr. Jones in 1918, is undoubtedly one of the best shagbarks yet
+propagated. The nuts are of medium size and shell thickness. The flavor
+is very good. Most shagbarks have five leaflets; this one has seven
+quite as often, and the leaf is about a foot long.
+
+There were other hybrids, or what are supposed to be hybrids. The Pleas
+hickory, introduced in 1916, was perhaps first successfully grafted by
+Mr. Jones, but credit for introduction went to the owner of the parent
+tree, Dr. E. Pleas, Collinsville, Oklahoma. It was a beautiful tree,
+shapely, with an air of considerable refinement, making it a graceful
+lawn tree. It bore fairly well, although not heavily. The nuts were
+thin-shelled and also had thin hulls that split entirely to the base. So
+far as most laymen are concerned, the Pleas may be but an edible, or
+semi-edible bitternut. On the grounds of the Plant Industry Station, at
+Beltsville, Md., there were once two trees of Pleas, but they were given
+to the Wild Life Service for planting 10 miles away, although there are
+many native bitternut trees just over the line fence in neighboring
+woods. We fancied that we could detect bitternut flavor in good
+shagbarks about the plantings, due to xenia influence, as in the case of
+chestnuts.
+
+Burlington was another hican first propagated by Mr. Jones, in 1915. It
+came from eastern Iowa, and for a time was confused with Marquardt,
+which never was propagated, or apparently not. Burlington makes a fine
+appearing tree and serves well for ornamental purposes. It bears fairly
+well while young, but soon develops faulty nuts, few being well-filled
+and the majority weevil infested. It is also subject to shuck-worm and
+twig girdler injury.
+
+Mr. Jones once wrote that he had given up with the hickories "in
+disgust." So far as is known, he never used any stock for hickories
+other than pecan, which grew well, made good unions and generally
+outgrew the scions. John Hershey, however, says this is not a good
+combination, but there are too many trees of Jones' propagation about
+the country, to accept Hershey's verdict altogether. Carl Weschcke[23],
+of St. Paul, uses bitternut largely or entirely; if it is a mistake, it
+will be expensive. Hickories are slow to grow and one gets too few nuts
+at best. It takes a lifetime to get even small crops, and for our part,
+we want no bitternuts on the place. Too often shagbarks fail to unite
+with bitternut and frequently they are short-lived.
+
+In 1916 Mr. Jones propagated and introduced the Beaver hickory, from
+central Pennsylvania, a supposed bitternut-shagbark cross. It proved of
+little value and soon disappeared. The Fairbanks from northeast Iowa, a
+similar cross, was introduced the same year. It was one of the prettiest
+of all hybrids and stood up about the longest, but it had too much
+bitterness in the pellicle encasing the kernel and was much subject to
+weevil injury.
+
+
++Efforts with Persian Walnuts+
+
+Many varieties of Persian (English) walnut were propagated and brought
+into bearing. Mr. Jones included a majority of the varieties brought
+into the country from France by Felix Gillet, of Nevada City, Calif., as
+early as 1870. There were Franquette, Mayette, Meylan, Parisienne, and a
+cutleaf variety which appears to have had no other name. A California
+variety of which he thought well for a number of years was Eureka, a
+western introduction of 1908. He propagated a number of eastern
+varieties such as Lancaster (Alpine) in 1913, although credit went to
+Mr. Rush; Boston, from Massachusetts, also in 1913; Ontario, from
+Canada, in 1914; and probably others. He obtained Chinese walnuts, from
+P. Wang, Kinsan Arboretum, Shanghai, and sold seedlings at wholesale.
+These were an Asiatic form of _Juglans regia_. He limed the soil, and
+thought the effects were beneficial. In this he was warmly supported by
+T. P. Littlepage and more recently by growers in Northern Ohio; but
+lately liming has not been found beneficial in Italy. All in all,
+however, the Persian walnut was not particularly dependable, and during
+the last few years the nursery which he left discontinued selling
+Persian walnut trees. In the East, the trees of older varieties usually
+were little more than interesting novelties.
+
+
++He Tried the Chinese Chestnut+
+
+The Chinese chestnut was tried for a few years; but as so often happens
+with this species, nursery trees died badly in winter and Mr. Jones
+thought it due to blight, a disease which was then sweeping his part of
+the country, taking its mortal toll of both American and European
+species. However, blight does not seriously attack young trees and it is
+more likely that death was caused by a combination of summer drouth and
+winter cold; but no matter, the trees perished and the result was the
+same.
+
+
++First Heartnut Grafts+
+
+Mr. Jones tried the butternut and there is still one tree in the
+experimental planting east of the residence. It is Aiken, from New
+England, and was first propagated by him in 1918. It proved
+disappointing. He grafted the first heartnut ever grafted of any kind
+insofar as is known, the Lancaster, in 1918. The only other heartnut for
+which he received full credit for first propagation was Faust, obtained
+from a dentist, Dr. 0. D. Faust, Bamberg, S. C., in 1918. Others that he
+was doubtless first to propagate, but for which credit went to the
+owners of the parent trees, were Bates and Stranger in 1919, both from
+R. Bates, Jackson, Aiken County, S. C., and Ritchie, a Virginia variety
+found by John W. Ritchie of Flemington, N. J., in 1918.
+
+However, heartnuts are seldom heavy bearers and the trees do not grow
+large or live long. In Japan the wood is sometimes used for gunstocks
+but only because better material is unavailable. Heartnuts have
+practically no market where other kinds of nuts can be had and the trees
+are much subject to "bunch" disease. To an enormous extent the trees
+have been sold to unsuspecting people of the South and East as "English"
+walnuts.
+
+[Footnote 23: See Weschcke's paper, elsewhere in this report.--Ed.]
+
+
++The Filbert+
+
+Mr. Jones had a tree or two of the Turkish filbert, a species sometimes
+reaching a height of 60 feet and attaining a trunk diameter of three
+feet or more. Bixby found the species hardy in central New Hampshire.
+Mr. Jones obtained his seed from three trees in Highland Park,
+Rochester, New York, which are believed to be the oldest in the country.
+In some years, the Rochester trees bear freely, while in others there is
+not a nut. This is a valuable ornamental species, as it is green from
+early spring till the last thing in fall; specimens must be selected for
+such use, as often the trees are unshapely. Like all filberts, they are
+subject to Japanese beetle attack and must be sprayed or otherwise
+protected in beetle infested zones. Filbert foliage may be destroyed by
+these insects as many as three times in a summer and the trees die down
+to the ground. The nuts are too small to be of value; but the wood is
+white, very hard, and makes good turned articles.
+
+
++His Greatest Contribution+
+
+It was with the filbert that Mr. Jones made his greatest contribution to
+nut culture. In 1917 he tried crossing European varieties with pollen of
+the native Rush. There were no results, and he tried again in 1918 with
+no better luck. In 1919 he reversed the order of crossing and nearly
+every nut set. He had discovered that native pollen was not effective on
+European stigmas, but that the reciprocal cross worked. By 1924 he had a
+fine lot of fruiting plants. The great majority were of no value, but
+his No. 200 apparently was well worth while. It was named Bixby in 1937,
+four years after another seedling, No. 91, had been named Buchanan. The
+explanation of this belated selection is that the soil about the Bixby
+tree had so eroded that the tree was starved for a time; but with a
+couple of years of heavy application of stable manure, it came back, so
+much so that it is now considered the better of the two. Both are rather
+small as compared with the large filberts of the Pacific Northwest; but
+when fully mature, they are sweet and agreeable.
+
+After Mr. Jones was gone, the place was managed by his daughter, Miss
+Mildred Jones. She kept plants of her father's filbert varieties and the
+best of the crosses. The latter are now called the Mildred filberts, a
+name applied in _Standardized Plant Names_ to the entire group of
+crosses between Rush American and any European filbert. Mr. Jones hoped
+to have these called after himself but there was an old variety of Jones
+"hazel" and so his own name could not be used. He once sent specimens to
+Dr. C. S. Sargent of Arnold Arboretum and somehow gained the impression
+that the name Jones was given to the cross. Later, however, Sargent's
+successor, Mr. Alfred Rehder wrote that Sargent had not used the name in
+either correspondence or on specimens placed in the herbarium.
+
+The example of Mr. Jones in breeding filberts has since been followed by
+others, as the Department of Agriculture, the New York State
+Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, and. Mr. Carl Weschcke of St.
+Paul, Minnesota. The last has copyrighted his crosses under the
+designation "hazilbert," which is a good name; but with the issue of
+_Standardized Plant Names_ in 1942, the name "hazel" was dropped for all
+members of the family. For a time, an effort was made to distinguish
+between the two by calling small-fruited ones "hazels" and those with
+large fruits "filberts," but there is not exact dividing line and so now
+all are called filberts.
+
+Buchanan and Bixby are the only varieties of Mildred filberts thus far
+fully released by anyone and although neither variety is entirely hardy
+in the northernmost parts of the country, they do well as far south as
+eastern Tennessee. The nuts of both are too small to compete in the
+market with the large filberts of Oregon and Washington, but that is not
+the purpose for which they have been bred. It is for home planting, a
+use for which they are admirably adapted. Neither variety should be
+judged until after they have cured fully, at least a month or more. Then
+the flavor is excellent.
+
+Of the various introductions made by Mr. Jones, the ones most likely to
+endure are the Ohio black walnut, the Glover shagbark hickory, and the
+Mildred filberts. The first has already lasted 32 years; the second 30
+years; and the Mildred filberts are only nicely started.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: Except for the last two paragraphs, this paper was read
+and approved by Miss Mildred Jones in Pavilion, N. Y., on September 2,
+1948. The following day, or September 3, she became Mrs. Wesley Langdoc,
+of P. O. Box 126, Erie, Illinois.]
+
+
+
++Mr. Reed Comments on Seedling Trees+
+
++Editor's Note:+ The next two paragraphs should be read in connection with
+the "Round Table" on chestnut problems, elsewhere in this volume.
+
+In a broad sense, it must be remembered that every variety of seedling
+tree, of any species and every hybrid form that has ever been planted,
+or grafted on another tree, has been worth something. This is still a
+free country and every man has the inalienable right to plant whatever
+he pleases. Even the hybrids of various forms, hickory, walnut, and
+chestnut, are all worth something. All are trees and it is better to
+plant a poor kind of tree than not to plant anything, particularly if it
+is a nut tree. Whatever prompts a man to plant a tree is worth while.
+
+Hybrid chestnuts bred by crossing Chinese chestnuts of unknown
+performance record as to habit of bearing, size or flavor of nut, shape
+of tree, resistance to blight, or spring freezes, and other
+characteristics which combine to make good nuts, with the inferior and
+largely inedible Japanese chestnuts, are unlikely to do the damage to
+the industry that is sometimes predicted. They are now so mixed up that
+few will be planted by themselves, and there is considerable evidence
+that the xenia influence of good Chinese chestnuts with which the trees
+are being planted will render nuts from these hybrid trees fit to market
+and eat.
+
+[Illustration: MILDRED AND WESLEY LANGDOC]
+
+President Davidson: The value of nut trees in Tennessee, then, will be
+discussed by Mr. F. S. Chance of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment
+Station in Knoxville.
+
+
+
+
+The Value of Nut Trees in Tennessee
+
+F. S. CHANCE, Vice-Director, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Knoxville, Tennessee.
+
+
+Mr. Chance: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: As a representative of
+the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee I
+want to say it is a great honor to have this distinguished group meet
+here in Tennessee, especially on the banks of beautiful Norris Lake,
+which is one of the tributaries to the dammedest river in the country.
+We are something like 600 miles from the Gilbertsville Dam, or Kentucky
+Dam near Paducah, Kentucky, and this area here is the beginning of a
+chain of lakes that run just about that far.
+
+For those of you who are from a distance, you may know that in making a
+chain of lakes out of this great Tennessee Valley that we covered up
+lots of good land. We have developed lots of good power. Now, I am not
+just sure why I was put on this program, because, really I am not a nut
+tree specialist, as I see most of you people are. I will admit that I
+have been associating with experimentation for the last eight or ten
+years and have become slightly nutty, but really my big interest is
+timber. I am still a blockhead. So in discussing and talking with you
+this morning for a few minutes about the value of nut trees in Tennessee
+I want you to just keep in the back of your minds that the thing in the
+timber world that I think is the prettiest when it comes to furniture is
+black walnut.
+
+So in some plantings that we made several years ago with the help of
+Spencer Chase at our various substations and at the parent station at
+Knoxville, when we began to prune those trees I wanted to go to pruning
+for timber and he wanted to go to pruning for nuts. He won. So as we
+developed these plantings we are sure that we are going to have some
+very excellent nut trees.
+
+Tennessee ranging in altitude from something over a mile high down to
+some 300 or 350 feet at Memphis on the Mississippi gives us a very, very
+wide range of climate. This wide range of climate gives us the
+possibility of growing a very wide range of timber trees. A great part
+of that area is soil from a limestone formation. Nearly all parts of
+Tennessee are well adapted to the production of the black walnut. The
+tree as a nut tree has not in the past been looked at with such great
+interest. However, there are farms in Tennessee that have been purchased
+with walnut kernels. Over the period of years, why, thrifty families,
+especially in Eastern Tennessee sections, have gathered up the walnuts
+in the neighborhood round about, cracked them and sold the kernels and
+from year to year made certain accumulations of that kind, funds, and
+saved them with enough in the bank or in the sock to buy a farm. I knew
+one particular person who bought a nice farm in just that way.
+
+Now, a great many of the people in the same neighborhood did not save
+their walnuts. These walnuts were gathered from everybody's trees
+without any objection on the part of anyone. But it was a means of those
+people getting ahead with their savings from their other farming
+operations, and this wintertime work that they could put in, why, that
+kind of thrift is the kind that gets people ahead who want to get ahead
+and have vision.
+
+I might say a few words about pecans in Tennessee. We have throughout
+the state quite a few scattered native pecans that are used, especially
+in all except the more western sections of the state. As a whole they
+are for home use. Now, in the extreme western section of the state we
+have a certain amount of seedling pecans, mostly, that produce a
+considerable income to a limited number of people. In the 1945 census
+something over 4,000 farms reported some income from pecans--this was
+mostly in the western section of the state--the value of which was
+something over $32,000, which at the present time would be a
+considerable under-valuation.
+
+This tree is found, I might say, throughout the state. I recall a few
+years ago coming off of the Cumberland Plateau down in Warren County
+into the cove there around Viola and seeing a beautiful grove of pecans
+along a stream. I hadn't been through that country before, but I had
+known a family that lived there, and I stopped at a house to see just
+what those pecans meant. And there was an old lady on the porch who
+owned the property, and I asked her some questions about it, and she
+told me how they got there and knew when they were not there. She had
+been raised on that place but she said, "I want to show you something."
+So I went with her around the side yard into the back yard, and she had
+a couple of pecan trees there that were loaded with pecans until the
+limbs were hanging over just like pear tree limbs, heavily loaded pear
+tree limbs. I said, "My, what a crop of pecans you have here. That's
+really wonderful." Those were the budded pecans, the type that is grown
+farther south of us. She said, "Just wait a minute, now. I don't know
+whether I have any pecans or not." I said, "What do you mean?" She said,
+"If the frost is two weeks later than usual we will have a wonderful
+pecan crop, if we have a late frost. If we have an early frost we don't
+have any pecans."
+
+It was quite interesting to me to see that wonderful crop hanging on the
+tree and yet she wasn't at all assured that anything of value would come
+from it.
+
+We have on some of our holdings at the University experimental Stations
+some wonderful Chinese chestnut trees. I can't get overly excited over
+them, remembering the chestnut as we had it once in Tennessee with the
+long, slender body, wonderful telephone poles and wonderful timber of
+other kinds, and to see that a tremendous economic loss has come to this
+country through disease that was and probably is not controllable. But
+from the nut standpoint we have at the present time some trees that look
+as though they are going to be the equal of our own native chestnut that
+covered Tennessee from the mountain top to the river bank. So we are
+very much in hope that again Tennessee will have a supply of chestnuts
+which will be equivalent, probably, to the harvest of chestnuts we once
+had. However, that's going to be many, many years off.
+
+From the experimental standpoint I have been very much interested in the
+timber type of tree, hoping that our native chestnut trees, at least one
+out of the billions, maybe would prove to be resistant. However,
+watching these growths come up from time to time and attain an age
+sufficient to produce nuts and then have my hopes blighted by going back
+the next year and finding that the tree was blighted has become rather
+discouraging. I hope that some of you people will find just such a tree,
+one that will bear an excellent nut and at the same time produce
+excellent timber.
+
+Now I am coming to our big asset in the way of nut trees in Tennessee,
+as I see it. I was rather interested here in Professor Moore's
+discussion of the honeylocust, that detestable tree which was such a
+thorn in my flesh as a child, and having heard someone championing it
+with such a story as he had, I have heard everything now. Everybody,
+though, has a champion. Even my mother loved me, regardless.
+
+Black walnut is, as I said in the beginning, native to all sections of
+the state, and I think that through the collection of the better
+yielding or better cracking nuts by the Tennessee Valley Authority we
+are going to find in this crop a very potent asset to the state of
+Tennessee through the income from sale of nuts. We have in the state
+about four cracking plants. One of them is located in Morristown. Down
+in the basin part of the state where walnuts do particularly well, three
+others are in the city of Nashville. There were something like 10
+million pounds of walnuts in the shell delivered in Nashville this last
+year, yielding about 1,200,000 pounds of kernels. Now, this is no mean
+return from a crop which was really just gathered up with very, very
+little attention given to the planting. It is just one of these free
+crops, so to speak.
+
+If we were to add to that income the great income which we have been
+receiving through the years from the sale of timber trees, we would run
+the value of the black walnut into considerable proportions, with income
+from the sale of black walnuts in the kernel and in timber.
+
+I see no particular reason why that crop cannot be increased ten, twenty
+or a hundred fold by just a stimulation of interest in the black walnut.
+I recall back just previous to World War I, or about that time, there
+was a tremendous demand, as usual, for black walnut for gun stocks. I
+happened to be free for a month or so at that time so I could give some
+attention to the purchasing and delivery of both veneer stock and walnut
+for gun stocks. It was quite interesting to me as I went over a couple
+of counties in which I made some purchases, to see that someone in the
+40, 50 or 60 years back had had a vision of what the walnut tree would
+be worth to them on their tracts of land and how we were at that time
+reaping the harvest of the person who had a vision of the value of the
+walnut tree. A great many of those trees were trees that had been set or
+walnuts that had been planted years before by some far-seeing person,
+and it had gone on without any interruption, probably without the
+slightest bit of protection, until the time that it was needed and
+desperately needed for economic purposes.
+
+We have some work going on also in connection with the planting of
+walnuts in pasture fields. The returns _from the pasture_ in the
+planting of walnut trees have been just practically the same, maybe a
+little bit better in favor of the walnuts than where we did not have
+walnuts in the pasture. This work is being conducted down at the Middle
+Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee
+at Columbia. We are using the walnut tree and also the black locust in
+this experiment. We don't know what the future of it is going to be, but
+those walnut trees have grown large enough so that they have had to be
+thinned to keep them from putting too much shade over the ground.
+
+I made a statement several years ago in the presence of quite a
+distinguished agronomist or horticulturist that I had never seen a
+walnut tree growing in the open, whether it was in the blue grass region
+or outside of a blue grass region that did not have blue grass growing
+under it. He looked at me askance, and I said, "Do you believe it?"
+"Well, I don't know," he answered.
+
+So we happened to be coming out of Quincy, Florida, up through southern
+Georgia outside of the blue grass region, and we were both sitting in
+the back seat of the car. Our driver drove up to a filling station, and
+I saw this fellow looked up at a walnut tree over in the yard not very
+far away, in fact, the next yard to the filling station. I somehow or
+other sensed what he was thinking. He pushed his door open, got out. I
+pushed my door open, went around the car and followed him. He walked up
+to that walnut tree, turned around and said, "Well, it's there." He
+turned around and walked back.
+
+Now, of course, a condition may prevail in dense shade, where that does
+not happen in young walnut trees, but I just happened to be right. There
+is a symbiotic relationship between plants--I don't want to get into
+that subject--but this one thing I am thinking, and that is that the
+reason why they were able to get this good grazing from under these
+walnut trees is that there is a relationship there between those two
+plants that makes it ideal for the production of pasture grass, and blue
+grass over a great many of our states is our leading grass.
+
+I might say to the gentleman from Virginia that I had a letter from up
+there a few days ago. I don't know why they wanted to write to me,
+wanting to know if the walnut tree was _a legume_. So I presume that
+that was the reason, that the grass grew very nicely under those trees.
+
+I have taken too much of your valuable time. It certainly has been a
+pleasure and an honor to be here and talk to you these few minutes.
+Thank you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Chance. We will take a short recess.
+
+(Recess taken.)
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will now come to order, please. The
+embryo development of the black walnut will be illustrated and discussed
+by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels of Cornell University.
+
+(Paper to appear in next volume.)
+
+Dr. Crane: I was very glad Dr. MacDaniels' paper preceded mine, because
+it does give you a very much better picture of the development of all of
+our oily nuts, excepting the filbert and, of course, the almond to some
+extent. But we take in pecans and the hickories and for the walnuts the
+situation is quite general.
+
+Now, this paper that I am going to read is one that our staff in nut
+investigations has been working on for the past twenty or more years,
+and we feel we know a lot about the growing and the development and
+filling of nuts. And there is a lot in this paper that I think will be
+of value to all nut growers regardless of the kind of nuts that we are
+trying to grow.
+
+
+
+
+The Development and Filling of Nuts
+
+H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist, United States Department of
+Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Plant
+Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Division of Fruit and
+Vegetable Crops and Diseases.
+
+
+All nut growers are confronted with the problems involved in the
+production of nuts of large size with well filled kernels that are
+"bright" or light colored. Unsatisfactory development and filling of the
+kernels is more often a cause of complaint by growers than any other
+single factor affecting nut production. This is because all of our
+commercial nuts now sold in the shell are priced on a basis of size and
+the degree to which they are filled. The size and degree of filling of
+the nuts varies not only from year to year, but from district to
+district, orchard to orchard, and even in the same orchard, because nuts
+of one variety may fill well and those of another poorly. This is true
+even though the kind and variety of nut being produced is grown in a
+locality usually having suitable climatic conditions for normal nut
+production.
+
+
++Climatic Conditions+
+
+Prevailing climatic conditions in any locality determine how well a
+particular kind of nut will fill. For example, the pecan is native to
+the southern part of the United States and a small area in northern
+Mexico. In its native habitat the summers are long and the day and night
+temperatures are uniformly high, with little difference between maximum
+and minimum daily temperatures. When the pecan is grown under conditions
+of shorter summers, or where there is a marked difference between night
+and day temperatures, the nuts do not grow to proper size and the
+kernels fill poorly, if at all. Although pecan trees are quite hardy and
+may be grown successfully well north of their native limits, the normal
+development of the nuts and the filling of them cannot be expected
+there.
+
+Good examples of the climactic effects can be cited. At Davis,
+California, the pecan tree grows, flowers, and sets fruit
+satisfactorily, but the nuts fail to grow to proper size, fill poorly,
+and may not mature before frost. At Davis there is an average length of
+growing season of 242 days; the day temperatures are high, but the night
+temperatures are comparatively low. Pecan trees are hardy even in
+Connecticut, but the trees fail to bear because of the short growing
+season and the great difference between day and night temperatures. The
+pecan is truly a hot weather crop and is not suited for culture under
+mountainous conditions. On the other hand it cannot be grown under
+subtropical conditions because of insufficient cold during the winter to
+meet the chilling requirement of the trees. Under such conditions, tree
+growth starts very late in the spring, and, although the trees may
+flower, few nuts may set and those that stick may be very poorly filled
+at harvest if they mature.
+
+The pecan is probably more exacting in regard to its climactic
+requirements than are our other kinds of nuts, but the filbert or
+hazlenut is probably a close second in this respect. The filbert,
+however, represents the opposite extreme in that it does best under
+conditions of mild winter and moderate summer temperatures. These
+differences are pointed out for the reason that many amateur nut
+growers want to grow certain nuts outside of their native range in
+places where unsuitable climatic conditions prevail, and they cannot
+understand why success is not possible.
+
+
++Growth and Fruiting Habit of Nut Trees+
+
+Since the growth and fruiting habits of our different kinds of nut trees
+are closely related, it is desirable to point out some of these
+relationships. All of our different species of walnuts, the pecan and
+all hickory nuts, as well as hazelnuts and filberts, are borne
+terminally on shoots of the current season. In other words all walnut
+species, pecan, and all hickory species bear the pistillate flowers that
+develop into nuts at the terminal end of the shoots produced the same
+year that the nuts mature. The staminate or pollen-producing flowers of
+all these species arise from lateral buds on shoots that grew the
+previous year. In the case of hazelnut and filbert the pistillate
+flowers are borne in lateral buds on shoots of the previous season, as
+are also the staminate flowers or catkins. In this case, however, the
+pistillate flowers are formed and pollinated before the current year's
+shoot growth is made. Almonds are borne laterally on shoots produced the
+previous season. All chestnuts are borne laterally on shoots produced
+the same season as the nuts.
+
+The chestnut bears most of the staminate flowers separately in staminate
+catkins whereas the pistillate flowers are in mixed catkins, but all are
+formed laterally on shoots of the current season. The almond, which has
+perfect flowers, produces these in lateral buds on shoots of the
+previous year. Both the hazelnut and the almond flower before any
+current-season growth is made, whereas all of the other kinds of nut
+trees mentioned produce almost all normal shoot growth before flowering
+occurs. These differences in growth, flowering, and fruiting habits
+provide a basis for the explanation of why growth of almond trees, for
+example, is harder to maintain than is that of walnut or pecan.
+Flowering and early development of the fruit before shoot growth is made
+tend to check such growth, so that flowering and fruiting trees will not
+make as much new growth as they would have made had flowering and
+fruiting been prevented.
+
+In general, it can be stated that, in the case of bearing trees, the
+longer the shoot growth and the greater its diameter in proportion to
+length, the greater is the number of pistillate flowers that may be
+formed at its terminal. Furthermore, the set of nuts and the size that
+they attain are in proportion to the length and diameter of the shoots
+bearing them. In other words, the number of flowers formed, the nuts
+set, and the size that they attain are directly correlated with the
+vigor and growth of the trees. As trees attain age, fewer long, strong
+shoots and more short, weak shoots are formed. Hence the average size of
+the nuts produced decreases because of the reduction in average shoot
+growth. Furthermore, under normal conditions, the degree to which the
+nuts are filled is related to the vigor as it is measured by the length
+and diameter of the shoots bearing them. Strong, vigorous shoots usually
+produce the best filled and earliest maturing nuts.
+
+
++What Is a Nut and of What Does It Consist?+
+
+Webster gives a general definition of a nut as "a fruit consisting of a
+kernel or seed enclosed in a hard woody or leathery shell that does not
+open when ripe, as in the hazel, beech, oak, chestnut." Technically
+speaking, it is a hard, indehiscent, one-seeded dry fruit resulting from
+a compound ovary. In horticultural language the fruit consists of the
+hard or leathery nut containing a kernel, together with the husk, hull,
+or bur that surrounds the nut shell. This kernel consists of the embryo
+plus the endosperm or its remains. In all of our important nuts, such as
+walnuts, pecans, hickory nuts, almonds, and filberts, the kernel is
+essentially the embryo with its thickened cotyledons or seed leaves, as
+the endosperm has been absorbed except for a thin membrane.
+
+At the beginning of its development, growth of the embryo is slow, and
+in very early stages it is merely a rounded mass of cells. Later, the
+meristems of the epicotyl (stem or top) and root axis develop, but the
+whole embryo is still microscopic in size. Still later the cotyledons
+(seed leaves) start development from the apical meristem and their
+growth in length is rapid, but they are very thin and follow the
+contours of the seed coat. Growth in length of the cotyledons may be
+arrested by unfavorable nutritional conditions during the time of
+elongation. In such case, the lobes of the cotyledons may not attain the
+full length of the seed coat, or pellicle, which surrounds them. After
+the cotyledons have attained full length, growth in thickness begins in
+the area nearest the epicotyl and proceeds toward the margins. This
+growth in thickness results from cambium-like meristem with the
+formation of new cells. The formation of well developed or solid kernels
+that completely fill the cavity within the shell is dependent upon
+meristematic activity continuing almost to maturity. The weather
+conditions, the nutrition of the tree, or other factors that affect the
+synthesis and translocation of elaborated food materials from the leaves
+and shoots to the kernels at this time determine the degree to which the
+cotyledons are thickened, or in other words how well the nuts are
+filled.
+
+
++Periods of Development+
+
+In the development of the nuts there are three periods or stages: (1)
+The period of growth in size; (2) the period of nut filling or
+development of the kernel; (3) the period of maturing.
+
+What takes place during these periods of development determines the size
+the nuts attain, the degree to which they are filled, and finally the
+quality at harvest. These three developmental stages are interdependent,
+because the size of the nuts may affect the degree of filling, and that,
+in turn, the time and nature of their maturity. They are not entirely
+separate and distinct but overlap in that there is more or less
+development of the kernel, varying with the species, while the nuts are
+growing in size. In general, however, there is not appreciable kernel
+development until after the nuts have attained approximately full size,
+except in the chestnut.
+
+The outstanding example of this situation is the pecan. There is
+practically no growth of the kernel until after the shell of the nut has
+started to become hard. At that time growth of the embryo, which
+constitutes the kernel, become rapid. The major portion of the kernel is
+formed during a period of approximately one month, starting at
+Beltsville, Maryland about the middle of September. The final stages of
+filling occur just before the nuts mature, and the first nuts to fall
+usually have the best filled kernels. Later maturing nuts are generally
+poorly filled; their shells and kernels are often discolored, and the
+shucks fail to open properly, if at all.
+
+The development of walnuts, hickory nuts, and filberts, so far as is
+known, is in all essentials the same as that described for the pecan nut
+except that the kernel or embryo begins to grow somewhat earlier in the
+season. However, the major portion of the filling, which consists in the
+thickening of the cotyledons, takes place late in the season, and only a
+month or a little more before the nuts mature.
+
+The period of the maturing of the nuts generally closely follows the
+completion of the filling of the kernels. During this period in the
+pecan, certain other species of hickory, the Persian walnut, chestnut,
+and others, food reserves are transferred from shucks, hulls, or burs to
+the nuts. Abscission layers are formed and shucks, hulls, or burs split
+open on drying out, thus partially or wholly releasing the nuts. There
+is a very direct relationship between the degree to which the nuts are
+filled and their time of and normality of maturing; well filled nuts
+mature early and normally, whereas poorly filled nuts mature late, if at
+all, and shucks, hulls, or burs fail to open properly.
+
+
++Growth in Size+
+
+The size of the nuts produced by a tree is determined by a number of
+factors, one or all of which may operate during the course of the
+season. These are: (1) Age of tree; (2) position of the nuts on the
+tree; (3) fertility of the soil and moisture supply, or the nutritional
+status of the tree; (4) size of the crop borne.
+
+In general, old trees bear smaller nuts than do younger trees. Hence
+size of nut for a particular variety is only relative. The first few
+crops produced by a tree usually consist of nuts large in size for the
+variety; and then, as the tree attains age, nuts become smaller in size.
+Young trees make longer and thicker shoot growth than do older trees.
+There is, then, under normal conditions, a direct relationship between
+the growth made by a tree and the size that the nuts attain. The more
+vigorous trees not only produce larger nuts than those produced by less
+vigorous trees, but the hulls and shells of such nuts are thicker and
+constitute a higher total percentage of the total weight of the fruit.
+
+The position of the nuts on a tree has an important effect on the size
+that they ultimately attain. In general, the nuts in the top are larger
+than those nearer the ground; and those on the strongest and most
+vigorous shoots of the top or lateral branches will attain a larger size
+under normal conditions than those located on weaker and shorter shoots
+or on the inside of the tree. Here again there is a direct relationship
+between growth of the tree and growth in size of nuts. All normal trees
+make longer and stronger shoot growth in the top than they do on the
+terminals of lateral branches, and the shortest and weaker shoots as
+well as the smallest nuts are generally on the lateral branches inside
+of the tree top.
+
+Fertility of soil and moisture supply determine in large measure both
+the growth made by the tree and the size of nuts. The nuts borne on
+trees growing on fertile soils adequately supplied with moisture are
+generally much larger in size than those borne by trees on infertile
+soil or soil poorly supplied with soil moisture. Deficiency of either
+nitrogen, or moisture, or both is particularly effective in limiting the
+size of nuts produced. Pecans grown under soil conditions in which both
+nitrogen and moisture were deficient have been known to attain only
+about one-fourth the size of nuts of the same varieties grown in the
+same orchard but under conditions of clean cultivation and supplementary
+nitrogen applications. A prolonged drought during the time that the nuts
+are increasing in size very frequently causes them to be much smaller
+than they would have been had the moisture supply been adequate.
+
+The size of the crop borne by a tree determines in a very large measure
+the size that the nuts attain at maturity. There is generally an inverse
+relationship also between the number of nuts borne in a cluster on a
+shoot and the size they attain. In this respect nut crops are little
+different from apples and peaches, which, too, are sold on the basis of
+size. In order to produce fruits of large size having a high market
+value, the crops are thinned in years of a heavy set of fruit. In the
+case of pecans, for example, thinning the crop at the time the nuts are
+growing in size on heavily producing trees is a very effective method of
+increasing the average size of the nuts allowed to remain on the trees.
+The earlier the thinning is done the more effective it is; however, it
+will increase the size of the nuts even when done as late as when the
+shells have started to become hard. No practical and economical method
+of thinning the crop of nuts has as yet been found; nevertheless it is
+well to bear in mind that a large crop borne by a tree generally means
+reduced average size of the nuts at harvest.
+
+
++Filling or Development of the Kernels+
+
+In general, the fruits (nuts) of a nut-bearing tree are what might be
+termed storage organs. In them are stored mineral elements and such
+elaborated food materials as carbohydrates (sugars and starch), oil,
+amino acids, and proteins that have been removed from the leaves and
+wood of the tree. These materials are stored for future use of the
+embryo in the nut to sustain respiration, to permit germination, and to
+maintain the seedling until it has produced enough leaf area to become
+self-sufficient.
+
+The question may be asked, why is it so important that nuts be well
+filled? The answer is very simple, because the quality of the oily nuts
+is determined by how well the kernels are filled. All but one of our
+most important nuts--almonds, filberts, hickory nuts, pecans, and
+walnuts--are oily nuts; and well filled kernels contain from 50 to 75
+percent or more of oil, depending upon the species. Chestnuts are
+starchy nuts and contain less than one percent of oil. The relationship
+between the degree of filling and the composition of the kernel in oily
+nuts is outstanding, in that the better filled nuts have a higher
+content of oil and a lower content of protein, carbohydrates, water, and
+undetermined constituents than do poorly filled nuts. Highest quality of
+the kernels is directly associated with highest oil content and highest
+degree of filling. Nut kernels that are poorly filled are often hollow,
+shrunken, shriveled, and chaffy. When eaten they may taste sweet, but
+are lacking in the oily flavor characteristic of the particular species
+of nut eaten. It is only in the best filled nuts that highest quality,
+flavor, and oil content are found.
+
+The degree to which nuts are filled or how well the kernels are
+developed at harvest is determined by a rather large number of
+interrelated factors: (1) Size of crop, or ratio of number of leaves per
+nut; (2) average size of nuts; (3) condition of leaves; (4) amount of
+second growth of the trees; (5) size of preceding crop and how well the
+nuts produced were filled; (6) disease and insect injury to the nuts;
+(7) weather conditions; (8) heterosis or effect of cross-pollination on
+embryo size.
+
++Size of crop:+ Nut growers want their trees to bear large annual crops of
+nuts. It is very seldom that one hears a nut grower express the opinion
+that a certain tree is carrying too many nuts for the crop to attain
+proper size and fill well, yet this is very often the case. Furthermore,
+the production of a large crop of poorly filled nuts one year is almost
+certain to result in a light crop or none at all the following year.
+There is a very close inverse relation between the size of the crop
+produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled at harvest, namely,
+the larger the crop the less the nuts will be filled. It has been
+pointed out above that nuts are storage organs, and the food materials
+required to grow and fill them must be made in the leaves. When too many
+nuts are set and carried through to the filling period, in proportion to
+the number of leaves or the leaf area of the tree, it is not possible
+for the leaves to synthesize the large amount of food materials required
+to fill the nuts. In pecans, for example, it has been shown that six to
+eight leaves are required normally to fill a nut properly and 10 or more
+leaves per nut if the tree is to flower and set a crop the following
+year. Other ratios for number of leaves or leaf area exist with other
+kinds of nuts. It is general experience that large crops of nuts remove
+such large amounts of food materials and minerals from the trees that a
+light crop or no crop at all is produced the following year. This is
+especially true if the nuts are not especially well filled in the "on
+crop year."
+
++Size of nuts:+ Almost everyone prefers large nuts to small ones, and that
+is one reason, why the larger sizes command a higher price on the
+markets. Many remember how popular the McCallister hican was a number of
+years ago because of its extremely large size. Such varieties of the
+pecan as Nelson and Mahan were very popular because the nuts produced
+were generally much larger than those of other varieties. These
+varieties remained popular until experience in growing them showed that
+they were very often poorly filled at harvest. As a general rule, large
+nuts are more difficult to fill properly than small nuts. This is
+obvious, because much more food material must be made by the leaves and
+transported to fill the kernels of large nuts than is required to fill
+an equal number of nuts of smaller size. In seasons with conditions
+favorable for both tree growth and growth in size of the nuts, it is
+often the experience that the nuts are poorly filled at harvest. On the
+other hand, if the weather is dry during the period in which the nuts
+are growing in size, they are much more likely to be well filled at
+maturity. In fact, the writer has seen several instances in which,
+because of severe drought in the spring, pecans were undersized, yet the
+kernels developed and filled so well that the shells of the nuts cracked
+at maturity.
+
++Condition of leaves:+ To produce well filled nuts, nut trees must bear a
+large leaf area and the leaves must be in good health and vigor. If they
+are to produce annual crops, the trees must carry their leaves until
+cold weather in the late fall, undamaged by insects or diseases. The
+importance of a large leaf area free from injury or abnormal condition
+is so great that it can hardly be overemphasized in connection with nut
+production. It can be definitely stated that under normal conditions the
+size of the crop produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled is
+directly related to the leaf area and the length of time it is carried
+by the tree.
+
+If the leaf area is to be large, the trees must make good, strong,
+vigorous shoot growth, and this means that proper attention must be
+given to fertilization to insure that the trees have adequate amounts
+of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and boron, as well as all other
+essential elements. The elements mentioned have been found most likely
+to be deficient in the soils of eastern and southern United States. In
+those regions their lack may be expected most frequently to limit tree
+growth or the filling of the nuts because of their effects on the leaves
+and the consequent inability of the leaves to make food materials.
+Deficiency of one or more of these elements results in leaves that are
+not able to make food materials in anywhere near such amounts as do
+normal leaves well supplied with all essential elements. In severe
+cases, deficiency of one or more of these elements results in chlorosis
+of the leaves, still later in leaf scorch, and finally in premature leaf
+fall. Trees having leaves in such condition cannot be expected to fill
+the nuts borne by them.
+
+Most nut trees grown about home or farmstead are deficient in nitrogen,
+as the trees must compete with grass, weeds, shrubbery, or other trees.
+Frequently there is not enough plant food for all. A deficiency of
+nitrogen limits the growth and the leaf area carried by a tree. A
+deficiency of potassium or magnesium very greatly limits the amount of
+food material made by the leaves and hence greatly decreases the filling
+and the oil content of the kernels. Zinc or boron deficiency has a
+similar effect.
+
+Hence, to insure the production of well filled nuts, one must be certain
+that the trees are well fertilized and that the fertilizer elements
+applied are in proper balance one with the others.
+
+Injury to the leaves resulting from attacks by diseases and insects is
+one of the most common and important causes of poorly filled nuts. Every
+species and variety of tree nut suffers from at least one disease or
+insect pest that damages the leaves and hence limits or curtails the
+amount of elaborated food materials they can make. In most cases the
+fungi or bacteria causing foliage diseases infect the leaves in early
+spring at the time they are unfolding and growing in size, although the
+infection may not be noticeable until later. These infected areas, even
+though they are small and not numerous enough to cause the leaf to fall,
+seriously impair the functioning of the leaf out of all proportion to
+the area directly affected. Should the infection be so severe as to
+cause premature defoliation, the damage will be great even though only a
+small percentage of the leaves falls. The disease of eastern Mack walnut
+known as leaf spot, or anthracnose, is one of these defoliating diseases
+that causes untold damage from poorly filled nuts in the current crop
+year, and results in a small crop or none at all the following year. The
+development and spread of these diseases is gradual, and unsuspecting
+growers do not realize the damage they cause.
+
+On other hand, the injuries caused by such insects as the webworm, the
+walnut caterpillar, the pecan leaf case-bearer, the Japanese beetle, and
+others are somewhat spectacular in that the leaves may be partly or
+completely consumed on portions of the trees. The injury caused by the
+walnut aphis, the walnut lace bug, the pecan black aphis, and others, on
+the other hand, is less conspicuous; but the end result is far more
+serious than it usually is with the leaf eating insects, because the
+damage caused is more widespread, almost all of the leaves on a tree
+being affected. These sucking insects are small in size and may be
+overlooked until premature defoliation takes place. If nut trees are to
+bear satisfactory crops of well filled nuts, the diseases and insects
+that attack and cause injury to the leaves must be controlled. Under
+normal conditions the size of the crop produced, the regularity of
+bearing, and the quality of the nuts harvested is proportional to the
+leaf area of normal leaves carried by the tree from early spring until
+freezing-weather in the fall.
+
++Second growth of the trees:+ Certain of our nut trees, such as pecan and
+walnuts, under some conditions have two or perhaps more periods of shoot
+growth during the same growing season. The first, or main period of
+growth, starts at the time of foliation in the spring and ends soon
+after the shoots flower. The second period of growth, if it occurs, may
+begin any time after the nuts are set, and may end any time later. This
+second growth seriously affects the filling of the nuts, in that food
+materials are consumed in producing this second growth rather than in
+the growth and filling of the nuts. Generally this second growth is not
+made until late in the season, and it usually follows a period of dry
+weather, when conditions again become favorable for growth. Usually this
+is at the time the kernels should be developing, and hence the degree of
+filling is affected. The seriousness of the effect on the filling of the
+nuts is largely proportional to the amount and duration of this second
+growth. A third period of growth may occur later if weather conditions
+are suitable.
+
++Preceding crop:+ It has already been pointed out that nuts are storage
+organs and in their growth and development large amounts of food
+materials and minerals are removed from the tree. Under conditions of
+heavy crop production, the reserves of these materials left in the tree
+at the time of harvest are likely to be very low; and unless the trees
+are growing on a fertile soil and carry their leaves until frost, these
+reserves of minerals and elaborated food materials are not likely to be
+restored. Under such conditions, in the following spring the reserves
+are low and although there may be enough to initiate flowering and the
+set of nuts, they are not sufficiently high to produce well filled nuts.
+It is for this reason that the nuts produced in an "off crop year," even
+though the crop may be much lighter, may be less well filled than those
+produced in an "on crop year."
+
+Such nuts as pecans, hickory nuts, and walnuts transfer large amounts of
+potassium from the tree itself into the shucks or hulls. The kernels of
+such nuts are high in nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium as well as in
+oil, which is one of the most concentrated food materials and has the
+highest calorie value. Nitrogen reserves in the trees are readily and
+rather quickly replaced if adequate amounts are applied, as this element
+is not fixed by the soil. This is not true of phosphorus and potassium,
+as they are apparently taken up by the trees much more slowly than is
+nitrogen. Furthermore, certain soils have a high fixing power for these
+elements and hence they are slowly, if at all, available.
+
++Insect and disease damage to the nuts:+ Certain insects and diseases
+attack the nuts, causing them to be poorly filled at harvest. Although
+these pests may destroy, or cause a certain percentage of the crop to
+drop before harvest, and hence serve as a thinning measure, the affected
+nuts remaining on the tree may not be well filled at maturity. Examples
+of such insects are the pecan or hickory shuck worm, the walnut husk
+maggot, and the codling moth. Infestations by these insects occurring
+before the shells of the nuts have become hard cause the nuts to drop.
+However, infestations taking place after the nut shells have become hard
+do not cause the nuts to drop. These late-infested nuts may be poorly
+filled because the insect larvae mine the hulls or shucks, severing the
+conducting tissues that transport food materials from the fruit stem or
+peduncle through the shuck to the kernel. The damage caused not only
+results in poorly filled nuts but also interferes with the natural
+separation of the shucks or hulls from the shells.
+
+Examples of diseases that attack the nuts and cause them to be poorly
+filled at harvest are pecan scab and walnut bacteriosis. Pecan scab may
+also attack other species of hickory. It is the most destructive pecan
+disease, causing a high percentage of the nuts on highly susceptible
+varieties to drop prematurely and those that stick to the tree to be
+poorly filled at harvest. Walnut bacteriosis or blight is the most
+important walnut disease in the West and unless controlled causes severe
+losses from premature drop or from nuts both poorly filled and having
+discolored kernels at harvest. It is obvious that if large crops of well
+filled nuts are to be produced, these insects and diseases must be
+controlled.
+
++Weather conditions:+ Many growers are inclined to blame the weather for
+all small crops and poor nut quality because they realize it can have
+such important effects. In reality its direct effects are generally much
+less than they are thought to be, and its indirect effects are usually
+much greater than is usually realized. Weather conditions have a very
+great effect on the development of insects and diseases and on the
+damage caused by them, so that most often these are of major importance.
+
+It has already been pointed out that a prolonged drought may adversely
+affect the size of nuts when it occurs while they are growing in size.
+Similarly, the degree to which nuts are filled at harvest is affected by
+the moisture supply during the filling period. A moisture deficiency
+within the tree probably affects the translocation of food materials to
+the nuts to a greater extent than it affects leaf functioning, for under
+such conditions the leaves will withdraw so much water from the
+developing nuts that the shucks and hulls become wilted. Under
+conditions of prolonged drought the kernels do not fill properly,
+maturity of the nuts is delayed, and the shucks or hulls do not open
+normally.
+
+Under drought conditions the temperatures of the air and of surfaces
+exposed to the sun are often very high, and this sometimes results in
+sun-scald or burning of the hulls or shucks. In severe cases the injury
+extends through the hull or shuck to the shell and kernels. The
+pellicle, or skin of the kernel, turns brown or amber color, as does the
+portion of the kernel that has developed at the time of injury. Further
+development of the affected portion of the kernel is arrested; and on
+drying it becomes shriveled because of lack of filling. The greatest
+amount of damage from sunburn occurs on the south and southwest sides of
+the trees. Little can be done to prevent this type of injury other than
+to grow good, strong, vigorous trees that bear a heavy dense foliage
+that shades the nuts.
+
++Heterosis or hybrid vigor:+ The pistillate flowers of certain nut
+species, such as the almond, chestnuts, and filberts, must be
+cross-pollinated with pollen from another variety if satisfactorily
+crops of well filled nuts are to be produced. These species are
+self-sterile or self-unfruitful. On the other hand all walnut, pecan,
+and hickory species are self-fertile and cross-fertile, but may be
+self-unfruitful because of dichogamy, because they may shed their pollen
+either before or after the stigmas of the pistillate flowers are
+receptive to it. In all nut species cross-pollination is generally
+recommended so as to assure a set of nuts. With cross-pollination a
+better set of nuts is to be expected than with self-pollination, as well
+as better filling of the kernels. It has recently been found that when
+the pistillate flowers of a certain variety are cross-pollinated with a
+pollen from another definite variety the embryo or nut kernel is larger
+and better filled. This is a manifestation of hybrid vigor, or
+heterosis. Heterosis has been found in the chestnut and in the pecan. It
+likely will be found in other nut species. Some day the principles of
+selected and controlled parentage underlying hybrid vigor may be
+utilized in producing superior nuts, as these principals are now so
+widely used in producing hybrid seed corn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: That paper was so extremely important that I
+hesitated very much to stop it, but we are already at the point where we
+should have adjourned. Now, unfortunately, we have some very important
+things, I think, yet before us, but if the speakers can give their talks
+from now on in the form of, shall we say, syntheses of the whole thing
+and give us the conclusions rather than the details, it will be
+appreciated by us all. Mr. Wilkinson is going to give us a very
+important talk on what he has done with the propagation of the Lamb
+curly walnut. Mr. Wilkinson.
+
+
+
+
+The Grafted Curly Walnut as a Timber Tree
+
+J. FORD WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana
+
+
+Our native trees are and have always been one of the most valuable
+resources of this country, and one of the greatest heritages ever to
+fall to a nation.
+
+Wood has been used by our people since the landing of the Pilgrims, for
+almost every comfort and purpose in life, from the making of cradles to
+caskets.
+
+Wood is still one of the principal materials in building homes and
+furniture, and is used for railroad ties, for paper, and in so many
+other ways that we could scarcely get along without wood.
+
+The United States is the native home of many species of trees, of which
+a number are superior in some certain ways for some special purposes.
+The hickory has no equal for ax handles. As a building-timber where
+strength and durability are needed the oak ranks among the first. Other
+species are equally as important for some other uses.
+
+Not to be overlooked are nut trees. They serve the twofold purpose of
+producing both food for man and wild life, and valuable timber.
+
+
++Black Walnut Has Great Value+
+
+Of the nut tree group, the black walnut is one of the most important. It
+ranks among the first for lumber, furniture, cabinets, and finishing
+material. It has no rival in use for gun stocks and airplane propellers;
+as walnut wood is light, strong, will not get rough, but wears smoother
+with use. Neither will it splinter when pierced by a bullet. Walnut wood
+has been largely responsible, at times, for keeping us a nation of free
+people.
+
+The black walnut tree is an aristocrat of forest and field. It can
+justly be proud, for no other tree can fill its place. As the late
+author A. H. Marks said, "Who has not noticed the look of contended
+usefulness which a nut-bearing tree wears? It is of use to the world and
+knows it."
+
+Walnuts, like other species of trees, are not all alike, either as to
+nut production or in the grain of the wood.
+
+
++The Lamb Black Walnut+
+
+Several years ago an unusually highly figured, and very valuable,
+black walnut tree was discovered by Mr. George N. Lamb, then
+Secretary-Treasurer of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association of
+Chicago, Illinois.
+
+When the logs from this tree came into the mill, and their value was
+realized, Mr. Lamb went to the place where the tree had grown. He
+secured some twigs from the branches of this top and sent these, as I
+have been informed, to Dr. Robert T. Morris and Mr. Willard G. Bixby,
+knowing of their interest in propagating better varieties of nut trees.
+
+This wood had been taken from the top many days after the tree was
+felled, and so was dry and nearly dead. I believe Dr. Morris succeeded
+in getting only one graft to grow, and Mr. Bixby two. This variety was
+then named in honor of Mr. Lamb.
+
+Several years later Mr. Bixby sent me a very small stick of graft wood
+from one of his trees, from which I made two grafts. One of them grew,
+giving me a start of this variety. I have annually propagated a few
+trees of it ever since, though with little encouragement, and even much
+discouragement from others, including State and U. S. Government
+authorities.
+
+On one occasion I thought I practically had an order for a quantity of
+these Lamb walnut trees for a reforestation project. However, the
+prospective purchaser, before placing his final order, wrote to
+government authorities, then wrote me as follows:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+" ... Sept. 30, 1940 ...
+
+"Following some investigation in connection with the so-called curly
+walnut varieties, we have been advised by government authorities that
+these trees do not form, or grow into, a curly walnut tree at any time
+during the growing stage.
+
+"We took it for granted that the wood formation would be of a curly
+nature, and for that reason we were interested in that particular
+variety.
+
+"In view of this information which we have concerning these trees, we
+would not be interested in growing them as we have plenty of native
+black walnut here...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This and other discouragements, from both government authorities and
+individuals, had about as much effect on me as King George's advice to
+the American people not to use tobacco; they smoked calmly on, and I
+continued to propagate Lamb curly black walnut trees.
+
+I have been propagating nut trees since 1910, and have never yet known
+one of my propagated nut trees to fail to carry the characteristics of
+the parent tree, as to habits of growth, bark, bud formation, foliage,
+texture of wood, or quality of nuts. The Deming Purple walnut tree, when
+asexually propagated, reproduces the purple wood, so I reasoned the Lamb
+variety would reproduce figured wood. Nature seldom blunders.
+
+
++Value of Original Lamb Walnut Tree+
+
+When I was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a few years ago, doing some tree
+work for the late William J. Wallace, he took me a few miles to the
+location of the original Lamb tree. It was near a small river in a
+gravel loam soil near Ada, Kent County, Michigan.
+
+The following is an extract of a letter received from Mr. Lamb as to the
+original tree:
+
+"November 27, 1929
+
+   Lamb Figured Walnut--
+   Cut into veneers @ 6 to 18c per sq. ft. (1/28")
+   Use: Furniture
+   Amount of veneers 60627' [Value: $8,637.62 to $10,918.86 (Prewar!)--Ed.]
+   Logs produced:
+    8' x 21"--144 Log Ft.
+    6' x 18"-- 73  "   "
+   10' x 36"--640  "   "
+   14' x 30"--591  "   "
+   10' x 32"--490  "   "
+   Stump    --500  "   "
+            _____
+
+             2438
+
+   Location of tree--Ada, Kent County, Michigan.
+   Location--River flat 20 rods from river.
+   Soil-Gravel loam.
+   Type of tree--Open grown.
+   Shape---Double stump.
+   Height--40 ft.
+   Figure--Throughout the tree."
+
+Mr. Lamb further states in his letter: "Unquestionably it was one of the
+most thoroughly figured trees ever discovered, and if figured wood will
+propagate itself this stock should, certainly should, do so."
+
+He further states, "The figure in this tree was quite apparent, even in
+the small branches, while the Forest Products Laboratory found evidence
+of a developing figure in the twigs not over five years old."
+
+The wood specimens I now have on exhibit here were taken from one of my
+12-year-old grafted trees that I cut, and in them you will find figure
+visible to the naked eye, or easily noticeable by touching with a
+finger, in wood from branches not over 7 years old.
+
+Comparing age at which figure shows in the wood of the two trees, this
+young tree seems to be developing figure at an early age, as in the
+parent tree.
+
+My confidence in this outcome had never been shaken by the doubts of
+others. Few seemed to share this belief with me, and for this reason I
+have never pushed the sale of Lamb trees. Now I do not hesitate to state
+that curly figure will reproduce in any propagated Lamb trees, as the
+evidence before you here is stronger than any argument.
+
+One purpose of the Northern Nut Growers Association is to encourage the
+perpetuation by propagation of the better varieties of nut trees. I
+consider the Lamb variety one of the best walnut trees known from a
+timber point of view, and until a better variety is found I shall
+continue to propagate Lamb black walnut trees.
+
++Ed. note:+ The nuts on Lamb trees, as seen at Norris, Tennessee, during
+this meeting, appear to be of at least average size and have better
+than average shell structure. They probably would be well adapted to
+machine-cracking. Thus the Lamb would not be a bad variety to grow for
+its nuts. Or we could double-work the trees, to have each tree with a
+good trunk of the Lamb wood growing beneath a fruiting top of any
+desired walnut variety. One or two of our members already have made a
+start on this latter scheme of propagation.
+
++Author's Note:+ The Lamb variety is a rapid and upright grower and should
+be well adapted as a stock for the purpose suggested.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I don't think one can minimize the importance of
+what Mr. Wilkinson has done with the Lamb curly walnut. There are
+possibilities here that are of immense value to those who are interested
+in timber. Now, I am very, very sorry to put off the rest of this
+program until this afternoon. Possibly we can work a part of it then.
+Meantime, we had better adjourn.
+
+Mr. Chase says that he has arranged for a group picture to be taken at
+the Community Building at one o'clock. Let's everyone be there at one
+o'clock. That means, of course, that you are going to cut the sandwich
+and coffee pretty short.
+
+All right, let's adjourn.
+
+(Luncheon recess was taken.)
+
+
++Tuesday Afternoon Session+
+
+President Davidson: Come to order, please. The first speaker on the
+afternoon program is Mr. Shivery. I think I will get Mr. Chase to say a
+word.
+
+Mr. Chase: Our next speaker is Mr. George Shivery, Extension Forester
+for the University of Tennessee, and I know that the interest of this
+Association is in the planting of improved black walnuts, and I simply
+can say this man arranged for the planting of more Thomas walnut trees
+than any other man in the world. George Shivery.
+
+
+
+
+The Black Walnut Situation in Tennessee
+
+GEORGE B. SHIVERY, Extension Forester, University of Tennessee,
+Knoxville, Tennessee.
+
+
+Mr. Shivery: Mr. Chairman and members of the Association: I certainly
+appreciate that compliment made by Mr. Chase, and I want to assure all
+of you that we certainly are interested in the black walnut in
+Tennessee. In the past we have had to depend pretty much on the wild
+black walnut, and we will for years in the future. But we have done
+everything possible to get distribution on this Thomas improved black
+walnut which has been propagated here through the efforts of Mr. Chase,
+Mr. Zarger and other members in his division.
+
+It seems to me that this black walnut kernel industry is sort of a
+tradition, particularly in East Tennessee. If you have lived in this
+state as long as I have, you have become curious about its history.
+Well, in the early days there were no railroads in this state, and
+commerce moved pretty much by means of wagon team, and the supply center
+seemed to be Baltimore, Maryland. Now, I can visualize very well that
+on outbound trips they doubtless carried black walnut kernels, and on
+the way in, of course, they'd bring clothing and other materials that
+were not produced here at home.
+
+In the early days they produced tremendous amounts of maple sugar and
+maple syrup. Doubtless this was consumed at home and nowadays we don't
+have any evidence of that, because the climatic conditions in New York
+State and other northern states and New England are much better suited
+to the flow of the sap. The weather, I believe, is not so changeable up
+there. Our weather is changeable. We may have a very severe cold week,
+and then in ten days it will be balmy and pretty weather. We haven't
+made any effort to bring back the sugar maple industry. We don't
+consider it economic in this state, because cane sugar in the past has
+been cheap in price, and then we have another product that some of you
+may not be familiar with, sorghum molasses. That serves as dessert lots
+of times in many meals, hot biscuits and sorghum to finish up the meal.
+
+Now, I might mention something about the size of the black walnut
+industry in this state. We estimate that there are eight million pounds
+of uncracked whole walnuts produced on the average in a normal crop year
+in Tennessee, and there is another five million pounds that is never
+gathered, never hulled, never enters the market, never used, and the
+value of this crop in a normal year would be around $750,000. That is
+for the nuts, the fruit, the kernels. If you speak of timber it will
+amount to $960,000. That is in the form of lumber and veneers, and if
+you figure that in the form of a log at the shipping point, we'd reduce
+that figure and say it would be $480,000.
+
+I think to understand this state you have to give some consideration to
+physiographic regions, and if you will bear with me I'd like to sketch
+through these regions of the state, because they have a bearing on
+production of black walnut. Here in the east we have the East Tennessee
+Mountains, and proceeding westward we have the Great Valley of East
+Tennessee. It goes all the way down to Chattanooga, up through Bristol,
+on up through Virginia to Hagerstown, Maryland, all the way up to
+Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
+
+We have fine soil, and we also have different kinds of shale in that
+valley. Then we proceed westward. We come to the Cumberland Plateau, and
+the elevation of this plateau is around 2,000 feet. It is higher than
+this valley. Then we cross that and we reach this area (indicating on
+map). That is what we call the Highland Rim. That is made up of
+limestone soil of a different character, usually, than that in this East
+Tennessee valley. That is what we term the Eastern Highland Rim, and
+this around here (indicating) we term the Western Highland Rim. And this
+red portion would be the Central Basin in which Nashville is situated.
+Then you would travel through this central elevation, come up on the
+Western Highland Rim, and then you come up here and you cross the
+Tennessee River flowing north. Then you get into West Tennessee.
+
+Now, that is coastal plain soil, and as you approach the Mississippi
+River here you have a covering of what the Germans call loess, fine,
+wind-blown material, silt loam. So that very sketchily gives you some
+idea of the physiographic regions in this state.
+
+Now you want to know where these black walnuts are grown. Well, up about
+here (indicating the northeast) we have the towns of Greeneville and
+Rogersville and Morristown and Jonesboro, the counties of Washington
+County, Greene County, Hawkins County, say, ten counties; radiating
+around those ten counties you have in the past had great quantities of
+walnut kernels produced and sold. Now, go on down this valley past
+Knoxville, and McMinn County (southeast) has some years produced heavy
+crops of walnuts. So you have heavy production all through the valley.
+
+There's another center, we might term it, of about six counties in this
+central basin. But I don't want you to get the wrong impression, because
+walnuts grow in almost any county in this state, but I am mentioning
+these greater producing areas. And this County of Williamson south of
+Nashville in years past has sent plenty of walnuts to market. So that's
+a walnut producing area. And up here in this Highland Rim we have some
+counties by the name of Pickett and Overton and Clay County. Well, they
+produce walnuts, and the people up there have in the past cracked out a
+lot of walnuts. And in Montgomery County they produce walnuts. So the
+normal trade centers where these walnuts move is really to a great
+degree here at this town of Morristown in East Tennessee, and Nashville
+in Middle Tennessee, and this Middle Tennessee center draws from
+Kentucky. In fact, these four or five large shelling concerns know about
+the walnuts pretty much all over the entire walnut producing territory.
+
+Through the years the Agricultural Extension Service, University of
+Tennessee, with which I am connected, has been keenly interested in
+assisting in any way we can to get additional income out of walnut
+kernels, and in recent years the whole uncracked walnut. And even though
+I am a forester I can see the possibilities of this, and we like to
+carry it along. In fact, I consider walnut as kind of a dual-purpose
+tree, fine for timber production, also for production of nuts, walnut
+meats or kernels. You might term it a triple-purpose tree. I don't think
+there is any better tree than that for a shade tree in pastures, in the
+field, and around the home, because for one reason it makes what we term
+in this state a "cold shade," and it is not a hot shade like you get
+under a sugar maple. The maple has a dense foliage. And as Mr. Chance
+indicated this morning, walnut is usually associated with blue grass.
+Blue grass will grow under it.
+
+I guess some of you here remember the years of the depression, and I
+remember in 1932, for example, we had a heavy crop of black walnuts in
+the state. Then I believe the price for kernels of 15 cents a pound
+would have been a good price during that year, and some of them probably
+sold for less. So if we had the time we would follow through all the
+years, beginning with 1927, but just to make it as brief as possible, I
+will leave those out, but I would like to mention the year 1941. It sort
+of disrupted things in the kernel industry, because at that time the
+Pure Food and Drug people came in here and set up regulations, and it
+interfered with the merchandising of these kernels, because the producer
+had to satisfy certain sanitary regulations, and it really sounded worse
+than it was. Anyway, it confused our people, and probably that is about
+the year in which we had this big shift from the production of walnut
+kernels cracked out at home to a sale of uncracked walnuts to these
+shelling plants.
+
+Then another year that I think of (we always think of these as walnut
+crop years) was 1945, and that year we got better prices, probably, than
+ever before or since, and a lot of our country people were able to sell
+hulled uncracked walnuts as high as $6 per hundred pounds.
+
+We will continue to be interested in this industry, but, of course,
+nowadays the wage scale is higher and money is not worth as much as it
+was in the past, so it really seems to me that in order to get out this
+crop we just have to try to make the price a little more attractive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: "We are now going to hear from Mr. Shessler of Ohio,
+on his method of grafting, and I wish to assure you that he knows what
+he is talking about. He has done a lot of it.
+
+
+
+
+Grafting Walnuts in Ohio
+
+SYLVESTER SHESSLER, Genoa, Ohio
+
+
+In 1934 the Ohio Nut Growers Association conducted a black walnut nut
+contest. I read about it in the _Ohio Farmer_. As soon as the names of
+the winners appeared in that publication, each owner was contacted for
+some nuts from the prize winning trees. Answers were received from nine
+of the 10 winners. I did not receive nuts from the Hoover tree. The
+Brown nuts I planted came up in 1935 and the trees are now 22 feet high,
+with spread of 22 feet, and are 27 Inches in circumference. The Tritten
+prize nuts were planted in a fence row. These did not come up the first
+year. The next year I plowed and disked the patch of ground and planted
+potatoes. To my surprise the Tritten seedlings came up with the
+potatoes. I let them grow and I now have five trees from these nuts. All
+of these trees produce nuts which resemble the original Tritten nut and
+have good cracking quality. One in particular fills out nicely, has a
+very thin hull, and is a little larger than the original Tritten. I have
+named it the Shessler. The Brown seedling trees also produce good nuts.
+The seedling trees from the Cowle nuts produce nuts with rough shells.
+
+Following my nut planting project I began to collect scions from all of
+the original trees. Mr. Homer Jacobs, of Kent, Ohio, supplied me with
+scions from the Tritten tree. The next year Mr. Jacobs asked me to send
+him scions from the Brown tree as he intended to bench-graft some. I
+have planted nuts along a road 80 rods long, so that I could have many
+stocks to top-work. I began to graft in 1935, using the seedling trees
+as stock. I now have 200 seedling black walnut trees, 100 grafted black
+walnut trees, 25 grafted Persian walnuts, 20 chestnut trees, two
+"buartnuts," 15 heartnuts, six pecans, one butternut, 20 grafted hickory
+trees and five persimmons. Some of these trees are planted in orchard
+form, others are scattered along fence rows.
+
+For grafting, I cut scions so that there is about four inches of
+two-year-old wood at the base and some one-year-old wood with small
+matured buds. These small buds will grow, as a rule. The scions are kept
+in damp sawdust until used. I like the stock to be a half to one inch in
+diameter. I wait until the trees are in full leaf before I graft. After
+leafing out the stock does not bleed. If I find that the stock is
+bleeding hard when I cut back, I wait a few days before grafting. It is
+a waste of time to graft when the stock is bleeding. I have grafted very
+early when the bark would not bleed at all. I just dug down into the
+cambium layer and put in the scion. I tried one Persian and three black
+walnuts like this and all grew. I use the slot bark method of grafting,
+as described in Mr. Reed's bulletin [U.S.D.A. Farmers Bull. 1501]. The
+stock is cut straight across and I put the lower bud just above the
+bark on the outside. I roughen the bark of the scion that fits just
+behind the bark of the stock. A small nail is pushed through the bark
+and scion with the handle of my knife. I generally tie with cord but
+sometimes when the bark is heavy I do not use cord. A two-pound paper
+sack with a hole on the earth side is placed over the graft and the sack
+is tied at the bottom. This serves as a "hot house" and protects the
+scion from rain. As soon as leaves appear on the scion, the sack is
+removed and all the new sprouts are broken off below the graft. I put
+only one scion on each graft. I use Beck's cold wax. It is easy to thin
+with water and I just flatten a stick for my brush. I never wax the bud
+but wax scion well on top.
+
+I cannot give an accurate count of my grafting success but estimate that
+75 percent of my grafts live. Rather than keep records I use that time
+to graft more trees. I am not an experimenter--I simply like to have
+grafted nut trees. My own trees are scattered over a two-mile area. I
+have grafted trees in Toledo and Grand Rapids. Every Sunday I attend
+church, then in the afternoon I graft trees. My aim is to try all the
+promising trees and select the best and weed out the poor ones. I am
+saving only the trees that bear nuts every year.
+
+In 1947, I grafted the Ohio 1946 prize winning black walnuts. I achieved
+survival on all except Nos. 5 and 8. The scionwood of these two was in
+poor condition and I did not think they would live. I also have No. 54
+which looks promising to me. I am looking forward to other contests in
+Ohio and elsewhere so that we can uncover some more superior black
+walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Shessler.
+
+Mr. Slate, will you say a word to us on grafting? That's right along the
+same line.
+
+
+
+
+Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse
+
+GEORGE L. SLATE, State Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+
+Walnuts have been grafted in pots in the greenhouse at the Experiment
+Station at Geneva, N. Y. for a dozen years or more and the practice is
+successful and very useful. This method was adopted for two reasons.
+First: Under field conditions results are often uncertain, owing to the
+vagaries of the weather or neglect at a critical time. The inexpertness
+of the operator made it desirable that the work be done under as
+favorable conditions as possible, with the hope that a favorable
+environment might overcome in part the lack of skill. Second: The work
+can be done in March before the field work begins, whereas field
+grafting in May would often not get done owing to the pressure of other
+work at that time. This method is not original with the writer, but is
+similar to the method used at the East Malling Research Station in
+England and described by Witt in 1928 [1].
+
+The rootstocks, two year old black walnut seedlings raised from nuts
+planted in the nursery, are dug in the fall, stored in the nursery
+cellar until late February or early March, at which time they are potted
+in six or eight inch pots, depending upon the size of the rootstocks.
+The roots are cut back so that the plant will fit in the pot. At this
+time the tops are cut off, leaving the stem about 8 inches high. The
+pots are placed in a warm house, watered as needed, and in about 10 days
+the buds begin to break.
+
+The Jones modified cleft graft is used. The stub is cut off at grafting
+time and the cleft is made by cutting, not splitting, the stock with a
+large grafting knife. The scion is tied in place with nursery tape,
+half-inch size, with a short wick leading out of the cleft. The scion is
+painted with grafting wax.
+
+
++Care of the Grafted Plant+
+
+The pot is set in a propagating frame about 18 inches deep, with bottom
+heat, and covered with glass, plus lath or cloth shade. An inch of peat
+in the bottom of the frame is desirable, to hold moisture and maintain
+high humidity. The temperature of the frame is kept in the eighties, but
+is not allowed to go above 90 deg.F. Under these conditions of warmth and
+high humidity, growth activity is rapid and in about two weeks the buds
+break, although, some may not start for a month. This spring
+adventitious buds developed on several scions. Many suckers arise from
+below the graft, and these are rubbed off two or three times a week. As
+soon as the shoots from the scion are two or three inches long the
+plants may be removed to a cooler house, where there is less danger of
+overheating on hot spring days. Later, they go to the cold frame for
+hardening off, and when danger of frost is over after May 21st, they are
+set in the nursery for two years. First year growth is not over eight or
+ten inches, but the second year the plants grow to three or four feet or
+even more in a favorable season.
+
+The percentage of grafts starting depends largely on the scion wood.
+Wood cut from vigorous young trees which is grafted the same day will
+give a 90 percent stand or better, but wood from other sources varies
+according, to the age and vigor of the tree from which it is cut and the
+percentage of success may be much less.
+
+This method is useful for small scale operations where a greenhouse is
+available and it is desirable to do the grafting before outside work
+interferes with it. For one not skilled in nut tree grafting success is
+probably more certain than with nursery grafting.
+
+
++Literature Cited+
+
+1 Witt, A. W. The vegetative propagation of walnuts. Ann. Rpt. of the
+East Malling Research Station 14th and 15th Yrs. 1926-1927 II Supplement
+pp. 60-64.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: There are plenty of us who don't know much about
+grafting, and I did want you to hear Mr. Slate's method. It is certainly
+worth trying and would come at a pleasant time of the year, would be
+easy to do, and any of us could try it out.
+
+We now should like to hear from Mr. Clarke on Nut Investigations at
+Pennsylvania State College.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Investigations at the Pennsylvania State College
+
+WILLIAM S. CLARKE, JR., State College, Pennsylvania
+
+
+Our present work in nut growing at the Pennsylvania State College was
+begun in 1946. Some work had been started many years ago, and a small
+number of trees were planted, mostly black walnut; but a site was
+selected which proved to be very cold and frosty, and most of the trees
+soon died. Further work had been planned at a later date, but the
+depression and lack of labor and land prevented us from getting under
+way then.
+
+When the present project in nut growing was approved, the country was
+just beginning to recover from the recent war, and materials of most
+kinds, including nut trees, were very difficult to obtain. Therefore, in
+order to learn as much as possible about nut trees, we started at the
+beginning, with the seed. About two bushels of hulled black walnuts were
+collected from fence-row trees; some were planted out in the ground that
+autumn, and some were placed in soil in a box and kept over winter on
+the outdoor porch of the packing house. Some hickory and pecan nuts were
+bought and also stored in a similar box. The only nuts which grew were
+those planted out in the ground. They gave us a good germination, while
+not a single nut stored in the boxes grew.
+
+At the present time we have about 200 black walnut seedlings in the
+nursery. When they are a year or two older, they will be grafted to
+several of the named varieties of black walnuts, and those that take
+will be planted out in a nut orchard. These seedling trees were
+transplanted after one year's growth. About four or five times as much
+of the walnut plant was underground in the root as grew above ground
+where we could see it.
+
+Since the first year's work we have made a few purchases, and planted a
+few more nut seeds. At the present time we have planted five pairs of
+named varieties of filberts, four Chinese chestnuts, of which three
+survive, four Persian walnuts, three of which survive, and two Japanese
+walnuts. We also have a few seedlings of Turkish tree hazel obtained
+from nuts sent to us by one of our friends in the state of Washington
+and a few butternut seedlings grown from nuts of a tree on the college
+campus.
+
+Future plans include an orchard with many of the named varieties of
+black walnuts and also, we hope, some of the new hardy strains and
+selections of the Persian walnut being introduced by the United States
+Department of Agriculture. Representative specimens of a wide range of
+nut species will be collected. Some further work on chestnuts and
+filberts may be attempted if they prove to be hardy here. Plans for the
+more distant future include studies in soil fertilization and in
+spraying for disease and insect control.
+
+
++Cold Injury in 1947-48+
+
+This past winter has been very hard on nut trees, and on some other
+trees as well. In the first place, the cold weather of the autumn began
+very suddenly after six weeks of uninterrupted warm weather without any
+cool nights to harden the wood. In late September a few days of cool
+weather came, and then three nights in five with temperatures near 20 deg..
+The walnut foliage and some of the youngest wood turned black. Next came
+a winter with extremely low temperatures, with the minima ranging from
+18 to 23 degrees below zero over our orchard land. Our four Persian
+walnut trees were killed back to the ground; three of them have sprouted
+this summer from the roots. Considerable leaf bud killing occurred on
+Chinese chestnut. One Japanese walnut died back to the ground and has
+sprouted from the roots. The other tree lost most of its younger wood,
+but some buds near the base of last season's growth have sprouted out to
+make a new top. Several specimens of the golden chinkapin
+(_Castanopsis_) of the Pacific Coast, which had made one year's growth
+here, were killed outright.
+
+Most of the terminal buds and youngest wood of our nursery trees of
+black walnut were killed, but the trees have grown well this year from
+the lateral buds. In the woods some black walnuts which had been cut
+down about four or five years ago, and which had made sprout growth now
+about fifteen feet high, were killed back from two to four feet by the
+winter. A twenty-year-old Stabler black walnut on our lawn lost many of
+its top limbs, though the lower limbs survived the winter all right.
+Some other types of trees were also badly damaged: some locust trees
+were killed to the ground, and many others were killed to very old wood.
+A ginkgo tree on our lawn was killed back to the main trunk. This was
+one of the few times that I have ever seen injury on this species.
+
+One of the five named varieties of filberts, Pal, escaped winter injury.
+DuChilly and Italian Red each have one good tree and one that was killed
+back to the ground, but is now sprouting from the roots. Of Medium Long,
+both trees have been killed way back. One tree of Cosford was killed
+completely, and the other tree has been badly damaged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Clarke. Our family stopped on the way
+at a shelling plant where they were handling nuts by the ton, not the
+bushel, just the ton. I am not exaggerating. You have all heard the
+hill-billy program from Renfro Valley, no doubt, and we have with us
+today the man who is running that cracking plant and also this
+hill-billy chorus, Tom Mullins, who will tell us about what he is doing
+down at Renfro Valley.
+
+
+
+
+Black Walnuts: A New Specialty at Renfro Valley
+
+TOM MULLINS, Renfro Valley, Kentucky
+
+
+Mr. Mullins: As Mr. Davidson said, I come from a little hill-billy
+section up in Kentucky known as Renfro Valley. Up until about a year ago
+the main commodity there was hill-billy music and a lot of noise on
+Saturday night. About last August our boss there kind of got interested
+in black walnuts. There were a lot of them going to waste all over the
+county due to the fact that most of our locals up there are kind of
+lazy. They don't like to get up there and stomp them out.
+
+His original idea was to set up a hulling plant and hull the nuts and
+then buy the walnuts from the locals after they were dried. One thing
+led to another, and we talked to Mr. McCauley there, and Dad bought a
+big walnut plant to process black walnuts all the way through. He was
+new to it and so was I. He said, "Let's buy a million pounds of black
+walnuts." I didn't any more know what a million pounds of black walnuts
+was than I know how many grains of sand is in three or four buckets. It
+didn't take me very long, I think it was 31 days, and I bought 1,030,000
+pounds. That's a whole lot of walnuts in anybody's language.
+
+One of the local boys on our radio program came up with the bright idea
+that before in Renfro Valley we used to be just half nuts; now we are
+walnuts.
+
+We started cracking these things along about the 15th of October, and
+last Saturday we cracked our last 10,000 pounds. Our machine is capable
+of cracking approximately 10,000 pounds in an 8-hour shift, and we carry
+the walnut all the way through to remove any of the field litter that it
+may have when it is picked up, and through cleaning air blasts and into
+a cracking machine that does darn near all the work. The only thing we
+haven't been able to figure out yet is how to get this machine to tell a
+bad kernel from a good one. We have to leave that to some of the girls
+who do the work on the picking belts.
+
+Our future plan for this fall is to buy a million and a half pounds this
+year and process them. I believe one of these gentlemen a while ago
+mentioned something about the pure food laws. They are pretty rough on
+us. We have to pasteurize our walnuts. The state law of Kentucky
+requires 190 degrees of heat for an hour and a half. That's a lot of
+heat.
+
+We package our nuts in two-ounce packages and in 35 and 50-pound cartons
+for the wholesale trade.
+
+That has created quite a little industry there in our county. We have
+one county there, Clark County--Winchester, Kentucky, is the county seat
+of it--and out of that one county last year alone I bought 800,000
+pounds of walnuts. That was, walnuts in the hull that the farmer had
+picked up and brought to us in trucks.
+
+Our success was not too great in this method of hulling green walnuts to
+get our supply. We weren't adequately fixed up to dry the walnuts and
+take care of them in storage. We lost a few of them that way, but I
+think this year we have a little better sense and will let the farmer
+stomp them out.
+
+We are working now on an educational program, both newspaper and radio,
+to persuade the farmers in our locality to let their walnut trees grow.
+We tell them nearly all the walnut trees will produce enough kernels or
+shelled walnuts to bring in as much money as they would if cut down and
+taken to the mill and used for saw logs. That is our main problem now,
+to try to keep the black walnut industry working there in our community.
+And our future plans call for plantings of black walnut seedlings and
+convincing the farmer and the 4-H Club members and all the boys in the
+Future Farmers of America and organizations like that to protect and
+cultivate their black walnut trees.
+
+I am kind of on the fence this year. I stuck my neck away out the other
+day and bought a farm. After checking the farm I found I had about 600
+walnut trees. Now, then, I am hollering on one hand for an increase in
+prices of raw material, and as a sheller I am hollering on the other
+hand to get the prices down. But I believe as a producer for next year I
+am going to try to forget about the shelling and let the prices go to
+the devil.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Would you mind telling us what you had to pay for the
+walnuts in the shell?
+
+Mr. Mullins: Our average last year was $4.33. We went as high as $4.80.
+Some of those we bought hurriedly--
+
+President Davidson: In the hull?
+
+Mr. Mullins: No, that's dry shell. Our walnuts in the hull we paid a
+dollar and a quarter a hundred for, and if we had had good success we'd
+have made some money on it at that angle.
+
+There is one question I'd like to put before you gentlemen. Maybe some
+of you know a little something about it. I was reading an article not
+long ago in Popular Mechanics Magazine about some plant on the West
+Coast that is developing the Vitamin C content of the walnut hull
+itself. It is very high, the Vitamin C content in the walnut hull.
+
+Another thing we did last year. After we hulled all of these walnuts we
+had a mess of hulls on hand, and our farmers were a little reluctant to
+come and get them. We tried to talk them into using them for fertilizer.
+They are kind of like some of the boys, they have got to be shown. They
+have to see somebody else do it before they tackle it.
+
+Out of curiosity I laid my garden off and divided it in half, and on one
+half I put a top dressing of these dried-out, pulverized walnut hulls,
+and I firmly believe that the side that had the walnut hulls on it
+produced twice as much. And some of the boys in the neighborhood kind of
+noticed what kind of garden I had, and we don't have any hull problem
+anymore. They carried them all off.
+
+Same way with the shells. We tried to get them to haul the shells off to
+use them on the fields for tobacco land and to grow blue grass, and they
+found out that was pretty good, so they are bothering us now about our
+shells.
+
+We have another by-product. It is too small a granule kernel to go
+through, and we can't remove the shell from it. We have tried that out
+on chickens and hogs and some other farm animals, turkeys, ducks and
+geese. One boy that works for me there in the cracking plant had 28
+hens. He had them in a pen, and he was getting six and eight eggs a day.
+So I talked him into taking some of these granules home and feeding them
+to his chickens, and in two weeks his 28 hens were producing 20 to 24
+eggs a day. That kind of settled that problem, too. Some of the boys
+kind of got an idea they'd like to have some of that.
+
+A lot of you folks are here from the North, and you possibly would be
+going back along Highway 25 going home, and I'd like to extend an
+invitation now to stop off tomorrow or the next day and look over our
+plant. It's quite interesting, quite a complicated piece of machinery.
+Mr. McCauley at Chicago is the gentleman who designed the machine, and
+he will have something to say about it.
+
+One of the local farmers came in to see that machine one day, and it was
+operating, just batting the kernels out right and left. He looked up at
+it, gandered it all over, and I asked him what he thought it was. He
+said, "It's a damn lie. That thing can't do it."
+
+So come see us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Mullins. Next, Marketing Black Walnut
+Kernels. This fits in with what Mr. Mullins has said. Mr. McCauley from
+Chicago will tell us about it. Mr. McCauley.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing Black Walnut Kernels
+
+F. J. McCAULEY, McCauley Company, Chicago, Illinois
+
+
+Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Tom has got me on the spot here. I
+came here to speak to you about the marketing of black walnuts.
+Machinery is a hobby of mine, and that thing there was just one of those
+off-shoots of an infertile brain. But Tom is having a lot of trouble,
+and a lot of fun with it, so if you people would like to see that
+machine, that particular machine, I am glad that he invited you up
+there. It may give you a little different idea of what the sheller is up
+against in the salvaging of black walnut kernels.
+
+You are interested in growing the black walnuts and other nuts in the
+shell, but they do have to be prepared for the public, and Tom's job,
+and other people's that are in the shelling business, is getting them
+out. The machines are made at Knoxville, Tennessee, and you can get a
+fairly decent idea about the shelling of black walnuts from the machine
+Smalley has. Tom's is a much larger size.
+
+Now we will get down to this thing I came here to talk to you about, the
+marketing of black walnuts. My speech is divided into three parts; the
+first is about nuts, the second is about nuts and the third is about
+nuts, and I am nuts. Yes, that's more true than you think. My nickname
+throughout the United States is "Nuts" McCauley, and I am proud of it.
+It is a good nickname to have for a man that's in the nut business. And
+I most certainly am in the nut business, machinery on one hand and the
+selling of various types of nut kernels on the other.
+
+You people probably don't know it, but you have the best advertised nut
+in the United States that you are working with, black walnuts. There are
+very few people in the United States that don't know what a black walnut
+kernel is, or a black walnut. In fact, I would say that 75 per cent of
+them at some time or other have gathered black walnuts, have hulled
+them. You know those pretty stained hands you have, and I can remember
+back in those days when I was a kid when I used to get those hands of
+mine just so brown and black from the hulling of black walnuts that my
+mother would almost want to turn me over her knee and spank me. But when
+wintertime came I always had a bunch of black walnuts that we could sit
+down and crack and put in those cookies or in that fudge.
+
+I have talked to a good many of you people here, and I have a prepared
+speech, but I am going to ramble a little bit and I am going to ask you
+to ask me questions, because I found out that I don't know so many
+things, or the speech that I was going to make to you might not be as
+interesting as your asking me questions. I do want to say a few things,
+and I will go through quickly.
+
+The first is the marketing of black walnuts in the shell. We find in the
+marketing of any product that there is a tremendous amount of waste due
+to poor sacking, due to a little dishonesty on the part of the people
+who are selling merchandise. You know, if there is a brick in a bag, the
+brick weighs a pound, that costs the man who buys the black walnuts
+money. In other words, out of that pound of brick he intended to get a
+small quantity of meats to sell, so his cost immediately goes up. You'd
+be surprised at how many bricks and how much iron there is in black
+walnuts and pecans! It's universal throughout the United States. There
+is a lot of chiseling that goes on. Your bags should be good. Black
+walnuts must be held for some time before they are processed, and one
+black walnut bag used one year can't be used another. If you can get by
+with one year's use of a bag to hold a hundred pounds, or whatever is
+put in it, of black walnuts, you are very fortunate. Usually they break
+out before the year is over, and that causes waste. So start out with a
+decent bag.
+
+I made a little note here to talk to you about California black walnuts.
+The standard throughout the United States to people who actually buy
+black walnut kernels is what we call in the brokerage field Eastern
+black walnuts. That means Kentucky and Tennessee. Those are Eastern
+blacks, they are the blacks with the flavor, the blacks that stand up.
+From my home state they have Missouri blacks, but the quality isn't
+there. The flavor doesn't hold up. But you people down here grow the
+finest blacks in the world. California, yes, California grows and shells
+a lot of black walnuts, but they don't have a black walnut flavor. The
+flavor is gone. Where it went, I don't know. But there isn't any black
+walnut flavor in California blacks. [A different species, _Juglans
+hindsi_--Ed.]
+
+So some unscrupulous people buy California blacks and mix them with
+Eastern black walnuts. Then they can't call them Eastern blacks. They
+are just black walnut kernels. But black walnut kernels that are 100 per
+cent Eastern black walnut kernels should be the standard of black
+walnuts through the country.
+
+Now, Tom has told you something about the process of shelling. I am just
+going on to say that the average sheller gets about 10 to 11.7 pounds of
+black walnut kernels to the hundred pounds. So you can realize there
+again what a problem he has.
+
+Well, the marketing of black walnuts is the selling of black walnuts in
+the shell or shelled. We have very little demand in the Chicago markets
+for in-the-shell black walnuts. I probably sell, oh, maybe 5,000 pounds
+a year on South Water Market, and they go out to the various stores, and
+they, in turn, sell them to the homes that like to crack black walnuts
+instead of buying the kernels.
+
+The American public buy with their eyes. Consequently, the packaging of
+black walnut kernels or the packaging of any merchandise is very
+important. I made a statement this morning that has always been
+interesting to me. You know, Chicago is the biggest candy center in the
+world, and we do a lot of experimenting with candy. Now, your industry
+is tied very closely to candy, because a lot of the black walnuts,
+hickory nuts, and the like, go into the making of candy. But to prove my
+point, a number of times friends of mine who are interested in the sale
+of merchandise have taken quality candy and packed it in a common box,
+and they have taken an inferior quality of candy and packed it in a
+fancy box and set it on the floor and put the same price on both
+products. The American public, remember, buys with their eyes. So they
+buy something that is well dressed and they buy that inferior product,
+twice or three times as fast as they would that quality product in the
+common box.
+
+I am bringing this out to illustrate a point. _Well packaged
+merchandise, sightly merchandise, always pays._ Quality to you people
+who actually crack black walnuts in your homes is something that will
+pay dividends. Separate your big kernels. Offer them to the public and
+they will pay for them.
+
+I was talking to Dr. Jones of Pennsylvania about the sale of black
+walnut halves. He says that he gets a good many of them. Well, there
+are throughout these United States of ours a good many very fancy
+stores that will buy merchandise of this type. But the quantity that
+anyone gets is very small, so the suggestion that I made to Dr. Jones is
+that he take his quarters and mix them with his halves. That's not
+cheating or anything like it. It is making a product that is superior.
+And you know they say if a man makes a better mousetrap the world will
+come to his door. And that is generally true. Sometimes it takes a long
+time to bring it to the American public or to your buyers, to make them
+realize that you have a superior product, but that's the thing that it
+takes.
+
+Now, there are a number of ways they sell blacks in this country. They
+sell them in two-ounce cellophane bags, they sell them in six-ounce
+cellophane, they sell them in eight-ounce cellophane, but the greater
+quantity of the blacks are sold in bulk, as Tom told you, in 35- and
+50-pound cases, and they go to the candy manufacturer, they go to the
+ice cream manufacturer, and chiefly throughout the southern part of the
+United States for ice cream, believe it or not. The Southern States buy
+more black walnut ice cream than any other division of the United
+States. In the Central West, too, black walnuts are quite popular for
+use in ice cream.
+
+Now, if there is anyone that has any questions, I'd like for you to ask
+them, and I will try to answer them, I won't promise that I can, about
+the marketing of black walnuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Member: What's the retail sale on those cellophane bags?
+
+Mr. McCauley: What would be the retail sale price?
+
+A Member: Yes.
+
+Mr. McCauley: Well, the cellophaning of walnuts is quite an expensive
+proposition. We will say right now the kernels are worth 70 cents a
+pound. The cellophaner has to add a dime a pound to that price, so he
+figures his cost at 80 cents and the cost of cellophane, and he sells
+that merchandise so that he makes a 15 per cent profit. Let me see if I
+can tell you, a two-ounce bag--
+
+Mr. Mullins: It sells for from 18 cents to 25 cents.
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, 18 cents in the chain stores. An 8-ounce package at A
+& P in Chicago will sell for 59 or 69 cents. I have forgotten now just
+what it is. I can't keep these prices in my mind, although I will tell
+you this now. If any of you ever come to Chicago, I have an experimental
+plant in Chicago. If you could remember McCauley, it's "McCauley
+Company," or "McCauley Machinery Company," and in that plant I also have
+a new machine for bagging nuts, cellophane bagging. It makes the bag,
+fills it and seals it in one operation, and we have operated that
+machine at the rate of 100 bags per minute, 2-ounce or 6-ounce, it
+doesn't make any difference. The only trouble is the people couldn't
+handle the bags that fast, so we had to cut it down to 58 a minute. It's
+quite an operation, and at this time it is an experimental operation.
+But I would be more than pleased to have any of you drop in on me in
+Chicago. If I am not there someone in my organization will be glad to
+show you, if you tell them what you came for.
+
+I have a "California" walnut, or Persian, as you call it. I was much
+surprised to see all these samples of walnuts down here. I have a walnut
+shelling plant in Chicago, I do at this time. Maybe when you get there
+it will be a pecan shelling plant, or maybe it will be a _Macadamia_ nut
+plant. How many of you people have ever heard of _Macadamia_ nuts?
+(Several hands raised.) More than I thought for. Well, we are working on
+a plant to shell _Macadamias_ now. Of course, that is a tropical nut,
+grown chiefly in Hawaii and Australia. The Australian nut is not nearly
+as good as the Hawaiian nut. But to those of you who are not familiar
+with the nut, I have given it to any number of people and asked for
+their reaction, and some said it tasted like a filbert, others said it
+tasted like cocoanut, and the third one named was Brazil nut. So it's a
+very pleasant nut to eat, but very, very expensive.
+
+Dr. Moss: I live in Williamsburg in Whitley County not far from you, and
+we have no market there for black walnuts at all and got quite a lot of
+them there. I wonder if it would be practical to have a collection
+center.
+
+Mr. Mullins: It certainly would. In the southeastern part of Texas we
+have one.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: A question, Mr. McCauley. You said that you are able to
+recover about 11 per cent in the cracking plant on the average, I think
+you said 10 to 11.7 for ordinary run quality. Now, if you had walnuts
+that would run 25 to 28 per cent kernel, how much would your processing
+plants recover out of that, I am just-wondering?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Well, I would like to say two per cent less than the
+hand-cracked weight. In other words, if you had a total, hand-cracking
+total kernel content of 25 per cent, I would like to say 23, but I think
+that is just a little bit strong. In Tom's early processing of black
+walnut kernels at Renfro Valley his first average was 16 per cent on
+wild nuts. I don't know where he got those nuts. They must have been
+Thomas variety. But as he told me today, he is down to 10.7.
+
+Mr. Mullins: Those nuts I talked about, Mac, that ran up that high
+percentage were from over in Clark County around Winchester. And I have
+quite a few of them that I pick-up that are even larger in size than
+some of these Thomas nuts that are lying in here, out of that particular
+locality. They are very big.
+
+Mr. McCauley: You will find that that is true. Your percentage varies
+over the country. I like to think that the wild seedling black walnut
+has a possibility of about 18 pounds in a hundred. I may be wrong.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Is that loss in the cracking procedure; I mean, that the
+things don't crack out?
+
+Mr. McCauley:. The loss is in the cracking, but on an 18 pounds
+possibility we would probably get between 14 and 15 per cent with this
+new method of cracking and processing.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Now, if you had a nut that would run hand-cracked 24 per
+cent, you lose 2 in your cracking procedure, and you recover 22. Would
+you pay twice as much for nuts of that quality as you would for common
+grade?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, I think that I would. If I had assurance that I was
+going to get 22 per cent kernels I would be very pleased to pay double.
+It would pay me, if I were shelling, to pay twice as much for that
+variety for the simple reason that I only have one cost of picking. Now,
+the average cost of picking black walnuts kernels is about 11-1/2 cents
+a pound. At least, that's the best I have ever been able to do with
+them. And if you sold me a walnut that would give me twice as many
+kernels with one cracking and one picking, I'd make money and I could
+pay you twice as much money for that nut.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: What volume would a cracker have to have to make it
+interesting? What quantity would have to be produced and offered to a
+cracker to make it interesting? That is, say I have 50 bushels of
+Thomas. That isn't any good to you, because your cracking plant--
+
+Mr. McCauley: Why wouldn't it? If I had 50 bushels, that is 2500 pounds,
+right? All right, Tom could run his plant for two hours and a half, we
+will say, on 2500 pounds, and in that two hours and a half he would be
+getting as much kernels as he would otherwise in five hours. That's good
+business.
+
+Mr. Chase: I'd just like to comment on that 18 per cent kernel you
+mentioned as the average you'd like to think of. Mr. Zarger has run a
+study on the sample trees in the Tennessee Valley to measure the kernel
+content in some 130 trees for about seven years running, and it pans out
+to about 18 per cent. I thought you'd just like to know.
+
+Mr. McCauley: I didn't want to make a definite statement and then have
+somebody throw something back in my face. That's why I said I'd like to
+think.
+
+Mr. Fisher: Since this question has come up and a cracker is here, and
+that is the question, whether the commercial cracker would be willing to
+pay a premium price for premium nuts, I wonder if Tom will answer the
+question, would he pay twice as much?
+
+Mr. Mullins: Certainly.
+
+Mr. Chase: Mr. Acker is another sheller who operates in Morristown,
+Tennessee, and Broadway, Virginia, who just dropped in on us. I'd like
+to ask him that same question.
+
+Mr. Acker: What is the question again?
+
+Mr. Chase: Would a considerable quantity of walnuts such as Thomas be
+worth more to you?
+
+Mr. Acker: We'd be inclined to buy them according to the value we get
+out of them.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: What would you do, run sort of a pilot test on them?
+
+Mr. Acker: If I can buy something for a dollar and make money on it, I
+am willing to try.
+
+Mr. Chase: I made a little unscheduled talk last night in which I said
+from my information from shellers in Nashville, particularly, that they
+at this time would not be able to pay any premium price for higher
+quality nuts simply because they do not have time to examine each
+bushel, each hundred pounds that comes in and see whether they would pay
+a special price for better walnuts. Is that the general situation?
+
+Mr. McCauley: Yes, I think generally that is. They take everything at
+the price of seedling variety. However, you gentlemen who are growing
+cultivated nuts shouldn't be too disturbed, because of the fact that
+there is going to be a time in the not-too-distant future where you can
+dispose of those nuts according to the kernel content within the nut.
+
+President Davidson: I think that's the answer. Eventually it will come.
+
+Mr. McCauley: It's good business. Stop and consider. We go right back to
+that point where we are going to get twice the amount of merchandise out
+of a hull which must be broken, which must be picked, which must be
+cleaned, which is one operation. In a two and a half hour period, which
+is what it would take, we will say, to run 2500 pounds, you would get
+the net content on a Thomas variety that you would ordinarily receive in
+five hours of actual operation. You are saving two and a half hours
+labor, you are saving two and a half hours machine time, and you are
+getting just twice as much.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: You'd have twice as many girls on the sorting belt,
+wouldn't you, to examine that volume?
+
+Mr. McCauley: No, not necessarily. When it gets to that point it isn't
+necessary. Sometimes the machine gets too far ahead of them, but the
+machinery is fast getting to a point where it is going to be more or
+less mechanical. It's an inspection proposition.
+
+Mr. Taylor: May I ask you this question? In other branches of farming
+you have what you call seed certification, as with certified potatoes,
+and people who certify those potatoes. Wouldn't it be possible for the
+same Government agency to certify growers of walnuts so that when you
+bought from certain members of this association they would be certified
+so you would know what you were getting? Would that be possible?
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Certification has to do with planting stock.
+
+Mr. Taylor: I mean a different type of certification.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: What you have in mind probably is U. S. Grades on fruit.
+For instance, if it is stamped "U.S. 1" it should be considerably better
+than orchard run, and I don't know why it shouldn't be possible for nuts
+in the shell. It is used in California.
+
+Mr. McCauley: It is in peanuts. All peanuts are Government graded, and
+that's in the shell. But this black walnut situation is going to take a
+little longer than that. But I am sure that there are people in the
+shelling business who would buy Thomas variety or the other varieties if
+you just go ahead and tell them that's what you have. People are always
+looking for something better, and I am sure that your cultivated
+varieties are going to be better, but you are going to have to keep
+talking them up all the time and getting them to the people who will buy
+them.
+
+President Davidson: Right. We'd all like to go on with this, but we must
+really go on with the program, too. We will next hear something about
+pasteurization. The Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels will be
+discussed by Mr. Pease of West Virginia University. Mr. Pease.
+
+
+
+
+Production of Bacteria-Free Walnut Kernels
+
+ROGER W. PEASE, Assistant Hillculturist, West Virginia University,
+Morgantown, West Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Pease: Before I go into any detail about the construction of the
+pasteurizer, I am going to review the bacillus that causes the trouble
+very briefly. Most of you will know more about it than I do, but some of
+you may know less.
+
+When the farmer takes the hulls from the black walnuts he generally
+spreads his hulled crop to dry almost anywhere. Rats will go over them,
+and these rats or mice infect the hulled walnuts with an organism called
+_Bacillus coli_ that is on the outside of the shell. They go from there
+to the cracking plant, go through the cracker which thoroughly mixes up
+the infected nuts with the clean ones. They go from there to the
+separator, which does a better job at spreading the bacteria. Then they
+go on the market. If they are shipped from one state to another they are
+subject to inspection by Federal authorities. If they find this
+organism in the kernels, they may at their discretion heave the whole
+shipment into the river. They don't always do it. They haven't worked
+out yet a definite scheme to follow. In other words, they will not tell
+us, "If your kernels have a certain number of these _B. coli_ in them we
+will let them by." As it reads, there should be not one organism there,
+and I can assure you that's almost impossible to get if a rat has
+crawled over those things.
+
+Now, to get rid of poison ivy the best way is not to get it, and it's
+just the same with this organism. The place to get rid of it would be
+for the farmer to store the nuts to dry where the rats and mice cannot
+get to them and for the cracking plants to do the same. Unfortunately,
+this isn't done and sometimes isn't practicable. The next place to hit
+them would be before they are tumbled, that is, before the black powder
+on the outside of the shells is shaken off in a tumbler, or immediately
+after that to disinfect the shell without hurting the kernel.
+
+That is where we should have started at West Virginia, but we didn't. We
+began at the other end after the thing was through and began studying
+pasteurization. The Government had recommended, I believe, temperatures
+of up to 300 deg.F. for pasteurization. We found out right away--that is, I
+didn't, Dr. Colmer and Harvey Erickson, who are now--one of them--in
+Baton Rouge and the other one in Seattle, and they would know about it.
+They found out that after temperatures of over 300 deg. the nuts tasted
+toasted and they would not keep nearly so well or so long as an
+unpasteurized nut.
+
+After inspecting what pasteurizers they could get access to they
+concluded some work was necessary, so they spent 12 months and found
+that at a temperature of 160 and humidity of 80 per cent a more
+efficient job of pasteurization was done, and at the same time the
+kernel was not hurt at all. The taste was identical with an
+unpasteurized nut, and it would keep just as long. At that point one of
+them, as I say, went to Louisiana and the other went to Washington, and
+the research fell on my shoulders, that didn't know much about it.
+
+We started to construct the machine. Meanwhile, Mr. Erickson told me he
+had developed a new strain of bacteria which was much more hardy and 160
+degrees at 80% humidity would not kill the thing. So we constructed our
+machine to run a temperature of 180 at 70% humidity for 30 minutes, and
+that will kill them.
+
+Now, in 15 minutes I can't give you anywhere near all the details of
+construction of that machine. I can give you a few of the principles. On
+the outside, of course, is a well insulated box. The nuts are fed
+through the top with a revolving drum with fins on it. They comes down
+to a belt that travels this way for six feet, drops to another, travels
+back, a series of five belts. It takes them just half an hour to go
+through. The layer of nuts is perhaps three-eighths of an inch thick.
+The temperature is kept up with electric coils. It is regulated with a
+thermostat.
+
+We had some difficulty with the humidity. Try it and see. As we raised
+our temperature it was hard to keep our humidity up. Finally we went
+back to the simplest thing, which usually works. We just took a pan of
+water, with a solenoid valve and float such as you have in the modern
+hot air furnaces and put a magnetic switch on it. As the water boiled it
+helped raise the temperature, and it gave off vapors. The automatic
+switch and the wet and dry bulb from the thermometer and thermostat will
+shut the water off and shut the heat off automatically when you get the
+required temperature and the required humidity. In that machine our
+nuts start at the top, take 30 minutes to travel through. From the time
+they start at the top until the time they get to the bottom they have a
+standard temperature of 180 deg. plus the 70% humidity.
+
+Then the second problem, if you want to make one, is to get that
+temperature standard in all places. I know one man who made one of these
+machines and put four fans in at different places, and when he closed it
+up and got it to working, the center of his machine was still cold,
+because your hot air acts differently from free air. We put at the
+bottom a shelf with a tube in it and a big fan in the middle. The air is
+drawn down from the top here, driven through there, hits some baffles
+and comes across each belt. In that way it works.
+
+Now, if you want, any of you, to get the details of the pasteurizer you
+could write to Mr. Erickson, College of Forestry, University of
+Washington, Seattle 5, and he who designed it would be very glad, I
+believe, to help with your problems, or you could write up to our
+Agricultural Engineering department, and they would do the same.
+
+I will tell you this, that after we drew up the plans, I took the plans
+to several manufacturers, and the cheapest bid I got was $5,000 to make
+it. We made it ourselves for a little less than $1,200 not counting
+labor. Not that they would have made that much profit, but I tell you
+that to show you it's a rather inexpensive machine. On the other hand,
+you can save considerable money by getting it made up yourselves.
+
+I am going to stop with the thing there. If there are a few questions
+that you wish to ask, I will try to answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Member: What is the name of the bacteria you are killing?
+
+Mr. Pease: _Bacillus coli_, that's the chief bacteria, and the others
+that cause the damage are similar to that, and they are always spread by
+the rats or the mice.
+
+A Member: Do the kernels properly pasteurized show any brownness of
+kernel?
+
+Mr. Pease: No, they are identical with an unpasteurized kernel at that
+temperature.
+
+Mr. Korn: I buy kernels at the plant in Nashville, and some of them have
+been toasted.
+
+Mr. Pease: They have 350 degrees.
+
+Mr. Kays: You mentioned you should have started on the other end a while
+ago. Could you treat those nuts before they are cracked and do the same
+thing for less money?
+
+Mr. Pease: I believe you could.
+
+Mr. Kays: The other question I have is how about using ultra-violet
+light?
+
+Mr. Pease: I have written to a good many authorities, and some of them
+say yes and some say no.
+
+Mr. Kays: In pecans that is one of the practices.
+
+Mr. Pease: I believe you could use it in our present machine.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Isn't this heat to remove contamination? After the nuts are
+cracked is there any examination of the nuts?
+
+Mr. Pease: No, there is not.
+
+Mr. Stoke: Could there be any possible value in sterilizing the nut
+before it is cracked?
+
+Mr. Pease: Yes. You see, the bacteria is on the shell, on the outside.
+Then when you crack it, it gets on the nut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you very much, Mr. Pease. I do hate to cut
+these discussions short. You get as much out of them or more, sometimes,
+than we do otherwise. There is just one thing I'd like to say before we
+take a five-minute recess. Mr. Acker is here. He is another man that you
+might talk to in addition to talking to Mr. Mullins during the recess.
+
+(Recess taken.)
+
+President Davidson: The meeting will come to order. The first thing on
+the program is a talk by Dr. Cross, Head of the Department of
+Horticulture, Oklahoma A. & M., Stillwater, Oklahoma, on Pecan Selection
+in Oklahoma. Dr. Cross.
+
+
+
+
+Pecan Selection in Oklahoma
+
+DR. FRANK B. CROSS, Head, Department of Horticulture, Oklahoma A & M
+College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+
+
+Dr. Cross: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: The present status of the
+pecan industry in Oklahoma is the result of close cooperation between
+the growers and the experiment station combined with a resource which we
+have in that state consisting of thousands of native pecan trees which
+may be quickly and economically changed into producing trees instead of
+just wild forest trees.
+
+I am going to utilize my time this afternoon to discuss, first, briefly
+the present situation as we find it with reference to pecans in
+Oklahoma, because there is the important phase of nut growing which we
+follow in that state. We do grow some walnuts and we have a great many
+men interested in walnuts, but far and away our major interest is in
+pecans.
+
+We might divide the work and interest in the state into two phases.
+First, but of least importance, is that connected with the planting and
+production of varieties. We have a great many men in the state who wish
+to plant land to pecans, and, of course, in cases like that the
+varieties which are available are always selected for planting, and
+nursery trees, of course, are utilized. The latest phase of that type of
+development is the planting of apple trees for filler trees with the
+expectation that the apple trees will be removed after 15 or 20 years,
+thus leaving the pecan trees at a large size to fully occupy the ground,
+and in the meantime the apple trees, of course, have produced a
+profitable crop.
+
+Our growers, however, and the industry in the state are far more
+concerned with the utilization of the native trees. To talk about these
+native trees is almost--well, we might borrow a Texas expression--these
+trees grow both in Oklahoma and Texas--and the Texans say whenever a
+Texan tries to tell the truth everybody knows he is lying. That's the
+way everybody knows about some of these native trees. When we think of a
+huge, tall tree 20 or so feet in circumference over a hundred years of
+age and realize that the white man has occupied that particular
+territory for only a little over 50 years, we wonder about the history
+of that tree for the first 50 years of its life when wild Indians were
+roaming the territory and buffalo were grazing under these trees which
+were getting started.
+
+These trees occur along the streams, very seldom out away from the
+streams for any considerable distance, as one of the native forest trees
+and in sufficient number so that when all other trees are removed the
+stand of pecan trees remaining is in many cases more than adequate to
+make a complete stand of pecans for commercial production. So that after
+having removed the oaks and elms and cottonwoods and willows and the
+other native trees, we have the opportunity of making a considerable
+selection of desirable native or seedling trees by observing the type of
+nut which each tree produces.
+
+We are not, in making this selection, concerned so much with the size of
+the nut produced as we are with the kernel percentage which will be
+yielded by the nut upon cracking and extracting the kernels and by the
+ease of separation. Within comparatively recent years many cracking and
+shelling plants have been established throughout the state, and the
+history of the industry I think will record that the establishment of
+these cracking plants in the territory where the pecans are produced
+will be a great stimulus to the production of that kind of nuts.
+
+I don't know whether I have made the picture clear or not. Throughout
+the eastern part of the state, that part which you in your old
+geographies knew under the name of Indian Territory, and particularly
+concentrated in the middle of the state there are native trees which if
+properly handled, that is, cultivated and sprayed and thinned so that
+each tree stands out individually by itself, will produce in paying
+quantities.
+
+On the experiment station we have a half mile of such territory lying
+between cultivated fields on both sides of a creek which had eroded a
+considerable basin. The area was unsatisfactory for cultivation, and so
+it was fenced out. Back some years ago the area was cleared of grape
+vines and other trees, and we have since that time pastured sheep in
+this tract of land. It Is narrow, not over three or four hundred feet
+wide at any place and, of course, varying in width from one end to the
+other, and the creek meanders along. There really is more than a half
+mile of total length.
+
+The potential production of that half mile is now, in terms of dollars
+and cents, about $2,500 to $3,000, and before wheat and cattle attained
+their present prices that was no mean income for a quarter section of
+land. Naturally, with that opportunity prevalent over a great part of
+the state, we in Oklahoma are interested in the production of native or
+seedling pecans to be sold to the cracker. We feel that the future of
+the pecan industry is undoubtedly headed toward the utilization of
+pecans as kernels and not nuts in the shell. Such being the case, we are
+not interested particularly in large size. We are interested in kernel
+yield and in the potential production of each individual tree.
+
+There are a great many problems connected with the industry, and we have
+more or less taken those into consideration and classified them under
+insects and diseases and marketing and harvesting and varieties. I will
+not have time to touch upon very many of these. Our harvesting situation
+is completely chaotic. Within the last two ot three years shaking
+machines have been developed, and we are indebted to the West Coast
+growers for these inventions, which are very helpful. Previous to that
+a, long bamboo pole was used to knock the pecans from the trees, and
+then they were picked up off the ground. There are two machines now
+waiting for the present crop to be harvested which are supposed to pick
+up the nuts by vacuum picking.
+
+If the industry can be mechanized in that manner, getting away from
+harvesting pecans as we have been harvesting them, it is just like
+cradling wheat as compared to the present-day 12-foot, self-propelled
+combine that cuts the wheat so rapidly. If this mechanization can be put
+into effect, then the native seedling territory in Texas and Oklahoma
+will be able to produce pecans at a price which the market will accept.
+
+I don't know whether you know it or not, but the pecan market situation
+has apparently reached a condition of saturation. It was very difficult
+to sell pecans last fall, not because there is over-production, no, but
+because there is under-consumption.
+
+There are two things which will remedy the situation. The pecan is
+unquestionably the finest nut that is produced in the United States. If
+the people of the North can be acquainted with the pecan, there is no
+question in my mind but that it will be possible to vastly increase
+consumption. The Oklahoma growers and buyers hope to put before the
+legislature a proposition to assess a tax of a quarter of a cent or
+something like that per pound, which will be used in an advertising
+campaign to advertise pecans outside of the state, so maybe you folks in
+New York and elsewhere, if the campaign is successful, will hear more
+about Oklahoma pecans in the future.
+
+Well, these seedling trees--I must get on with my story--are cultivated
+and sprayed. We are sometimes accused of producing wild nuts at no cost.
+This is not the situation distinctly. It costs just as much to produce
+these native seedling nuts as it does to produce the varieties, the
+advantage being that we start with a large tree which is capable of
+producing from 50 to 200 or 300 or even 400 pounds of nuts within four
+or five years after the operation is started instead of waiting 20 or 25
+years to get good commercial production.
+
+As I said, a selection is made of the trees at the beginning. The
+selection is continued with each succeeding year as the trees grow
+larger and additional trees are thinned out so that they stand
+eventually a hundred or 150 feet apart, giving to each tree adequate
+room.
+
+Throughout the state we have a great deal of interest in propagation by
+topworking of varieties of pecans. The experiment station made the
+serious error for 15 or 20 years in the early development of the
+interest in the work in centering on the idea of changing these natives
+over to varieties. We now are swinging back to a proper evaluation of
+the native nuts, and nobody is satisfied with the present varieties, our
+interest of developing and the exploration and discovery of new
+varieties being such that the Northeast Oklahoma Pecan Growers
+Association arranged two years ago to finance a contest for the
+discovery of seedling nuts which could be utilized in that territory and
+be more profitable than any variety that we now have.
+
+We don't like the Stuart because of its low quality. We don't like the
+Stuart because it doesn't come into production until it reaches a
+considerable age. We just simply will not have the Mahan, because it
+doesn't fill. We do not like the Success because it has a tendency to
+over-bear every other year and does not fill. We cannot use the
+Squirrel's Delight which for ten years or so we had at the top of our
+list, because a special strain of scab fungus came in and completely
+wiped them out, and so on throughout the list of varieties that we have.
+
+Well, these growers decided to take the matter into their hands and in
+cooperation with the experiment station have been, during the past two
+years, attempting to find some nuts which would be more desirable, and I
+thought those of you who are in the walnut exploration work would be
+interested in learning how this is worked out.
+
+I don't suppose you can see this. It Is an entry blank for the grower.
+Annual prizes of $50, $25, $15 and $10 are awarded. Ten awards are made
+each year, and the ten winning growers this year will have their
+particular nut automatically entered in a grand prize contest hoping
+that some of those nuts will be worth naming, and if any should be worth
+naming, after further study, naming and introducing, the grower will be
+awarded a prize of $1,000.
+
+Four of the Tulsa, Oklahoma, crackers are financing this work by putting
+in $75 each annually. The college is cooperating in this respect, and
+when I say the college, I also mean the Extension Division. The
+Extension Director is pushing the matter and tells the county agents to
+pay attention to these entry blanks when they come, and get as many
+growers in each county to send in samples as possible.
+
+The contest closes on November 25th. Those samples are sent to the
+college, and in three or four days--and those of you in colleges will
+recognize the Thanksgiving holiday--in three or four days' time those
+nuts are cracked and evaluated and placed. Last year, the second year of
+the contest, there were over 200 entries, and it was no small job to
+finish in time to get them on display at the annual meeting and show of
+the Oklahoma Pecan Growers Association in early December.
+
+We are not content with the evaluation of the nut. It is just one phase
+of successful production to have a nut which is satisfactory for
+cracking and consumption; unless those trees are free from disease and
+productive and otherwise satisfactory we could never think of
+introducing a variety. And so the staff at the college, as soon, as the
+show is over, goes out and locates each of these trees individually and
+puts a tag on it. We visit each of those trees a sufficient number of
+times during the year to properly evaluate the tree.
+
+The things that we are looking for, of course, are productiveness,
+freedom from disease and other characteristics of that type. If, after
+five years of observation, the tree characteristics are satisfactory,
+then the nut will be certified as worthy of propagation.
+
+We are getting some place with this program, as evidenced by the data on
+last year's cracking contest. Normal seedling pecans yield about 33 per
+cent kernel to the packing plant. In last year's contest, as I say,
+there were over 200 entries, and I was just looking to see what the low
+was. I really haven't paid enough attention. The lowest entry apparently
+was about 33 per cent, and the highest entry was 59 per cent kernel.
+Over 30 of these seedling nuts yielded better than 50 per cent kernel,
+and that is better than most popular varieties.
+
+These nuts are relatively small. The cracker doesn't care how small they
+are, he wants a nut that handles well in the cracker, a nut that is the
+shape of a football. A miniature football is an ideal cracking type of
+nut. The cracking docks come together from the ends. We cannot use a
+round nut. About two-thirds of these good nuts which yielded over 50 per
+cent kernel were so round that the machinery in cracking would not place
+the docks on the ends, but they were apt to hit anyplace. So they had to
+be discounted.
+
+It is quite a job to evaluate these nuts. We have been arbitrary about
+it. We haven't developed any scoring system, because there are so many
+variable factors that it seems to be almost impossible to do so. In our
+general plan of operation in the state we expect this native grove
+improvement program that I described to continue, and as the trees get
+larger the growers will topwork sprouts which develop from the trees
+which have been removed so that the thing goes on and on with a constant
+improvement in the quality of the nut.
+
+We also have many, many acres of nuts being propagated by topworking to
+varieties rather than by letting the seedling continue to produce. That
+is the reason why we are so much interested in getting a better type of
+pecan.
+
+One man who makes it a commercial practice puts on thousands of scions
+every year. We in Oklahoma can't understand why you all seem to have so
+much trouble propagating nut trees. It is just as easy to propagate
+pecans and walnuts--not quite as easy--as apples, but then it isn't too
+difficult. I think it is the attitude and frame of mind in which you go
+about it.
+
+Thank you very much, I appreciate the time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you. Now, then, Mr. Magill of the University
+of Kentucky, will give us "A Planned Program for Improving the Pecan
+Industry in Southwestern Kentucky."
+
+
+
+
+A Pecan Improvement Program for Southwestern Kentucky
+
+W. W. MAGILL, Extension Horticulturist, University of Kentucky
+
+
+The production and marketing of seedling pecans in extreme southwestern
+Kentucky has been of major importance for many years.
+
+This industry naturally extends into northwestern Tennessee and parts of
+Missouri directly across the state line in the Mississippi River bottom.
+It might be said that this industry was developed by nature, because in
+the Mississippi River bottoms we find seedling pecan trees which
+undoubtedly are more than 100 years old. Some native seedling pecan
+trees in this area are five feet or more in diameter; some have a spread
+of branches covering a radius of 60 feet, and are more than 100 feet in
+height.
+
+This industry took on considerable momentum about seven years ago when a
+group of local business men at Hickman, the county seat of Fulton
+County, developed a cracking plant known as the Roper Pecan Company.
+They now have thirty modern cracking machines, with sorting belts,
+grading machines, and other complete equipment, so that they are in a
+position to receive and process a large tonnage of native seedling
+pecans, merchandise the kernels and other by-products and, therefore,
+are able to purchase a large quantity of seedling nuts and operate their
+plant for eight months each year. Not having sufficient local nuts
+("Kentucky Kernels") to take care of their business, they also buy not
+only Kentucky nuts but also from Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, and
+Arkansas.
+
+
++Young Native Trees Top-Grafted+
+
+Realizing that this industry is here to stay and that many farmers of
+that district have many young seedling pecans growing on their farms,
+the Kentucky Agricultural Extension Service, cooperating with some of
+the leading farmers of the district, has launched a program of
+top-working these native seedling pecans with some of the known,
+improved varieties that have a reputation for producing good yields of
+high quality nuts. The beginning of this top-grafting program was in
+late April of 1948, when some 200 trees were top-worked mostly on the
+farm of the late Roscoe Stone, a farmer in this area who had
+considerable land holdings. It is highly pleasing to our Extension
+workers to observe what we think is an outstanding success in this first
+year of development, for we find that over 90% of the five to ten year
+old trees that were top-grafted have developed a new growth from the
+spring grafting, to the extent of from two to eight feet of new growth.
+John Watts, County Farm Agent of Fulton County, who pioneered this pecan
+improvement development, tells me that we already have requests for
+top-working over 500 other trees in this area for the spring of 1949.
+
+
++Northern Varieties Preferred+
+
+The best information available was sought from such pecan authorities as
+Ford Wilkinson of Rockport, Indiana, Dr. A. S. Colby, chief in nut
+culture, Horticulture Department of the University of Illinois, Bob
+Endicott of Villa Ridge, Illinois, and others. They are of the opinion
+that this southwestern Kentucky area approaches the northern limit of
+successful production of known southern varieties of pecans, and that
+our success in our pecan grafting program can best be assured by
+top-working to the hardy northern varieties of pecans such as the Major,
+Greenriver, Niblack, Giles, Goforth, and others.
+
+Thanks to our pioneers of this generation who located some outstanding
+seedling pecans in the Ohio Valley, such trees as the original Major,
+Greenriver, and others have proved their worth as hardy northern pecans
+and they have been used for propagating purposes rather than being
+destroyed by farm hands who burned piles of debris left by high water
+around many of these early trees.
+
+
++Some Superior Local Nuts+
+
+We are of the opinion that other seedling varieties are now growing in
+this Reelfoot Lake area, maybe in Kentucky, maybe in Tennessee, or
+across the line in Missouri, that are equally as good pecans, and, we
+hope, better, than the already named seedlings which have been mentioned
+above.
+
+During early August it was my pleasure to spend a day in the Hickman
+bottoms with County Agent Watts and Mr. Ernest Fields, manager of the
+local nut cracking factory, together with Mr. C. B. Toombs, of Hickman,
+at which time we inspected a number of recognized successful native
+pecan groves. Mr. Toombs knows that whole area and is familiar with the
+pecan trees of outstanding quality and yield history, just as you and I
+knew where every tree stood in the old home apple orchard or that of
+grandfather, where as boys we made frequent trips to get a pocketful of
+those outstanding local variety apples.
+
+Mr. Toombs pointed out to me a tree on his own farm that he said bears a
+crop every year of from 300 to 400 pounds of nuts. In his own language
+he described the tree in detail but the thing which impressed me was the
+fact that he had developed standing orders for private sales to
+individuals from the crops of this one tree each year because they are
+of outstanding value. He showed us another tree on a neighbor's farm,
+one which produced 700 pounds of nuts one year; another tree on which
+the nuts were ready to harvest a month ahead of the nuts from other
+pecan trees in that region. (Mr. Wilkinson, it strikes me that
+propagation from this early maturing tree might well find a place
+several miles north of the Mason-Dixon Line where normal fall frosts
+often injure the crops.)
+
+We are of the opinion that with organized effort we can locate these
+outstanding individual trees, get enough scion wood from them and put it
+in the hands of a good pecan grower, and in a few years develop
+sufficient grafting wood so that we can top-work thousands of these
+young native trees in the district, thereby increasing not only the
+number of pounds produced per tree, but have a volume of production of
+the very best quality of nuts. They tell me that one of the trees I
+observed has a cracking percentage of above 60 as compared to many of
+the native seedlings which have a cracking percentage of only 20-30 of
+nut kernels.
+
+
++First Annual Nut Show in 1948+
+
+In an effort to locate these outstanding seedling trees in an organized
+way, our Kentucky Extension Service, cooperating with the Fulton County
+Farm Bureau, local civic organizations, the local nut cracking plant,
+and the Northern Nut Growers Association, through its secretary, Mr. J.
+C. McDaniel, has made plans for a nut show to be held at the county
+court house in Hickman, Kentucky, in early December of 1948. The feature
+of the show with be the cash prizes offered for the best seedling
+pecans. We request that the owners give us a history of the trees, the
+age, regularity in bearing, etc., with the nut show management reserving
+the right to cut a few sticks of grafting wood from the winning trees.
+Prizes will also be offered for hickory and walnut seedling trees. An
+educational program is also planned in connection with the day's show,
+and it will include a visit to the farm of the late Roscoe Stone, where
+a top-working program was started last spring, as well as a visit to the
+local nut cracking firm. This nut show is set up to become an annual
+affair, and we feel that the sky is the limit for the good that can come
+out of such an organized program as it affects the pecan industry in
+that area.
+
+There are thousands of acres of excellent pecan land in this
+southwestern Kentucky area, that can be profitably developed into pecan
+groves. The land is deep, very fertile, and is already well supplied
+with moisture. We cannot question its being a natural home for pecan
+production, for nature proved this point to the public two generations
+ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRESIDENT DAVIDSON: Pecan Culture in South Carolina by Mr. A. M. Musser,
+Head of the Department of Horticulture at Clemson Agricultural College
+is next. Mr. Senn will read the paper because Mr. Musser is not able to
+be here.
+
+
+
+
+Pecan Production in South Carolina
+
+T. L. SENN, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, Clemson, South Carolina
+
+
+In the southern colonies on the Atlantic coast, the pecan was first
+described by Thomas Walter in his publication "_Flora Caroliniana_" in
+1787. He was an Englishman who had a plantation in St. John's Parish on
+the Santee River, South Carolina, where he made an extensive collection
+of southern plants. After describing the tree, evidently a nursery
+specimen, he ended with the words, "The fruit I have never seen." It is
+known now that the native range of pecan did not extend to the present
+state of South Carolina. One of the first large pecan plantings in the
+state dates back to 1890; This was a seedling planting of 1000 trees
+made by John S. Horlbock at Charleston. Some of these trees are still
+producing. The planting never proved profitable and has changed
+ownership several times.
+
+There are several small plantings of black walnuts, Chinese chestnuts,
+and Persian walnuts in various parts of the state. Persian walnuts do
+well in the Piedmont soil region and in 1947 the trees there had a good
+crop.
+
+
++Commercial Pecan Plantings+
+
+The pecan, is one of the most popular tree nuts and is the only one
+grown on a commercial scale in South Carolina. Pecans are grown in every
+county, although there is a comparatively small number of trees in most
+of the Piedmont and Mountain counties, and several counties in the lower
+Coastal Plain. Orangeburg County, with the largest number, had 27,528.
+Pickens County, with the fewest trees, had 801. The total for the state
+was reported as 227,027 trees.
+
+Pecans are an important money crop of the state. During the last five
+years the production of pecans has averaged three million pounds, which
+brought farmers a yearly average of $500,000. The average yield per tree
+of bearing age in 1947 was only about 7 pounds, or 100 pounds per acre.
+Eighteen cents was the average price received for improved varieties,
+and twelve cents for seedlings, during the ten-year period 1935-1944.
+With these prices and yields per bearing tree, it is easily seen that
+there is plenty of room for improvement, for the production of pecans in
+South Carolina by the average grower has not been very profitable during
+the past nine or ten years. South Carolina has ranked fifth or sixth in
+the production of pecans of improved varieties during the past several
+years. While production from year to year has been up and down, the
+general trend is up.
+
+There are two general classes of pecan trees grown in South Carolina:
+seedlings and named or improved varieties. The average crop figures over
+the ten-year period 1933 to 1942, show that six times as many nuts of
+improved varieties were produced as of seedlings. South Carolina
+produces about 6% of the pecan nuts of improved varieties in the United
+States and less than 1% of the seedlings. The seedling trees are for the
+most part given very little attention, receiving neither fertilizers nor
+sprays. They produce nuts of miscellaneous size, shape, and quality, and
+are usually smaller than the improved varieties. The cost of production
+of seedling pecans is small for they are usually grown in back yards, in
+chicken ranges, and in pastures.
+
+There are a number of pecan varieties that are adapted to and grown in
+South Carolina. The most popular varieties are Schley, Stuart, Success
+and Moneymaker. A number of other varieties, including Teche, Frotscher,
+Mahan, Pabst, Delmas, Van Deman, and Moore are grown in some sections.
+
+Schley is very susceptible to scab and should not be planted if a spray
+program is not carried out. Moneymaker, Stuart, and Success are not so
+very susceptible to scab and are satisfactory where a complete spray
+program is not used. Some years ago several growers in one county
+ordered Stuart trees and these trees, now bearing, turned out to be
+Teche, so there is some uncertainty as to the variety names in some
+sections.
+
+The planting distance varies considerably, depending somewhat upon
+fertility of soil and length of growing season. Most of the plantings
+are too close, having as many as 20 or more trees per acre. Because of
+the longer growing season in the lower half of the state, trees grown
+there will be larger at a given age than those grown in the Piedmont
+section.
+
+
++Cultivation Methods+
+
+Intercrops or cover crops are usually grown to increase the income of
+the farm. Cultivation programs vary according to the intercrop grown.
+Pecan trees are grown on various types of soil, which also vary greatly
+in their fertility. Different fertilizers are recommended for these
+varying conditions. Fertilizer is usually applied late in February or
+early in March, several weeks prior to the swelling of the buds. The
+exact time of application varies according to the area in the state in
+which the trees are grown. Many of the soils of the state are probably
+too acid for best growth of pecans and the necessary winter cover crops
+that should be grown in the plantings. In some soils that have been
+limed, or where the soil pH is 7.0 or approximately so, the application
+of zinc, to the soil has not eliminated rosette. Few such conditions
+exist in South Carolina, but where these conditions do prevail, zinc
+treatment is being tried in the form of sprays, using commercial spray
+materials.
+
+Unfavorable weather at blooming time often prevents pollination.
+Instances of cross-incompatability occurring between the varieties grown
+in this state are practically unknown. Late spring frosts sometimes kill
+the male or female flowers or both.
+
+The pecan in South Carolina is subject to attack by numerous insects and
+diseases, just as it is in other places. Scab is the worst offender.
+Several species of borers are found attacking the trunks, the twig
+girdler severing the tips of twigs, the shuck worm and case-bearer
+affecting the husk, and the pecan weevil affecting the nuts. Many of the
+trees growing in South Carolina are not planted in sufficiently large
+groves to justify the expenditure necessary for spray equipment.
+Contract spraying has been done to some extent and has possibilities in
+South Carolina. Where the number of trees is small this will be the only
+way in which growers can afford to obtain the use of high pressure
+equipment.
+
+
++Marketing Conditions+
+
+South Carolina Circular 301 gives the following account of the pecan
+marketing situation in South Carolina. "Most of the pecans in this state
+are sold in small lots. The assembling at a number of locations of
+these small lots into lots large enough to make handling economical has
+been a great problem. It is believed that three auction markets properly
+located in the state would be the most satisfactory marketing
+arrangement. If each of these markets would have one sales day per week
+so that buyers could attend sales at each place, the cost of marketing
+could be greatly reduced." There are nine companies in five counties
+that handle pecans.
+
+This is a rather brief discussion relating facts about the pecan
+industry in South Carolina, and most of the figures given are average
+figures. Those plantings receiving good cultural practices give more
+satisfactory returns. The pecans enterprise can be made a profitable one
+if the grower will carry out a complete program to overcome the problems
+of fertilization and control of diseases and insects and not just leave
+the trees to fight the battle alone.
+
+
++References+
+
+Rawl, E. H. and Nettles, W. C.--Pecan Production, S. C. Circ. 183, 1940.
+
+Musser, A. M., et al--Pecan Production and Marketing in S. C., S. C.
+Circ. 301, 1947.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: Thank you, Mr. Senn. I think this program is just
+tops. I don't know how you feel, but I think it is a wonderful program.
+
+The Storage of Shelled Pecans will be told to us by Professor Harris of
+the Department of Horticulture of Alabama Polytechnic Institute of
+Auburn, Alabama. Professor Harris.
+
+
+
+
+Preservation of Shelled Pecans by Drying and Hermetically Sealing
+
+HUBERT HARRIS, Associate Horticulturist, Alabama Agricultural
+Experiment, Station.
+
+
+Without some special treatment, storage life of pecans at ordinary
+temperatures is rather short. Nuts held in common storage from fall
+harvest show noticeable flavor losses by spring. Staleness and rancidity
+are likely to follow as summer weather approaches.
+
+These facts emphasize the need of a better method that might be used
+both commercially and in the home for preserving the pecan over a long
+period at common storage temperatures. A satisfactory method might be
+used not only for preserving nuts for year-round use, but for carrying
+them over from heavy crop years to light crop years.
+
+This report presents the results of experiments conducted at the Alabama
+Agricultural Experiment Station on methods of preserving pecans.
+
+
++Storage Troubles+
+
+Some of the common pecan storage troubles are staleness, rancidity,
+color changes, molding, and insect injury. Molding occurs only when the
+product is stored in a moist atmosphere at ordinary temperatures. Insect
+infestation usually results when the shelled kernels are held in
+unsealed containers under ordinary storage conditions. Rancidity
+develops during the summer months when the product is stored by common,
+methods at ordinary temperatures.
+
+Rancidity is probably the most common of pecan storage troubles; it has
+been considered the most difficult to control. Rancidity is usually
+preceded by general loss of flavor followed by staleness of kernels.
+Color gradually becomes darker as the typical rancid condition develops.
+These changes are associated with and caused by certain chemical
+reactions that progress at a slow rate. The oils and fats are slowly
+oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, and other chemical compounds (10), which
+cause the undesirable aromas and flavors characteristic of the rancid
+condition.
+
+
++Review of Previous Work+
+
+The period during which pecans will remain free of rancidity and other
+forms of spoilage varies considerably with storage conditions and other
+factors. Common storage periods ranging from 3 to 12 months have been
+reported. Wright (10) placed the common storage life at 3 to 5 months.
+Blackmon (1) suggested 6 months as the maximum period. Medlock (11) was
+able to keep them in edible condition for periods up to 12 months. The
+wide ranges of time as observed by the different investigators are due,
+no doubt, to storage conditions, variety, quality of the nuts, and
+seasonal variations.
+
+Cold storage was effective in preserving pecans for periods up to 2-1/2
+years. Wright (10) reported effective periods of 13 to 30 months, and
+Medlock (11) was able to keep them for more than 2 years. Shelled pecans
+did not keep as long either in common or cold storage as the unshelled
+nuts.
+
+
++Methods and Procedures+
+
+Results of preliminary tests made at the Alabama Station in 1937
+indicated that pecans kernels might be kept at common temperatures by
+drying them in an oven and storing in sealed containers, which prevents
+absorption of moisture from the air. Since storage tests reported by
+other workers did not include studies of the relationship of moisture
+content of kernels to their storage life, it was felt that this phase of
+the problem should be investigated.
+
+Preliminary tests were made to determine suitable temperatures and
+periods for the drying process. Temperatures of 200 to 225 deg.F proved to
+be most satisfactory. These temperatures dried the kernels quite rapidly
+without appreciable scorching or discoloration. The drying period was
+varied to give desired moisture contents for the various treatments.
+
+Four methods of sealing the jars were used in the experiments. They were
+the "cold seal," "steam seal," "hot seal," and "vacuum seal."
+
+The cold seal was accomplished by placing cool kernels in cool jars and
+sealing without special treatment.
+
+By the steam seal, air was exhausted from the jars with a small blast of
+steam and the jars sealed immediately. Condensation of the steam
+resulted in a partial vacuum in the jars and a slight increase in
+moisture content of the kernels.
+
+By the hot seal, hot kernels were transferred directly from the oven
+pans to clean, dry, hot jars, and sealed immediately. Contraction of the
+air as the jars cooled resulted in a partial vacuum.
+
+The vacuum seals were made in clamp-top fruit jars by means of a home
+pressure cooker. Filled jars, with covers partially clamped, were placed
+in the cooker. The cooker cover was lubricated at the sealing surface
+and screwed down tightly. The pressure gauge in the top of the cooker
+was replaced with a vacuum gauge. The needle valve was removed. An
+aspirator was attached to the water faucet and connected to the needle
+valve opening by means of a vacuum hose. After the desired vacuum had
+been pulled on the cooker, the vacuum hose was removed from the needle
+valve fitting thus permitting air to rush back into the cooker. The
+sudden change in pressure automatically sealed the jars.
+
+
++Presentation of Data+
+
+Preliminary studies were made to determine the effect of temperature and
+time of drying on moisture content, color, and toasting of kernels.
+Results of these studies are given in Table I.
+
+   TABLE I.--Effect of Temperature and Time of Drying on Moisture Content,
+   Color, and Toasting of Pecan Kernels.
+   =================================================
+      Oven     Time in  Moisture  Change
+   temperature   oven      in       in    Degree of
+                         kernels  color[25]  toasting
+               Minutes  Per cent
+
+                  0       3.7      0.0          0
+                 20       2.6      0.5          0
+                 30       1.4      1            1
+                 37       1.2      2            2
+     225 deg.F       44       1.0      3            4
+                 51       0.5      6            8
+                 58       0.3      8           10
+                 65       0.2      8           10
+                 72       0.1      9           10
+   -------------------------------------------------
+                 10       3.2
+                 20       3.1
+     203 deg.F       30       2.9
+                 41       2.4
+                 50       2.2
+                 60       1.9
+   =================================================
+
+[Footnote 25: The numbers 0 to 10 indicate varying amounts of change in
+color or degree of toasting: 0 represents normal color and/or no
+toasting. 10 represents considerable intensification of color and/or
+development of typical flavor of toasted kernels.]
+
+
+The first series of the processing and storage tests was started in
+December, 1939. The treatments together with results are given in Table
+II. The different samples were dried in an electric oven at 225 deg.F to
+moisture contents ranging from 0.1 to 3.4 per cent. They were sealed in
+glass jars, both with and without vacuum, and stored in a dark room at
+ordinary temperatures. Those dried to 2.9 per cent moisture or less were
+still good after 2 years in storage, whereas those with higher moisture
+content were rancid after one year in storage. Samples dried to
+approximately 2 per cent moisture were still good September 1, 1948,
+which was almost 9 years after processing and storing. The color was
+preserved somewhat better by vacuum sealing. However, the quality of
+air-sealed samples was practically as good as those that were vacuum
+sealed. These tests did not show how long kernels might have been kept
+by drying and storing in unsealed containers.
+
+Table II.--The Effect of Different Amounts of Drying and Different
+Methods of Sealing on the Storage Qualities of Pecan Kernels (Tests made
+at Auburn, beginning December, 1939.)
+
+ =========================================
+
+                                  Per cent
+                        No. min.  moisture
+ Methods of     Sample  in oven    in dry
+ sealing [28]     No.     225 deg.F    kernels
+
+ Cold-seal (a)    1        0        8.4
+ Hot seal (b)     2       20        2.9
+                  3       30        1.6
+                  4       44        1.0
+                  5       51        0.7
+ Steam-seal (c)   6        0        3.4
+                  7       50        0.2
+                  8       60        0.16
+                  9       65        0.10
+ Vacuum-seal (d) 10        0        3.4
+                 11       20        2.7
+                 12       30        1.0
+
+ =========================================
+
+ =====================================================================
+
+                        When canned      After 12 mo.     After 24 mo.
+                        ______________  _______________  _____________
+ Methods of     Sample
+ sealing [28]     No.    Color Flavor     Color Flavor     Color Flavor
+                         [26]   [27]        [26]   [27]        [26]   [27]
+
+ Cold-seal (a)    1       1   Excellent    2   Medium       3   Medium
+ Hot seal (b)     2       1   Excellent    2   good         3   Very good
+                  3       2   Very good,   2   Very Good,   3   Good,
+                              slightly dry     slightly dry    slightly dry
+                  4       2   Excellent,   3   Very good,   3   Very good,
+                              slightly         slightly         slightly
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  5       2   Excellent,   2   Very good    2   Very good
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+ Steam-seal (c)   6       1   Excellent    2   Fair         2   Fair
+                  7       3   Excellent,   3   Very good,   3   Very good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  8       3   Excellent,   3   Good,        3   Good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+                  9       4   Excellent    4   Good,        5   Good,
+                              toasted          toasted          toasted
+ Vacuum-seal (d) 10       1   Excellent    1   Very good    1   Good,
+                                                                slightly
+                                                                flat
+                 11       1   Excellent    1   Very good    1   Good,
+                                                                slightly
+                                                                flat
+                 12       2   Very good,   2   Very good,   2   Medium,
+                              slightly dry     slightly dry     slightly
+                                                                flat
+
+   =======================================================================
+
+   [Footnote 26: Color ratings: Nos. 1 to 5 represent different amounts of
+                 discoloration.
+   1 = Normal bright yellow color of fresh kernels.
+   5 = Normal brown color of aged kernels.]
+
+   [Footnote 27: Flavor ratings: fair means scarcely edible.]
+
+   [Footnote 28: Methods of sealing: (a) sealed without heating; (b)
+   hot kernels immediately transferred from oven pans to dry, hot jars
+   and sealed; (c) air exhausted from jars with steam and sealed
+   immediately; (d) sealed under vacuum by method described under
+   "Procedures."]
+
+   Table III.--Effect of Moisture Content, Container, and Sealing on
+   Storage Quality of Schley Pecan Kernels--1940.
+
+   ================================================================
+
+              Moisture content                 Flavor
+              ________________     ________________________________
+
+               When[29] After 6     After 8    After 12    After 18
+              stored   months      months      months      months
+
+   Covered     6.00     7.00     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   unsealed    4.43     6.85     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   ice cream   3.50     6.75     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   cartons     1.71     6.80     Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   ________________________________________________________________
+
+   Covered     6.00    10.45[30]  Not edible  Not edible  Not edible
+   unsealed    4.43     6.70     Rancid      Not edible  Not edible
+   glass       3.50     5.00     Fair        Not edible  Not edible
+   jars        1.71     4.50     Good        Fair        Not edible
+   ________________________________________________________________
+
+               6.00     6.15     Rancid      Not edible  Not edible
+   Sealed      4.43     4.70     Fair        Not edible  Not edible
+   glass       3.50     3.30     Good        Good        Rancid
+   jars        1.71     1.85     Very good   Very good   Very good
+
+   ================================================================
+
+ [Footnote 29: The cured pecan kernels had a moisture content of 4.43 at
+ the time the tests were made. Samples with moisture contents below 4.43
+ per cent were oven dried at 200 deg.F for periods necessary to reach
+ the respective moisture levels. Samples with moisture contents above
+ 4.43 were treated in steam to obtain the desired amount of moisture.]
+
+ [Footnote 30: Excessive increase in moisture content resulted in heavy
+ molding of product.]
+
+ A second series of processing and storage tests was started in December,
+ 1940. These studies included tests of effect of moisture content, type
+ of container, and sealing on storage qualities of Schley pecan kernels.
+ Table III shows a portion of these tests together with the results
+ obtained. It is pointed out that unsealed samples regained moisture and
+ became rancid within 8 months in storage.
+
+
++Summary+
+
+Results from the foregoing experiments show that pecan kernels can be
+kept for nine years by drying them to about 2 per cent moisture and
+storing them in sealed containers. The best results were obtained by
+drying the kernels in an oven for about 50 minutes at 200 deg.F. The exact
+length of the drying period may vary somewhat with the moisture content
+of the undried kernels and the quantity of kernels dried at one time.
+The temperature of the oven could probably be reduced without affecting
+the drying time by using a fan for circulating the air in the oven.
+
+This method will preserve the fresh qualities of pecans for a much
+longer time and equally as well as such common methods as freezing and
+canning preserve fresh qualities of other foods. It is felt that the
+process offers a practical and effective method that might well be used
+in the home as well as in commercial plants for preserving shelled
+pecans for year-round use and/or for carrying over surpluses from a
+heavy crop year to supplement the light crops that usually follow.
+
+
++Literature Cited+
+
+1. Blackmon, G. H., 1927, Pecan Growing in Florida. Florida Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Bulletin 191: 86.
+
+2. Kirkpatrick, S. M., 1924. The Pecan. Alabama Pecan Growers'
+Association, Proceedings, May, 1924, P. 10.
+
+3. The Encyclopedia Americana. Volume XXI: 461.
+
+4. Bailey, I. H., and Bailey, E. Z., Hortus. Second Edition: 542.
+
+5. The Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume XVI: 647.
+
+6. Skinner, J. J.; Fowler, E. D.; and Alben, A. O.: 1928, Pecan Soils of
+the Gulf and Southeastern States and Maintenance of their Fertility,
+USDA Circular 492: 1.
+
+7. United States Agricultural Statistics for 1941: 279.
+
+8. Davis, P. O., 1924, Some Facts About the Pecan. Alabama Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings, May, 1924: 9.
+
+9. Salmon, W. D., 1924, Nutritive Value of the Pecan. Alabama Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings, May, 1924: 38-40
+
+10. Wright, R. C., 1941, Investigations on the Storage of Nuts, USDA
+Technical Bulletin No. 770: 1-35.
+
+11. Medlock, O. C. 1931, Pecan Storage, Alabama Agricultural Experiment
+Station Annual Report, Volume XLII: 50-51.
+
+12. Blackmon, G. H., 1932. Cold Storage of Pecans. Florida Agricultural
+Experiment Station Annual Report, 1932: 102-105.
+
+13. Smith, C. L.; Thor, C. J. B.; and Romberg, L. D.; 1933, Effect of
+Storage Conditions on the Germination of Seed Pecans. Texas Pecan
+Growers' Association Proceedings 13: 68-71.
+
+14. Harris, Hubert, 1937, Preservation of Pecan Kernels. Department
+Annual Report of the Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Alabama
+Experiment Station, 1937. (Unpublished).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+President Davidson: I wonder, Professor Harris, whether those methods
+could be applied to other nuts in addition to pecans. Would your methods
+with the pecan be adaptable to other nuts or kernels?
+
+Prof. Harris: I have not tried other nuts, but I have thought quite a
+bit about the black walnut, and I would like to run some experiments. It
+seems to me that it would be adaptable to other nuts which have
+constituents similar to the pecan such as black walnut, and perhaps
+peanuts. We intend to work some on the peanuts down there. Now, of
+course, in the case of the chestnut we more or less checked it out on
+that, because when you dry the chestnut down to low moisture content you
+have a hard product that is not palatable and is quite undesirable.
+
+President Davidson: Now comes the follow-up studies on the 1946 Ohio
+black walnut prize winners. Mr. L. Walter Sherman has prepared something
+on that matter but Mr. Sterling Smith, I believe, is going to read that
+to us.
+
+
+
+
+Follow-Up Studies on the 1946 Ohio Black Walnut Prize Winners
+
+L. WALTER SHERMAN, Mahoning County Experiment Farm, Canfield, Ohio
+
+In 1946 a black walnut contest was conducted in Ohio that brought out
+roughly 800 samples of nuts from all sections of the state. Judging on
+the characters of the nuts only, there were ten selected as prize
+winners.
+
+Notice that I say on nut characters only. In 1950 a grand prize is to be
+given to the tree selected from these ten trees that has been the
+outstanding performer for the five year period. We want to know more
+about these trees. Do they produce regularly? Do the nuts fill well each
+year? Are the trees young or old? On what kind of soil are they located?
+Just what are the factors that cause them to produce such superior nuts?
+
+In order to try to answer some of this type of questions each of the ten
+trees was visited in 1947 and a careful survey of each was made. This
+was done in August, at which time the crop prospects for 1947 could be
+noted. Mimeographed blanks such as the following were used to record the
+desired data.
+
+ Tree Name
+
+                                      Latitude ____________
+
+ Name of Owner ______________________ Address _____________
+
+ County _______________ State __________ State Route ______
+
+ Telephone ___________________
+
+ TREE    Isolated [] ; moderately crowded [] ; dense woods []
+
+ LOCATION   Types of trees in vicinity _____________________
+            Air drainage ___________________________________
+
+            Level [] ;  Slope [] ; Direction of slope ______
+
+ TREE SIZE  Circumference 4-1/2 feet from ground ___________
+
+ AND SHAPE  Probable age ____ ; limb spread [] ; tall [] ; short [] ;
+
+            open-branched [] ; symmetrical [] ; irregular [] ;
+
+ SOIL    Sod [] ; plowland [] ; bottom [] ; upland [] ; hillside [] ;
+
+ CONDITIONS clay [] ; alluvial [] ; loam [] ; sandy [] ; pH []  ;
+
+            Distance to subsoil ______ ; kind of subsoil ________
+
+            Humus [] ; lack of humus [] .
+
+ DRAINAGE   Nearness to spring [] ;  tile drain [] ;  well [] ;
+
+            lake [] ; stream [] .
+
+ FERTILITY  Fertilized [] ; manure [] ; commercial fertilizer [] ;
+
+            lime [] ; not fertilized [] .
+
+                    PERFORMANCE CHART
+
+ Resistance to disease and insects:
+
+ Blight______; Witches' Broom______; Caterpillars______;
+
+ 1947        1948        1949        1950
+
+ 1947        1948        1949        1950
+
+ Bearing:  G F S F
+
+ Good; Fair; Scattering; Failure.
+
+                               1947     1948     1949     1950
+
+ Season:  Date of leafing out
+
+ Male:    Date of blossoming
+
+ Female:  Date of blossoming
+
+          Date of ripening
+
+          Date of killing frost
+
+          Last in spring;
+            first in fall
+          Rate of growth
+
+          Moisture; Rainy,
+              dry, average
+
+ Clusters:  Size                    1947     1948     1949     1950
+            Range in number of nuts
+                per cluster
+
+ Production: Size of crop in proportion to size of tree
+
+                                     1947     1948     1949     1950
+
+
+ Percentage of unfilled nuts:
+                                      1947     1948     1949     1950
+           R*H
+ --------------------crop
+           pounds
+
+ * R = 1/2 limb spread.
+ * H = height; lowest branch to top.
+
+In addition to these data, photographs, both in black and white, and in
+color, were taken of the trees and often of the surroundings, and a map
+made so that the trees can be located in the future by any one wishing
+to do so.
+
+For examination by any one wishing to do so, there are on the
+secretary's desk copies of the case histories, as written up, of the
+first and second prize winners, the Duke and the Burson.
+
+A careful study of these ten trees has not revealed any single factor
+that can be pointed to as essential to the production of a superior
+walnut variety. They were found on good and on poor soils, on good and
+poor sites, in soils of a wide range of pH values from very acid to
+alkaline in reaction. Most of the trees were located in the southern
+part of the state at 39 deg. to 40 deg. North Latitude, but it is hard to
+imagine that the latitude has any specific effect on the superior
+qualities of the nuts.
+
+In all cases where the trees were now standing in impoverished soils,
+low in humus, fertility, and in pH value, it was quite evident that the
+soil was probably in far better condition when the trees got their start
+fifty to a hundred or more years ago.
+
++Winter Killing 1947-1948+
+
+In 1947 scions of six of these prize winning trees were successfully
+grafted into established ten year old black walnut seedling trees at the
+Mahoning County Experiment Farm at Canfield, Ohio, location 41 deg. north
+latitude. The scions grew nicely in 1947 but all were winter killed
+during the winter of 1947-1948 with the exception of one scion of Kuhn
+and one of Davidson. Two scions of Duke, two of Kuhn, one of Athens, one
+of Orth, seven of Jackson perished during the first winter after
+grafting. This severe killing of 1947-48 apparently indicates that
+winter injury to these varieties may be expected some years when they
+are planted under conditions similar to those at the Mahoning County
+Experiment Farm. The one scion of the Davidson variety came through in
+fine shape, so this would be the exception.
+
+The winter of 1947-48 was unusual in the severity of the winter injury
+to the black walnut trees at the Mahoning County Experiment Farm. Two
+ten year old Stabler trees and a ten year old Jansen tree killed back to
+the ground level, and one year old growth of Cowle, Havice, Jansen,
+Murphy, Mohican, Ohio, Stambaugh, Twin Lakes, and Lisbon was badly
+damaged although not always completely killed.
+
+
++Winter Killing of Bench Grafts+
+
+Bench grafts that were still in the hot bed and were not transplanted to
+nursery rows until spring of 1948 fared much better than the grafts
+growing in the established trees. As they had no winter protection but
+the side walls of the hot bed it is a little hard to see why they fared
+so much better.
+
+One bench graft of the Duke, two of Burson, four of Kuhn, two of
+Davidson, three of Orth, two of Williamson, two of Penn, and six of
+Jackson all came through in good shape.
+
+Indications certainly point to the conclusion that the prize winning
+varieties of the Ohio 1946 contest are adapted to the southern part of
+the state rather than to the northern part. The Davidson is a possible
+exception to this.
+
+Mr. Smith: I asked Mr. Silvis why Mr. Sherman wasn't here, and he said
+he wasn't able to come because he was doing the same type of work this
+year, and it is very evidently the reason why he wasn't at the last
+meeting because he was preparing this work. Instead of coming and
+enjoying the convention, he stays home and does work that helps the
+Association, so I think the Association is very much indebted to him.
+
+President Davidson: I think that is true.
+
+That makes it possible for us to close in good time. I think this
+program is tops. I think it is by far the best program I remember.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Let's give Mr. Chase, the Program Chairman, a big hand.
+
+(Applause.)
+
+President Davidson: We will now adjourn.
+
+(Whereupon, at 4:30 o'clock, p. m. the meeting was adjourned to
+reconvene for business session after the banquet.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++Tuesday Evening Business Session+
+
+President Davidson: There is a little business that remains to be done.
+In order to let Mr. Slate get away, we'd like to have a report of the
+Committee on Place of Meeting.
+
+Mr. Slate: The committee consisting of Royal Oakes, myself and two
+others, conferred with each other. We have considered the matter of a
+meeting place for next year, and we think, and those we have talked with
+think, that perhaps Beltsville would be the best place. It does not seem
+feasible to have a meeting in the Middle West. The New York City region
+will probably be better for us a year later. The other good places we
+have visited rather recently. So we are recommending that the place of
+meeting be Beltsville.
+
+Do you wish to consider the time of meeting now, or will we vote on the
+place?
+
+President Davidson: Let's act on that now. First, may I have a motion?
+
+A Member: I will move we hold our next convention at Beltsville,
+Maryland.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Now, time of meeting.
+
+Mr. Slate: It has been customary for us to have our meeting early in
+September, about Labor Day. Next Labor Day is the 5th of September. Now,
+we are not making any recommendations as to time, but if we follow our
+past custom we will probably meet about the 6th, 7th and 8th. Some of
+you might like to come later to avoid the Labor Day traffic, but that
+interferes with some of those who have teaching duties, registration,
+and so forth, at that time of the year. Personally, I do not think that
+the Labor Day traffic is insurmountable. It is rather unpleasant in
+certain areas, but we can make it all right, and we have made it.
+Perhaps I should recommend the dates the 6th, 7th and 8th, which are
+Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report. What shall you do with
+it?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: I move its adoption.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: Next, I should say, we would like to have a report
+of the nominating committee.
+
+Mr. Weber: The Nominating Committee reports for the consideration of the
+members the following list of candidates:
+
+For president, H. F. Stoke from Virginia. Vice-president, L. H.
+MacDaniels from New York. For secretary, J. C. McDaniel from Tennessee,
+and treasurer, Sterling A. Smith from Ohio.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report of this committee. I
+should say that in this case nominations from the floor would be in
+order.
+
+A Member: Mr. President, I move that nominations be closed.
+
+(The motion was seconded, vote taken, and motion carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: That was on the motion that nominations be closed.
+What is your pleasure, shall we vote by ballot or shall we vote by--
+
+A Member: Mr. President, I move that the secretary be instructed to cast
+a unanimous ballot for those nominated by the Nominating Committee.
+
+Mr. Fisher: Second.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: This gavel I should have called to your attention
+before. It is called to your attention at the end of our program, and so
+you know its story. The other one that has been used in our past
+meetings was sent to me by Mr. Reed. It is "An Historical Gavel,
+Northern Nut Growers Association." I understand from Mr. Reed that this
+was a piece of wood sent to Mr. Littlepage and turned by him and made
+into a gavel, and this little metallic name plate sunk in by Mr.
+Littlepage, who is one of the very early members of our association. So
+we have two historic gavels. Rather interesting, I think.
+
+One other matter. The question has come up in view of the fact that the
+next annual report will be larger than normal and also in view of the
+fact that the membership dues have been raised to $3.00, whether it
+should not be wise and fitting to charge $3.00 for the coming 1948
+report instead of the old price of $2.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: $2.00 is the current price for the last two issues of the
+report to non-members. If that is allowed to continue the man who
+purchases a report without becoming a member will get it for one-third
+less than the members do.
+
+President Davidson: What is your wish?
+
+Mr. Weber: Mr. President, I say that they should not be given any more
+preference than the members, so let them pay $3.00 like the rest of us.
+I make it in the form of a motion.
+
+A Member: Second.
+
+President Davidson: Moved and seconded that the charge for the
+forth-coming report of this Association be made $3.00 to non-members. Of
+course, that report goes to all members, as you know. Are there any
+remarks on this motion?
+
+Mr. Slate: Mr. President, what about the matter of supplying reports to
+libraries? In the past we supplied libraries at $1.00 a copy. I don't
+know whether Mr. McDaniel has had any special requests.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I haven't had any orders from libraries during the past
+year.
+
+President Davidson: Shall we make a difference for libraries? What is
+your feeling?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Mr. Chairman, if we have had a differential before I
+think that might be continued. I will propose a motion that libraries be
+allowed to purchase the proceedings for $2.00.
+
+President Davidson: Do you make that in the form of an amendment?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Yes.
+
+Mr. Weber: I accept that amendment.
+
+A Member: It meets the second's approval.
+
+President Davidson: The motion is then that a charge for the
+forth-coming report shall be $3.00 to non-members, except that the
+charge shall be $2.00 to libraries and similar organizations, if that is
+satisfactory.
+
+(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Mr. McDaniel: I have a report to read, as follows:
+
+
++Report of the Auditing Committee+
+
+The Auditing Committee has examined the records of our treasurer, D. C.
+Snyder, for the fiscal year just closed and has found them correct as
+reported and commends him for his excellent service to our Association.
+[Signed] R. P. Allaman, Royal Oakes, _Auditing Committee_.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard the report. What will you do with it?
+
+A Member: I move that the report be accepted.
+
+A Member: Second.
+
+(A vote on the motion was taken, and it was carried unanimously.)
+
+Dr. Crane: Mr. President, members of the Association: Most of the
+thunder that the Resolutions Committee had has been taken care of either
+tonight or at various meetings that we have had. These resolutions have
+been rather spontaneous at these meetings. However, the Resolutions
+Committee, for a matter of record, does make the following report:
+
+
++Report of the Resolutions Committee+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association in its annual meeting assembled at
+Norris, Tennessee, September 13th to 15th, 1948, adopts the following
+resolutions:
+
+That, our sincere thanks be extended to Mr. George F. Gant, General
+Manager of Tennessee Valley Authority, the members of his staff,
+especially to Mr. Willis G. Baker, Director of the Division of Forest
+Relations, Mr. Spencer Chase, Mr. Thomas G. Zarger, and others, for the
+courtesies extended and for making-the necessary arrangements for
+holding the meetings and caring for the needs of those in attendance.
+
+That we extend thanks and appreciation to Mrs. Willis G. Baker and the
+other ladies of her committee who provided and served the refreshments
+on Sunday evening and assisted in arrangements for the banquet.
+
+That we extend thanks to Mr. Spencer Chase and the other members of the
+committee for the very interesting and instructive program.
+
+May we extend our thanks to those who presented papers and otherwise
+took part in the program.
+
+We greatly appreciate the very fine work being done by our Secretary, J.
+C. McDaniel. _Resolutions Committee_, Stoke, Silvis, Sterling Smith, and
+Crane.
+
+President Davidson: You have heard this report, and I think it is well
+that we have had it in the form so that it could be a part of our
+record. What will you do with it?
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: Move the acceptance of the report.
+
+Mr. McDaniel: Second.
+
+(Vote taken on motion, carried unanimously.)
+
+President Davidson: I have here a telegram that I should like to read to
+you, and this is the way it is worded: "Your generously worded telegram
+is greatly appreciated. I am grateful beyond all words. My greetings to
+everyone present tonight. C. A. Reed." We are glad to have the word from
+Mr. Reed.
+
+Our business meeting is now adjourned.
+
+(Whereupon, the program and business sessions of the Thirty-ninth Annual
+Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association were closed.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(On September 15, the members were conducted on a tour of the nursery,
+arboretum, and experimental nut plantings of the Tennessee Valley
+Authority near Norris.)
+
+
+
+
+Odds and Ends
+
+DR. W. C. DEMING, West Hartford, Connecticut
+
+
+I would like to suggest, especially to the younger members of the
+association, three horticultural projects that I believe promise to be
+of importance, and on which nobody that I know of is doing any work.
+Only one of these projects has to do with a nut.
+
+1. Utterly neglected and wasted, the fruit of the horsechestnut or
+buckeye, "said, to have been formerly used as food or medicine for
+horses," still might become an abundant food for animals, and perhaps
+for man, if a way could be found to deprive it of its disagreeable
+bitter taste and reputed, probably exaggerated, poisonous quality.[31]
+
+There is one late flowering horsechestnut, _Aesculus parviflora_, a
+dwarf species from the Southeast, and commonly seen in Connecticut as an
+ornamental on lawns, which bears a nut entirely free from bitterness,
+and is sometimes known as the edible horsechestnut. The possibilities in
+crossing this with the bitter horsechestnut tree species are evident and
+fascinating. [Several hybrid horsechestnuts are cultivated, but none of
+these apparently involves any _A. parviflora_ parentage.--Ed.]
+
+2. In temperate zones there are, so far as I have learned, no
+_perennial_ legumes the seeds of which are used as food. All our
+immensely valuable edible leguminous seed crops are annually planted.
+The only exception I think of is the honeylocust, the pods of which,
+under favorable conditions, are sometimes used as fodder for horses and
+cattle. But there are thousands of leguminous plants and trees, many of
+them hardy. I mention the herbaceous _Baptisia australis_, several hardy
+perennial peas, such as _Lathyrus sylvestria_, _L. maritimus_ etc.,
+_Caragrana_ the pea tree, and species of _Robinia_, _Cercis_;
+_Cymocladus_ and _Wistaria_. A collection of these, with as many more as
+one might wish, would be a fascinating group in which to spend hours
+with brush and forceps.
+
+3. All over America thousands of "tired business men," and school boys
+who ought to be tending to their baseball, have to spend weekends and
+holidays pushing lawn-mowers. If an acceptable ground cover could be
+found that would have to be mowed only half as often, or one quarter as
+often, or maybe only once a year, or even (glory be) not at all, what a
+saving of time it would be for good healthy sport and non-depressing
+exercise.
+
+There are many promising plants. _Pachysandra_ and _Vinca_, don't quite
+fill the bill but have their good points, such as growing in the shade.
+There is a little round-leafed plant common in Florida and, apparently,
+found in the north. There are many plants that could be grown
+experimentally in patches a yard square. Why have we so tamely limited
+ourselves to grasses and clover? What a chance for a man to immortalize
+himself by discovering variants for grasses and clover for lawns and
+thus become a benefactor to millions of lawn-mower slaves!
+
+[Footnote 31: (_See letter from the American Medical Association on next
+page.--Ed._)]
+
+   COUNCIL ON PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
+
+   of the
+
+   AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
+   Office of the Secretary,
+   535 N. Dearborn Street, Chicago 10, Illinois
+
+   January 5, 1949
+
+   Doctor W. C. Deming
+   31 South Highland Street
+   West Hartford, Connecticut
+
+   Dear Doctor Deming:
+
+This is in reply to your inquiry of December 28, 1948, regarding the
+toxicity of horse chestnuts.
+
+All six of the species of Aesculus which are native to the United States
+have been reported as poisonous, but specific references in the
+literature are infrequent. The species Aesculus hippocastanum has been
+studied and has been found to contain saponin, tannin, and the
+glycoside, esculin. Esculin is used in patent remedies in the form of
+ointments and pastes to protect the skin from sunburn. The saponin seems
+to be the toxic component.
+
+Fruit of the horse chestnut is rich in starch and oil and is a _valuable
+food for livestock_. The bitter taste of the nut is removed by alcohol
+extraction which removes the saponin, thus rendering the nut harmless.
+Certain domestic animals, however, seem to be able to eat the untreated
+nut without suffering ill effects. [_Italics are by Dr. Deming.--Ed._]
+
+Most of the saponins are markedly irritant to the mucous membranes. They
+have an acrid taste and provoke a flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting and
+diarrhea. If injected directly into the circulation they produce
+hemolysis, diuresis and direct actions on the central nervous system
+which may be rapidly fatal. Absorption after oral administration is so
+poor that saponins produce only local effects. The toxicity of various
+saponins is ten to a thousand times higher by vein than by mouth and is
+generally proportional to the hemolytic action. Some saponins have a
+different toxicity for different species.
+
+In experiments with rats Hindemith found that the saponin from Aesculus
+hippocastanum is not toxic in daily oral doses of 87.5 mg. per kg.
+Nonhemolytic doses injected intravenously in cats have no effect on
+respiration or blood pressure; hemolytic doses produce a sudden drop in
+pressure owing to liberation of potassium from the _erythrocytes_. The
+saponin increases the activity of the isolated frog heart, then stops it
+in systole. In frog nerve muscle preparations of this saponin reversibly
+interrupt stimulus transmission; recovery occurs upon washing.
+
+For a general review of the literature you are referred to Bull. Sc.
+Pharmacol. 47:290 (November-December) 1940, which is available at the
+New York Academy of Medicine Library, 2 East 103rd Street, New York
+City.
+
+   Sincerely yours,
+
+   [Signed]
+   BERNARD E. CONLEY, R. Ph.
+   Administrative Assistant.
+
+   BEC:nr
+
+
+
+
+The Birth of a New Walnut Cracker
+
+B. H. THOMPSON
+
+
+The home of the Thompson walnut cracker is the home of the maker, on the
+farm, five and a half miles northwest of Harrisonburg, in the Shenandoah
+Valley of Virginia. I live in the upland area, 1,500 to 1,700 feet up in
+the hills.
+
+A man once said he killed two birds with one stone. I went him one
+better in one instance. I went to the back end of the farm and picked up
+all the walnuts and placed them on a pile, not too far from the house.
+Then the squirrels came to help themselves. I got all the squirrels I
+wanted to eat and those that got away retreated so fast they dropped
+their walnut. Then I cracked what walnuts were left for cakes and candy,
+which we all enjoy so much.
+
+It was while cracking these nuts with a hammer that the thought came to
+me: Why should there not be a faster and better way to crack nuts? Later
+I happened to see a walnut cracker made by a blacksmith which did a very
+good job of cracking, but was entirely too slow for me.
+
+Being mechanically inclined, I have always entertained a desire to
+invent something worth while. I set out to perfect a cracker that would
+be fool-proof, easy to work, fast, simple, and strong enough to last a
+lifetime. This I accomplished in the Model 6. Before reaching this
+point, I had designed and tested five different models, made five
+different ways, to see which would be best. They all worked, some good,
+some I did not like so well. It was discouraging at times but something
+seemed to tell me I had the right principle.
+
+This No. 6 walnut cracker is a success, now in its 11th season and going
+stronger all the time. You will find it in 37 states, from Florida to
+Washington State, from New Hampshire to California, from Minnesota to
+Texas.
+
+Most of the crackers are sent by mail, and some of the customers mention
+the fact that they are members of the N.N.G.A. Others do not have trees
+on their premises, but collect walnuts by the roadside. One I know of
+has 2,000 walnut trees on his 1,200 acre farm.
+
+
+
+
+Marketing of Black Walnuts in Arkansas
+
+T. A. WINKLEMAN, Rogers, Arkansas
+
+
+The Benton County Produce Company has been in the walnut business for 38
+years. For the first few years we dealt only in hulled nuts, shipping
+carloads of them to Omaha, Chicago, several points in Nebraska, and the
+West Coast. About twenty years ago, as I recall, there was a large
+cracking plant at Kansas City and we shipped several carloads there.
+
+Eventually we began to receive small orders for kernels. We filled them
+and the number of orders increased. This led us finally to the decision
+that we should get out of the hulled nut business and sell only kernels,
+and with few exceptions, that's what we have been doing for the past 25
+years. During this time the production of kernels throughout the walnut
+region has gone up tremendously. As you know, many plants using
+mechanical cracking machines have become established. We have stuck to
+hand-operated crackers; but even so, we were able one year to turn out
+13,000 pounds of kernels. At present we ship kernels to practically
+every state in the Union.
+
+Millions of pounds of walnuts are available from Arkansas, Missouri and
+Tennessee. Here the walnut tree seems to make its best growth. It has
+been our experience that the better nuts come from upland trees. Those
+produced in the bottomlands along the larger streams lack the rich
+flavor typical of those coming from higher elevations. This means we get
+our best nuts from the Ozarks in northern Arkansas and southern
+Missouri. So far, few walnut trees are grown commercially. Practically
+all of the nuts come from wild trees. But recently there seems to be a
+trend toward planting grafted walnut trees and grafting native seedlings
+to improved varieties. The nurseries in this area now have walnut
+seedlings for sale and some landowners are setting out considerable
+acreages. It seems like a good investment. The trees grow fast, bear
+nuts at an early age, and eventually yield additional income in the form
+of logs. We believe walnut offers better prospects for commercial
+production than pecan, owing mainly to the value of the walnut wood for
+cabinet uses.
+
+Not much has been done here with improved varieties. There are some
+Thomas trees in the region and they yield very well. You get about 20
+pounds of kernels from 100 pounds of hulled Thomas nuts as against an
+average of 12 pounds from our wild native nuts. We anticipate that
+within three or four years the Thomas will attain commercial importance
+here. In my opinion, however, _Thomas kernels do not have the flavor
+that the wild nuts have_; the percentage of oil seems to be less. I have
+also been told that wood from the Thomas trees has little value in the
+furniture trade. Why this should be true, or whether it is true, I don't
+know.
+
+Shells are a problem with us as they are with most concerns in the
+walnut cracking business. We sent some samples to Iowa State College for
+testing and got a pretty favorable report. If available in sufficient
+quantity, the shells apparently can be used for gas production, oils and
+for other purposes.
+
+Walnut in this region has few enemies; but one, the walnut _Datana_
+caterpillar, does considerable damage. We need federal or state aid in
+controlling this dangerous pest.
+
+
+
+
+Further Notes on Nut Tree Guards for Pasture Plantings
+
+OLIVER D. DILLER, project Supervisor, Hillculture Research, Soil
+Conservation Service, Wooster, Ohio
+
+
+In an article entitled, "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," which appeared in
+the 37th annual report of the Northern Nut Growers Association[32], the
+writer called attention to the advantages of nut trees planted in fence
+rows and in the interior of permanent pastures and the need for a more
+satisfactory cattle guard to protect the trees during their period of
+establishment.
+
+[Illustration: Nut Easy Tree to Guard Install]
+
+The writer has for several years studied various types of cattle guards
+and in 1946 suggested the possible use of an electric guard along
+permanent fence lines. This set-up worked fairly well during the first
+growing season, but it was found that a considerable amount of
+maintenance is necessary and therefore electric guards may not be
+practicable over a period of years.
+
+During the summer of 1947 a prominent wire fence manufacturing company
+was contacted concerning the availability of a welded wire fabric which
+might be used as a substantial yet economical tree guard. The company
+made available for test purposes two 150-foot rolls 72 inches high. One
+roll was galvanized, 11 gauge wire, with 2 x 4 inch staves, while the
+other was ungalvanized 10 gauge, with 4 x 4 inch spacing between the
+staves. These rolls were cut into lengths of 13.7 feet, resulting in a
+circular guard 4.36 feet in diameter (shown in picture). The guards were
+installed along a permanent fence on the pasture research farm of the
+Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster during the summer of
+1947. Observations made during July, 1948, indicate that these guards
+have not been damaged in any way by the dairy cattle on this farm during
+the current season, and that the trees are being adequately protected.
+No guards have as yet been installed in the interior of the pasture, but
+it would seem that only one standard fence post would be required to
+support such a guard.
+
+The wire company was not able to give the exact cost of this material to
+the farmer, but suggested a quotation of $3.90 per hundred square feet
+for the galvanized wire, 2 x 4 inch spacing, 11 gauge, as compared to
+$3.00 per hundred square feet for the ungalvanized wire, 4 x 4 inch
+spacing, 10 gauge.
+
+Assuming that the ungalvanized wire would serve the purpose for a
+period of ten years, the cost would be approximately $2.50 per guard if
+it were attached to a line fence; If placed in the interior of a field,
+the cost of a standard fence post would have to be added. While this
+cost may appear to be rather high, it is believed that it will compare
+favorably with another type guard which will provide equal service. The
+chief advantages of this guard seem to be its apparent sturdiness and
+ease of installation.
+
+[Footnote 32: Diller, O. D. "Nut Trees for Ohio Pastures," Northern Nut
+Growers Association, Inc., 37th Annual Report. 1946, pp. 62-64.]
+
+
+
+A Pecan Orchard in Gloucester County, Virginia
+
+MRS. SELINA L. HOPKINS, River's Edge Flower Farm, Nuttall, Virginia
+
+
+Mr. Reed has asked me to tell you of our experience with pecans in
+Gloucester County, very near Chesapeake Bay, on North River, a tidewater
+estuary of Mobjack Bay. Our house is about 20 feet from the shore, so we
+call it "River's Edge," which describes it very well. The pecan trees
+are on the lawn, in the barnyard, and in an adjoining field.
+
+The orchard was planted by my late husband about 1915. The trees came
+from at least two nurseries as there are two distinct sets of varieties.
+There are eight varieties from the North and eight from the South. Of
+the northern sorts there are Busseron, Butterick, Indiana, Kentucky,
+Major, Niblack, Posey, and Warrick. These came from the nursery of R. L.
+McCoy, Lake, Spencer County, Indiana.
+
+The southern varieties are Delmas, Frotscher, Georgia (Georgia Giant),
+Hale, Schley, Stuart, Teche, and Van Deman. Hale trees have been the
+slowest to come into bearing, and there are several which appear to be
+Hale which are not yet in fruit.
+
+
++Nut Crops Scanty+
+
+The trees near the house, both on the lawn and in the barnyard are set
+irregularly but those in the orchard are in rows, 65 feet each way. They
+are beautiful in appearance, being from 40 to 55 feet tall, and are very
+healthy.
+
+However, they do not bear well. We had a pretty good crop in 1943, about
+500 pounds, which we sold for 30 and 35 cents per pound. Since then we
+have had very few nuts, as the flowers have evidently been killed each
+year by frost.
+
+Most of the nuts we have had have come from trees near the river, where
+the air is tempered by salt air coming in at high tide. At this writing,
+early August, there seems to be more nuts than at any time since 1943.
+There was no frost that I could detect after the trees flowered, but
+there are few nuts on the trees farthest from the river.
+
+The fruit trees back in the county, on what we call "the highlands,"
+have no fruit this year. Apparently our northern varieties of pecan do
+not stand the cold any better than the southern sorts. In the last few
+years, there have been more nuts of the southern varieties. I suppose
+the flowers of the northern varieties came out at a time when they were
+more easily frozen.
+
+We have several trees that are evidently seedlings, as they grew up from
+the ground after the tops died, They usually bear well, producing sweet
+nuts, well-flavored but small.
+
+We have six Persian walnuts that have had only about ten nuts in all
+these years. One tree has a black walnut coming up from the root on
+which it was grafted. It is of the same size as the Persian top. Two
+years ago, this tree had about 30 nuts on the Persian side and 50 on the
+black. It is not easily accessible and I have not been to it this year.
+
+
++Behavior of Pecans+
+
+The Posey trees are in an east-west row about one-third the distance
+from the north end of the orchard. Most of the Major and Busseron trees
+are farther south, some as much as 200 yards. A few trees of both
+varieties are directly south, within 100 yards, while others are the
+same distance away off and some farther southwest. It is stated in a
+recent bulletin of the Virginia Agricultural Extension Service that
+Posey is needed to pollinate Busseron and Major.
+
+Since reading the bulletin, I have been thinking of our crops in the
+past. I remember that trees of these two varieties farthest from the
+Posey, do not bear as well. Until now, I have attributed this to the
+fact that the soil was less fertile and the trees are smaller and less
+vigorous. Also the trees are farther from the frost-tempering river. I
+am not sure yet that this is not the reason.
+
+We are not alone in our experience of an uncertain crop, as other pecan
+growers in the county tell the same tale. There are a number of large
+old trees in this general section of Virginia, as well as a good many
+seedlings. In addition, there are native, bitter, large-growing water
+hickory (_Carya aquatica_), which is not uncommon in lowlands. (These
+hybridize freely with true pecans, producing beautiful trees but
+astringent nuts. Ed.)
+
+One of the largest orchards was set out a few years before ours, by the
+late Dr. Wm. C. Stubbs, on a farm that had been in his family for many
+generations. It is on York River, about 15 miles from our place. It was
+he who encouraged my husband to set out our orchard. Dr. Stubbs was for
+many years Director of the Louisiana Experiment Station near New
+Orleans. He spent his summers at his old home. His trees were probably
+the best started and cared for during his life, as he knew how to do it.
+I drove to see the farm recently, and talked with the present owner, who
+bought it in 1942. The next year, when I also had my good crop, he
+nearly paid for the place with proceeds from the nuts.
+
+However, like ourselves, he has had practically no nuts since, and is so
+much discouraged that he plans to take out some of the trees. The
+varieties there are mostly Moneymaker, Schley and Success. The same
+varieties are also in a small orchard of another neighbor, who reports
+that Success does best. The trees owned at one time by Dr. Stubbs seem
+not to be cultivated at all, but are grazed and mowed, and the orchard
+is now rather a tangle of briers and weeds.
+
+
++We Grow Bulbs with Pecans+
+
+As this is primarily a daffodil farm, and the trees have the best land,
+it is also used for bulb growing. The daffodils are a much surer crop
+with us than pecans. We sell both flowers and bulbs. The season for
+daffodils is in March and April which is well ahead of the pecans. The
+pecans do not leaf out early enough to shade the daffodils, and I can't
+see that they injure them in any way except in very dry years. Bulbs
+near the trees do just as well as those in the open field and sometimes
+bloom earlier.
+
+All cultivation and fertilization that the trees get is what is accorded
+the bulbs. As soon as the season is ended for bulbs, we begin
+cultivating. We go over the bulbs about three times before the tops die
+back to the ground, in late May. In late July, we mow the weeds, which
+are high by that time. We frequently mow again later in the fall. We
+take up the bulbs every two or three years in June, cure them in trays
+in airy buildings, grade them, sell some, and replant what we need to
+keep up our supply. When a plot is dug, we plant it with soybeans, turn
+them under in late summer and replant with a winter cover crop, rye or
+clover usually. That crop is turned under the following late April when
+the rye is usually waist high. We replant again with beans which are
+turned under in July.
+
+If we think the soil needs more humus, we repeat the process another
+year. During this rotation we apply 0-14-7 at least twice, usually with
+the first two plantings. The land is limed only at long intervals, as
+daffodils like a soil rather on the acid side. Of course, during this
+cultivation and planting, we plow rather close to the trees, within
+about four feet, and sometimes cut the roots. You may well think that
+this accounts for their not bearing well, but in this neighborhood there
+is the same story with trees that are not plowed around. I have wondered
+at times if they are not too near salt water, and maybe the roots go
+down to water, yet the trees nearest the river bear best. We have a
+Teche tree only about 20 feet from high tide line, and it is our surest
+bearer, having never missed a crop.
+
+Our only varieties that scab to any extent are the one Georgia and the
+two trees of Delmas, but the man on Dr. Stubbs' place says that both
+varieties scab although I forgot to ask which variety was worst. (Delmas
+is one of worst scabbing varieties in the South.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+Indiana Nut Shows Have Educational Value
+
+W. B. WARD, Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
+
+
+A few days ago I had a letter from Professor George L. Slate, of the
+Geneva station, requesting that I send you some information concerning
+our recent nut shows and a couple of pictures to be used in the current
+report.
+
+I am enclosing two pictures--one showing a display of hicans, shellbark,
+shagbark, bitternut, mockernut hickories and in the background a few of
+the miscellaneous sorts, while the other picture shows mostly the black
+walnuts. (Latter picture printed on next page.--Ed.)
+
+If you will note in the pictures, we have used a saw and cut the nuts in
+two for display purposes. This has been one means of classifying the
+seedlings to find out whether or not they were worthy of further
+propagation, although this alone was not the final classification. It
+was rather surprising to the number of visitors we have had at our shows
+to see the difference in the interior of the nut and believe me it has
+done a lot toward the education of the people when it comes to locating
+some of the better seedlings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The purpose of the nut program in the state of Indiana was for the
+betterment of native nuts and we were in hopes that we could find some
+very promising seedlings that would be worthy of further work. With the
+cooperation of the Indiana Horticultural Society and the Student
+Horticultural Show here at the University, we have had this nut show for
+the past six or eight years. Sometimes it has been in competition, other
+times it has been mostly for display. The show served the purpose which
+we had in mind for thus we have located some very nice walnuts, hickory
+nuts and a few good seedling pecans. After the show had been visited by
+some six to eight thousand annually for the past several years, we have
+further made displays at the annual meeting of the Indiana Horticultural
+Society in Indianapolis, at the A.P.S. meeting at St. Louis last winter
+and at the Indiana State Fair in 1948, with a display going to some of
+the other institutions--particularly to Oklahoma and Texas--for display
+at their state shows. A new collection was gathered by the students and
+the writer this year which, in part, will be displayed at the Indiana
+Horticultural Society meeting on January 19, 20 and 21 and another
+collection is being shown at Oklahoma A. & M. at this time. The nuts
+will be returned and placed in cold storage to be exhibited at the State
+Fair next fall and we have sufficient quantities on hand for individual
+displays as well as for collections.
+
+Each plate contains from 35 to 40 nuts of seedlings or named varieties
+and at our recent show we had 66 plates of hickory nuts and allied
+species. We had 41 plates of walnuts including some very fine Persian
+walnuts, 16 samples of filbert seedlings, 20 plates of miscellaneous and
+all told 141 different plates at our show which was held on November 5,
+6 and 7, 1948.
+
+Some of our best contributors have been such as Ferd Bolten, Linton,
+Indiana, who sent five good Persian walnuts and one excellent black
+walnut. Edward Smith, of Rochester, Indiana, and Henry Buit, of
+Lafayette, also have found some wonderful walnut seedlings. Donald Sly,
+Rockport, Indiana, has produced the best seedling filberts, about eight
+in number, and contributed a wonderful display of the McCallister hican.
+Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Proprietor of the Indiana Nut Nursery, has
+contributed largely to the collection of seedling and named varieties of
+hardy northern pecan while W. A. Owen, Poseyville, and Clem Seib,
+Owensville, have been consistent winners in the large shellbark
+hickories. O. W. Thompson, Owensville, and William Seng, of Jasper,
+contributed some large size thin-shelled shagbark hickories to our show.
+James Stall, of Brownstown, is a consistent winner in butternuts.
+
+Each year more interest is being shown in the planting of native nuts
+and some of our Persian walnuts are rather outstanding. Nolan Fateley,
+Franklin, Indiana, has a very fine seedling Persian walnut of large size
+which we are hoping to propagate. (A large Carpathian tree.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and Walnut
+
+CARL WESCHCKE, St. Paul, Minnesota
+
+
+Twenty-five years of practical study and living with the hickories ought
+to suffice to make a success in growing these trees for their delicious
+product. However, it is only in the twenty-eighth year of such work that
+I have made an important discovery about the particular hickory with
+which I have had the most success; I refer to the variety known as the
+Weschcke shagbark hickory.
+
+I began to graft such varieties as Beaver and Fairbanks
+(bitternut--shagbark hybrid) hickory on Wisconsin native bitternut
+hickory (_Carya cordiformis_) in 1920, and some grafts are doing very
+well at this time, 1948, but they are practically barren of fruit.
+Since then I have accumulated more varieties to test from many different
+sources, to continue the work down to the present day. During that time
+I noticed, but did not appreciate, the significance of the relationship
+of growth between scion and root system. True, I have been very
+cognizant of the so-called compatibility between stock and scion in the
+hickory family, and have written about this matter for publication
+several times, but I was then more concerned with the stock and scion
+living together in a harmonious state of existence and health without
+realizing that there was something else necessary to this relationship
+in order to promote heavy bearing.
+
+
++Experiments in Grafting Black Walnuts+
+
+Parallel to these early experiments, I was grafting in the same family
+as the hickories, known as the walnut, or _Juglandaceae_ family, using
+wild native butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) as a stock for grafting to
+such varieties as the Thomas, Ohio, Stabler and Ten Eyck black walnut
+(_J. nigra_). Some of these trees, so grafted, exist today, being more
+than 25 years old, and they have never borne more than a hatful of
+walnuts to a tree, even when they became large trees. Most of them are
+entirely barren year after year. I often remarked to persons who were
+interested in this phase of my work, that the black walnut was
+non-productive on the butternut root system, but it was very evident
+that there was not completecompatibility because the walnut scion
+greatly outgrew the butternut stock causing a marked difference in their
+trunk diameters just below and above the union. This great difference,
+the butternut being so much smaller, was no doubt the cause of a
+shortage of food supply elaborated through the bark circumference which
+limited the top to a mere growth of leaves, not leaving sufficient
+additional supply for the growth of fruit.
+
+My observation among the hickories, with which I did far more
+experimental work than with the walnuts, was beclouded by the fact that
+many successful, apparently compatible varieties, grew and throve on the
+native bitternut stock without bearing fruit, except for just a few nuts
+occasionally; and yet there was no apparent difference between the scion
+diameter and the trunk diameter, nothing like the overgrowth of the
+black walnut when grafted on butternut. So it took many years and a
+different growth phenomenon to open my eyes as to what was the trouble
+in getting hickories to bear on foreign root systems.
+
+The final solution of the problem was determined by my observation this
+year of grafted hickories of several sizes and ages were Weschcke
+shagbark (_C. ovata_)[33] scions and other hickory scions, such as
+Siers, Bridgewater, Deveaux, Beaver, and Fairbanks have been grafted on
+the same tree to act as pollinators for the Weschcke, which is devoid of
+pollen.[33] This year particularly, the difference in rate of growth
+between two varieties grafted on the same stock was very apparent; in
+every case all other varieties greatly exceeded the growth of the
+Weschcke hickory, but in many cases, only the Weschcke hickory had any
+nuts growing on the graft, and if there were any nuts on another graft,
+there were but a few. In practically all cases, the diameters of the
+scions of varieties of hickory other than the Weschcke were at least
+twice the diameters of the Weschcke grafts, and the growth of all
+varieties so grafted was healthy and vigorous and thoroughly compatible
+with the native bitternut hickory root system.
+
+Several years ago I had to trim some of these other varieties back in
+order to allow the Weschcke graft to get more growth because it was so
+backward in development that it looked as though it might be crowded out
+of existence. It never occurred to me in those years that it was the
+difference in rate of growth between the two varieties which was really
+responsible for the difference in the diameter of the scion growth, and
+not some accident of propagation. Now it is very apparent, from the many
+examples that I have about me, that the Weschcke hickory is about
+one-half as fast a grower as such varieties as Bridgewater, Deveaux,
+Laney, Siers, and many others. This, then, accounts for the heavy
+bearing of the Weschcke when it starts to bear on the bitternut roots,
+and it also explains the lack of bearing in such varieties as Beaver,
+Fairbanks, Laney, Siers, Pleas, Deveaux, Rockville, Green Bay, Hope
+pecan, Stanley shellbark, Platman, Kirtland, Glover, Barnes, and many
+others which are hardy and get along well with the native bitternut root
+system, some of them having lived more than fifteen years grafted in
+such combination. The Bridgewater is the only variety which bears a fair
+crop of nuts as compared to the prolific Weschcke, and is the pollinator
+for the Weschcke when used in orchard planting.
+
+[Footnote 33: See author's added remarks following.--Ed.]
+
+
++Are Pecan Stocks Desirable for Hickory Scions?+
+
+It would appear, therefore, that it is necessary for stocks to be at
+least as vigorous as the variety to which they are grafted, and to
+insure this it would seem to me that the northern pecan seeds, such as
+grow around Des Moines, Iowa, would be the proper seedling stock for
+almost any variety of hickory, as they outgrow bitternuts and shagbarks
+by quite a margin. I have only one Weschcke grafted on a pecan of this
+sort, and it makes much greater growth each year than does this variety
+grafted on the native bitternut stocks. However, it has not started to
+bear yet and the reason is that it is still very young, and is
+over-topped by plum brush and apple trees.
+
+Since it requires about ten years here for a native bitternut to acquire
+the proper size of one-half inch to three-quarter inch diameter, which
+is about the size necessary for grafting, you have some idea of how
+slowly this native species grows. The forest trees, of which there seem
+to be thousands on my property, very seldom exceed a diameter of six
+inches, yet they appear to be very old trees. Occasionally we find one
+that reaches the diameter of a foot or more, and generally it is one
+that is located where it has plenty of space to grow, as in open
+pasture. The tree is rather easy to graft to many varieties of
+hickories. No doubt if it were grown in large numbers, in the proper
+soil, the time for producing seedling stock ready for nursery
+propagation could be cut down. But it appears more likely that some
+northern pecan seed can be found which will produce a hardy understock
+to furnish a seedling of sufficient vigor and size for propagating
+purposes in five years or less.
+
+
++Records of Bearing+
+
+Our first successful grafting of Weschcke hickory on bitternut hickory
+(_Carya cordiformis_) was in 1927, but these grafts did not bear for
+about ten years. We know now that this was because there was a lack of
+pollen of the shagbark species to pollinate its blossoms. Now these
+trees are bearing profusely.
+
+The second batch of grafts from the original Weschcke hickory, which
+grew near Fayette, Iowa, was made in 1934. One mature nut from grafts
+made that spring was gathered from the ground in the same year, about
+October 1, 1934, but it had been partly consumed by a squirrel. From
+that year to the present, these grafted trees produced each year and
+never failed to mature some edible nuts up to and including this year,
+when there is a very large crop (6-1/2 bushels). This, then, is the 15th
+consecutive crop of nuts of which I have a record. During two years we
+had such early fall frosts that the nuts were a little shriveled and not
+fully mature, but still edible. In other years there were some light
+crops, but there never has been a crop failure in all this time. The
+variation in bearing is also due in part to several late frosts which in
+the spring in some years killed back all the foliage and newly expanding
+buds. Yet new dormant buds opened, some of which had flowers, and so
+carried on the unbroken bearing record.
+
+Last winter (1947-48) produced the most severe damage to exotic species
+of fruit and nut trees as well as ornamentals, including evergreens,
+ever recorded in this area; yet the grafted Weschcke hickory trees were
+so loaded down with nuts that I had to support the load by tying up
+branches to keep them off the ground. This tough winter caused almost
+every variety of apple tree to be barren, such as Wealthy, Northwestern
+Greening, Whitney Crab, Haralson and Malinda. Only two varieties,
+Lowland Raspberry and Hibernal, bore fair crops. Last winter killed
+outright (to the ground) most of my Thomas black walnuts, some of which
+were more than 25 years old, and damaged severely such other varieties
+as Ohio, Vandersloot, and Ten Eyck. The winter was responsible also for
+the killing of several seedling Chinese chestnuts which had survived ten
+years of our winters and yet others of these Chinese chestnuts are
+growing again from sprouts near the ground surface. The mulberries
+suffered greatly also, but in general the hickories of many varieties
+came through this winter, with very little damage, and most of them are
+bearing a few nuts. Even the wild hazels suffered differing amounts of
+damage and have only partial crops of nuts because of the effects of the
+winter.
+
+In conclusion, keep in mind that these experiments and tests have been
+conducted in severe climatic conditions in the 45th parallel at River
+Falls, Wisconsin, 35 miles east of St. Paul, Minnesota, and that out of
+more than fifty varieties of hickories and pecans and their hybrids
+tested, only these two, Bridgewater and Weschcke hickory, (both
+thin-shelled easy-cracking varieties), have succeeded to a point which
+can be classed as commercial; the writer can now recommend these two
+varieties for propagation by nursery firms capable of undertaking the
+propagation of hickory nut trees, the sale of which to the public is a
+foregone conclusion.
+
+_By request of the secretary, Mr. Weschcke sent the following additional
+information on the Weschcke hickory:_
+
+About ten years ago I noticed that there was no pollen coming from this
+tree and yet from the very beginning, even when there was no other
+pollen available except the wild hickory pollen from the _Carya
+cordiformis_, the Weschcke hickory produced nuts. Thinking that it was
+due to parthenogenesis I bagged clusters of pistillate blossoms, and
+although setting nuts they all dropped off which is typical of
+non-pollenization. I then bagged groups of pistillate blossoms which I
+pollinized with different available pollens of the _Carya ovata_ and
+these set nuts which started to grow, upon which I removed the bags.
+From this experiment I found that the Bridgewater did a very good job
+of pollenization and it became the tree that I considered as a
+compatible mate. Other trees that pollinate well are Kirkland, Deveaux
+and Glover; Beaver is not a good pollenizer and I have not experimented
+with Fairbanks to know whether it is satisfactory. The catkins grow
+vigorously on the Weschcke up to the time that the pollen sacs seem
+ready to open, then the catkin drops off. No pollen has ever matured
+that I know of. When dried from this state, they yield no pollen.
+
+I told Dr. J. W. McKay about this nearly seven years ago, and he asked
+for fresh samples of the catkins at different periods which I mailed to
+him in receptacles that he furnished. He wrote me a very nice treatise
+on this subject for inclusion in my book which I expected to be
+published at that time. The book was never published, however, since
+Orange Judd turned it down during the war for lack of paper as the
+excuse. I did not try any further to get it published, and since that
+time many new things should be added to the hazel hybrid chapter. Dr.
+McKay said that he is familiar with this action on the part of nut
+trees. I have felt that it was phenomenal since I have had no other such
+experience among all the nut trees with which I have experimented.
+However, this loss of pollen saves vitality apparently for the
+production of several times the pistillate bloom that I have seen on any
+other hickory with which I have worked and this apparently accounts for
+the prolificacy of the Weschcke when grafted on the native Wisconsin
+hickory. (Male-sterility occurs with chestnut and apple.--Ed.)
+
+At first I considered the Weschcke somewhat of a hybrid nut; later I
+changed my mind about it and considered it a pure shagbark. I have
+reversed my opinion again and consider the possibility of its being
+slightly hybrid with bitternut blood. The parent tree at Fayette, Iowa
+stood close to big bitternuts. The shell, being the thinnest of all
+hickories (known to me) leads me to suspect the hybridity with the
+bitternut. It is quite smooth and the ridges are less prominent than in
+almost any other hickory except such known hybrids as the Beaver. Its
+shape is oval to long and it is flat so that whenever you throw a
+handful down to a smooth surface they all assume the same position, and
+because of this they would no doubt lend themselves to commercial
+cracking as they would feed through the mechanism of a cracking machine
+exactly in the same order.
+
+I have not always had such a high opinion of this nut. Dr. Deming has
+letters from me which have a disparaging note, and although Dr. Deming
+considered it a valuable nut, he has letters from me in which I
+indicated that I was sorry that it was not productive and that it had
+such a small nut. Both these conditions changed with time and within
+twenty years this nut sometimes becomes one of the largest hickories of
+the cultivated varieties and its proficacy then probably depended on
+correct pollination which I was not aware of in the beginning.
+
+I hope you will pardon me for dwelling so on this hickory, but after
+working with hickories for nearly thirty years it certainly seems
+remarkable to me that we have such a productive variety that is hardy
+this far north and west, that is perfectly at home on the native hickory
+roots, and that matures its nuts from September 15 to October 1, is
+self-hulling, that has escaped the attack of all sorts of weevils that
+infest our native nuts. (I have never found one wormy Weschcke hickory
+nut although sometimes you find empty nuts.) This variety also escapes
+the spring frosts so that there have been fourteen consecutive years of
+bearing without interruption. The foliage is vigorous, has no diseases
+so far; the young branches are sometimes cut off by oak tree pruners or
+girdlers. This happens to many kinds of trees, including all the oaks,
+butternut, black walnut, all the hickories and even the chestnuts. When
+you take into consideration the fact, that no other hickory has such a
+fine record it makes me very enthusiastic over this variety in spite of
+the fact that it bears my name. Were you to classify this hickory from
+casual observation, you would think it is a pure shagbark, and it is
+only the extreme thinness of shell and the outside appearance pf the nut
+shell which indicates some slight hybridity.
+
+
+
+
+Progress with Nuts at Wolfeboro, New Hampshire
+
+MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+
+Inasmuch as I do not expect to be able to attend the thirty-ninth annual
+meeting, I thought I would report to you on the progress of my nut trees
+since my letter of a year ago.
+
+Last winter was a severe one in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (43 deg. 36' north
+latitude.) We had more than the usual amount of snow, and although the
+temperature did not get down much lower than 25 deg. below zero at my place,
+it remained cold for many days at a time without relief. This, and the
+fact that last fall was one of the driest seasons on record, plus the
+fact that this spring it rained almost continuously for more than a
+month, resulted in considerable damage to my nut trees.
+
+My Broadview Persian walnut graft suffered severe damage, with branches
+up to two inches in diameter being killed. Whether this was from frost
+or lack of moisture in the fall I do not know, but two Crath Persian
+walnuts, one of which is situated within fifty feet of the Broadview,
+suffered no apparent winter injury at all. Neither Broadview nor Crath
+bore any nuts this year, whereas last year the Broadview produced
+eighteen nuts.
+
+My Gellatly heartnut also suffered severe winter injury similar to the
+Broadview Persian walnut, and after it leafed out it looked as if a fire
+had gone through it because of the dead wood. However, it is bearing
+thirteen nuts this year.
+
+Strange to say, the black walnut trees did not suffer any winter injury
+(the Thomas, set out in the spring of 1939, having been injured in each
+previous winter), except that the Tasterite is barren of nuts this year
+against a pretty good crop last year. However, the Thomas is bearing a
+fair crop, but the nuts are smaller than usual.
+
+While my hickory trees appeared to suffer no winter injury, out of
+possibly two dozen that I have planted since 1939 I expect to have only
+three left. The number had dwindled to nine last year, and six of those
+I am afraid will be dead by the end of next year. These six had done
+well for six or seven years. The cause appears to be poor circulation
+through the graft union. This is unfortunate as I believe hickory trees
+will live and bear fruit in our climate.
+
+I had the usual experience with filberts and hazelnuts, namely that the
+catkins were, for the most part, Winter killed. There, are no nuts on
+Rush, Barcelona, Medium Long, or Red Lambert, and the Winkler bushes
+[self-fertile--Ed.] which bore heavily last year (although the nuts did
+not fully ripen), are bearing only a few nuts this year.
+
+Native butternut trees last year bore a heavy crop of nuts. This year,
+the crop is very light.
+
+As an experiment, I planted three Chinese chestnuts this spring:
+Abundance, Nanking, and a "straight line" seedling. Although I haven't
+much hope that they will survive many winters, I thought I would try
+them out.
+
+Several people have inquired about nut growing in New Hampshire, and I
+have sent them a resume of my experiences.
+
+
+
+
+Breeding Chestnuts in the New York City Area
+
+ALFRED SZEGO, Jackson Heights, New York City
+
+[Part of a letter to the Secretary, October 27, 1948.]
+
+
+I am one of those members who have not been able to attend annual
+meetings. In the two or three years that I have been a member, I have
+derived great enjoyment from reading the annual reports and receiving
+information through your news bulletin.
+
+Therefore, when I received your improved bulletin, "The Nutshell," I
+felt that I and others like me should write and tell you how wonderful
+it is.
+
+There is much that I just want to "get off my chest." My past criticism
+was that the organization was a bit lethargic. But nut trees are _slow_
+in showing results, despite the nurserymen's attractive visions of
+quick, big harvests of nuts and even timber!!! This slow patience of the
+black walnut has determined the tempo of much of the membership.
+
+
++Chestnut Breeding Efforts+
+
+My main work is to attempt to breed two types of chestnuts: (1) One that
+is very productive with a low head and will bear nuts like the old
+American chestnut. (2) Another that will make a good timber stick. It is
+my theory that present chestnut breeders are crossing inferior material,
+using any specimens that happen to be in flower at the right time as
+long as they represent the species to be crossed.
+
+Suppose they intend to cross _C. crenata_ x _C. dentata_. An average
+Japanese chestnut is usually pollinated with flowers from a poor
+struggling sprout on the edge of the woods that has only one thing to
+recommend it. That is an early bearing characteristic which is inherent,
+but which, according to experiments and observations I have tediously
+carried out, _is not totally due to ringing by the blight_.
+
+The experiment takes place and a few hybrid nuts are produced. They are
+termed (_C. crenata_ x _C. dentata_). It is expected that the
+characteristics of the offspring will be somewhere between those of the
+two parents in blight resistance and nut size and quality. But what of
+the grandparents, the many ancestors of the American chestnut sprout
+that have not even the slight resistance of the sprout? Can they not
+express their characteristics and hand them, down to their
+grandchildren? And some individuals of _C. crenata_ are not reputed to
+be so highly blight resistant.
+
+Of course the scientists engaged in this work are men of the highest
+calibre and no doubt are aware of this, but it is extremely difficult to
+obtain, propagate, and care for named varieties of the finest
+individuals of each chestnut species.
+
+Apple, cherry, and other fruit breeders would not dream of crossing
+common scrub cull fruit trees and expect any degree of success.
+
+My first task when I began, three years ago, on my coppice growth 35 to
+40 year old hardwood forest, was to clear a little land and to begin
+planting different world species of _Castanea_.
+
+You would be astonished to find that it was impossible for me to obtain
+seed or trees, at the time, of _C. crenata_, _C. seguinii_, _C. pumila_,
+_C. henryi_ and _C. alnifolia_. I obtained some 24 seeds of _C.
+mollisima_ from Dr. A. H. Graves, for which I was grateful. At the time
+he didn't have a good crop, I think. Institutions and government
+agencies would not or did not like to release their newly developed
+hybrids for fear that I was a nurseryman or perhaps would sell them for
+"blight resistant" chestnuts, although they were not yet proven.
+
+
++Experiment at Pine Plains+
+
+By diligent search I managed to get a few trees and hybrids of _C.
+crenata_ and a variety (seedling of) called "Colossal." These thrived
+and survived about 30 deg. below zero under deep snow at Pine Plains, New
+York. I also set out 2 bushes (_C. pumila_) obtained from Harlan P.
+Kelsey, East Boxford, Massachusetts. Dr. Graves' seed gave fair
+germination, and I now have seven nice young _mollisimas_ from 8" to 30"
+high. Of two three year old trees I obtained from a local nursery, one
+died (my fault) from not reducing the top, and the other died back to
+the ground from winterkill, but came back again as sprouts. I easily
+obtained seed of _C. sativa_, but the severe winter mowed the seedlings
+down and there are only two survivors. One is smaller this year than
+last but the other is about 14" high and making slow, straight growth.
+The _chinkapins_ are perfectly hardy and this year one of them made _3
+feet of growth_.
+
+I estimate that I have some 3,000 to 4,000 American chestnut sprouts
+that range anything from 1 to 18 feet in height. But more promising--I
+have a cluster of fine young seedlings that I have been caring for. All
+the woods were cleared away from them to give them plenty of light. They
+are watered by the old hand bucket method in dry spells. I report on
+them occasionally to Mr. G. F. Gravatt and Mr. Russell B. Clapper of the
+U.S.D.A. They are a faint ray of hope.
+
+Four of them are about from 18 to 20 feet tall. One is about 9 feet
+high. One blighted and died two years ago and was removed. Another
+blighted at the base and I cut the canker out, but I fear it's going.
+One branch is dead and was removed. The others developed strong blight
+resistance. Small cankers formed on the lower branches but did not make
+headway. I cut some of these out and the trees healed nicely. As the
+trees become older, their resistance diminishes and the proof lies
+ahead. One tree that I labeled No. 1 has about two dozen, well healed
+_Endothia_ scars already. The trees have not bloomed for me yet but I
+may have some results soon. I intend to cross this clonal group with the
+following:
+
+1. With _C. seguinii_ for greater blight resistance and productivity.
+
+2. With _C. mollisima_ (var. Abundance) for blight resistance, fine nuts
+of medium size, and a good timber stick with good vigor.
+
+3. With large Japanese like Austin, and their hybrids like "Colossal,"
+for a medium size nut of fair quality and highly prolific for the
+general market for a cooking or roasting chestnut.
+
+Though many people dislike the Japanese chestnuts, they are at least
+productive and hardy (at my place). Their chief attribute is their
+possibility as food for stock and wildlife. Some of the same people who
+dislike them (among nurserymen) recommend planting oaks which certainly
+do not compare with _C. crenata_. When a very "sweet" acorn is found it
+is proclaimed to be "as good as Japanese chestnut."
+
+The Chinese chestnut has its faults here. It is not very thrifty in
+growth here and as a rule doesn't bear until late. It is not very
+productive and the nuts spoil easily. I have since planted much seed
+from the south and it often doesn't even get here in a viable condition.
+
+
++Assistance from Beltsville+
+
+My work has lately been facilitated by Mr. Gravatt and Mr. Clapper. I
+visited them at Beltsville and Mr. Clapper personally toured the orchard
+with me at Glenn Dale, showing me the kind of helpful courtesy that one
+never forgets and that is a tribute to these men.
+
+Some promising material was given to me which will greatly facilitate my
+work. Mr. Gravatt suggested the use of "Ammate" as an experiment to
+poison trees that interfere with any American chestnut growth I wish to
+save. The experiment is intended to eliminate the resulting sprouts that
+accompany girdling. Incidentally, part of the experiment is to attempt
+to give light and cultivation and fertilizer to 100 native chestnut
+sprouts in a four acre area.
+
+I have some information on American chestnut sprouts that may be of
+interest to the membership. In an endeavor to locate the best American
+material, I have been combing the woods and thickets on Long Island, in
+New Jersey, Connecticut, and parts of Dutchess County, New York (the
+latter not extensively). Many thousands of sprouts were examined to
+discover the following:
+
+_Their present status._
+
+1. Sprouts occur almost always in woodlands.
+
+2. They reach their greatest height and are most luxuriant at the edge
+of woodlands or in clearings therein.
+
+3. They rarely exceed 15 feet in height and reach a diameter of about
+three inches.
+
+4. One in many hundreds, and only where there is light in abundance,
+will bear flowers.
+
+5. One in many thousands bears female or pistillate flowers which
+sometimes produce "blind" or empty nuts. [Unpollinated--ED.]
+
+6. Rarely, indeed very rarely, are two flowering trees close enough to
+produce viable seed.
+
+7. There are a few seedlings that are single stem upright trees (no old
+stump in evidence) that reach up to 20 and rarely 25 or 30 feet in
+height with a diameter of 6" or so.
+
+(Mr. R. B. Clapper thinks it is probably due to the absence of an old,
+infected stump that this greater height is reached.)
+
+8. Ringing by the blight does not necessarily force the flowers and
+nuts. The woodlands abound with chestnut sprouts in all stages of
+girdling without pollen or fruit.
+
+When I have my trees in bearing, I will be glad to furnish pollen and
+nuts from them to anyone that pursues the important work of trying to
+improve what I consider the most promising nut tree we yet know.
+
+
+
+
+Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and Winter
+of 1947-48
+
+L. H. MacDANIELS and DAMON BOYNTON, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+
+The winter of 1947-48 caused more damage to nut trees at Ithaca, New
+York, than any since 1933-34. It was a combination of a series of early
+freezes followed by sub-zero temperature in mid-winter. Apparently the
+most injury was done by the fall freezes. These occurred on September
+25, 26, and 27. On each successive night the temperature dropped lower
+than the preceding, and on September 27 was around 20 deg.F. There was
+considerable variation in temperature related to exposure, air drainage
+conditions, and other factors.
+
+On West Hill in Ithaca the minimum temperature recorded on September 27
+was 23 deg.F. Injury to leaves and nuts was severe. Within a few days the
+leaves had shrivelled and dried on the trees. It was apparent that this
+early freeze came before the abscission layers were formed in the leaf
+bases or growth matured. Ordinarily, a hard freeze late in the season
+will cause the trees to drop the leaves the next day. The nuts on the
+trees were frozen solid and mostly turned black within a few days and
+began to shrivel. Development was stopped, with the result that the nuts
+on all varieties were very poorly filled. The cavities appeared on first
+cracking to be full of kernel, but on drying these shrunk so that they
+were practically valueless. Some of the nuts were planted in a nursery
+row in the fall and germinated fairly early, showing viable embryos in
+spite of arrested development.
+
+During the winter the temperature fell to -25 deg.F, a temperature which
+ordinarily would not damage black walnuts seriously. It is impossible to
+separate the effect of the low winter temperatures from that of the
+early freeze in September. In this location the net result of the early
+freeze and the severe winter was to kill vigorously growing grafts on
+the walnut trees. Also the cambium in the main crotches of a Stambaugh
+tree with a trunk about 14 inches in diameter was killed. This tree was
+destroyed in a windstorm in August, 1948, but it is not clear that the
+breakage was related to the winter killing in 1947-48. None of the trees
+now has a good crop, which may be or may not be related to the frost in
+the fall. It is entirely possible that failure to form blossom buds is
+caused either by killing of bud primordia or more likely by depletion of
+carbohydrate reserves due to the loss of leaves in early fall.
+
+One seedling of Carpathian walnut was not damaged seriously except for
+some slight terminal twig killing. Another tree, however, had most of
+the smaller branches killed. Hickories and chestnuts were apparently
+not seriously damaged but some seedlings of the Japanese walnut were
+killed to the ground.
+
+
++Walnut and Hickory Plantings+
+
+At the orchard of the Department of Pomology of Cornell University there
+is a large collection of walnut and hickory varieties and other nut
+trees. It is not known exactly what the temperatures were in this
+location but an exposed location half a mile distant had a minimum
+September temperature recorded of 24 deg.F. and minimum winter temperature
+of -20 deg.F. The planting in question is on two levels and on a hillside.
+The damage on the hillside and the upper level was relatively less than
+on the lowlands where apparently the air drainage was poor. Probably the
+temperature in the lowlands may have reached 20 deg.F. in September and
+-25 deg.F. in the winter. At any rate, the damage to the trees was much more
+severe than in the West Hill location where the temperature reached
+23 deg.F. in September.
+
+Injury to the black walnut on the higher land and on the hillside was
+mostly the killing back of the twigs and smaller branches. On some
+trees, the petioles of last year's leaves were still attached to the
+dead twigs late the following summer, showing that the freeze occurred
+before the abscission layers had formed. The dozen or more varieties of
+black walnut on the higher land showed little difference between them
+except that the Elmer Myers showed somewhat greater injury. On the low
+ground, many varieties including Murphy, Edmunds, Benton, Ohio, Todd,
+and Stambaugh were killed to the ground or back to the main branches of
+the trunk. Of three Thomas trees, about 20 years old, one was killed
+outright, one severely injured, and the other injured only in the twigs.
+Apparently the difference in these three trees was related to the size
+of the crop on the trees, although no definite data are available on
+this point. Walnuts showing little or no injury were: Mintle and
+Tasterite. Neither of these had had a crop in 1947.
+
+Many of the varieties of hickory were injured as was the native
+bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. This injury consisted mostly of the
+killing back of the lower limbs and twigs with some varieties being
+killed outright. Killing of the lower limbs as compared with the tops of
+the trees is probably related to lower temperatures near the ground due
+to temperature inversion and possibly to the fact that the lower
+branches were somewhat weaker in their growth. This sort of injury is
+common with fruit trees.
+
+On the higher ground the Chinese chestnut trees planted some 20 years
+ago showed considerable injury. About 50% of them were killed and others
+were damaged in the lower branches. Chestnut trees in this planting had
+all survived the cold winter of 1933-34, with winter temperatures below
+-30 deg.F., so that it is probable that the early freeze of September 27 was
+responsible for their death.
+
+Japanese walnut seedlings again showed great difference in hardiness,
+the more tender seedlings killing to the ground and others showing
+little damage.
+
+Northern pecans on higher ground showed severe damage, the killing
+extending to the trunk and larger limbs. The variety Burlington, which
+is a hybrid, pecan x shagbark, showed little injury.
+
+In a planting of several hundred seedling black walnut trees in another
+location the temperature on September 27 was probably around 18-20 deg.F.
+About 20% of the trees were killed to the ground. These trees were
+growing under a sod mulch, were not overly vigorous, and for the most
+part had not come into fruiting.
+
+In the 1947-48 winter about half of the sweet cherries in the Pomology
+orchard were killed and peaches were severely injured. No injury was
+apparent on apple trees.
+
+Weather conditions such as occurred in 1947-48, though unusual, are to
+be expected occasionally in the latitude of Ithaca, and in fact
+throughout the northern states. Apparently the fall freeze was
+widespread as it was almost impossible to obtain any black walnuts that
+were of any value. Some of the specimens received from other sources
+obviously had been frozen. The possibility of such damage might well be
+a deterrent on planting black walnuts in any considerable acreage as a
+commercial venture in the north. The experience of the past year
+certainly emphasizes the fact that as yet our knowledge of varieties is
+incomplete and also that the Northern Nut Growers Association has much
+work to do in either locating or developing varieties of greater
+hardiness or with growth characteristics which provide early maturity
+and thus immunity from early frost damage.
+
+
+
+
+What Came Through the Hard Winter in Ontario
+
+GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario
+
+
+For winter killing of trees I refer you to the winter of 1947-48. I had
+a huge elm and a very tall white ash killed. A lot of black walnuts and
+heartnuts and some Persian (English) walnuts were killed back the length
+of last year's growth. Some Persian walnuts were killed to the ground
+while others were not even nipped off of a bud. Very strange to say, my
+best Persian walnut---whose shell is very thin, whose meats are very
+sweet and fat, the tree itself a fast grower, prolific and
+self-pollenizing--not only did not show a sign of trouble but actually
+had a crop of most excellent nuts. _These trees only_ will I distribute
+in future, as well as my two types of "Rumanian Giants." The Rumanian
+Giants did show a little winter killing of two or three inches of the
+tips and showed up poorly on the crop size.
+
+I find that all my Russian walnuts [_J. regia_, probably
+"Carpathian"--Ed.] run true to seed--no bitter nuts as from north China.
+They evidently planted the sweet nuts only, thus eliminating the bitter
+types; they knew and practiced no budding or grafting in [that part of]
+Russia. Astounding to say, filberts came through last winter in
+excellent shape, but the terrible, cold, late spring, froze all male
+blossoms but those of the "Jones Hybrid" types, which I have from seeds
+I sowed. These latter yielded a good crop of nuts as did Brixnut
+seedlings.
+
+Not a butternut on a tree nor a beechnut! Some black walnuts were loaded
+while others were quite empty.
+
+And so I predicted--last September--a mild, open winter with some cold
+days. [His prediction was good for his locality.--Ed.]
+
+My "Senator Pepper" hybrid (butternut x heartnut cross) had a crop but
+my "David Fairchild" had some empty and some full. My "Mitchell hybrid"
+had a good crop and, believe me, this nut is far away ahead of the
+Mitchell heartnut and up against the world for cracking out clean. It
+will equal an almond, and as for taste, it is so far ahead of a Brazil
+nut that the Brazil nut would rank D 3 beside it.
+
+I still believe in seed planting, even for speed of eventual growth.
+Last October I climbed up a black walnut tree I planted in mid-World War
+I. From the top of it I looked away down to the tops of electric power
+poles!
+
+
+
+
+Filberts Grow in Vermont
+
+JOSEPH N. COLLINS, R.F.D. No. 3, Putney, Vermont
+
+
+Fifteen years ago I set out a few hundred nut trees and bushes. The
+Chinese chestnuts are not doing very well, as they needed more attention
+than I could give them. Honeylocusts, in this climate, require more
+time. At present I can report only on seedling filberts. The seeds for
+these plants were collected from the four corners of the world. Some of
+the seedlings perished, lots of them were discarded as unworthy. At
+present I am setting out two acres of the ones that stood up well under
+the test.
+
+The filbert (_Corylus avellana_) is a bush 15 to 20 feet tall and the
+bushes should be planted 20 to 25 feet apart. It doesn't mind partial
+shade, requires no spraying and very little pruning. Like the red
+raspberry, it is easily propagated by suckers. Most of my bushes started
+producing when they were four years old and now in their fourteenth
+year, drop about 15 pounds of large fine nuts each September. They stand
+up well under the rigorous Vermont climate, at an elevation of 1,000
+feet. Knowing as much about their growing habits as I do, I believe that
+a steady winter with plenty of snow on the ground and a late spring that
+isn't fickle, is well suited for filbert growing in the Northeast. The
+need for wind protection and good air and water drainage cannot be
+over-emphasized.
+
+There are a few reasons why I should advise against growing filberts in
+tree fashion--with a single trunk, as they are mostly grown on the West
+Coast. The catkins of the filbert develop during the summer, lie dormant
+through the winter, and shed their pollen very early in the spring.
+Should the temperature fall as low as -35 deg.F, the catkins winterkill. To
+overcome this shortcoming, I bend down and peg to the ground, in the
+late fall, a few slim shoots with dormant catkins, so that the snow, or
+some other mulching material supplied when there is insufficient snow,
+will cover and protect the catkins from winterkilling.
+
+By the end of March, after a stretch of fair weather, two tiny red
+tongues appear at the tips of some of the leaf buds. These are the
+pollen catching parts of the pistillate flowers. If the winter was kind,
+the filbert bushes will be a riot of golden catkins, shedding their
+pollen. If the catkins remain dormant when the pistillate flowers bloom,
+they have been winterkilled, and the bent down reserves have to be
+called up. These being protected during the winter, on being bent back
+to their original position, will come into bloom in a few days,
+pollenizing the waiting pistillate flowers. Bees eagerly seek this, one
+of the earliest pollens. The now fertilized flowers, which always stayed
+inside the buds, go back to sleep for about two months; they are safe
+from the "North Easter," from late freezes, or from snow. When filberts
+are grown naturally, that is with many shoots from the ground, it is
+easy to harvest them by shaking the slender shoots. I hand hoed my
+bushes for the first three years, and gave them a permanent mulch over
+the whole area, adding some material each year.
+
+I am inclined to believe that part of my success with filberts is due to
+mulching. In the middle of summer, I apply a 4" cover of low grade hay,
+and in the fall I again cover the ground with fallen leaves. Due to the
+ideal conditions thus created (optimum temperature and moisture) for
+soil bacteria and earthworms, this material is entirely digested. The
+mulching material almost disappears by the middle of the next summer,
+indicating vigorous biological activity. By this time a new layer of
+mulch is spread, completing the cycle. Late in the fall a load of manure
+is heaped in the middle of the plantation as an earthworm refuge. This
+heap is scattered early in the spring. Light applications of wood ashes
+and super-phosphate are given yearly, late in the fall.
+
+In conclusion, I wish to state that selected varieties of filbert nuts
+can be grown in the Northeast. Hybrids between the American and European
+filbert are good growers and producers, although I find that the flavor
+of the nut isn't as good as that of the pure _avellana_. I would advise
+the planting of a dozen bushes by each of a great number of persons
+further to prove the possibilities of growing this specific nut in the
+New England area, also to promote the idea of growing both feed and food
+on trees and bushes.
+
+
+
+
+Report of Necrology Committee
+
+C. E. SCHUSTER
+
+
+Carl E. Schuster, horticulturist with the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture stationed on the Oregon State College campus and generally
+recognized as the nation's foremost authority on filbert production,
+died February 6, 1948, in Corvallis as a result of a heart attack. At
+the time of his death, he was 58.
+
+Associated with the Northwest's growing nut industry for more than 30
+years, he was recognized for his outstanding contributions to filbert
+and walnut production. One of his first and most outstanding
+developments was related to the pollination requirements of filbert
+trees. After research proved the common commercial filbert variety, the
+Barcelona, was self-sterile, he recommended to filbert growers that they
+plant DuChilly, Daviana and White Aveline filbert trees with their
+Barcelona to insure complete pollination. Full crops resulted.
+
+
++Organized Summer Tours+
+
+For approximately 20 years prior to 1941, he served as
+secretary-treasurer of the Western Nut Growers Association. In this
+capacity he assisted in starting the summer tours which have been
+carried on continuously since. He helped guide the Association through
+its early years to a position of importance among the commodity groups
+of the state. In 1941, he was forced to relinquish his office as a
+result of the enactment of a federal regulation. At this time, he was
+given an honorary life membership in the Association.
+
+In recent years, he devoted major attention to orchard management with
+emphasis on fertilization and general nutrition needs of nut trees. In
+this work he co-operated with Dr. R. E. Stephenson at Oregon State
+College. Their outstanding development was in the field Of boron
+deficiency in walnuts.
+
+Walnut production of many orchards, they discovered, could be increased
+two and three fold by the addition of borax fertilizer. The presence of
+"snake heads" or sprouts in summer walnut growth and "die-back" or
+winter kill noticeable in some walnut trees during the winter months are
+now generally recognized as signs of boron deficiency.
+
+
++Wrote Many Nut Articles+
+
+Other work in walnuts proved that fertilizer applications can and do
+pay. Prior to this work with resulting fertilizer recommendations, many
+walnut growers had not made heavy enough applications on certain soil
+types and felt that fertilizers were not worthwhile in walnut
+production.
+
+Mr. Schuster was the author of many articles pertaining to nut culture.
+
+In the 10 years he was on the staff of the college horticulture
+department before entering federal service, he made an outstanding
+record in teaching and research. With other scientists he worked in
+developing a successful pollination program for cherries. This work was
+carried on after it was determined that the three leading cherry
+varieties, Royal Ann, Bing, and Lambert, were all self-sterile and
+intersterile.
+
+A native of Ohio, he came to Oregon in 1912 to attend Oregon State
+College after having completed two years at Ohio Wesleyan. He received a
+B.S. degree in agriculture in 1914 and two years later, 1916, received
+his master's degree.
+
+He joined the college staff three years later and remained until 1929,
+when he took the federal position he held until his death. He was a
+veteran of World War I, having served as an infantry second lieutenant.
+He was a member of Alpha Zeta Sigma Xi, and Gamma Sigma Delta honor
+societies and was a life-long member of the Evangelical church, which
+has since merged with the United Brethren church.
+
+He is survived by Mrs. Schuster and four children, Charles, Robert and
+Margaret--all Oregon State College students, and Flora, a high school
+student. A brother, Dr. Earl J, Schuster, lives at Tillamook.--Reprinted
+from _Better Fruit_ magazine.
+
+
+
+
+MRS. LAURA SELDEN ELLWANGER
+
+
+Mrs. Laura Selden Ellwanger, member of one of Rochester's pioneer
+families, died at her home, 510 East Avenue, Rochester, New York on
+September 1, 1948, after a short illness.
+
+She was the widow of William D. Ellwanger, whose father, George
+Ellwanger, was a co-founder of the Ellwanger & Barry Nursery Company.
+
+Her brother, George B. Selden, was inventor of the gasoline automobile,
+and her father, Henry R. Selden, was a New York State Court of Appeals
+judge and one-time lieutenant governor of the state.
+
+Mrs. Ellwanger was the last survivor of 12 children in the Selden
+family. Her maternal grandfather, Dr. Abel Baldwin, settled in Clarkson
+in 1811, just a year before Rochester was founded. She was born in a
+house on the land now occupied by the Highland Hospital. One of her
+sisters, Louise, was the wife of Maj. Gen. Elwell C. Otis, former
+governor of the Philippine Islands.
+
+Mrs. Ellwanger spent many summers at her home, Brookwood, in Ontario,
+Wayne County.
+
+She was honorary president of the Rochester Female Charitable Society,
+one of the city's oldest organizations, and a member of the Rochester
+Historical Society, The Rochester Garden Club, Genesee Valley Club, and
+the Rochester Rose Society.
+
+She is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Kenneth H. Field, of Rochester; two
+granddaughters, Mrs. John F. Weis, Jr., of New York City, and Mrs. Edwin
+II, Atwood, Jr., Rochester, and four great-grandchildren.
+
+(The above, is from a Rochester newspaper clipping.--Ed.)
+
+
+
+
+M. M. KAUFMAN
+
+
+(The secretary received the following letter from Mrs. M. M. Kaufman,
+dated March 17, 1949.)
+
+"I regret to advise you that my husband, M. M. Kaufman (Clarion,
+Pennsylvania), a member of the Association for many years, died March 3,
+1948.
+
+"My husband was a strong, conservationist and always appreciated the
+work of the Nut Growers. In continuing his interests, I should like to
+join the Association, and I am enclosing my check for $8.00 to cover
+dues of $3.00.... and $5.00 as a contribution in my husband's name for
+furthering the work of the group."
+
+
+
+
+NORMAN B. WARD
+
+
+Norman B. Ward, a new member, with offices at 866 Hanna Bldg., Cleveland
+15, Ohio, was reported deceased in September, 1948. No obituary notice
+has been received for him.
+
+
+
+
+Attendance
+
+
+   R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania
+   Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg Pennsylvania
+   Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York
+   Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, New York
+   Charles B. Berst, Erie, Pennsylvania
+   Frank B. Blow, Norris, Tennessee
+   Gertrude R. Blow, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. L. C. Brann, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   John T. Bregger, Clemson, South Carolina
+   Carroll D. Bush, Eagle Creek, Oregon
+   J. Edwin Caruthers, Alpine, Tennessee
+   Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., Dept, of Horticulture, State College, Pennsylvania
+   B. C. Cobb, Norris, Tennessee
+   Miss Mary R. Cochran, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Mrs. C. E. Connally, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Thomas S. Cox, 103 Hotel Avenue, Knoxville. 18, Tennessee
+   H. L. Crane, 6822 Pineway, Hyattsville, Maryland
+   Frank B. Cross, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   Mrs. Frank B. Cross, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee
+   Mrs. W. H. Cummings, Fountain City, Tennessee
+   Helen E, Davidson, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio
+   John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio
+   Margaret Davidson, Xenia, Ohio
+   Elora Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey
+   John H. Donnelly, Hoboken, New Jersey
+   Brooks D. Drain, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri
+   Mrs. Martin D. Ehlmann, St. Charles, Missouri
+   R. W. Fisher, West Plains, Missouri
+   A. E. France, Charleston, West Virginia
+   Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia
+   F. C. Galle, Dept, of Horticulture, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   H. R. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Mrs. Bessie J. Gibbs, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Jack Godwin, Signal Mountain, Tennessee
+   G. H. Gordon, Union, South Carolina
+   Dr. Edward A. Grad & Family, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   G. F. Gravatt, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.
+   Dr. Clyde Gray, Horton, Kansas
+   G. A. Gray, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   John L. Gray, Raleigh, North Carolina
+   Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York
+   Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, New York
+   Earl C. Haines, Shanks, West Virginia
+   Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia
+   Mrs. Max Hardy, Sr., Albany, Georgia
+   Max Hardy, Jr., Albany, Georgia
+   Hubert Harris, Auburn, Alabama
+   John F. Hatmaker, Norris, Tennessee
+   Agnes V. Hendricks, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   A. G. Hirschi, 414 N. Robinson St., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
+   C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+   Mrs. C. F. Hostetter, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+   Bruce Howell, Sweetwater, Tennessee
+   C. B. Howell, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Lilian Jenkins, Norris, Tennessee
+   Denman A. Jones, Walnut Grove Farms, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania
+   G. S. Jones, Rt. I, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama
+   Mrs. Tinman W. Jones, Walnut Grove Farm, Parkesburg, Pa.
+   Raymond Kays, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+   J. B. Kingrohm, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   G. J. Korn, 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo, Michigan
+   Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa
+   E. W. Lemke, Detroit 14, Michigan
+   R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio
+   Mrs. R. C. Lorenz, Fremont, Ohio
+   W. W. Magill, Lexington, Kentucky
+   D. E. Manges, Norris, Tennessee
+   J. C. Moore, Auburn, Alabama
+   R. G. Moore, Dept, of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Va.
+   Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg, Kentucky
+   John T, Mullins, Renfro Valley, Kentucky
+   H. O. Murphy, Chattanooga, Tennessee
+   Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   Mrs. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   Frances C. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+   F. J. McCauley, 233 West Erie St., Chicago 10, Illinois
+   Elizabeth L. McCollum, White Hall, Maryland
+   Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Maryland
+   J. C. McDaniel, 403 State Office Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn.
+   Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt, Rainier, Maryland
+   James R. Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois
+   Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois
+   Mrs. Vincent L. Odum, San Diego, California
+   Robert E. Ogle, Tenn. Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tennessee
+   F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Michigan
+   E. L. Overholser, Dept. of Hort., V. P. I., Blacksburg, Virginia
+   Roger W. Pease, Morgantown, West Virginia
+   Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
+   Sara M. Potts, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Carl Prell, South Bend, Indiana
+   Edna M. Pritchett, 803 William St., Front Royal, Virginia
+   Ralph H. Quick, Lesage, West Virginia
+   G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee
+   Mrs. G. B. Rhodes, Route 2, Covington, Tennessee
+   Ralph, Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   Mrs. Ralph Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   David Richterkessing, R. R. 1, St. Charles, Missouri
+   John Rick, Reading, Pennsylvania
+   W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee
+   Mrs. W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson, Tennessee
+   Dr. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa
+   Mrs. Wm. L. Rohrbacher, 811 East College St., Iowa City, Iowa
+   Ralph Schreiber, Sr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana
+   Ralph Schreiber, Jr., 245 Cherry St., New Albany, Indiana
+   T. L. Senn, Clemson, South Carolina
+   W. A. Shadow, Decatur, Tennessee
+   Maurice E. Shamer, M. D. & Son, Baltimore, Maryland
+   Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio
+   Mrs. E. D. Shipley, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   G. B. Shivery, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, Ohio
+   Frances Simpson, Norris, Tennessee
+   George L. Slate, Geneva, New York
+   Barbara Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Donald R. Sly, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana
+   Louesa M. Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Raymond E. Sly, Rockport, Indiana
+   Sterling Smith, 630 W. South St., Vermilion, Ohio
+   H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia
+   Bernard M. Taylor, Alpine, Tennessee
+   Clifford R. Von Gundy, Cincinnati, Ohio
+   Ford Wallick, Peru, Indiana
+   Arthur Weaver, 3339 South St., Toledo, Ohio
+   Harry R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio
+   Mrs. Martha R. Weber, Morgan Road, Rt. 1, Cleves, Ohio
+   J. F. Wilkinson, Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport, Indiana
+   Mrs. R. Allen Williams, Chicago, Illinois
+   William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia
+   Mrs. William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia
+   T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. T. G. Zarger, Norris, Tennessee
+   Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+
+
+
+
+Membership Listings
+
+
+Miss Helen Lewis, of the secretary's office, has corrected the following
+alphabetical list of members by states and countries, up to May 1, 1949,
+and further additions up to press time will be added below "Wisconsin",
+if space permits. We are listing also the members' occupations, so far
+as they have been furnished, and ask that other members who want them
+listed include this information when they pay their dues for the coming
+year. Please check on your own listing now, and notify the secretary if
+any correction in the name or address (including zone number) should be
+made.
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List as of May 1, 1949
+
+ *Life Member
+
+ **Honorary Member
+
+
+  ALABAMA
+
+  Campbell, R. D., Route 1, Stevenson. +Farmer, mine operator.+
+  Dean, Charles C., Route 3, Box 220, Anniston
+  Orr, Lovic, Route 1, Danville. +Farmer, chestnut and peach grower,
+    merchant.+
+
+
+  ARKANSAS
+
+  Clawitter, A. T., Route 3, Box 210, Little Rock
+  Hale, A. C., Route 2, Box 322, Camden
+  Van Arsdale, D. N., Route 4, Berryville
+  Williams, Jerry F., Viola
+  Winn, J. B., West Fork
+
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+
+  Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario. +General nurserymen,
+    plant breeders.+
+  Gaston, Eugene T., Route 2, Box 771, Turlock. +Nut nurseryman,
+    Turlock Nursery+
+  Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. Street, Sacramento. +Surgeon+
+  Kemple, W. H., 216 West Ralston Street, Ontario. +Nurseryman, plant,
+    breeder and research horticulturist.+
+  Nicholson, Thomas B., 1017 N. Ophir Street, Stockton
+  Parsons, Charles E., Felix Gillett Nursery, P. O. Box 1026, Nevada City.
+    +Nurseryman.+
+  Pozzi, P. H., 2875 South Dutton Avenue, Santa Rosa
+  Serr, E. F., Agri. Experiment Station, Davis. +Associate Pomologist.+
+  Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley
+  Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. +Private & Corporation
+    Horticulture.+
+  Williams, Edward L., Sheepranch
+
+
+  CANADA
+
+  Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. +Farmer.+
+  Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Drive, Toronto 6, Ontario
+  Casanave, John A., 209 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C.
+  Cornell, R. S., R. R. No. 1, Byron, Ontario
+  Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario. +Nurseryman,
+    nut breeder.+
+  Crisp, Dr. Allan G., Suite 204, 160 Eloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario
+  Elwood, H., 78 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C. +Nurseryman.+
+  English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. +Farmer, fruit and nut grower.+
+  Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario. +Fruit and vegetable grower.+
+  Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. +Plant breeder. Fruit grower &
+    nurseryman.+
+  Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C.
+  Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Route 3, St. Catherines, Ontario. +Fruit grower.+
+  Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 1, Burgessville, Ontario
+  Housser, Levi, Rt. No. 1, Beamsville, Ontario, +Fruit farmer.+
+  Maillene, George, R. R. 1, Saanichton, B. C.
+  Manten, Jacob, Route 1, White Rock, B. C.
+  *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ontario
+  Papple, Elton E., Route 3, Cainsville, Ontario
+  Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 1, Harrow, Ontario. +Chemist+
+  Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Dept. of Industry & Resources,
+    140 Cumberland St., Charlotteville, P. E. I.
+  Trayling, E. J., 609 Richards Street, Vancouver, B. C. +Jeweller.+
+  Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+  Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario. +Farmer.+
+  Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.
+  Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba
+  Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.
+
+
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+
+  *Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7.
+    +(Dean of the Association)+
+  Giesecke, Paul. R.F.D. 3, Pinewood Road, Stamford. +Physicist.+
+  Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien
+  Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 255 South Main Street, Wallingford +Consulting
+    Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Connecticut.
+  *Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+  McSweet, Arthur Clapboard Hill Road Guilford. +Industrial Engineer.+
+  *Newmaker, Adolph, Route 1, Rockville
+  Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+  White, George F., Route 2, Andover
+
+
+  DELAWARE
+
+  Brugman, Elmer W., 1904 Washington Street, Wilmington.
+    +Chemical Engineer.+
+  Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. +Fruit grower.+
+
+
+  DENMARK
+
+  Granjean, Julie, Hillerod. (See New York.)
+  Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+  American Potash Institute, Inc., 1155-16th St., N.W., Washington, D. C.
+  Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy Street, N.W., Washington 11, D. C.
+   +Civil Engineer.+
+  Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., N.E., Washington 20.
+  Graff, George U., 242 Peabody Street, N. W., Washington, 11, D. C.
+  Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave.,
+    Washington, D. C. +Research Associate.+
+  **Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, N. W., Washington 12, D. C.
+    +Nut Culturist.+
+
+
+  ECUADOR
+  SOUTH AMERICA
+
+  Colwell, P. A., Institute of Inter-American Affairs, c/o American
+    Embassy, Quito.
+
+
+  FLORIDA
+
+  Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Avenue, Miami. +Pecan grower.+
+  Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs. +General Manager.+
+
+
+  GEORGIA
+
+  Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S.W., Atlanta
+  Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Station, Box 84, Albany.
+    +Chemist, U.S.D.A.+
+  Hardy, Max, P. O. Box 128, Leeland Farms, Leesburg. +Nurseryman, farmer.+
+  Hobsen, James, Jasper
+  Hunter, Dr. H. Reid. 561 Lake Shore Drive, N. E., Atlanta.
+    +Teacher and farmer.+
+  Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1. Carnesville. +Farmer, nurseryman.+
+  Noland, S. C., P. O. Box 1747, Atlanta 1. +Owner of Skyland Farms.+
+  Wilson, William J., North Anderson Avenue, Fort Valley.
+    +Fruit and nut orchardist.+
+
+
+  IDAHO
+
+  Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main Street, Emmett
+  Dryden, Lynn, Peck. +Farmer.+
+  Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl. +Orchardist.+
+  McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake. +Nurseryman.+
+  Steele, A. A., John Steel Orchards, Parma. +Manager of Orchard.+
+  Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino
+
+
+  ILLINOIS
+
+  Albrecht, H. W., Delavan
+  Allen, Theodore R., Delavan
+  Anthony, A. B., Route 3, Sterling. +Apiarist.+
+  Baber, Adlin, Kansas
+  Best, R. B., Eldred. +Farmer.+
+  Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign
+  Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson Street, Evanston
+  Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwold, Chicago
+  Coe, John E., 2024 Sunnyside Avenue, Chicago 25
+  Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+  Dietrich, Ernest, Route 2, Dundas. +Farmer.+
+  Dintelman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville
+  Erkman, John O., 103 N. Lincoln Street, Urbana
+  Fordtran, E. H., 8700 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago 47
+  Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48.
+    +Assistant to V. P., C B I & P R. R.+
+  Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 48. +Housewife.+
+  Gerardi, Louis, Route 1, Caseyville. +Nut and fruit nurseryman.+
+  Grefe, Ben, R. R. 4, Box 22, Nashville. +Farmer.+
+  Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago
+  Heborlein, Edward W., Route 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe
+  Helmle, Herman C., 526 S. Grand Avenue, W., Springfield.
+    +Division Engineer, Asphalt Institute.+
+  Hockenyos, C. L., 213 E. Jefferson Street, Springfield. +Business man.+
+  Johnson, Hjalmar, W., 5811 Dorchester Avenue, Chicago 37
+  Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Avenue, Alton
+  Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond
+  Langdoc, Mrs. Wesley W., P. O. Box 136, Erie. +(J. F. Jones Nursery)+
+  Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County)
+  Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main Street, LeRoy. +Attorney.+
+  Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru. +Machinist.+
+  Sonemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalla.
+    +Lawyer and farm operator.+
+  Whitford, A. M., Farina. +Horticulturist.+
+
+
+  INDIANA
+
+  Arata, J. W., R. R. 2, Box 28, Osceola. +Mechanical Engineer.+
+  Bauer, Paul J., 123 South 29th Street, Lafayette
+  Behr, J. E., Laconia
+  Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+  Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne Street, Ft. Wayne 2.
+    +Physician and Surgeon.+
+  Clark, C. M., c/o C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, R. R. 2, Middletown
+    +Fruit & nursery stock.+
+  Eagles, A. E., Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville. +Apple grower.+
+  Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 220 Southeast Drive, Evansville 8.
+    +Medical Doctor.+
+  Fateley, Nolan W., c/o Campbell Oil Co., 2003 Madison Avenue,
+    Indianapolis 2
+  Garber, H. C., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle
+  Gentry, Herbert M., Route 2, Noblesville
+  Glaser, Peter, Route 18, Box 463, Evansville
+  Hite, Charles Dean, Route 2, Bluffton
+  Hunter, J. Robert, 215 So. Broadway, Peru
+  Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17
+  Richards, E. E., 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend.
+    +Studebaker Corporation.+
+  Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine Street, South Bend
+  Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry Street, New Albany
+  Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route 1, Thorntown. +Teacher and farmer.+
+  Sly, Miss Barbara, Route 3, Rockport
+  Sly, Donald R., Route 3, Rockport. +Nurseryman, nut tree propagator.+
+  Wallick, Ford, Route 4, Peru
+  Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue University, Lafayette.
+    +Ext. Horticulturist, Vegetables.+
+  Wichman, Robert P., R.R. 3, Washington
+  Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. +Nurseryman, farmer.+
+
+
+  IOWA
+
+  Anderson, Donald, Welton Junction
+  Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+  Boice, R. H., Route 1, Nashua. +Farmer.+
+  Clayton, Donovan, Route 1, Coin
+  Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic
+  Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. +Nurseryman.+
+  Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. +President of Earl Ferris Nursery.+
+  Harrison, L. E. c/o Harrison Lake Shore Orchards, Nashua. +Orchards.+
+  Huen, E. F., Eldora
+  Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. +General nurserymen.+
+  Iowa Fruit Growers' Assn., State House, Des Moines 19.
+    +Cooperative buying organization+
+  Kaser, J. D., Winterset. +Farmer.+
+  Kivell, Ivan E., Route 1, Greene. +Farmer.+
+  Knowles, W. B., Box 126, Manly
+  Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. +Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman.+
+  Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Avenue, Ames
+  Martazahn, Frank A., Route 8, Davenport
+  McLaran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. +Lawyer.+
+  Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg. +Farmer.+
+  Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 311 East College Street, Iowa City.
+    +Practice of Medicine.+
+  Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route 2, Fort Madison. +Farmers.+
+  Snyder, D. C., Center Point. +Nurseryman, nuts and general.+
+  Tolstead, W. L., Central College, Pella
+  Wade, Miss Ida May, Route 3, LaPorte City. +Bookkeeper.+
+  Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+  White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. +Rural Mail Carrier.+
+  Williams, Wendell V., Danville
+
+
+  KANSAS
+
+  Baker, F. C., Troy
+  Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth
+  Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th & Central,
+    Kansas City.
+    +Bank President.+
+  Funk, M. D., 612 W. Paramore Street, Topeka. +Pharmacist.+
+  Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. +Osteopathic Physician.+
+  Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville
+  Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route 3, Leavenworth.
+    +Nut nurserymen.+
+  Mondero, John, Lansing
+  Thielenhaus, W. F., Route 1, Buffalo
+  Underwood, Jay, Uniontown
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+
+  Alves, Robert H., Nebi Bottling Company, Henderson
+  Magill, W. W., University of Kentucky, Lexington. +Field Agent
+    in Horticulture+
+  Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg. +Physician and Bank President.+
+  Mullins, Tom, Renfro Valley. +Radio entertainer, commercial
+    walnut cracker.+
+  Rouse, Sterling, Route 1, Box 70, Florence
+  Tatum, W. G., Route 4, Lebanon. +Commercial orchardist.+
+  Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love. +Growing nut trees, evergreens,
+    fruit trees.+
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+
+  Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.
+    +Principal Horticulturist, U.S.D.A.+
+  Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Road, Easton. +Chinese chestnuts &
+    ornamentals.+
+  Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. +Research Forest
+    Pathologist.+
+  Hogdson, William C, Route 1, White Hall
+  Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill. +Retired farmer.+
+  Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne.
+    +General nursery.+
+  Lowerre, James D., Dist. Training School, Laurel
+  McCollum, Blaine, White Hall
+  McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. +Government
+    Scientist.+
+  Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514 32nd Street, Mt. Rainier
+  Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. +Farm Owner.+
+  Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore 16
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Babbit, Howard S., 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield. +Service Station owner
+    and part time farmer.+
+  Bradbury, Capt. H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+  Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston
+  Bump, Albert H., 160 Standish Rd., Watertown
+  Davenport, S. Lathrop, North Grafton. +Farmer, Fruit Grower.+
+  Farrell; Charles, 46 Pratt Street, Tanaton
+  Pitts, Walter H., 39 Baker Street, Foxboro. +General Foreman, Instrument
+    Company.+
+  Feitse, Ernest, Osterville
+  Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+  La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosie Road, Williamstown. +Steam engineer.+
+  Rice, Horace J., Box 146, Wilbraham. +Attorney-at-Law.+
+  Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Avenue, South Hadley
+  Short, I. W., 299 Washington Street, Taunton
+  Steward O. W., 15 Milton Avenue, Hyde Park 36, +Fire Protectors Engineer
+    and Manager.+
+  Swartz, H. P., 206 Chincopee Street, Chicopee
+  Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Torsfield. +Lawyer.+
+  Weston Nurseries, Int., Brown & Winter Streets, Weston. +Nurserymen.+
+  Weymonth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth Street, Halbrook
+  Wood, Miss Louise B., Poeassett, Cape Cod.
+
+
+  MEXICO
+
+  Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia", Escobado No., 76,
+    San Luis Potosi, Mexico. +General Manager of "Cordelia" Farms.+
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+
+  Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey
+  Ainsworth, Donald W., 5851 Mt. Elliott, Detroit 11
+  Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville
+  Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Avenue Detroit 5
+  Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+  Hoylan, P.B., Cloverdale
+  Bradley, L. J., Route 1 Springport. +Farmer.+
+  Bumler Malcolm R., 2600 Dickerson, Detroit 15. +Insurance Trustee.+
+  Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. +Nurseryman.+
+  Burgess, E. H., Burgess seed & Plant Company, Galesburg
+  Burr, Redmond M., 820 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. +General Chairman,
+    The Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry.
+    Co+
+  Cook, Ernest A., M. D., c/o County Health Dept., Centerville
+  Corsan, H. H., Route 1, Hillsdale. +Nurseryman.+
+  Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue. Highland Park 3
+  Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida. Summer Address: Rt. 4,
+    Box 762. Battle Creek,)
+  Grater, A. F., 820 Liberty Avenue, Buchanan
+  Hackett, John C., 3921 Butterworth Rd., S. W., R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6
+  Hagleshow, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg. +Grain farmer. Odd contract jobs.+
+  Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+  Healey, Scott, 200 Sherwood Street, Otsegu
+  **Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+  King, Harold J., Sodus. +Farmer and fruit grower.+
+  Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose Street, Kalamazoo 12. +Shop worker.+
+  Lee, Michael, P. O. Box. 16, Milford
+  Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Avenue, Detroit 14. +Engineer, and nut
+    orchardist.+
+  Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. +District Forester.+
+  O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Horticultural Dept., Michigan State College,
+    East Lansing +Professor of Horticulture.+
+  Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Avenue, Jackson
+  Prushek, E., Route 3, Niles
+  Scherer, Milton E., M.C.M.T., Qts, 20, Sault Saint Mario
+  Stahelin, C. A., Stahelin Nursery, Bridgman. +Nurseryman.+
+  Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville
+  Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Street, Birmingham
+  Taylor, Merrill W., Trust Dept., First Natl. Bank & Trust Co., Kalamazoo
+  Whallon, Archer P., Route 1, Stockbridge
+  Wiard, Everett, 510 South Huron St. Ypsilanti
+  Zekit, Arnold, 1958 Catalpa Court, Ferndale 20
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+
+  Ruer, Eldred, Route 3, Canby
+  Hodgson, B. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Wasaca
+  Mayo Forestry & Horticultural Institute, Benjamin F. Dunn, Supt.,
+    Box 498; Rochester
+  Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart
+  Tulare, Willis E., 800 3rd Avenue, S.E., Rochester
+  Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha Street, St. Paul. +Proprietor, Hazel Hills
+    Nursery Co.+
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+
+  Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville.
+    +Cytogeneticist (Cotton.)+
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+
+  Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington
+  Blake, R. F., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washington Ave, St.
+    Louis 3.
+  Fisher, J. B., Rt. 1, Pacific
+  Fisher, Richard W., Box 112, West Plains
+  Glesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases
+  Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+  Howe, John, Route 1, Box 4, Pacific
+  Huber, Frank J., Weingarten. +Farmer.+
+  Hudson, Perry H., Smithton
+  James, George, Brunswick
+  Johns, Jeannette F., Route 1, Festus
+  Logan, George F., Oregon
+  Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove. +Farmer.+
+  Nicholson, Kadire A., Ash Grove
+  Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. +Foreman in garment factory.+
+  Richterlessing, Ralph, Route 1, St. Charles. +Farmer.+
+  Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchard Co., Louisiana. +Fruit and general
+    nurserymen.+
+  Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth Street, St. Charles. +Factory worker and
+    Nursery owner.+
+  Van Erp, George D., 7 East 85th St., Kansas City
+  Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Company, 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8.
+    +Representative on agricultural chemicals for Dow.+
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+
+  Brand, George, Route 5, Box 60, Lincoln
+  Caha, William, Wahoo
+  Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+  Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple Street, Omaha 4. +Cane weaving chairs--seats
+    and backs. All kinds of weaving.+
+  Marshall's Nurseries. Arlington
+  Ricky, Lowell D., 1516 South 29th Street, Lincoln
+  White, Miss Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5
+  White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4. +Watchmaker.+
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+  Latimer, Professor L. P., Dept. of Horticulture, Durham
+  Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumnek Farm, Jefferson
+  Messier, Frank, Route 2, Nashua
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+
+  Anderegg, F. O., Raritan
+  Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+  Bottoni, R. J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange. +President of Harbot Die
+    Casting Corp.+
+  Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn
+  Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington
+  Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., 20 Cedar Street, South Bound Brook. Chemist.
+  Cumberland Nursery, Route 1, Millville. +Nurserymen.+
+  Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Company, 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+  Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
+  Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route 1, Box 137, Keyport
+  Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Avenue, Franklin
+  Hyper Humus Company, Newton
+  *Jacques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+  Kelly, Mortimer B., Route 2, James St., Morristown
+  McCullouch, J. D., 73 George Street, Freehold
+  McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Avenue, Belmar
+  Ritchie, Walter M., Route 2, Box 122R, Rahway. +Landscape nurseryman.+
+  Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover. +Farmer.+
+  Sheffield O. A., 288 Hamilton Place, Hackensack
+  Sorg, Henry, Chicago Avenue, Egg Harbor City
+  Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Route 2, Lebanon
+  Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Road, South Orange. +Lawyer.+
+  Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+
+  Barber, George H., Route 1, Stockton.  +Farmer.+
+  Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls. +Engineer.+
+  Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main Street, Buffalo
+  Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst
+  Benton, William A., Wassaic. +Farmer & Secretary, Mutual Insurance Co.+
+  Bernath's Nursery, Route 1, Poughkeepsie. +Nut Nursery.+
+  Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route 1, Poughkeepsie
+  Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I., +Executive V. P., American
+    Kennel Club, New York City.+
+  Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham Street, Rochester 7. +Sales Engineer.+
+  Brooks, William G., Monroe. +Nut Tree Nurseryman.+
+  Bundick, Clarkson U., 35 Anderson Avenue, Scarsdale
+  Button, Arthur J., Lock Box 348, Olean
+  Carter, George, 428 Avenue A., Rochester 5. +Textile weaver
+    and tree grower.+
+  Cassino, Augustus, Valatie, Columbia County
+  Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Building, The Bronx, New York 55
+  Elsbree, George, R.F.D., Stanfordville
+  Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Road, Hilton. +Building Contractor.+
+  Ferguson, Donald V., L. I. Agr. Tech. Institute, Farmingdale
+  Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield Street, Buffalo 14
+  Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Road, Fairport
+  Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Avenue, Rochester 11.
+  Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry Street, New York 14. Artist.
+  Graham, S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca. +Nurseryman.+
+  Granjean, Julio, c/o K. E. Granjean, 9406 68th Ave., Forest Hills
+  Gressel, Henry, Route 2 Mohawk
+  Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th Street, New York 24. +Physician.+
+  Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., 19 Grove Street, New Paltz
+  Iddings, William A., 1931 Park Place, Brooklyn
+  Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie
+  Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 16 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York
+  Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport. +Physician.+
+  Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rennsselaer Street, Buffalo, 10
+  *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Avenue, New York
+  Little, George, Ripley.  +Farmer.+
+  *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca. +Head, Dept. of
+    Floriculture & Orn. Hort.+
+  Miller, J. E., J. E. Miller Nurseries, Canandaigua. +Nurseryman,
+    fruit grower.+
+  Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24
+  *Montgomery, Robert H., I E. 44th Street, New York
+  Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+  Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca. +Prof. of Botany,
+    Cornell University, also grows black walnuts.+
+  Nelson, Howard F., 350 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo 18
+  Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Route 1, Westfield
+  Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop Street, Carthage
+  Owen, Charles H., Sennett. +Superintendent of Schools.+
+  Page, Charles E., Route 2, Oneida
+  Rightmyer, Harold, Route 4, Ithaca
+  Salzer, George, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9. +Chestnut nurseryman.+
+  Schlegel, Charles P. 990 South Avenue, Rochester 7
+  Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+  Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Avenue, Buffalo
+  Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+  Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Road, Orangeburg
+  Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva
+  Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic. +Nut Nurseryman.+
+  Smith, Jay L., Chester. +Nut Tree Nurseryman.+
+  Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+  Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 87th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New York
+  Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel Street, Fayetteville
+  Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowaite Moor, Perrysburg. +Physician.+
+  Wichlae, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee Street, Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21
+  *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R.--no address.
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+
+  Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka
+  Burch, O. L., Route 2, Roxboro
+  Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+  Finch, Jack R., Bailey. +Farmer.+
+  Parks, C. H., Route 2, Asheville. +Mechanic.+
+  Wagner, J. M., Turner Manufacturing Company, Statesville
+
+
+  NORTH DAKOTA
+
+  Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. +Refuge Manager.+
+
+
+  OHIO
+
+  Glen Helen Department, Antioch College, Yellow Springs
+  Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan Street, Oberlin. +Real Estate.+
+  Bitler, W. A., R.F.D. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima. +General Contractor.+
+  Brewster, Lewis, Swanton
+  Bungart, A. A., Avon
+  Cinade, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Avenue, Cleveland 20
+  Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Road, East Cleveland 12
+  Cook, H. C, Route 1, Box 12, Leetonin
+  Cornett, Charles L., R.R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St.,
+    Cincinnati. +Inspector.+
+  Craig, George E., Dundas (Vinton County)
+  Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm. Ira
+  Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front Street, Marietta
+  Daley, James R., 400 W. South Street, Vermilion. +Electrician.+
+  Davidson, John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia. +Writer.+
+  Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia
+  Davidson, William J., Old Springfield Pike, Xenia
+  Diller, Dr. Oliver, D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Station, Wooster
+  Dowell, Dr. L. L., 529 North Ave., N.E., Massillon
+  Dubois, Miss Frances H., 6938 Miami Road, Cincinnati 27. +Landscape
+    gardener and newspaper columnist.+
+  Emch, F. E., Genoa
+  Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main Street, Akron 8
+  Fickes, Mrs. Ada C., Route 1, Wooster
+  Foraker, Major C. Merle, 2545 Romig Road, Akron
+  Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin Street, Akron 2
+  Frederick, George F., 3925 W, 17th, Cleveland 9
+  Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland
+  Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 15.  +Ocullst.+
+  Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+  Gerstenmaier, John A., 18 Pond S. W., Massillon
+  Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Avenue, Akron 20
+  Gard, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase Street, Cincinnati 23
+  Greib, Louis W., 1150 N. Limestone St., Springfield
+  Hawk & Son Nursery, Rt. 2, Beach City. +Chestnut trees.+
+  Heena, Carl R., Route 2, New Richmond
+  Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland
+  Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th Street, Cleveland 8
+  Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent
+  Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+  Kintzel, Frank W., 2506 Briarcliffe Avenue, Cincinnati 13.
+  Kobelt, Don, Route 5, Medina. +Insurance Adjuster.+
+  Kratzer, George, Route 1, Dalton
+  Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th Street, Lorain. +Research and Development
+    Engineer.+
+  Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Avenue, Cleveland 9
+  Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main St., Wellington
+  Lehmann, Carl, 1601 Union Trust Building, Cincinnati, 2. +Attorney
+    at Law.+
+  Lorenz, R. C., 121 North Arch Street, Route 5, Fremont
+  Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Blvd., Columbus 12
+  Madson, Arthur E., 13608 Fifth Avenue, E. Cleveland 12
+  McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Road, Columbus 10
+  McKinster, Ray, 1682 South 4th Street, Columbus 7
+  Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Avenue, Toledo 5
+  Miller, Ralph J., 251 Westview Avenue, Worthington
+  Nicholson, Jonathan J., 175 W. Columbus Avenue, Mount Sterling
+  Nicolay, Charles, 2259 Hess Avenue, Cincinnati 11. +Accountant.+
+  Oches, Norman M., R.D. 1, Brunswick. +Mechanical Engineer.+
+  Osborne, Frank C., 4040 W. 160th Street, Cleveland 11
+  Pomerene, Walter H., Route 3, Coshocton. +Agricultural Engineer,
+    Hydrological Research Station+
+  Ranke, William, Route 1, Amelia
+  Rieck, C., 522 S. Main Street, Findlay
+  Rummel, E. T., 13618 Laverne Avenue, Cleveland 11. +Sales Engineer.+
+  Schaufelberger, Hugo S., Route 2, Sandusky
+  Seas, D. Edward, 721 South Main Street, Orrville
+  Scitz, M. B., 975 Nome Ave., Akron. +Auto dealer.+
+  Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+  Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning County Experiment Farm, Canfield
+  Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+  Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindberg Avenue, N.E. Massillon. +Realty.+
+  Slutz, Russell C., Box 504, 123 High St., Navarre
+  Smith, Kenneth, 642 Collins Park Avenue, Toledo
+  Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South Street, Vermilion +Telegrapher,
+    N.Y.C.R.R. (Treasurer of the Association.)+
+  Spring Hill Nurseries Company, Tipp City. +General nurseryman.+
+  Steinbeck, A. P., Box 824, Route 7, North Canton
+  Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. Street, Lorain
+  Thomas, Fred, Route 1, Bedford Road, Masury
+  Thomas, W. F., 406 South Main Street, Findlay
+  Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus 12. +College
+    Professor.+
+  Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21. +Mayor.+
+  Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Avenue, Apt. B-1, Newark
+  Von Gundy, Clifford E., R.F.D. 13, Cincinnati 30
+  Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Road, Cleveland 18
+  Weaver, Arthur W., 3339 South Street, Toledo 4
+  *Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th Street, Cincinnati. +Attorney,
+    Farm owner.+
+  Weber, Mrs, Martha R., Route 1, Morgan Road, Cleves
+  Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9. +Engineer.+
+  Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore
+  Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Drive, N.E., Cleveland 10
+  Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Avenue, Cincinnati 13
+  Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+
+  Butler, Roy, Route 2, Hydro. +Farmer, cattleman.+
+  Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept. of Horticulture, Oklahoma A & College,
+    Stillwater. +Teaching and Experiment Station work.+
+  Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+  Hirschi's Nursery (A.G.) 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City.
+    +Dry cleaning business, nurseryman.+
+  Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Company, P. O. Box 882, Tulsa 1.
+    +Nurseryman.+
+  Hughes, C. V., Route 3, Box 614, 5600 N.W. 16th Street, Oklahoma City
+  Meek, E. B., Route 2, Wynnewood
+  Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+  Ruhlen, Dr. Charles A., 114 North Steele. Cushing. +Dentist.+
+  Swan, Oscar E. Jr., 1226 E. 30th Street, Tulsa 6. +Attorney,
+    Mid-Continent Petroleum Co.+
+
+
+  OREGON
+
+  Carlton Nursery Company, Forest Grove. +Nurserymen and Nut Orchardists.+
+  Miller, John E., Route 1, Box 912-A, Oswego
+  Osborne, W. L. H., Mont Alto, Idylyld Route 275, Roseburg
+  Pearcy, Harry L., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem. +H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co.
+    (Nut trees.)+
+  Sheppard, Charles M., Tucker Road, Hood River
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Allaman, R. P., Route 86, Harrisburg
+  Bangs, Ralph E., Route 2, Spartansburg. +Farmer.+
+  Banks, H. C. Route 1, Hellertown
+  Beard, H. K., Route 1, Sheridan. +Insurance Agent.+
+  Berst, Charles B., 11 W. 8th Street, Erie. +Inspector, Lord Mfg Co.,
+    Erie, Pa.+
+  Bowen, John C. Route 1, Macungie
+  Breneiser. Amos P., 427 North 5th Street, Reading
+  Brown, Morrison, 342 East Cooper Street, Slippery Rock. +Teacher.+
+  Clarke, William S., Jr., P. O. Box 167, State College
+  Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa
+  Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle Street, Wilkinsburg.  +Telephone man.+
+  Eckhart, Pierce, 5731 Haddington Street, Philadelphia 31
+  Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemesters. +General Line Foreman for an
+    Electric Company.+
+  Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth Street, Harrisburg. +Assistant State
+    Fire Marshall.+
+  Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview Street, Lock Haven. +Retired.+
+  Gorton, F. B., Route 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek.
+    +Electrical Contractor.+
+  Hammond, Harold, 903 South Poplar Street, Allentown
+  Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield
+  Hostetter, L. K., Route 3, Lancaster. +Farmer, black walnut grower.+
+  Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st Street, Erie
+  Johnson, Rooert F., 1625 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 5
+  Jones, Mildred M. (See Mrs. Langdoc--under Illinois)
+  Jones, Dr. Truman W., Walnut Grove Farm, Parksburg
+  Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Clarion.
+  Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove. +Engineer.+
+  Knowse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg. +Coal Dealer.+
+  Laboski, George T., Route 1, Harbor Creek. +Fruit Grower and Nurseryman.+
+  Lambert, E. A., Box 76, McKean
+  Leach, Will, 406-410 Scranton Life Bldg., Scranton 3. +Lawyer.+
+  Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. +Consultant in Arboriculture.+
+  Mecartney, J. Lupton, Room 1 Horticultural Building, State College.
+    +Teacher.+
+  Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Porkiomenville
+  Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works, Hazleton
+  Miller, Robert O., 3rd and Ridge Street, Emmaus
+  Moyer, Philip S., U.S.F. & G. Building, Harrisburg
+  Nicderriter, Leonard, 1726 State Street, Erie. +Merchant.+
+  Nonnemacher, H. M., Box 204, Alburtis. +Line Foreman,
+    Bell Tel. Co. of Pa.+
+  Oesterling, Howard M., R.D. 1, Marysville
+  Ranson, Flaval, 728 Monroe Avenue, Scranton 10. +Farmer.+
+  Reidler, Paul G., Ashland. +Manufacturer of textiles.+
+  Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave, Greensburg
+  *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+  Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret Street, Carlisle.
+    +Draftsman--Tree Surgeon.+
+  Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy. Laborer.
+  Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Avenue, Swarthmore.
+    +Geographer-Nurseryman-Author.+
+  Sofianos, Louis S., Greenfields, Reading. Gardener.
+  Starr, Miss Charlottee Churchill. R.R. 1 Bucks County, Quakertown.
+    +Artist & housewife.+
+  Stewart, E. L., Pino Hill Farms Nursery, Route 2, Homer City
+  Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg. +Writer-Retired
+    College Professor+
+  Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland
+  Washick, Dr. Frank A., S.W. Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11.
+    +Surgeon.+
+  Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+  Weinrich, Whitney, P. O. Box 225, Wallingford
+  *Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore.
+    +Horticulturist.+
+  Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th Street, Erie
+  Zarger, Thomas G., Route 3, Chambersburg
+  Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R.D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+
+  *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance Street, Providence
+  Rhode Island State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  Bregger, John T., Clemson +Research Supervisor (Soil Conservation),
+    Orchard Erosion Investigations.+
+  Gordon, G. Henry, 13 1/2. Main Street, Union. +Retired Mariner.+
+  Henderson, E. P., Bath. +Manager, Kaolin Mines & Ornamental Nurseryman.+
+  Hundley, P. C. & Son, Woodruff. +Orchard supplies.+
+  Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor. +Beach grower.+
+  Senn. T. L., Horticultural Dept. Clemson College. Clemson.
+    +College Teacher.+
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+  Richter, Herman, Madison
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+
+  Acker Black Walnut Corporation, Morristown. +Walnut processors.+
+    (See also under Virginia.)
+  Alpine Forest Reserve, Alpine. +Presbyterian Church project.+
+  Boyd, Harold B., M. D., 905 Kensington, Memphis 7. +Physician.+
+  Boyd, Robert W., Boyd Nursery Company, McMinnville. +General nurseryman.+
+  Chase, Spencer, T.V.A., Norris. +Horticulturist.+
+  Cox, T. S., 108 Hotel Avenue, Knoxville 18.
+  Dunlap, Dr. William B., 912 E. Main Street, Union City. +Optometrist.+
+  Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs. +Surgeon.+
+  Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeill, Memphis 7
+  Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. +Ornamental and chestnut nurserymen.+
+  Kingsolver, J. B. Route 2, Concord
+  Lowe, Dr; Jere W., c/o Mrs. Murphy Webb; Westover Drive, Nashville
+  McAlexander, Kenneth J., Cedar Grove. +College student.+
+  McDaniel, J. C, Tenn. Dept: of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg.,
+    Nashville 3. Horticulturist, farmer.
+  McDaniel, Mrs. J. C, 1421 Kirtland Avenue, Nashville 6
+  McDaniel, J. C, Jr., 1421 Kirkland Avenue, Nashville 6
+  McQueen, S. S., Box 1262, Mountain Home
+  Murphy, H. O. 12 Sweetbriar Avenue, Chattanooga. +Fruit grower.+
+  Parsley, G. B., Route 1, Smithville. +Nurseryman.+
+  Rhodes, G. B., Route 1, Covington. +Farmer.+
+  Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. +Physician.+
+  Roark, W, F., Malesus. +Farmer, chestnut grower.+
+  Robinson, W. Jobe, Route 7, Jackson. +Farmer.+
+  Sammons, Julius, Jr., Whiteville
+  Shadow, Willis A., Decatur. +County Agricultural Agent.+
+  Shipley, Mrs. E. D., 3 Century Court, Knoxville
+  Smathers, Rev. Eugene, Calvary Church, Big Lick. +Pastor.+
+  Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester
+  Sutherland, W. B., 520 Clearview Street, Knoxville 17
+  Zarger, Thomas G. (Temporarily in Pennsylvania)
+
+
+  TEXAS
+
+  Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+  Arp Nursery Company, (Clark Kidd) 5th and Wall St., P.O. Box 867, Tyler.
+    +Wholesale Nursery.+
+  Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips. +Chemist.+
+  Brison, Prof. F. R., Dept. of Horticulture, A. & M. College, College
+    Station
+  Florida, Kaufman, Box 151, Rotan
+  Price, W. S. Jr., Navarro County, Kerens
+  Romberg, L. D., U. S. Pecan Field Station, Box 539, Brownwood
+  Winkler, Andrew, Route 1, Moody. +Farmer and pecan grower.+
+
+
+  UTAH
+
+  Petterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden. +Highway Engineer.+
+
+
+  VERMONT
+
+  Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Sprinfield. +Farmer.+
+  Collins, Joseph N., Route 3, Putney
+  Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven. +Perpetual member, "In Memoriam."+
+  Foster, Forest K., West Topsham. +Fruit grower.+
+  Ladd, Paul, Putney. +School Teacher.+
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+
+  Acker Black Walnut Corporation, Broadway. +Walnut processors.
+    (See also under Tennessee.)+
+  Burton, George L., 728 College Street, Bedford
+  Case, Lynn B., Route 1, Fredericksburg
+  Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th Street, Newport News. +Statistician, farmer.+
+  Dudley, Charles, Glen Wilton
+  Gibbs, H. R., 808 William Street, Front Royal. +Carpenter, wood worker.+
+  Gunther, Eric F., Route 1, Box 31, Onancock. +Retired business man.+
+  Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11
+  Pinner, R. McR., P.O. Box. 155, Suffolk
+  Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Avenue N.W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Avenue, N.W., Roanoke
+  Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Avenue, S.E., Roanoke 18. +Chiropractor.+
+  Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg. +Manufacturer of nut crackers.+
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+
+  Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25.
+    +Surgeon.+
+  *Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+  Gold Chestnut Nursery, c/o Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. +Chestnut
+    nurseryman.+
+  Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+  Long, J. L., Box 491, Princeton
+  Mish, Arnold F., Inwood
+  Reed, Arthur M., Moundsville. +Proprietor, Glenmount Nurseries.+
+  Shepler, Harvey, Oxford
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+
+  Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King Street, Bellingham 9
+  Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Route 3, Spokane 15. +Watchmaker and farmer.+
+  Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy. +Office worker.+
+  Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., 928 Gordon Avenue, Spokane 12
+  Brown, H. R., Greenacres
+  Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview. +Chestnut grower and shipper.+
+  Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Avenue, Spokane 10. +Dairyman.+
+  Eliot, Craig P., P. O. Box 158, Shelton. +Electrical Engineer, part
+    time farmer.+
+  Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12
+  Kling, William L., Route 2, Box 230, Clarkston
+  Knight, J. C., W. 723 Sinto Avenue, Spokane 12. +Retired.+
+  Latterell, Misa Ethel, Greenacres
+  Linkletter, F. D., Route 2, Box 722, Mercer Island
+  Naderman, G. W., Route 1, Box 381, Olympia
+  Shane Brothers, Vashon
+  Shepard, Will, Chelan Falls
+  Tuttle, Lynn, Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+
+  Cox, Irvin W., P.O. Box 2632, West Allis
+  Koelsch, Norman, Jackson
+  Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+  Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Avenue, Racine
+  Talbot, Harold W., Rt. 7, Hex 198, Milwaukee 13
+
+
+  NEW MEMBERS ADDED SINCE MAY 1, 1949
+
+  Carlisle, Francis, 819 Second Street, S.E., New Philadelphia, Ohio
+  Gehring, Rev. Titus, P. O. Box 668, Grants, New Mexico
+  Keathly, Jack, Marland, Oklahoma
+  Koeferl, Alots J., 2835 North 20th St., Milwaukee 6, Wisconsin
+  O'Brien, Howard C., 25 Irvington Street, Boston 16, Massachusetts
+  Spears, Ernest G., 4326 Forest Avenue, Norwood 12, Ohio
+  Warnecke, Martin H., 714 S. First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+
++Subscribers and Standing Library Orders+
+
+ Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25,
+   N. Y.
+ Clemson College Library, Clemson, South Carolina.
+ Cornell University, College of Agriculture Library, Ithaca, New York.
+ Detroit Public Library, 5201 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 2, Michigan.
+ Jones, G. S., Route 1, Phenix City, Alabama.
+ Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables 34, Florida.
+ Library, University of New Hampshire, Durham N. H.
+ Oregon State College Library, Corvallis, Oregon.
+ Peachy, Enos D., P. O. Box 22, Belleville, Pennsylvania.
+ Rhode Island State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston, Rhode
+    Island (membership).
+ Rutgers University; Agricultural Library, Nichol Ave., New Brunswick,
+    N. J.
+ St. Louis Public Library, Olive, 13th and 14th Streets, St. Louis,
+    Missouri.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS AT THE NORRIS MEETING, 1948
+
+
+_Noah Abernathy, Marble, North Carolina._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Wassaic, New York._ Shagbark
+hickories, hybrid hickory, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Grensboro, North Carolina._
+Persian walnuts.
+
+_A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma._ Pecans, black walnuts,
+heartnut, Carpathian Persian walnut, Chinese chestnuts, Oriental
+persimmons.
+
+_Jaynes Hobson, Jasper, Georgia._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater, Tennessee._ Chinese chestnuts, Japanese
+chestnut.
+
+_Dr. G. S. Jones, Phenix City, Alabama._ Chinese chestnuts.
+
+_G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Michigan._ Shagbark hickories, shellbark
+hickory, black walnuts, butternut, collection of photographs.
+
+_R. C. Lorenz, Fremont Ohio._ Pecan, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg, Kentucky._ Black walnuts, Persian walnut,
+pecans, shellbark hickory, Chinese chestnut, filbert.
+
+_New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York._
+Turkish tree hazel; Chinese tree hazel, native hazel, European hazels,
+hybrid hazels, black x Persian hybrid walnut.
+
+_G. B. Rhodes, Covington, Tennessee._ Pecans, heartnut, Persian walnut.
+
+_Dr. Aubrey Richards, Whiteville, Tennessee._ Chinese and hybrid
+chestnuts, heartnuts, black walnuts.
+
+_Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio._ Persian walnuts, black walnuts,
+heartnut.
+
+_H, F. Stoke, Roanoke, Virginia._ Persian walnuts, black walnuts,
+butternuts, heartnuts, shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, filberts,
+Chinese, Japanese and hybrid chestnuts, hybrid hazels, graft unions,
+photographs.
+
+_TVA Forestry Relations Department (Norris Nursery), Norris, Tennessee._
+Large collections of black and seedling Persian walnuts; Chinese
+chestnuts, heartnuts, filberts, American hazel, pecans, shellbark
+hickory, Oriental persimmons.
+
+_U.S.D.A. Pecan Station, Albany, Georgia._ Named varieties of Chinese
+chestnut.
+
+_J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana._ Pecans.
+
+_Dr. W. C. Willett, Elmore, Ohio._ Heartnuts.
+
+_William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia._ Black walnut, hican.
+
+(List compiled by H. F. Stoke)
+
+
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENTS
+
+40th Annual Meeting at Beltsville, Maryland September 6, 7 and 8, 1949
+
+Dr. H. L. Crane, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, is
+chairman of the local arrangements and program committees for the 40th
+Annual meeting this year, to be held at Beltsville, a suburb of
+Washington, D.C. Other committee members are listed in the front of this
+volume; They will welcome your suggestions on things to be included in
+the program and the tour near Washington. _Members will receive the
+advance program._
+
+
++Older Reports of the Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., Are
+Available+
+
+The Association, which was organized in 1910, has published a report of
+its annual meeting each year except two, beginning with 1911.
+
+Sets of reports lacking only volumes for 1923, 1925, 1926, 1935, 1940,
+1941, and 1944 may still be purchased, These sets, consist of 29 reports
+through 1948 and contain over 3800 pages of material pertaining to nut
+culture in many stated and Canada. The price of the set of available
+reports is $12.00. (A very few complete sets through Vol. 39, including
+an index to the first 30 volumes, are available to agricultural and
+other libraries only at $17.00). Single numbers are $1.00 each, except
+the current number and the preceding one: 1948 at. $3.00 and 1947 at
+$2.00 each. Orders should be sent to the secretary accompanied by
+remittances made payable to the Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Libraries and other institutions desiring to receive the reports
+regularly without the bother of ordering them every year may have their
+names placed on a special mailing list to receive each report regularly
+when published. A bill for $2.00 will accompany the 1949 report, when
+sent to such institutions.
+
+
++Other Publications on Nut Growing+
+
+   1. Bush, Carrol D. _Nut Grower's Handbook._ Orange Judd Publishing
+   Company, New York, 1941. $2.50.
+
+   2. Smith, J. Russell. _Tree Crops, A Permanent Agriculture._
+   Revised edition on schedule for 1949 publication. Inquire of author
+   at Swarthmore, Pa.
+
+   3. Smith, J. Russell, _How to Graft Nut Trees._ May be purchased
+   from Walnut Lane Press, Swarthmore, Pa. Illustrated with diagrams.
+   9 pp. 25c.
+
+   4. Smith, J. Russell. _The Planting, Fertilization and Care of Nut
+   Trees and Persimmon Trees._ Available from Sunny Ridge Nursery,
+   Swarthmore, Pa., price 25c.
+
+   5. Reed, C. A. _Nut Tree Propagation._ U. S. Department of
+   Agriculture Farmers' Bul. 1501. For sale only. 5c (coin) from Supt.
+   of Documents, U. S. Government Pointing Office, Washington 25, D.
+   C.
+
+   6. Mattoon, W. R. & Reed, C. A. _Planting Black Walnuts._ U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture Leaflet 84. Free from Department of
+   Agriculture; Washington, D. C.
+
+   7. Moznette, G. F. et al. _Insects and Diseases of the Pecan and
+   their Control._ U. S. Department of Agriculture-Farmers' Bul. 1829.
+   May be had from U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+   8. Sitton, B. G. & Akin, E. O. _Grafting Wax Melter,_ U. S.
+   Department Leaflet 202. Free from U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+   Washington, D. C.
+
+   9. Sitton, B. G. _Pecan Grafting Methods and Waxes._ U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture Circ. 545. May be had from U. S.
+   Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+   10. Sitton, B. G. _Vegetative Propagation of the Black Walnut._
+   Mich. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 119. Sept., 1931. Available from Michigan
+   State College, E. Lansing.
+
+   11. MacDaniels, L. H. _Nut Growing._ Cornell Univ. Ext. Bul. 701.
+   From College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York.
+
+   12. Haseman, L. _The Walnut Caterpillar._ Missouri Exp. Sta. Bul.
+   418.
+
+   13. Talbert, T. J. _Nut Tree Culture in Missouri._ Mo. Exp. Sta.
+   Bul. 454. May be had from Agr. Exp. Station, Columbia, Mo.
+
+   14. Schuster, C. E. _Filberts._ Oregon State College Ext. Bul. 628.
+   May be had from Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.
+
+   15. Schwartze, C. D. _Filbert Culture._ Washington State Col. Ext.
+   Bul. 263. May be had from Extension Service, Washington State
+   College, Pullman, Wash.
+
+   16. Sherman, L. W. and Ellenwood, G. W. _Topworking and
+   Bench-grafting Walnut Trees._ Special Circ. 69. May be had from
+   Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, Ohio.
+
+   17. Slate, G. L. _Filberts._ N. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 192.
+   Free from Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
+
+   18. _DDT to Control Pecan Weevil._ Multigraphed, 1948. Available
+   free from Division of Horticulture, Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture,
+   Nashville 3, Tenn.
+
+   19. Blake, M. A. and Edgerton, L. J. _Experience with Blight
+   Resistant Chestnuts in New Jersey._ Bul. 717 N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
+   New Brunswick, N. J.
+
+   20. Yerkes, Guy E. _Propagation of Trees and Shrubs._ U.S.D.A.
+   Farmers' Bul. No. 1567, available from Supt. of Documents, U. S.
+   Gov't Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., price 10c (coin).
+
+   21. Cox, John A., et al. _Top Working Pecan Trees._ Ext. Circ. 209.
+   Available free from Louisiana State University, University,
+   Louisiana.
+
+   22. Hilton, R. J. _Frameworking Fruit Trees._ Farmers' Bulletin 136
+   of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Available from Dominion
+   Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. (Framework
+   grafting technique is adapted to top-working large seedling nut
+   trees).
+
+   23. Snyder, John C. _Pollination of Tree Fruits and Nuts._ Ext.
+   Bul. 342. Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.
+
+   24. Smith, Gilbert L. _Practical Nut Growing._ 60 pp. illus. $1.50
+   from author, Wassaic, N. Y.
+
+Note: In addition to the above publications, the horticultural
+departments of many state and provincial agricultural experiment
+stations and agricultural colleges have free circulars or bulletins
+listing the recommended varieties of fruit and nut trees for their
+areas. The prospective tree planter is advised to place more reliance on
+the local recommendations (where available) than on those from distant
+states where the soils, the climate, and the adapted varieties may be
+quite different.
+
+The NNGA list of some nurseries which sell hardy, named varieties of nut
+trees is revised each winter. The secretary, will send copies of the
+next revision free on request.--J. C. McDaniel, _Sec'y._, Nashville 3,
+Tenn.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Incorporated 39th Annual Report, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
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