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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting
+       New York City, September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 23, 2008 [EBook #25566]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+(INCORPORATED)
+
+REPORT
+
+OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE
+
+FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+NEW YORK CITY SEPTEMBER 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+   Officers and Committees of the Association                          3
+   State Vice-Presidents                                               4
+   Members of the Association                                          5
+   Constitution                                                       10
+   By-Laws                                                            13
+   Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention                     15
+   Secretary's Report                                                 15
+   Treasurer's Report                                                 18
+   Address--Dr. Britton                                               19
+   Reports from State Vice-Presidents                              20-30
+   Top Working Hickories in the North--W. C. Deming                   32
+   Notes on Mediate and Immediate Grafting at All Times of the
+     Year--R. T. Morris                                               44
+   Stocks For Hickories--W. G. Bixby                                  48
+   The Search for Blight-resisting Chestnut Sprouts--J. F. Collins    57
+   Protection of Wounds in Nut Trees--J. F. Collins                   61
+   A Harangue on the Nut Situation in Iowa--S. W. Snyder              65
+   Some of the More Important Insects Attacking Northern
+     Nuts--Fred E. Brooks                                             68
+   Developing a Nut Industry in the Northeast--G. A. Zimmerman        75
+   Transplanting Nut Trees--W. G. Bixby                               78
+   Heredity in Trees and Plants--A. F. Blakeslee                      81
+   Progress Report on Nut Culture in Canada--J. A. Neilson            88
+   Notes by Professor A. S. Colby                                     93
+   Address by Prof. MacDaniels                                        99
+   Nut Tree Crops as a Part of Permanent Agriculture Without
+     Plowing--J. R. Smith                                            103
+   Notes at Mr. Bixby's Nut Orchards and Nurseries, Baldwin, N. Y.   107
+   Exhibits at the House of W. G. Bixby                              113
+   Notes Taken at Merribrooke, Dr. Morris' Estate Near
+     Stamford, Conn.                                                 114
+   Amendment to By-Laws                                              121
+   Nuts--R. S. Copeland                                              125
+   Hardiness in Nut Trees--C. A. Reed                                127
+   Walnut Grafting Investigations--T. J. Talbert                     135
+   Care and Preparation of Nuts for Seed Purposes--E. R. Lake        137
+   Exhibits                                                          140
+   Members Present                                                   142
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+   _President_           HARRY R. WEBER,  Gerke Building, Cincinnati, Ohio
+
+   _Vice-President_      MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER,  510 East Avenue,
+                                                  Rochester, N. Y.
+
+   _Secretary_           C. A. REED,  Box 485 Pa. Ave. Station,
+                                        Washington, D. C.
+
+   _Assistant Secretary_ MRS. B. W. GAHN,  485 Pa. Ave. Station,
+                                             Washington, D. C.
+
+   _Treasurer_           H. J. HILLIARD,  Sound View, Conn.
+
+
+
+_DIRECTORS_
+
+HARRY R. WEBER, DR. ROBT. T. MORRIS, WILLARD G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING,
+JAMES S. MCGLENNON
+
+
+
+
+_COMMITTEES_
+
+   _Auditing_--MRS. KARL W. GREENE, P. H. O'CONNOR
+
+   _Executive_--HARRY R. WEBER, MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER, C. A. REED,
+   H. J. HILLIARD, W. S. LINTON, J. S. MCGLENNON
+
+   _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+   _Hybrids_--DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD
+   SPENCE
+
+   _Membership_--HARRY R. WEBER, H. D. SPENCER, DR. J. R. SMITH,
+   R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON, DR. W. C. DEMING,
+   J. W. HERSHEY
+
+   _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES
+
+   _Press and Publications_--DR. W. C. DEMING, W. G. BIXBY, M. G.
+   KAINS
+
+   Program--HARRY R. WEBER, F. A. BARTLETT, C. A. REED, DR. ROBT.
+   T. MORRIS, A. S. COLBY
+
+   _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A.
+   NEILSON, S. W. SNYDER
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+ Arkansas         Prof. N. F. Drake  Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville
+
+ California       Will J. Thorpe  1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco
+
+ Canada           James A. Neilson  Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland, Ontario
+
+ China            P. W. Wang  Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Sechuan Road,
+                                                        Shanghai
+
+ Connecticut      Dr. W. C. Deming  983 Main St., Hartford, Conn.
+
+ Dist. of
+   Columbia       Karl W. Greene  Ridge Road, N. W., Washington
+
+ England          Howard Spence  The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
+
+ Georgia          J. M. Patterson  Putney
+
+ Illinois         Henry D. Spencer  Decatur
+
+ Indiana          J. F. Wilkinson  Rockport
+
+ Iowa             S. W. Snyder  Center Point
+
+ Kansas           James Sharp  Council Grove
+
+ Maryland         P. H. O'Connor  Bowie
+
+ Massachusetts    C. Leroy Cleaver  496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston
+
+ Michigan         Dr. J. H. Kellogg  Battle Creek
+
+ Missouri         P. C. Stark  Louisiana
+
+ Nebraska         William Caha  Wahoo
+
+ New Jersey       C. S. Ridgway  Lumberton
+
+ New York         L. H. MacDaniels  Cornell Univ., Ithaca
+
+ North Carolina   H. M. Curran  N. C. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
+
+ Ohio             James L. Brooke  Pleasantville
+
+ Oregon           Knight Pearcy  Salem
+
+ Pennsylvania     John Rick  438 Penn Square, Reading
+
+ Tennessee        J. W. Waite  Normandy
+
+ Utah             Joseph A. Smith  Edgewood Hall, Providence
+
+ Vermont          F. C. Holbrook  Brattleboro
+
+ Virginia         D. S. Harris  Roselawn, Capital Landing Road,
+                                            Williamsburg, R. F. D. 3
+
+ Washington       Richard H. Turk  Washougal
+
+ West Virginia    Dr. J. E. Cannaday  Box 693, Charleston
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+(Compiled November 12, 1924)
+
+   ARKANSAS
+      *Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
+       Dunn, D. K., Wynne
+
+   CALIFORNIA
+       Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco
+
+   CANADA
+       Neilson, Jas. A., Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland.
+
+   CHINA
+      *Wang, P. W., Sec'y, Kinsan Arboretum, 147 No. Szechuan Road,
+                                               Shanghai.
+
+   CONNECTICUT
+       Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford
+       Deming, Dr. W. C., 983 Main St., Hartford
+       Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton
+       Hilliard, H. J., Sound View
+       Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 100
+       Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+       Montgomery, Robt. H., Cos Cob, Conn. (1924)
+      *Morris, Dr. Robt. T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95
+       Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor
+       Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol
+
+   DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+       Agriculture, Library of U. S. Dept. of
+       Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture
+       Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W.
+       Gravatt, G. F., Forest Pathology, B. P. I. Agriculture
+      *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building
+       Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture
+       Williams, A. Ray, Union Trust Bldg.
+       Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards
+       Gahn, Mrs. B. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture
+
+   ENGLAND
+       Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
+
+   GEORGIA
+       Patterson, J. M., Putney
+       Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun County
+       Wight, J. B., Cairo
+
+   ILLINOIS
+       Brown, Roy W., 220 E. Cleveland St., Spring Valley
+       Casper, O. H., Anna
+       Flexer, Walter G., 210 Campbell St., Joliet
+       Foote, Lorenzo S., Anna
+       Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian)
+       Mosnat, H. R., 10910 Prospect Ave., Morgan Park, Chicago
+       Mueller, Robert, Decatur
+       Nash, C. J., 1302 E. 53rd St., Chicago
+       Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion
+       Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2
+       Rodhouse, T. W., Jr., Pleasant Hill, R. R. 2
+       Shaw, James E., Champaign, Box 644
+       Spencer, Henry D., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+       Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown
+       Vulgamott, Chas. E., Cerro Gordo
+
+   INDIANA
+       Clayton, C. L., Owensville
+       Copp, Lloyd, 819 W. Foster St., Kokomo
+       Gilmer, Frank, 1012 Riverside Drive, South Bend
+       Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute
+       Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport
+
+   IOWA
+       Adams, Gerald W., Moorhead
+       Armknecht, George, Donnellson. (1923)
+       Bricker, C. W., Ladora
+       Snyder, S. W., Center Point
+
+   KANSAS
+       Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs, Route No. 1
+       Fessenden, C. D., Cherokee
+       Hardin, Martin, Horton
+       Hitchcock, Chas. W., Belle Plaine
+       Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton
+       Sharpe, James, Council Grove
+
+   MARYLAND
+       Jordan, Dr. Llewellyn, 100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park
+       Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood
+       O'Connor, P. W., Bowie
+       Wall, A. V., Baltimore
+       Watkins, Asa H., Mount Airy. (1924).
+
+   MASSACHUSETTS
+      *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston
+       Bowles, Francis T., Barnstable
+       Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center
+       Sawyer, James C., Andover
+
+   MICHIGAN
+       Bonine, Chester H., Vandalia
+       Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac
+       Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit
+       Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+      *Linton, Hon. W. S., Saginaw
+       Penney, Senator Harvey A., 425 So. Jefferson Ave., Saginaw
+       Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor. (1924).
+
+   MISSOURI
+       Stark, P. C., Louisiana
+       Tiedke, J. F., R. F. D., Rockville. (1924).
+       Youkey, J. M., 2519 Monroe Ave., Kansas City
+
+   NEBRASKA
+       Caha, William, Wahoo
+       Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln
+
+   NEW JERSEY
+       Clarke, Miss E. A., W. Point Pleasant, Box 57
+       Gaty, Theo. E., 50 Morris Ave., Morristown
+      *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City
+       Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. No. 2
+       Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton
+
+   NEW YORK
+       Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn
+       Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton
+       Bennett, Howard S., 851 Joseph Ave., Rochester
+       Bethea, J. G., 243 Rutgers St., Rochester
+       Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I.
+       Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
+       Brinton, Mrs. Willard Cope, 36 So. Central Pk., N. Y. City
+       Buist, Dr. G. L., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn
+       Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester
+       Cothran, John C., 104 High St., Lockport
+       Corsan, G. H., 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn
+       Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester
+       Dunbar, John, Dep't. of Parks, Rochester
+       Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+       Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn
+       Gaty, Theo. E. Jr., Clermont
+       Gillett, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City
+       Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca
+       Hart, Frank E., Landing Road, Brighton
+       Haws, Elwood D., Public Market, Rochester
+       Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.)
+      *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City
+       Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 40 Irving Place, New York City
+       Krieg, Fred J., 11 Gladys St., Rochester
+       Liveright, Frank I., 120 W. 70th St., N. Y. C.
+       MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of
+                                              Agriculture, Ithaca
+       Motondo, Grant F., 198 Monroe Ave., Rochester
+       Nolan, Mrs. C. R., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
+       Nolan, M. J., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
+       Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry
+                                                        Building, Rochester
+       Paterno, Dr. Chas. V., 117 W. 54th St., N. Y. City
+       Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport
+       Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St., Rochester
+       Rawnsley, James B., 242 Linden St., Rochester
+       Reinold, O. S., Yonkers-on-Hudson, (1924).
+       Schroeder, E. A., 223 East Ave., Rochester
+       Shutt, Erwin E., 509 Plymouth Ave., Rochester
+       Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City
+       Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City
+       Tucker, Geo. B., 110 Harvard St., Rochester
+       Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester
+       Waller, Percy, 284 Court St., Rochester
+       Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester
+       Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City
+       Wyckoff, E. L., Aurora
+
+   NORTH CAROLINA
+       Hutchings, Miss L. C., Pine Bluff
+       Matthews, C. D., North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
+
+   OHIO
+       Beatty, Dr. W. M. L., Route 3, Croton Road, Centerburg
+       Coon, Charles, Groveport
+       Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville
+       Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6
+       Hinnen, Dr. G. A., 1343 Delta Ave., Cincinnati
+       Neff, Wm. N., Martel
+      *Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati
+
+   PENNSYLVANIA
+       Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St., Reading
+       Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown
+       Bohn, Dr. H. W., 24 No. 9th St., Reading
+       Boy Scouts of America, Reading
+       Davis, Miss E. W., Walnut Lane and Odgen Ave., Swarthmore,
+                            Pennsylvania.  (1923).
+       Druckemiller, W. H., 31 N. 4th St., Sunbury
+       Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata
+       Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote
+       Hershey, John W., E. Downingtown
+       Hess, Elam G., Manheim
+       Hile, Anthony, Curwensville
+       Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia
+      *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527
+       Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+       Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton
+       Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia
+       Minick, C. G., Ridgway
+       Paden, Riley W., Enon Valley
+       Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre
+       Pratt, Arthur H., Kennett Square
+      *Rick, John, 438 Penn Square, Reading
+       Rose, William J., 55 North West St., Carlisle
+       Rush, J. G., 630 Third St., Lancaster
+       Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1
+       Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore
+       Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion
+      *Wister, John C., Clarkson and Wister Sts., Germantown
+       Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., Piketown
+
+   RHODE ISLAND
+       Allen, Philip, Providence
+
+   TENNESSEE
+       Waite, J. W., Normandy
+
+   UTAH
+       Smith, Joseph A., Edgewood Hall, Providence
+
+   VERMONT
+       Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3
+       Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven
+       Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro
+
+   VIRGINIA
+       Gould, Katherine Clemons, Boonsboro, Care of C. M. Daniels, via
+                                   Lynchburg, R. F. D. 4
+       Harris, D. S., Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg, R. 3
+       Hopkins, N. S., Dixondale
+       Jordan, J. H., Bohannon
+       Moock, Harry C., Roanoke, Route 5
+
+   WASHINGTON
+       Berg, D. H., Nooksack
+       Turk, Richard H., Washougal
+
+   WEST VIRGINIA
+       Brooks, Fred E., French Creek
+       Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693
+       Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown
+       Mish, A. F., Inwood
+
+   WISCONSIN
+       Holden, Dr. Louis Edward, Beloit
+
+* Life Member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+   ARTICLE I
+
+   _Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+       ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+   ARTICLE II
+
+   _Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+       plants, their products and their culture.
+
+
+   ARTICLE III
+
+   _Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons
+       who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+       residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of
+       the committee on membership.
+
+
+   ARTICLE IV
+
+   _Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+       and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual
+       meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which the
+       president, the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president,
+       the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. There shall
+       be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, or country
+       represented in the membership of the association, who shall be
+       appointed by the president.
+
+
+   ARTICLE V
+
+   _Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+       the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for
+       the following year.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VI
+
+   _Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+       by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection
+       being made at this time, the executive committee shall choose
+       the place and time for the holding of the annual convention.
+       Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by
+       the president and executive committee.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VII
+
+   _Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum,
+       but must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VIII
+
+   _Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
+       of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such
+       amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or
+       a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any
+       member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual
+       meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+   Article I
+
+   _Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as
+     follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press
+     and publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on
+     hybrids, and an auditing committee. The committee on membership
+     may make recommendations to the association as to the
+     discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+   ARTICLE II
+
+   _Fees._ Annual members shall pay three dollars annually, or four dollars
+     and a half including a year's subscription to the American
+     Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually,
+     this membership including a year's subscription to the
+     American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment
+     of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary
+     members shall be exempt from dues.
+
+
+   ARTICLE III
+
+   _Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the
+     first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining
+     the association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter
+     preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member
+     and the Treasurer.
+
+
+   ARTICLE IV
+
+   _Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members
+     present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+   ARTICLE V
+
+     Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they
+      are due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a
+     _second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing on
+      account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
+      annual report.
+
+       At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
+      _third notice_ shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues
+      are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names
+      will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS
+
+at the
+
+FIFTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+Held in the
+
+MUSEUM OF THE BOTANICAL GARDENS
+
+BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
+
+EXCURSIONS
+
+Baldwin, Long Island, Sept. 4 Stamford, Connecticut, Sept. 5
+
+_Chairman_--PRESIDENT HARRY R. WEBER
+
+
+
+FIRST DAY--MORNING SESSION
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The meeting will please be in order, and we will have the
+secretary read his report.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Secretary's Report for 1924.--Fourteen years ago, on
+November 17, 1910, two women and ten men, seers and prophets, met for
+organization in this building at the invitation of Dr. N. L. Britton, at
+that time and now, Director of the New York Botanic Gardens. We meet
+here again today by reason of his unfailing kindness.
+
+Of the twelve persons present at that first meeting, three are here
+again, Dr. Britton, Dr. Morris and myself, and two are known to be dead,
+Prof. Craig of Cornell University, and Mr. Henry Hales, of Ridgewood,
+New Jersey.
+
+The association has held an annual convention each year of its
+existence except during the war, in 1918, when no formal meeting was
+held. An annual report has been published every year, except that the
+report of the proceedings of the first meeting was incorporated in the
+report of the second meeting, and the ninth report, that for 1918, has
+not yet been issued.
+
+The present secretary has held the office every year except in 1918 and
+1919, during military service, when Mr. Bixby took his place.
+
+From an educational and scientific standpoint I think the association
+may be said to have fulfilled creditably its original declaration of
+purpose, "the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their
+products and their culture." Many choice nuts have been brought to
+notice and perpetuated. The establishment of nurseries where grafted nut
+trees of choice varieties may be obtained has been encouraged. The art
+of grafting and propagating nut trees has been brought to a high degree
+of success by members of the association. Experimental orchards, both of
+transplanted nursery trees and of topworked native trees, have been
+established in widely separated parts of the country.
+
+Acting on the suggestion and request of members of the association, Mr.
+Olcott established the American Nut Journal, one of the most important
+of our accomplishments. Finally, and perhaps best of all, a number of
+horticultural institutions have taken up seriously the study of nut
+culture and the planting of experimental orchards. Testimony to this
+will be found in letters to be read by the secretary and in the presence
+on our program today of representatives of several horticultural and
+other institutions of learning. I believe that the association can take
+credit to itself for having, by its publications and other means of
+influence, in large degree brought about this interest and action.
+
+As for any commercial success in nut-growing, brought about by our
+activities, when we compare nut-growing in our field with pecan-growing
+in the South, and with walnut, almond, and perhaps filbert-growing, on
+the Pacific Coast, our results are meagre indeed. Of course commercial
+production, the building of a new industry of food supply for the
+people, is our ultimate goal. Why are our results in this direction,
+after fourteen years of effort, so small? Is it because we have devoted
+ourselves too exclusively to the scientific and educational aspects of
+our problems and neglected, either from over-cautiousness or from
+inertia, to encourage commercial plantings? There are some of our
+members who think that we have. They say that we should have been
+bolder in assuring people of success to be attained in nut tree
+planting.
+
+As for me I do not think that we have been too cautious. We who are so
+accused, can point to the disastrous results of following the advice of
+commercially interested persons, results which have had much to do with
+retarding and discouraging nut planting and counteracting the labors of
+our association.
+
+But now, however, I believe that we have reached a state of knowledge
+where we can confidently recommend the commercial planting of nut
+orchards. We recommend the Indiana pecan in many states; the improved
+black walnuts over a much wider area, and the chestnut in many
+localities where it is not a native tree. The top-working of native
+hickories and black walnuts also can be confidently recommended. In
+every case, however, the adaptability of the kind of nut to the locality
+should be passed upon by an expert. In every case, also, even in that of
+top-working native hickories and walnuts, intelligent and generous care
+is essential for any degree of commercial success.
+
+It is probable also, that the planting of the European filbert can be
+recommended under conditions of intelligent care.
+
+Now what of the association's future? The field is boundless but the
+working cash is wanting. Faith is unlimited but works are conditioned by
+want of appeal to commercial powers. It is almost a vicious circle, no
+commercial appeal no money, no money no development to appeal to
+commerce. But we do make progress and it is accelerated progress. In
+time we must necessarily arrive at our goal. Our lines of advance are
+sketched out and our progress along these lines depends on the energy of
+the workers and the means with which they have to work.
+
+I shall ask the association to establish a rule as to when members are
+in good standing and when they should be dropped from the rolls for
+non-payment of dues.
+
+I shall also ask for a clear understanding, in the form of an amendment
+to the by-laws, on the question of annual dues and their combination
+with the American Nut Journal.
+
+It is desirable that we have a ruling as to a fiscal year.
+
+The delay in the issuance of the annual report was due to my
+unwillingness to contract debts for the payment of which funds were not
+in sight.
+
+The treasurer's report will show that we have a surplus in the treasury
+to date of about $50. The report of the treasurer is too long to be read
+at this time, so I will simply repeat that it shows on hand a cash
+surplus of $50. I will turn the detailed report over to the auditing
+committee for their action.
+
+
+
+
+TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+
+STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION FROM OCT.
+3, 1923, TO AUG. 31, 1924, BOTH INCLUSIVE
+
+NOTE--Owing to delay in mails, the report given below is a later one
+than that used by the secretary. The one here included should have
+reached the secretary previous to convention, and it is the final,
+correct statement.
+
+   RECEIPTS
+
+   Membership--Plan No. 1                                           $ 2.00
+   Membership--Plan No. 2                                            19.25
+   Membership--Plan No. 6                                           111.00
+   Membership--Plan No. 7                                           149.50
+   Membership--Plan No. 9                                             8.25
+   Membership--Plan No. 10                                            7.75
+                                                                   -------
+       Total receipts from membership                              $297.75
+   Transfer of Funds from Former Treasurer                          104.13
+   Contributions                                                    235.00
+   Sales of Literature                                               10.01
+   Interest                                                            .10
+                                                                   -------
+   Total                                                           $646.99
+
+
+   EXPENDITURES
+
+   Cash on hand                                                      $ .80
+   Middletown National Bank, Middletown, Conn. (Deposit)            170.64
+   Litchfield Savings Society, Litchfield, Conn. (Deposit)            4.23
+   Charged to Loss. 2 Subs, to Amn. Nut Journal on former
+           Treasurer's account                                        3.00
+   Expenses:
+       Postage, Express and Insurance                        $ 9.79
+       Government Envelopes and Stamps                        15.63
+       Adhesive Stamps                                         8.54
+       Postal Cards                                            1.25
+       Postal Cards and Printing                               3.25
+       Registry Fee and Money Order Fee                         .18
+       Telegrams                                               1.18
+       Reporting Proceedings of Rochester Convention          50.00
+       Transcript of Proceedings of Rochester Convention      85.00
+       Reporting, etc., Proceedings of Washington Convention  60.00
+       Blank Account Book for the Association                  5.00
+       Seal for the Association                                7.00
+       1000 Letterheads                                        8.50
+       1500 Letters                                          8.50
+       500 Letters, double sheet                             8.00
+       1500 Circulars                                        6.50
+       500 Reports, (92 pp., including cover)              184.00
+       500 Manila Envelopes                                  2.00
+       Printing                                              1.50
+       Addressing and Mailing                                2.50
+                                                           ------
+
+                                                                    $468.32
+                                                                    -------
+                                                                    $646.99
+
+Respectfully submitted,
+
+H. J. HILLIARD, Treas.,
+
+Northern Nut Growers Ass'n, Inc.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now be addressed by Dr. Britton, Director of the
+Botanical Gardens in which we are assembled.
+
+DR. BRITTON: Mr. President and Members of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association: By curious coincidence, in looking over the records of the
+New York Botanical Society's reports, I find the printed account of the
+organization meeting of your association. It is printed in the Journal
+of the New York Botanical Gardens, No. 132, for December, 1910. The
+article is written by George B. Nash. I believe I will read this report
+and if, perchance, the document is not in your files, I will turn this
+copy over to your president for preservation.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION MEETING, NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+A meeting was held in the museum building on November 17, (1910) for the
+purpose of organizing an association devoted to the interests of
+nut-growing. The meeting was called to order shortly after 2 p. m. by
+Dr. N. L. Britton, who welcomed those present and wished them success in
+their undertaking. During his remarks he referred to a recent visit to
+Cuba where he succeeded in collecting nuts of the Cuban walnut, _Juglans
+insularis Griseb_. Specimens of these were exhibited and some of them
+presented to Dr. R. T. Morris for his collection of edible nuts of the
+world, deposited at Cornell University.
+
+Dr. W. C. Deming was made chairman of the meeting and a temporary
+secretary was elected. The chairman read a number of letters from
+various parts of the country expressing an active interest in the
+formation of an organization such as was proposed. A committee of three
+was appointed by the chair to draft a constitution. This committee,
+consisting of Mr. John Craig, Dr. R. T. Morris and Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
+submitted a report recommending that the name of the organization be the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association, that residents of all parts of the
+country be eligible to membership, and that the officers be a president,
+a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer. An executive committee of
+five was also provided for, two of said committee to be the president
+and secretary-treasurer. The annual dues were placed at $2.00, and life
+membership at $20.00. The recommendations of the committee were adopted.
+
+An interesting exhibition of nuts, and specimens illustrating methods of
+grafting, formed a feature of the meeting. Chestnuts, walnuts, and
+hickory nuts, including the pecan, were illustrated in much variety. Mr.
+T. P. Littlepage had a series of nuts of the pecan which he had
+collected from a number of selected trees in Kentucky and vicinity. One
+of these, almost globular in form, was of particular excellence, being
+of clean cleavage and delicious flavor.
+
+Dr. R. T. Morris was elected president; Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
+vice-president; and Dr. W. C. Deming, secretary-treasurer.
+
+   George V. Nash.
+
+DR. BRITTON: May I say to you that our good wishes for your association,
+expressed at that time, are simply repeated now, and we hope that you
+will make yourselves at home and as comfortable as possible. We have
+made arrangement for the convention to leave here about one o'clock, for
+luncheon at Sormani's as guests of the Botanical Society. The autos will
+be at the door promptly, so I trust that you will adjust the session so
+as to be free to leave then.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We wish to extend our thanks to Dr. Britton for his kind
+remarks and for his hospitality.
+
+We will now have the secretary read reports from our state
+vice-presidents.
+
+THE SECRETARY: These are very interesting. The first one is from Mrs.
+Ellwanger, our state vice-president for New York.
+
+(Reading in part) "My walnut trees are doing well and have many more
+nuts than ever before. The filberts planted two years ago, also have
+some, and the chestnuts, those the blight have left me, are covered with
+burs. There are beech nuts, too.--I intend to keep on planting chestnut
+trees, in spite of the blight."
+
+Mr. C. S. Ridgway, Lumberton, New Jersey, writes as follows:
+
+"There are very few nut trees in our vicinity. In fact, very few except
+what I have--some large old pecans at Mt. Holley, but the fruit is so
+small they are not gathered."
+
+The next letter is from Mr. Howard Spence, of Ainsdale, Southport,
+England. Mr. Spence writes:
+
+"During the last year I have got one of our horticultural research
+stations interested in the subject of walnut culture and just recently
+the headquarters of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries also. The
+latter are using a small pamphlet on nut culture generally, to which I
+have contributed some facts. But a point of more definite interest at
+the moment is that the Minister has agreed to instruct all their
+inspectors over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit
+and forward them to me for classification and identification of
+varieties which may be worth perpetuating. As almost all the large
+number of trees in this country are seedlings I am hopeful that some
+interesting material may be located."
+
+Here is a letter from Mr. Richard H. Turk, Vice-President for the state
+of Washington:
+
+"Your request for a report from this Pacific Coast state came as a
+surprise. The Western Walnut Growers' Association is very strongly
+organized as regards Oregon and Washington, and it is difficult to
+persuade our nut growers here to join an association with its base of
+operations so far removed as the Northern Nut Growers' Association. I
+believe that I have been responsible for an additional membership of at
+least one or two which I think can be considerably augmented this fall.
+
+Filbert growing has firmly caught hold of the enthusiasm of the people
+here. The acreage has reached 2,000 acres as compared to a bare 150
+acres of six years ago. I estimate a planting of 1,500 additional acres
+to this quick bearing nut, this season. I have trees enough in my
+nursery to plant 600 acres but regard the majority of the plants as
+being too small. Planters plant even the smallest one-year layers out a
+distance varying from ten to twenty-five feet. I regard this as a waste
+of time, money and energy. Trees with two year old roots are none too
+big. The variety most planted is the Barcelona, closely followed by Du
+Chilly, and is supported by pollinizers for these two varieties at the
+rate of one pollinizer to every nine of the commercial sort. Intent eyes
+are watching every new seedling in search of new and superior varieties.
+Some have been found and will be propagated. Nut growers are but warming
+to the idea. I am putting out eight thousand four-year old seedling
+filbert trees in orchard form to be tested for qualities desired in a
+better filbert.
+
+Tree filberts instead of bushes is a new idea that is fast gaining
+headway against the old method of removing the suckers by hand each
+season. _Corylus colurna_, the Turkish species, and _Corylus chinensis_,
+the Chinese tree hazel, are most favored as stocks. It has been found
+that these trees are easily grafted to filberts, that they are extremely
+hardy and grow twice as fast as the filbert, and that the vigor of the
+stock enlarges the size of the nut, regardless of variety. Foremost in
+the recommendation of grafted tree filberts, I have correspondents in
+many foreign countries and have arranged for the delivery of several
+thousand pounds of these nuts to grow seedlings of.
+
+The tree hazel is of the future as yet, and one must recognize the
+demand for layered stock until replaced by what appears to be better. To
+add at least thirty acres to my present filbert plantings this year is
+my desire. I am planting at least 400 trees to the acre as interplants
+in a grafted walnut orchard. No use in wasting time before the trees
+begin to bear profitable crops. Three and four years at most for
+man-sized returns when using a ten foot planting.
+
+One planting of Du Chilly filberts last year produced an average of
+close to 40 pounds per tree on nine-year-old trees and an average of 10
+pounds on four-year-old trees. The spread of the latter trees was scarce
+four feet, and I counted 22 nuts on a branch eight inches in length. Mr.
+A. W. Ward reports an average crop of 200 nuts to each two-year-old
+filbert tree in his four-acre planting this season. These are also Du
+Chillys that are fast building up a sentiment favoring them before the
+lower-priced Barcelona variety. The Barcelona is a more vigorous tree
+and shells out of the husk 75% whereas the Du Chilly is but 40% self
+husking, but that will not offset the differential of five to ten cents
+per pound in favor of the great, oblong nuts.
+
+The _walnut_ acreage of Washington and Oregon is approximately 12,000
+acres and is now taking a new hold with all the additional planting
+being made up of _grafted_ trees. The VROOMAN FRANQUETTE variety grafted
+on the California black walnut stock is the tree used in these
+plantings. Formerly, seedlings of the so-called second generation type
+were quite popular, but when it became evident that seedlings would not
+transmit the superior qualities of the parent, that method of
+propagation was thrown into the discard. Eight thousand acres of the
+acreage now out, are seedling trees that must be topworked before Oregon
+will be truly famous for the quality of the nuts it produces. These
+seedling trees are paying at present under our present high prices after
+many years of barrenness.
+
+My own 900 seedling trees I top-worked last year to the Vrooman
+Franquette variety, placing as many as thirty grafts in some trees and
+obtained an average of 70 per cent successful grafts. These grafts have
+made wonderful growth this season, and are quite capable of bearing
+large quantities of nuts next season. My crew of walnut grafters are
+becoming well known over a radius of 100 miles, and the work they are
+doing is a road to profit for many an owner of unproductive nut trees.
+
+This fall I intend publishing some of the leading articles of the
+nut-growing authorities of this section, in conjunction with a catalogue
+well illustrated and containing my experience as a nut grower. Anyone
+contemplating planting walnuts or filberts may well send in their
+reservation of copy. Generally speaking, nut tree nurserymen and nut
+tree planters have not had time nor desire to add to the literature on
+this subject. I believe that when the nurserymen get behind the move to
+plant nut trees there will be some very interesting developments. There
+is one good thing in sight, and that is that it will not be the
+old-fashioned seedling that they will push this time. I think that you
+people of the East have got to make another determined effort to drive
+home the impossibility of seedlings ever being satisfactory. Outside the
+association a nut tree is a nut tree regardless of seedling and grafted
+trees, and one is expected to bear just as many fine large nuts as the
+other and just as soon. After losing twenty to thirty thousand dollars
+in delayed returns from a seedling walnut orchard, is it any wonder that
+I oppose the planting of more seedlings by the unwary?
+
+In concluding this report I wish to state that I have talked nuts before
+a score of different meetings during the last year, and in the press of
+Oregon and Washington have done much to encourage the prospective
+grower."
+
+THE SECRETARY: It seems to me that this report is one that will be very
+useful to nut growers in the East and very suggestive to beginners in
+nut growing. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he has any comments to make
+on the report.
+
+MR. REED: As I know conditions in the Pacific Northwest Mr. Turk has
+given an accurate report. The one criticism that I might make would be,
+perhaps, that there seems to be a probability of over-enthusiasm. This
+often occurs in any part of the country with respect to new things. It
+has been most conspicuous with the pecan in the South, and the almond
+industry in the West. As the pioneers in the nut industry in Oregon and
+Washington are acquiring greater experience they are increasingly more
+cautious with regard to such matters as varieties, planting sites,
+planting distances, interpollination, and others of kindred nature.
+
+The industry in the Northwest is still comparatively small. It is
+centered mainly in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and to some extent in
+a narrow strip running north towards Seattle. The best informed are
+planting only in fertile, moist, properly drained soils so situated that
+air drainage is good. The local soils are much more variable than would
+be suggested by casual observation. Also, greater attention is being
+paid to air drainage in that part of the country than in the East.
+Several years ago there was a sudden drop in temperature from 32 degrees
+above to 24 degrees below zero, at McMinnville, Oregon. This proved
+fatal to trees and plants of many kinds, particularly those on flat
+bottoms or on hillsides from which, for any reason, the cold air was
+prevented from blowing to lower levels.
+
+In addition to the species of nuts discussed by Mr. Turk, something
+might be said regarding the possibilities of chestnut culture in the
+Pacific Northwest. Numerous trees, planted singly or even in small
+groups found there, grow so well as to indicate plainly that the genus
+is capable of adapting itself to existing environment. However, both
+planters and consumers are generally prejudiced against the chestnut.
+This is easily explained for the reason that either sufficient numbers
+of varieties have not been planted together to ensure interpollination,
+or Japanese chestnuts have been planted. Early planters were evidently
+not aware that most varieties are largely self-sterile, and they did not
+know that the average Japanese chestnuts are fit for consumption only
+when cooked. Had these two facts been taken into consideration by them,
+it is not improbable that there would now have been an entirely
+different situation regarding the chestnut in that part of the country.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have a few more reports. Is it the sentiment of the
+meeting that I go on reading them?
+
+MR. REED: I would like to hear the reports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: _Knight Pearcy, from Salem, Oregon_, writes:
+
+"Both filbert and walnut planting have continued in Oregon during the
+past year. There has been a steady increase in the acreage of these two
+nut crops during the past five years but, fortunately, no planting boom.
+
+The older walnut orchards are almost all seedling groves and many of
+these seedling groves are producing a very attractive revenue.
+Practically all of the new plantings are of grafted trees, it having
+been amply demonstrated that, while seedlings are often revenue
+producers, the grafted orchards bring in more revenue and at no greater
+cost of operation. Seedling orchards are offered for sale, but very few
+grafted plantings are on the market. The Franquette continues to be the
+principal tree planted; probably 95% of the new plantings being of this
+variety.
+
+A co-operative walnut marketing association has been formed, and this
+year for the first time carlot shipments of Oregon nuts will be sent
+East.
+
+The filbert, a younger member of the Oregon horticultural family than
+the walnut, is being planted as heavily as the walnut, if not more
+heavily. Probably 60,000 trees were planted in the Willamette Valley of
+Oregon last year. Production of filberts has not yet become heavy enough
+to supply home markets. It will probably be some time before Oregon
+filberts reach eastern markets.
+
+No other nuts are grown commercially in the state, although the chestnut
+does well here."
+
+_Mr. T, C. Tucker, State Vice-President from California_, writes:
+
+"The principal consideration in relation to the California nut situation
+is a recognition of the tremendous increase in planting within the last
+ten years. Many of these newly planted orchards have already come into
+bearing. The marketable almond tonnage of California has increased until
+it is now over three times that of ten years ago. The walnut tonnage has
+doubled during the same period.
+
+New plantings are going forward very slowly at the present time due to
+the conditions prevailing in the fruit industry in general.
+
+Economic conditions, coupled with the keenest kind of foreign
+competition have interfered materially with the sale of almonds in this
+country, with the result that almond growers have been losing money
+every year for the past four years. At the same time the tremendously
+increased domestic tonnage has resulted in keeping the prices to the
+consumer very low in relation to pre-war prices and costs. The consumer
+has been getting the benefit of maintaining the domestic almond
+producers in the business. The fact that domestic tonnage cannot be kept
+down, as soon as a profit is in sight, warrants the American public in
+maintaining a sizable industry in this country by means of a protective
+tariff, even though it may appear on the surface as though it might mean
+increased prices. The experiences of the last four years have
+demonstrated beyond a doubt that increases in import duties have not
+resulted in increased prices to the consumer. They have, in fact,
+increased the competition to a point where prices have dropped rather
+than risen.
+
+The same situation applies to walnuts, except possibly as regards losses
+to growers during recent years. The fact that walnuts ordinarily take
+longer to come into bearing than almonds has prevented any rapid
+increase in production such as has taken place with almonds. They are,
+however, facing many of the same conditions of keen competition from
+countries where costs of production are very, very low.
+
+Conditions this year point to both almond and walnut crops of
+approximately the same size as last year. That means the walnut crop
+will be around 25,000 tons and the almond crop around 10,000 tons. The
+condition of the walnut crop seems to be about normal. Where irrigation
+is not available they are suffering from lack of water. Almonds this
+year are showing in many districts the disastrous effects of the
+unusually dry season. This will show up most strongly, however, in
+reduced tonnage for next year, and stick-tights for this year. These
+latter, however, are not saleable, so the consumer need not worry but
+that the almonds received in the markets will be good, edible almonds.
+What the final outcome of the drought will be it is a little too early
+to tell.
+
+Pecans and filberts are produced in such small quantities in California
+that they do not affect the market in any way except possibly locally.
+There is nothing to indicate any abnormal condition affecting either of
+these in the few places where they are grown. No large plantings of
+either of these nuts are being made, since there seems to be
+considerable question as to how successful they will be from a
+commercial standpoint.
+
+Chestnuts are not being planted as fast as they might be, especially in
+those sections of the state to which they are well adapted. With the
+rapid disappearance of the chestnut forests of the eastern states,
+through the ravages of the chestnut bark disease, there is no reason why
+chestnuts could not be grown in California, especially in many of the
+foot-hill districts. This, of course, presupposes that the chestnut bark
+disease can be kept out of the state, and we believe it can be. The
+general price situation, however, is such as to discourage any extensive
+plantings at this time. The interest that is being taken in possible
+future plantings, however, is such that it appears reasonable to believe
+that the next few years will see materially larger plantings made,
+provided there is any improvement in agricultural economy conditions."
+
+_Mr. James Sharp, Vice-President from Kansas_, writes:
+
+"The only nut native here is black walnut, and the crop is heavy. There
+are some Stabler and Thomas planted here, and some grafted on native
+black are bearing. We have something like fifty grafted pecans planted
+of all varieties, but none bearing yet. The pecan is a native south and
+east of here in Kansas, and the crop is good, I understand. We also have
+a few grafted sweet chestnuts growing in Kansas which are bearing well,
+and more are being planted. I have one English walnut growing near my
+house, which had male blooms last spring, but no nuts. We do not think
+they will be a success in Kansas but we hope to grow some nuts on our
+tree next year, the first in Kansas."
+
+_Mr. U. H. Walker, Nacla, Colorado_, who says he is probably the only
+one in that state attempting to grow nut trees, instead of fruit, writes
+of his attempts. His place is at an altitude of 5,800 feet, where he can
+at times look down into the clouds, and on clear days can look up into
+perpetual snow. Mr. Walker has black walnut trees that have produced
+crops each year for the last ten years, three pecan trees and two
+persimmons. He has been experimenting with nut trees obtained from the
+government for the last ten or twelve years, and is willing to plant and
+care for any trees which the members of the association would like to
+have tried out in the center of the Rocky Mountain district.
+
+_Prof. V. R. Gardner, Michigan Agricultural College_, in a letter to C.
+A. Reed, says: "We are getting a very nice collection of hardy nuts
+started on our Graham Station grounds near Grand Rapids. These are for
+the most part young trees being planted in orchard form. We are also
+doing some top-grafting and as soon as we shall be able to accumulate
+more data upon which to base recommendations, I am inclined to think
+that we will put on a number of nut grafting demonstrations in the
+state. I am sure there will be a demand for it.
+
+If your meetings could be held later in the year, perhaps some time
+during the winter, I think it would be easier for some of the station
+men to attend them."
+
+MR. REED: Might I add that Prof. Gardner was at one time Assistant in
+Horticulture at Corvallis, in the heart of the walnut district of
+Oregon. From there he went to Missouri as State Horticulturist. During
+the three years at that place he top-worked a considerable number of
+walnut trees with scions of supposedly hardy varieties of Persian
+walnuts, especially the Franquette, and such varieties of Eastern black
+as he could obtain. The Persian practically was killed out during the
+first winter. The black walnut tops are now coming into bearing, and
+considerable attention is being attracted to them throughout the
+Mid-West. Prof. Colby may know something further regarding the work in
+Missouri.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I hope you notice how many more reports we are getting
+from the men connected with the horticultural departments of the state
+institutions. Here is a letter from H. H. Bartlett, Director of the
+Botanical Gardens at Ann Arbor, University of Michigan:
+
+"Our Botanical Garden in its present location is relatively new, having
+been established only in 1914. The development of permanent plantings
+has been mostly in the last two or three years, so you see we have as
+yet done nothing with nut trees other than to assemble what varieties we
+could get hold of. I must confess that the poor little things look much
+as if the wrath of heaven had overtaken them. We had 8 degrees of frost
+on the night of May 22d, when all the trees were in young leaf. All the
+nut trees were badly killed back, some below the graft, so I've had to
+pull some out. Since they had only a miserable start last year, they
+look pretty sad now. However, I'll replace where necessary, and hope for
+better luck next time.
+
+If there should be an opportunity in the course of the discussion to
+state that we are prepared to receive and take care of nut trees that
+originators wish to try out in this region, I shall appreciate it. We
+are receiving occasional nut-bearing plants from the Office of Seed and
+Plant Introduction of the Department of Agriculture, and are very glad
+to act as a testing station for new introductions or productions.
+
+In order not to give a false impression as to the extent of our work, I
+feel impelled to say that we haven't yet a nut tree in bearing, and only
+one over three feet high."
+
+_Mr. Conrad Vollertsen_ writes that he will not be able to be here as he
+had planned. He states that all of his 31 varieties of filbert trees,
+except one, have fairly good nut crops. His place, as you know, is in
+Rochester, N. Y.
+
+_Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn._, writes:
+
+"You may be interested to know that some of my nut trees are giving some
+results this year. A number of varieties of filberts are fruiting,
+three varieties of black walnuts, almonds, Chinese chestnuts, heartnuts,
+besides the native hickory and butternuts."
+
+MR. REED: According to Mr. Bartlett the Lancaster heartnut, which was
+introduced by Mr. Jones, is starting out in highly encouraging manner at
+his place near Stamford. It has grown well and is now a handsome,
+symmetrical tree. Indications are that it will bear well.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Bartlett takes good care of his trees. We shall hope
+to pay a visit to his place.
+
+I have a letter from Mr. Hicks, Westbury, Long Island. He will be with
+us today, and he proposes in his letter that we make an excursion to his
+place on Long Island.
+
+_Mr. J. W. Killen, Felton, Delaware,_ in a letter to Mr. Reed, writes as
+follows:
+
+"This year we are maturing some nuts on the cordiformis and sieboldiana
+types of the Japanese walnut (young trees 3 to 5 feet high) that had no
+staminate blossoms. These we are producing by crossing with the pollen
+from one of our best Persians. We are looking for something interesting
+from there nuts when planted and the trees come into bearing. But all
+this takes time and patience. We had more chestnuts last fall than ever
+before, and the prices averaged higher, about 20 cents per pound,
+wholesale. Our best chestnuts are looking good now. Will soon be
+opening; usually begin about the 5th to the 10th of September, to open
+up.
+
+"We have not succeeded very well in propagating Mollissima (Chinese
+chestnut) but we find the quality of the nuts very good. All of our
+American sweet and all of the European type, including Paragon, Numbo,
+Dager, Ridgely, etc., have been gone for years, and left our Japs just
+about as healthy looking as they were 20 years ago, yet they were all
+set in the same block."
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is encouraging to know that Mr. Killen has a strain of
+chestnuts that will grow there without being destroyed by blight.
+
+MR. REED: Blight is not serious with his trees.
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is with mine. But Mollissima has resistance.
+
+MR. REED: The real pest in Mr. Killen's chestnut planting is the weevil.
+The nuts have to be marketed promptly in order to avoid destruction by
+this insect.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have a letter from Mr. Littlepage, who regrets that he
+will not be able to be with us.
+
+Another letter is from Mr. Riehl, who regrets that because of his age he
+will not be able to take the long trip from Godfrey, Ill., to New York
+City. He writes to us of the place of the chestnut in northern nut
+culture, as follows:
+
+"Blight and weevil are the greatest enemies of this nut. Blight in all
+probability will destroy practically all native chestnut where it is
+native, and in all such districts the planting of chestnut orchards for
+profit will be useless until varieties are found or produced that are
+immune to that disease. In time this, no doubt, will be done. If I were
+fifty years younger and lived in a blight section, it would appeal to me
+to do something in that line.
+
+Where the chestnut does not grow naturally it can be grown without fear
+of the disease. I have the largest chestnut orchard in the West, of all
+ages from seedlings to sixty years, with no blight.
+
+Even were there no blight it would not be advisable to plant chestnut
+orchards where it is native because of the weevil. The weevil appears to
+be worse on the large improved varieties than on the smaller native. Of
+course any one planting a chestnut orchard now would plant the newer,
+larger varieties, as they will always outsell the smaller. No one who
+has not talked with handlers of chestnuts can have any idea of the
+handicap the weevil is to sales and prices. Where the chestnut is not
+native the nuts produced will be free of weevils.
+
+The place to plant chestnut orchards is where the chestnut is not
+native, on soils that are not wet. Such situations exist in the central
+west and westward to the Pacific coast. I have had reports of chestnut
+trees growing and bearing in all this territory, and have had favorable
+reports of trees that I sent there of my improved varieties.
+
+There is a good market at good prices for good, homegrown chestnuts. My
+own crops so far have sold readily at 25 to 40 cents per pound
+wholesale, and the demand is always for more after the crop is all sold.
+
+Of all the nuts that I have experimented with I have found the chestnut
+to come into profitable bearing sooner and more profitably than any
+other."
+
+DR. MORRIS: Some of the state vice-presidents have spoken of native
+chestnuts of good kinds. One obstacle, however, in the distribution of
+good chestnuts, has been the state laws which prevent us from sending
+chestnuts from one state to the other. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if
+it would be possible to make some arrangement at Washington whereby
+scions might be sent under government inspection to the West and to
+other parts of the country where blight does not exist. On my property
+at Stamford I had several thousand choice chestnut trees. The blight
+appeared and I cut out 5,000 trees that were from fifty years to more
+than a hundred years old. Among them there was one sweet American
+chestnut superior to the others. It had a very large, high-quality nut,
+and very beautiful appearance, having two distinct shades of chestnut
+color. The tree was the first to go down with the blight but I have kept
+it going ever since by grafting on other chestnut stock. I would like
+mighty well to have that chestnut grow in other parts of the country. It
+would be an addition to our nut supply.
+
+Furthermore I have among a large number of hybrids, two of very high
+quality between the American sweet chestnut and the chinkapin. I gave
+these to Mr. Jones. He found, however, that he had no market for them
+because of the fear of blight. I would like to present scions of this to
+anybody outside the chestnut area where chestnuts are being grown,
+provided I can do this under government methods. We should find a way to
+do this.
+
+THE SECRETARY: And not by boot-legging.
+
+MR. REED: As Prof. Collins is more likely to be informed in regard to
+quarantine laws than I am he is the proper one to answer that question.
+I may say, however, that the federal department is unlikely to interfere
+in any way with the carrying out of state quarantine laws. Prof. Collins
+is now in the room. Dr. Morris, will you kindly re-state the question to
+him?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In brief, I have some very superior chestnuts. They will be
+valuable for horticultural purposes in other parts, or in non-blight
+regions, of the country. I have kept them going by care and attention. I
+would be very glad to send those out of Connecticut, provided that the
+way may be found, by sending them through Washington to other states. It
+would be necessary, however, to have the scions treated in such a way as
+to make sure that the endothia spores had been destroyed.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I suggest that Prof. Collins give the matter some
+thought, and when he gives his paper he will be able to inform us about
+that. We will now ask Mr. Reed for a report as to promising seedlings.
+
+MR. REED: There are quite a number of new things which might be
+mentioned. One is a group of Chinese walnuts now in their second or
+third year in the nursery of Mr. Jones, at Lancaster. In this lot there
+are many beautiful young trees grown from nuts obtained for Mr. Jones by
+Mr. P. W. Wang, of Shanghai. They are from North China, the territory
+which I visited more than two years ago and from which I also obtained
+considerable seed. Of the latter we have now several hundred seedlings
+ready for distribution. Personally I would like them to be distributed
+among members of this association. Mr. Jones has 300 or 400 of the Wang
+trees which he proposes to sell as seedlings. Others will be used as
+stocks for grafting varieties of _regia_.
+
+Dr. Morris has already referred to the Chinese chestnuts. Mr. Dorsett,
+of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has recently arrived in China
+for a two-years' trip. He will doubtless send many chestnuts.
+
+Another particularly interesting group of nut trees is a lot of
+hazel-filbert hybrids produced by Mr. Jones. These are between the Rush
+and the Barcelona, or other European varieties. He now has plants three
+to five years of age in bearing. They average as high as a man's head.
+Practically all are in bearing with attractive clusters of nuts, and
+some are fruiting heavily. The Rush variety, as most members know, is a
+native hazel of unusually prolific habits of bearing. The nuts are of
+fair size and quality.
+
+Recently I have seen some interesting pecan trees in the East. Two of
+these are on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, one in the outskirts of
+Easton and the other at Princess Anne; the former is a trifle the
+larger, measuring 15 ft 5 inches in girth at breast height, the latter
+measuring 4 feet and 2 inches at the same distance and estimated to be
+110 feet high. It was grown from a nut said to have been planted in
+1800. The nuts from these trees are small but well filled and much
+appreciated by their respective communities.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have the secretary down for a paper.
+
+THE SECRETARY: This paper opens a symposium on topworking hickory
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+TOP WORKING HICKORIES IN THE NORTH
+
+_By W. C. Deming, Connecticut_
+
+
+I do not recall a single modern improvement of importance in the art of
+grafting nut trees in the North that is not due to either Mr. Jones or
+Dr. Morris, except that to Mr. Riehl belongs, I believe, the credit of
+the idea of waxing the entire graft, which is now the accepted
+procedure. Therefore I speak before these two gentlemen with diffidence.
+I do so in the hope that perhaps I may recall something which they have
+forgotten to make known, or that what I say may elicit from them
+available emendatory remarks. My experience of fourteen years on my own
+place, and of five years grafting for others, is the basis of my
+observations.
+
+
+_Compatibility of Species and Varieties_
+
+This question will be particularly discussed by Mr. Bixby who has been
+conducting careful experiments that should soon settle the question for
+the commoner hickories. A few scattering observations of my own may be
+useful.
+
+It is generally believed that any species of the genus hickory will
+catch on any other, though not necessarily that the union will be
+blessed. It is self evident that any hickory will thrive on any variety
+of the same species, shagbark on shagbark, pecan on pecan, though even
+here close observation will probably disclose differences of
+compatibility. Probably any hybrid hickory will thrive on either of its
+parents. In some cases this may turn out to be a test of hybridity. For
+instance, the Barnes is one of the few shagbarks known to thrive on
+mockernut. It shows other evidences of mockernut blood.
+
+I have found no hickory, so far, that does not appear to thrive on the
+shagbark, except the pecan. Even here there are differences. I have one
+Major pecan on shagbark that is over twenty-five feet high that has a
+very healthy appearance and that has shown staminate bloom for two or
+three years. I have also an Indian pecan that looks fairly prosperous.
+The Iowa pecans, the Marquart, Greenbay, Campbell, Witte, and others,
+catch readily and grow vigorously, at least for the first years. There
+are many data, however, on the adaptability of the pecan to the shagbark
+and the consensus of opinion is that ultimate results are poor. This is
+probably because the shagbark starts early and makes its season's growth
+in about six weeks, while the pecan naturally has a much longer growing
+season. However, these observations have been made, mostly, in the South
+and it may be different in the North. The question is not yet finally
+decided.
+
+The Stanley shellbark, H. laciniosa, is completely at home on the
+shagbark, apparently, but has not yet borne with me.
+
+The Hatch bitternut grew luxuriantly on shagbark for a year but blew
+off.
+
+The Zorn hybrid made a growth of one foot on shagbark but then was
+winter killed, apparently.
+
+I have a back pasture full of vigorous pignuts, H. glabra, which for
+eleven years I have been grafting with faith which now seems childlike,
+that soon I would have fourteen acres of bearing hickory trees. Yet as a
+result of all these years of grafting the only hickories that I have
+found to thrive are the Brooks, which appears to be vigorous, the
+Terpenny, which is vigorous and bearing nuts in its fourth year, and
+possibly the Barnes. Not a single pecan survived more than a year,
+though many started. The Beaver hybrid makes a long spindling growth and
+then, in the first or second year, the leaves turn yellow and mosaic and
+the growth dies. The Kirtland, Kentucky, Hales, Taylor and several
+others, have all with me, proved failures on the pignut. Mr. Bixby's
+experiments appear to be showing somewhat different results.
+
+The question of the compatibility of species and varieties is really a
+very important one because in some localities either the pignut or the
+mockernut is the prevailing species, and we wish to know with what
+species and varieties they may be successfully grafted. For instance, if
+the Barnes, which is an excellent shagbark, will do well on both the
+pignut and the mockernut, where so many other varieties fail, and the
+Brooks is at home on the pignut, these are highly important facts to be
+known by the man with fifteen acres of hilly woodland full of young
+pignuts and mockernuts.
+
+
+_Size of Stocks_
+
+I prefer stocks of moderate size, up to three inches in diameter. One
+gets greater results for the labor with these than with larger trees. Of
+course a tree of any size may be topworked but the labor is
+disproportionately greater, especially in the after care.
+
+
+_Cutting Back Stocks for Topworking_
+
+I doubt if it is important to cut back stocks during the dormant season,
+except that then there is more time. With larger trees this counts for a
+good deal, but in the smaller ones I like to cut them off just where I
+want to graft at the time of doing so. However, they may be cut off when
+dormant at the point of selection for grafting and later grafted without
+further cutting back. This reduces, or does away with the risk of
+bleeding. Except in very small stocks it is better to leave a number of
+the lower branches to prevent bleeding. When bleeding does occur it may
+be checked by making one or more cuts with the knife or saw into the
+sapwood of the trunk below the graft. Better results come when the
+cutting back is of the top branches and not the lower ones because of
+the stronger flow of sap toward the top of the tree. In my opinion a
+side branch should always be left at the point where the stock is cut
+off to maintain a circulation of sap. Otherwise the stub will often die
+back and the graft fail. Also, the cambium close to a side branch will
+be observed to be thicker and I infer that the circulation of sap is
+more active. I prefer to cut off the top half, or two-thirds of the tree
+and graft into the top and the side branches near the top.
+
+Hickories in full foliage may usually be cut back without evident harm.
+Occasionally a tree will be apparently shocked to death. Sometimes when
+a tree in foliage is cut back severely the remaining leaves will turn
+black and partly, or completely, die, but the tree will throw out
+vigorous new growth later.
+
+Trees up to three inches in diameter may have the whole top cut off, at
+the risk of occasionally shocking a tree to death. Such complete cutting
+back must be done in the dormant season or there will be severe and
+prolonged bleeding. This method has the advantage of forcing a
+tremendous growth in the grafts which will need careful support. This is
+much more easily done however, than when the grafts are in the top of
+the tree. Cutting back in the dormant season and painting with paraffine
+has not worked well for me as the paraffine has not adhered well for any
+length of time to the freshly cut surfaces. Probably this could be
+easily remedied if it were a real advantage. In the case of small stocks
+and branches where there is no bleeding and the paraffine adheres well
+green callus will often be seen spreading out beneath the paraffine over
+the cut surface.
+
+Stocks should be vigorous. Dwarfed, stunted, submerged, hide bound trees
+make poor stocks. This is important, I believe.
+
+
+_Scions_
+
+The condition of the scion is the most important element for success in
+top-working hickory trees. The technique of grafting has been so
+simplified as to make it fairly easy, and native stocks are usually
+vigorous. But unless the scions have full vitality success will be
+limited. They should be plump and not pithy. A limited success is
+possible with scions of feeble growth, or those subjected to
+devitalising influences in keeping or handling, but the largest success
+will be had with well grown scions, cut from vigorous trees or grafts,
+whose buds are completely dormant, and have a fresh, green appearance on
+cutting. When the cambium layer shows a yellowish or brownish tint the
+scions are useless. Slender wood may make good scions but is more
+difficult to keep in good condition. Heavy wood from vigorous, young,
+grafted trees, or from cut back trees, makes the best scions and is the
+easiest to keep. Wood more than 1 year old and as large as one can
+handle makes good scions. Dr. Morris, with the use of the plane, has
+succeeded with astonishingly large scions and even branches. Sometimes
+buds are absent from these large scions or are very inconspicuous. They
+may be searched for with a lens.
+
+Preferably scions should be cut when entirely dormant. Buds that show
+signs of breaking should be removed. Scions cut after growth starts may
+be used with success if there are dormant buds. This "immediate
+grafting," as Dr. Morris calls it has not been fully studied. It may be
+of great value. It is quite successful with the apple and the pear. It
+appears to depend chiefly on the presence of dormant buds of vitality.
+
+The later in the season the dormant scions are cut the shorter the time
+they have to be kept, though probably this is not of importance if the
+method of keeping is right.
+
+
+_Keeping Scions_
+
+The larger the scion the easier it is to keep it. Dr. Morris cuts whole
+branches and keeps them in the sawdust of his icehouse. I have cut them
+two inches in diameter and kept them lying uncovered on the barn cellar
+floor into the second summer looking fresh and green. The smaller the
+scion the more susceptible it is to moisture environment. Scions must be
+kept where it is neither too moist nor too dry. Usually the mistake is
+made of keeping them too moist. The buds may start if the scions are too
+moist even when the temperature is quite low. This happened for me when
+I stored scions for a week or two in the very cold bottom of an icebox.
+The most successful grafters keep scions with a sort of intelligent
+neglect. Dr. Morris buries them in the sawdust of his icehouse and it
+seems to make no difference if ice is there or not. I once tried keeping
+them in an icehouse over the ice and they became soaking wet. I have
+noticed that Dr. Morris's sawdust seems quite dry. Mr. Jones keeps some,
+at least, of his in bins or barrels covered with burlap bags. He says
+that heartnut scions keep best not packed away but kept in the open
+cellar. I notice that Mr. Jones has been using some kind of mill
+planings in place of sphagnum moss. Branches and large scions will keep
+well in a medium that seems dry to the touch. Small scions, such as
+those cut from old parent trees, require careful handling to prevent
+shriveling, on the one hand, or bud starting on the other. A low
+temperature is probably desirable, but the right condition of moisture
+is essential to the proper keeping of scions for any length of time. I
+should naturally prefer to keep them in darkness, but I am not sure that
+it is important. Undoubtedly the access of some air is necessary but it
+would be difficult to keep it altogether away. I do not know how long
+scions would keep if entirely covered with paraffine. One year I dipped
+all the cut ends of my scions in melted paraffine but I am not sure that
+it is worth the trouble. One year I packed away my scions in rather
+moist sphagnum moss. The first time I looked at them they were enmeshed
+in mold mycelium. Later many of the buds started to grow. As suggested
+by Mr. Jones, dipping either the scions or the moss in half strength
+Bordeaux mixture will remedy the mold trouble. Parenthetically, this
+should be of help in keeping chestnuts, chinkapins, and other nuts that
+spoil easily with mold, for planting in the spring. Packing scions
+tightly and heavily covered in boxes for any length of time has been, in
+my observation, disastrous. In shipping scions a method advised, and one
+that I have followed with satisfaction, is to wrap the scions, either
+separately or together, in paraffine paper without any packing next the
+scions but putting it, instead, outside the paraffine paper. This
+packing may be sphagnum moss or mill planings slightly moistened. This
+also is wrapped in a moisture impervious covering and then in ordinary
+wrapping paper. For shipping long distanced the moss or planings should
+be dipped in half strength Bordeaux mixture.
+
+The surface of the bark of scions that are being kept should always be
+dry, never moist. But they should never be so dry as to look shrivelled.
+Until you know just what scions will do under the conditions you provide
+you should examine them frequently.
+
+
+_Equipment_
+
+The essentials are a knife, raffia and the wax heater with brush. A saw
+is necessary if stocks are to be cut back, and pruning shears are
+convenient for cutting scions into proper lengths and for trimming and
+pruning stocks. The knife most used is the grafting knife of Maher &
+Gross, with a three inch straight blade and a round handle that gives a
+good grasp.
+
+I used to suspect that the men who said that scions ought to be cut with
+two strokes of the knife were trying to establish an unattainable ideal.
+But after Mr. Jones and Dr. Morris had taught me how to sharpen my knife
+I found that I could cut one that way myself sometimes. Mr. Jones's
+method of sharpening is to hone the knife flat on the surface next the
+scion and with a bevel on the upper edge. I found that this made scion
+cutting so much easier that I thought it was the whole secret. But one
+day I saw another doubter come up to Mr. Jones and ask him if it was
+true that he could cut a scion with two strokes of the knife. Mr. Jones
+said he thought he could but he had no knife just then. The man pulled
+out his pocket knife and asked if that would do. Mr. Jones looked at it,
+took a stick and with two strokes cut a perfect scion. Since then I have
+felt that there is something to it besides the way you sharpen your
+knife.
+
+A very important element in shaping scions is to give a drawing motion
+to the knife by keeping the handle well advanced before the blade. The
+cutting is done with a draw and not a push. This is one of the most
+important factors for success in shaping scions.
+
+It seems hardly necessary to say that the stroke of the knife should be
+away from the grafter. Yet it is a common sight to see beginners cutting
+to the thumb.
+
+Dr. Morris showed me that if, in sharpening your knife, you hold the
+little whetstone between the thumb and middle finger of the left hand
+you are less likely to put a feather edge on it. A feather edge is
+something to clip the sprouting wings of any budding saint of a grafter.
+When you get the right edge on your knife often you can use it the whole
+day without resharpening, or at most with simply a stropping on a piece
+of wood or leather. But improper use of the knife, or the least knick,
+will spoil the edge and sometimes it will be quite difficult to get it
+back. Therefore the blade should always be protected by a sheath, never
+laid down or used for cutting raffia, or anything but the actual cutting
+of the graft. For this purpose a leather sheath worn on the front of the
+belt, as first used by Dr. Morris, is almost a necessity. This sheath
+may be made by any leather worker and should have at least two pockets,
+one for the grafting knife and one for another knife to be used for
+trimming, cutting raffia and other odd things. It is convenient to have
+a little pocket for a pencil also and one may provide places for other
+articles of equipment at fancy.
+
+I do not know that there is much to be said here about raffia. But a
+great deal has been said, and will be said, elsewhere, when the raffia
+is rotten and breaks in the middle of tying a graft. It is the devil's
+own stuff to carry when you don't carry it right. The right way to carry
+it is to tuck one end of the bundle under one side of your belt, pass
+the bundle behind your back and the other end under the other side of
+your belt. Then the raffia never gets mixed up with scions, tools and
+profanity and the end of a strand is as handy as the knives in your
+belt. On the whole I do not know of any binding material as satisfactory
+as raffia. It is stronger and easier to use when it is damp.
+
+One of the great advances in the art of grafting is the use of melted
+wax. I believe that we have to credit Mr. Jones for this. The use of
+paraffine for grafting wax we owe to Dr. Morris. To him also we owe the
+Merribrook melter which has added so much to the comfort and convenience
+of grafting that it can be recommended as an outdoor sport for ladies. I
+do not like the brush that Dr. Morris recommends but prefer a stiffer
+one such as can be bought for ten cents.
+
+Equipments vary with the individual and with the difference in the work
+to be done. Mr. Slaughter carries into the nursery, when he is working
+for Mr. Jones in the semi-tropical sun of Lancaster, a stool with
+parasol attachment. Mr. Biederman of Arizona has the most elaborate
+equipment which includes a table, planes, curved knives and gouges. Dr.
+Morris carries a knapsack. I like an ordinary light market basket that
+Mother Earth holds up for me when I'm not moving from place to place.
+When in a tree I stuff my pockets with scions.
+
+A saw is usually a necessity. For portability I prefer a curved one that
+has a draw cut. It has also an aesthetic element and doesn't look like
+a meat saw, which can't be said of Mr. Jones's saw that seduced Dr.
+Morris from church. For heavy and steady work I much prefer a
+carpenter's sharp hand saw. A two-edged saw is an abomination devised by
+conscienceless manufacturers for the seduction of innocent amateurs.
+
+For pruning shears I have a personal fancy for the French, hand-made
+instrument, each one individual, a work of art and a potential legacy to
+one's horticultural heir, if one doesn't let the village blacksmith
+monkey with it, as I did with mine.
+
+On some grafts it is desirable to use a bit of paper, either beneath or
+outside of the raffia, to make waxing easier. For this I have found
+scraps of Japanese paper napkin very adaptive to surfaces and absorptive
+of wax.
+
+On very heavy grafts Dr. Morris uses the Spanish windlass, as devised by
+him, for which he carries sisal cord, wooden or metal meat skewers,
+small staples and a mallet. He uses a chisel to cut slots in very thick
+bark and planes for shaping heavy grafts.
+
+I have tried fastening in grafts with a nail, using iron and brass nails
+and bank pins. Mr. Jones has suggested cement covered nails. My
+experience with iron nails is that they damage the scions. The use of
+nails has not been fully worked out. They are almost essential in bridge
+grafting apple trees. I think that just the right kind of a staple might
+be a help with some kinds of grafts.
+
+Paper bags, 2 pound size, are sometimes wanted, for protection from sun
+or insects or to make the grafts conspicuous. Mr. Jones shades grafts
+made close to the ground with a slip of paper.
+
+For labels for immediate use the wooden ones, painted on one side and
+with copper wire fastening, are satisfactory. Attach them by the
+nurseryman's method, which it has taken me many years to recognize as
+the right one, by twisting the _doubled_ wire around a convenient
+object. Do not separate the wires which will probably permit the label
+to flap in the wind and soon wear out the wires. I used to think that
+the nurseryman's method was the result of hurry or laziness.
+
+Copper labels, to be written on with a stylus, cost 1-1/2 or 2 cents
+each, according to size. The smaller I consider preferable. I imagined
+that these would solve the label problem. Picture my disappointment when
+I found that many of them cracked, or broke off entirely near the
+eyelet, from flapping in the wind. If they are to be used they must be
+fastened so as not to move with the wind. Mr. Bixby has an excellent
+label made on an aluminum strip printing machine. It has a hole in each
+end and is fastened with a heavy copper wire. He uses two of these
+labels on each tree. Dr. Morris sometimes uses a heavy wire stake to
+which he fastens the labels. A good method of attaching labels, and one
+that does away with the risk of girdling the graft or tree, is to fasten
+the label to a staple driven into the tree. The matter of labels is a
+troublesome one for they will get lost no matter what you do.
+
+Other conveniences of equipment are a small whetstone, a small hammer,
+matches, and some volatile oil, like citronella, lavender, wintergreen,
+or other black fly and mosquito repellant. It is almost suicidal to slap
+a mosquito on the back of your neck with a keen grafting knife in your
+hand. A supply of parowax and alcohol for the lantern's sake should be
+remembered.
+
+
+_Technique_
+
+If the stocks are vigorous and active, and the scions full of vitality,
+I doubt if the technique is of chief importance, provided it is
+ordinarily good. However, a good technique will increase the percentage
+of success. One should have a variety of methods at command for varying
+conditions of stocks and scions.
+
+One may come as near 100% success in grafting hickories as one is able
+and willing to observe all the known factors of success. I think that we
+can say now that the factors of success in hickory grafting are known.
+They are a vigorous and active stock, a scion of abundant vitality,
+coaptation of the freshly cut cambium layers and prevention of
+desiccation.
+
+The stock and scion have already been considered. How is coadaptation
+best obtained? One of the best methods, one that can be used in all
+seasons and in most conditions of stock and scion, is the side graft,
+the one that Mr. Jones uses in his nursery work. That is the best
+argument for this graft. It is, perhaps, the simplest, and at the same
+time one of the most difficult, of all grafts. The scion is cut wedge
+shaped and pushed into a slanting incision in the side of the stock. Mr.
+Jones's modified cleft graft is only a side graft made in the top of the
+stock after cutting it off. The difficulty lies chiefly in cutting the
+scion and the incision in the stock so that the fit will be perfectly
+true. This requires practice.
+
+The bark slot graft, as Dr. Morris calls it, I have used for several
+years. It can be used only during the growing season when the bark will
+slip. It is very successful, whether put in at the top of a cut off
+stock, or inserted in the side of a limb or the trunk. It is not
+convenient to use unless the scion is considerably smaller than the
+stock. The scion is cut with a scarf, or bevel, on one side only. When
+the slot is to be made in the top of a cut off stock two vertical cuts
+are made through the bark, as far apart as the scion is wide, the tongue
+of bark thus formed is raised slightly at the top, and the point of the
+scion is inserted, cut surface toward the center of the tree, and pushed
+down firmly into place. The superfluous part of the tongue of bark is
+then cut off. By slightly undercutting the edges of the slot, and
+slightly tapering it toward the bottom, the scion may be wedged, or
+dovetailed, in place so as to be very firm. It is even possible to
+dispense with tying, sometimes, but better not to do so.
+
+When the slot is to be made in the side of a limb or trunk the same
+procedure is followed except that it is necessary before making the slot
+to remove a notch of bark, at right angles to the axis of the trunk, so
+as to free the upper end of the tongue of bark.
+
+The bark slot graft is the easiest of all and readily mastered once the
+grafter learns to shape a true scion. It is much better than the old
+bark graft where the bark of the stock is forced away from the wood
+leaving considerable space to be filled or covered.
+
+These two forms of graft, the side graft, of which Mr. Jones's modified
+cleft graft is only a variation, as before stated, and the bark slot, in
+its two variations as described, will meet all needs in topworking
+hickory trees.
+
+Finally, prevention of desiccation of the graft is obtained by waxing. I
+have found Dr. Morris's method with melted paraffine satisfactory. The
+addition of raw pine gum, as advocated by Dr. Morris is undoubtedly an
+advantage under certain conditions, described by him, but I have not yet
+used it. The melted parowax is applied to the whole graft and wrapping,
+leaving no cut surface exposed and the whole scion being covered. If the
+paraffine is at just the right temperature it will spread at a touch,
+covering the surfaces without danger of scalding. It is much more
+effective thus applied than if colder and daubed on. The thicker the
+waxing the more likely to crack and separate. If the paraffine smokes it
+is too hot. If it does not smoke, and is dexterously applied, I think we
+can feel safely that it cannot be too hot. But if applied with a heavy
+hand it may be too hot even at a temperature so low that it will not
+spread.
+
+
+_Season for Grafting_
+
+According to Dr. Morris nut trees can be grafted successfully in any
+month of the year. But practically I think that grafting will be limited
+to that part of the year during which the cambium layer of the stock is
+active. At other times of the year preservation of the vitality of the
+scion will be too problematical, it seems to me, even if it is very
+carefully waxed. However, I may be mistaken. At any rate grafting is not
+very pleasant work out of doors in very cold weather. The success of
+bench grafting would be an argument for the success of dormant season
+grafting out of doors.
+
+
+_After Care_
+
+Without thoughtful after care the labor of topworking will almost
+certainly be lost. There are many ways in which the grafts can be lost
+but the two commonest are by being choked, or inhibited, by growth from
+the stock, and by being blown out by the wind. All new growth from the
+stock must be rigorously prevented. Grafts often make so heavy a growth
+that, if not blown out by the wind, they will be dragged out by their
+own weight. Consequently they must often be supported. When the grafts
+are in, or near, the trunk of the stock, and not too high, the handiest
+method of support is to cut a sapling of proper length, sharpen the
+butt, stick this into the ground at the base of the stock, and tie it in
+two places to the stock. When the grafts are too far out or too high for
+this method laths or slats or sticks may be tied or nailed to the
+branches. Support is likely to be even more necessary in the second
+season when the growth is often astonishing.
+
+Bud worms will sometimes destroy your graft just as it is starting, but
+they are easily found if looked for. With my conditions the most harm by
+insects is done by the night feeding beetles, which are particularly
+exasperating as morning after morning you watch the progress of their
+destructive work without ever seeing them. Bagging is the only
+preventive and it pays to use bags when a particular graft is cherished.
+
+
+_Is Topworking Hickories Worth While?_
+
+Up to the present time it is the surest and easiest way, practically the
+only way, of getting good results with the hickories, excepting the
+pecan. The root systems of the native stocks are well established and
+push the grafts rapidly. I have had a Siers hybrid grow 11 feet Straight
+up in a season. A Taylor matured several nuts on the third season's
+growth. A Terpenny had a crop the fourth year, the Griffin bears
+annually since its fifth year, the Kirtland and Barnes since the sixth.
+The Kentucky is a little slower. None of the hybrids have yet borne with
+me but with others they have borne quite early. We can be sure that the
+hickories will bear when top worked as soon as the average apple tree.
+The size of the crop that any topworked hickory tree will bear will
+depend on the size to which you have been able to grow the tree and the
+habit of bearing of the particular variety. I think, also, that there is
+good evidence to show that the size of the tree, the size of the nuts
+and the size of the crop will depend largely on the amount of care and
+the amount of plant food that is given the tree.
+
+Two years ago I topworked a number of hickory trees for Mr. Patterson of
+Wilkes-Barre, one of our members, and Mr. Patterson's foreman put in a
+few grafts under my observation. This summer I went to Wilkes-Barre to
+inspect my work. The foreman took me out into a field where he had done
+a lot of grafting the year before and I found that he had had a little
+better percentage of success than I had had. He had used the bark slot
+graft for everything, even when the scions were almost as big as the
+stocks. Before this I had thought that long experience was necessary for
+successful grafting. Now I see that if you have good scions, a Morris
+melter and a half hour of instructions, you will have all the essentials
+for immediate success. Hickory grafting is easy now. But let no one be
+contemptuous, for this ease has come only after many years of experiment
+and countless failures by many men. The former difficulty in grafting
+the hickory seems now like a mystery. The history of its evolution would
+make a very pretty story for the nut grower.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON MEDIATE AND IMMEDIATE GRAFTING AT ALL TIMES OF THE YEAR
+
+_By Dr. R. T. Morris, Connecticut_
+
+
+Any newly described fact which releases information on the subject of
+tree grafting opens vistas of the new frontier in world agriculture.
+
+Time was when men went from one country to another in search of fresh
+top soil. That was when they did not know better. It was when their cogs
+of habit turned their cogs of thought. They were engaged in raising
+annual plants at a considerable expenditure of time, labor and expense.
+They committed wastage of soluble plant foods (a variety of sin).
+
+Malthus formulated a famous over-population fear-thought. It had basis
+in his ignorance of the fact that steam was soon to become a factor in
+the spreading of food supplies. Furthermore, he seemingly did not know
+that when old top-soil frontiers had gone to the rear, new frontiers
+would appear in the sub-soil. The tree digs deeper than the farmer ever
+plowed.
+
+After Malthus came hunger prophets who were ignorant of coming
+possibilities of fleet transportation through the air. The caterpillar
+tractor plunging into the tropical jungle will allow of the production
+of a practically unlimited food supply. Famine in India, China, and
+Russia is a social matter and unnecessary. Trees cure famine.
+
+Within the past decade a number of thinkers on one end of the see-saw
+have written heavily on the over-population question not knowing that
+they and their birth control ideas were to be tossed into the air by
+still heavier weight of fact on the other end of the see-saw.
+
+The heavier weight of fact relates to the idea that famine does not
+belong to tree food regions. It relates to the fact that tree foods can
+supply all of the essentials of provender for men, livestock and fowls;
+proteins, starches, fats and vitamines in delicious form. It relates to
+the fact that tree foods come largely out of the sub-soil without
+apparent diminution of fertility of the ground. The tree allows top-soil
+bacteria and surface annual plants to manufacture plant food materials
+and then deep roots take these materials to the leaves for elaboration
+by sun chemistry.
+
+Trees may be grown wherever crops of annual plants may be grown and
+where annual plants may not be grown profitably. They do not require the
+service of high cost labor for annual tillage of the soil. For example,
+four large pecan trees or black walnut trees on an acre of ground
+without tillage or fertilizer may average a thousand pounds of nut meats
+annually for a century. How often is the market value and food value of
+a thousand pounds of nut meats per acre equalled by crops from annual
+plants which would require from 100 to 200 plowings and harrowings
+during a hundred years of continuous cultivation leaving out the
+question of expensive fertilizers and labor. Large populations live upon
+dates, olives and figs. For trouble they have to look to religion.
+
+Several centuries were required for the British farmers to raise the
+wheat crop from six bushels to thirty bushels per acre. Things move
+faster nowadays. It will not require so long a time to carry tree crops
+from the seedling phase to the phase of grafted kinds with greater
+productivity and quality. In the past the successful tree grafter was a
+specially skilled man. Now almost anybody may graft almost any sort of
+tree at almost any time of the year.
+
+Aside from grafting, the hybridizing of nut trees, like that of cereal
+grain plants, has become a scientific sport appealing to the play
+instinct of man. When work becomes play in any field of human activity
+progress goes by leaps and bounds. The recent advance in tree grafting
+has amounted almost to a revolution rather than an evolution process.
+Application of a few new grafting principles of great consequence is now
+the order of the day. Old established grafting methods frequently ran
+into failures when dealing with all but a few trees like the common
+fruit bearing kinds.
+
+The two chief obstacles to successful grafting were desiccation of the
+graft and fungous or bacterial parasites which entered the land of milk
+and honey where sap collected in graft wounds. Both of these dangers
+have now been practically eliminated and it remains for us to extend the
+season of grafting, carrying it away from a hurried procedure in busy
+spring weeks.
+
+The chief obstacle to this extension of the grafting season has been the
+difficulty in finding the right sort of grafting wax or protective
+material for covering the graft, buds and all, as well as the wound of
+the stock. For covering the entire graft in order to avoid desiccation
+grafting waxes had to be applied in melted form with a brush. They had
+to be applied in melted form for filling interstices of wounds in which
+sap might collect and ferment. These waxes had the effect of not
+retaining their quality under greatly varying conditions of heat, cold
+and moisture. The paraffin waxes which the author has preferred were
+inclined to crack and to become separated from the graft and stock in
+cold weather. Furthermore they would remelt and become useless in the
+very hot sun of southern latitudes.
+
+Experimentation for several seasons has resulted in the finding that raw
+pine gum is miscible with the paraffins in almost all proportions
+because of physical or chemical affinity. This gives to the wax an
+elasticity and adhesiveness of such degree that we may now graft trees
+in cold weather. Cohesiveness of molecules of the mixture is such that
+remelting in the hot sun may not destroy the effectiveness of this
+protective coating in hot weather.
+
+Since the author has depended upon this mixture he has grafted peaches,
+apples, hazels and hickories successfully in midwinter as well as in
+midsummer. Many other kinds of trees have been grafted successfully out
+of the so-called grafting season but these four kinds which represent
+two of the "easiest grafters" and two of the "hardest grafters" will
+suffice for purposes of illustration.
+
+According to old-established idea trees may be grafted successfully only
+from scions that have been cut when dormant and stored in proper
+receptacles. This is what we may term "mediate grafting," a considerable
+length of time intervening between cutting the scions and inserting the
+grafts. On the other hand what we may call "immediate grafting" is the
+taking of a scion from one tree and grafting it at once in a tree that
+is to receive it. Mediate or immediate grafting may both be done at
+almost any time of the year, winter or summer, spring or autumn.
+
+When preparing the scion for immediate grafting in the spring or early
+summer it is best to cut off all the leaves and herbaceous growth of the
+year. We then depend upon latent buds situated in the older wood of the
+scion. The latter may be one year or several years of age.
+
+In midsummer when top buds have formed we may remove only the leaves,
+allowing the growth of the year to remain and to serve for grafting
+material.
+
+In experiments with the apple for example it was found that mediate
+grafts inserted on July 10th in the latitude of Stamford, Conn., began
+to burst their buds five or six days later. Immediate grafts inserted at
+the same time began to burst their buds about fifteen days later from
+buds of the year and about twenty days later from latent buds in older
+scion wood.
+
+New shoots from these mediate apple grafts continued to grow as they do
+in Spring grafting. Immediate apple grafts on the other hand put out
+about six leaves from each bud and then came to a state of rest with the
+formation of a new top bud. After about ten days of resting these new
+top buds again burst forth and grew shoots like those of the mediate
+grafts.
+
+The philosophy of these phenomena would seem to include the idea that
+the mediate summer grafts had contained a full supply of pabulum stored
+up in the cambium layer. The immediate summer grafts, on the other hand,
+had contained only a partial supply of pabulum, enough to allow them to
+make six leaves and a top bud. After a few days of resting these shoots
+with meager larder could then go forward with new food furnished by the
+whole tree.
+
+Mediate and immediate winter grafts were alike in their method of growth
+in the spring. This would seem to confirm the idea that character of new
+growth is dependent upon the relative quality of stored pabulum in the
+cambium layer.
+
+In experimental work it was noted that both mediate and immediate winter
+grafts make a slower start in the spring than do the grafts inserted in
+springtime. This is perhaps due to the formation of a protective corky
+cell layer over wound surfaces. New granulation tissue would then find
+some degree of mechanical obstacle in the presence of a corky cell layer
+at first.
+
+Herbaceous plants allow of grafting. We are familiar with the example of
+the tomato plant grafted upon the potato plant, furnishing a crop of
+tomatoes above and potatoes below.
+
+It seemed to the author that the herbaceous growth of trees should be
+grafted quite as readily. This seems to be not the case. A number of
+experiments conducted with grafting of the herbaceous growth of trees in
+advance of lignification has resulted wholly in failure with both soft
+wood and hard wood trees.
+
+The walnuts carried herbaceous bud grafts and scion grafts for a long
+time however. These grafts sometimes remained quite green and promising
+for a period of a month but lignification progressed in the stock
+without extending to the scion. Speculation would introduce the idea
+that lignification relates to a hormone influence proceeding from the
+leaves of a tree and that the leafless scion does not send forth
+hormones for stimulating the cells of the scion to the point of
+furnishing enzymes for wood building.
+
+Perhaps the most interesting part of new tree work relates to
+experiments which are failures. Negative testimony is like the minor key
+in music. There are many men who care to do only things that "cannot be
+done." These are the ones who have made our progress in almost every
+field of human activity.
+
+
+
+
+STOCKS FOR HICKORIES
+
+_Willard G. Bixby, Long Island_
+
+
+MR. BIXBY: The sheets which I am distributing to you contain tables to
+which I shall refer during this talk. But first I will give a little
+foreword regarding the trees. The trees enumerated in the tables shown
+were nearly all given me by Mr. Henry Hicks of Isaac Hicks & Son,
+Westbury, Long Island, and were taken to Baldwin and set out in the
+fall, practically the entire roots being saved and later the trees
+severely cut back. They were transplanted without loss except in the
+case of the shagbark, and those lost were all undersized trees. All of
+the hickories were of one age, but those lost were ones which had not
+made normal growth and had they been discarded in the beginning there
+would have been no loss whatever in the transplanting of 300 or 400
+trees. Later, in the spring of 1924, I found some loose bark pignut
+(Carya ovalis) seedlings on a farm not far away from my place, and these
+were also transplanted; but they were too small to graft this year.
+These experiments in grafting, made during 1923 and 1924, have shown us
+some new things. With some of the walnuts we had 100 per cent success.
+With the hickories there was not 100 per cent success, but that was due
+to the fact that we were putting scions on stocks that were not
+congenial in many instances. You will notice the results as shown on the
+tables.
+
+   1923 GRAFTING
+
+               G--Grafts Set          C--Successful Catches
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+               Shagbark   Mockernut  Pignut   Pecan   Bitternut    Total
+                  G  C       G   C    G   C    G   C    G   C       G   C     %
+ Barnes           6  6       3   3    3   3    3   3    3   3      18  18    100.0%
+ Brooks                      5   0    4   2    5   1    5   2      19   5     21.0%
+ Clark            5  1       5   0    5  2     5   1    5  2       25   6     24.0%
+ Fairbanks                                             27 17       27  17     59.3%
+ Gobble           1  O       1   1    1  1     1   1    1  1        5   4     80.0%
+ Griffin          1  1       1   1    1  0     1   0    1  1        5   3     60.0%
+ Hales                       5   3    4  1     5   4    5  5       19  13     52.5%
+ Kentucky         5  4       3   1    5  4     5   4    5  1       23  14     61.0%
+ Kirtland                    3   1    3  2     3   2    3  2       12   7     58.4%
+ Laney                                                  6  4        6   4     66.7%
+ Long Beach       4  3       3   2    4  1     4   2    3  1       18   9     50.0%
+ Manahan          5  1       5   1    6  2     5   1    5  1       26   6     24.2%
+ Siers                                                  5  5        5   5    100.0%
+ Stanley                     3   3    3  2              3  3        9   8     89.0%
+ Taylor                      4   3    3  3     4   3    4  3       15  12     80.0%
+ Vest             5  1       5   0    5  1     5   2    5  1       25   5     20.0%
+ Weiker                      5   1    5  2              5  1       15   4     26.8%
+                 -- --      --  --   -- --    --  --   -- --      ---  ---
+                 32 17      51  20   52 26    46  24   91 53      272  140
+                 53.1%       29.2%    50.0%    47.0%    59.3%       51.5%
+
+An inspection of the 1923 grafts made August 21, 1924 showed the
+following number growing: on shagbark 14, on mockernut 6, on pignut 26,
+on pecan 24, and on bitternut 16, the only place where there was any
+material difference being in the case of the mockernut where nearly
+three-quarters of the number of grafts growing last summer failed to
+grow this spring, in fact all varieties failed to grow excepting three,
+the Barnes, Gobble and Long Beach, all three of which I suspect from
+other evidence, have mockernut parentage. In the ease of those on pignut
+and pecan stocks there was no loss from 1923 and in some instances at
+least of those on shagbark and bitternut stocks the loss was due to
+outside causes, such as being broken off.
+
+   1924 GRAFTING
+
+             G--Grafts Set  C--Successful Catches
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+             Shagbark   Mockernut   Pignut    Pecan   Bitternut   Total
+              G  C       G  C       G  C      G  C      G  C      G   C     %
+ Barnes                  8  7      10  4                          18  11   61.0%
+ Beaver                  5  1                                      5   1   20.0%
+ Brooks                 11  8      10  5                          21  13   61.9%
+ Clark        6  0       8  0       5  0      5  1                24   1    4.6%
+ Fairbanks               5  3                                      5   3   60.0%
+ Greenbay                5  0                                      5   0    0.0%
+ Hales                   5  1                                      5   1   20.0%
+ Kentucky                5  2       4  2                           9   4   44.5%
+ Kirtland                5  5       4  3                           9   8   88.8%
+ Laney                   5  3       5  2                          10   5   50.0%
+ Manahan                 6  2                                      6   2   33.3%
+ Mosnat No. 5.           7  1                                      7   1   14.7%
+ Mosnat No. 6.          10  6                                     10   6   60.0%
+ Siers                   5  4                                      5   4   80.0%
+ Stanley                12  1                                     12   1    8.3%
+ Vest           10  3   15  5      16  5      10  3     12  3     63  19   34.2%
+ Weiker                  5  3                                      5   3   60.0%
+                -- --  --- --      -- --      -- --     --  --   ---  --
+                16  3  122 52      54 21      15  4     12  3    219  83
+                18.7%  42.6%       38.9%      26.7%     25.0%     37.9%
+
+In 1923, it was very evident that the Barnes was the only variety
+showing 100 per cent success on every stock. That was not repeated in
+1924, but it still showed a high percentage of success.
+
+From the comparatively modest percentage of catches, 51.5% on the
+average in 1923 and 37.9% in 1924, one might hastily conclude that the
+grafting was not skillfully done or that the grafts did not have proper
+attention afterward, but as noted above the grafting was done by Dr.
+Deming, whom I regard as one of the most skillful men that we have, and
+as the work on walnuts done at the same time showed 100% success with a
+number of varieties, I think any question as to the skill with which the
+work was done and the care the grafted trees had afterwards can be
+dismissed.
+
+It is to be regretted that the number of scions at hand was not
+sufficient to repeat exactly the experiments of 1923 as well as to
+follow out the points suggested by the 1923 work, but as there was not
+enough for both, the latter was done.
+
+The 100% success of catches of the Barnes in 1923 was not repeated in
+1924; but the high per cent of catches on the mockernut, (7 out of 8 in
+1924), is gratifying in view of the few varieties that we have that have
+shown adaptability to that stock. As the Barnes is one of our good
+varieties and there is such a wide section of the country where the
+mockernut is the prevailing hickory, it is believed this behavior of the
+Barnes will prove a valuable addition to our knowledge in top-working
+the hickory.
+
+No variety as strikingly adapted for use on the pignut has appeared, but
+there are a number that have shown fair adaptability.
+
+The varieties most desirable for top-working various species of
+hickories as suggested by this work supplemented by other observations
+of the writer, would be as follows:
+
+   Shagbark--Most varieties.
+   Mockernut--Barnes.
+   Pignut--Brooks, Kentucky, Taylor, Kirtland.
+   Bitternut--Beaver, Fairbanks, Laney, Siers.
+
+It is useful to know that the Barnes is the only one especially
+successful on the Mockernut. By the spring of 1924, all grafts on
+mockernut had died except the Barnes, the Gobble and the Long Beach, and
+each of these is thought to have mockernut parentage.
+
+In the cases of the pignut and the pecan stocks, all of the grafts
+successful in 1923 were still living in 1924. With the shagbark and
+bitternut most lived. As to pecans there is not much to be said; pecan
+varieties would usually be used for the topworking here.
+
+The results of a few grafts set in 1924 on _Carya ovalis_ and on
+shellbark seedlings which were 100% failures, are not noted, as the
+shellbarks were, in the judgment of the writer, too small for the
+purpose, and the _Carya ovalis_ had been set out in the spring of 1924
+but a few weeks before the grafting was done. In other words the latter
+had not become sufficiently established to make good stocks, and the
+former were not large enough. In each case there was not sufficient
+vitality available to expect success.
+
+This brings out one point which has impressed me strongly; that is the
+need of having vigorous stocks if they are to be grafted or transplanted
+successfully. I feel that this point cannot be too strongly emphasized.
+If a stock either from youthfulness or inherent lack of vigor is not
+rapid growing it is almost useless to try to graft it or transplant it
+until it does show the needed vigor.
+
+As to stocks to grow in the nursery with the idea of grafting them
+later, the two commonly used, the bitternut for the bitternut hybrids
+and the pecan for others, there is little further to be recommended at
+this time, although for some varieties, notably the Vest, a stock better
+adapted to it than any we now have is earnestly to be desired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any questions on these three papers on hickory
+grafting?
+
+MR. REED: There are two points in regard to propagation which I believe
+should be mentioned; one is that these various methods that have been
+discussed make it possible to propagate successfully during a great
+portion of the year. By beginning early in spring with the dormant
+graft, and continuing throughout the summer, these methods can be made
+to follow one another so that if one fails still another can be used.
+These methods greatly prolong the season, and when it is not convenient
+to propagate at one period by the method proper to use at that time
+another can be employed at a different season.
+
+The other point is that we are constantly learning more in regard to the
+influence of stock upon scions. For example, hickories on pecans seem
+satisfactory while the reverse is at least doubtful. Mr. Jones finds
+that _sieboldiana_ is not a good stock for _regia_. We all find nigra
+apparently satisfactory as a stock for any species of _Juglans_. These
+conspicuous differences of influence of various species upon scions
+suggest the possibility of less, but perhaps quite as important,
+difference of varieties. It is one of the newer phases of study and
+experimentation which should be considered by all and reported upon to
+this association.
+
+THE SECRETARY: At my place the Vest, used in top-working large shagbark
+hickories, has been very successful. I do not know any that have been
+more successful or that grow more rapidly than it does on the shagbark
+hickory.
+
+DR. MORRIS: The Marquardt is successful at my place.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I do not know why we have not had success with paraffine
+in a single instance. In grafting fruit trees I had excellent results. I
+thought that if this could be done on fruit trees why not on nut trees?
+But I am going to try with the hickory again. I am going to be more
+careful in selecting good, strong stock for that purpose, and I think in
+that way we should have better success.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Did you not perhaps cover the buds of your hickory grafts
+too thickly with melted grafting wax? Might not that account for your
+failure? Hickory buds will burst their way through almost any thickness
+of grafting wax, but when the paraffines are used without pine gum
+admixture the paraffine over the buds is particularly apt to crack and
+to allow the graft to dry out.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I did not cover the hickory grafts with melted grafting
+wax at all; I simply put them in like apple grafts with ordinary
+grafting wax.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Practically all hickory grafts will fail under such
+circumstances, but practically all hickory grafts will catch if they are
+covered with melted grafting wax of the right sort, provided that the
+scions and stock are also of the right sort.
+
+THE SECRETARY: May we now have the President's address?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Before I begin I wish to call to your attention this
+pamphlet regarding the fifth Mid-West Horticultural Exposition, to be
+held in the Hippodrome, Waterloo, Iowa, November 11 to 16, 1924. It will
+be under the auspices of the Iowa State Horticultural Society,
+co-operating with its afflicted societies and the Greater Waterloo
+Association. The exposition will cover the Mid-West territory, from
+Pittsburgh to Denver. I wish especially to mention the printed list of
+premiums on page 27. Mr. S. W. Snyder, Center Point, is superintendent
+of this department. Cash premiums in Department b-Nuts, amount to $289.
+In addition there will be a grand sweepstakes, a trophy cup, donated by
+a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, for the exhibitor
+winning the greatest number of points. Anyone interested could write to
+the secretary, Mr. R. S. Herrick, State House, Des Moines, for a printed
+premium list. If any members of our Association have pet nuts of a
+variety which they would like pushed to the front now is the chance.
+Snyder Brothers are offering special premiums for new nuts unnamed and
+unpropagated.
+
+The object of this association, as defined in its constitution, is "the
+promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and their
+culture," and as its name implies, in the northern part of this country.
+Without going into detail it seems to me that we have achieved the
+object of our association, at least to the extent of making practical
+use of our accumulated knowledge. Public interest has been aroused,
+which may become stale. Articles have appeared in magazines and
+newspapers from time to time on subjects relating to nut culture. We are
+also on a continual lookout for new varieties, and those of our members
+skilled in the art are constantly improving and working out new methods
+of grafting and budding, particularly as evidenced by Dr. Morris' work
+entitled "Nut Growing." We know approximately how soon a grafted nut
+tree, especially the black walnut, will begin to bear. At Mr. Jones'
+Nursery, Lancaster, Pa., an Ohio black walnut tree in the nursery row
+bore a cluster of seven nuts 17 months after the graft was placed. Mr.
+J. W. Wilkinson, of Rockport, Ind., has demonstrated that grafted
+northern pecan trees bear early and abundantly for their size.
+
+We have given advice conservatively in reply to all inquiries relative
+to nut-bearing plants, perhaps too much so. Much honor and credit is due
+to certain members of our association for their untiring work and
+efforts in its behalf. It is not necessary to mention names as I am sure
+most of you present know to whom I refer. Our annual reports testify to
+their splendid work.
+
+From this time forward I believe we should adopt the policy of boldly
+advocating the planting of orchards of nut trees. The intending planter
+will decide for himself what variety he will plant, and as a guide he
+should judge from the wild varieties growing in his vicinity. By so
+doing he cannot go very far astray in what will be to him a new venture.
+Of course certain varieties will be restricted to certain limited areas.
+This applies particularly to the introduced varieties, as distinguished
+from the native nut-bearing trees.
+
+The black walnut has a wider range than any of the other nut trees.
+Travel wheresoever you will about the country and you will observe wild
+black walnut trees growing almost on every farm. The planting of the
+Persian, or English walnut, as it is more generally known, has had more
+of a popular appeal, perhaps from the fact that we are accustomed to
+seeing clean, smooth nuts of uniform size of that variety in almost
+every grocery store, the kernels of which may be extracted without great
+effort. The black walnut, on the other hand, has been tolerated as a
+sort of poor relation, and has been given no particular attention,
+because we have been used to seeing it around. It has not been made to
+do its share of contributing towards its keep. Our earliest
+recollections of it bring to mind bruised fingers as a result of our
+endeavors to crack the nuts and the tedious work of manipulating a
+darning needle to extract the kernels, which we usually picked to pieces
+in the process. We now know that we simply did not have the right kind
+of black walnuts. We should put our accumulated knowledge to practical
+use to urge on every occasion the planting of nut orchards, especially
+of approved varieties of the black walnut. This I understand is what the
+United States Department of Agriculture is advocating, and we should
+co-operate all we can with the department in that recommendation.
+
+It will, no doubt, be urged that sufficient grafted black walnut trees
+are not available for orchard planting on a large scale. This, no doubt,
+is true, but on many farms there are wild black walnut trees of a size
+suitable for grafting or top-working. Grafting wood may be obtained in
+larger quantities than the grafted trees. Those of our members skilled
+in the art have not been selfish in imparting their knowledge to others
+and are always ready and willing to instruct others in the art. Most
+owners of these trees would only be too glad to substitute profitable
+tops for their trees in lieu of their unprofitable ones.
+
+I believe that at all our meetings we should have practical
+demonstrations in budding and grafting, as this will tend to arouse the
+interest of the uninitiated and will spur the initiated to greater
+perfection.
+
+During the past year there has been a discussion relative to the calling
+of the black walnut by some other name. Personally I believe we should
+not attempt the change. The public will not understand and it will take
+them a long time to become educated to the change. Valuable time will be
+consumed in picking out a new name. Let us take the name as we find it.
+Properly handled, after the husks are removed, the walnuts will not be
+as black as they are painted, and besides, we do not eat the shell
+anyhow. The quality of the kernel will make its appeal. The trouble with
+all of us has been that too much attention has been given to the looks,
+rather than the quality, of our food stuffs. Quality has been sacrificed
+for looks. Various illustrations of this come to mind with all of us.
+
+I believe success will attend the planting of black walnut orchards.
+This will encourage others to follow with orchards of other nut-bearing
+trees. Orchards of all kinds of fruit trees are being planted each year
+and the planters are content to wait until the trees are large enough
+in order to reap the benefits thereof. But somehow the impression
+prevails in the minds of many people that a nut tree should show results
+and yield profits soon after it is planted. In recommending to a lady of
+means that she should plant, as shade trees, northern pecans she
+promptly wanted to know how many bushels of nuts she would get off of
+the trees the next year.
+
+Perhaps we place too much importance on selecting just the right spot
+and soil in which to plant a nut tree and thus cause the intending
+planter to be too timid in making a start. Those who know anything about
+trees know pretty well where it is not advisable to plant trees,
+especially those with a long tap-root. They can judge fairly well from
+the wild trees of the same variety growing round about.
+
+As evidence of what a nut tree will do, those of you who have visited
+Devil's Den in Gettysburg Battle Field, have perhaps noticed a butternut
+tree, now quite old, growing out of the top of the cleft in a huge rock,
+having sent its roots down to the adjoining soil for nourishment. This
+tree has borne nuts even in its adverse situation.
+
+For the benefit of those interested in the northern pecan, I wish to
+record the fact that a seedling pecan tree is growing in Clermont
+County, Ohio, on upland, not far from the eastern boundary line of
+Hamilton County, about five miles north of the Ohio River. The nut from
+which the tree grew was brought from Rockport, Indiana, and planted
+about forty-one years ago. The tree is quite large and bears nuts
+comparable with the wild seedling nuts that may be obtained from the
+Rockport district. If a seedling does this, you may readily see what a
+grafted tree will do.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now ask Prof. Collins for his address.
+
+
+
+
+THE SEARCH FOR BLIGHT-RESISTING CHESTNUT SPROUTS[A]
+
+_Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Rhode Island_
+
+The chestnut blight has now been with us for more than twenty years and
+has destroyed practically all the chestnut trees of the northeastern
+part of the country. It has spread in all directions from its original
+center in the immediate vicinity of New York City until it has reached
+the limits of the native chestnut growth in the northeast and north, and
+is steadily approaching its limits in the west and south. The disease, a
+native of China and apparently imported into this country on some
+Japanese or other oriental chestnut, found a more susceptible host in
+our native chestnut and so became a virulent parasite on this new host.
+It was not until 1904 that general attention was attracted to the
+disease. By that time it had obtained a strong foothold on the chestnuts
+of southeastern New York (particularly the western end of Long Island),
+in southwestern Connecticut, and in northern New Jersey.
+
+All of you are more or less familiar with the efforts made in
+Pennsylvania, New York, and elsewhere in the northeast, in co-operation
+with the federal government, to control the disease. These efforts are
+now an old story to most of you and there is no need of repeating it at
+this time.
+
+Early in the fight against the blight the attention of many of us was
+directed to locating possible immune or resistant species, varieties, or
+individuals. The search for resistant native individuals and the
+accompanying experiments in crossing and grafting various species and
+varieties has been kept up ever since. Foreign explorers have constantly
+been on the lookout, with more or less success, for chestnuts in other
+countries that might be resistant to the blight. It has long been known
+that most forms of the Japanese chestnut (_C. crenata_) were in general
+highly resistant to the blight. Later it was found that the more
+recently introduced Chinese chestnut (_C. mollissima_) was also quite
+resistant, although both the Japanese and the Chinese were far from
+being immune. Quite recently Mr. Rock, explorer for the U. S. Department
+of Agriculture, has brought a new chestnut from southern China for
+experimental purposes. Notwithstanding newspaper reports to the contrary
+the possibilities of this chestnut in this country apparently are
+unknown at the present time. Nobody seems to know if it will stand our
+climate, resist the blight, produce worthwhile timber or fruit; nor is
+its name known, according to late advices that have reached me.
+
+Some years ago the late Dr. Van Fleet made numerous crosses between the
+Japanese and the American chestnuts, the Chinquapin, and other species
+and varieties. Personally, I have not been in very close touch with Dr.
+Van Fleet's experiments. Doubtless some of you know more about them than
+I do. Regarding these I will only say at this time that the work begun
+by Dr. Van Fleet is being continued by the Federal Bureau of Plant
+Industry, with Mr. G. F. Gravatt in direct charge of the work so far as
+the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology is concerned. Mr.
+Gravatt is also testing out the value of scions taken from seemingly
+resistant native trees when grafted on resistant stocks.
+
+Some years after the blight had destroyed most of the chestnut trees in
+the northeastern states we kept getting reports from various localities
+to the effect that the blight was apparently dying out. Many of these
+reports came from sources that made us doubt their value, but others
+came from more reliable sources. We have had opportunity to investigate
+a number of these reports and have usually found that the statement that
+the blight was dying out was, in a sense, strictly true, the reason
+being that the chestnut trees were entirely dead, except for sprouts.
+This fact naturally prevented the disease from showing us as much as in
+former years.
+
+Some twelve years ago I noticed in Pennsylvania a sprout of an American
+chestnut about an inch in diameter which had a typical hypertrophy of
+the disease, apparently completely girdling the sprout at its base; also
+a girdling lesion farther up on the stem. The hypertrophy was such a
+pronounced one and in other respects such a typical example of the
+disease that I photographed it. A few years later I was surprised to
+observe that this sprout had increased to more than three times its
+former diameter and that the two diseased areas just mentioned
+apparently had disappeared--at least they were no longer in evidence
+except as rough-barked areas. To make a long story short this sprout is
+still alive and has increased in size and height each year. Although now
+(1924) it is considerably branched and makes a small bushy tree it is
+badly diseased in numerous places and is only partially alive, but the
+dead portions have not resulted from some half dozen of the original
+disease lesions (apparently girdles), but from later infections. The
+very fact that a sprout should have lived for more than twelve years in
+the center of one of the most badly diseased areas known to the writer
+seems at least to suggest the possibility that future chestnut sprouts
+may yet grow in spite of the disease and persist--at least in a
+shrubbery form if not as a tree.
+
+The sprout to which I have just called attention is not an isolated
+case, but merely one of the most pronounced that I know about. In a
+careful survey in July (1924) of the region immediately surrounding the
+sprout just mentioned two or three other notable, but less pronounced,
+cases of a similar sort were discovered. In two cases fine looking
+branched sprouts some twenty feet high with healthy-looking foliage were
+noted. Both were diseased but the disease seemed not to be very
+conspicuous or virulent. In a recent survey of woodland in Rhode Island
+(July, 1924) much healthy foliage was observed and several large sprouts
+were found on which the disease (although present) seemed to be doing
+little damage when compared with its former virulence in the same
+general region.
+
+I call attention to these cases primarily to acquaint you with the
+results of our latest observations on what seems to me to be cases of
+gradually developing resistance in some of the remaining sprouts. In all
+my intensive work on the blight between 1907 and 1913 I cannot now
+recall a single instance where a chestnut sprout in a disease-ridden
+area ever reached a diameter of an inch or thereabouts before its
+existence was cut short by the blight; and yet today--a dozen years
+later--we are finding quite a number of living sprouts over two inches
+in diameter, and a few that are three, four, and even up to seven inches
+in diameter. Last Friday, August 29, I heard of a small chestnut tree in
+New Jersey that bore a few burs last year and which has a dozen or more
+this year. If the nuts mature we hope to get some of them to propagate.
+Last Sunday, August 31, I saw a three inch sprout in Connecticut that
+had had a few burs on it. I would be glad to learn of any cases of this
+sort that may come to your attention.
+
+You are all thinking men and women and all of you have had experiences
+with diseased trees of some sort, many of you with very serious
+diseases, and some of you I know have had a wide experience with the
+chestnut blight, so you can draw your own conclusions as to the
+significance of the facts that I have stated.
+
+As to the state laws for transporting material from one state to another
+I am not posted, but I believe that we can be advised by writing to the
+government at Washington.
+
+DR. MORRIS: We do not know whether the Washington government will
+sterilize those scions and send them out for us, but there should be
+some way of sending from one state to another.[B]
+
+It seems to me that in all probability, the vital energy of the
+protoplasm of the endothia is diminishing. Quality, flavor, or anything
+you please, is bound up with certain vitality, and that diminishes and
+finally will cease. That is the reason for the endothia growing less
+now.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: My point was perhaps not exactly that. I meant that the
+result is that, with the average cases, we are now getting chestnuts not
+so quickly destroyed. The explanation may be exactly what you have
+stated.
+
+DR. MORRIS: There are two factors to be considered. First, the running
+down of the vital energy of the protoplasm; and second, in the factors
+which affect the vital energy of the plant.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: In the paper I have just read there was mentioned the
+apparent number of trees in various parts of the country which are very
+slowly dying from the blight, and some which have resisted it entirely,
+so far; but that was not the point I desired to emphasize. There are
+some around New York City which are still growing, and Dr. Graves could
+tell us of this.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: Would it be desirable to take out an old tree where there
+are new sprouts? One tree on Mr. Littlepage's place in Maryland has a
+number of sprouts coming up. I suggested that if we could get people
+together and clean the woods up we could dig up the old trees and only
+leave the blight-resistant ones.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: That is near Bell Station where we do our experimental
+work. We found one place infected. I cleaned it out and we have not seen
+anything of the disease since.
+
+MR. BIXBY: Some five or six years ago I sent a number of chestnuts to
+Warren, New Hampshire, which is outside of the blight district. I did
+not know then much about the blight. They grew for several years and it
+was not until one year ago that the trees were found with blight. I got
+the party to cut them down. How long must I wait before it is safe to
+send other trees there? I believe they will grow there and bear, but we
+do not want to get them affected with the blight.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: I do not know that anybody could answer that. Apparently
+we have waited 20 years and are still unsafe. It is a case of
+experimentation.
+
+MR. KAINS: As to the hybrids of Dr. Van Fleet and Dr. Morris, in the
+spring of 1923 I planted 10 and there are only four alive now. They were
+affected by blight and killed. They were rather large trees when
+planted, and I think for that reason more susceptible. We had the idea
+from the nursery that they would be more likely to withstand the disease
+than would the American sweet chestnut. Have you any reports as to the
+way these hybrids behave?
+
+MR. REED: As to Dr. Van Fleet's hybrids, so far as we know they are all
+going with the blight. The collection in Washington is practically gone.
+We are still caring for them and doing what we can but the prospect is
+not at all good. We get reports of these distributed around the country,
+but in no case have we had a report indicating that the Van Fleet
+hybrids were at all resistant.
+
+[Footnote A: Note--"Blight-resisting" as used in this paper should be
+interpreted as a slower death of the host than in former years, whether
+or not the result of increased resistance to the parasite on the part of
+the host, or to decreased virulence of the parasite, or to both factors
+combined.]
+
+[Footnote B: Decision From the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
+Washington, D. C.
+
+In a letter of later date, addressed to Mr. C. A. Reed, Dr. B. T.
+Galloway, of the U. S. Dept. of Agr., wrote regarding the matter of
+distributing Merribrooke chestnut scions, as follows:
+
+"I have talked with Mr. Stevenson, of the Federal Horticultural Board,
+regarding this matter, and he says that, while there is no federal
+quarantine covering the chestnuts, as a matter of policy we have not
+been letting any chestnuts or scions go through our hands into the
+non-blight regions. Mr. Stevenson says that Dr. Morris himself might be
+able to carry out the plan he suggests by dealing direct with some of
+the state institutions in non-blight regions, selecting states that have
+no quarantine against chestnuts."]
+
+PROF. COLLINS: I will now read my paper on
+
+
+
+
+PROTECTION OF WOUNDS IN NUT TREES
+
+
+I have been asked to discuss briefly the handling of wood decay in
+top-worked nut trees. I am not sure that I know very much about the
+latest methods employed in this type of work. Personally I have had no
+practical experience with it. I understand, however, that nut trees are
+top-worked by cutting off limbs and inserting one or more scions. I am
+informed that limbs as large as six inches or more in diameter have
+been cut for this purpose, particularly on pecan trees in the South, and
+that decay has started at the top of these stubs after the scions have
+become established, resulting in a pocket of decay. I assume that it is
+about such places as these that you want me to say something. Such
+conditions, whatever their origin, call for straight tree surgery
+methods. My work on tree surgery has been almost entirely with shade
+trees and chestnuts, and only to a very limited extent on other nut
+trees.
+
+The general methods of handling decay are essentially the same on all
+trees, as also are the fundamental principles underlying the same,
+whether on nut or shade trees. I must admit I do not know just what
+methods are being employed by nut growers at the present time to
+counteract such decay in top-worked trees, so my suggestions may include
+nothing with which you are unfamiliar. Again, they may include some
+methods that you have already tried and found wanting so far as nut
+trees are concerned.
+
+As a _prevention_ of decay my suggestions, based on my own shade tree
+experience, would be:
+
+(1) Avoid cutting large limbs when smaller ones are available and will
+serve the purpose just as well or better.
+
+(2) Keep the scars thoroughly and continuously covered with some good
+waterproof and antiseptic material so as to prevent infection of any
+part of the cut surfaces.
+
+(3) Always make the cut somewhat slanting so that rain water will
+readily run off, and insert the scions preferably at the upper extremity
+of the cut. Such an oblique cut normally heals quicker and better on
+shade trees than a transverse cut, particularly if a vigorous young
+sprout is left at the peak of the cut. I am quite certain the same
+statement will hold true with scions of nut trees placed at the peak of
+the oblique cut.
+
+After decay _has started_, I would suggest--
+
+(1) Cut out all the decayed woody matter, preferably from one side, so
+that a free and easy drainage of the wound may result. If necessary,
+when several scions have been placed around the stub, sacrifice one of
+the grafts and make a rather long oblique cut or groove from which all
+decayed matter has been removed. Use shellac, liquid grafting wax or
+melted paraffine over the cut bark, cambium and adjoining sapwood
+immediately after the final cut is made.
+
+(2) Cover the entire wound with some good preparation to keep out
+disease germs and water. Preferably use for a covering such materials as
+will be more or less permanent and which have been found by practical
+experience to be least injurious and most effective on the particular
+nut tree that you are treating.
+
+(3) Keep the wound thoroughly painted or covered at all times until it
+is completely sealed over by a new growth of callus.
+
+(4) If the top-working was originally done in such a manner that the
+removal of all the decay results in a cavity that cannot be properly
+drained, it is advisable to fill the cavity with some waterproofing and
+antiseptic material in order to prevent it holding water and also to
+assist the cambium in covering the wound. The cavity must first be
+treated in accordance with approved tree surgery practices. In shade
+tree work, quite a variety of substances have been used to fill cavities
+with more or less success; e. g., wood blocks and strips, asphalt and
+sawdust, asphalt and sand, clear coal tar, clear asphalt, elastic
+cement, magnesian cement, Roman (or Portland) cement, etc. Of these only
+two--wooden blocks and Portland cement, have been in general use more
+than a few years. Blocks of wood were used in France to fill cavities
+more than 60 years ago, and in this country to some extent about 50
+years ago. Later, Portland cement was used in preference to wood for
+fillings, probably mainly because it was more easily handled. To us of
+the present generation, Portland cement in combination with sand is the
+one material that seems to have been in general use sufficiently long to
+allow us to draw any seemingly reliable conclusion as to its real
+merits.
+
+For the personal use of the average orchardist, Portland cement is one
+of the last in the list mentioned above that I would recommend.
+According to a few reports that have reached me, wooden blocks and tar
+proved to be fairly satisfactory half a century ago, and strips of wood
+embedded in some flexible and antiseptic material, are proving very
+satisfactory today. An excellent preparation to use between the strips
+of wood, containing asphalt and asbestos, can be readily bought on the
+market, and it has the advantage of being mixed ready for use. For
+cavities with horizontal openings that will hold semi-fluid substances,
+clear asphalt or gas-house (coal) tar may answer all purposes. For
+cavities with oblique or vertical openings, or for those on the
+underside of a limb, probably some of the magnesian cements, which
+readily adhere to wood, will be found more satisfactory when properly
+mixed and applied.
+
+Although I have said more about filling cavities than of other phases of
+the work, I do not wish the impression to go forth that I recommend such
+work except as a last resort, so to speak. The one thing that I do most
+emphatically recommend above all others is the prevention of decay so
+far as possible by practices that are less likely to allow
+decay-producing organisms to gain entrance in the first place, or at any
+other time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does anyone care to discuss this paper?
+
+MR. KAINS: Mr. President: During the last five years, I have planted
+several hundred nut trees, including the English walnut, black walnut,
+the heartnut, pecan (northern ones) and some hybrid hickories. I have
+noticed that in this nursery stock there has been a good deal of
+dying-out of the original stock where the trees had been grafted, and
+where the scion had not covered over. In some of those cases decay has
+set in, and the trees have died before they could be attended to or have
+been broken down by the wind. The point is, I think it a mistake for
+nurserymen to use as large stocks as they have been using in many of
+these cases, because the stump of the stock is too large for the slowly
+growing scions to cover over quickly enough. My experience in the
+planting of fruit trees has been uniformly successful with smaller
+stocks (that is, trees smaller than I have been able to buy for nut
+trees) with peaches one year from the bud and with apples not more than
+two years; with berries and stone fruits, not more than two years. In
+every case, with the fruit trees, one year stocks have given me better
+results. First, because they healed over more quickly, and second,
+because I could cut to better advantage in the trees. In no case have I
+been able to get nut trees as small as I can apples and peaches. I
+believe that with the smaller trees amateurs will have better success. I
+bring this matter to the attention of those men who are devoting their
+lives to the propagation of nut trees.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The subject of transplanting nut trees was treated fully
+by Mr. Bixby in his paper this morning and will be treated by Mr. Hicks
+this afternoon in his address on the subject. Mr. Hicks will give a
+lecture, illustrated with slides, showing how the larger nut trees may
+be successfully transplanted.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Mr. Kains' thought was that there was a good deal of
+difficulty from using stocks that were too large. Paraffine will keep
+them safe from microbes.
+
+MR. KAINS: We had difficulty from the drying of the scions.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find that if raw pine gum is put in it prevents the
+paraffine from cracking.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: In regard to wounds on the trees I find that creosote
+makes a very good antiseptic. I use coal tar and creosote, mixed to a
+consistency of cream. I have used Portland cement but I treated with
+creosote first. In some cases I used bichloride of mercury.
+
+MR. REED: It seems to be the experience in the South that, so far as the
+amateur is concerned, he gets better results with the pecans by planting
+trees of from three to five feet. Trees smaller than that are regarded
+as dwarfed; but the man who is in a position to exercise greater care
+could get quicker results from buying the large-sized trees. Yet it
+requires more care in transplanting, more fertilizer, and more
+attention.
+
+MR. REED: I wish to make the motion that the chair name a nominating
+committee at this time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that agreed? All right; then I name Mr. O'Connor for
+chairman, Mr. Reed, Mr. Olcott, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Hershey on the
+committee. Are those names acceptable? (Vote shows unanimous
+acceptance).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The convention will adjourn until two o'clock.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST DAY--AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I will read a communication from Mr. Snyder, of Center
+Point, Iowa. But first I would like to explain that when the President
+in mentioning the Horticultural Exposition at Waterloo, spoke of a
+sweepstakes cup from a member of the N. N. G. A. for the greatest number
+of points won in the nut exhibition of which Mr. Snyder has charge he
+did not state that he himself was the member who gave the cup.
+
+
+
+
+A HARANGUE ON THE NUT SITUATION IN IOWA
+
+_By S. W. Snyder, Iowa_
+
+
+Previous to the organization of the Mid-West Horticultural Exposition
+the Iowa State Horticultural Society had given but little attention to
+the nut question. But along with the exposition came a demand for a nut
+department, which resulted in the writer being appointed superintendent
+and given authority to prepare a limited premium list.
+
+This resulted in bringing out a number of new and unnamed varieties of
+nuts and created some enthusiasm. When it came time to prepare for the
+second exposition, authority was given to greatly increase the premium
+list, which resulted in bringing out more new varieties and created a
+wonderful lot of enthusiasm.
+
+When it came time to prepare for the third exposition a list was adopted
+calling for $138.00 in cash premiums, which resulted in bringing out
+such a large exhibit of choice nuts that when we came to make
+preparation for the fourth exposition the premium list was increased to
+a total of $181.50. This brought out so many fine nuts that it became a
+common thing to hear the remark, among the visitors that it was the most
+important department in the exposition.
+
+For the coming exposition, to be held next November, the premium list as
+adopted calls for $280.00 in cash premiums, and while I am no prophet I
+am going to predict that it will result in bringing together the largest
+nut exhibit ever collected under one roof in the United States.
+
+At our last exposition held in Council Bluffs, some of the directors of
+our state fair observed that the nut department was attracting much
+attention and was bringing a good many visitors to the exposition. They
+decided that they must have a nut premium list for the state fair and
+requested me to make up a list covering the nut subject as strictly
+applied to the State of Iowa. This I did and am attaching the list
+hereto. Although our state fair comes off in the month of August, and no
+nuts are available for exhibit, except such as happen to be kept over
+from the previous year's crop, yet it brought out at our 1923 fair the
+largest and best exhibit of nuts that has ever been shown within this
+state, not excepting the exhibits of the exposition. The board of
+directors were so well pleased with the interest manifested in the nut
+department that they are continuing the list for this year's fair and
+doubtless it will become a permanent feature of future fairs of this
+state.
+
+So much publicity and attention has been given the nut question within
+our state that it has resulted in bringing to light several new
+varieties that we think should be propagated before the original trees
+may have been destroyed.
+
+The horticultural department of our Iowa State Agricultural College is
+now taking an active interest in the nut question and has assigned one
+of the professors to the job of collecting information about and taking
+pictures of, the best known nut trees within the state.
+
+If they follow up the nut subject with as much vim and energy as they
+have other phases of horticulture we may look for something in the nut
+line in the next few years that will be worth while.
+
+The native nut situation might well be summed up by saying that we have
+so many good walnuts, butternuts, hazels, pecans, hickories, and hybrids
+of the two last named species, that we could banish all foreigners and
+still have plenty left to supply every need.
+
+The crop of nuts for this season is fairly good; some trees have none,
+others a light crop, and some varieties are carrying a heavy load.
+
+Of introduced nuts some are proving to be hardy and fruitful, but in my
+judgment they are all lacking in eating quality as compared with our own
+native nuts, unless I should except the filbert which has not yet proven
+that it will bear profitable crops in this climate.
+
+In closing I want to give just one instance of the great interest that
+has been aroused for nut growing within this state.
+
+A certain little city of less than two thousand inhabitants happens to
+own thirty acres of land that is suitable for the growth of timber. The
+citizens propose to plant the entire tract to nut bearing trees and
+bushes, and eventually make it a free park in which the children of the
+village may be turned loose to gather the nuts.
+
+Just imagine, if you can, how the enthusiasm of the boys who may be
+fortunate enough to live in that little city, will more than bubble over
+as the nut gathering season approaches. I hope to be able to assist
+those people in their laudible enterprise and wish I may live to see it
+develop into the greatest thing of its kind in the United States.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Brooks, will you kindly give the Vice-President's
+report from West Virginia, preceding your paper?
+
+DR. BROOKS: I have no special report to give as Vice-President of the
+association from West Virginia. I might say, perhaps, that the West
+Virginia station is in a land of hills and dales. Our latitude is from
+200 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and our average elevation
+is 1,500 feet. From our excellent position we can look down 600 feet or
+so upon the Ohio. Our land contains many species of trees, including nut
+trees. Among these there is one species of beech, two of hazel, two of
+chestnut, six of hickory, two of walnuts and fifteen of oaks.
+Fortunately, the chestnut blight has not swept the entire state. The
+chestnut has been in the past and is still our most popular tree. There
+are areas where tons of chestnuts are still put on the market every
+year. The people are still thinking more and more of some plant that
+might take its place; they are considering the shagbark hickory and the
+black walnut. I predict that in the future there will be more planting
+of hazel nuts, black walnuts and shagbark hickories in this state. The
+prospect there is promising.
+
+
+
+
+SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING NORTHERN NUTS
+
+_By Fred E. Brooks_
+
+_Associate Entomologist U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+The prevalence of insect pests need not be regarded as an alarming
+obstacle to nut growing in the North, and yet there are numerous species
+of insects which are capable of destroying our nut crops. On the whole I
+presume there are fewer insects that attack nuts in this country than
+commonly attack apples, but apple growers are not limited in planting
+nor prevented from making profits on account of insect depredations.
+Neither should the probability of more or less insect injury discourage
+the would-be planter of nut trees.
+
+The presence of an insect in any locality may mean, among other
+considerations, that the soil, and climatic conditions of that locality
+are favorable to the plant upon which the insect feeds. We may be sure
+that wherever the Baltimore butterfly is abundant, nearby is a congenial
+spot where the turtle's-head, the food plant of the butterfly,
+flourishes. Just so, in localities where there are many chestnut weevils
+we may expect to find chestnut trees thriving and fruiting generously.
+The same is true of the associations of many other insects and plants.
+
+Theoretically speaking, one would not care to risk the expenditure of
+much time or money in propagating a plant in a region that was destitute
+of insects that might attack that plant. The absence of such insects
+would possibly indicate a lack of natural conditions favoring the growth
+of the plant in question. Thus the presence in any locality of insects
+that feed on nuts may mean that nuts thrive naturally in that locality
+and that insects are there because of the abundance of a favorite food.
+
+May I hasten to add, however, that this fact should not lead to an
+under-estimation of the possibilities of insect destructiveness, nor
+encourage lax methods in dealing with injurious species. In the
+beginning of any nut-growing enterprise we should anticipate the coming
+of insect pests and be ready to meet them. The planting of pure stands
+of native nut trees sets up a condition under which insects coming from
+the forest may increase more safely and rapidly than under the more
+hazardous environment of a scattered forest growth. This applies to
+cultivated plants generally. It is true of an orange grove, a cornfield
+or a potato patch. The mass planting of any crop is quite sure to call
+sooner or later for measures to offset the stimulus which such plantings
+offer to insect increase.
+
+Reference may be made to a familiar nut plantation which illustrates a
+natural result of neglecting one of the insect factors. This plantation
+is the government's chestnut orchard at Bell, Maryland, which was
+planted for scientific purpose some years ago by Dr. Van Fleet. This
+orchard of around one thousand trees contains numerous species and
+varieties of chestnut, some of which bear fruit every year. The various
+scientific projects carried on in this orchard in the past have all been
+of such a nature that they called for no consideration of weevil
+increase. Many nuts have been allowed to lie under the trees until the
+weevil larvae issued and entered the soil. This has resulted in a
+constant increase of weevils until infestation of the nuts became
+practically one-hundred per cent. All nuts of the crop of 1922 were so
+wormy that when planted they failed to germinate. Injury to the crop of
+1923 seemed somewhat less severe, but its extent may be indicated by the
+fact that 3080 nuts from this orchard which were kept by the speaker in
+rearing jars yielded 11,085 worms. In the woods adjacent to the orchard
+the native chestnut trees are disappearing on account of the blight, and
+presumably weevils are on the decrease. Within the small area of the
+orchard, however, the increase has been abnormal, due, as has been
+indicated, to the peculiarly favorable and man-made conditions. If, from
+the time the trees of the orchard began to bear, the investigations
+being carried on had called for close gathering of the nuts at maturity
+and the destruction of all the worms that issued from them, there is
+little doubt that infestation would have been kept within reasonable
+bounds. At present, after two years of attention to the collection of
+ripening nuts, there is an apparent decrease in the number of weevils.
+Strong emphasis should be placed upon the importance of gathering
+chestnuts as soon as they are ripe and prevention of the worms from
+reaching the soil. This is especially true of districts where woods
+surrounding chestnut orchards do not contain bearing native chestnut
+trees.
+
+
+_The Nut Weevils_
+
+Now that the subject of nut weevils has been introduced, let us consider
+in more detail these grotesque, long-snouted insects whose larvae, or
+grubs, play havoc with so many of our nuts. Most of us have had the
+experience of gathering in autumn rich stores of our delicious native
+chestnuts. But how often our anticipations of boiled and roasted feasts
+have been blighted. We have found that the chestnuts were like the manna
+which fed the children of Israel in the wilderness, "When we left of
+them until the morning they bred worms and became foul." There are
+numerous cases in this country where chestnuts in shipment have been
+seized and condemned under the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act.
+Usually the phraseology of the libel has been "because the shipment
+consisted in part of filthy animal substances, to wit, worms, worm
+excreta, worm-eaten chestnuts and decayed chestnuts." Altogether the
+loss to chestnuts from weevil injury is beyond computation.
+
+The beetles which are the parents of the familiar worms in chestnuts are
+not commonly seen, or, if observed, they are not associated with the
+disgusting inhabitants of the nut kernels. These beetles represent in
+their structure a very interesting adaptation to a special end. The
+mouth is located at the tip of an enormously long snout, or proboscis,
+and the drill-like instrument is used for puncturing the thick covering
+of various kinds of nuts so as to admit the egg into the kernel upon
+which the young will feed. In some cases the mouth is situated at a
+greater distance from the eyes and other head appendages than is the
+anal extremity of the insect. There are in the northern part of this
+country two species which attack chestnuts, one which attacks
+hickory-nuts, one which attacks hazel-nuts and about a dozen which
+attack acorns. And here may be mentioned an interesting peculiarity of
+the feeding habit which is decidedly to the advantage of the nut-grower.
+Each species adheres closely to its own food plant. The hickory-nut
+weevil does not attack hazel-nuts nor the hazel-nut weevil hickory-nuts.
+None of the acorn-infesting species will seek for food in the nuts of
+chestnut, hickory or hazel. Once the chestnut weevils are absent in a
+locality, there is no chance that oak trees will serve as a means of
+spreading the weevils back into the locality. So closely confined are
+these weevils to their particular food plants that many of them
+distinguish between the different species of oak and will oviposit only
+in certain kinds of acorns.
+
+All the different species resemble one another in both the adult and
+larval stages. There is also a general similarity in their behavior. I
+have recently discovered, however, a marked difference in the life
+cycles of certain species. For example, the larger chestnut weevil and
+the smaller chestnut weevil look alike, but they are decidedly unlike in
+their development. The grubs of the larger weevil begin to leave the
+nuts at about the time the nuts drop. They enter the soil to a depth of
+several inches and fashion smooth-walled cells in which they remain
+unchanged until the following summer. During June and July they
+transform to pupae, and soon afterward to adults. In August they issue
+from the ground and seek the trees where they collect around the burs
+and begin to deposit eggs soon after the nut kernels start to form. This
+life cycle is continued year after year. To forestall starvation of the
+race in case of entire failure for a year of the chestnut crop, a few
+individuals carry over the second winter in the ground and then issue as
+beetles along with the one-year-old specimens. It is probable that a
+small per cent of the insects may remain in the soil over three winters.
+Thus does nature by unique arrangements safeguard the lives of even the
+very small creatures.
+
+The life cycle of the lesser weevil is quite different. The larvae of
+this species leave the nuts somewhat later in the autumn than do those
+of the larger weevil. Like them, they enter the ground and pass the
+first winter unchanged. The grub stage is continued throughout the
+summer, but late in autumn, after the beetles of the larger species have
+been on the trees for some weeks and deposited most of their eggs, the
+larvae of the smaller species transform to adults. Instead of coming
+from the ground, however, they remain in their earthen cells throughout
+the winter. The next spring, prior to the blooming of the
+chestnut-trees, they emerge from the ground and soon thereafter collect
+in large numbers on the male catkins of the chestnuts. At this time very
+little feeding is done and the sex instinct does not manifest itself. As
+the time approaches for the nuts to mature, however, the beetles begin
+to feed and pair and soon thereafter to lay their eggs in the ripening
+nuts. Most of the eggs are deposited directly into the nuts after the
+burs begin to open. In the case of the larger weevils the beetles are
+present only about three months of the year. Those of the lesser
+species, however, are perpetually present, those of the younger
+generation reaching the adult stage in the ground before those of the
+previous generation have finished laying their eggs in the ripening
+nuts. As with the larger species, a few of the smaller weevils carry as
+larvae for several years to tide over possible failures of the chestnut
+crop. The life cycle of the hickory-nut weevil is similar to that of the
+larger chestnut-weevil, and that of the hazel-nut weevil is like that of
+the lesser chestnut weevil. Both cycles are represented among the
+acorn-infesting species.
+
+Any intelligent warfare against the nut weevils calls for a knowledge of
+these distinctive life histories. Thus, an abundance of maturing larvae
+of the larger species this autumn will insure an abundance of beetles to
+deposit eggs in the nuts next autumn. With the lesser weevil, however,
+maturing larvae this autumn will not affect the number of beetles on the
+trees the succeeding autumn but will provide beetles for the crop two
+years hence. Large numbers of beetles of the lesser species may be
+destroyed by collecting them from the blossoms of chestnut, but, at that
+season of the year there are no beetles of the larger species abroad.
+
+These weevils are to be made the subject of a bulletin by the Bureau of
+Entomology in the near future, in which it is hoped to go more fully
+into a discussion of control measures.
+
+
+_Walnut Husk Maggot_
+
+Although none of the weevils of the group just discussed attacks
+walnuts, the fruit of this tree has a serious enemy in the walnut husk
+maggot. This insect is most familiar in the form of multitudes of
+dirty-white maggots inhabiting the blackened, slimy husk of ripening
+walnuts. Originally, the black walnut furnished the favorite food of
+this insect, although the husk of butternuts was sometimes attacked.
+More recently the pest has turned its attention to the Persian walnuts
+which are fruiting in many places in the east. The watery, dark-colored
+pulp into which the husk of the nut is converted when the maggots begin
+to feed penetrates the shell of the nut and injures the kernel by
+staining it and imparting a strong flavor. The operation of hulling is
+also made doubly disagreeable, the nut coming out of the husk discolored
+and dirty.
+
+These maggots hatch from eggs inserted into the husk of nuts by a
+light-colored fly about the size of our common housefly. Although easily
+overlooked, these flies may be seen on the nuts at almost any time in
+August and September. They have strong ovipositors with which they
+puncture the surface of nuts and insert into the openings masses of
+white eggs from which the maggots hatch.
+
+As to the control of this pest, the speaker obtained very promising
+results in spraying Persian walnut trees belonging to our friend, J. G.
+Rush, at West Willow, Pa., with a solution of 1-1/2 pounds of lead
+arsenate to 50 gallons of water with 10 pounds of glucose sugar added to
+impart a sweet taste. The flies were observed feeding on the sweet
+coating given to the leaves and the nuts that ripened later were
+comparatively free from maggots. It was obvious that the flies died from
+the poison before depositing many eggs in the nuts.
+
+
+_Twig Girdlers_
+
+During the past two seasons the speaker has made special studies of
+several species of beetles which cut or girdle young hickory trees, or
+the branches of larger trees, causing the severed part to break off or
+die. Not fewer than four distinct species of beetles in the east have
+this habit. Three of the insects do their damage in the larval stage.
+One of these, _Elaphidion villosum_, has been called the twig-pruner. It
+is a well known species and its work in pruning the branches of hickory
+and various other trees has often been referred to. The other two
+species which sever the wood in their larval stage are _Pseudobidion
+unicolor_ and _Agrilus arcuatus_. Thus far, these two have no common
+names. In certain localities they are proving to be very troublesome to
+both young and bearing trees. In one block of a nursery in Virginia I
+estimated that the Agrilus larvae had ruined one-hundred dollars worth
+of young hickory trees. Fortunately, the adult of this species feeds
+freely on hickory foliage and can be killed readily under nursery
+conditions by spraying with arsenical poisons.
+
+The fourth girdler referred to is our familiar hickory twig-girdler,
+_Oncideres cingulatus_. In this case the adult insect cuts a ring-like
+furrow around the wood and the portion above dies. The purpose of the
+girdle is to provide dead wood in which the young may feed. After the
+girdle is made, a process which occupies several hours, and, sometimes
+several days, the eggs are laid in the bark above. In central West
+Virginia and northward the grubs which hatch from these eggs require two
+years in which to reach maturity. In the vicinity of Richmond and
+southward, however, the larvae mature in one year. This more rapid
+development in the south probably accounts in part for the recent
+serious outbreak of this insect in Virginia and the Carolinas.
+
+Each female beetle is capable of girdling several twigs. One female of
+about a dozen kept in confinement last autumn made eleven girdles and
+deposited 55 eggs. Several of the beetles continued their interesting
+operations until after several snows and severe frosts had occurred.
+
+The twig girdler in the beetle stage feeds rather freely on the bark of
+twigs. Enough of the surface is eaten to justify the belief that the
+beetles may be killed by spraying with arsenical poisons. This treatment
+is being tested at the present time. In the cases of all these insects
+which sever the branches the wood is killed for the safety and comfort
+of the insect as it undergoes further development above the severed
+point. There is a period of at least several weeks in each case after
+the twig dies during which the insect in one stage or another remains in
+it to complete its growth. This affords an opportunity to gather the
+twigs and burn them with the assurance that the insects are being
+destroyed thereby.
+
+At least some progress has been made in discovering the habits and the
+methods of controlling these and various other insects that may be
+expected to give nut growers in the north more or less trouble. The
+remedies that can be offered at the present time are not in all cases
+entirely satisfactory. There is much yet to be learned, but there are
+control measures within the reach of most of the nut growers which are
+well worth consideration and adoption.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, will you read to us now?
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Perhaps some of the members will not be so glad to hear
+what I have to say, but I feel that there is a need for something along
+the line I will refer to.
+
+
+
+
+DEVELOPING A NUT INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHEAST
+
+BY DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+We have all heard of the pecan. No doubt most of us have traveled
+through the South at some time or other and have entertained a wish for
+a pecan grove. A personal friend of mine, a minister, told me recently
+that the only time he was ever tempted to invest in a commercial
+proposition was when a real estate agent laid a picture of a pecan grove
+before him. I had entertained the thought that some day I might possess
+an orchard. Therefore, a couple of winters ago, when I found it
+necessary to go south for my health, I silently hoped I could kill two
+birds with one stone, by getting some undeveloped land and starting a
+pecan grove, which at the same time would keep me in the open air and
+give me exercise. Consequently, my eyes were always open and I was on
+the constant lookout for pecans. After miles of travel they appeared.
+They were very interesting and I went into the subject pretty
+thoroughly. I was informed that no cheap land was available any more
+that was desirable for pecans. I am not so sure of that. I was also
+informed that most of the people who had planted groves had made a
+mistake, that the pecan business was just beginning under new ideas, and
+that most of the work would have to be done over. From the amount of
+trees that are being top-worked I am inclined to believe this is true.
+
+But I didn't kill the two birds with one stone. I did not attempt to
+build up a pecan grove, but instead I came back with the idea firmly
+impressed that we have a better proposition for the future right here,
+that we have right here in the North the building material in the
+shagbark hickory and the black walnut for a nut industry that will rival
+or even surpass the enviable position the pecan holds today. Was I
+correct or was I wrong? A second trip last winter has served only to
+imbed that idea into a firm conviction.
+
+What ground have I for drawing this conclusion? Some of you, my friends,
+may disagree with me in some of my remarks, and no doubt insist that I
+am uninformed. Perhaps I am, but I am giving my convictions
+nevertheless, and I ask you to withhold judgment for twenty years before
+deciding against me.
+
+Why has the pecan forged to the front as it has? Because the pecan is a
+good food, easily available, of pleasant taste and presents a fine
+appearance. From a commercial standpoint, after 20 years or more on the
+pecan, there is only one really desirable variety available, namely the
+Schley, and the fact that it readily sold last fall for 80 cents per
+pound wholesale, while the choice of the other varieties brought 60 and
+65 cents per pound, bears me out in this. I am not referring to the
+greater productivity and other qualities of some of the other varieties.
+Many of them are tolerated for various reasons.
+
+How about the shagbark in the North? It is my belief that we do not have
+at present a shagbark that will anything like meet the pecan of the
+South, yet the consensus of opinion of the people I know who have eaten
+both, decides in favor of the shagbark. The quality of a very ordinary
+shagbark is better than the best of pecans. What then, is lacking? Size,
+shape, thinness of shell, cracking qualities, color, everything but
+flavor is lacking in most shagbarks. Don't misunderstand me. I am not
+condemning what we have, for I believe that if as many years are spent
+by as many people in finding or developing a shagbark, we will have one
+that will surpass the pecan. But as the matter stands I am constrained
+to say that I do not know of a really good nut today that will stand the
+test of building an industry that will compete with the pecan. We must
+find or develop a couple of really good nuts that will compete, nuts
+that are large, smooth, shell thin enough to crack with the fingers, a
+white kernel that is plump and easily extracted. I do not believe that
+any thick shell nut will ever meet the favor it should or become
+extremely popular. The Weiker, one of our best, is of good size, looks
+fairly well, but the shell is thick and it is poorly filled. It will
+never fill the place for a real industry, and yet they sell for a good
+money-making price today.
+
+If we build our groves after this standard we will be in the same place
+in a few years that many of the pecan growers are now, namely, with a
+lot of trees on hand that must be top-worked later on. But they are the
+best we have and, like the old adage that it is better to love and lose
+than not to love at all, it is better to go ahead with these than not to
+go at all.
+
+How about the black walnut? This nut will come to the front and be
+popular for baking purposes and candy-making, for it is the only one
+that holds its flavor after heating. But its competition will be against
+the thin-shelled English walnut. It will not be extremely popular until
+we get one with a shell equally thin. At present we do not have one.
+
+How then can we anticipate a great future industry after meting out this
+doleful outlook? Are we going to discard everything we have and start
+again? By no means. The price of nuts, even of the ordinary class, is
+sufficient even now to well repay any man for his effort, if producing
+them on a large scale, and what must be done is to encourage more people
+to become interested.
+
+If we could arrange to have nice exhibits of named varieties of nuts at
+the various county fairs, and have someone there to explain them, a good
+deal of interest could be created. I frequently see native nuts
+displayed, but not named varieties.
+
+I shall not refer to the hazel, chestnut, pecan nor butternut, all of
+which I believe can be developed into a more or less successful industry
+but only repeat in closing that I am convinced, after pretty thorough
+investigation, that the shagbark hickory and the black walnut can be
+developed into an industry in the Northeast in a much shorter time than
+it has taken to develop the pecan, to a point that will equal or surpass
+the enviable position that nut holds today. But, and let me impress this
+point, we must develop a few new and better nuts to do it. On account of
+the colder climate, which goes for the developing of fine flavor in all
+products, I do not believe the pecan will ever equal the shagbark in
+quality. This is our great natural advantage.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I accept all of the statements by Dr. Zimmerman with one
+exception. The pecan is tremendously prolific and so productive that
+there are records of 30 bushels to a tree. I do not know that any of the
+shagbarks or shellbark hybrids ever will rival that in production. From
+the marketman's point of view production is of prime importance. In this
+the pecan out-rivals the black walnut.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSPLANTING NUT TREES
+
+_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._
+
+
+When I set out the first nut trees which now are growing at my place at
+Baldwin, I was very particular to follow the best advice obtainable.
+What this was is to be found in Bulletin No. 5, published by the
+association, pages 8 and 9, under Planting Directions. I will not take
+time here to read them but will refer those interested to that
+publication.
+
+Much that is to be found there is unquestionably the best practice that
+we know today. The importance of preventing the roots from drying out,
+digging holes of sufficient size and filling with good top soil, firming
+the soil well about the roots, severely cutting back after planting and
+staking newly set trees if they are of appreciable size above ground,
+are of the utmost importance and should be emphasized, but others of
+these directions have been modified in my practice and I will relate the
+unfortunate experiences which caused these changes to be made.
+
+From the start there has been trouble in transplanting hickories,
+difficulties with other trees being small in comparison. Out of a number
+of fine looking little grafted hickories set out in the fall or spring
+some would be sure to die. They mostly came from Mr. Jones, who, as a
+rule, has furnished the finest looking hickories that I have received,
+and were finely packed and seemingly ought to have lived, but only part
+of them did. After losing a number out of one lot, I watched the lot
+purchased next year with particular care. Three out of a lot of six,
+which had put out leaves well in the spring, by the middle of July began
+to show signs of distress, the edges of the leaves beginning to turn
+brown which the year previous had been the beginning of the end. I knew
+what had happened the year previous, felt that the trees would die if
+something was not done, and did something. That something was to dig
+about six quarts of chicken manure and two trowels of nitrate of soda
+around the three trees that looked sick and saw that they were watered
+plentifully till a heavy rain came. At first nothing was noticed, but
+after a while the brown disappeared on the leaves that were only
+slightly brown, while in other cases new leaves put out and finally a
+second growth of shoots, very small to be sure, but the trees had been
+saved. This was diametrically opposed to previous practice of putting no
+manure or strong fertilizer in holes when planting the trees, but the
+result was so satisfactory that I have continued to dig in about 1/4 of
+a wheelbarrow of well rotted stable manure around each tree when
+planting and two trowels of nitrate of soda in May when the growth
+should start in the spring.
+
+The above treatment seemed almost entirely to solve the difficulties of
+transplanting and for about two years practically no hickories were
+lost. Twenty-four Hales trees, 10 years from grafting brought here from
+Monticello, Florida, all lived through the first year and 23 of them
+through the second and now seemingly have a long life ahead of them.
+Inasmuch as Mr. Jones expressed his doubts as to how successful this
+experiment would be I regarded it as somewhat of a triumph. On the other
+hand out of the finest looking lot of young Iowa hickories grafted a
+year ago this spring and shipped in the fall and set out just as
+carefully as I knew how, with well rotted stable manure in the holes and
+seemingly having every prospect of a long life before them, all have
+died now, excepting four, two of which I am making desperate efforts to
+save.
+
+The reason for this failure has not yet been proved, but I have an idea
+what it is. With two exceptions the stocks were not large, unusually
+small in fact, and the growth of the grafts was small, but, except for
+their small size of stock and graft they were fine looking little
+hickories as one often sees. The two that are in good condition today
+were bitternuts on bitternut stocks and both the stocks and grafts were
+notably larger than others. One of these bitternuts by the way, is
+bearing this year. Evidently there was not as much vitality stored in
+the smaller trees as in the larger ones. I am inclined to believe that
+the real trouble was because the grafts, excepting the bitternuts, had
+not become sufficiently established before having to stand the shock of
+digging, shipping and transplanting. I have noticed in experiments made
+to determine the adaptability of a number of species of hickory as
+stocks that it was not unusual to find that a graft would do reasonably
+well the first summer and die the second. If this happens occasionally
+when hickories have not been transplanted it is undoubtedly very much
+more likely to happen when they are transplanted. I have had practically
+no losses in transplanting hickories when the graft had grown two
+seasons before being transplanted. The safe plan, then, would seem to be
+to let a graft grow two seasons before transplanting. Unfortunately
+this will add to the cost of grafted hickories which even now are so
+expensive to produce that almost no nurserymen grow them.
+
+Another one of the commonly accepted principles that I do not now follow
+is that of not planting trees any deeper than they grew in the nursery.
+I prefer to plant them a little deeper, say two inches or so. I do not
+recall losing any trees seemingly from this slightly deeper planting,
+while I did lose a considerable number of seedlings last year that were
+inadvertently planted two inches or so too shallow.
+
+Outside of the hickory I have had little trouble in transplanting any
+trees excepting some of the hazels. Unless hazels, particularly American
+hazels, are very well rooted, they will need more care the first year
+than most nut trees, particularly protection from the hot sun and
+drought. If I get poorly rooted hazels I now plant them in a shady place
+for a year or two if they have not grown well the first year, and then
+move them where they are to stay.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Snyder of Center Point advocates planting trees two
+to four inches deeper.
+
+DR. MORRIS: In Dr. Brooks' paper he spoke of some of the twig girdlers
+in the beetle stage which feed upon the bark of twigs before
+ovipositing, and he said that gives a weak point where we may attack
+them. On my place at Stamford, where there are forests, that would be
+impossible. I have had a good many hazels partially destroyed this year
+by girdlers. A great many of the branches have the larvae in them. I
+find also a large number of small hazels on which the leaves and
+branches are dying, though there is no apparent injury to the bark.
+Suddenly, however, a little twig will drop off and yet, in cutting into
+them, I did not find any larvae.
+
+DR. BROOKS: That happens to be the work of an insect which I am just
+beginning to study, one of the flat-headed borers, and the reason you
+have not seen the larva is that it is very small. It is not half an inch
+long. In the second year it comes out as an adult. I judge that control
+measures should be used in the spring, when I think without doubt that
+it would feed on the poisoned spray.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find a great many larvae in dead twigs on the ground. If
+we are going to get this pest out of the way, we should not only look at
+the twigs on the tree, but at those on the ground as well.
+
+DR. BROOKS: That is true of all of these curculios. Dr. Morris'
+statement is true. The ground should be gone over and the dead and dying
+branches and twigs of the trees should be collected. The insects mature
+in them.
+
+DR. COLLINS: Would you advocate pruning often?
+
+DR. BROOKS: No.
+
+Adjournment to lecture hall. Mr. Henry Hicks of Westbury, Long Island,
+gave a talk on the transplanting of large trees by his methods,
+illustrated with lantern slides. This was followed by a talk with
+lantern slides, on
+
+
+
+
+HEREDITY IN TREES AND PLANTS
+
+_By Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, New York_
+
+
+Dr. Blakeslee said in part:
+
+One of the first things we notice as we go out into the open is
+diversity in the habits of trees and plants. It is through the details
+thus presented that we are able to distinguish one species from another.
+You can see this diversity the year round in nut trees, and in the nuts.
+
+If you arrange nuts, or any other objects for that matter, in a curve
+according to size, you will find that the most numerous of them are of
+about the average size. This is equally true when applied to mankind.
+What is the reason?
+
+There are a number of factors affecting this, but, in general, there are
+two main causes--environment and heredity. We do not know which is the
+more important but both are absolutely necessary.
+
+In the picture being shown we see the influence of the black walnut upon
+plants around it. It creates an environment which influences the ability
+of other plants to grow near the roots.
+
+It must be remembered, however, that what the animate plant transmits is
+not the actual character in question, but the ability of the animate
+plant to develop characteristics. By placing the plant near a black
+walnut tree we do not affect anything but the capacity of the plant to
+develop in certain directions.
+
+I have shown here a diagram to illustrate a certain stock fertilization.
+Here we have the plant with its stamen and pistils, the egg cells and
+the pollen. There are two types of pollenization, one where the pistil
+is fertilized by insects carrying sticky pollen; the other by movement
+of the wind carrying the pollen. If I should believe my records, in
+attempts to cross trees, I might have a cross between a birch and an
+alder, in which the pollen is carried by the wind. I tried once to
+hybridize pines. I put some pitch pine pollen on the female flower of
+another species and seed resulted. I did this the second year and again
+I got seed. The third year I put bags on the female flowers before I
+could see them developing. Then I got no seeds. I believe that the
+pollen which had caused the seed to set in the preceding instances had
+come from the south for perhaps hundreds of miles.
+
+There are times when the pollen of the staminate plant is all shed
+before the pistillate gets ready. Sometimes we have a plant that is self
+sterile. I have experimented with pollen from several different nut
+trees and also with the Norway spruce. Then again, there are abnormal
+cases; sometimes there is parthenogenesis. The jimson weed is the first
+plant which has ever been reproduced by parthenogenesis. Since that was
+discovered, an investigator in California has found a similar case in
+fruit developed without pollination.
+
+One of the most important conceptions in heredity is its effect upon
+characters and factors. Take the Japanese bean here shown for example,
+one dark bean and one mottled. In the next hybrid generation we find
+three mottled and one dark. That is the familiar "three to one" ratio of
+Mendel's law. We believe now, that all, or at least a very large
+proportion of the heredity characters in plants of all kinds may be due
+to a series of factors; but the habit of growth of the plant is due to a
+single factor. We have the case here of a second generation of the
+weeping mulberry that I crossed with the white mulberry. As a result
+there was an average of three erects to one weeping one. Certain
+characteristics may be made up of the inter-action of a large number of
+factors. This will give a little idea as to the complexity of Mendel's
+law.
+
+How do we get new characters in nature? New types are due to the
+rearrangement of previously existing characters, just as with the
+old-fashioned kaleidoscope, where you turn the crank and get new
+pictures. Another way is by the sudden appearance of new factors.
+
+I wish to speak about one effect of hybridization, which is really
+connected with heredity factors, the vigor which occurs when we cross
+different varieties, species, or even races. In my experience certain
+types that have been naturally contrasted finally lose vigor, and after
+two or three generations the plant disappears. Then again I could show
+you cases where yields are greatly increased due to hybridity. These are
+established facts, not only as regards species of plants and trees but
+also as regards the human race. Hemy, in Dublin, who has done the best
+work in this line of endeavor, believes that many of our more
+rapid-growing trees are rapid-growing because they are hybrids.
+
+To summarize, I have tried to point out the fact that diversity which we
+see in nature is real, and that it is brought about by two causes,
+namely, environment, and heredity. And that heredity is brought about by
+factors in the bodies of the chromosomes which are shuffled around like
+cards in a pack; they reappear in the same way that the cards will
+reappear. We have no means, as yet, of controlling the appearance of the
+factors, but we have two methods of getting new factors, as follows:
+
+One--The finding of new things in nature; that, probably, is the very
+best method that can be used. The work of the theoretically planned
+project points out the tremendous importance of the exceptional
+individual.
+
+Two--By taking the exceptional individuals, and by crossing them, you
+can recombine, although the results may be very complex, and obtain
+characters that are very desirable.
+
+As ministers sometimes say to clinch the moral, I would say, "Seek
+earnestly that which is best and hold fast to that which is good."
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Has anyone a question he would like to ask?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In attempting to make crosses between juglans and carya we
+find often that the pollen of carya will excite the cell of the juglans
+but without making a fusion. What is the element of the male cell of the
+hickory which starts the female cell of the walnut into action?
+
+THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Dr. Blakeslee one thing; he showed
+the influence of the black walnut on the growth of the hedge, and he
+showed that something other than the effect from the black walnut had
+caused these plants to be dwarfed. Is that understood to be a fact?
+
+DR. BLAKESLEE: No; some of the effect was due to the black walnut.
+
+MR. HICKS: In some cases the trees get sick and die. I have observed
+many plants and trees growing close to walnuts and I can point out peach
+trees and other fruits planted close to black walnut trees which have
+been injured. I should like to see the question determined.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: On Mr. Littlepage's place it seems that some blackberries
+thrive better in the shade of the walnut tree than anywhere else.
+
+DR. BROOKS: In West Virginia there is a locality where blackberries grow
+wild, and it is a matter of common knowledge that black berries will
+grow under the black walnut but that apple trees will not grow there. I
+have noticed that the best place to plant jimson seed is under the black
+walnut trees. I have no definite information about this but there is
+something in the influence of the black walnut trees.
+
+MR. BIXBY: I have noticed at my place that cabbages planted under black
+walnut trees were somewhat stunted. I believe that it was the effect of
+the walnut trees growing so speedily that there was not enough
+nourishment for both.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The next lantern slide lecture will be by Mr. Reed.
+
+MR. REED: (This lecture was delivered in a darkened hall where it was
+not possible for the reporter to take notes. However, the gist of the
+talk is here given).
+
+The slides illustrated various methods of nut tree propagation, and that
+it is possible successfully to graft or bud nut trees at almost any time
+from February until the very end of the growing period. In working over
+large trees the first method in the season to be employed was shown to
+be that of the cleft graft. Following this, with large stocks, would be
+the slip-bark graft, or with smaller stocks, the chip-bud. The slip-bark
+graft has the advantage of being feasible at any time when the bark
+slips. Dormant scions are more often used with this form of propagation,
+although by no means necessary, as Dr. Morris has demonstrated that by
+applying a coat of paraffin over the entire scion and the cut surfaces
+of the stock, it is possible to use growing scions at almost any time
+when they can be obtained. The chip-bud is most successful during a
+relatively short period, beginning about ten days before the buds begin
+to swell and continuing until after the trees are practically in full
+leaf. From this time on the patch, or some other modification of the
+annular bud, is most commonly used.
+
+In top-working, when the cleft-graft has failed, the patch-bud may be
+used late in summer, by inserting buds of the current season's growth
+in the base of the new shoots springing up from below where the cut was
+made in the stock for the graft, thus affording two opportunities for
+propagation during the same season.
+
+The slides showed various methods of propagating the filbert by
+layering, and of propagating more difficult species by inarching. They
+were from a collection soon to be placed in the hands of the extension
+Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of the various state
+colleges of agriculture.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn, and will meet in the room upstairs
+in this building at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
+
+
+
+
+SECOND DAY--MORNING SESSION
+
+Meeting called to order by the President, at 10 a. m.
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have the great pleasure of introducing to you Dr. Howe,
+Assistant Director of the Botanical Gardens.
+
+DR. HOWE: I shall only take a minute to say that we are delighted to
+have you here, and that if we can do anything to assist you, or to
+perpetuate your success, I hope you will please let us know. As the
+Spaniards say, "The house is yours."
+
+I hope that your visit will be so pleasant that you may find it
+convenient to come here again.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones will you tell us something about the handling
+of seeds for planting?
+
+MR. JONES: I did not give the subject any thought before coming here but
+I might say that the nuts should be gathered promptly and dried, placing
+them in a shady spot, for they can be injured where the sun is too warm.
+We stratify them in sand. Then in the spring you can sift the sand
+through a sieve, take out the nuts and plant them.
+
+In stratifying chestnuts we keep them between layers of wire mesh, for
+mice are very fond of these nuts. We cover the nuts with sand and
+leaves. Chinkapins we usually keep in cold storage.
+
+THE SECRETARY: When you stratify these nuts where do you keep them?
+
+MR. JONES: Right out in the open on top of the ground. A frame may be
+made with wire nailed on the bottom. This may be set out anywhere in the
+garden, but down a little into the dirt. Put in the nuts between layers
+of sand and leaves.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Kelsey told me that the best way he had found to keep
+nuts was to bury them in a deep hole, perhaps two feet deep. Have you
+had experience with that way?
+
+MR. JONES: The way I described is the usual way to keep seed and we get
+very fine results. We do that in order to keep the seed cool and so that
+they will not dry out. But we always have to watch out for mice. It
+might be a good idea, in stratifying chestnuts in the box with wire mesh
+on the bottom, to place the box at an angle that would drain off at
+least part of the water.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, have you anything to say?
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: I discovered by accident that black walnuts and hickories
+could be kept very nicely in the dry state until spring; then put water
+on them and they will sprout very nicely. But my chestnuts get moldy
+that way.
+
+MR. BIXBY: We cover the nuts with at least a sprinkle of earth, may be
+four or five inches.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones would keep them with practically no dirt but
+with sand and leaves.
+
+MR. JONES: I would use a little sand over them, two parts of sand to one
+part of nuts. We put in six inches of nuts and alternating layers of
+sand.
+
+DR. BROOKS: I know of a man who puts a layer of chestnuts and one of
+moss and says that in the spring the nuts are in splendid condition.
+
+MR. BIXBY: I have had the nuts sprout very much better when they were
+stratified as soon as gathered.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I bought about 5 bushels of black walnuts, paying 75 cents
+a bushel for them. I simply dumped them out on the ground, not bothering
+about the shucks at all, and covered them over with dirt. I paid no more
+attention to them until spring. Then I put the nuts in trenches with
+dirt about 5 inches over the top. The mice did not bother them, and I
+think they did well that way.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Did the frost affect them?
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: No, not at all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have a black walnut tree at home that started to grow
+in a neighbor's cellar. It had grown a foot and a half and was rather
+white in color. I cut off the top and planted it out in the open. Today
+the tree is still growing and is all right.
+
+We will now have an address by Prof. Neilson, of Canada.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a real
+pleasure for me to get back to this convention once more. I tried to
+come last year but owing to certain difficulties I was not able to do
+so.
+
+Before I give you my report on nut culture in Canada, I want to tell you
+some of my troubles. Two or three years ago, when I began to express my
+interest in nut culture, I thought it would be a good idea to get some
+nuts from China. I wrote to several missionaries in Northwestern China
+at about our latitude, and I finally secured five bushels of Persian
+walnuts and one bushel of Chinese chestnuts. The nuts were a long time
+on the road and very few were in fit condition to use when they arrived.
+I stored some of the Persian walnuts in our cellar at the Ontario
+College. The rest of the nuts I distributed to others.
+
+The nuts at the college did not fare very well. When I left there I gave
+directions to the members of the Department to look after them
+carefully. This is how they did it. Someone broke into the cellar where
+the nuts were stratified in the sand, and ran off with about one bushel.
+The Chinese chestnuts arrived in about the same condition as the Chinese
+walnuts. Of these I managed to save about a peck. We divided the nuts
+into three equal lots. Some we kept at the Guelph Experiment Station,
+some at Vineland, and some in the Southwestern Station. Of those at
+Guelph, out of the whole lot, 35 nuts germinated, and of these the mice
+ate all but five. These five were taken outside and carefully placed in
+a flat; but someone came along and ran into the flat and smashed those
+five plants all to pieces.
+
+In addition to this some of my friends tried to tell me that I was
+chasing wild geese; that nut trees would not ever be important
+commercially in Canada; that 99 per cent of the value of the nut tree
+was for shade anyhow (as if he meant shade for pigs and cows); and that
+they were not even ornamental.
+
+Before I read my paper, however, I will say that the work I am now doing
+is somewhat different from that I had when I was last here, when I was
+Prof. of Horticulture. I am now doing extension work for the
+government.
+
+
+
+
+PROGRESS REPORT ON NUT CULTURE IN CANADA
+
+_Jas. A. Neilson, M. S., Extension Horticulturist, Horticultural
+Experiment Station, Vineland, Ontario_
+
+
+During the season of 1923-24 there has been a marked increase in the
+interest shown in the culture of nut bearing trees in all parts of
+Canada where nut trees can be grown. This is indicated by the numerous
+letters of enquiry and personal requests for information on nut culture
+which have been received by our Station. A total of 450 letters were
+received or sent out by our office during the past year besides numerous
+enquiries answered by a personal visit.
+
+The search for good nut trees has resulted in some interesting additions
+to the data presented in the paper published in the last report. One of
+the most gratifying features of this phase of the work has been the
+discovery of several new localities where the European filbert is
+growing successfully. It has been located or reported at twenty widely
+separate points in Ontario, the northernmost of which is on Wolf Island
+at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in approximately 44,100 N. Lat.
+This plantation is said to have been established before 1840 and would
+therefore be nearly 90 years old. Another interesting point in
+connection with filberts is the amazing way in which they thrive under
+conditions of absolute neglect. Several of the plantations observed
+during the past year were not given the slightest attention and yet were
+doing very nicely. Obviously this is not good practice but it would seem
+to indicate that excellent results could be secured in Southern Ontario
+by the proper choice of varieties and the best cultural methods. This
+survey also showed that the sweet chestnut grew as far north as Georgian
+Bay.
+
+The prize nut contest staged by our office last autumn resulted in the
+discovery of some very good black walnuts and a fine Japanese heartnut.
+Samples of these are shown in some of the plates on the table.
+
+The Persian walnut was found to have a wider distribution and is more
+abundant in Ontario than was expected when our nut survey began. About
+150 bearing trees have been located in that part of Ontario extending
+from Toronto on Lake Ontario to Goderich on Lake Huron. This number of
+course will seem insignificant in comparison to the numbers of trees in
+some sections of the northern United States, but it must not be
+forgotten that Ontario is on the northern margin of the Persian walnut
+territory, and therefore the results are rather encouraging.
+
+Several fine Paragon chestnut trees have been located which bear good
+crops and which appear to be resistant to chestnut blight. This disease
+has unfortunately appeared at several places in Ontario and will
+undoubtedly destroy the majority of our chestnut trees.
+
+The members of this association will be interested to learn that
+Gellatly Brothers of Gellatly, B. C., prepared and sent to the British
+Empire Exhibition at Wembley a large collection of nuts that has
+attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment. This should
+do a great deal toward advertising the nut cultural possibilities of
+that province and of Canada generally.
+
+The trial plantations on the experiment station grounds are doing very
+well indeed. The black walnuts are making a fine growth and one variety
+the McCoy, has a good crop of nuts at two years from planting. The Ten
+Eyck is making an extremely rapid growth, in some cases, producing new
+shoots over four feet in length.
+
+The English walnuts are also making a good growth and two varieties,
+Mayette and Hall, have borne nuts in the third season.
+
+I am pleased to state that we now have about 100 seedlings of the
+Chinese walnut growing on the station grounds and at various other
+points in Ontario. These little trees seem to be making a more rapid
+growth than our seedlings of the "Ontario," a Persian walnut which is a
+native of St. Catharines.
+
+We also have about 60 seedlings of the Persian walnut from the Northern
+slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in the Ukranian region of what used
+to be the old Austrian-Hungarian Empire. These nuts were obtained from
+Rev. Paul Crath, of Toronto, who informs me that the winter temperatures
+in that part of Europe often go lower than in Toronto. We hope for some
+interesting developments from the growth of these trees because of the
+rigorous climatic condition of their native land.
+
+During the latter part of the past winter an experiment was conducted in
+propagating the walnut under greenhouse conditions. For this purpose 100
+well grown one year black walnut seedlings were obtained from our
+forestry station at St. Williams in the late autumn and heeled in out of
+doors until about February 1st. These were then brought inside, planted
+in 8 inch pots and placed in the greenhouse where they were allowed to
+remain until a good leaf growth had been produced. The young trees were
+then side cleft grafted with scions of the best English walnuts in the
+district. While engaged in this work one of the trees was inadvertently
+cut off a few inches above the ground. The stub was then whip grafted
+and to my surprise it made a better growth than the others which had a
+part of the top left on. The results of our experiment were much better
+than I expected. About 40% of the scions grew which was quite
+satisfactory considering that I was a mere novice in the art of grafting
+nut trees and that my method was an experiment. I believe I could get 70
+to 75% to grow with greater care in the selection and handling of
+scions. The object in doing the work in the greenhouse was to obtain
+better control conditions of moisture and temperature and thus reduce
+the mortality of scions due to these factors.
+
+I also outlined an experiment in propagating nut trees by cuttings as a
+thesis subject for one of our fourth year horticultural students at the
+O. A. C. In this experiment ten cuttings each of English walnut,
+butternut, Japanese walnut, hickory, chestnut and black walnut were
+planted in sand and watered at intervals with a 1 to 10,000 solution of
+potassium permanganate. In the course of time the majority of cuttings
+came out in leaf, but none formed roots, and hence soon died. It is
+admitted that this experiment may have been improperly planned and
+conducted, but it showed at any rate that it is not an easy matter to
+propagate most nut plants by root or stem cuttings.
+
+In 1923 I purchased with my own funds another lot, 1-1/2 bushels, of
+good heartnuts and sent them in lots of about two dozen to the
+secretaries of 125 horticultural societies, and to about 30 other
+parties for trial planting. I found that this little contribution was
+gratefully received and in many cases brought forth inquiries for the
+names of people from whom good trees might be purchased. I do not
+propose to carry on much more of this free distribution of nuts as that
+would not be fair to the individuals themselves or to those engaged in
+the propagation of nut trees. My chief reason for distributing these
+nuts was to stimulate interest, and now that my objective has been
+attained I will refer inquiring parties to reputable nut nurserymen.
+
+Numerous requests for addresses on nut culture have been received from
+horticultural societies, women's institutes and other organizations. I
+have always endeavored to comply with these requests and have
+invariably found keen interest shown in the subject. American members of
+this association will likely be interested to learn that the Ontario
+Horticultural Society is the largest of its kind in the world, having a
+membership of over 60,000 while the Women's Institute is an almost
+equally large and influential organization.
+
+These powerful and widespread organizations can be and are of great
+assistance in carrying on the propaganda for the planting of nut trees.
+
+The Ontario Horticultural Association, the Ontario Horticultural Council
+and the Canadian Horticultural Council have each passed resolutions
+expressing approval of our work in nut culture and asking the Dominion
+Minister of Agriculture to appoint a man to fully investigate the nut
+cultural possibilities of Canada. I regret to state that no action has
+as yet been taken to meet the desires of these organizations. Because of
+many other urgent duties and lack of departmental support, I have not
+been able to devote as much of my time to nut culture as I would like,
+and therefore have had to make the very best use of the little time I
+have had at my disposal. I am looking forward to the time when those in
+authority will have a greater appreciation of the value of nut trees and
+will see their way clear to appoint someone to devote his whole time and
+energy toward increasing the productiveness and adding to the beauty of
+our country by means of more and better nut trees.
+
+To sum up briefly, my objective is as follows:
+
+1. To carry on the nut tree survey of Canada until we have located the
+very best natural and exotic species.
+
+2. To propagate these best strains, provided they are as good or better
+than the best so far discovered.
+
+3. To introduce the best hardy species from the northern United States
+and northeastern Asia, on a more extensive scale for test purposes and
+breeding work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: Prof. Neilson has placed on the table in the hall, very
+modestly, a very interesting collection of nuts from Canada and I hope
+that you will all look at them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any present who would like to ask Prof. Neilson
+questions?
+
+DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that the Ontario walnut is the best in
+quality of any I have tried. What did you think of them Mr. Jones?
+
+MR. JONES: I do not think there is any better.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I am in favor of another one which I think you will
+agree is still better. It is larger and betterlooking and the flavor is
+just as good. (Displays walnut).
+
+The interesting feature is that although the tree is a third generation
+tree, now about 15 years old, it has produced more nuts than the older
+trees.
+
+DR. MORRIS: If I remember correctly the Ontario is a milder type.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I think that this is just as good as the Ontario. I have
+several trees of this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: From what I gathered from your remarks, Prof. Neilson,
+possibly some moral support would be of assistance to you in your work.
+Would it be out of order?
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I think it would be a very good idea. The trouble I am
+having is perhaps very localized; it is with but one or two individuals.
+I think that a resolution by this association would have some effect. It
+would at least present to the authorities the fact that we were being
+recognized. I hope so at least. Our present Minister of Agriculture has
+openly expressed himself in sympathy with the idea of planting more nut
+trees; also Mr. Martin, our specialist in poultry keeping and I think if
+I can get them lined up it would be all right. The resolution might help
+to do this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris the Chair appoints you to that committee; also
+Mr. Jones and Mr. Ellis. It wishes you to draw up a suitable resolution
+for that work.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I may say that the public in Canada is behind our work.
+About 97% of my time is spent on the road and I go long distances. The
+rest of my time I am writing letters, about 1,200 of them, and about 450
+of these are on nut culture.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I have the following resolution to offer: That a letter be
+written to the Dominion Department of Agriculture, along the following
+lines: "The Dominion Department of Agriculture has officially stated
+that the nut growing industry of British Columbia has become an
+important one. The Dominion nevertheless is importing $5,000,000 worth
+of nuts annually from other countries.
+
+In view of these facts, the Northern Nut Growers' Association in
+assembly at its 15th Annual Meeting, in New York, commends the work of
+Prof. J. A. Neilson of the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
+Ontario, and expresses the hope that the Canadian Government and private
+support will further his work in such a way as to make it a matter of
+large public service. Service of the sort relates not only to eastern
+Canada but to the commerce of this entire continent."
+
+   (Signed)  ROBERT T. MORRIS,
+   J. F. JONES
+   Z. H. ELLIS.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The secretary will accordingly transmit this message to
+the Canadian Government.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES BY PROFESSOR A. S. COLBY
+
+_Purdue University, Illinois_
+
+
+Friends: I believe an apology is due you. I was away on my vacation at
+the time the invitation came to me to make an address at this meeting
+and I have come here without one. But I shall be glad to give you some
+sort of an idea of the past, present and future of nut culture in
+Illinois.
+
+I became actively interested in nut growing about a year ago. Our work
+started partly in response to public demand. We have been receiving an
+increasing number of letters of inquiry from people interested in the
+subject but who know little about it. We are attempting to secure such
+information as will be of value regarding the best species and varieties
+of nuts to plant, where to plant them, and how to care for them. There
+are a number of members of the N. N. G. A. in Illinois and they are very
+kindly helping me in this work. The Illinois State Horticultural
+Society, founded in 1856, has also been interested to some extent in nut
+growing.
+
+Illinois has had three grand old men in the nut industry, Mr. George W.
+Endicott of Villa Ridge, Mr. E. A. Riehl of Alton, and Mr. Benjamin
+Buckman of Farmingdale. Mr. Riehl is eighty-seven years young now and is
+the only one of the three men living.
+
+Mr. Endicott was interested, not only in the commercial side of
+horticulture but was a pioneer in scientific work. He originated the
+Endicott plum and other valuable fruits and, since he was interested in
+plant improvement, naturally turned to hybridization of the chestnut, a
+tree which grows readily in southern Illinois. In 1899 he crossed the
+Japanese chestnut (Castanea japonica) with pollen from the American
+Sweet (C. americana). He must have had some difficulty in crossing the
+species because they did not bloom at exactly the same time. He was,
+however, successful in securing five hybrid seeds, raising three trees
+from them, naming them the Blair, the Boone and the Riehl. Naturally
+there were differences in the characteristics of these trees though they
+were all vigorous and produced nuts of commercial value. The Blair and
+Riehl began to bear at four and five years respectively, while the Boone
+bore its first crop at seventeen months of age. The Boone is the most
+valuable since it matures fruit of good quality about two days earlier
+than the Blair and two weeks before the Riehl. It also retains the burr
+and drops the nuts free at the beginning of the season so that about
+half the nuts can be picked up before the burrs fall.
+
+Mr. Endicott was so pleased with the results of the cross that he raised
+over 175 seedlings from the Boone tree. From these second generation
+hybrids he secured trees very uneven in growth and size with a great
+range in time of coming into bearing. The nuts differed widely in size,
+quality, and season of ripening. The character of the burr showed all
+gradations between the extremes of thickness, length, rigidity of
+spines, etc. These striking variations in the second generation trees
+show that many hereditary factors had been segregated and recombined and
+offer a most interesting opportunity for scientific study. I have
+visited the orchard several times.
+
+Mr. Endicott died in 1914 but his son Robert has since cared for the
+trees which have brought him considerable revenue. He tells me that he
+secures about 160 pounds of nuts per year from each of the three
+original trees. At an average price of thirty-five cents a pound
+wholesale the crop from each tree is worth $56.05 per year. Since the
+chestnut blooms late it is pretty certain to escape spring frosts. The
+Blair, for example, has had a crop failure once only since beginning to
+bear.
+
+(Displays photographs of the Japanese and American chestnuts and the
+Boone tree).
+
+Mr. Endicott is top working some of the worthless second generation
+trees with wood from the Boone tree.
+
+(Displays photographs showing method of grafting).
+
+I have had the good fortune to visit Mr. Riehl several times and have
+secured many representative nuts from his collection. While he has grown
+a large number of nut species and varieties he believes that the
+chestnut pays the best in southern Illinois. He plants them on rough and
+hilly land, difficult to cultivate, pasturing with sheep, and has had
+very good success. He does not worry about the chestnut blight, since
+the chestnut is not native here and there is such a great distance
+between the blight ridden East and Illinois.
+
+Mr. Buckman was an amateur horticulturist, in the work for the love of
+it. On his land he had nearly two thousand varieties of apples and
+hundreds of varieties of peaches, plums, pears, cherries, grapes, small
+fruits, and nuts collected from all over the world. I was much
+interested to study the fine pecan and chestnut trees growing and
+producing good crops as well as the persimmon and papaw trees, of which
+he had a number of rare varieties. I was able last spring to secure
+cuttings of a number of rather rare papaw varieties which I sent to
+Doctor Zimmerman for propagation at the request of Doctor Fairchild.
+
+Mr. Buckman recently died and there is now a movement on foot to secure,
+either through the University or the Horticultural Society, as far as
+possible, all the valuable data which he had been collecting for years.
+
+There are several other men interested in nuts as a commercial
+proposition in Illinois, such as O. H. Casper of Anna and Judge W. O.
+Potter of Marion. I recently visited these orchards. Mr. Casper has
+mostly pecans and walnuts growing in sod. They are from six to eight
+years old and would have borne this season if weather conditions had
+been favorable.
+
+Judge Potter has over twenty acres of pecans interplanted with chestnuts
+and filberts. For part of the orchard this is the fifth growing season.
+The trees are growing vigorously and make a very impressive showing. I
+counted thirty-nine nuts on a representative Thomas black walnut tree.
+The filberts look especially promising. Although the weather at blooming
+time was unfavorable a fair crop of nearly a peck was gathered from four
+or five bushes of a late blooming imported variety. Judge Potter is also
+growing another orchard using apples as fillers between black walnut
+trees. This experiment will be watched with great interest since it will
+be of great value in showing future possibilities in nut growing in
+Illinois.
+
+Now as to some of the things we are trying to do at the experiment
+station at Urbana. This will be necessarily a progress report. I am
+making a survey of the state to find promising individuals of the
+different species and varieties and marking them for future use. We
+have our state fair at Springfield next week and as I speak to the boys
+and girls attending the state fair school I hope to interest them to
+tell me of any trees in their neighborhoods of particular value.
+
+Some of the agricultural leaders in the various counties, that is the
+farm advisers, are awake to the value of the nut industry and we have a
+number of these men co-operating with us. From Gallatin County, in the
+Wabash and Ohio river bottoms, around $100,000 worth of native pecans
+are sold in some seasons. In the southern counties and over north of St.
+Louis in the western part of Illinois there are also native pecan groves
+which are quite profitable. We hope to find valuable northern pecans,
+adaptable to our conditions. We, of course, know that the English walnut
+is very difficult to grow in Illinois and we are not recommending it as
+a commercial proposition. We believe that the black walnut, all things
+considered, has the most promise and we hope to have something worth
+while in a few years as propagating material. The Thomas, Stabler, and
+Miller are especially to be recommended for Illinois at this time.
+
+We hope soon to have a complete collection of hardy nut trees on our
+experimental trial grounds. Here we shall study not only the varietal
+characteristics but try out new methods of propagating, pruning,
+fertilizing, etc. There is very likely some connection between winter
+injury and hardening up of the wood in autumn and we hope to learn
+something about that problem through the use of various cover crops, for
+example. We have at the station a complete experimental cold storage
+plant in operation where we may be able to learn more about the effects
+of extremes of temperature on the roots and trunks of certain species.
+
+In such new but important work we must make haste slowly. We have some
+things to unlearn and many things to learn. We hope to be able in a few
+years to make a worthwhile contribution to such an interesting and
+important subject as nut growing in the middle west.
+
+I shall be glad to have you ask me any questions which occur to you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: DO you happen to know Mr. Spencer?
+
+PROF. COLBY: No, I wrote Mr. Spencer but I did not get any reply from
+him. I hope to visit him this fall.
+
+MR. REED: DO you know anything about the top-working of black walnuts
+from Missouri at the university?
+
+PROF. COLBY: No, I do not know about them.
+
+MR. GREEN: In regard to those Gallatin County nuts; has any survey ever
+been made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the nut trees in
+Illinois?
+
+Prof. Colby: Not that I know of.
+
+Question: At what age are they planting those walnuts in Williamson
+County with apples and how far apart?
+
+PROF. COLBY: The walnuts are from 50 to 80 feet apart interplanted with
+apples. The walnut trees are about two years old; the apples four and
+five.
+
+A SPEAKER: I believe those apple trees will die.
+
+PROF. COLBY: That's what I want to find out. There is a great difference
+of opinion as to the compatibility of walnuts and other fruit trees.
+
+MR. BIXBY: You will see at Baldwin, this afternoon, peach trees planted
+between nut trees. It is too soon to say what will happen but so far, it
+is all right.
+
+DR. SMITH: As a matter of very great importance, how will you "round up"
+the forces in Illinois?
+
+PROF. COLBY: We have a number of interesting suggestions brought out in
+Professor Neilson's paper. He would use every way possible, including
+questionnaires sent out judiciously, as well as the boys' and girls'
+clubs, and the Boy Scouts, of which Dr. Morris speaks. The horticultural
+society can be of very great help. In Illinois where we have over one
+hundred counties, almost all of which are very efficiently covered by
+farm bureaus, the farm advisers are of considerable assistance. The
+local horticultural societies, as for instance the one with which Mr.
+Riehl has been so prominently connected in Alton, have helped very much
+in the past. The Smith-Hughes teachers in charge of agricultural
+teaching in the high schools can easily get in touch with promising
+native trees through their students. I know most of these teachers and
+know they will be glad to help me. I recently had a request from the
+Associated Press representative in Springfield to write an article on
+nut growing in Illinois. There is a wonderful field for development
+along such lines as this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It seems to me that if the agricultural colleges were
+asked to hand in information that might bring results, and particularly
+the students' work in isolated sections which would not be reached by
+Boy Scouts.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: For the benefit of those who did not hear my address in
+1922, I may say that I have circularized the whole county and the
+college stations; I have sent about 125 circular letters to the
+horticultural society and to its officers, high school inspectors, and
+to anyone I thought might be glad to get the information. I wanted to
+carry this further but could not. I wanted to send letters to every
+school teacher in the Province of Ontario and ask them to bring the
+matter to the attention of the boys and girls, and to offer them a
+substantial prize for the location of the best tree in their locality. I
+will say, however, that I got a great deal of encouragement from the
+horticultural society, the public school and the high schools.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I will read again a sentence from Mr. Howard Spence's
+letter:
+
+"The Minister of Agriculture has agreed to instruct all their inspectors
+over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit and to
+forward them to me for classification and identification of varieties
+which may be worth perpetuating."
+
+If we could do something of that kind in the United States to enlist the
+extension agents, we should get some valuable information.
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I think that a very important thing would be to send that
+message not only to the state experiment stations, but also to the
+government authorities. Why should not the Department of Agriculture
+make a systematic survey of that kind? Why should it be left to the
+small societies like this one, when the federal Department of
+Agriculture is so thoroughly equipped to get this? The department at
+Washington has expressed interest; I wonder if it would not be
+appropriate for this association to take some formal action, suggesting
+federal government action in that matter, in co-operation with the
+extension service, Boy Scouts, etc.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Will you put that in a resolution?
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I submit the following resolution:
+
+WHEREAS, The investigational and experimental work of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association during the last fourteen years has been signally
+successful in improving native nuts of the northern United States, based
+upon discovery and propagation of superior specimens; and
+
+WHEREAS, This work could be greatly extended with the facilities at the
+command of the United States Department of Agriculture, as compared with
+the efforts of the small number of members of this association;
+therefore be it
+
+RESOLVED: That it is the sense of the Northern Nut Growers' Association,
+in fifteenth annual convention in New York City this fourth day of
+September, 1924, that the U. S. Department of Agriculture be asked to
+take up systematically the work of discovery and investigation of
+promising native nuts in the northern states and of testing selected
+specimens at government stations in co-operation with the authorities of
+the state experiment stations; such discovery to be brought about by
+enlisting the aid of boy scouts, school children and others, in
+connection with the activities of county farm agents, inspectors and
+other attaches of the department.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Prof. MacDaniels, of Cornell University will now address
+us.
+
+
+
+
+_L. H. MacDaniels, Professor of Pomology, Cornell University_
+
+
+It gives me great pleasure to bring you greetings from the Agricultural
+College at Cornell University and to express my appreciation for your
+invitation to address this convention concerning what the college is
+doing along the line of nut growing. I have a very real interest in nut
+growing and in this association. I like to think of it as comparable
+with the American Pomological Society when it started more than one
+hundred years ago. All of you men who are spending your time and energy
+in finding new facts regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees
+are doing pioneer work, and your names will go down in the history of
+nut growing in the same way as those of Wilder, Downing, and Prince have
+come to us linked with the early development of fruit growing in the
+United States. I feel confident that the work of the association will
+stand the test of time.
+
+Interest in nut growing at Cornell, as you probably know, was started by
+John Craig who died about a dozen years ago. He was greatly interested
+in northern nut growing and also in southern pecans. As a result of his
+work we are still receiving inquiries about southern pecans addressed to
+Professor Craig. While at Cornell he established a course of study in
+nut growing which was a part of the regular curriculum. At the time,
+however, the actual known facts about the growth of nuts in the northern
+states were so few, and reliable information so scarce, that after
+Professor Craig's death, when there was a general consolidation of
+courses in the department, nut growing was combined with another course
+in economic fruits. Since that time, as our knowledge of nut growing has
+increased, more and more attention has been given to the subject. Our
+aim is, in fact, to give all of the up-to-date information that we have
+regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees.
+
+The nut tree plantings in the experimental orchards at Cornell have not
+been particularly successful. About ten years ago Professor Chandler set
+out about one-half acre of named varieties of pecans, Persian walnuts,
+black walnuts, hickories, hazel nuts, chestnuts and Japanese walnuts.
+These have received good care, both as to cultivation and fertilization
+but to date the only trees which have borne are the Japanese walnuts and
+these have not had good crops. Apple trees of the same age in adjacent
+land have been bearing commercial crops for a number of years,
+especially such varieties as the McIntosh, Wealthy and R. I. Greening.
+The climate at Ithaca is apparently rather too rigorous for most of the
+nut trees. Persian walnuts, hazel nuts and frequently Japanese walnuts
+suffer from winter injury. In the case of the chestnut, blight has
+practically killed all of the trees. The pecans are perfectly hardy but
+as yet have not borne, probably because our seasons are not sufficiently
+long or warm enough to grow this nut to advantage. Hickories have been
+very slow to become established and in fact have never made really good
+growth. This experience, of course, makes us feel that nut growing is
+really not as easy as some enthusiasts would have us believe.
+
+In addition to this variety planting there are four or five acres of
+recently cleared woodland in which there are hundreds of hickory
+seedlings which can be top-worked. We are aiming also in this area to
+establish seedlings of all of the hardy nut trees to use as stocks and
+eventually to get a collection of all named varieties of nut trees.
+Grafting so far has not been particularly satisfactory due in some cases
+to failure of the grafts to set; in other cases to the winter killing of
+grafts which have made fairly good growth. Injury by bud moths and wind
+storms have also been detrimental factors. Our own experience together
+with observations upon the results of nut grafting elsewhere by experts
+lead us to believe that grafting of nut trees is a very difficult
+undertaking as compared with that of other fruit trees. It involves a
+knack which must be acquired by very considerable experience. I realize,
+of course, that new facts regarding nut grafting are being discovered
+almost daily and in the future we may look for better results.
+
+The attitude of the Department of Pomology at the College with regard to
+nut growing is of necessity conservative. First of all, the men in the
+department are trained in scientific methods and have a somewhat
+critical attitude when it comes to statements regarding marked success
+in any line. The tendency is in each case to try to find the data or the
+experience upon which statements are based. Unfortunately, in nut
+growing there are very little data upon which statements can be based.
+Mr. Bixby's experiments with stocks are a very good start in the right
+direction, and it is upon such experiments as he is carrying out that
+real knowledge regarding nut growing will be gained.
+
+We have heard enthusiastic statements as to the profits which may be
+derived from the planting of nuts in the northern states, but I must
+confess that I have looked in vain both for the facts upon which such
+statements might be based and also for orchards which actually are
+profitable. If such exist in New York state I have not been able to find
+them even after considerable travel.
+
+In order to be profitable, an orchard must pay all the expenses
+involved, including interest on the initial cost of land; the cost of
+labor and materials and depreciation on tools, etc. We have cost
+accounts covering these items on many crops such as apples and wheat,
+but not on nuts. It seems to me we must recognize that nut culture is in
+its experimental stage only. This is in fact one thing that makes it
+particularly attractive for the amateur.
+
+Another reason for our conservatism is that we feel it our duty to the
+growers to give out statements which are based upon facts only. If a man
+in a northern state wants to plant ten acres of nuts what shall we tell
+him? Shall we tell him to go ahead and assure him that if he takes care
+of his trees a profitable plantation is certain? On the basis of what we
+know I think surely not. A hundred and one unanswered questions come up.
+What kinds of nuts will succeed under his climatic and soil conditions?
+What stocks should be used? What varieties will succeed under his
+conditions? Will the meats of the nuts fill out in the average season?
+Are the seasons long enough, etc. The fact is in most cases we do not
+know. In most parts of New York state we are extending a natural range
+of many of the nut trees and they have not been grown long enough under
+the new conditions to make it possible to answer these questions with
+certainty. On the other hand, we can tell the prospective nut grower
+that nut growing is in its experimental stages and under certain
+conditions has great commercial promise. On the basis of our present
+knowledge we cannot recommend large plantations but would encourage the
+planting of nuts in an experimental way, especially for home use. It
+should be borne in mind that in the early days of fruit growing in
+America it was the amateur planting of varieties that laid the
+foundations for the present industry. If shade trees are to be planted
+let them be nut trees. Plant nut trees as a hobby but do not go into nut
+culture on a large scale for profit unless you can afford to lose.
+
+I have great hopes for the future of nut growing in the northern states
+and also for this society. I am confident that new and better varieties
+of nuts will be found and better methods of propagation and
+transplanting originated so that in the future there may be a commercial
+industry in the north. For the present, however, I believe that
+conservatism is advisable, and that great harm may be done by
+misrepresentation. Sound growth of a northern nut industry will be built
+upon facts and honest experience and not on conjecture, hearsay, or even
+on enthusiasm, however necessary this may be. I believe that we should
+encourage people to plant nuts for pleasure, plant nuts as a hobby,
+plant them for shade and for posterity, but under present conditions not
+for financial profit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: We must adjourn at once to the lecture room, that we may
+hear Dr. J. Russell Smith's talk on "Nut Tree Crops as a Part of
+Permanent Agriculture without Plowing." He will have some interesting
+slides to show during his talk.
+
+Dr. Britton has asked that we have lunch today at noon instead of one
+o'clock. Everyone present is invited to take luncheon at that time as a
+guest of the Botanical Society and of Dr. Britton, it makes no
+difference whether they be members or guests.
+
+MR. REED: May I make the motion to extend a rising vote of thanks to Dr.
+Britton and his associates for the cordial and generous way in which
+they have entertained us?
+
+(Motion seconded, passed, and acknowledged by rising vote).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Britton, you are officially notified.
+
+DR. BRITTON: I would like to have that vote of thanks mentioned in the
+official record of this convention, and in the record of the Botanical
+Society.
+
+THE SECRETARY: We will see to that.
+
+DR. BRITTON: You will be interested in knowing that we have with us the
+very distinguished Curator of the British Botanical Herbarium of the
+Royal Society. Dr. Stapf has been traveling in Canada, attending the
+meetings of the Royal Society there.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We shall very much appreciate the opportunity of meeting
+him.
+
+We will now adjourn to the lecture hall, to hear Dr. J. Russell Smith.
+
+
+
+
+NUT TREE CROPS AS A PART OF PERMANENT AGRICULTURE WITHOUT PLOWING
+
+_Dr. J. Russell Smith, Professor of Economic Geography, Columbia
+University, New York_
+
+
+My first experience with nut culture was gained on the farm of a man I
+knew more than 30 years ago. It was a truck farm not far from
+Philadelphia near a boarding school which I infested and the farmer
+complained that I infested the farm. The farm had its fence rows and
+driveways lined with grafted chestnut trees bearing abundantly of large
+fine nuts of European origin. It was remarkable how quickly they filled
+my pockets. I usually succeeded in gathering them on the hundred per
+cent basis.
+
+I am interested in this subject today because of an innate love of trees
+and because the development of a tree crop agriculture offers a way to
+stop soil erosion. To me the worst of all economic sins is the
+destruction of resources, and the worst of all resource destructions is
+the destruction of the soil, our one great and ultimate resource. "After
+man the desert" has been truly said too often of many old lands.
+
+Soil cover is after all about the only thing that man has as a basis for
+the support of his life on earth. All of our food depends directly or
+indirectly upon plants.
+
+In hilly countries there is usually but a thin layer of earth and rotton
+rock between the surface of the field and the bed rock. It is a very
+difficult problem to maintain this cover of earth and it is very easy to
+lose it. Sometimes it is lost through over-pasturing and destruction of
+turf; but more largely through plowing.
+
+The nut tree is particularly effective as a part of a plowless
+agriculture which can use the soil permanently where annual crops ruin
+it quickly because the plow prepares the land for erosion.
+
+The speed of soil destruction, with its erosion after plowing, is
+particularly noticeable with the great American crops, cotton, corn and
+tobacco, which require clean cultivation. Many orchards are also
+cultivated for the double purpose of keeping down rival plants and
+preserving moisture, but we pay high in soil loss for the moisture that
+we get by that means on hilly lands. The plow is one of the greatest
+enemies of the future. As a matter of fact we have already destroyed
+enough land in the United States to support many millions of people; and
+therefore the tree is the more important because it permits an
+agriculture that will keep the soil indefinitely, and in permanent
+production, without plowing.
+
+I have aecidently discovered a better way of conserving moisture than by
+plowing, and I have found it going on in widely scattered places and in
+widely different climates.
+
+Primitive peoples in many parts of the world have long since obtained
+the advantage of cultivation, mainly, increasing the available moisture
+for the tree or plant, without cultivation of the soil and the loss
+which follows the washing of cultivated soils. As an example I cite the
+Indians of Arizona, who have grown corn crops for centuries in a country
+with but from six to fifteen inches of rain. They do this by planting in
+little patches at the mouth of a gully where at the time of rain the
+flood water is led away into furrows and depressions so that it
+thoroughly soaks the ground in which the corn is planted.
+
+My attention was first called to this practice by observing a good patch
+of barley in the edge of the Sahara in Southern Tunis, where the gulley
+flow resulting from a winter rain had spread itself out fan-*like and
+soaked the triangular alluvial area of sand, which bore a fine crop of
+barley in the midst of the desert.
+
+For centuries the olive growers of parts of Tunis have led gulley water
+to the olive trees where it was retained, in areas that resembled a
+tennis court, with a 12 inch bank of dirt around it and two or three
+olive trees within this area thus watered by impounding.
+
+A practice somewhat similar to this is shown in F. H. King's classic
+book on Chinese agriculture, "Farmers of Forty Centuries;" but the most
+extreme case that has come to my attention is furnished by the Berber
+tribe of the Matmatas, of Tunis. These people live on the edge of a
+hilly, limestone plateau, where the rainfall is less than 10 inches and
+in some years as low as five.
+
+An important part of the food supply of these people is furnished by
+date and olive trees which they grow in the gulches of their limestone
+plateau. They built a dry rock dam behind which earth-wash lodges. In
+this the trees are planted and every rain sends more earth and soaks
+that which has collected. The plan can certainly not be called an
+experiment for the people have lived there for centuries. They have
+olive trees that are several centuries old and I have never seen such
+fine olive trees, not in California, or the plains of Spain, Portugal,
+France, Italy, or in Algeria or Tunis, and I have seen a good many olive
+trees in those countries. The olive tree is usually open, light and
+feathery. These in the Matmatas gulches are thick and black and rank.
+
+For automatic cultivation and fertilization the plan of these primitive
+agriculturists is hard to beat. You put up your stone dam, and every
+time the gulley runs with water your crop is irrigated and fertilized.
+Can you beat it?
+
+Three Americans of my acquaintance have independently experimented and
+discovered along similar lines.
+
+The late Freeman Thorpe of Hubert, Minnesota, did it with much
+enthusiasm. So did the late Dr. Meyer, a friend of J. F. Jones, near
+Lancaster. He discovered it accidentally. He put a brush dam across a
+gully. Water stood behind it for days after every rain. The apple tree
+near it grew much more than the others. That started the Doctor. He
+began to dig small field reservoirs and collect water near trees and he
+found that it paid even with the very expensive process of hoe and
+shovel.
+
+The idea has been modernized and brought to the machine stage which
+characterizes our present-day agriculture, by Mr. Lawrence Lee, a civil
+engineer-farmer of Leesburg, Va. Mr. Lee runs a level line across the
+face of the clay hills, and then with a Martin ditcher scoops out a
+terrace on this horizontal line. It makes the terrace so that the water
+will hold and will not run away. Mr. Lee is sure that nine-tenths of the
+heavy thunder shower runs off of the hills, in normal conditions of
+non-plowing, and that if he plows, most of the water and much of the
+soil go off together. He is also sure that the water pockets hold both
+water and soil.
+
+Rows of apple trees planted below these waterholding terraces thrive
+without cultivation as well as do other trees across the row with
+cultivation, but with this difference, ordinary cultivation impoverishes
+the soil and this enriches it by keeping all mineral and organic matter
+in the field.
+
+The combination of principles worked out by many primitive peoples and
+also by Messrs. Thorpe, Meyer and Lee makes it possible for the farmer
+to arrange his rough land in tree crops so that every rain will water
+his crops, even though the land may be rough and in sod. If he cannot
+run horizontal terraces he can dig holes near the trees and lead the
+water to these holes by two furrows with the turning plow. This is
+really an automatic kind of irrigation. By this means a farmer can use
+his odd time whenever he can work the ground, and thus do the
+cultivation for a whole year or two and at the same time preserve the
+soil and establish a permanent agriculture.
+
+This gives the hill land the same chance as the level lands to grow fat
+sods. It offers a very interesting combination of blue grass pasture
+along with crops of black walnuts, Persian (English) walnuts, pecans,
+grafted hickories, mulberries (for pigs and chickens), persimmons (for
+pigs and sheep), oaks (which make more carbohydrate food than corn in
+many situations), honey locust (which has a bean as rich as bran and
+good for the same purpose) and many other crop trees that will be
+available if good brains keep developing the idea.
+
+In this connection it may be pointed out that France exports millions of
+dollars worth of Persian walnuts and most of them are grown on isolated
+trees scattered about the fields and along roadsides.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to Sormani's for luncheon and then we
+will immediately start for Mr. Bixby's place on Long Island.
+
+(Adjournment).
+
+
+
+
+NOTES AT MR. BIXBY'S NUT ORCHARDS AND NURSERIES BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N.
+Y.
+
+September 4, 1924
+
+
+Japan walnuts (seedlings) on street set out in 1918 or 1919. All except
+the tree on the south have borne, 1924 being the third year for one. One
+of them is a heartnut.
+
+Chinkapins raised from seed outdoors.
+
+Black walnuts grown in pots and transplanted with a ball of earth and
+the entire root. Set out without cutting back and sod and vines allowed
+to grow around them. While they grew rapidly before transplanting they
+have scarcely grown since.
+
+Beaver Hickory seedlings. These illustrate well the information to be
+obtained frequently as to parentage by raising seedlings. The history of
+the Beaver tree was ascertained four or five years ago and from this and
+the appearance of the tree and its nuts, it was decided to be a shagbark
+x bitternut hybrid. The seedlings bear this out, for they vary from
+seemingly pure shagbark to pure bitternut with several in between
+looking somewhat like the parent tree. It may be that some of these will
+bear nuts that will be found valuable.
+
+Japan walnut tree killed with butternut blight.
+
+Chestnut trees killed with chestnut blight.
+
+Main experimental orchard. This comprises about four acres and is laid
+out in rows running north and south, starting at an east and west road.
+There are 29 trees in each row running north and south, the trees being
+about 15 feet apart. A nut tree is put every 30 feet and a peach or
+apple or some other tree that is intended to be taken out later, is put
+in between.
+
+Row 1 South--(1) Niblack Pecan (5) Warrick Pecan (7) Warrick Pecan (9)
+Greenriver Pecan (11) Greenriver Pecan (13) Mahan Hickory (15) Marquardt
+(?) Pecan (17) Siers Hickory (19) Wilkinson (?) Pecan (21) Kirtland
+Hickory (23) Greenbay Pecan (25) Weiker Hickory (27) Burlington Pecan
+(29) Kentucky Hickory. This Kentucky Hickory blossomed full and some two
+dozen nuts set which grew to about 5/8 inches long then they dropped
+off. Probably it will bear next year.
+
+Row 2 South--(4) Moneymaker Pecan (10) Pleas Hickory (24) Dennis
+bitternut, bearing (26) Hatch Bitternut (?).
+
+Row 3 South--(3) Stanley Hickory (5) Ridenhauer Almond (9) Burkett Pecan
+(11) Hales Hickory on shagbark (13) Hales Hickory on bitternut (21)
+Cedarapids Hickory on shagbark (23) Cedarapids Hickory on bitternut (25)
+Dennis Hickory (27) Fairbanks Hickory.
+
+Row 3A South--Seedling Black Walnuts.
+
+Row 3B South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
+
+Row 3C South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
+
+Row 4 South--(2) Rush Chinkapin (3) Miracle Chestnut (4) Chinkapin (7)
+Chinkapin (8) Chinkapin (9) Champion Chestnut (10) Paragon Chestnut (13)
+Riehl Chestnut (15) Paragon Chestnut (16) Paragon Chestnut (17) Miracle
+Chestnut (22) Champion Chestnut (29) Boone Chestnut. The above trees are
+all that remain of a row of 29 Chestnut and Chinkapin trees most of
+which were bearing two years ago, from which a good many quarts of
+Chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
+
+Row 5 South--(1) Beaver Hickory (2) Hacheye (?) Persimmon (3)
+McCallister Pecan (4) Hayakuma Persimmon (5) McCallister Pecan (6)
+Kawakami Persimmon (7) Busseron Pecan (9) Busseron Pecan (10) Lambert
+Persimmon (11) Butterick Pecan (12) Josephine Persimmon (13) Butterick
+Pecan (15) Kentucky Pecan (17) Kentucky Pecan (18) Golden Gem Persimmon
+(bearing) (19) Indiana Pecan (20) Rush Chinkapin (21) Indiana Pecan (23)
+Posey Pecan (25) Posey Pecan (27) Major Pecan (28) Parry Chestnut (29)
+Major Pecan.
+
+Row 5A South--Pecan seedlings.
+
+Row 5B South--Shellbark seedlings.
+
+Row 6 South--(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6),-(7), (8), (9), (10), (11),
+(12), (13), (14), (15), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24)
+Hales Hickory, transplanted some years ago, brought from Monticello,
+Florida (25) Kentucky Hickory.
+
+Row 6A North--Butternut seedlings.
+
+Row 6B North--Butternut seedlings.
+
+Row 7 South--Vest Hickory seedlings, Hales Hickory seedlings, Juglans
+cathayensis seedlings, Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Papershell
+Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Hybrid hazels (native Long Island x
+Italian Red 1923).
+
+Row 7A South--Mockernut seedlings.
+
+Row 7B South--Mockernut seedlings.
+
+Row 7C South--Close bark pignut carya glabra seedlings. Loose bark
+pignut carya ovalis seedlings, Japan walnut seedlings, Adams Black
+Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7D South---Persian walnut seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, perfect
+form seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, one lobe seedlings.
+
+Row 7A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7C North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8 South--8A South--8B South--8C South--Seedling Japan Walnut x
+butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 8A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8C North---Persimmon seedlings.
+
+Row 9 South--(1) Miller Black Walnut (3) Thomas Black Walnut (4) Purple
+Hazel (5) Thomas Black Walnut (6) Fruhe Lange Hazel (7) Stabler Black
+Walnut (9) Kinder Black Walnut (11) Allen Black Walnut (13) Wasson Black
+Walnut (15) Peanut Black Walnut (17) Ten Eyck Black Walnut (19)
+Mattingly Black Walnut (21) McCoy Black Walnut (bearing) (23) Paradox
+Walnut (25) Ohio Black Walnut (bearing) (27) Herman Black Walnut (29)
+Stabler Black Walnut.
+
+Row 10 South---(2) Stranger Heartnut, bearing (4) California Black
+Walnut (6) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (8) Seedling Allen Black Walnut
+(10) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (12) Casper Hickory (14) Casper Hickory
+(16) Reike Hickory (18) Vest Hickory (20) Swaim Hickory (22) Swaim
+Hickory (23) Jordan Almond (24) Wampler Hickory (25) Jordan Almond (26)
+Wampler Hickory (27) Texas Prolific Almond (29) Texas Prolific Almond.
+
+Row 10C North--Hickory Seedlings. Here may be seen the melancholy
+results of not planting hickory seedlings deep enough.
+
+Row 11 South--(1) Aiken butternut, bearing (3) Stranger Heartnut,
+bearing, (5) Ritchie Heartnut, bearing (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17),
+(19), (21), (23), (25), (27), (29) Lancaster Heartnut bearing.
+
+Row 11A South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
+
+Row 11B South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
+
+Row 11C--South--Grafted and budded butternuts and Japan Walnuts.
+
+Row 11 North--(1), (2), (3), (4), Aiken butternut (6) Juglans
+mandshurica (8), (10) Deming butternut.
+
+Row 11A North--Seedling Japan walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 11B North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 11C North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 12--(2) Faust heartnut, bearing (4) Deming butternut, bearing (8)
+Burlington Pecan (10) Rockville Pecan (20) Snyder Hickory (27) Early
+Golden Persimmon (28) Rockville Pecan (29) Ruby Persimmon.
+
+Row 12A South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Stabler, Ohio, Thomas &
+Adams.
+
+Row 12B South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Wasson, McCoy, Ten
+Eyck, O'Connor hybrid Witte Persian Walnut.
+
+Row 12C South--Grafted and budded butternut & Japan Walnut, Aiken
+butternut, Lancaster Heartnut.
+
+Row 13 South--(1) Franquette Persian Walnut (3) Eureka Persian Walnut
+(4) Early Golden Persimmon (5) Holden Persian Walnut (7) Eureka Persian
+Walnut (8) Grosse Kugelnuss filbert, bearing (9) Holden Persian Walnut,
+bearing (10) White Lambert hazel (11) Alpine Persian Walnut, bearing
+(12) Italian Red Hazel (13) Lancaster Persian Walnut (14) McFarland
+Chestnut (15) Meylan Black Persian Walnut (16) Hale Persimmon (17) Rush
+Persian Walnut, bearing (18) Imperial Hazel (19) Cording Walnut, bearing
+(J cordiformis x regia) (20) Early Golden Persimmon (21) Hall Persian
+Walnut (22) Yemon Persimmon (23) Paradox walnut (24) Yemon Persimmon
+(25) Mayette Persian Walnut (26) Floreams Almond (27) Holden Persian
+Walnut (28) Floreams Almond (29) Mayette Persian Walnut.
+
+Row 13 North--Chinese Almond so-called, 3 years old, really an apricot
+with edible kernels. Has proved perfectly hardy so far.
+
+Row 14--Grafted and budded black walnuts, Boston Persian Walnut.
+O'Connor hybrid Walnut, Adams Black Walnut, Alley Black Walnut, Mosnat
+butternut.
+
+Row 15--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, O'Connor hybrid, Thomas,
+Stabler. Ohio Persian Walnut. Minnas Zeller Italian Red Hazel, bearing.
+
+Row 16--American Hazels from West Virginia and Ohio.
+
+Row 17--Landesberger Lange Zeller, Buettners Zeller, Hempels Zeller,
+Barnes No. 6, Hazel bearing hybrid nuts, Barnes No. 5 Hazel bearing
+hybrid nuts, Kentish Cob, Noce Lunghe filbert, Daviana Hazels, both
+bearing.
+
+Row 18--Merveille de Bollwiller filbert bearing, Medium long filbert.
+Like Merveille de Bollwiller, Althaldestenbener Zeller.
+
+Row 19---Corylus californica, White Lambert filbert, Vest hazel, Grosse
+Kugelnuss, Hallersche Riesen filbert. Barcelona filbert, Italian Red
+filbert, Du Chilly filbert.
+
+Row 20---Long Island Hazel, bearing Blueberries. 8 plants of selected
+varieties, Jujube, Tree hazel, corylus colurna, Vest hazel bearing
+hybrid nuts, Daviana hazel bearing, White Aveline hazel, tree hazel,
+corylus colurna. Long Island hazel bearing, Red Aveline hazel bearing.
+
+Row 21--Corylus californica, tree hazel corylus colurna. On the southern
+end of these rows will be found the grafted hickories.
+
+Row 21--Grafted Shagbark hickories.
+
+Row 22--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
+
+Row 23--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
+
+Row 24--Grafted Pignut hickories.
+
+Row 25--Grafted Pignut hickories.
+
+Row 27--Grafted Pecan hickories.
+
+Row 28--Grafted Pecan hickories.
+
+Row 30--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 31---Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 32--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 33--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 31--Grafted Bitternut hickory.
+
+
+_Additional Notes by Stenographer_
+
+This is a Royal Burbank walnut brought from California, in 1911. It
+stood in a yard in Brooklyn until 1917. It did not grow well there but
+since we have brought it out here it is growing and bearing, as you see.
+It is a hybrid of the California black and the Eastern black. The nut
+itself has not much value. The leaves are rather smaller than others. It
+would not compare with the propagated varieties. It is only considered
+as a rapid growing tree.
+
+Here is a row of Beaver seedlings. This one is a typical shagbark. This
+one is like a bitternut. Every once in a while you will find a tall one
+with buds like the old tree. They are all Beaver seedlings from nuts
+gathered at the same time from the same tree.
+
+Here are chinkapin seedlings grown out of doors. I simply threw them on
+the ground and covered them with leaves.
+
+Here is a dead Japanese walnut tree. It died of a fungus, melanconium.
+You can see the fungus all the way down the trunk. It is a weak fungus
+and sometimes if the tree is nourished properly it will disappear.
+
+This is a Lancaster heartnut. And so is this. One is much more prolific
+than the other. Both grafted on Japanese stock. It is bearing pretty
+well. It was put out in 1918.
+
+Here is a Kentucky hickory. It had about 24 nuts, but they have fallen
+off.
+
+This is a Moneymaker pecan. It is growing finely. I bought this tree
+from J. B. Wight, of Cairo, Ga. I also have a Burkett from Texas.
+
+There is a Paragon chestnut which has escaped the blight. Fungus is
+beginning on the end of the branch, however.
+
+Two years ago we had a whole row of these Boone chestnuts. This is the
+only one left. They were all in bearing then and a good many quarts of
+chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
+
+From here up, the trees are hickory (Hales) on pecans. They are ten
+years from the graft, and planted here from Monticello, Fla., two years
+ago. 23 out of the 24 trees living.
+
+There are 12 varieties of Japanese persimmons, bought from Texas. This
+one shows winter-killing but will apparently live. (Hayakuma persimmon).
+
+Here is a Jap. persimmon (Kawakami). It has not borne yet. Here is a
+McCallister pecan; originated from between the Wabash and Ohio Rivers.
+
+Those are Thomas black walnuts; they have been out five years, and have
+not yet borne.
+
+This is a Ten Eyck; it has made good growth this year and is a heavy
+bearer. This is a McCoy black walnut. This tree is bearing heavily this
+year, and bore one nut last year. It is about five or six years from the
+nursery. The parent tree is from near Rockport, Ind., and is a very
+large one.
+
+Here is an Ohio; it came from Mr. Jones, I think. These trees are
+bearing heavily; they have been set out 5 or 6 years.
+
+These trees are Lancaster heartnuts. They will probably bear heavily one
+year and less the next.
+
+(Here catkins and nuts were found on the same branch, and a photograph
+was made).
+
+MR. REED: There will probably not be any Lancaster here next spring; the
+late growth has devitalized the tree.
+
+Here is a California black walnut but it has not grown very
+successfully.
+
+Here is a Stranger heartnut from South Carolina, bearing.
+
+Here is an O'Connor hybrid walnut on black walnut. The whole tree is
+3-1/2 feet high; splendid growth for one year. The parent tree is in
+Maryland, about two miles from Mr. Littlepage's place.
+
+Here is a Lancaster heartnut which has borne every year, without a stop;
+you see it is planted in a chicken yard.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS AT THE HOUSE OF WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, N. Y.
+
+September 4, 1924
+
+
+   BLACK WALNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Adams
+           Alley
+           Herman
+           McCoy
+           Miller
+           Ohio
+           Stabler, Perfect Form
+           One Lobe
+           Ten Eyck
+           Thomas
+           Wasson
+       Species:
+           Juglans major, Arizona rupestris,
+               Texas boliviensis, Bolivia
+               insularis, Cuba
+           The extremes of black walnut
+               shape.  Adams, long and
+               narrow, Corsan, short and
+               broad
+           Varieties: Butternuts
+               Aiken
+               Deming
+
+   BUTTERNUTS AND JAPAN WALNUTS
+       Varieties: Japan Walnuts
+           Heartnuts
+           Lancaster
+           Ritchie
+           Stranger
+       Species:
+           Juglans cinerea
+               manshurica
+               cathayensis
+               sieboldiana
+               cordiformis
+           Rough shell Japan walnut
+           Juglans sieboldiana x
+               cinerea
+           Juglans sieboldiana x
+               nigra
+           Cording, Juglans cordiformis x
+               regia
+
+   Nuts from 4 trees on Grand Ave.
+       Baldwin
+
+   CHESTNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Boone
+           Paragon
+           Rochester
+           Morris No. 2
+           Morris No. 3
+       Species:
+           Chinkapin
+           Castanopsis
+
+   HAZELS AND FILBERTS
+       Varieties:
+           Althaldensleben
+           Barcelona
+           Daviana
+           Du Chilly
+           Emperor
+           Grosse Kugelnuss
+           Imperial
+           Italian Red
+           Merveille de Bollwiller
+           Montebello
+           Noce Lunghe
+           Red Aveline
+           Red Lambert
+           Rush (American)
+           Vest (American)
+           White Aveline
+           White Lambert
+       Species:
+           Chinese tree Hazel (Corylus
+               chinensis)
+           Constantinople Hazel (tree
+               corylus colurna)
+           Thibet Hazel (Corylus tibetica)
+       Hazel Blight (Specimen)
+
+   HICKORIES
+       Varieties:
+           Beaver
+           Brooks
+           Dennis
+           Fairbanks, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+           Galloway
+           Glover
+           Griffin
+           Hales
+           Kirtland
+           Laney
+           Milford
+           Pleas
+           Siers, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+           Vest
+           Weiker, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+
+           It will be noticed that nuts
+           from young grafted trees are
+           generally larger than those
+           from the parent trees
+       Species and Hybrid:
+           Arkansas Hickory, carya buckleyi
+               Arkansana
+           Bitternut, carya cordiformis,
+               Dennis, Hatch
+           Buckley Hickory, carya Buckleyi
+           Chinese Hickory, carya cathayensis
+           Pallid Hickory, carya pallida
+           Shellbark, carya laciniosa, from
+               3 locations
+               Water Hickory, carya aquatica
+               Zorn, the largest hickory yet
+                   found, carya buckleyi Arkansana
+                   x alba
+
+   PECANS
+       Northern Varieties:
+           Burlington
+           Busseron
+           Butterick
+           Campbell
+           Greenriver
+           Indiana
+           Koontz
+           Major
+           McCallister
+           Niblack
+           Norton
+           Posey
+           Witte
+       Species and curiosities:
+           Seedling Pecan from Adams,
+               Ill. The most northern native
+               growing pecan yet seen
+               by Willard G. Bixby
+           Curtis Pecan, without inner
+               shell partition
+           Schley Pecan, one grown in
+               Georgia, the other in southern
+               Pennsylvania.  This
+               shows how the nuts are
+               dwarfed by lack of sufficient
+               summer heat
+
+   PERSIAN WALNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Alpine
+           Boston
+           Colona
+           Franquette
+           Hall
+           Holden
+           Hutchinson
+           Lancaster
+           Mayette
+           Milbank
+           Ontario
+           Pomeroy
+           Rush
+           Sayre
+           Witte
+       Seedlings and Hybrids
+           Chinese Paper Shell
+           Juglans regia x cinerea from
+               2 locations
+           Allen, juglans regia x rupestris
+
+   MISCELLANEOUS
+       Almond, Ridenhauer
+           Chinese (edible apricot)
+       Beechnuts, American (2 locations)
+           European
+       Queensland  Nut  Macadamia
+               ternifolia
+       Water Chestnuts:
+           Nelumbium Luteum
+           Nelumbium Speciosum
+
+
+
+
+NOTES TAKEN AT MERRIBROOKE, DR. MORRIS' ESTATE NEAR STAMFORD,
+CONNECTICUT
+
+Excursion of Friday, September 5, 1924
+
+
+Arriving at Stamford, all guests and members were met at the station by
+cars from Dr. Morris' place. After coming together at the house, the
+members followed Dr. Morris to the main gateway, where the following
+program commenced:
+
+DR. MORRIS: If you will all follow me here inside the gateway we will
+take the trees as they come in the order of the mimeographed sheet which
+you hold.
+
+I will first say that the abnormalities at Merribrooke this year were
+three in number. First, a destructive invasion of the tent caterpillar
+which attacked nearly all kinds of trees during its traveling stage.
+Then came a canker worm invasion with partial or complete defoliation of
+even the forest trees. Almost all of the whole leaves on any tree
+represent the second set for the season. Then came a drought said to
+have been the most severe since 1871. As a result of these three
+influences most of the fruit trees and nut trees dropped their crops
+this year.
+
+Among the many introduced and grafted trees at Merribrooke only about
+one hundred typical forms have been tagged for this occasion. The large
+tags on the trees represent types, the smaller tags represent different
+variations of the type. Numbers on the tags correspond to numbers on
+this list.
+
+We will begin with No. 1--Original Taylor Shagbark hickory. Nut large,
+thin shelled, good cleavage and high quality. This is practically an
+annual bearer. The weevil likes it because it is very thin-shelled.
+Consequently we seldom get a good crop. Most of the trees were
+defoliated. This is the best all-around hickory that I have found. I
+gave prizes for years and got seedlings from all over the country, and
+this is the best one that I obtained growing right here at my gate. It
+is defoliated by both the tent caterpillar and the canker worm.
+
+2. Buckley Hickory from Texas. Nut large, round, thick-shelled, peculiar
+flavor and fragrance. This hickory was first described in 1872 in Texas
+and then it was forgotten. Dr. Sargent was quite surprised when I told
+him that I had one for the variety really passed out of history among
+the botanists until the past two years. The bark is deeply ridged in the
+older trees. The tree has been crippled by the twig girdler this year.
+
+3. Carolina Hickory Seedling (scaly bark hickory). Nut small, thin
+shelled, sweet. I think this is one of the most beautiful hickories we
+have. It has been crippled this year but not enough to hurt. It has a
+small, thin-shelled nut with sweet flavor. The older trees have the
+scale on the bark.
+
+4. Carolina Hickory grafted upon other local wild stock, and I do not
+know whether it is macrocarpa or pignut.
+
+5. Shagbark top-worked to Vest variety of shagbark from Virginia that
+Mr. Bixby described yesterday as having a shell so thin that it could be
+cracked with the hand.
+
+6. Shagbark top-worked to Carolina and Kentucky varieties. Note the
+different foliage, and smaller leaves. Here is a graft of three
+hickories on one stock.
+
+7. Shagbark top-worked to Vest shagbark above and to McCallister pecan
+below. The foliage of this McCallister would justify putting the tree in
+any grounds; but here on the shagbark stock the leaves are not so
+large. The foliage on Mr. Bixby's was large and beautiful.
+
+8. Shagbark top-worked to Brooks shagbark. That tree prolongs the name
+of one of our audience into history.
+
+9. Asiatic Winged Walnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia). I think this would
+be valuable for hybridizing.
+
+10. Grafted Woodall American (black) walnut. Nut small, thin shelled.
+Tree very prolific. This tree has not yet borne, but it should next
+year. I got that from a man near Milford, Del. The nut is thin-shelled
+and cracks very easily.
+
+11. Grafted Lutz American Walnut from North Carolina. This tree is about
+six years from the graft. The nut is large.
+
+QUESTION: When do you have frosts here at Stamford?
+
+DR. MORRIS: The frosts are from about the middle of September until
+sometime in May. Sometimes we miss the September frosts.
+
+12. Korean Nut Pine. Furnishes important food supply in northern Asia.
+
+13. Grafted Papaw. Larger part Ketter variety. Prize fruits have weighed
+about one pound each. Smaller part Osborn variety No. 3, a choice kind.
+
+14. Seedling Papaw.
+
+15. Seedling Papaw, christened "Merribrooke prolific" with clusters of
+fruit of the first year's bearing. Five bunches on the tree and it is
+the first year out from the nursery. It is a very beautiful tree for the
+lawn.
+
+The growing season of pawpaws is so long that a hard September frost may
+catch the fruit before it is ripe in this locality. Fruit will stand a
+light frost only.
+
+16. Chinese Pistache seedling. Tree beautiful but nut too small for the
+market. May serve for hybridizing purposes. The autumn foliage of this
+tree is very wonderful.
+
+17. Grafted Wolfe persimmon. Ripens fruit in July or August. This is an
+ordinary size fruit but the peculiarity is that it ripens before the
+others do.
+
+18. Grafted Cannaday seedless persimmon. You see another member of our
+party has gone down to fame with this Cannaday seedless persimmon.
+
+19. Stanley shellbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock.
+
+20. Stock grafted to Kentucky shagbark.
+
+21. Jeffrey Blue Bull Nut Pine. Nuts small, thin-shelled, rich. Eaten
+shell and all by the natives. This is one of the most beautiful of
+pines. In the top of the tree is placed one of the large gourds which I
+raise here on the place. I place these gourds in the tree-tops for
+bird-houses. All kinds of birds nest in them, from the chickadee to the
+barred duck. A squash may be used for this purpose as well as a gourd.
+
+I raise the pines from seed.
+
+22. Torrey nut pine from southern California. Nut is large, and has a
+fine flavor. I get my seeds from Bartner Brothers. Pines do not do so
+well near cities. The sulphites in the air are picked up by the pines
+and this kills them. This particular pine is a surprise to all botanists
+who have seen it; it is native in California and is one of the
+disappearing pines. I have had five of them and I raised them all from
+seed.
+
+23. Chinese hazel. Grafted on common hazel and outgrowing it, The
+Chinese hazel makes a tree from 80 to 100 feet in height. This is the
+first year this tree has borne. It is grafted on common stock, and is
+beginning to bear earlier than it would have done on its own roots.
+
+24. Butternut parthenogens. Some are large and some small but all are
+grown under the same conditions. That one was defoliated by the canker
+worm and then by the tent caterpillar and this is the fourth set of
+leaves it has put forth this year.
+
+25. Hybrid walnut (Siebold x butternut) four years old.
+
+26. Grafted American walnut. Peanut variety. Only one chubby half of
+kernel to each shell. The scions were sent here from Washington, D. C.
+
+27. Mediate shagbark grafts (Cook variety). Grafted July 10 in midst of
+great drought. Compare this with the trees you will see farther on in
+the walk, grafted near the end of the drought. I do not have much
+trouble with the plain splice graft and I expect it to start ten days
+after I put it in.
+
+Here is the way I treat a borer, although I have two or three ways of
+doing this. First I find a hole on the tree, like this one. Then I
+follow down to where the borers work. I cut that part away, inject
+chloroform and fill up the opening with common kitchen soap.
+
+28. American Chestnut. Merribrooke variety, root-grafted on Japanese
+chestnut. I grafted that very low, below the ground. It is the best
+chestnut I have among several thousands that I planted. This tree was
+one of the first to go down with the blight, but I have grafted on other
+scions and have kept it going ever since.
+
+29. Dresher chestnut (European origin) grafted on Japanese chestnut. The
+graft is about three years old. It has borne since the first year. There
+are several nuts on it now.
+
+(Now we must be careful of the sharp stubs in the woods. These are newly
+cut brush paths, and all guests wearing low shoes should step
+carefully).
+
+30. Stanley shellbark hickory, grafted on pignut hickory. Mr. Jones
+introduced this hickory.
+
+31. Kentucky shagbark grafted on shagbark stock, with bark slot graft. I
+let another twig grow from the same lead for nourishment. I put in three
+grafts here two of which are dead. I do not quite approve of that
+method. I prefer now to go up to the small branches and then
+splice-graft on small branches.
+
+32. Marquardt pecan grafted on stock of pignut. It does well on this
+hickory.
+
+33. Hardy, hard-shell almond.
+
+34. Woodall American walnut. This shows that the Woodall black walnut
+grows fairly well on butternut stock.
+
+35. Shagbark hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
+
+36. Staminate persimmon trees.
+
+37. Bony Bush filbert, grafted on common hazel. (Bush badly cut up by
+girdler beetle. Elaphidion. Five nuts on the bush).
+
+38. Purple hazel. Look sharp to find the 20 nuts on this bush. This tree
+is about 5 years old.
+
+39. Four large bitternut-hickory trees, top-worked to Beaver hybrid.
+Beaver branches distinguished by larger leaves and fewer leaflets. Stock
+shoots will be cut out gradually, allowing Beaver to have entire tree
+finally.
+
+40. Bitternut hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
+
+41. Hybrid walnut. (Siebold x Persian). Tree riddled by walnut weevil
+every year hopelessly.
+
+42. Taylor shagbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock. I fill the
+cavities with paraffin and turpentine. There are three or four nuts left
+in the top of the tree. The tree has borne nuts for three years.
+
+43. Pinus edulis.
+
+44. Marquardt pecan on bitternut.
+
+45. Dead hybrid hickory, grafted to Beaver hybrid. Grafts made enormous
+growth in first year--10 feet for some grafts. All blew out in one
+minute of hurricane in advance of thunder storm.
+
+46. Bartlett hazel grafted on common hazel. There are a number of dead
+ends, caused by a small worm you can hardly see.
+
+47. Chinese chestnut. Blighted at foot of trunk but the tree continues
+to bear.
+
+48. Garritson persimmon. Best of all varieties called seedless, but the
+large staminate tree nearby spoils that feature. It is about five years
+old, and bears very regularly and heavily. The stock came from Mr.
+Jones.
+
+49. Early Golden persimmon. Carries one graft of Everhart seedless
+variety on lowest large branch.
+
+50. Hybrid walnut. Juglans nigra. I do not remember which parent I used.
+
+51. Pignolia nut pine. _Pignolia pinea._ It is a seedling. You can buy
+pignolia nuts in Europe for food everywhere.
+
+52. Hardy soft-shelled almond. I do not know the variety as the label is
+lost; but the tree was put there about 3 or 4 years ago. It came from
+the Government.
+
+58. Deming purple walnut. I think Dr. Deming can best tell you about
+this.
+
+DR. DEMING: It grows on the side of the road between Norwalk and
+Danbury, where the very large black walnut tree is, 15 feet in
+circumference, said to be the largest in Connecticut. This purple
+variety has nuts with a brownish red involucre showing sharply against
+the green leaves. The young foliage is purplish red, and the cambium and
+the pellicle of the kernels are purple. It is a very fair nut and the
+tree is very striking when it starts in spring with the beautiful tufts
+of leaves.
+
+DR. MORRIS: It may be a valuable wood for cabinet-makers. Every part of
+the wood is purple. There are two purple trees. The smaller tree is
+evidently a seedling of the larger.
+
+54. Young Major pecan.
+
+55. Webb Persian walnut on American walnut stock. The nuts are enormous
+and of Alpine type of good quality. You saw some of these yesterday
+among those brought in by Prof. Neilson. You sometimes see these in the
+French market where they are called "Argonne." I picked this up in
+Greenwood. It has many nuts this year and this is the second crop of
+leaves.
+
+56. Busseron pecan. This had a full crop of flowers this year, both
+staminate and pistillate.
+
+57. Appomattox pecan, from the James River in Virginia. This and four
+other kinds of pecans would have borne nuts this year excepting for
+defoliation. It is a handsome tree and will bear next year.
+
+58. Seedling filbert. About six years old.
+
+59. Daviana filbert from Europe. Many people call them "hazels," but I
+think we should call them "filberts."
+
+60. Josephine persimmon. It has borne heavily every year except this
+year. It still has some leaves left. Some people are very fond of the
+fruit. I do not like that as well as the Garretson. It is a big
+persimmon and a very good one. The fruit stays on until late November
+and December. I think the Garretson is the best persimmon I have ever
+had.
+
+61. Lambert persimmon. Largest fruited American kind.
+
+62. Japanese persimmon, planted between the rocks for protection from
+wind in winter, and from heat in summer. Hardy now for two years but of
+slow growth.
+
+63. Beaver grafted on bitternut.
+
+64. Weiker hybrid hickory on shagbark stock.
+
+65. European filbert grafted upon common hazel stock. The squirrels have
+lived on it. I can count 7 nuts left. I made grafts more than a foot
+long. It was planted three years ago. I could show you several hundred
+trees bearing heavily this year, and on all of them we lost the first
+crop of leaves.
+
+66. Beaver grafted Nov. 5, 1922, on bitternut.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Will they live when grafted at any time throughout the
+year?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I would not be afraid to graft anything at any time of the
+year.
+
+67. Taylor shagbark grafted July 21, 1924. Probably mockernut stock.
+Growth slow but sure.
+
+68. Wild beak hazel. Nuts not so good as those of common hazel.
+
+69. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
+
+70. Hazel, patch-grafted here and there with Bony Bush filbert. The
+larger and darker leaves are Bony Bush.
+
+71. Leonard shagbark grafted on stock probably shagbark. Nut very small,
+thin shelled, highest quality and keeps for four years without becoming
+rancid.
+
+72. Shagbark top-worked to Taylor variety, but only a few grafts. Too
+much work for a tree of this size.
+
+73. Pleas hybrid pecan on butternut stock.
+
+74. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
+
+75. Here is a very interesting object lesson. No. 74 is a bitternut
+top-worked to Beaver, and all doing well. The same day, with the same
+graft, I top-worked this pignut. The pignut refused the graft and died
+insulted. But another stock from the same root accepted Marquardt.
+
+76. Bitternut stock accepting Marquardt pecan tardily.
+
+77. Here is another form of borer. I treat them in this way: Cut away a
+little of the hole, pour in the chloroform and stop up the hole with
+soap. That will kill all of the borers in the tree.
+
+78. Grafts of Laney hybrid hickory on bitternut.
+
+79. Group of four filberts--not blighting, but not thriving this year or
+last. Reason unknown. Soil is heavy clay hardpan near top. Top swampy in
+spring.
+
+80. Taylor shagbark on bitternut.
+
+81. Taylor shagbark on shagbark stock.
+
+82. Bitternut grafted to Lucado pecan. Grafts grew well for two summers,
+but died in second winter.
+
+83. One poor graft of pecan on bitternut.
+
+84. Pleas hybrid pecan.
+
+85. Merribrooke chestnut grafted upon Chinese chestnut sprouts.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Have you been able to bud chestnuts successfully?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes.
+
+86. Daviana filbert.
+
+87. Hybrid hazel. (_Colurna x Americana_).
+
+88. Avellana hazel. Variety _Contorta_.
+
+89. Siebold walnut. _Parthenogen._
+
+90. Hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata). Grafted to another
+hybrid, but stock now blighting.
+
+91. One of a series of chinkapins, natural or hybrids, grafted over to
+other hybrids or to the Merribrooke variety of American sweet chestnut.
+Some are blighting.
+
+92. Original Bony-Bush hazel. Blighting moderately. Treatment for blight
+not followed because of wish to note the degree of resistance.
+
+That bush was named by Dr. J. Russell Smith. The nut is remarkably thin
+shelled, very long and curious in form.
+
+93. Chinkapin, not grafted. These bear heavily every year
+notwithstanding the blight. From the same root common chinkapin will
+keep on bearing year after year. When one stock blights another takes
+its place so that heavy continuous bearing is the rule.
+
+94. Original No. 1 Morris hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata).
+Nuts of size and quality of American sweet chestnut. Tree blighted in
+its 13th year after bearing crops for 8 or 9 years. New stump sprouts
+now growing.
+
+(Note: At this time, the guests were called to the lawn back of the
+house, where a luncheon was served by Mrs. Morris. The tables were laid
+sumptuously, and all enjoyed it the more because of the surroundings,
+where trees on one side bent over a clear trout-stream, and elsewhere
+old-fashioned gardens splashed colors over the green background.)
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS SESSION
+
+Held on Third Day
+
+
+(Note: It was planned that this session should be held during the
+afternoon of the third day, after the trip through Dr. Morris's estate.
+However, while the members were exploring deep in a wooded portion of
+Merribrooke, a sudden downpour of rain occurred. The nearest shelter was
+found to be the barn, where the members agreed that the following
+session should be held, since it was not possible to reach the main
+house. All members were standing during the session, including the
+reporter who wrote with the notebook resting against one of Dr. Morris's
+cars.)
+
+Session called to order by President Weber.
+
+DR. SMITH: There should be added to the by-laws the following amendment:
+
+ARTICLE V. Members all be sent a notification of annual dues at the time
+they are due, and if not paid within two months thereafter they shall be
+sent a _second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing
+on account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
+annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
+_third notice_ shall be sent, notifying such members that unless dues
+are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names will
+be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+_The President_: The motion has been seconded; all in favor please
+signify by saying "Aye."
+
+(Vote carried unanimously).
+
+_The Secretary_: The association should have a fiscal year. Shall we
+discuss this or will the president authorize the secretary and the
+treasurer to agree upon a date most convenient to them for the beginning
+of the fiscal year?
+
+MR. REED: I move that we leave this to the discretion of the secretary
+and the treasurer.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion, please signify.
+
+(Voted as presented).
+
+THE SECRETARY: I move that combination membership in the Association
+with subscription to the American Nut Journal be $4.50, a deduction of
+25 cents each by the Association and the Journal.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion please so indicate.
+
+(Motion carried).
+
+THE SECRETARY: The next thing is to elect new officers.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Reed will please read the report of the Committee on
+Nominations.
+
+MR. REED: The making of this report was one of both great pleasure and
+of extreme regret. Since Dr. Deming has found that it will not be
+possible for him to continue as secretary, the following names are
+offered:
+
+   President--Harry R. Weber.
+   Vice-President--Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger.
+   Secretary--Mrs. B. W. Gahn.
+   Treasurer--H. J. Hilliard.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any exceptions to this? Will those who are in
+favor please so state?
+
+(Election carried unanimously).
+
+DR. SMITH: Dr. Deming's retiring from the secretaryship is a matter
+which all old-timers will regret, and I want to move that this
+association record in its proceedings the fullest appreciation of his
+great and faithful service in helping to carry the organization through
+so many years. I do not know what we would have done without his service
+and it is with great regret that we see him step aside.
+
+(Motion seconded and unanimously carried).
+
+DR. DEMING: I wish to express my gratitude to the members for their
+kindness, but I also wish to say that although I have stepped aside, I
+have not entirely passed away. I am still with you and I shall always
+give the association the best of my efforts in whatever way they may be
+needed; its interests shall always be dear to me.
+
+DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that we have an object lesson here. Excepting
+for Dr. Deming's efforts I doubt whether this organization could have
+held together and worked harmoniously during its years of existence. He
+has been the key-note of the work with which others have helped, and we
+have been successful because of concerted work on the part of a number
+of men who are looking forward to the great future of this new
+agriculture, this new source of agriculture for the entire world,
+wherein we are going to be able to depend upon the sub-soil for our
+sustenance. It is through untiring work and self sacrifice that those
+who are so interested in this work have been able to work as a mass
+unit. I do not know of anything more that I could say.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am sure that we all regret to see Dr. Deming step
+aside, but we will still have him with us and I am very sure that he
+will do all possible for the good of the association always.
+
+DR. DEMING: I stated a few moments ago that although I had stepped aside
+I had not passed away; but since then I have changed my mind. I believe
+that I have entirely passed away.
+
+DR. SMITH: I move a resolution of great appreciation for Dr. Morris's
+and Mrs. Morris's hospitality to us, and for enabling us to enjoy the
+beautiful day we have had here.
+
+(Motion seconded and unanimously passed).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris, you now have notice of the official action of
+the association in their desire to thank you.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I thank you, but I must say that I have had very little to
+do with it; I may have made the suggestion, but the women always do all
+of the work and in this case my wife and daughters have done it all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have not yet decided on the place for our next
+convention. I would like to have your ideas.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I had three ideas as to that; one is to go to Mr. Riehl's
+place next year. Prof. Colby said that if we should, he would assume the
+responsibility of the committee on arrangements. We are first to ask Mr.
+Riehl whether it would be in accordance with his ideas and wishes.
+
+The second idea is this. We saw yesterday only a small part of Mr.
+Bixby's exhibit, one of the finest collections in the world. We should
+have to spend more than a day there to see it satisfactorily. In
+connection with a visit to the Hick's nurseries, and others in the
+vicinity, it would take more than a day.
+
+The third idea is to go again to Lancaster to see Mr. Jones' nursery and
+other things in that vicinity. It seems to me that we must make a choice
+between these three.
+
+MR. JONES: I would be very glad to have you come to Lancaster.
+
+DR. MORRIS: The objection to that is that Mr. Riehl is now 86 years of
+age. In view of that our first choice ought to be Mr. Riehl's place.
+
+DR. SMITH: I move that, if it prove acceptable to Mr. Riehl, we meet in
+western Illinois.
+
+MR. JONES: Why not add, "If that is not satisfactory, to go to
+Lancaster?"
+
+DR. MORRIS: We should go back to Long Island next year and complete what
+we did not see this year, if we do not go to Mr. Riehl's.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The Secretary has received from the St. Louis Chamber of
+Commerce an invitation worded with rather more cordiality than usual to
+hold our next convention in St. Louis. They offer to provide a meeting
+place, speakers, publicity, to do all except give the cash prizes and
+entertainment. I do not know exactly how far St. Louis is from Alton,
+but I understand it is one hour's ride by rail.
+
+MR. REED: We could also see the Botanical Garden and the collection of
+large trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think the sentiment is in favor of the western meeting.
+We can easily get to Mr. Riehl's place from St. Louis.
+
+MR. REED: It is 22 miles from St. Louis to Alton, and there you can
+change and go to Mr. Riehl's. I think it best to go to St. Louis for the
+convention and to take a day at Mr. Riehl's place.
+
+THE SECRETARY: As to the date we would not be able to decide upon that
+without first consulting Mr. Riehl and learning the time convenient for
+him. However, we should express our opinion as to the best time,
+approximately.
+
+MR. REED: I believe it would be to the advantage of the organization to
+go there at a time when the nuts are on the trees. We have seen the
+species and varieties in bearing, but we have not seen a paying orchard
+ready for harvest. I believe we should have the meeting about September
+10, or a little later.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Then we will move that the convention next year be held
+at St. Louis on September 10, or a little later as may be decided by the
+Executive Committee after consultation with Mr. Riehl.
+
+(Motion put, voted and carried).
+
+DR. MORRIS: Another important matter is in regard to publicity. For this
+meeting I have sent notes to about 15 different publications, expecting
+that they would give us notices. Not a single one of them gave us
+notices. This morning one of the reporters called me and said he was
+sorry he could not be here as he had an important meeting to attend. He
+wanted to know what the Northern Nut Growers' Association was like, if
+it was something like the Tree Planting Association. The fact is that
+people do not understand, as yet, the meaning of this association or its
+purpose. They do not realize that California sends 25,000 tons of
+walnuts to market, worth millions of dollars, and 10,000 tons of almonds
+this year. They don't realize that down in Georgia, in the poor, puny
+pinewoods where men had a hard time to make a living at one time, they
+are now riding around in limousines because they are growing nuts. They
+do not realize the enormous social and economic importance and
+consequence of work of the nut growers of today in the part that they
+play in the agriculture of the world for tomorrow. The newspapers would
+rather send some representative to see a prince fall down with his
+horse. But I know from mutual acquaintances that the Prince would rather
+be with us here today at this meeting than to be listening to a thousand
+and one nonentities and taking part in conversations with no future
+meaning. I believe that if I had thought about inviting him in time I
+should have had him out here. I have had experience with members of
+royalty before and I know what serious-minded people they are.
+
+The next subject discussed was that of dropping members who are not in
+general good standing. After the discussion the decision stood that no
+action could be taken unless specific charges against the member were
+presented and proven true.
+
+Another matter discussed was that of compensation to Mrs. Gahn for doing
+secretarial work for the association. It was voted by those present that
+she should be compensated, but the amount of compensation should be left
+to the decision of the Executive Committee.
+
+The President adjourned the session sine die, at 4 p. m.
+
+Because of lack of time, several papers were not read. These are
+included herewith:
+
+
+
+
+NUTS
+
+_By Hon. Royal S. Copeland, U. S. Senator from N. Y._
+
+
+Whenever there is a peculiar individual in the community, he is apt to
+be called a "nut." As ordinarily used this is a term of derision, but
+the more one studies the value of the nut the more he is impressed with
+the idea that this isn't a good word to apply to an abnormal individual,
+unless he happens to be abnormally good. The nut is one of the best of
+the products of nature. It is one of the oldest of foods, and among
+certain animals it is almost the only food depended upon for health and
+growth.
+
+If Mr. Bryan is mistaken about the origin of man, and if his antagonists
+are right, the natural ancestors of the human race were all nut eaters.
+At least the gorillas and chimpanzees are fond of the nut. When we go
+back to the early history of the Greeks and the early inhabitants of
+Great Britain, we find that they depended largely upon the acorn for
+food.
+
+When measured by the caloric method it is surprising how much richer in
+nourishment the nut is than almost every other food substance. Nuts
+average about ten times as many calories per pound as the richest
+vegetables.
+
+It makes you hungry to hear the names of the nuts. In this country we
+have the walnut, butternut, hazel nut and the hickory nut, the chestnut
+and the beechnut. These are native to our land. Then there are
+cultivated orchards of Persian walnuts, pecans, almonds and peanuts.
+
+Christmas and Thanksgiving would be a failure without nuts; they are a
+part of the hospitable fare and no stocking is well filled at Christmas
+time unless a handful of nuts is added to the surprises.
+
+Isn't it amazing what popular ideas there are in existence about the
+digestibility of foods. Many of these are fallacious. For instance, it
+is common belief that nuts are difficult to digest. This is not well
+founded. Of course nuts like all foods which are used as a part of the
+dessert are considered merely as an addition to the meal, and not a part
+of the meal structure. You finish your meal, having eaten everything you
+need and having filled your stomach, then you are given a dish of ice
+cream and, perhaps, after that the nuts are passed. They taste so good
+that you are tempted to take one more about ten times. You fail to chew
+the nut thoroughly and you crowd it into an already overfilled stomach.
+Because it happens to be the first thing to come up in case of disaster
+you jump at the illogical conclusion that your indigestion is due to the
+nuts. I need not tell you how unscientific is your conviction.
+
+Several varieties of nuts are used for the making of nut butter, and
+this food is a very excellent substitute for meat.
+
+Certainly nuts have material advantage over a good many foods. They keep
+indefinitely. They never putrefy. They are not infested with harmful
+bacteria. You can never get tape-worm or any other parasitic trouble,
+which occasionally follows the eating of infected food.
+
+I am glad there are societies organized to propagate the nut. A
+prominent concern of New York City is very active in promulgating the
+value of the nut, and is encouraging the planting of nut trees.
+
+Somebody has estimated that there are three million miles of country
+roads, and that if nut trees were planted alongside these roads there
+would be enough protein food for the entire population.
+
+Nuts are rich in protein, lime, iron and vitamins.
+
+Many dishes may be made from the nut which have the appearance and
+flavoring of meat, without the objectionable effects of flesh diet.
+
+Last year we imported twenty-five million pounds of almonds, forty
+million pounds of Brazil nuts, eighteen million pounds of filberts, and
+forty-four million pounds of walnuts,--about twenty million dollars
+worth of these nuts were brought into the country.
+
+This shows that there is some appreciation certainly of an article of
+food which deserves to be even more commonly used than it is at present.
+
+
+
+
+HARDINESS IN NUT TREES
+
+_By C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+Nut trees of most species commonly thrive at both latitudes and
+altitudes much greater than the limits of regular or even frequent crop
+production. This fact is seldom fully appreciated by prospective
+planters, particularly in the North, who, not unnaturally, assume that
+the presence of a group of vigorous appearing trees, or even of a single
+tree, particularly in a fruitful year, is sufficient evidence of local
+hardiness to justify commercial planting. However, practically all of
+our native species of nut-bearing trees are indigenous well beyond the
+range of regular crop production. This is made possible by occasional
+seasons favorable to seed production which enable such species to
+reproduce themselves. A crop once in a quarter century would be
+sufficient for this purpose.
+
+Taking the pecan as an illustration of how a species may be affected by
+latitude, it has been found that, as the limits of hardiness are
+approached, the ill effects on the species in approximate order are:
+
+   (1)  reduction in size of nut, especially with oblong varieties
+          in length,
+   (2)  increased proportion of faulty kernels,
+   (3)  increased irregularity of crop,
+   (4)  practical crop failure, and lastly the
+   (5)  partial, then complete, destruction of the tree.
+
+On the other hand, the fact that a tree is subject to occasional winter
+injury, or that it bears irregularly, or not at all in a particular
+site, is not necessarily to be taken that the same tree in a different
+site or under slightly changed environment would not perform
+satisfactorily, even in the same locality. A change in exposure or of
+cultural treatment, or of rootstock, or of variety, or a modified
+association of varieties, might and frequently does bring about entirely
+different results. Sometimes a southern exposure causes trees to respond
+to mild weather, in winter or early spring, and to be caught by
+subsequent, violent drops in temperature. Some of the best known and
+best performing Persian walnut trees in the East are on a northwestern
+exposure, yet the species is commonly not hardy in the temperate
+portions of this country.
+
+To a certain extent the ability of orchard trees to withstand frost
+injury is subject to control. The danger is greatest with trees which
+have grown late or those which have become devitalized for some reason
+or with those which are in poorly drained soils. The kind of root stock
+which has been used, is known to have had an influence in some cases.
+Doubtless this will be better understood as different stocks are used by
+the leaders in pecan breeding. Varieties also are known to differ
+greatly in their degree of hardiness. However, failure upon the part of
+otherwise normal trees to bear paying crops with regularity is not
+necessarily due to low temperatures. Other factors, such as
+self-sterility, may be wholly responsible for at least the lightness of
+crops.
+
+So far as the orchardist is concerned, a tree is not hardy unless it is
+capable of bearing crops the average of which are profitable. On the
+other hand, occasional winter injury does not prove that a species
+cannot be grown successfully in the same locality. Neither the peach nor
+the apple industries of the North nor those of the citrus in the South
+and California nor, in fact, any of the other horticultural commodities
+of this country are wholly unaffected by frost damage. Our forest trees
+may be more subject to winter killing than we suspect. A certain amount
+of winter-injury is to be expected in any part of the country no matter
+what the species of plant may be.
+
+The frequency with which winter or spring injury is definitely known to
+occur gives color to a rising theory that freezing temperatures may play
+a vastly greater part in the development of the nut industry over the
+entire country than is commonly supposed. Much of the evidence of damage
+from this cause is of such nature as to be easily overlooked or
+attributed to other causes. Trees and plants of many kinds have become
+so accustomed to injury by freezing that they are able to recover
+without the injury always being apparent. A few illustrations of this
+which have come to the writer's attention might be cited.
+
+In December 1919, a sudden drop in temperature of from 32°F to 24°F
+occurred at McMinnville, Oregon, with fatal result to cultivated trees
+and shrubs of many kinds. The damage was greatest in flat bottoms,
+especially those where neither land nor air drainage was good. Under
+such conditions, numerous apple orchards were killed outright. Prunes
+and Persian walnuts were so badly injured to the snow-line that
+subsequently great numbers of trees were cut down. Both staminate and
+pistillate buds of filberts above the snow were practically all
+destroyed. Later on, the entire tops of many of the older-bearing
+filbert trees succumbed. An instance of particular interest, in so far
+as this discussion is concerned, was afforded by the behavior of a
+shagbark hickory tree in McMinnville, some 20 or 30 years old, which had
+been grown from a Missouri seed. In February, when examination was made
+of the condition of this tree, it was found that all visible buds had
+been killed, yet the bark on the branches between the buds was in
+apparently perfect condition. The question as to what the tree would do,
+therefore, became one of great interest. The following September, when
+revisited, this tree was found to have such a wealth of luxuriant
+foliage that the observer felt that the accuracy of his February records
+was challenged. However, closer inspection showed that growth had
+entirely taken place from adventitious buds, and that the dead buds and
+spurs were still in evidence. There were no nuts on the tree but
+otherwise the casual observer would not have suspected that the tree had
+been affected in any way. In all likelihood, the owner of the tree would
+deny that it had been injured.
+
+Another case of somewhat similar kind occurred early during the present
+year in a pecan orchard in South Georgia. The trees had been set in
+1917, and in 1919, a portion selected by the Bureau of Plant Industry
+for conducting a series of fertilizer and cover-crop experiments. The
+summer of 1923 was extremely dry. This was followed by warm rains in the
+late fall and early winter. On January 6, during a period of high wind,
+the mercury dropped to within a few degrees of zero, official reports
+recording temperatures of from 6 to 8 degrees above zero at various
+nearby stations.
+
+On March 31, Dr. J. J. Skinner, of the Office of Soil Fertility
+Investigations, in attending to the spring fertilizer applications,
+discovered that a high proportion of the trees had been badly winter
+injured, as indicated by the usual characteristic evidence. These
+included a considerable exudence of sour and frothy sap from the trunks
+of the trees, particularly those having smooth bark. This invariably
+occurred on the west side. Shot-hole borers, which not infrequently
+follow such injury, were already at work.
+
+This situation was at once called to the attention of the owner of the
+orchard who lived some 50 miles away. He replied that although he made
+frequent visits to the orchard, the matter had not attracted his
+attention, nor had it been reported to him. On April 17, he inspected
+the orchard and the day following, reported to the Bureau by special
+delivery that as a result of a rather hasty inspection, he was convinced
+that from 16 to 20 per cent of the trees in the experimental tract were
+injured, but that in the rest of this orchard the injury was
+insignificant, probably not exceeding 4 per cent. His not unnatural
+deduction was that the high fertilization of the soil in the
+experimental tract had caused tender growth which, under the extreme
+conditions of the previous months, had been unable to survive.
+
+On April 24, a careful record of the condition of all trees in this
+tract and of a representative number of those in adjacent parts of the
+orchard, was made by Mr. J. L. Pelham of the Bureau of Plant Industry
+and the writer, in company with the owner of the orchard and his
+superintendent. It was found that in the experimental tract, 50 per cent
+of the trees had been visibly injured, thus exceeding the owner's
+maximum estimate by about 30 per cent. Of the total number of trees, 20
+per cent were regarded as being slightly injured, and 30 per cent
+severely so. Of the fertilized trees within the experimental tract, 55
+per cent showed injury to some degree as compared with 58 per cent of
+the trees unfertilized, also within the tract.
+
+Inspection of the trees outside of the experimental tract showed that
+52.6 per cent were affected, 40.8 per cent being slightly, and 11.8 per
+cent severely injured. A second inspection made June 9 showed that
+while a few of the most severely injured trees had succumbed, the
+apparent condition of the majority was greatly improved. In the
+experimental tract 6 per cent were dead, 13.50 per cent in doubtful
+condition, and 80.25 per cent were apparently in good condition. Of the
+trees in outside tracts, the percentage dead, doubtful and apparently
+sound were 2.80, 9.008 and 87.42, respectively.
+
+The lesson of present importance from this narrative is that afforded by
+the illustration not only of the ease with which the matter all but
+escaped the attention of a careful grower but of the difficulty of even
+impressing upon him the full gravity of the situation. In spite of a
+prejudice which he conceded was in his mind, when he first inspected the
+trees on April 17, he underestimated the number affected by from
+one-third to one-half.
+
+This grower was not alone in his failure to detect evidence of winter
+injury as was subsequently proven by the negative replies to a general
+inquiry to growers in many sections sent out in May, together with
+numerous reports of severe injury received during June and early July.
+The fact is that winter injury was more or less general in the pecan
+orchards of much of the South. Had it been possible to observe further,
+it is highly probable that a direct relation would have been found
+between this damage and the lightness in the set of the crop of nuts in
+1924 over the general pecan district.
+
+Other instances of damages to nut trees which have largely escaped
+notice might be cited, but these will perhaps be sufficient to call
+similar cases to the minds of other observers. Of particular interest in
+the northern part of the country are specific instances of the behavior
+of individual species and their varieties with reference to ability to
+withstand local climatic conditions. To cite a few: Mr. E. A. Riehl, of
+Godfrey, Ill., 8 miles from Alton, reports that during his 60 years of
+residence on a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi, the pecan trees
+in the river bottoms of the immediate neighborhood have fruited with
+exceeding irregularity. A correspondent from Evansville, who cleared 200
+acres of forest land along the Ohio of all growth other than pecan,
+reports that the yields have been disappointing. F. W. McReynolds of
+Washington, D. C. has 50 or more grafted trees now 8 or 10 years old, 10
+miles north of the District, which, although in otherwise thrifty
+condition, have not fruited.
+
+T. P. Littlepage of Washington, D. C., has some 30 acres of pecan trees,
+also grafted, on his farm near Bowie, Md., which have borne some nuts
+during the last three years, but the product has been undersized,
+poorly-filled and distinctly inferior. Mr. Littlepage reports that
+during the past spring, these trees suffered appreciable injury in the
+freezing back of the fruit spurs and that the nuts which formed were
+from a second set of spurs. His trees bore in the neighborhood of a
+bushel of nuts which looked more promising than usual until the middle
+of October when freezing temperature occurring between the 14th and the
+24th, completely destroyed the crop. At Bell Station, near Glenndale,
+Md., about three miles nearer Washington than Bowie, at Marietta, a
+colonial plantation, there is a clump of pecan trees dating back to the
+days of Thomas Jefferson. These are apparently hardy except in the
+matter of yields. Dr. M. B. Waite, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who
+has long known these trees, states that they bore heavily in one year,
+about 1912, but that since that time, they have borne very little.
+
+On the other hand, Mr. Albert Stabler of Washington, has 6 or 8 trees of
+varieties similar to those in the plantings of Messrs. Littlepage and
+McReynolds and of about the same age, on a farm not far from that of the
+latter, one variety of which, Major, in 1923 bore some very fair quality
+nuts. Although small, they were typical for that variety both in respect
+to size and high quality. The crop of 1924 was practically a failure,
+the set being very light. In the test orchard of Mr. J. F. Jones of
+Lancaster, Pa., young trees of several of the better known varieties are
+making a good start in the way of beginning to yield and in showing no
+appreciable signs of winter injury. Most of these trees bore light crops
+last year, (1923) but are practically barren this year.
+
+South of Waynesboro, Pa., on a farm belonging to Mr. G. H. Lesher, there
+are 7 seedling pecan trees some 50 years old, which not only show no
+signs of winter injury outwardly visible, but have the reputation of
+bearing fairly well on alternate years. The present (1924) being the
+favorable year, the trees had a good sprinkling of nuts in clusters of
+as many as 5 each, when seen on July 23. A few miles farther north, in
+the town of Mont Alto, at an altitude of about 1000 feet, near the
+location of the State Forestry School of Pennsylvania, another tree said
+to be 65 years old, and having a girth at breast height of 65 inches, on
+the residence grounds of Mr. H. B. Verdeer, is apparently as hardy as
+are the indigenous species of the neighborhood. It is claimed to have
+recently borne three pecks of nuts in a single season, and it now has a
+very good crop. Numerous other instances of pecan trees in the North
+might be cited, but these suffice to establish not only the uncertainty
+of hardiness of the pecan in the North, but also the probability of nut
+crops in occasional years or oftener, well beyond the generally accepted
+range of the species.
+
+The hardiness of the Persian walnut is difficult to define. To again
+quote Dr. Waite, "_Juglans regia_, as we know it in the east and north,
+frequently succeeds over long intervals of time under conditions of
+climate, soil, elevation, and general environment suitable for the
+peach. It is perhaps a trifle more subject to injury by radical drops in
+temperature, but it recuperates with decidedly greater difficulty." Dr.
+Waite points out that there is a striking similarity between the
+requirements of local environment of the Persian walnut and the sweet
+cherry. It develops that this is a familiar comparison in southwestern
+British Columbia. Both require good drainage of air and soil, or the
+benefit of moderating influence such as is afforded by large bodies of
+water. Also both are endangered by warm spells during the dormant
+months.
+
+These statements cover the situation quite correctly, as it is seen by
+the writer, although it might be added that beyond or west of the Ohio
+River, in the middle portion of the country, this species is seldom able
+to survive for more than one or two winters. Many trees have been
+planted in Michigan, but the great majority have passed out entirely
+even where peaches normally succeed. However, it is the experience of a
+few growers in Sanilac County, bordering Lake Huron, that within a half
+mile of the lake, there is a greater profit in Persian walnuts than in
+peaches. One grower at Lockport, New York, has found Persian walnuts to
+pay better than other orchard crops which he has raised at equal expense
+or upon equal areas of land. An orchard at East Avon, widely known at
+one time and visited by the Northern Nut Growers' Association in 1915,
+practically succumbed entirely after having borne but one good crop in
+about 35 years. Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn., who knows
+intimately many dozen trees of this species within a radius of 50 miles
+of New York City, finds that few bear significant crops except at long
+intervals. From Stamford, Conn., near the Atlantic Seaboard, south to
+Norfolk, Va., Persian walnut trees are not uncommon in door-yards. They
+are fairly frequent in southern Pennsylvania west over practically half
+the length of the State and through Maryland west to Hagerstown. There
+are perhaps more productive trees in Lancaster County, than in any other
+county in either Pennsylvania or Maryland, with the possible exception
+of some county of the Eastern Shore of the latter state, which section
+already has been referred to. In Lancaster county yields are sufficient
+to give considerable profit from trees not occupying expensive land.
+
+The Japanese walnut affords a curious analogy in regard to hardiness.
+During normal years, it succeeds over practically the same range as that
+of the black walnut, yet it freezes in early fall, mild winter or late
+spring when conditions are adverse, even when black walnut and pecan
+nearby are not visibly affected. Mr. Jones finds the Lancaster heartnut,
+a variety originating in his county, to be subject to injury by spring
+freezing to such an extent that he has largely discontinued its
+propagation. Mr. Edwin A. Surprise, of Boston, reports that this variety
+grows well in summer but freezes back in winter about as much as it
+grows in summer. Mr. Bartlett regards it as one of the most valuable
+acquisitions in his nut planting at Stamford, Conn., as it is a
+handsome, vigorous grower, and promises to bear well. As a safer variety
+in the Lancaster district Mr. Jones has substituted the Faust from
+Bamberg, S. C., which vegetates later in spring and thus far has proved
+less subject to injury.
+
+The twigs of young black walnut trees are occasionally injured by
+freezing in winter, but recorded instances of such damage are rare. This
+is a field which should be investigated, as there is evidently no data
+showing even the regularity with which the black walnut bears in any
+section, much less the extent to which fruiting is restricted by
+destruction of the buds or spurs as a result of severe temperatures in
+winter or spring. This also applies to hardiness of the butternut, the
+hickories and of introduced species of chestnut.
+
+In conclusion, it is pointed out that planters should not assume that
+the presence of a healthy tree is proof of sufficient hardiness to
+warrant extensive plantings, neither should they over-look the fact that
+an occasional satisfactory crop may be but slim evidence of commercial
+possibilities. It requires years of trial before a species or variety
+can fully establish its hardiness. Yet, on the other hand, to wait to
+find a kind of nut a hundred per cent hardy under all conditions, would
+be not to plant at all. No varieties of any species are immune to winter
+injury over any great portion of the United States. The planting of nut
+trees in the northern part of the country is certain to go forward, but
+for the present, east of the Rockies, large orchards of nut trees of any
+species or variety must be regarded as fields promising for
+experimentation rather than of sound commercial investment.
+
+A common error in the minds of the American people is the assumption
+that to be a success, a thing must be performed upon a large scale. To
+develop a nut industry, it is imagined that there must be great orchards
+of hundreds of acres. It is not realized that a great proportion of the
+walnuts, almonds, filberts, and chestnuts annually imported from Europe,
+are from roadside, hillside and door-yard trees which could as well have
+been grown in this country on what is now idle land in thickly populated
+agricultural districts. No one need expect to attain great wealth from
+the products of door-yard or waste land trees but the by-product which
+could readily be salvaged from nut trees, would likely be very
+acceptable when interest and taxes or other bills come due.
+
+
+
+
+WALNUT GRAFTING INVESTIGATIONS
+
+_T. J. Talbert, Professor of Horticulture, University of Missouri,
+College of Agriculture_
+
+
+These investigations are to determine the best varieties of the improved
+black walnut for Missouri. Valuable information is also being procured
+in reference to the topworking or cleft grafting of the native seedling
+black walnut to the improved sorts.
+
+Since practically every Missouri farm contains some waste land upon
+which the native walnut and other nut trees may be growing, it is
+believed that it is possible to topwork these seedling sorts to improved
+kinds which will not only supply a larger quantity of thinner shelled,
+more highly flavored nuts for home use, but a surplus for the market.
+There is a growing demand for the seedling black walnut.
+
+At the present time Missouri leads all other states in the production of
+this nut. The results which are being obtained in this experiment are
+proving to be of unusual interest and profit to Missouri growers.
+
+The investigation has been extended to include, besides black walnuts,
+pecans, hickories, hazel nuts, chinkapins and chestnuts. With each of
+these nuts our object is to determine better varieties for Missouri
+conditions, more profitable and economical methods of production and
+more satisfactory methods of culture, as well as to stimulate an
+interest in the marketing and larger use of these products.
+
+The improved varieties of seedling black walnut have been found to be
+exceedingly easy to propagate by cleft grafting the native or common
+seedlings. The cleft graft has been used successfully upon seedling
+trees ranging in diameter from 1-1/2 inches to as much as 8 or 10
+inches. In general, however, it has been found best to cleft graft
+branches or limbs of no greater diameter than from 4 to 6 inches. Such
+wounds, if properly handled, usually heal over completely within 3 or 4
+years. When larger branches are used, decay is much more apt to develop
+in the wound before healing over is accomplished.
+
+The cleft grafting work is accomplished in the usual way. The limb or
+branch is removed by sawing it off. The end of the branch is then split
+with a regular grafting implement used for this purpose; or the work may
+be accomplished with an axe. If the branch is large a wedge is driven in
+the center to hold the split cavity apart and to relieve the pressure
+upon the scions which are to be inserted. Wood of the last season's
+growth is procured from the variety which it is desired to propagate and
+the lower end of the scion, which is made about 4 inches long, is
+whittled to a wedge shape, after which it is inserted in the slit made
+upon the stock. Where the stock is more than 2 inches in diameter, it is
+usually advisable to place 2 scions; and where the stock is as large as
+4 to 6 inches or more in diameter 4 scions should generally be used.
+After the placing of the scions all the cut surfaces should be carefully
+covered with grafting wax. Paper sacks are often used in our
+experimental work to cover the grafts and cut surfaces for a week or 10
+days. It has been found that the inclosing of the grafted branches in
+paper sacks for this period lessens greatly the evaporation, and more of
+the inserted scions are apt to grow.
+
+The scions may grow very rapidly, in which case it is usually necessary
+to brace them by tying a stick or branch to the stock and allowing it to
+extend for 2 or 3 feet above the point at which the grafting work was
+done. The inserted scions are then tied to this support. It is very
+important that the grower examine grafts after wind storms in order to
+repair damage which may have been done.
+
+Investigations at this station have shown that grafts usually bear fruit
+in 4 years after the grafting operation. We receive some fruit,
+occasionally, in 3 years after the work is performed. It is also
+interesting to note that when seedling walnuts of the same size are
+selected, some topworked and others untreated, the grafted trees after 5
+years' growth generally grow tops equally as large as the tops of the
+ungrafted trees.
+
+The principal improved varieties of black walnut which are being used at
+this Station are as follows: Stabler, Ohio, Thomas and Ten Eyck.
+
+(Note by the editor.--The cleft graft described by Prof. Talbert has
+been superseded in the East by other methods, chiefly the bark and the
+modified cleft grafts).
+
+
+
+
+CARE AND PREPARATION OF NUTS FOR SEED PURPOSES
+
+_By Prof. E. R. Lake, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+A nut is a seed, and a seed, normally, is an embryo plant asleep. To
+keep a nut-seed asleep and safely resting against the favorable time
+when it may awake, arise and go forth, as a vigorous seedling bent upon
+a career of earth conquest, requires no great or unusual attention and
+care save that which is necessary to maintain such conditions as will
+insure the complete maturing, ripening and curing of the seed, its
+protection against the ravages of rodents or other nut-eating animals,
+undue moisture and an unfavorably high temperature. In other words
+harvest the nuts as soon after they are mature as is possible, insure
+their complete curing, store them where they will be kept constantly so
+cool that germination cannot take place, and some nuts, as the black
+walnut and butternut, may germinate at a temperature just above zero
+(centigrade(?) Ed.) and keep them moist enough to prevent undue
+hardening of the tissues or enclosing structures (shell), at the same
+time prevent them from becoming saturated with moisture and thus
+rotting. Summarized, these conditions are: (a) a temperature just too
+low for vegetative activity. (b) A moisture content of the nut just
+below turgidity. (c) An immunity against ants, rats, mice and squirrels.
+
+_Curing._ A man-devised method for hastening the ripening of a matured
+seed or fruit, is usually carried on in a more or less enclosed space
+where the moisture and temperature conditions are kept carefully
+regulated, or in a place where the seeds are kept away from direct
+contact with sunlight and the earth. Ordinarily, the nuts are placed in
+trays 2" to 3" deep, 2' to 2-1/2' wide and 5' to 6' long. The bottom
+tray is then placed upon a pair of sawhorses or other device, in a shady
+place and 2' to 2-1/2' above the ground then the other trays are placed
+on and above the first one until all the nuts are in the tier of trays,
+or until it is 2' to 3' tall. Sometimes a current of heated,
+circulating air is used to doubly hasten the curing process, but this
+practice is to be discouraged as too often the undue heating of the nut
+germ while in this stage of ripening injures it, and thus the nuts are
+rendered unfit for reproduction. The nuts in the trays should be
+frequently stirred or turned over during the first week or ten days
+while curing.
+
+In the case of chestnuts, the crop should be harvested as soon as
+possible after the first nuts fall so that the damage from weevils may
+be kept at a minimum. Immediately after the nuts are surface-dried they
+should be treated to an application of carbon disulphide, one ounce to a
+tightly closed capacity content of an apple barrel; time of treatment
+about 24 hours. While this treatment probably will not kill all the
+weevils it will insure a much larger percentage of germination than
+there would be otherwise.
+
+After fumigating the nuts should be spread out on wire-cloth bottom
+trays and placed under a shed or trees, where a free circulation of air
+will in a few days sufficiently cure the nuts, so that they may be
+stratified and set away in a pit in the ground on the north side of a
+building, wall, hedge-row or evergreen trees, thus insuring them ample
+moisture and protection against sudden changes of temperatures and the
+ravages of rodents and other pests.
+
+Other nuts of the temperate zone may, in a general way, be treated
+without any special care other than that required to keep them from
+getting moist and warm, or destroyed by rodents or other nut-eating
+animals, or by fungous troubles.
+
+On the whole probably the best method of treatment for the amateur or
+small grower of seedling nut trees, is to stratify the nuts as soon as
+harvested, assuming that the nuts have been fairly well cured by a few
+days' exposure to drying air currents.
+
+Stratification consists in layering the nuts in clean, sharp sand, light
+loam or sawdust and placing them in a cold, moist place, as a well
+drained and shaded north hillside, where their contact with the soil and
+protection from the direct rays of the sun will insure complete dormancy
+and at the same time prevent the development of fungous troubles. To
+this end the common practice is to dig a somewhat shallow trench and
+place in it, one layer deep, the "flats" in which the nuts are
+stratified. The flat usually employed is a shallow, wooden box in which
+the bottom is provided with ample, narrow drainage cracks and the top
+covered with wire cloth that will keep out mice or larger rodents. Not
+infrequently the bottom is a wire cloth one instead of wood. Dimensions
+of the flats vary, somewhat, but a convenient size is 30" long, 15"-16"
+wide, 3"-4" deep, sides ends and bottom being made of lumber strips
+(creosoted for preservation purposes) 3\4" thick and 3"-4" wide.
+
+In these flats the nuts are placed layer upon layer, with sand, loam or
+sawdust between, something as follows: one inch of sand or other medium
+on the bottom, then a single layer of nuts, another inch layer of sand,
+etc., until the flat is full, when it is covered with the wire cloth,
+placed in the trench, covered with a few inches to a foot of leaves,
+moist hay, cornstalks or even soil, and left for the winter. At the time
+the medium for layering the nuts is being prepared, it will be well, if
+ants are present in the section where the nuts are to be stored, or
+later placed in nursery bed, to mix a liberal percentage of unleached
+wood ashes with the sand, sawdust or loam, say one part in five, more or
+less.
+
+Other flats are placed alongside or end to end in the trench until the
+stock is all in, when the whole may be covered uniformly. The layer of
+leaves or hay next to the wire cover of the flats assists in the work of
+uncovering when the inspections are made for the purpose of ascertaining
+the state of dormancy or germination.
+
+One step more and the seed stage passes into the province of the
+seedling. As soon as the stratified nuts begin to germinate they should
+be removed from the flats and planted in the nursery or propagating bed.
+The site for this purpose should be one that is well drained, open to
+air and sunshine and possessing a clean, fine, mellow and rather light
+loamy soil. The size of this plat will vary to meet the needs of the
+quantity of nuts in hand and should be prepared, preferably the fall
+before, by stirring the soil deeply and thoroughly working into it a
+goodly supply of well rotted stable compost.
+
+The rows for hand culture may be 18"-30" apart; for loose hoeing, 3' to
+3-1/2' and should lie along north and south lines. The distance and
+depth of the nuts in the row will vary with their size. In general, one
+may say that a nut should be planted the length of the lateral diameter
+below the surface of the soil, when it has settled, or about double that
+depth when the soil is freshly worked over it. The distance apart in the
+row will vary somewhat with the rapidity of growth of the species; six
+to eight inches being a fair average for walnuts and chestnuts, and 4 to
+6 for hickories and pecans.
+
+   Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, New York City,
+                         September 3, 4, 5, 1924
+
+ Species            Variety            Exhibitor       Address          Origin
+
+ 1. Black walnut                       J. A. Neilson   Vineland, Ont.   St. Thomas, Ont.
+ 2. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Niagara-on-Lake.
+ 3. Black walnut     Walsh             "  "     "          "      "     Simcoe, Ont.
+ 4. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Electric, Ont.
+ 5. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Villoria, Ont.
+ 6. Black walnut     Ohio              J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 7. Black walnut     Stabler           "  "     "          "      "
+ 8. Black walnut     Thomas            "  "     "          "      "
+ 9. Persian walnut                     J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Carpathian Mts.
+ 10. Persian walnut                    "  "     "          "      "     Grimsley, Ont.
+ 11. Persian walnut                    "  "     "          "      "     St. Catherines, Ont.
+ 12. Persian walnut  Alpine            J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 13. Persian walnut  Mayette seedling  "  "     "          "      "
+ 14. Persian walnut  Sinclair          "  "     "          "      "
+ 15. Persian walnut  Wiltz Mayette     "  "     "          "      "
+ 16. Heartnut                          J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Near Jordon, Ont.
+ 17. Heartnut                          "  "     "          "      "     Near Hamilton, Ont.
+ 18. Heartnut                          "  "     "          "      "     Near Scotland, Ont.
+ 19. Heartnut        Faust             J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 20. Heartnut        Lancaster         "  "     "          "      "
+ 21. Heartnut        Ritchey           "  "     "          "      "
+ 22. Sieboldiana walnut                J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Hamilton, Ont.
+ 23. Sieboldiana walnut                "  "     "          "      "     OAC Campus, Guelph.
+ 24. Shagbark                          J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Electric, Ont.
+ 25. Shagbark                          "  "     "          "      "     Norfolk Co., Ont.
+ 26. Shagbark hybrid  Beaver           J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 27. Shagbark hybrid  Siers            "  "     "          "      "
+ 28. Pecan                             J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  15 miles N. of Toronto
+ 29. Almond                            "  "     "          "      "     Gellatly, B. C.
+ 30. Filbert          Tray of mixed    "  "     "          "      "     Gellatly, B. C.
+ 31. Filbert            White aveline       J. F. Jones         Lancaster, Pa.
+ 32. Filbert            Barcelona           "  "     "            "      "
+ 33. Filbert            Cosford             "  "     "            "      "
+ 34. Filbert            Daviana             "  "     "            "      "
+ 35. Filbert            Du Chilly           "  "     "            "      "
+ 36. Filbert            Giant de Halle      "  "     "            "      "
+ 37. Filbert            Italian Red         "  "     "            "      "
+ 38. Filbert            Merribrooke         "  "     "            "      "
+ 39. Filbert            Noci Lunghe         "  "     "            "      "
+ 40. Filbert            Rush                "  "     "            "      "
+ 42. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 43. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 44. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 45. Filbert hybrid     Rush Cosford        "  "     "            "      "
+ 46. Filbert hybrid     Rush Cosford        "  "     "            "      "
+ 47. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 48. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 49. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 50. Filbert hybrid     Rush Italian Red    "  "     "            "      "
+ 51. Photograph--Walnut-cracking machine Black Walnut Company,
+                                          509-11-13, Spruce St., St.
+                                          Louis, Mo.
+ 52. Budding Knife
+
+[Transcriber's note: No. 41 is missing in the original]
+
+Among those present at the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern
+Nut Growers' Association, were the following:
+
+   Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
+   Dr. Fred E. Brooks, Entomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
+   Dr. and Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+   Mr. Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y.
+   Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
+   Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Bartlett, Stamford, Conn.
+   Miss H. T. Bennett, Boston, Mass.
+   Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Providence, R. I.
+   Dr. John E. Cannaday, Charleston, W. Va.
+   Mr. G. M. Codding, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
+   Prof. A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
+   Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn.
+   Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vt.
+   Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mr. Ammon P. Fritz, 55 E. Franklin St., Ephrata, Pa.
+   Mr. A. F. Graf, Bardonia, N. Y.
+   Mrs. B. W. Gahn, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
+   Mr. and Mrs. Karl W. Greene, Washington, D. C.
+   Dr. M. A. Howe, Assistant to Director, N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
+   Mr. Henry Hicks, Baldwin, L. I. (Hicks' Nurseries).
+   Mr. John W. Hershey, E. Downington, Pa.
+   Mr. Lee Whitaker Jaques, 74 Waverly St., Jersey City, N. J.
+   Mr. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+   Mr. M. G. Kains, Suffern, N. Y.
+   Mr. Thomas W. Little, Cos Cob, Conn.
+   Dr. Robt. T. Morris, Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95, Stamford, Conn.
+   Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.
+   Prof. Jas. A. Neilson, Horticultural Exp. Station, Vineland, Ont., Can.
+   Mr. Ralph T. Olcott, Ed. American Nut Journal, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mrs. R. T. Olcott, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mr. P. H. O'Connor, Bowie, Md.
+   Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture
+   Mr. John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+   Dr. J. Russell Smith, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
+   Dr. Oscar Stapf, F. R. S., late Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic
+     Gardens, Kew, London, England.
+   Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+   Mrs. Laura E. Woodward, West Chester, Pa.
+   Dr. and Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa.
+
+
+Naperville, Illinois. Established 1866
+
+NAPERVILLE NURSERIES
+
+NAPERVILLE, ILLINOIS
+
+_Transplanted Material for_
+
+LANDSCAPE, HORTICULTURAL
+
+and
+
+FORESTRY PROJECTS TREES, SHRUBS, EVERGREENS
+
+and
+
+PERENNIALS--LINING OUT STOCK
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMERICAN NUT JOURNAL Official Journal Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+The only national periodical devoted to the American Nut Industry.
+Widely read. Highly indorsed. Every phase covered. Also Official Journal
+of the National Pecan Growers Assn. Contributed to regularly by leading
+nut experts generally.
+
+   Three Years      $5.00  In Combination with Membership
+
+   Twelve Months     2.00  in N. N. G. A., 1 yr.  -  $4.50
+
+   Single Copy        .20
+
+   Advt. Rate $2.80 per col.-wide inch
+
+AMERICAN FRUITS PUBLISHING CO., INC. 39 State Street Rochester, N. Y. P.
+O. Box 124
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This space is paid for by Jas. L. Brooke, Pleasantville, Ohio, who is
+only too anxious at any time to assist in encouraging and promoting Nut
+Culture in the North.
+
+While he has only recently taken up this work, and is therefore a
+practical stranger on the roster of The Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, he will only be too anxious and willing at any time to
+contribute to the cause in any way possible.
+
+He is making a thorough search in his neighborhood where chestnuts,
+hickory nuts and black walnuts grow in abundance, for nuts of approved
+merit for propagation.
+
+In case anything is found along this line of endeavor the active members
+of the association will hear from him and samples of nuts submitted.
+
+
+NUT TREES
+
+An extra select varietal stock of nut trees for northern planting, grown
+here in Pennsylvania Nurseries. Trees grafted or budded on transplanted
+stocks and grown on land especially adapted to these trees, resulting in
+extra fine trees with exceptionally fine root systems. Write for
+catalogue and cultural guide.
+
+TOOLS and SUPPLIES
+
+For grafting or budding nut trees or top-working wild or natural trees.
+My methods are original and are used, with slight variation, by all the
+leading propagators, both north and south.
+
+Write for booklet on propagation and price list of tools.
+
+J. F. Jones, Nut Specialist
+
+LANCASTER, PA.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, by Various
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,7026 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting
+       New York City, September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: May 23, 2008 [EBook #25566]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+(INCORPORATED)
+
+REPORT
+
+OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE
+
+FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
+
+NEW YORK CITY SEPTEMBER 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+   Officers and Committees of the Association                          3
+   State Vice-Presidents                                               4
+   Members of the Association                                          5
+   Constitution                                                       10
+   By-Laws                                                            13
+   Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention                     15
+   Secretary's Report                                                 15
+   Treasurer's Report                                                 18
+   Address--Dr. Britton                                               19
+   Reports from State Vice-Presidents                              20-30
+   Top Working Hickories in the North--W. C. Deming                   32
+   Notes on Mediate and Immediate Grafting at All Times of the
+     Year--R. T. Morris                                               44
+   Stocks For Hickories--W. G. Bixby                                  48
+   The Search for Blight-resisting Chestnut Sprouts--J. F. Collins    57
+   Protection of Wounds in Nut Trees--J. F. Collins                   61
+   A Harangue on the Nut Situation in Iowa--S. W. Snyder              65
+   Some of the More Important Insects Attacking Northern
+     Nuts--Fred E. Brooks                                             68
+   Developing a Nut Industry in the Northeast--G. A. Zimmerman        75
+   Transplanting Nut Trees--W. G. Bixby                               78
+   Heredity in Trees and Plants--A. F. Blakeslee                      81
+   Progress Report on Nut Culture in Canada--J. A. Neilson            88
+   Notes by Professor A. S. Colby                                     93
+   Address by Prof. MacDaniels                                        99
+   Nut Tree Crops as a Part of Permanent Agriculture Without
+     Plowing--J. R. Smith                                            103
+   Notes at Mr. Bixby's Nut Orchards and Nurseries, Baldwin, N. Y.   107
+   Exhibits at the House of W. G. Bixby                              113
+   Notes Taken at Merribrooke, Dr. Morris' Estate Near
+     Stamford, Conn.                                                 114
+   Amendment to By-Laws                                              121
+   Nuts--R. S. Copeland                                              125
+   Hardiness in Nut Trees--C. A. Reed                                127
+   Walnut Grafting Investigations--T. J. Talbert                     135
+   Care and Preparation of Nuts for Seed Purposes--E. R. Lake        137
+   Exhibits                                                          140
+   Members Present                                                   142
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+   _President_           HARRY R. WEBER,  Gerke Building, Cincinnati, Ohio
+
+   _Vice-President_      MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER,  510 East Avenue,
+                                                  Rochester, N. Y.
+
+   _Secretary_           C. A. REED,  Box 485 Pa. Ave. Station,
+                                        Washington, D. C.
+
+   _Assistant Secretary_ MRS. B. W. GAHN,  485 Pa. Ave. Station,
+                                             Washington, D. C.
+
+   _Treasurer_           H. J. HILLIARD,  Sound View, Conn.
+
+
+
+_DIRECTORS_
+
+HARRY R. WEBER, DR. ROBT. T. MORRIS, WILLARD G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING,
+JAMES S. MCGLENNON
+
+
+
+
+_COMMITTEES_
+
+   _Auditing_--MRS. KARL W. GREENE, P. H. O'CONNOR
+
+   _Executive_--HARRY R. WEBER, MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER, C. A. REED,
+   H. J. HILLIARD, W. S. LINTON, J. S. MCGLENNON
+
+   _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+   _Hybrids_--DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD
+   SPENCE
+
+   _Membership_--HARRY R. WEBER, H. D. SPENCER, DR. J. R. SMITH,
+   R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON, DR. W. C. DEMING,
+   J. W. HERSHEY
+
+   _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES
+
+   _Press and Publications_--DR. W. C. DEMING, W. G. BIXBY, M. G.
+   KAINS
+
+   Program--HARRY R. WEBER, F. A. BARTLETT, C. A. REED, DR. ROBT.
+   T. MORRIS, A. S. COLBY
+
+   _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A.
+   NEILSON, S. W. SNYDER
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+ Arkansas         Prof. N. F. Drake  Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville
+
+ California       Will J. Thorpe  1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco
+
+ Canada           James A. Neilson  Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland, Ontario
+
+ China            P. W. Wang  Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Sechuan Road,
+                                                        Shanghai
+
+ Connecticut      Dr. W. C. Deming  983 Main St., Hartford, Conn.
+
+ Dist. of
+   Columbia       Karl W. Greene  Ridge Road, N. W., Washington
+
+ England          Howard Spence  The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
+
+ Georgia          J. M. Patterson  Putney
+
+ Illinois         Henry D. Spencer  Decatur
+
+ Indiana          J. F. Wilkinson  Rockport
+
+ Iowa             S. W. Snyder  Center Point
+
+ Kansas           James Sharp  Council Grove
+
+ Maryland         P. H. O'Connor  Bowie
+
+ Massachusetts    C. Leroy Cleaver  496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston
+
+ Michigan         Dr. J. H. Kellogg  Battle Creek
+
+ Missouri         P. C. Stark  Louisiana
+
+ Nebraska         William Caha  Wahoo
+
+ New Jersey       C. S. Ridgway  Lumberton
+
+ New York         L. H. MacDaniels  Cornell Univ., Ithaca
+
+ North Carolina   H. M. Curran  N. C. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
+
+ Ohio             James L. Brooke  Pleasantville
+
+ Oregon           Knight Pearcy  Salem
+
+ Pennsylvania     John Rick  438 Penn Square, Reading
+
+ Tennessee        J. W. Waite  Normandy
+
+ Utah             Joseph A. Smith  Edgewood Hall, Providence
+
+ Vermont          F. C. Holbrook  Brattleboro
+
+ Virginia         D. S. Harris  Roselawn, Capital Landing Road,
+                                            Williamsburg, R. F. D. 3
+
+ Washington       Richard H. Turk  Washougal
+
+ West Virginia    Dr. J. E. Cannaday  Box 693, Charleston
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+(Compiled November 12, 1924)
+
+   ARKANSAS
+      *Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
+       Dunn, D. K., Wynne
+
+   CALIFORNIA
+       Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco
+
+   CANADA
+       Neilson, Jas. A., Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland.
+
+   CHINA
+      *Wang, P. W., Sec'y, Kinsan Arboretum, 147 No. Szechuan Road,
+                                               Shanghai.
+
+   CONNECTICUT
+       Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford
+       Deming, Dr. W. C., 983 Main St., Hartford
+       Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton
+       Hilliard, H. J., Sound View
+       Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 100
+       Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
+       Montgomery, Robt. H., Cos Cob, Conn. (1924)
+      *Morris, Dr. Robt. T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95
+       Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor
+       Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol
+
+   DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+       Agriculture, Library of U. S. Dept. of
+       Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture
+       Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W.
+       Gravatt, G. F., Forest Pathology, B. P. I. Agriculture
+      *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building
+       Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture
+       Williams, A. Ray, Union Trust Bldg.
+       Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards
+       Gahn, Mrs. B. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture
+
+   ENGLAND
+       Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
+
+   GEORGIA
+       Patterson, J. M., Putney
+       Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun County
+       Wight, J. B., Cairo
+
+   ILLINOIS
+       Brown, Roy W., 220 E. Cleveland St., Spring Valley
+       Casper, O. H., Anna
+       Flexer, Walter G., 210 Campbell St., Joliet
+       Foote, Lorenzo S., Anna
+       Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian)
+       Mosnat, H. R., 10910 Prospect Ave., Morgan Park, Chicago
+       Mueller, Robert, Decatur
+       Nash, C. J., 1302 E. 53rd St., Chicago
+       Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion
+       Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2
+       Rodhouse, T. W., Jr., Pleasant Hill, R. R. 2
+       Shaw, James E., Champaign, Box 644
+       Spencer, Henry D., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+       Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown
+       Vulgamott, Chas. E., Cerro Gordo
+
+   INDIANA
+       Clayton, C. L., Owensville
+       Copp, Lloyd, 819 W. Foster St., Kokomo
+       Gilmer, Frank, 1012 Riverside Drive, South Bend
+       Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute
+       Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport
+
+   IOWA
+       Adams, Gerald W., Moorhead
+       Armknecht, George, Donnellson. (1923)
+       Bricker, C. W., Ladora
+       Snyder, S. W., Center Point
+
+   KANSAS
+       Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs, Route No. 1
+       Fessenden, C. D., Cherokee
+       Hardin, Martin, Horton
+       Hitchcock, Chas. W., Belle Plaine
+       Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton
+       Sharpe, James, Council Grove
+
+   MARYLAND
+       Jordan, Dr. Llewellyn, 100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park
+       Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood
+       O'Connor, P. W., Bowie
+       Wall, A. V., Baltimore
+       Watkins, Asa H., Mount Airy. (1924).
+
+   MASSACHUSETTS
+      *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston
+       Bowles, Francis T., Barnstable
+       Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center
+       Sawyer, James C., Andover
+
+   MICHIGAN
+       Bonine, Chester H., Vandalia
+       Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac
+       Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit
+       Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+      *Linton, Hon. W. S., Saginaw
+       Penney, Senator Harvey A., 425 So. Jefferson Ave., Saginaw
+       Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor. (1924).
+
+   MISSOURI
+       Stark, P. C., Louisiana
+       Tiedke, J. F., R. F. D., Rockville. (1924).
+       Youkey, J. M., 2519 Monroe Ave., Kansas City
+
+   NEBRASKA
+       Caha, William, Wahoo
+       Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln
+
+   NEW JERSEY
+       Clarke, Miss E. A., W. Point Pleasant, Box 57
+       Gaty, Theo. E., 50 Morris Ave., Morristown
+      *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City
+       Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. No. 2
+       Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton
+
+   NEW YORK
+       Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn
+       Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton
+       Bennett, Howard S., 851 Joseph Ave., Rochester
+       Bethea, J. G., 243 Rutgers St., Rochester
+       Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I.
+       Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
+       Brinton, Mrs. Willard Cope, 36 So. Central Pk., N. Y. City
+       Buist, Dr. G. L., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn
+       Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester
+       Cothran, John C., 104 High St., Lockport
+       Corsan, G. H., 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn
+       Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester
+       Dunbar, John, Dep't. of Parks, Rochester
+       Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+       Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn
+       Gaty, Theo. E. Jr., Clermont
+       Gillett, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City
+       Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca
+       Hart, Frank E., Landing Road, Brighton
+       Haws, Elwood D., Public Market, Rochester
+       Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.)
+      *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City
+       Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 40 Irving Place, New York City
+       Krieg, Fred J., 11 Gladys St., Rochester
+       Liveright, Frank I., 120 W. 70th St., N. Y. C.
+       MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of
+                                              Agriculture, Ithaca
+       Motondo, Grant F., 198 Monroe Ave., Rochester
+       Nolan, Mrs. C. R., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
+       Nolan, M. J., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
+       Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry
+                                                        Building, Rochester
+       Paterno, Dr. Chas. V., 117 W. 54th St., N. Y. City
+       Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport
+       Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St., Rochester
+       Rawnsley, James B., 242 Linden St., Rochester
+       Reinold, O. S., Yonkers-on-Hudson, (1924).
+       Schroeder, E. A., 223 East Ave., Rochester
+       Shutt, Erwin E., 509 Plymouth Ave., Rochester
+       Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City
+       Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City
+       Tucker, Geo. B., 110 Harvard St., Rochester
+       Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester
+       Waller, Percy, 284 Court St., Rochester
+       Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester
+       Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City
+       Wyckoff, E. L., Aurora
+
+   NORTH CAROLINA
+       Hutchings, Miss L. C., Pine Bluff
+       Matthews, C. D., North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
+
+   OHIO
+       Beatty, Dr. W. M. L., Route 3, Croton Road, Centerburg
+       Coon, Charles, Groveport
+       Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville
+       Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6
+       Hinnen, Dr. G. A., 1343 Delta Ave., Cincinnati
+       Neff, Wm. N., Martel
+      *Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati
+
+   PENNSYLVANIA
+       Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St., Reading
+       Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown
+       Bohn, Dr. H. W., 24 No. 9th St., Reading
+       Boy Scouts of America, Reading
+       Davis, Miss E. W., Walnut Lane and Odgen Ave., Swarthmore,
+                            Pennsylvania.  (1923).
+       Druckemiller, W. H., 31 N. 4th St., Sunbury
+       Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata
+       Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote
+       Hershey, John W., E. Downingtown
+       Hess, Elam G., Manheim
+       Hile, Anthony, Curwensville
+       Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia
+      *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527
+       Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+       Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton
+       Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia
+       Minick, C. G., Ridgway
+       Paden, Riley W., Enon Valley
+       Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre
+       Pratt, Arthur H., Kennett Square
+      *Rick, John, 438 Penn Square, Reading
+       Rose, William J., 55 North West St., Carlisle
+       Rush, J. G., 630 Third St., Lancaster
+       Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1
+       Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore
+       Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion
+      *Wister, John C., Clarkson and Wister Sts., Germantown
+       Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., Piketown
+
+   RHODE ISLAND
+       Allen, Philip, Providence
+
+   TENNESSEE
+       Waite, J. W., Normandy
+
+   UTAH
+       Smith, Joseph A., Edgewood Hall, Providence
+
+   VERMONT
+       Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3
+       Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven
+       Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro
+
+   VIRGINIA
+       Gould, Katherine Clemons, Boonsboro, Care of C. M. Daniels, via
+                                   Lynchburg, R. F. D. 4
+       Harris, D. S., Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg, R. 3
+       Hopkins, N. S., Dixondale
+       Jordan, J. H., Bohannon
+       Moock, Harry C., Roanoke, Route 5
+
+   WASHINGTON
+       Berg, D. H., Nooksack
+       Turk, Richard H., Washougal
+
+   WEST VIRGINIA
+       Brooks, Fred E., French Creek
+       Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693
+       Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown
+       Mish, A. F., Inwood
+
+   WISCONSIN
+       Holden, Dr. Louis Edward, Beloit
+
+* Life Member.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+   ARTICLE I
+
+   _Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+       ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+   ARTICLE II
+
+   _Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+       plants, their products and their culture.
+
+
+   ARTICLE III
+
+   _Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons
+       who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+       residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of
+       the committee on membership.
+
+
+   ARTICLE IV
+
+   _Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+       and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual
+       meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which the
+       president, the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president,
+       the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. There shall
+       be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, or country
+       represented in the membership of the association, who shall be
+       appointed by the president.
+
+
+   ARTICLE V
+
+   _Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+       the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for
+       the following year.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VI
+
+   _Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+       by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection
+       being made at this time, the executive committee shall choose
+       the place and time for the holding of the annual convention.
+       Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by
+       the president and executive committee.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VII
+
+   _Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum,
+       but must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+
+   ARTICLE VIII
+
+   _Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
+       of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such
+       amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or
+       a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any
+       member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual
+       meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+   Article I
+
+   _Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as
+     follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press
+     and publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on
+     hybrids, and an auditing committee. The committee on membership
+     may make recommendations to the association as to the
+     discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+   ARTICLE II
+
+   _Fees._ Annual members shall pay three dollars annually, or four dollars
+     and a half including a year's subscription to the American
+     Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually,
+     this membership including a year's subscription to the
+     American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment
+     of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary
+     members shall be exempt from dues.
+
+
+   ARTICLE III
+
+   _Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the
+     first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining
+     the association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter
+     preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member
+     and the Treasurer.
+
+
+   ARTICLE IV
+
+   _Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members
+     present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+   ARTICLE V
+
+     Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they
+      are due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a
+     _second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing on
+      account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
+      annual report.
+
+       At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
+      _third notice_ shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues
+      are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names
+      will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS
+
+at the
+
+FIFTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION
+
+of the
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
+
+Held in the
+
+MUSEUM OF THE BOTANICAL GARDENS
+
+BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
+
+EXCURSIONS
+
+Baldwin, Long Island, Sept. 4 Stamford, Connecticut, Sept. 5
+
+_Chairman_--PRESIDENT HARRY R. WEBER
+
+
+
+FIRST DAY--MORNING SESSION
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The meeting will please be in order, and we will have the
+secretary read his report.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Secretary's Report for 1924.--Fourteen years ago, on
+November 17, 1910, two women and ten men, seers and prophets, met for
+organization in this building at the invitation of Dr. N. L. Britton, at
+that time and now, Director of the New York Botanic Gardens. We meet
+here again today by reason of his unfailing kindness.
+
+Of the twelve persons present at that first meeting, three are here
+again, Dr. Britton, Dr. Morris and myself, and two are known to be dead,
+Prof. Craig of Cornell University, and Mr. Henry Hales, of Ridgewood,
+New Jersey.
+
+The association has held an annual convention each year of its
+existence except during the war, in 1918, when no formal meeting was
+held. An annual report has been published every year, except that the
+report of the proceedings of the first meeting was incorporated in the
+report of the second meeting, and the ninth report, that for 1918, has
+not yet been issued.
+
+The present secretary has held the office every year except in 1918 and
+1919, during military service, when Mr. Bixby took his place.
+
+From an educational and scientific standpoint I think the association
+may be said to have fulfilled creditably its original declaration of
+purpose, "the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their
+products and their culture." Many choice nuts have been brought to
+notice and perpetuated. The establishment of nurseries where grafted nut
+trees of choice varieties may be obtained has been encouraged. The art
+of grafting and propagating nut trees has been brought to a high degree
+of success by members of the association. Experimental orchards, both of
+transplanted nursery trees and of topworked native trees, have been
+established in widely separated parts of the country.
+
+Acting on the suggestion and request of members of the association, Mr.
+Olcott established the American Nut Journal, one of the most important
+of our accomplishments. Finally, and perhaps best of all, a number of
+horticultural institutions have taken up seriously the study of nut
+culture and the planting of experimental orchards. Testimony to this
+will be found in letters to be read by the secretary and in the presence
+on our program today of representatives of several horticultural and
+other institutions of learning. I believe that the association can take
+credit to itself for having, by its publications and other means of
+influence, in large degree brought about this interest and action.
+
+As for any commercial success in nut-growing, brought about by our
+activities, when we compare nut-growing in our field with pecan-growing
+in the South, and with walnut, almond, and perhaps filbert-growing, on
+the Pacific Coast, our results are meagre indeed. Of course commercial
+production, the building of a new industry of food supply for the
+people, is our ultimate goal. Why are our results in this direction,
+after fourteen years of effort, so small? Is it because we have devoted
+ourselves too exclusively to the scientific and educational aspects of
+our problems and neglected, either from over-cautiousness or from
+inertia, to encourage commercial plantings? There are some of our
+members who think that we have. They say that we should have been
+bolder in assuring people of success to be attained in nut tree
+planting.
+
+As for me I do not think that we have been too cautious. We who are so
+accused, can point to the disastrous results of following the advice of
+commercially interested persons, results which have had much to do with
+retarding and discouraging nut planting and counteracting the labors of
+our association.
+
+But now, however, I believe that we have reached a state of knowledge
+where we can confidently recommend the commercial planting of nut
+orchards. We recommend the Indiana pecan in many states; the improved
+black walnuts over a much wider area, and the chestnut in many
+localities where it is not a native tree. The top-working of native
+hickories and black walnuts also can be confidently recommended. In
+every case, however, the adaptability of the kind of nut to the locality
+should be passed upon by an expert. In every case, also, even in that of
+top-working native hickories and walnuts, intelligent and generous care
+is essential for any degree of commercial success.
+
+It is probable also, that the planting of the European filbert can be
+recommended under conditions of intelligent care.
+
+Now what of the association's future? The field is boundless but the
+working cash is wanting. Faith is unlimited but works are conditioned by
+want of appeal to commercial powers. It is almost a vicious circle, no
+commercial appeal no money, no money no development to appeal to
+commerce. But we do make progress and it is accelerated progress. In
+time we must necessarily arrive at our goal. Our lines of advance are
+sketched out and our progress along these lines depends on the energy of
+the workers and the means with which they have to work.
+
+I shall ask the association to establish a rule as to when members are
+in good standing and when they should be dropped from the rolls for
+non-payment of dues.
+
+I shall also ask for a clear understanding, in the form of an amendment
+to the by-laws, on the question of annual dues and their combination
+with the American Nut Journal.
+
+It is desirable that we have a ruling as to a fiscal year.
+
+The delay in the issuance of the annual report was due to my
+unwillingness to contract debts for the payment of which funds were not
+in sight.
+
+The treasurer's report will show that we have a surplus in the treasury
+to date of about $50. The report of the treasurer is too long to be read
+at this time, so I will simply repeat that it shows on hand a cash
+surplus of $50. I will turn the detailed report over to the auditing
+committee for their action.
+
+
+
+
+TREASURER'S REPORT
+
+
+STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION FROM OCT.
+3, 1923, TO AUG. 31, 1924, BOTH INCLUSIVE
+
+NOTE--Owing to delay in mails, the report given below is a later one
+than that used by the secretary. The one here included should have
+reached the secretary previous to convention, and it is the final,
+correct statement.
+
+   RECEIPTS
+
+   Membership--Plan No. 1                                           $ 2.00
+   Membership--Plan No. 2                                            19.25
+   Membership--Plan No. 6                                           111.00
+   Membership--Plan No. 7                                           149.50
+   Membership--Plan No. 9                                             8.25
+   Membership--Plan No. 10                                            7.75
+                                                                   -------
+       Total receipts from membership                              $297.75
+   Transfer of Funds from Former Treasurer                          104.13
+   Contributions                                                    235.00
+   Sales of Literature                                               10.01
+   Interest                                                            .10
+                                                                   -------
+   Total                                                           $646.99
+
+
+   EXPENDITURES
+
+   Cash on hand                                                      $ .80
+   Middletown National Bank, Middletown, Conn. (Deposit)            170.64
+   Litchfield Savings Society, Litchfield, Conn. (Deposit)            4.23
+   Charged to Loss. 2 Subs, to Amn. Nut Journal on former
+           Treasurer's account                                        3.00
+   Expenses:
+       Postage, Express and Insurance                        $ 9.79
+       Government Envelopes and Stamps                        15.63
+       Adhesive Stamps                                         8.54
+       Postal Cards                                            1.25
+       Postal Cards and Printing                               3.25
+       Registry Fee and Money Order Fee                         .18
+       Telegrams                                               1.18
+       Reporting Proceedings of Rochester Convention          50.00
+       Transcript of Proceedings of Rochester Convention      85.00
+       Reporting, etc., Proceedings of Washington Convention  60.00
+       Blank Account Book for the Association                  5.00
+       Seal for the Association                                7.00
+       1000 Letterheads                                        8.50
+       1500 Letters                                          8.50
+       500 Letters, double sheet                             8.00
+       1500 Circulars                                        6.50
+       500 Reports, (92 pp., including cover)              184.00
+       500 Manila Envelopes                                  2.00
+       Printing                                              1.50
+       Addressing and Mailing                                2.50
+                                                           ------
+
+                                                                    $468.32
+                                                                    -------
+                                                                    $646.99
+
+Respectfully submitted,
+
+H. J. HILLIARD, Treas.,
+
+Northern Nut Growers Ass'n, Inc.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now be addressed by Dr. Britton, Director of the
+Botanical Gardens in which we are assembled.
+
+DR. BRITTON: Mr. President and Members of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association: By curious coincidence, in looking over the records of the
+New York Botanical Society's reports, I find the printed account of the
+organization meeting of your association. It is printed in the Journal
+of the New York Botanical Gardens, No. 132, for December, 1910. The
+article is written by George B. Nash. I believe I will read this report
+and if, perchance, the document is not in your files, I will turn this
+copy over to your president for preservation.
+
+
+ORGANIZATION MEETING, NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
+
+A meeting was held in the museum building on November 17, (1910) for the
+purpose of organizing an association devoted to the interests of
+nut-growing. The meeting was called to order shortly after 2 p. m. by
+Dr. N. L. Britton, who welcomed those present and wished them success in
+their undertaking. During his remarks he referred to a recent visit to
+Cuba where he succeeded in collecting nuts of the Cuban walnut, _Juglans
+insularis Griseb_. Specimens of these were exhibited and some of them
+presented to Dr. R. T. Morris for his collection of edible nuts of the
+world, deposited at Cornell University.
+
+Dr. W. C. Deming was made chairman of the meeting and a temporary
+secretary was elected. The chairman read a number of letters from
+various parts of the country expressing an active interest in the
+formation of an organization such as was proposed. A committee of three
+was appointed by the chair to draft a constitution. This committee,
+consisting of Mr. John Craig, Dr. R. T. Morris and Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
+submitted a report recommending that the name of the organization be the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association, that residents of all parts of the
+country be eligible to membership, and that the officers be a president,
+a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer. An executive committee of
+five was also provided for, two of said committee to be the president
+and secretary-treasurer. The annual dues were placed at $2.00, and life
+membership at $20.00. The recommendations of the committee were adopted.
+
+An interesting exhibition of nuts, and specimens illustrating methods of
+grafting, formed a feature of the meeting. Chestnuts, walnuts, and
+hickory nuts, including the pecan, were illustrated in much variety. Mr.
+T. P. Littlepage had a series of nuts of the pecan which he had
+collected from a number of selected trees in Kentucky and vicinity. One
+of these, almost globular in form, was of particular excellence, being
+of clean cleavage and delicious flavor.
+
+Dr. R. T. Morris was elected president; Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
+vice-president; and Dr. W. C. Deming, secretary-treasurer.
+
+   George V. Nash.
+
+DR. BRITTON: May I say to you that our good wishes for your association,
+expressed at that time, are simply repeated now, and we hope that you
+will make yourselves at home and as comfortable as possible. We have
+made arrangement for the convention to leave here about one o'clock, for
+luncheon at Sormani's as guests of the Botanical Society. The autos will
+be at the door promptly, so I trust that you will adjust the session so
+as to be free to leave then.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We wish to extend our thanks to Dr. Britton for his kind
+remarks and for his hospitality.
+
+We will now have the secretary read reports from our state
+vice-presidents.
+
+THE SECRETARY: These are very interesting. The first one is from Mrs.
+Ellwanger, our state vice-president for New York.
+
+(Reading in part) "My walnut trees are doing well and have many more
+nuts than ever before. The filberts planted two years ago, also have
+some, and the chestnuts, those the blight have left me, are covered with
+burs. There are beech nuts, too.--I intend to keep on planting chestnut
+trees, in spite of the blight."
+
+Mr. C. S. Ridgway, Lumberton, New Jersey, writes as follows:
+
+"There are very few nut trees in our vicinity. In fact, very few except
+what I have--some large old pecans at Mt. Holley, but the fruit is so
+small they are not gathered."
+
+The next letter is from Mr. Howard Spence, of Ainsdale, Southport,
+England. Mr. Spence writes:
+
+"During the last year I have got one of our horticultural research
+stations interested in the subject of walnut culture and just recently
+the headquarters of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries also. The
+latter are using a small pamphlet on nut culture generally, to which I
+have contributed some facts. But a point of more definite interest at
+the moment is that the Minister has agreed to instruct all their
+inspectors over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit
+and forward them to me for classification and identification of
+varieties which may be worth perpetuating. As almost all the large
+number of trees in this country are seedlings I am hopeful that some
+interesting material may be located."
+
+Here is a letter from Mr. Richard H. Turk, Vice-President for the state
+of Washington:
+
+"Your request for a report from this Pacific Coast state came as a
+surprise. The Western Walnut Growers' Association is very strongly
+organized as regards Oregon and Washington, and it is difficult to
+persuade our nut growers here to join an association with its base of
+operations so far removed as the Northern Nut Growers' Association. I
+believe that I have been responsible for an additional membership of at
+least one or two which I think can be considerably augmented this fall.
+
+Filbert growing has firmly caught hold of the enthusiasm of the people
+here. The acreage has reached 2,000 acres as compared to a bare 150
+acres of six years ago. I estimate a planting of 1,500 additional acres
+to this quick bearing nut, this season. I have trees enough in my
+nursery to plant 600 acres but regard the majority of the plants as
+being too small. Planters plant even the smallest one-year layers out a
+distance varying from ten to twenty-five feet. I regard this as a waste
+of time, money and energy. Trees with two year old roots are none too
+big. The variety most planted is the Barcelona, closely followed by Du
+Chilly, and is supported by pollinizers for these two varieties at the
+rate of one pollinizer to every nine of the commercial sort. Intent eyes
+are watching every new seedling in search of new and superior varieties.
+Some have been found and will be propagated. Nut growers are but warming
+to the idea. I am putting out eight thousand four-year old seedling
+filbert trees in orchard form to be tested for qualities desired in a
+better filbert.
+
+Tree filberts instead of bushes is a new idea that is fast gaining
+headway against the old method of removing the suckers by hand each
+season. _Corylus colurna_, the Turkish species, and _Corylus chinensis_,
+the Chinese tree hazel, are most favored as stocks. It has been found
+that these trees are easily grafted to filberts, that they are extremely
+hardy and grow twice as fast as the filbert, and that the vigor of the
+stock enlarges the size of the nut, regardless of variety. Foremost in
+the recommendation of grafted tree filberts, I have correspondents in
+many foreign countries and have arranged for the delivery of several
+thousand pounds of these nuts to grow seedlings of.
+
+The tree hazel is of the future as yet, and one must recognize the
+demand for layered stock until replaced by what appears to be better. To
+add at least thirty acres to my present filbert plantings this year is
+my desire. I am planting at least 400 trees to the acre as interplants
+in a grafted walnut orchard. No use in wasting time before the trees
+begin to bear profitable crops. Three and four years at most for
+man-sized returns when using a ten foot planting.
+
+One planting of Du Chilly filberts last year produced an average of
+close to 40 pounds per tree on nine-year-old trees and an average of 10
+pounds on four-year-old trees. The spread of the latter trees was scarce
+four feet, and I counted 22 nuts on a branch eight inches in length. Mr.
+A. W. Ward reports an average crop of 200 nuts to each two-year-old
+filbert tree in his four-acre planting this season. These are also Du
+Chillys that are fast building up a sentiment favoring them before the
+lower-priced Barcelona variety. The Barcelona is a more vigorous tree
+and shells out of the husk 75% whereas the Du Chilly is but 40% self
+husking, but that will not offset the differential of five to ten cents
+per pound in favor of the great, oblong nuts.
+
+The _walnut_ acreage of Washington and Oregon is approximately 12,000
+acres and is now taking a new hold with all the additional planting
+being made up of _grafted_ trees. The VROOMAN FRANQUETTE variety grafted
+on the California black walnut stock is the tree used in these
+plantings. Formerly, seedlings of the so-called second generation type
+were quite popular, but when it became evident that seedlings would not
+transmit the superior qualities of the parent, that method of
+propagation was thrown into the discard. Eight thousand acres of the
+acreage now out, are seedling trees that must be topworked before Oregon
+will be truly famous for the quality of the nuts it produces. These
+seedling trees are paying at present under our present high prices after
+many years of barrenness.
+
+My own 900 seedling trees I top-worked last year to the Vrooman
+Franquette variety, placing as many as thirty grafts in some trees and
+obtained an average of 70 per cent successful grafts. These grafts have
+made wonderful growth this season, and are quite capable of bearing
+large quantities of nuts next season. My crew of walnut grafters are
+becoming well known over a radius of 100 miles, and the work they are
+doing is a road to profit for many an owner of unproductive nut trees.
+
+This fall I intend publishing some of the leading articles of the
+nut-growing authorities of this section, in conjunction with a catalogue
+well illustrated and containing my experience as a nut grower. Anyone
+contemplating planting walnuts or filberts may well send in their
+reservation of copy. Generally speaking, nut tree nurserymen and nut
+tree planters have not had time nor desire to add to the literature on
+this subject. I believe that when the nurserymen get behind the move to
+plant nut trees there will be some very interesting developments. There
+is one good thing in sight, and that is that it will not be the
+old-fashioned seedling that they will push this time. I think that you
+people of the East have got to make another determined effort to drive
+home the impossibility of seedlings ever being satisfactory. Outside the
+association a nut tree is a nut tree regardless of seedling and grafted
+trees, and one is expected to bear just as many fine large nuts as the
+other and just as soon. After losing twenty to thirty thousand dollars
+in delayed returns from a seedling walnut orchard, is it any wonder that
+I oppose the planting of more seedlings by the unwary?
+
+In concluding this report I wish to state that I have talked nuts before
+a score of different meetings during the last year, and in the press of
+Oregon and Washington have done much to encourage the prospective
+grower."
+
+THE SECRETARY: It seems to me that this report is one that will be very
+useful to nut growers in the East and very suggestive to beginners in
+nut growing. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he has any comments to make
+on the report.
+
+MR. REED: As I know conditions in the Pacific Northwest Mr. Turk has
+given an accurate report. The one criticism that I might make would be,
+perhaps, that there seems to be a probability of over-enthusiasm. This
+often occurs in any part of the country with respect to new things. It
+has been most conspicuous with the pecan in the South, and the almond
+industry in the West. As the pioneers in the nut industry in Oregon and
+Washington are acquiring greater experience they are increasingly more
+cautious with regard to such matters as varieties, planting sites,
+planting distances, interpollination, and others of kindred nature.
+
+The industry in the Northwest is still comparatively small. It is
+centered mainly in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and to some extent in
+a narrow strip running north towards Seattle. The best informed are
+planting only in fertile, moist, properly drained soils so situated that
+air drainage is good. The local soils are much more variable than would
+be suggested by casual observation. Also, greater attention is being
+paid to air drainage in that part of the country than in the East.
+Several years ago there was a sudden drop in temperature from 32 degrees
+above to 24 degrees below zero, at McMinnville, Oregon. This proved
+fatal to trees and plants of many kinds, particularly those on flat
+bottoms or on hillsides from which, for any reason, the cold air was
+prevented from blowing to lower levels.
+
+In addition to the species of nuts discussed by Mr. Turk, something
+might be said regarding the possibilities of chestnut culture in the
+Pacific Northwest. Numerous trees, planted singly or even in small
+groups found there, grow so well as to indicate plainly that the genus
+is capable of adapting itself to existing environment. However, both
+planters and consumers are generally prejudiced against the chestnut.
+This is easily explained for the reason that either sufficient numbers
+of varieties have not been planted together to ensure interpollination,
+or Japanese chestnuts have been planted. Early planters were evidently
+not aware that most varieties are largely self-sterile, and they did not
+know that the average Japanese chestnuts are fit for consumption only
+when cooked. Had these two facts been taken into consideration by them,
+it is not improbable that there would now have been an entirely
+different situation regarding the chestnut in that part of the country.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have a few more reports. Is it the sentiment of the
+meeting that I go on reading them?
+
+MR. REED: I would like to hear the reports.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: _Knight Pearcy, from Salem, Oregon_, writes:
+
+"Both filbert and walnut planting have continued in Oregon during the
+past year. There has been a steady increase in the acreage of these two
+nut crops during the past five years but, fortunately, no planting boom.
+
+The older walnut orchards are almost all seedling groves and many of
+these seedling groves are producing a very attractive revenue.
+Practically all of the new plantings are of grafted trees, it having
+been amply demonstrated that, while seedlings are often revenue
+producers, the grafted orchards bring in more revenue and at no greater
+cost of operation. Seedling orchards are offered for sale, but very few
+grafted plantings are on the market. The Franquette continues to be the
+principal tree planted; probably 95% of the new plantings being of this
+variety.
+
+A co-operative walnut marketing association has been formed, and this
+year for the first time carlot shipments of Oregon nuts will be sent
+East.
+
+The filbert, a younger member of the Oregon horticultural family than
+the walnut, is being planted as heavily as the walnut, if not more
+heavily. Probably 60,000 trees were planted in the Willamette Valley of
+Oregon last year. Production of filberts has not yet become heavy enough
+to supply home markets. It will probably be some time before Oregon
+filberts reach eastern markets.
+
+No other nuts are grown commercially in the state, although the chestnut
+does well here."
+
+_Mr. T, C. Tucker, State Vice-President from California_, writes:
+
+"The principal consideration in relation to the California nut situation
+is a recognition of the tremendous increase in planting within the last
+ten years. Many of these newly planted orchards have already come into
+bearing. The marketable almond tonnage of California has increased until
+it is now over three times that of ten years ago. The walnut tonnage has
+doubled during the same period.
+
+New plantings are going forward very slowly at the present time due to
+the conditions prevailing in the fruit industry in general.
+
+Economic conditions, coupled with the keenest kind of foreign
+competition have interfered materially with the sale of almonds in this
+country, with the result that almond growers have been losing money
+every year for the past four years. At the same time the tremendously
+increased domestic tonnage has resulted in keeping the prices to the
+consumer very low in relation to pre-war prices and costs. The consumer
+has been getting the benefit of maintaining the domestic almond
+producers in the business. The fact that domestic tonnage cannot be kept
+down, as soon as a profit is in sight, warrants the American public in
+maintaining a sizable industry in this country by means of a protective
+tariff, even though it may appear on the surface as though it might mean
+increased prices. The experiences of the last four years have
+demonstrated beyond a doubt that increases in import duties have not
+resulted in increased prices to the consumer. They have, in fact,
+increased the competition to a point where prices have dropped rather
+than risen.
+
+The same situation applies to walnuts, except possibly as regards losses
+to growers during recent years. The fact that walnuts ordinarily take
+longer to come into bearing than almonds has prevented any rapid
+increase in production such as has taken place with almonds. They are,
+however, facing many of the same conditions of keen competition from
+countries where costs of production are very, very low.
+
+Conditions this year point to both almond and walnut crops of
+approximately the same size as last year. That means the walnut crop
+will be around 25,000 tons and the almond crop around 10,000 tons. The
+condition of the walnut crop seems to be about normal. Where irrigation
+is not available they are suffering from lack of water. Almonds this
+year are showing in many districts the disastrous effects of the
+unusually dry season. This will show up most strongly, however, in
+reduced tonnage for next year, and stick-tights for this year. These
+latter, however, are not saleable, so the consumer need not worry but
+that the almonds received in the markets will be good, edible almonds.
+What the final outcome of the drought will be it is a little too early
+to tell.
+
+Pecans and filberts are produced in such small quantities in California
+that they do not affect the market in any way except possibly locally.
+There is nothing to indicate any abnormal condition affecting either of
+these in the few places where they are grown. No large plantings of
+either of these nuts are being made, since there seems to be
+considerable question as to how successful they will be from a
+commercial standpoint.
+
+Chestnuts are not being planted as fast as they might be, especially in
+those sections of the state to which they are well adapted. With the
+rapid disappearance of the chestnut forests of the eastern states,
+through the ravages of the chestnut bark disease, there is no reason why
+chestnuts could not be grown in California, especially in many of the
+foot-hill districts. This, of course, presupposes that the chestnut bark
+disease can be kept out of the state, and we believe it can be. The
+general price situation, however, is such as to discourage any extensive
+plantings at this time. The interest that is being taken in possible
+future plantings, however, is such that it appears reasonable to believe
+that the next few years will see materially larger plantings made,
+provided there is any improvement in agricultural economy conditions."
+
+_Mr. James Sharp, Vice-President from Kansas_, writes:
+
+"The only nut native here is black walnut, and the crop is heavy. There
+are some Stabler and Thomas planted here, and some grafted on native
+black are bearing. We have something like fifty grafted pecans planted
+of all varieties, but none bearing yet. The pecan is a native south and
+east of here in Kansas, and the crop is good, I understand. We also have
+a few grafted sweet chestnuts growing in Kansas which are bearing well,
+and more are being planted. I have one English walnut growing near my
+house, which had male blooms last spring, but no nuts. We do not think
+they will be a success in Kansas but we hope to grow some nuts on our
+tree next year, the first in Kansas."
+
+_Mr. U. H. Walker, Nacla, Colorado_, who says he is probably the only
+one in that state attempting to grow nut trees, instead of fruit, writes
+of his attempts. His place is at an altitude of 5,800 feet, where he can
+at times look down into the clouds, and on clear days can look up into
+perpetual snow. Mr. Walker has black walnut trees that have produced
+crops each year for the last ten years, three pecan trees and two
+persimmons. He has been experimenting with nut trees obtained from the
+government for the last ten or twelve years, and is willing to plant and
+care for any trees which the members of the association would like to
+have tried out in the center of the Rocky Mountain district.
+
+_Prof. V. R. Gardner, Michigan Agricultural College_, in a letter to C.
+A. Reed, says: "We are getting a very nice collection of hardy nuts
+started on our Graham Station grounds near Grand Rapids. These are for
+the most part young trees being planted in orchard form. We are also
+doing some top-grafting and as soon as we shall be able to accumulate
+more data upon which to base recommendations, I am inclined to think
+that we will put on a number of nut grafting demonstrations in the
+state. I am sure there will be a demand for it.
+
+If your meetings could be held later in the year, perhaps some time
+during the winter, I think it would be easier for some of the station
+men to attend them."
+
+MR. REED: Might I add that Prof. Gardner was at one time Assistant in
+Horticulture at Corvallis, in the heart of the walnut district of
+Oregon. From there he went to Missouri as State Horticulturist. During
+the three years at that place he top-worked a considerable number of
+walnut trees with scions of supposedly hardy varieties of Persian
+walnuts, especially the Franquette, and such varieties of Eastern black
+as he could obtain. The Persian practically was killed out during the
+first winter. The black walnut tops are now coming into bearing, and
+considerable attention is being attracted to them throughout the
+Mid-West. Prof. Colby may know something further regarding the work in
+Missouri.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I hope you notice how many more reports we are getting
+from the men connected with the horticultural departments of the state
+institutions. Here is a letter from H. H. Bartlett, Director of the
+Botanical Gardens at Ann Arbor, University of Michigan:
+
+"Our Botanical Garden in its present location is relatively new, having
+been established only in 1914. The development of permanent plantings
+has been mostly in the last two or three years, so you see we have as
+yet done nothing with nut trees other than to assemble what varieties we
+could get hold of. I must confess that the poor little things look much
+as if the wrath of heaven had overtaken them. We had 8 degrees of frost
+on the night of May 22d, when all the trees were in young leaf. All the
+nut trees were badly killed back, some below the graft, so I've had to
+pull some out. Since they had only a miserable start last year, they
+look pretty sad now. However, I'll replace where necessary, and hope for
+better luck next time.
+
+If there should be an opportunity in the course of the discussion to
+state that we are prepared to receive and take care of nut trees that
+originators wish to try out in this region, I shall appreciate it. We
+are receiving occasional nut-bearing plants from the Office of Seed and
+Plant Introduction of the Department of Agriculture, and are very glad
+to act as a testing station for new introductions or productions.
+
+In order not to give a false impression as to the extent of our work, I
+feel impelled to say that we haven't yet a nut tree in bearing, and only
+one over three feet high."
+
+_Mr. Conrad Vollertsen_ writes that he will not be able to be here as he
+had planned. He states that all of his 31 varieties of filbert trees,
+except one, have fairly good nut crops. His place, as you know, is in
+Rochester, N. Y.
+
+_Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn._, writes:
+
+"You may be interested to know that some of my nut trees are giving some
+results this year. A number of varieties of filberts are fruiting,
+three varieties of black walnuts, almonds, Chinese chestnuts, heartnuts,
+besides the native hickory and butternuts."
+
+MR. REED: According to Mr. Bartlett the Lancaster heartnut, which was
+introduced by Mr. Jones, is starting out in highly encouraging manner at
+his place near Stamford. It has grown well and is now a handsome,
+symmetrical tree. Indications are that it will bear well.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Bartlett takes good care of his trees. We shall hope
+to pay a visit to his place.
+
+I have a letter from Mr. Hicks, Westbury, Long Island. He will be with
+us today, and he proposes in his letter that we make an excursion to his
+place on Long Island.
+
+_Mr. J. W. Killen, Felton, Delaware,_ in a letter to Mr. Reed, writes as
+follows:
+
+"This year we are maturing some nuts on the cordiformis and sieboldiana
+types of the Japanese walnut (young trees 3 to 5 feet high) that had no
+staminate blossoms. These we are producing by crossing with the pollen
+from one of our best Persians. We are looking for something interesting
+from there nuts when planted and the trees come into bearing. But all
+this takes time and patience. We had more chestnuts last fall than ever
+before, and the prices averaged higher, about 20 cents per pound,
+wholesale. Our best chestnuts are looking good now. Will soon be
+opening; usually begin about the 5th to the 10th of September, to open
+up.
+
+"We have not succeeded very well in propagating Mollissima (Chinese
+chestnut) but we find the quality of the nuts very good. All of our
+American sweet and all of the European type, including Paragon, Numbo,
+Dager, Ridgely, etc., have been gone for years, and left our Japs just
+about as healthy looking as they were 20 years ago, yet they were all
+set in the same block."
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is encouraging to know that Mr. Killen has a strain of
+chestnuts that will grow there without being destroyed by blight.
+
+MR. REED: Blight is not serious with his trees.
+
+THE SECRETARY: It is with mine. But Mollissima has resistance.
+
+MR. REED: The real pest in Mr. Killen's chestnut planting is the weevil.
+The nuts have to be marketed promptly in order to avoid destruction by
+this insect.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I have a letter from Mr. Littlepage, who regrets that he
+will not be able to be with us.
+
+Another letter is from Mr. Riehl, who regrets that because of his age he
+will not be able to take the long trip from Godfrey, Ill., to New York
+City. He writes to us of the place of the chestnut in northern nut
+culture, as follows:
+
+"Blight and weevil are the greatest enemies of this nut. Blight in all
+probability will destroy practically all native chestnut where it is
+native, and in all such districts the planting of chestnut orchards for
+profit will be useless until varieties are found or produced that are
+immune to that disease. In time this, no doubt, will be done. If I were
+fifty years younger and lived in a blight section, it would appeal to me
+to do something in that line.
+
+Where the chestnut does not grow naturally it can be grown without fear
+of the disease. I have the largest chestnut orchard in the West, of all
+ages from seedlings to sixty years, with no blight.
+
+Even were there no blight it would not be advisable to plant chestnut
+orchards where it is native because of the weevil. The weevil appears to
+be worse on the large improved varieties than on the smaller native. Of
+course any one planting a chestnut orchard now would plant the newer,
+larger varieties, as they will always outsell the smaller. No one who
+has not talked with handlers of chestnuts can have any idea of the
+handicap the weevil is to sales and prices. Where the chestnut is not
+native the nuts produced will be free of weevils.
+
+The place to plant chestnut orchards is where the chestnut is not
+native, on soils that are not wet. Such situations exist in the central
+west and westward to the Pacific coast. I have had reports of chestnut
+trees growing and bearing in all this territory, and have had favorable
+reports of trees that I sent there of my improved varieties.
+
+There is a good market at good prices for good, homegrown chestnuts. My
+own crops so far have sold readily at 25 to 40 cents per pound
+wholesale, and the demand is always for more after the crop is all sold.
+
+Of all the nuts that I have experimented with I have found the chestnut
+to come into profitable bearing sooner and more profitably than any
+other."
+
+DR. MORRIS: Some of the state vice-presidents have spoken of native
+chestnuts of good kinds. One obstacle, however, in the distribution of
+good chestnuts, has been the state laws which prevent us from sending
+chestnuts from one state to the other. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if
+it would be possible to make some arrangement at Washington whereby
+scions might be sent under government inspection to the West and to
+other parts of the country where blight does not exist. On my property
+at Stamford I had several thousand choice chestnut trees. The blight
+appeared and I cut out 5,000 trees that were from fifty years to more
+than a hundred years old. Among them there was one sweet American
+chestnut superior to the others. It had a very large, high-quality nut,
+and very beautiful appearance, having two distinct shades of chestnut
+color. The tree was the first to go down with the blight but I have kept
+it going ever since by grafting on other chestnut stock. I would like
+mighty well to have that chestnut grow in other parts of the country. It
+would be an addition to our nut supply.
+
+Furthermore I have among a large number of hybrids, two of very high
+quality between the American sweet chestnut and the chinkapin. I gave
+these to Mr. Jones. He found, however, that he had no market for them
+because of the fear of blight. I would like to present scions of this to
+anybody outside the chestnut area where chestnuts are being grown,
+provided I can do this under government methods. We should find a way to
+do this.
+
+THE SECRETARY: And not by boot-legging.
+
+MR. REED: As Prof. Collins is more likely to be informed in regard to
+quarantine laws than I am he is the proper one to answer that question.
+I may say, however, that the federal department is unlikely to interfere
+in any way with the carrying out of state quarantine laws. Prof. Collins
+is now in the room. Dr. Morris, will you kindly re-state the question to
+him?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In brief, I have some very superior chestnuts. They will be
+valuable for horticultural purposes in other parts, or in non-blight
+regions, of the country. I have kept them going by care and attention. I
+would be very glad to send those out of Connecticut, provided that the
+way may be found, by sending them through Washington to other states. It
+would be necessary, however, to have the scions treated in such a way as
+to make sure that the endothia spores had been destroyed.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I suggest that Prof. Collins give the matter some
+thought, and when he gives his paper he will be able to inform us about
+that. We will now ask Mr. Reed for a report as to promising seedlings.
+
+MR. REED: There are quite a number of new things which might be
+mentioned. One is a group of Chinese walnuts now in their second or
+third year in the nursery of Mr. Jones, at Lancaster. In this lot there
+are many beautiful young trees grown from nuts obtained for Mr. Jones by
+Mr. P. W. Wang, of Shanghai. They are from North China, the territory
+which I visited more than two years ago and from which I also obtained
+considerable seed. Of the latter we have now several hundred seedlings
+ready for distribution. Personally I would like them to be distributed
+among members of this association. Mr. Jones has 300 or 400 of the Wang
+trees which he proposes to sell as seedlings. Others will be used as
+stocks for grafting varieties of _regia_.
+
+Dr. Morris has already referred to the Chinese chestnuts. Mr. Dorsett,
+of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has recently arrived in China
+for a two-years' trip. He will doubtless send many chestnuts.
+
+Another particularly interesting group of nut trees is a lot of
+hazel-filbert hybrids produced by Mr. Jones. These are between the Rush
+and the Barcelona, or other European varieties. He now has plants three
+to five years of age in bearing. They average as high as a man's head.
+Practically all are in bearing with attractive clusters of nuts, and
+some are fruiting heavily. The Rush variety, as most members know, is a
+native hazel of unusually prolific habits of bearing. The nuts are of
+fair size and quality.
+
+Recently I have seen some interesting pecan trees in the East. Two of
+these are on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, one in the outskirts of
+Easton and the other at Princess Anne; the former is a trifle the
+larger, measuring 15 ft 5 inches in girth at breast height, the latter
+measuring 4 feet and 2 inches at the same distance and estimated to be
+110 feet high. It was grown from a nut said to have been planted in
+1800. The nuts from these trees are small but well filled and much
+appreciated by their respective communities.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have the secretary down for a paper.
+
+THE SECRETARY: This paper opens a symposium on topworking hickory
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+TOP WORKING HICKORIES IN THE NORTH
+
+_By W. C. Deming, Connecticut_
+
+
+I do not recall a single modern improvement of importance in the art of
+grafting nut trees in the North that is not due to either Mr. Jones or
+Dr. Morris, except that to Mr. Riehl belongs, I believe, the credit of
+the idea of waxing the entire graft, which is now the accepted
+procedure. Therefore I speak before these two gentlemen with diffidence.
+I do so in the hope that perhaps I may recall something which they have
+forgotten to make known, or that what I say may elicit from them
+available emendatory remarks. My experience of fourteen years on my own
+place, and of five years grafting for others, is the basis of my
+observations.
+
+
+_Compatibility of Species and Varieties_
+
+This question will be particularly discussed by Mr. Bixby who has been
+conducting careful experiments that should soon settle the question for
+the commoner hickories. A few scattering observations of my own may be
+useful.
+
+It is generally believed that any species of the genus hickory will
+catch on any other, though not necessarily that the union will be
+blessed. It is self evident that any hickory will thrive on any variety
+of the same species, shagbark on shagbark, pecan on pecan, though even
+here close observation will probably disclose differences of
+compatibility. Probably any hybrid hickory will thrive on either of its
+parents. In some cases this may turn out to be a test of hybridity. For
+instance, the Barnes is one of the few shagbarks known to thrive on
+mockernut. It shows other evidences of mockernut blood.
+
+I have found no hickory, so far, that does not appear to thrive on the
+shagbark, except the pecan. Even here there are differences. I have one
+Major pecan on shagbark that is over twenty-five feet high that has a
+very healthy appearance and that has shown staminate bloom for two or
+three years. I have also an Indian pecan that looks fairly prosperous.
+The Iowa pecans, the Marquart, Greenbay, Campbell, Witte, and others,
+catch readily and grow vigorously, at least for the first years. There
+are many data, however, on the adaptability of the pecan to the shagbark
+and the consensus of opinion is that ultimate results are poor. This is
+probably because the shagbark starts early and makes its season's growth
+in about six weeks, while the pecan naturally has a much longer growing
+season. However, these observations have been made, mostly, in the South
+and it may be different in the North. The question is not yet finally
+decided.
+
+The Stanley shellbark, H. laciniosa, is completely at home on the
+shagbark, apparently, but has not yet borne with me.
+
+The Hatch bitternut grew luxuriantly on shagbark for a year but blew
+off.
+
+The Zorn hybrid made a growth of one foot on shagbark but then was
+winter killed, apparently.
+
+I have a back pasture full of vigorous pignuts, H. glabra, which for
+eleven years I have been grafting with faith which now seems childlike,
+that soon I would have fourteen acres of bearing hickory trees. Yet as a
+result of all these years of grafting the only hickories that I have
+found to thrive are the Brooks, which appears to be vigorous, the
+Terpenny, which is vigorous and bearing nuts in its fourth year, and
+possibly the Barnes. Not a single pecan survived more than a year,
+though many started. The Beaver hybrid makes a long spindling growth and
+then, in the first or second year, the leaves turn yellow and mosaic and
+the growth dies. The Kirtland, Kentucky, Hales, Taylor and several
+others, have all with me, proved failures on the pignut. Mr. Bixby's
+experiments appear to be showing somewhat different results.
+
+The question of the compatibility of species and varieties is really a
+very important one because in some localities either the pignut or the
+mockernut is the prevailing species, and we wish to know with what
+species and varieties they may be successfully grafted. For instance, if
+the Barnes, which is an excellent shagbark, will do well on both the
+pignut and the mockernut, where so many other varieties fail, and the
+Brooks is at home on the pignut, these are highly important facts to be
+known by the man with fifteen acres of hilly woodland full of young
+pignuts and mockernuts.
+
+
+_Size of Stocks_
+
+I prefer stocks of moderate size, up to three inches in diameter. One
+gets greater results for the labor with these than with larger trees. Of
+course a tree of any size may be topworked but the labor is
+disproportionately greater, especially in the after care.
+
+
+_Cutting Back Stocks for Topworking_
+
+I doubt if it is important to cut back stocks during the dormant season,
+except that then there is more time. With larger trees this counts for a
+good deal, but in the smaller ones I like to cut them off just where I
+want to graft at the time of doing so. However, they may be cut off when
+dormant at the point of selection for grafting and later grafted without
+further cutting back. This reduces, or does away with the risk of
+bleeding. Except in very small stocks it is better to leave a number of
+the lower branches to prevent bleeding. When bleeding does occur it may
+be checked by making one or more cuts with the knife or saw into the
+sapwood of the trunk below the graft. Better results come when the
+cutting back is of the top branches and not the lower ones because of
+the stronger flow of sap toward the top of the tree. In my opinion a
+side branch should always be left at the point where the stock is cut
+off to maintain a circulation of sap. Otherwise the stub will often die
+back and the graft fail. Also, the cambium close to a side branch will
+be observed to be thicker and I infer that the circulation of sap is
+more active. I prefer to cut off the top half, or two-thirds of the tree
+and graft into the top and the side branches near the top.
+
+Hickories in full foliage may usually be cut back without evident harm.
+Occasionally a tree will be apparently shocked to death. Sometimes when
+a tree in foliage is cut back severely the remaining leaves will turn
+black and partly, or completely, die, but the tree will throw out
+vigorous new growth later.
+
+Trees up to three inches in diameter may have the whole top cut off, at
+the risk of occasionally shocking a tree to death. Such complete cutting
+back must be done in the dormant season or there will be severe and
+prolonged bleeding. This method has the advantage of forcing a
+tremendous growth in the grafts which will need careful support. This is
+much more easily done however, than when the grafts are in the top of
+the tree. Cutting back in the dormant season and painting with paraffine
+has not worked well for me as the paraffine has not adhered well for any
+length of time to the freshly cut surfaces. Probably this could be
+easily remedied if it were a real advantage. In the case of small stocks
+and branches where there is no bleeding and the paraffine adheres well
+green callus will often be seen spreading out beneath the paraffine over
+the cut surface.
+
+Stocks should be vigorous. Dwarfed, stunted, submerged, hide bound trees
+make poor stocks. This is important, I believe.
+
+
+_Scions_
+
+The condition of the scion is the most important element for success in
+top-working hickory trees. The technique of grafting has been so
+simplified as to make it fairly easy, and native stocks are usually
+vigorous. But unless the scions have full vitality success will be
+limited. They should be plump and not pithy. A limited success is
+possible with scions of feeble growth, or those subjected to
+devitalising influences in keeping or handling, but the largest success
+will be had with well grown scions, cut from vigorous trees or grafts,
+whose buds are completely dormant, and have a fresh, green appearance on
+cutting. When the cambium layer shows a yellowish or brownish tint the
+scions are useless. Slender wood may make good scions but is more
+difficult to keep in good condition. Heavy wood from vigorous, young,
+grafted trees, or from cut back trees, makes the best scions and is the
+easiest to keep. Wood more than 1 year old and as large as one can
+handle makes good scions. Dr. Morris, with the use of the plane, has
+succeeded with astonishingly large scions and even branches. Sometimes
+buds are absent from these large scions or are very inconspicuous. They
+may be searched for with a lens.
+
+Preferably scions should be cut when entirely dormant. Buds that show
+signs of breaking should be removed. Scions cut after growth starts may
+be used with success if there are dormant buds. This "immediate
+grafting," as Dr. Morris calls it has not been fully studied. It may be
+of great value. It is quite successful with the apple and the pear. It
+appears to depend chiefly on the presence of dormant buds of vitality.
+
+The later in the season the dormant scions are cut the shorter the time
+they have to be kept, though probably this is not of importance if the
+method of keeping is right.
+
+
+_Keeping Scions_
+
+The larger the scion the easier it is to keep it. Dr. Morris cuts whole
+branches and keeps them in the sawdust of his icehouse. I have cut them
+two inches in diameter and kept them lying uncovered on the barn cellar
+floor into the second summer looking fresh and green. The smaller the
+scion the more susceptible it is to moisture environment. Scions must be
+kept where it is neither too moist nor too dry. Usually the mistake is
+made of keeping them too moist. The buds may start if the scions are too
+moist even when the temperature is quite low. This happened for me when
+I stored scions for a week or two in the very cold bottom of an icebox.
+The most successful grafters keep scions with a sort of intelligent
+neglect. Dr. Morris buries them in the sawdust of his icehouse and it
+seems to make no difference if ice is there or not. I once tried keeping
+them in an icehouse over the ice and they became soaking wet. I have
+noticed that Dr. Morris's sawdust seems quite dry. Mr. Jones keeps some,
+at least, of his in bins or barrels covered with burlap bags. He says
+that heartnut scions keep best not packed away but kept in the open
+cellar. I notice that Mr. Jones has been using some kind of mill
+planings in place of sphagnum moss. Branches and large scions will keep
+well in a medium that seems dry to the touch. Small scions, such as
+those cut from old parent trees, require careful handling to prevent
+shriveling, on the one hand, or bud starting on the other. A low
+temperature is probably desirable, but the right condition of moisture
+is essential to the proper keeping of scions for any length of time. I
+should naturally prefer to keep them in darkness, but I am not sure that
+it is important. Undoubtedly the access of some air is necessary but it
+would be difficult to keep it altogether away. I do not know how long
+scions would keep if entirely covered with paraffine. One year I dipped
+all the cut ends of my scions in melted paraffine but I am not sure that
+it is worth the trouble. One year I packed away my scions in rather
+moist sphagnum moss. The first time I looked at them they were enmeshed
+in mold mycelium. Later many of the buds started to grow. As suggested
+by Mr. Jones, dipping either the scions or the moss in half strength
+Bordeaux mixture will remedy the mold trouble. Parenthetically, this
+should be of help in keeping chestnuts, chinkapins, and other nuts that
+spoil easily with mold, for planting in the spring. Packing scions
+tightly and heavily covered in boxes for any length of time has been, in
+my observation, disastrous. In shipping scions a method advised, and one
+that I have followed with satisfaction, is to wrap the scions, either
+separately or together, in paraffine paper without any packing next the
+scions but putting it, instead, outside the paraffine paper. This
+packing may be sphagnum moss or mill planings slightly moistened. This
+also is wrapped in a moisture impervious covering and then in ordinary
+wrapping paper. For shipping long distanced the moss or planings should
+be dipped in half strength Bordeaux mixture.
+
+The surface of the bark of scions that are being kept should always be
+dry, never moist. But they should never be so dry as to look shrivelled.
+Until you know just what scions will do under the conditions you provide
+you should examine them frequently.
+
+
+_Equipment_
+
+The essentials are a knife, raffia and the wax heater with brush. A saw
+is necessary if stocks are to be cut back, and pruning shears are
+convenient for cutting scions into proper lengths and for trimming and
+pruning stocks. The knife most used is the grafting knife of Maher &
+Gross, with a three inch straight blade and a round handle that gives a
+good grasp.
+
+I used to suspect that the men who said that scions ought to be cut with
+two strokes of the knife were trying to establish an unattainable ideal.
+But after Mr. Jones and Dr. Morris had taught me how to sharpen my knife
+I found that I could cut one that way myself sometimes. Mr. Jones's
+method of sharpening is to hone the knife flat on the surface next the
+scion and with a bevel on the upper edge. I found that this made scion
+cutting so much easier that I thought it was the whole secret. But one
+day I saw another doubter come up to Mr. Jones and ask him if it was
+true that he could cut a scion with two strokes of the knife. Mr. Jones
+said he thought he could but he had no knife just then. The man pulled
+out his pocket knife and asked if that would do. Mr. Jones looked at it,
+took a stick and with two strokes cut a perfect scion. Since then I have
+felt that there is something to it besides the way you sharpen your
+knife.
+
+A very important element in shaping scions is to give a drawing motion
+to the knife by keeping the handle well advanced before the blade. The
+cutting is done with a draw and not a push. This is one of the most
+important factors for success in shaping scions.
+
+It seems hardly necessary to say that the stroke of the knife should be
+away from the grafter. Yet it is a common sight to see beginners cutting
+to the thumb.
+
+Dr. Morris showed me that if, in sharpening your knife, you hold the
+little whetstone between the thumb and middle finger of the left hand
+you are less likely to put a feather edge on it. A feather edge is
+something to clip the sprouting wings of any budding saint of a grafter.
+When you get the right edge on your knife often you can use it the whole
+day without resharpening, or at most with simply a stropping on a piece
+of wood or leather. But improper use of the knife, or the least knick,
+will spoil the edge and sometimes it will be quite difficult to get it
+back. Therefore the blade should always be protected by a sheath, never
+laid down or used for cutting raffia, or anything but the actual cutting
+of the graft. For this purpose a leather sheath worn on the front of the
+belt, as first used by Dr. Morris, is almost a necessity. This sheath
+may be made by any leather worker and should have at least two pockets,
+one for the grafting knife and one for another knife to be used for
+trimming, cutting raffia and other odd things. It is convenient to have
+a little pocket for a pencil also and one may provide places for other
+articles of equipment at fancy.
+
+I do not know that there is much to be said here about raffia. But a
+great deal has been said, and will be said, elsewhere, when the raffia
+is rotten and breaks in the middle of tying a graft. It is the devil's
+own stuff to carry when you don't carry it right. The right way to carry
+it is to tuck one end of the bundle under one side of your belt, pass
+the bundle behind your back and the other end under the other side of
+your belt. Then the raffia never gets mixed up with scions, tools and
+profanity and the end of a strand is as handy as the knives in your
+belt. On the whole I do not know of any binding material as satisfactory
+as raffia. It is stronger and easier to use when it is damp.
+
+One of the great advances in the art of grafting is the use of melted
+wax. I believe that we have to credit Mr. Jones for this. The use of
+paraffine for grafting wax we owe to Dr. Morris. To him also we owe the
+Merribrook melter which has added so much to the comfort and convenience
+of grafting that it can be recommended as an outdoor sport for ladies. I
+do not like the brush that Dr. Morris recommends but prefer a stiffer
+one such as can be bought for ten cents.
+
+Equipments vary with the individual and with the difference in the work
+to be done. Mr. Slaughter carries into the nursery, when he is working
+for Mr. Jones in the semi-tropical sun of Lancaster, a stool with
+parasol attachment. Mr. Biederman of Arizona has the most elaborate
+equipment which includes a table, planes, curved knives and gouges. Dr.
+Morris carries a knapsack. I like an ordinary light market basket that
+Mother Earth holds up for me when I'm not moving from place to place.
+When in a tree I stuff my pockets with scions.
+
+A saw is usually a necessity. For portability I prefer a curved one that
+has a draw cut. It has also an aesthetic element and doesn't look like
+a meat saw, which can't be said of Mr. Jones's saw that seduced Dr.
+Morris from church. For heavy and steady work I much prefer a
+carpenter's sharp hand saw. A two-edged saw is an abomination devised by
+conscienceless manufacturers for the seduction of innocent amateurs.
+
+For pruning shears I have a personal fancy for the French, hand-made
+instrument, each one individual, a work of art and a potential legacy to
+one's horticultural heir, if one doesn't let the village blacksmith
+monkey with it, as I did with mine.
+
+On some grafts it is desirable to use a bit of paper, either beneath or
+outside of the raffia, to make waxing easier. For this I have found
+scraps of Japanese paper napkin very adaptive to surfaces and absorptive
+of wax.
+
+On very heavy grafts Dr. Morris uses the Spanish windlass, as devised by
+him, for which he carries sisal cord, wooden or metal meat skewers,
+small staples and a mallet. He uses a chisel to cut slots in very thick
+bark and planes for shaping heavy grafts.
+
+I have tried fastening in grafts with a nail, using iron and brass nails
+and bank pins. Mr. Jones has suggested cement covered nails. My
+experience with iron nails is that they damage the scions. The use of
+nails has not been fully worked out. They are almost essential in bridge
+grafting apple trees. I think that just the right kind of a staple might
+be a help with some kinds of grafts.
+
+Paper bags, 2 pound size, are sometimes wanted, for protection from sun
+or insects or to make the grafts conspicuous. Mr. Jones shades grafts
+made close to the ground with a slip of paper.
+
+For labels for immediate use the wooden ones, painted on one side and
+with copper wire fastening, are satisfactory. Attach them by the
+nurseryman's method, which it has taken me many years to recognize as
+the right one, by twisting the _doubled_ wire around a convenient
+object. Do not separate the wires which will probably permit the label
+to flap in the wind and soon wear out the wires. I used to think that
+the nurseryman's method was the result of hurry or laziness.
+
+Copper labels, to be written on with a stylus, cost 1-1/2 or 2 cents
+each, according to size. The smaller I consider preferable. I imagined
+that these would solve the label problem. Picture my disappointment when
+I found that many of them cracked, or broke off entirely near the
+eyelet, from flapping in the wind. If they are to be used they must be
+fastened so as not to move with the wind. Mr. Bixby has an excellent
+label made on an aluminum strip printing machine. It has a hole in each
+end and is fastened with a heavy copper wire. He uses two of these
+labels on each tree. Dr. Morris sometimes uses a heavy wire stake to
+which he fastens the labels. A good method of attaching labels, and one
+that does away with the risk of girdling the graft or tree, is to fasten
+the label to a staple driven into the tree. The matter of labels is a
+troublesome one for they will get lost no matter what you do.
+
+Other conveniences of equipment are a small whetstone, a small hammer,
+matches, and some volatile oil, like citronella, lavender, wintergreen,
+or other black fly and mosquito repellant. It is almost suicidal to slap
+a mosquito on the back of your neck with a keen grafting knife in your
+hand. A supply of parowax and alcohol for the lantern's sake should be
+remembered.
+
+
+_Technique_
+
+If the stocks are vigorous and active, and the scions full of vitality,
+I doubt if the technique is of chief importance, provided it is
+ordinarily good. However, a good technique will increase the percentage
+of success. One should have a variety of methods at command for varying
+conditions of stocks and scions.
+
+One may come as near 100% success in grafting hickories as one is able
+and willing to observe all the known factors of success. I think that we
+can say now that the factors of success in hickory grafting are known.
+They are a vigorous and active stock, a scion of abundant vitality,
+coaptation of the freshly cut cambium layers and prevention of
+desiccation.
+
+The stock and scion have already been considered. How is coadaptation
+best obtained? One of the best methods, one that can be used in all
+seasons and in most conditions of stock and scion, is the side graft,
+the one that Mr. Jones uses in his nursery work. That is the best
+argument for this graft. It is, perhaps, the simplest, and at the same
+time one of the most difficult, of all grafts. The scion is cut wedge
+shaped and pushed into a slanting incision in the side of the stock. Mr.
+Jones's modified cleft graft is only a side graft made in the top of the
+stock after cutting it off. The difficulty lies chiefly in cutting the
+scion and the incision in the stock so that the fit will be perfectly
+true. This requires practice.
+
+The bark slot graft, as Dr. Morris calls it, I have used for several
+years. It can be used only during the growing season when the bark will
+slip. It is very successful, whether put in at the top of a cut off
+stock, or inserted in the side of a limb or the trunk. It is not
+convenient to use unless the scion is considerably smaller than the
+stock. The scion is cut with a scarf, or bevel, on one side only. When
+the slot is to be made in the top of a cut off stock two vertical cuts
+are made through the bark, as far apart as the scion is wide, the tongue
+of bark thus formed is raised slightly at the top, and the point of the
+scion is inserted, cut surface toward the center of the tree, and pushed
+down firmly into place. The superfluous part of the tongue of bark is
+then cut off. By slightly undercutting the edges of the slot, and
+slightly tapering it toward the bottom, the scion may be wedged, or
+dovetailed, in place so as to be very firm. It is even possible to
+dispense with tying, sometimes, but better not to do so.
+
+When the slot is to be made in the side of a limb or trunk the same
+procedure is followed except that it is necessary before making the slot
+to remove a notch of bark, at right angles to the axis of the trunk, so
+as to free the upper end of the tongue of bark.
+
+The bark slot graft is the easiest of all and readily mastered once the
+grafter learns to shape a true scion. It is much better than the old
+bark graft where the bark of the stock is forced away from the wood
+leaving considerable space to be filled or covered.
+
+These two forms of graft, the side graft, of which Mr. Jones's modified
+cleft graft is only a variation, as before stated, and the bark slot, in
+its two variations as described, will meet all needs in topworking
+hickory trees.
+
+Finally, prevention of desiccation of the graft is obtained by waxing. I
+have found Dr. Morris's method with melted paraffine satisfactory. The
+addition of raw pine gum, as advocated by Dr. Morris is undoubtedly an
+advantage under certain conditions, described by him, but I have not yet
+used it. The melted parowax is applied to the whole graft and wrapping,
+leaving no cut surface exposed and the whole scion being covered. If the
+paraffine is at just the right temperature it will spread at a touch,
+covering the surfaces without danger of scalding. It is much more
+effective thus applied than if colder and daubed on. The thicker the
+waxing the more likely to crack and separate. If the paraffine smokes it
+is too hot. If it does not smoke, and is dexterously applied, I think we
+can feel safely that it cannot be too hot. But if applied with a heavy
+hand it may be too hot even at a temperature so low that it will not
+spread.
+
+
+_Season for Grafting_
+
+According to Dr. Morris nut trees can be grafted successfully in any
+month of the year. But practically I think that grafting will be limited
+to that part of the year during which the cambium layer of the stock is
+active. At other times of the year preservation of the vitality of the
+scion will be too problematical, it seems to me, even if it is very
+carefully waxed. However, I may be mistaken. At any rate grafting is not
+very pleasant work out of doors in very cold weather. The success of
+bench grafting would be an argument for the success of dormant season
+grafting out of doors.
+
+
+_After Care_
+
+Without thoughtful after care the labor of topworking will almost
+certainly be lost. There are many ways in which the grafts can be lost
+but the two commonest are by being choked, or inhibited, by growth from
+the stock, and by being blown out by the wind. All new growth from the
+stock must be rigorously prevented. Grafts often make so heavy a growth
+that, if not blown out by the wind, they will be dragged out by their
+own weight. Consequently they must often be supported. When the grafts
+are in, or near, the trunk of the stock, and not too high, the handiest
+method of support is to cut a sapling of proper length, sharpen the
+butt, stick this into the ground at the base of the stock, and tie it in
+two places to the stock. When the grafts are too far out or too high for
+this method laths or slats or sticks may be tied or nailed to the
+branches. Support is likely to be even more necessary in the second
+season when the growth is often astonishing.
+
+Bud worms will sometimes destroy your graft just as it is starting, but
+they are easily found if looked for. With my conditions the most harm by
+insects is done by the night feeding beetles, which are particularly
+exasperating as morning after morning you watch the progress of their
+destructive work without ever seeing them. Bagging is the only
+preventive and it pays to use bags when a particular graft is cherished.
+
+
+_Is Topworking Hickories Worth While?_
+
+Up to the present time it is the surest and easiest way, practically the
+only way, of getting good results with the hickories, excepting the
+pecan. The root systems of the native stocks are well established and
+push the grafts rapidly. I have had a Siers hybrid grow 11 feet Straight
+up in a season. A Taylor matured several nuts on the third season's
+growth. A Terpenny had a crop the fourth year, the Griffin bears
+annually since its fifth year, the Kirtland and Barnes since the sixth.
+The Kentucky is a little slower. None of the hybrids have yet borne with
+me but with others they have borne quite early. We can be sure that the
+hickories will bear when top worked as soon as the average apple tree.
+The size of the crop that any topworked hickory tree will bear will
+depend on the size to which you have been able to grow the tree and the
+habit of bearing of the particular variety. I think, also, that there is
+good evidence to show that the size of the tree, the size of the nuts
+and the size of the crop will depend largely on the amount of care and
+the amount of plant food that is given the tree.
+
+Two years ago I topworked a number of hickory trees for Mr. Patterson of
+Wilkes-Barre, one of our members, and Mr. Patterson's foreman put in a
+few grafts under my observation. This summer I went to Wilkes-Barre to
+inspect my work. The foreman took me out into a field where he had done
+a lot of grafting the year before and I found that he had had a little
+better percentage of success than I had had. He had used the bark slot
+graft for everything, even when the scions were almost as big as the
+stocks. Before this I had thought that long experience was necessary for
+successful grafting. Now I see that if you have good scions, a Morris
+melter and a half hour of instructions, you will have all the essentials
+for immediate success. Hickory grafting is easy now. But let no one be
+contemptuous, for this ease has come only after many years of experiment
+and countless failures by many men. The former difficulty in grafting
+the hickory seems now like a mystery. The history of its evolution would
+make a very pretty story for the nut grower.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON MEDIATE AND IMMEDIATE GRAFTING AT ALL TIMES OF THE YEAR
+
+_By Dr. R. T. Morris, Connecticut_
+
+
+Any newly described fact which releases information on the subject of
+tree grafting opens vistas of the new frontier in world agriculture.
+
+Time was when men went from one country to another in search of fresh
+top soil. That was when they did not know better. It was when their cogs
+of habit turned their cogs of thought. They were engaged in raising
+annual plants at a considerable expenditure of time, labor and expense.
+They committed wastage of soluble plant foods (a variety of sin).
+
+Malthus formulated a famous over-population fear-thought. It had basis
+in his ignorance of the fact that steam was soon to become a factor in
+the spreading of food supplies. Furthermore, he seemingly did not know
+that when old top-soil frontiers had gone to the rear, new frontiers
+would appear in the sub-soil. The tree digs deeper than the farmer ever
+plowed.
+
+After Malthus came hunger prophets who were ignorant of coming
+possibilities of fleet transportation through the air. The caterpillar
+tractor plunging into the tropical jungle will allow of the production
+of a practically unlimited food supply. Famine in India, China, and
+Russia is a social matter and unnecessary. Trees cure famine.
+
+Within the past decade a number of thinkers on one end of the see-saw
+have written heavily on the over-population question not knowing that
+they and their birth control ideas were to be tossed into the air by
+still heavier weight of fact on the other end of the see-saw.
+
+The heavier weight of fact relates to the idea that famine does not
+belong to tree food regions. It relates to the fact that tree foods can
+supply all of the essentials of provender for men, livestock and fowls;
+proteins, starches, fats and vitamines in delicious form. It relates to
+the fact that tree foods come largely out of the sub-soil without
+apparent diminution of fertility of the ground. The tree allows top-soil
+bacteria and surface annual plants to manufacture plant food materials
+and then deep roots take these materials to the leaves for elaboration
+by sun chemistry.
+
+Trees may be grown wherever crops of annual plants may be grown and
+where annual plants may not be grown profitably. They do not require the
+service of high cost labor for annual tillage of the soil. For example,
+four large pecan trees or black walnut trees on an acre of ground
+without tillage or fertilizer may average a thousand pounds of nut meats
+annually for a century. How often is the market value and food value of
+a thousand pounds of nut meats per acre equalled by crops from annual
+plants which would require from 100 to 200 plowings and harrowings
+during a hundred years of continuous cultivation leaving out the
+question of expensive fertilizers and labor. Large populations live upon
+dates, olives and figs. For trouble they have to look to religion.
+
+Several centuries were required for the British farmers to raise the
+wheat crop from six bushels to thirty bushels per acre. Things move
+faster nowadays. It will not require so long a time to carry tree crops
+from the seedling phase to the phase of grafted kinds with greater
+productivity and quality. In the past the successful tree grafter was a
+specially skilled man. Now almost anybody may graft almost any sort of
+tree at almost any time of the year.
+
+Aside from grafting, the hybridizing of nut trees, like that of cereal
+grain plants, has become a scientific sport appealing to the play
+instinct of man. When work becomes play in any field of human activity
+progress goes by leaps and bounds. The recent advance in tree grafting
+has amounted almost to a revolution rather than an evolution process.
+Application of a few new grafting principles of great consequence is now
+the order of the day. Old established grafting methods frequently ran
+into failures when dealing with all but a few trees like the common
+fruit bearing kinds.
+
+The two chief obstacles to successful grafting were desiccation of the
+graft and fungous or bacterial parasites which entered the land of milk
+and honey where sap collected in graft wounds. Both of these dangers
+have now been practically eliminated and it remains for us to extend the
+season of grafting, carrying it away from a hurried procedure in busy
+spring weeks.
+
+The chief obstacle to this extension of the grafting season has been the
+difficulty in finding the right sort of grafting wax or protective
+material for covering the graft, buds and all, as well as the wound of
+the stock. For covering the entire graft in order to avoid desiccation
+grafting waxes had to be applied in melted form with a brush. They had
+to be applied in melted form for filling interstices of wounds in which
+sap might collect and ferment. These waxes had the effect of not
+retaining their quality under greatly varying conditions of heat, cold
+and moisture. The paraffin waxes which the author has preferred were
+inclined to crack and to become separated from the graft and stock in
+cold weather. Furthermore they would remelt and become useless in the
+very hot sun of southern latitudes.
+
+Experimentation for several seasons has resulted in the finding that raw
+pine gum is miscible with the paraffins in almost all proportions
+because of physical or chemical affinity. This gives to the wax an
+elasticity and adhesiveness of such degree that we may now graft trees
+in cold weather. Cohesiveness of molecules of the mixture is such that
+remelting in the hot sun may not destroy the effectiveness of this
+protective coating in hot weather.
+
+Since the author has depended upon this mixture he has grafted peaches,
+apples, hazels and hickories successfully in midwinter as well as in
+midsummer. Many other kinds of trees have been grafted successfully out
+of the so-called grafting season but these four kinds which represent
+two of the "easiest grafters" and two of the "hardest grafters" will
+suffice for purposes of illustration.
+
+According to old-established idea trees may be grafted successfully only
+from scions that have been cut when dormant and stored in proper
+receptacles. This is what we may term "mediate grafting," a considerable
+length of time intervening between cutting the scions and inserting the
+grafts. On the other hand what we may call "immediate grafting" is the
+taking of a scion from one tree and grafting it at once in a tree that
+is to receive it. Mediate or immediate grafting may both be done at
+almost any time of the year, winter or summer, spring or autumn.
+
+When preparing the scion for immediate grafting in the spring or early
+summer it is best to cut off all the leaves and herbaceous growth of the
+year. We then depend upon latent buds situated in the older wood of the
+scion. The latter may be one year or several years of age.
+
+In midsummer when top buds have formed we may remove only the leaves,
+allowing the growth of the year to remain and to serve for grafting
+material.
+
+In experiments with the apple for example it was found that mediate
+grafts inserted on July 10th in the latitude of Stamford, Conn., began
+to burst their buds five or six days later. Immediate grafts inserted at
+the same time began to burst their buds about fifteen days later from
+buds of the year and about twenty days later from latent buds in older
+scion wood.
+
+New shoots from these mediate apple grafts continued to grow as they do
+in Spring grafting. Immediate apple grafts on the other hand put out
+about six leaves from each bud and then came to a state of rest with the
+formation of a new top bud. After about ten days of resting these new
+top buds again burst forth and grew shoots like those of the mediate
+grafts.
+
+The philosophy of these phenomena would seem to include the idea that
+the mediate summer grafts had contained a full supply of pabulum stored
+up in the cambium layer. The immediate summer grafts, on the other hand,
+had contained only a partial supply of pabulum, enough to allow them to
+make six leaves and a top bud. After a few days of resting these shoots
+with meager larder could then go forward with new food furnished by the
+whole tree.
+
+Mediate and immediate winter grafts were alike in their method of growth
+in the spring. This would seem to confirm the idea that character of new
+growth is dependent upon the relative quality of stored pabulum in the
+cambium layer.
+
+In experimental work it was noted that both mediate and immediate winter
+grafts make a slower start in the spring than do the grafts inserted in
+springtime. This is perhaps due to the formation of a protective corky
+cell layer over wound surfaces. New granulation tissue would then find
+some degree of mechanical obstacle in the presence of a corky cell layer
+at first.
+
+Herbaceous plants allow of grafting. We are familiar with the example of
+the tomato plant grafted upon the potato plant, furnishing a crop of
+tomatoes above and potatoes below.
+
+It seemed to the author that the herbaceous growth of trees should be
+grafted quite as readily. This seems to be not the case. A number of
+experiments conducted with grafting of the herbaceous growth of trees in
+advance of lignification has resulted wholly in failure with both soft
+wood and hard wood trees.
+
+The walnuts carried herbaceous bud grafts and scion grafts for a long
+time however. These grafts sometimes remained quite green and promising
+for a period of a month but lignification progressed in the stock
+without extending to the scion. Speculation would introduce the idea
+that lignification relates to a hormone influence proceeding from the
+leaves of a tree and that the leafless scion does not send forth
+hormones for stimulating the cells of the scion to the point of
+furnishing enzymes for wood building.
+
+Perhaps the most interesting part of new tree work relates to
+experiments which are failures. Negative testimony is like the minor key
+in music. There are many men who care to do only things that "cannot be
+done." These are the ones who have made our progress in almost every
+field of human activity.
+
+
+
+
+STOCKS FOR HICKORIES
+
+_Willard G. Bixby, Long Island_
+
+
+MR. BIXBY: The sheets which I am distributing to you contain tables to
+which I shall refer during this talk. But first I will give a little
+foreword regarding the trees. The trees enumerated in the tables shown
+were nearly all given me by Mr. Henry Hicks of Isaac Hicks & Son,
+Westbury, Long Island, and were taken to Baldwin and set out in the
+fall, practically the entire roots being saved and later the trees
+severely cut back. They were transplanted without loss except in the
+case of the shagbark, and those lost were all undersized trees. All of
+the hickories were of one age, but those lost were ones which had not
+made normal growth and had they been discarded in the beginning there
+would have been no loss whatever in the transplanting of 300 or 400
+trees. Later, in the spring of 1924, I found some loose bark pignut
+(Carya ovalis) seedlings on a farm not far away from my place, and these
+were also transplanted; but they were too small to graft this year.
+These experiments in grafting, made during 1923 and 1924, have shown us
+some new things. With some of the walnuts we had 100 per cent success.
+With the hickories there was not 100 per cent success, but that was due
+to the fact that we were putting scions on stocks that were not
+congenial in many instances. You will notice the results as shown on the
+tables.
+
+   1923 GRAFTING
+
+               G--Grafts Set          C--Successful Catches
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+               Shagbark   Mockernut  Pignut   Pecan   Bitternut    Total
+                  G  C       G   C    G   C    G   C    G   C       G   C     %
+ Barnes           6  6       3   3    3   3    3   3    3   3      18  18    100.0%
+ Brooks                      5   0    4   2    5   1    5   2      19   5     21.0%
+ Clark            5  1       5   0    5  2     5   1    5  2       25   6     24.0%
+ Fairbanks                                             27 17       27  17     59.3%
+ Gobble           1  O       1   1    1  1     1   1    1  1        5   4     80.0%
+ Griffin          1  1       1   1    1  0     1   0    1  1        5   3     60.0%
+ Hales                       5   3    4  1     5   4    5  5       19  13     52.5%
+ Kentucky         5  4       3   1    5  4     5   4    5  1       23  14     61.0%
+ Kirtland                    3   1    3  2     3   2    3  2       12   7     58.4%
+ Laney                                                  6  4        6   4     66.7%
+ Long Beach       4  3       3   2    4  1     4   2    3  1       18   9     50.0%
+ Manahan          5  1       5   1    6  2     5   1    5  1       26   6     24.2%
+ Siers                                                  5  5        5   5    100.0%
+ Stanley                     3   3    3  2              3  3        9   8     89.0%
+ Taylor                      4   3    3  3     4   3    4  3       15  12     80.0%
+ Vest             5  1       5   0    5  1     5   2    5  1       25   5     20.0%
+ Weiker                      5   1    5  2              5  1       15   4     26.8%
+                 -- --      --  --   -- --    --  --   -- --      ---  ---
+                 32 17      51  20   52 26    46  24   91 53      272  140
+                 53.1%       29.2%    50.0%    47.0%    59.3%       51.5%
+
+An inspection of the 1923 grafts made August 21, 1924 showed the
+following number growing: on shagbark 14, on mockernut 6, on pignut 26,
+on pecan 24, and on bitternut 16, the only place where there was any
+material difference being in the case of the mockernut where nearly
+three-quarters of the number of grafts growing last summer failed to
+grow this spring, in fact all varieties failed to grow excepting three,
+the Barnes, Gobble and Long Beach, all three of which I suspect from
+other evidence, have mockernut parentage. In the ease of those on pignut
+and pecan stocks there was no loss from 1923 and in some instances at
+least of those on shagbark and bitternut stocks the loss was due to
+outside causes, such as being broken off.
+
+   1924 GRAFTING
+
+             G--Grafts Set  C--Successful Catches
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+             Shagbark   Mockernut   Pignut    Pecan   Bitternut   Total
+              G  C       G  C       G  C      G  C      G  C      G   C     %
+ Barnes                  8  7      10  4                          18  11   61.0%
+ Beaver                  5  1                                      5   1   20.0%
+ Brooks                 11  8      10  5                          21  13   61.9%
+ Clark        6  0       8  0       5  0      5  1                24   1    4.6%
+ Fairbanks               5  3                                      5   3   60.0%
+ Greenbay                5  0                                      5   0    0.0%
+ Hales                   5  1                                      5   1   20.0%
+ Kentucky                5  2       4  2                           9   4   44.5%
+ Kirtland                5  5       4  3                           9   8   88.8%
+ Laney                   5  3       5  2                          10   5   50.0%
+ Manahan                 6  2                                      6   2   33.3%
+ Mosnat No. 5.           7  1                                      7   1   14.7%
+ Mosnat No. 6.          10  6                                     10   6   60.0%
+ Siers                   5  4                                      5   4   80.0%
+ Stanley                12  1                                     12   1    8.3%
+ Vest           10  3   15  5      16  5      10  3     12  3     63  19   34.2%
+ Weiker                  5  3                                      5   3   60.0%
+                -- --  --- --      -- --      -- --     --  --   ---  --
+                16  3  122 52      54 21      15  4     12  3    219  83
+                18.7%  42.6%       38.9%      26.7%     25.0%     37.9%
+
+In 1923, it was very evident that the Barnes was the only variety
+showing 100 per cent success on every stock. That was not repeated in
+1924, but it still showed a high percentage of success.
+
+From the comparatively modest percentage of catches, 51.5% on the
+average in 1923 and 37.9% in 1924, one might hastily conclude that the
+grafting was not skillfully done or that the grafts did not have proper
+attention afterward, but as noted above the grafting was done by Dr.
+Deming, whom I regard as one of the most skillful men that we have, and
+as the work on walnuts done at the same time showed 100% success with a
+number of varieties, I think any question as to the skill with which the
+work was done and the care the grafted trees had afterwards can be
+dismissed.
+
+It is to be regretted that the number of scions at hand was not
+sufficient to repeat exactly the experiments of 1923 as well as to
+follow out the points suggested by the 1923 work, but as there was not
+enough for both, the latter was done.
+
+The 100% success of catches of the Barnes in 1923 was not repeated in
+1924; but the high per cent of catches on the mockernut, (7 out of 8 in
+1924), is gratifying in view of the few varieties that we have that have
+shown adaptability to that stock. As the Barnes is one of our good
+varieties and there is such a wide section of the country where the
+mockernut is the prevailing hickory, it is believed this behavior of the
+Barnes will prove a valuable addition to our knowledge in top-working
+the hickory.
+
+No variety as strikingly adapted for use on the pignut has appeared, but
+there are a number that have shown fair adaptability.
+
+The varieties most desirable for top-working various species of
+hickories as suggested by this work supplemented by other observations
+of the writer, would be as follows:
+
+   Shagbark--Most varieties.
+   Mockernut--Barnes.
+   Pignut--Brooks, Kentucky, Taylor, Kirtland.
+   Bitternut--Beaver, Fairbanks, Laney, Siers.
+
+It is useful to know that the Barnes is the only one especially
+successful on the Mockernut. By the spring of 1924, all grafts on
+mockernut had died except the Barnes, the Gobble and the Long Beach, and
+each of these is thought to have mockernut parentage.
+
+In the cases of the pignut and the pecan stocks, all of the grafts
+successful in 1923 were still living in 1924. With the shagbark and
+bitternut most lived. As to pecans there is not much to be said; pecan
+varieties would usually be used for the topworking here.
+
+The results of a few grafts set in 1924 on _Carya ovalis_ and on
+shellbark seedlings which were 100% failures, are not noted, as the
+shellbarks were, in the judgment of the writer, too small for the
+purpose, and the _Carya ovalis_ had been set out in the spring of 1924
+but a few weeks before the grafting was done. In other words the latter
+had not become sufficiently established to make good stocks, and the
+former were not large enough. In each case there was not sufficient
+vitality available to expect success.
+
+This brings out one point which has impressed me strongly; that is the
+need of having vigorous stocks if they are to be grafted or transplanted
+successfully. I feel that this point cannot be too strongly emphasized.
+If a stock either from youthfulness or inherent lack of vigor is not
+rapid growing it is almost useless to try to graft it or transplant it
+until it does show the needed vigor.
+
+As to stocks to grow in the nursery with the idea of grafting them
+later, the two commonly used, the bitternut for the bitternut hybrids
+and the pecan for others, there is little further to be recommended at
+this time, although for some varieties, notably the Vest, a stock better
+adapted to it than any we now have is earnestly to be desired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any questions on these three papers on hickory
+grafting?
+
+MR. REED: There are two points in regard to propagation which I believe
+should be mentioned; one is that these various methods that have been
+discussed make it possible to propagate successfully during a great
+portion of the year. By beginning early in spring with the dormant
+graft, and continuing throughout the summer, these methods can be made
+to follow one another so that if one fails still another can be used.
+These methods greatly prolong the season, and when it is not convenient
+to propagate at one period by the method proper to use at that time
+another can be employed at a different season.
+
+The other point is that we are constantly learning more in regard to the
+influence of stock upon scions. For example, hickories on pecans seem
+satisfactory while the reverse is at least doubtful. Mr. Jones finds
+that _sieboldiana_ is not a good stock for _regia_. We all find nigra
+apparently satisfactory as a stock for any species of _Juglans_. These
+conspicuous differences of influence of various species upon scions
+suggest the possibility of less, but perhaps quite as important,
+difference of varieties. It is one of the newer phases of study and
+experimentation which should be considered by all and reported upon to
+this association.
+
+THE SECRETARY: At my place the Vest, used in top-working large shagbark
+hickories, has been very successful. I do not know any that have been
+more successful or that grow more rapidly than it does on the shagbark
+hickory.
+
+DR. MORRIS: The Marquardt is successful at my place.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I do not know why we have not had success with paraffine
+in a single instance. In grafting fruit trees I had excellent results. I
+thought that if this could be done on fruit trees why not on nut trees?
+But I am going to try with the hickory again. I am going to be more
+careful in selecting good, strong stock for that purpose, and I think in
+that way we should have better success.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Did you not perhaps cover the buds of your hickory grafts
+too thickly with melted grafting wax? Might not that account for your
+failure? Hickory buds will burst their way through almost any thickness
+of grafting wax, but when the paraffines are used without pine gum
+admixture the paraffine over the buds is particularly apt to crack and
+to allow the graft to dry out.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I did not cover the hickory grafts with melted grafting
+wax at all; I simply put them in like apple grafts with ordinary
+grafting wax.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Practically all hickory grafts will fail under such
+circumstances, but practically all hickory grafts will catch if they are
+covered with melted grafting wax of the right sort, provided that the
+scions and stock are also of the right sort.
+
+THE SECRETARY: May we now have the President's address?
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Before I begin I wish to call to your attention this
+pamphlet regarding the fifth Mid-West Horticultural Exposition, to be
+held in the Hippodrome, Waterloo, Iowa, November 11 to 16, 1924. It will
+be under the auspices of the Iowa State Horticultural Society,
+co-operating with its afflicted societies and the Greater Waterloo
+Association. The exposition will cover the Mid-West territory, from
+Pittsburgh to Denver. I wish especially to mention the printed list of
+premiums on page 27. Mr. S. W. Snyder, Center Point, is superintendent
+of this department. Cash premiums in Department b-Nuts, amount to $289.
+In addition there will be a grand sweepstakes, a trophy cup, donated by
+a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, for the exhibitor
+winning the greatest number of points. Anyone interested could write to
+the secretary, Mr. R. S. Herrick, State House, Des Moines, for a printed
+premium list. If any members of our Association have pet nuts of a
+variety which they would like pushed to the front now is the chance.
+Snyder Brothers are offering special premiums for new nuts unnamed and
+unpropagated.
+
+The object of this association, as defined in its constitution, is "the
+promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and their
+culture," and as its name implies, in the northern part of this country.
+Without going into detail it seems to me that we have achieved the
+object of our association, at least to the extent of making practical
+use of our accumulated knowledge. Public interest has been aroused,
+which may become stale. Articles have appeared in magazines and
+newspapers from time to time on subjects relating to nut culture. We are
+also on a continual lookout for new varieties, and those of our members
+skilled in the art are constantly improving and working out new methods
+of grafting and budding, particularly as evidenced by Dr. Morris' work
+entitled "Nut Growing." We know approximately how soon a grafted nut
+tree, especially the black walnut, will begin to bear. At Mr. Jones'
+Nursery, Lancaster, Pa., an Ohio black walnut tree in the nursery row
+bore a cluster of seven nuts 17 months after the graft was placed. Mr.
+J. W. Wilkinson, of Rockport, Ind., has demonstrated that grafted
+northern pecan trees bear early and abundantly for their size.
+
+We have given advice conservatively in reply to all inquiries relative
+to nut-bearing plants, perhaps too much so. Much honor and credit is due
+to certain members of our association for their untiring work and
+efforts in its behalf. It is not necessary to mention names as I am sure
+most of you present know to whom I refer. Our annual reports testify to
+their splendid work.
+
+From this time forward I believe we should adopt the policy of boldly
+advocating the planting of orchards of nut trees. The intending planter
+will decide for himself what variety he will plant, and as a guide he
+should judge from the wild varieties growing in his vicinity. By so
+doing he cannot go very far astray in what will be to him a new venture.
+Of course certain varieties will be restricted to certain limited areas.
+This applies particularly to the introduced varieties, as distinguished
+from the native nut-bearing trees.
+
+The black walnut has a wider range than any of the other nut trees.
+Travel wheresoever you will about the country and you will observe wild
+black walnut trees growing almost on every farm. The planting of the
+Persian, or English walnut, as it is more generally known, has had more
+of a popular appeal, perhaps from the fact that we are accustomed to
+seeing clean, smooth nuts of uniform size of that variety in almost
+every grocery store, the kernels of which may be extracted without great
+effort. The black walnut, on the other hand, has been tolerated as a
+sort of poor relation, and has been given no particular attention,
+because we have been used to seeing it around. It has not been made to
+do its share of contributing towards its keep. Our earliest
+recollections of it bring to mind bruised fingers as a result of our
+endeavors to crack the nuts and the tedious work of manipulating a
+darning needle to extract the kernels, which we usually picked to pieces
+in the process. We now know that we simply did not have the right kind
+of black walnuts. We should put our accumulated knowledge to practical
+use to urge on every occasion the planting of nut orchards, especially
+of approved varieties of the black walnut. This I understand is what the
+United States Department of Agriculture is advocating, and we should
+co-operate all we can with the department in that recommendation.
+
+It will, no doubt, be urged that sufficient grafted black walnut trees
+are not available for orchard planting on a large scale. This, no doubt,
+is true, but on many farms there are wild black walnut trees of a size
+suitable for grafting or top-working. Grafting wood may be obtained in
+larger quantities than the grafted trees. Those of our members skilled
+in the art have not been selfish in imparting their knowledge to others
+and are always ready and willing to instruct others in the art. Most
+owners of these trees would only be too glad to substitute profitable
+tops for their trees in lieu of their unprofitable ones.
+
+I believe that at all our meetings we should have practical
+demonstrations in budding and grafting, as this will tend to arouse the
+interest of the uninitiated and will spur the initiated to greater
+perfection.
+
+During the past year there has been a discussion relative to the calling
+of the black walnut by some other name. Personally I believe we should
+not attempt the change. The public will not understand and it will take
+them a long time to become educated to the change. Valuable time will be
+consumed in picking out a new name. Let us take the name as we find it.
+Properly handled, after the husks are removed, the walnuts will not be
+as black as they are painted, and besides, we do not eat the shell
+anyhow. The quality of the kernel will make its appeal. The trouble with
+all of us has been that too much attention has been given to the looks,
+rather than the quality, of our food stuffs. Quality has been sacrificed
+for looks. Various illustrations of this come to mind with all of us.
+
+I believe success will attend the planting of black walnut orchards.
+This will encourage others to follow with orchards of other nut-bearing
+trees. Orchards of all kinds of fruit trees are being planted each year
+and the planters are content to wait until the trees are large enough
+in order to reap the benefits thereof. But somehow the impression
+prevails in the minds of many people that a nut tree should show results
+and yield profits soon after it is planted. In recommending to a lady of
+means that she should plant, as shade trees, northern pecans she
+promptly wanted to know how many bushels of nuts she would get off of
+the trees the next year.
+
+Perhaps we place too much importance on selecting just the right spot
+and soil in which to plant a nut tree and thus cause the intending
+planter to be too timid in making a start. Those who know anything about
+trees know pretty well where it is not advisable to plant trees,
+especially those with a long tap-root. They can judge fairly well from
+the wild trees of the same variety growing round about.
+
+As evidence of what a nut tree will do, those of you who have visited
+Devil's Den in Gettysburg Battle Field, have perhaps noticed a butternut
+tree, now quite old, growing out of the top of the cleft in a huge rock,
+having sent its roots down to the adjoining soil for nourishment. This
+tree has borne nuts even in its adverse situation.
+
+For the benefit of those interested in the northern pecan, I wish to
+record the fact that a seedling pecan tree is growing in Clermont
+County, Ohio, on upland, not far from the eastern boundary line of
+Hamilton County, about five miles north of the Ohio River. The nut from
+which the tree grew was brought from Rockport, Indiana, and planted
+about forty-one years ago. The tree is quite large and bears nuts
+comparable with the wild seedling nuts that may be obtained from the
+Rockport district. If a seedling does this, you may readily see what a
+grafted tree will do.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now ask Prof. Collins for his address.
+
+
+
+
+THE SEARCH FOR BLIGHT-RESISTING CHESTNUT SPROUTS[A]
+
+_Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Rhode Island_
+
+The chestnut blight has now been with us for more than twenty years and
+has destroyed practically all the chestnut trees of the northeastern
+part of the country. It has spread in all directions from its original
+center in the immediate vicinity of New York City until it has reached
+the limits of the native chestnut growth in the northeast and north, and
+is steadily approaching its limits in the west and south. The disease, a
+native of China and apparently imported into this country on some
+Japanese or other oriental chestnut, found a more susceptible host in
+our native chestnut and so became a virulent parasite on this new host.
+It was not until 1904 that general attention was attracted to the
+disease. By that time it had obtained a strong foothold on the chestnuts
+of southeastern New York (particularly the western end of Long Island),
+in southwestern Connecticut, and in northern New Jersey.
+
+All of you are more or less familiar with the efforts made in
+Pennsylvania, New York, and elsewhere in the northeast, in co-operation
+with the federal government, to control the disease. These efforts are
+now an old story to most of you and there is no need of repeating it at
+this time.
+
+Early in the fight against the blight the attention of many of us was
+directed to locating possible immune or resistant species, varieties, or
+individuals. The search for resistant native individuals and the
+accompanying experiments in crossing and grafting various species and
+varieties has been kept up ever since. Foreign explorers have constantly
+been on the lookout, with more or less success, for chestnuts in other
+countries that might be resistant to the blight. It has long been known
+that most forms of the Japanese chestnut (_C. crenata_) were in general
+highly resistant to the blight. Later it was found that the more
+recently introduced Chinese chestnut (_C. mollissima_) was also quite
+resistant, although both the Japanese and the Chinese were far from
+being immune. Quite recently Mr. Rock, explorer for the U. S. Department
+of Agriculture, has brought a new chestnut from southern China for
+experimental purposes. Notwithstanding newspaper reports to the contrary
+the possibilities of this chestnut in this country apparently are
+unknown at the present time. Nobody seems to know if it will stand our
+climate, resist the blight, produce worthwhile timber or fruit; nor is
+its name known, according to late advices that have reached me.
+
+Some years ago the late Dr. Van Fleet made numerous crosses between the
+Japanese and the American chestnuts, the Chinquapin, and other species
+and varieties. Personally, I have not been in very close touch with Dr.
+Van Fleet's experiments. Doubtless some of you know more about them than
+I do. Regarding these I will only say at this time that the work begun
+by Dr. Van Fleet is being continued by the Federal Bureau of Plant
+Industry, with Mr. G. F. Gravatt in direct charge of the work so far as
+the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology is concerned. Mr.
+Gravatt is also testing out the value of scions taken from seemingly
+resistant native trees when grafted on resistant stocks.
+
+Some years after the blight had destroyed most of the chestnut trees in
+the northeastern states we kept getting reports from various localities
+to the effect that the blight was apparently dying out. Many of these
+reports came from sources that made us doubt their value, but others
+came from more reliable sources. We have had opportunity to investigate
+a number of these reports and have usually found that the statement that
+the blight was dying out was, in a sense, strictly true, the reason
+being that the chestnut trees were entirely dead, except for sprouts.
+This fact naturally prevented the disease from showing us as much as in
+former years.
+
+Some twelve years ago I noticed in Pennsylvania a sprout of an American
+chestnut about an inch in diameter which had a typical hypertrophy of
+the disease, apparently completely girdling the sprout at its base; also
+a girdling lesion farther up on the stem. The hypertrophy was such a
+pronounced one and in other respects such a typical example of the
+disease that I photographed it. A few years later I was surprised to
+observe that this sprout had increased to more than three times its
+former diameter and that the two diseased areas just mentioned
+apparently had disappeared--at least they were no longer in evidence
+except as rough-barked areas. To make a long story short this sprout is
+still alive and has increased in size and height each year. Although now
+(1924) it is considerably branched and makes a small bushy tree it is
+badly diseased in numerous places and is only partially alive, but the
+dead portions have not resulted from some half dozen of the original
+disease lesions (apparently girdles), but from later infections. The
+very fact that a sprout should have lived for more than twelve years in
+the center of one of the most badly diseased areas known to the writer
+seems at least to suggest the possibility that future chestnut sprouts
+may yet grow in spite of the disease and persist--at least in a
+shrubbery form if not as a tree.
+
+The sprout to which I have just called attention is not an isolated
+case, but merely one of the most pronounced that I know about. In a
+careful survey in July (1924) of the region immediately surrounding the
+sprout just mentioned two or three other notable, but less pronounced,
+cases of a similar sort were discovered. In two cases fine looking
+branched sprouts some twenty feet high with healthy-looking foliage were
+noted. Both were diseased but the disease seemed not to be very
+conspicuous or virulent. In a recent survey of woodland in Rhode Island
+(July, 1924) much healthy foliage was observed and several large sprouts
+were found on which the disease (although present) seemed to be doing
+little damage when compared with its former virulence in the same
+general region.
+
+I call attention to these cases primarily to acquaint you with the
+results of our latest observations on what seems to me to be cases of
+gradually developing resistance in some of the remaining sprouts. In all
+my intensive work on the blight between 1907 and 1913 I cannot now
+recall a single instance where a chestnut sprout in a disease-ridden
+area ever reached a diameter of an inch or thereabouts before its
+existence was cut short by the blight; and yet today--a dozen years
+later--we are finding quite a number of living sprouts over two inches
+in diameter, and a few that are three, four, and even up to seven inches
+in diameter. Last Friday, August 29, I heard of a small chestnut tree in
+New Jersey that bore a few burs last year and which has a dozen or more
+this year. If the nuts mature we hope to get some of them to propagate.
+Last Sunday, August 31, I saw a three inch sprout in Connecticut that
+had had a few burs on it. I would be glad to learn of any cases of this
+sort that may come to your attention.
+
+You are all thinking men and women and all of you have had experiences
+with diseased trees of some sort, many of you with very serious
+diseases, and some of you I know have had a wide experience with the
+chestnut blight, so you can draw your own conclusions as to the
+significance of the facts that I have stated.
+
+As to the state laws for transporting material from one state to another
+I am not posted, but I believe that we can be advised by writing to the
+government at Washington.
+
+DR. MORRIS: We do not know whether the Washington government will
+sterilize those scions and send them out for us, but there should be
+some way of sending from one state to another.[B]
+
+It seems to me that in all probability, the vital energy of the
+protoplasm of the endothia is diminishing. Quality, flavor, or anything
+you please, is bound up with certain vitality, and that diminishes and
+finally will cease. That is the reason for the endothia growing less
+now.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: My point was perhaps not exactly that. I meant that the
+result is that, with the average cases, we are now getting chestnuts not
+so quickly destroyed. The explanation may be exactly what you have
+stated.
+
+DR. MORRIS: There are two factors to be considered. First, the running
+down of the vital energy of the protoplasm; and second, in the factors
+which affect the vital energy of the plant.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: In the paper I have just read there was mentioned the
+apparent number of trees in various parts of the country which are very
+slowly dying from the blight, and some which have resisted it entirely,
+so far; but that was not the point I desired to emphasize. There are
+some around New York City which are still growing, and Dr. Graves could
+tell us of this.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: Would it be desirable to take out an old tree where there
+are new sprouts? One tree on Mr. Littlepage's place in Maryland has a
+number of sprouts coming up. I suggested that if we could get people
+together and clean the woods up we could dig up the old trees and only
+leave the blight-resistant ones.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: That is near Bell Station where we do our experimental
+work. We found one place infected. I cleaned it out and we have not seen
+anything of the disease since.
+
+MR. BIXBY: Some five or six years ago I sent a number of chestnuts to
+Warren, New Hampshire, which is outside of the blight district. I did
+not know then much about the blight. They grew for several years and it
+was not until one year ago that the trees were found with blight. I got
+the party to cut them down. How long must I wait before it is safe to
+send other trees there? I believe they will grow there and bear, but we
+do not want to get them affected with the blight.
+
+PROF. COLLINS: I do not know that anybody could answer that. Apparently
+we have waited 20 years and are still unsafe. It is a case of
+experimentation.
+
+MR. KAINS: As to the hybrids of Dr. Van Fleet and Dr. Morris, in the
+spring of 1923 I planted 10 and there are only four alive now. They were
+affected by blight and killed. They were rather large trees when
+planted, and I think for that reason more susceptible. We had the idea
+from the nursery that they would be more likely to withstand the disease
+than would the American sweet chestnut. Have you any reports as to the
+way these hybrids behave?
+
+MR. REED: As to Dr. Van Fleet's hybrids, so far as we know they are all
+going with the blight. The collection in Washington is practically gone.
+We are still caring for them and doing what we can but the prospect is
+not at all good. We get reports of these distributed around the country,
+but in no case have we had a report indicating that the Van Fleet
+hybrids were at all resistant.
+
+[Footnote A: Note--"Blight-resisting" as used in this paper should be
+interpreted as a slower death of the host than in former years, whether
+or not the result of increased resistance to the parasite on the part of
+the host, or to decreased virulence of the parasite, or to both factors
+combined.]
+
+[Footnote B: Decision From the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
+Washington, D. C.
+
+In a letter of later date, addressed to Mr. C. A. Reed, Dr. B. T.
+Galloway, of the U. S. Dept. of Agr., wrote regarding the matter of
+distributing Merribrooke chestnut scions, as follows:
+
+"I have talked with Mr. Stevenson, of the Federal Horticultural Board,
+regarding this matter, and he says that, while there is no federal
+quarantine covering the chestnuts, as a matter of policy we have not
+been letting any chestnuts or scions go through our hands into the
+non-blight regions. Mr. Stevenson says that Dr. Morris himself might be
+able to carry out the plan he suggests by dealing direct with some of
+the state institutions in non-blight regions, selecting states that have
+no quarantine against chestnuts."]
+
+PROF. COLLINS: I will now read my paper on
+
+
+
+
+PROTECTION OF WOUNDS IN NUT TREES
+
+
+I have been asked to discuss briefly the handling of wood decay in
+top-worked nut trees. I am not sure that I know very much about the
+latest methods employed in this type of work. Personally I have had no
+practical experience with it. I understand, however, that nut trees are
+top-worked by cutting off limbs and inserting one or more scions. I am
+informed that limbs as large as six inches or more in diameter have
+been cut for this purpose, particularly on pecan trees in the South, and
+that decay has started at the top of these stubs after the scions have
+become established, resulting in a pocket of decay. I assume that it is
+about such places as these that you want me to say something. Such
+conditions, whatever their origin, call for straight tree surgery
+methods. My work on tree surgery has been almost entirely with shade
+trees and chestnuts, and only to a very limited extent on other nut
+trees.
+
+The general methods of handling decay are essentially the same on all
+trees, as also are the fundamental principles underlying the same,
+whether on nut or shade trees. I must admit I do not know just what
+methods are being employed by nut growers at the present time to
+counteract such decay in top-worked trees, so my suggestions may include
+nothing with which you are unfamiliar. Again, they may include some
+methods that you have already tried and found wanting so far as nut
+trees are concerned.
+
+As a _prevention_ of decay my suggestions, based on my own shade tree
+experience, would be:
+
+(1) Avoid cutting large limbs when smaller ones are available and will
+serve the purpose just as well or better.
+
+(2) Keep the scars thoroughly and continuously covered with some good
+waterproof and antiseptic material so as to prevent infection of any
+part of the cut surfaces.
+
+(3) Always make the cut somewhat slanting so that rain water will
+readily run off, and insert the scions preferably at the upper extremity
+of the cut. Such an oblique cut normally heals quicker and better on
+shade trees than a transverse cut, particularly if a vigorous young
+sprout is left at the peak of the cut. I am quite certain the same
+statement will hold true with scions of nut trees placed at the peak of
+the oblique cut.
+
+After decay _has started_, I would suggest--
+
+(1) Cut out all the decayed woody matter, preferably from one side, so
+that a free and easy drainage of the wound may result. If necessary,
+when several scions have been placed around the stub, sacrifice one of
+the grafts and make a rather long oblique cut or groove from which all
+decayed matter has been removed. Use shellac, liquid grafting wax or
+melted paraffine over the cut bark, cambium and adjoining sapwood
+immediately after the final cut is made.
+
+(2) Cover the entire wound with some good preparation to keep out
+disease germs and water. Preferably use for a covering such materials as
+will be more or less permanent and which have been found by practical
+experience to be least injurious and most effective on the particular
+nut tree that you are treating.
+
+(3) Keep the wound thoroughly painted or covered at all times until it
+is completely sealed over by a new growth of callus.
+
+(4) If the top-working was originally done in such a manner that the
+removal of all the decay results in a cavity that cannot be properly
+drained, it is advisable to fill the cavity with some waterproofing and
+antiseptic material in order to prevent it holding water and also to
+assist the cambium in covering the wound. The cavity must first be
+treated in accordance with approved tree surgery practices. In shade
+tree work, quite a variety of substances have been used to fill cavities
+with more or less success; e. g., wood blocks and strips, asphalt and
+sawdust, asphalt and sand, clear coal tar, clear asphalt, elastic
+cement, magnesian cement, Roman (or Portland) cement, etc. Of these only
+two--wooden blocks and Portland cement, have been in general use more
+than a few years. Blocks of wood were used in France to fill cavities
+more than 60 years ago, and in this country to some extent about 50
+years ago. Later, Portland cement was used in preference to wood for
+fillings, probably mainly because it was more easily handled. To us of
+the present generation, Portland cement in combination with sand is the
+one material that seems to have been in general use sufficiently long to
+allow us to draw any seemingly reliable conclusion as to its real
+merits.
+
+For the personal use of the average orchardist, Portland cement is one
+of the last in the list mentioned above that I would recommend.
+According to a few reports that have reached me, wooden blocks and tar
+proved to be fairly satisfactory half a century ago, and strips of wood
+embedded in some flexible and antiseptic material, are proving very
+satisfactory today. An excellent preparation to use between the strips
+of wood, containing asphalt and asbestos, can be readily bought on the
+market, and it has the advantage of being mixed ready for use. For
+cavities with horizontal openings that will hold semi-fluid substances,
+clear asphalt or gas-house (coal) tar may answer all purposes. For
+cavities with oblique or vertical openings, or for those on the
+underside of a limb, probably some of the magnesian cements, which
+readily adhere to wood, will be found more satisfactory when properly
+mixed and applied.
+
+Although I have said more about filling cavities than of other phases of
+the work, I do not wish the impression to go forth that I recommend such
+work except as a last resort, so to speak. The one thing that I do most
+emphatically recommend above all others is the prevention of decay so
+far as possible by practices that are less likely to allow
+decay-producing organisms to gain entrance in the first place, or at any
+other time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Does anyone care to discuss this paper?
+
+MR. KAINS: Mr. President: During the last five years, I have planted
+several hundred nut trees, including the English walnut, black walnut,
+the heartnut, pecan (northern ones) and some hybrid hickories. I have
+noticed that in this nursery stock there has been a good deal of
+dying-out of the original stock where the trees had been grafted, and
+where the scion had not covered over. In some of those cases decay has
+set in, and the trees have died before they could be attended to or have
+been broken down by the wind. The point is, I think it a mistake for
+nurserymen to use as large stocks as they have been using in many of
+these cases, because the stump of the stock is too large for the slowly
+growing scions to cover over quickly enough. My experience in the
+planting of fruit trees has been uniformly successful with smaller
+stocks (that is, trees smaller than I have been able to buy for nut
+trees) with peaches one year from the bud and with apples not more than
+two years; with berries and stone fruits, not more than two years. In
+every case, with the fruit trees, one year stocks have given me better
+results. First, because they healed over more quickly, and second,
+because I could cut to better advantage in the trees. In no case have I
+been able to get nut trees as small as I can apples and peaches. I
+believe that with the smaller trees amateurs will have better success. I
+bring this matter to the attention of those men who are devoting their
+lives to the propagation of nut trees.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The subject of transplanting nut trees was treated fully
+by Mr. Bixby in his paper this morning and will be treated by Mr. Hicks
+this afternoon in his address on the subject. Mr. Hicks will give a
+lecture, illustrated with slides, showing how the larger nut trees may
+be successfully transplanted.
+
+DR. MORRIS: Mr. Kains' thought was that there was a good deal of
+difficulty from using stocks that were too large. Paraffine will keep
+them safe from microbes.
+
+MR. KAINS: We had difficulty from the drying of the scions.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find that if raw pine gum is put in it prevents the
+paraffine from cracking.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: In regard to wounds on the trees I find that creosote
+makes a very good antiseptic. I use coal tar and creosote, mixed to a
+consistency of cream. I have used Portland cement but I treated with
+creosote first. In some cases I used bichloride of mercury.
+
+MR. REED: It seems to be the experience in the South that, so far as the
+amateur is concerned, he gets better results with the pecans by planting
+trees of from three to five feet. Trees smaller than that are regarded
+as dwarfed; but the man who is in a position to exercise greater care
+could get quicker results from buying the large-sized trees. Yet it
+requires more care in transplanting, more fertilizer, and more
+attention.
+
+MR. REED: I wish to make the motion that the chair name a nominating
+committee at this time.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Is that agreed? All right; then I name Mr. O'Connor for
+chairman, Mr. Reed, Mr. Olcott, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Hershey on the
+committee. Are those names acceptable? (Vote shows unanimous
+acceptance).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The convention will adjourn until two o'clock.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST DAY--AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+Meeting called to order by the President.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I will read a communication from Mr. Snyder, of Center
+Point, Iowa. But first I would like to explain that when the President
+in mentioning the Horticultural Exposition at Waterloo, spoke of a
+sweepstakes cup from a member of the N. N. G. A. for the greatest number
+of points won in the nut exhibition of which Mr. Snyder has charge he
+did not state that he himself was the member who gave the cup.
+
+
+
+
+A HARANGUE ON THE NUT SITUATION IN IOWA
+
+_By S. W. Snyder, Iowa_
+
+
+Previous to the organization of the Mid-West Horticultural Exposition
+the Iowa State Horticultural Society had given but little attention to
+the nut question. But along with the exposition came a demand for a nut
+department, which resulted in the writer being appointed superintendent
+and given authority to prepare a limited premium list.
+
+This resulted in bringing out a number of new and unnamed varieties of
+nuts and created some enthusiasm. When it came time to prepare for the
+second exposition, authority was given to greatly increase the premium
+list, which resulted in bringing out more new varieties and created a
+wonderful lot of enthusiasm.
+
+When it came time to prepare for the third exposition a list was adopted
+calling for $138.00 in cash premiums, which resulted in bringing out
+such a large exhibit of choice nuts that when we came to make
+preparation for the fourth exposition the premium list was increased to
+a total of $181.50. This brought out so many fine nuts that it became a
+common thing to hear the remark, among the visitors that it was the most
+important department in the exposition.
+
+For the coming exposition, to be held next November, the premium list as
+adopted calls for $280.00 in cash premiums, and while I am no prophet I
+am going to predict that it will result in bringing together the largest
+nut exhibit ever collected under one roof in the United States.
+
+At our last exposition held in Council Bluffs, some of the directors of
+our state fair observed that the nut department was attracting much
+attention and was bringing a good many visitors to the exposition. They
+decided that they must have a nut premium list for the state fair and
+requested me to make up a list covering the nut subject as strictly
+applied to the State of Iowa. This I did and am attaching the list
+hereto. Although our state fair comes off in the month of August, and no
+nuts are available for exhibit, except such as happen to be kept over
+from the previous year's crop, yet it brought out at our 1923 fair the
+largest and best exhibit of nuts that has ever been shown within this
+state, not excepting the exhibits of the exposition. The board of
+directors were so well pleased with the interest manifested in the nut
+department that they are continuing the list for this year's fair and
+doubtless it will become a permanent feature of future fairs of this
+state.
+
+So much publicity and attention has been given the nut question within
+our state that it has resulted in bringing to light several new
+varieties that we think should be propagated before the original trees
+may have been destroyed.
+
+The horticultural department of our Iowa State Agricultural College is
+now taking an active interest in the nut question and has assigned one
+of the professors to the job of collecting information about and taking
+pictures of, the best known nut trees within the state.
+
+If they follow up the nut subject with as much vim and energy as they
+have other phases of horticulture we may look for something in the nut
+line in the next few years that will be worth while.
+
+The native nut situation might well be summed up by saying that we have
+so many good walnuts, butternuts, hazels, pecans, hickories, and hybrids
+of the two last named species, that we could banish all foreigners and
+still have plenty left to supply every need.
+
+The crop of nuts for this season is fairly good; some trees have none,
+others a light crop, and some varieties are carrying a heavy load.
+
+Of introduced nuts some are proving to be hardy and fruitful, but in my
+judgment they are all lacking in eating quality as compared with our own
+native nuts, unless I should except the filbert which has not yet proven
+that it will bear profitable crops in this climate.
+
+In closing I want to give just one instance of the great interest that
+has been aroused for nut growing within this state.
+
+A certain little city of less than two thousand inhabitants happens to
+own thirty acres of land that is suitable for the growth of timber. The
+citizens propose to plant the entire tract to nut bearing trees and
+bushes, and eventually make it a free park in which the children of the
+village may be turned loose to gather the nuts.
+
+Just imagine, if you can, how the enthusiasm of the boys who may be
+fortunate enough to live in that little city, will more than bubble over
+as the nut gathering season approaches. I hope to be able to assist
+those people in their laudible enterprise and wish I may live to see it
+develop into the greatest thing of its kind in the United States.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Brooks, will you kindly give the Vice-President's
+report from West Virginia, preceding your paper?
+
+DR. BROOKS: I have no special report to give as Vice-President of the
+association from West Virginia. I might say, perhaps, that the West
+Virginia station is in a land of hills and dales. Our latitude is from
+200 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and our average elevation
+is 1,500 feet. From our excellent position we can look down 600 feet or
+so upon the Ohio. Our land contains many species of trees, including nut
+trees. Among these there is one species of beech, two of hazel, two of
+chestnut, six of hickory, two of walnuts and fifteen of oaks.
+Fortunately, the chestnut blight has not swept the entire state. The
+chestnut has been in the past and is still our most popular tree. There
+are areas where tons of chestnuts are still put on the market every
+year. The people are still thinking more and more of some plant that
+might take its place; they are considering the shagbark hickory and the
+black walnut. I predict that in the future there will be more planting
+of hazel nuts, black walnuts and shagbark hickories in this state. The
+prospect there is promising.
+
+
+
+
+SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING NORTHERN NUTS
+
+_By Fred E. Brooks_
+
+_Associate Entomologist U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+The prevalence of insect pests need not be regarded as an alarming
+obstacle to nut growing in the North, and yet there are numerous species
+of insects which are capable of destroying our nut crops. On the whole I
+presume there are fewer insects that attack nuts in this country than
+commonly attack apples, but apple growers are not limited in planting
+nor prevented from making profits on account of insect depredations.
+Neither should the probability of more or less insect injury discourage
+the would-be planter of nut trees.
+
+The presence of an insect in any locality may mean, among other
+considerations, that the soil, and climatic conditions of that locality
+are favorable to the plant upon which the insect feeds. We may be sure
+that wherever the Baltimore butterfly is abundant, nearby is a congenial
+spot where the turtle's-head, the food plant of the butterfly,
+flourishes. Just so, in localities where there are many chestnut weevils
+we may expect to find chestnut trees thriving and fruiting generously.
+The same is true of the associations of many other insects and plants.
+
+Theoretically speaking, one would not care to risk the expenditure of
+much time or money in propagating a plant in a region that was destitute
+of insects that might attack that plant. The absence of such insects
+would possibly indicate a lack of natural conditions favoring the growth
+of the plant in question. Thus the presence in any locality of insects
+that feed on nuts may mean that nuts thrive naturally in that locality
+and that insects are there because of the abundance of a favorite food.
+
+May I hasten to add, however, that this fact should not lead to an
+under-estimation of the possibilities of insect destructiveness, nor
+encourage lax methods in dealing with injurious species. In the
+beginning of any nut-growing enterprise we should anticipate the coming
+of insect pests and be ready to meet them. The planting of pure stands
+of native nut trees sets up a condition under which insects coming from
+the forest may increase more safely and rapidly than under the more
+hazardous environment of a scattered forest growth. This applies to
+cultivated plants generally. It is true of an orange grove, a cornfield
+or a potato patch. The mass planting of any crop is quite sure to call
+sooner or later for measures to offset the stimulus which such plantings
+offer to insect increase.
+
+Reference may be made to a familiar nut plantation which illustrates a
+natural result of neglecting one of the insect factors. This plantation
+is the government's chestnut orchard at Bell, Maryland, which was
+planted for scientific purpose some years ago by Dr. Van Fleet. This
+orchard of around one thousand trees contains numerous species and
+varieties of chestnut, some of which bear fruit every year. The various
+scientific projects carried on in this orchard in the past have all been
+of such a nature that they called for no consideration of weevil
+increase. Many nuts have been allowed to lie under the trees until the
+weevil larvae issued and entered the soil. This has resulted in a
+constant increase of weevils until infestation of the nuts became
+practically one-hundred per cent. All nuts of the crop of 1922 were so
+wormy that when planted they failed to germinate. Injury to the crop of
+1923 seemed somewhat less severe, but its extent may be indicated by the
+fact that 3080 nuts from this orchard which were kept by the speaker in
+rearing jars yielded 11,085 worms. In the woods adjacent to the orchard
+the native chestnut trees are disappearing on account of the blight, and
+presumably weevils are on the decrease. Within the small area of the
+orchard, however, the increase has been abnormal, due, as has been
+indicated, to the peculiarly favorable and man-made conditions. If, from
+the time the trees of the orchard began to bear, the investigations
+being carried on had called for close gathering of the nuts at maturity
+and the destruction of all the worms that issued from them, there is
+little doubt that infestation would have been kept within reasonable
+bounds. At present, after two years of attention to the collection of
+ripening nuts, there is an apparent decrease in the number of weevils.
+Strong emphasis should be placed upon the importance of gathering
+chestnuts as soon as they are ripe and prevention of the worms from
+reaching the soil. This is especially true of districts where woods
+surrounding chestnut orchards do not contain bearing native chestnut
+trees.
+
+
+_The Nut Weevils_
+
+Now that the subject of nut weevils has been introduced, let us consider
+in more detail these grotesque, long-snouted insects whose larvae, or
+grubs, play havoc with so many of our nuts. Most of us have had the
+experience of gathering in autumn rich stores of our delicious native
+chestnuts. But how often our anticipations of boiled and roasted feasts
+have been blighted. We have found that the chestnuts were like the manna
+which fed the children of Israel in the wilderness, "When we left of
+them until the morning they bred worms and became foul." There are
+numerous cases in this country where chestnuts in shipment have been
+seized and condemned under the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act.
+Usually the phraseology of the libel has been "because the shipment
+consisted in part of filthy animal substances, to wit, worms, worm
+excreta, worm-eaten chestnuts and decayed chestnuts." Altogether the
+loss to chestnuts from weevil injury is beyond computation.
+
+The beetles which are the parents of the familiar worms in chestnuts are
+not commonly seen, or, if observed, they are not associated with the
+disgusting inhabitants of the nut kernels. These beetles represent in
+their structure a very interesting adaptation to a special end. The
+mouth is located at the tip of an enormously long snout, or proboscis,
+and the drill-like instrument is used for puncturing the thick covering
+of various kinds of nuts so as to admit the egg into the kernel upon
+which the young will feed. In some cases the mouth is situated at a
+greater distance from the eyes and other head appendages than is the
+anal extremity of the insect. There are in the northern part of this
+country two species which attack chestnuts, one which attacks
+hickory-nuts, one which attacks hazel-nuts and about a dozen which
+attack acorns. And here may be mentioned an interesting peculiarity of
+the feeding habit which is decidedly to the advantage of the nut-grower.
+Each species adheres closely to its own food plant. The hickory-nut
+weevil does not attack hazel-nuts nor the hazel-nut weevil hickory-nuts.
+None of the acorn-infesting species will seek for food in the nuts of
+chestnut, hickory or hazel. Once the chestnut weevils are absent in a
+locality, there is no chance that oak trees will serve as a means of
+spreading the weevils back into the locality. So closely confined are
+these weevils to their particular food plants that many of them
+distinguish between the different species of oak and will oviposit only
+in certain kinds of acorns.
+
+All the different species resemble one another in both the adult and
+larval stages. There is also a general similarity in their behavior. I
+have recently discovered, however, a marked difference in the life
+cycles of certain species. For example, the larger chestnut weevil and
+the smaller chestnut weevil look alike, but they are decidedly unlike in
+their development. The grubs of the larger weevil begin to leave the
+nuts at about the time the nuts drop. They enter the soil to a depth of
+several inches and fashion smooth-walled cells in which they remain
+unchanged until the following summer. During June and July they
+transform to pupae, and soon afterward to adults. In August they issue
+from the ground and seek the trees where they collect around the burs
+and begin to deposit eggs soon after the nut kernels start to form. This
+life cycle is continued year after year. To forestall starvation of the
+race in case of entire failure for a year of the chestnut crop, a few
+individuals carry over the second winter in the ground and then issue as
+beetles along with the one-year-old specimens. It is probable that a
+small per cent of the insects may remain in the soil over three winters.
+Thus does nature by unique arrangements safeguard the lives of even the
+very small creatures.
+
+The life cycle of the lesser weevil is quite different. The larvae of
+this species leave the nuts somewhat later in the autumn than do those
+of the larger weevil. Like them, they enter the ground and pass the
+first winter unchanged. The grub stage is continued throughout the
+summer, but late in autumn, after the beetles of the larger species have
+been on the trees for some weeks and deposited most of their eggs, the
+larvae of the smaller species transform to adults. Instead of coming
+from the ground, however, they remain in their earthen cells throughout
+the winter. The next spring, prior to the blooming of the
+chestnut-trees, they emerge from the ground and soon thereafter collect
+in large numbers on the male catkins of the chestnuts. At this time very
+little feeding is done and the sex instinct does not manifest itself. As
+the time approaches for the nuts to mature, however, the beetles begin
+to feed and pair and soon thereafter to lay their eggs in the ripening
+nuts. Most of the eggs are deposited directly into the nuts after the
+burs begin to open. In the case of the larger weevils the beetles are
+present only about three months of the year. Those of the lesser
+species, however, are perpetually present, those of the younger
+generation reaching the adult stage in the ground before those of the
+previous generation have finished laying their eggs in the ripening
+nuts. As with the larger species, a few of the smaller weevils carry as
+larvae for several years to tide over possible failures of the chestnut
+crop. The life cycle of the hickory-nut weevil is similar to that of the
+larger chestnut-weevil, and that of the hazel-nut weevil is like that of
+the lesser chestnut weevil. Both cycles are represented among the
+acorn-infesting species.
+
+Any intelligent warfare against the nut weevils calls for a knowledge of
+these distinctive life histories. Thus, an abundance of maturing larvae
+of the larger species this autumn will insure an abundance of beetles to
+deposit eggs in the nuts next autumn. With the lesser weevil, however,
+maturing larvae this autumn will not affect the number of beetles on the
+trees the succeeding autumn but will provide beetles for the crop two
+years hence. Large numbers of beetles of the lesser species may be
+destroyed by collecting them from the blossoms of chestnut, but, at that
+season of the year there are no beetles of the larger species abroad.
+
+These weevils are to be made the subject of a bulletin by the Bureau of
+Entomology in the near future, in which it is hoped to go more fully
+into a discussion of control measures.
+
+
+_Walnut Husk Maggot_
+
+Although none of the weevils of the group just discussed attacks
+walnuts, the fruit of this tree has a serious enemy in the walnut husk
+maggot. This insect is most familiar in the form of multitudes of
+dirty-white maggots inhabiting the blackened, slimy husk of ripening
+walnuts. Originally, the black walnut furnished the favorite food of
+this insect, although the husk of butternuts was sometimes attacked.
+More recently the pest has turned its attention to the Persian walnuts
+which are fruiting in many places in the east. The watery, dark-colored
+pulp into which the husk of the nut is converted when the maggots begin
+to feed penetrates the shell of the nut and injures the kernel by
+staining it and imparting a strong flavor. The operation of hulling is
+also made doubly disagreeable, the nut coming out of the husk discolored
+and dirty.
+
+These maggots hatch from eggs inserted into the husk of nuts by a
+light-colored fly about the size of our common housefly. Although easily
+overlooked, these flies may be seen on the nuts at almost any time in
+August and September. They have strong ovipositors with which they
+puncture the surface of nuts and insert into the openings masses of
+white eggs from which the maggots hatch.
+
+As to the control of this pest, the speaker obtained very promising
+results in spraying Persian walnut trees belonging to our friend, J. G.
+Rush, at West Willow, Pa., with a solution of 1-1/2 pounds of lead
+arsenate to 50 gallons of water with 10 pounds of glucose sugar added to
+impart a sweet taste. The flies were observed feeding on the sweet
+coating given to the leaves and the nuts that ripened later were
+comparatively free from maggots. It was obvious that the flies died from
+the poison before depositing many eggs in the nuts.
+
+
+_Twig Girdlers_
+
+During the past two seasons the speaker has made special studies of
+several species of beetles which cut or girdle young hickory trees, or
+the branches of larger trees, causing the severed part to break off or
+die. Not fewer than four distinct species of beetles in the east have
+this habit. Three of the insects do their damage in the larval stage.
+One of these, _Elaphidion villosum_, has been called the twig-pruner. It
+is a well known species and its work in pruning the branches of hickory
+and various other trees has often been referred to. The other two
+species which sever the wood in their larval stage are _Pseudobidion
+unicolor_ and _Agrilus arcuatus_. Thus far, these two have no common
+names. In certain localities they are proving to be very troublesome to
+both young and bearing trees. In one block of a nursery in Virginia I
+estimated that the Agrilus larvae had ruined one-hundred dollars worth
+of young hickory trees. Fortunately, the adult of this species feeds
+freely on hickory foliage and can be killed readily under nursery
+conditions by spraying with arsenical poisons.
+
+The fourth girdler referred to is our familiar hickory twig-girdler,
+_Oncideres cingulatus_. In this case the adult insect cuts a ring-like
+furrow around the wood and the portion above dies. The purpose of the
+girdle is to provide dead wood in which the young may feed. After the
+girdle is made, a process which occupies several hours, and, sometimes
+several days, the eggs are laid in the bark above. In central West
+Virginia and northward the grubs which hatch from these eggs require two
+years in which to reach maturity. In the vicinity of Richmond and
+southward, however, the larvae mature in one year. This more rapid
+development in the south probably accounts in part for the recent
+serious outbreak of this insect in Virginia and the Carolinas.
+
+Each female beetle is capable of girdling several twigs. One female of
+about a dozen kept in confinement last autumn made eleven girdles and
+deposited 55 eggs. Several of the beetles continued their interesting
+operations until after several snows and severe frosts had occurred.
+
+The twig girdler in the beetle stage feeds rather freely on the bark of
+twigs. Enough of the surface is eaten to justify the belief that the
+beetles may be killed by spraying with arsenical poisons. This treatment
+is being tested at the present time. In the cases of all these insects
+which sever the branches the wood is killed for the safety and comfort
+of the insect as it undergoes further development above the severed
+point. There is a period of at least several weeks in each case after
+the twig dies during which the insect in one stage or another remains in
+it to complete its growth. This affords an opportunity to gather the
+twigs and burn them with the assurance that the insects are being
+destroyed thereby.
+
+At least some progress has been made in discovering the habits and the
+methods of controlling these and various other insects that may be
+expected to give nut growers in the north more or less trouble. The
+remedies that can be offered at the present time are not in all cases
+entirely satisfactory. There is much yet to be learned, but there are
+control measures within the reach of most of the nut growers which are
+well worth consideration and adoption.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, will you read to us now?
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Perhaps some of the members will not be so glad to hear
+what I have to say, but I feel that there is a need for something along
+the line I will refer to.
+
+
+
+
+DEVELOPING A NUT INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHEAST
+
+BY DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+We have all heard of the pecan. No doubt most of us have traveled
+through the South at some time or other and have entertained a wish for
+a pecan grove. A personal friend of mine, a minister, told me recently
+that the only time he was ever tempted to invest in a commercial
+proposition was when a real estate agent laid a picture of a pecan grove
+before him. I had entertained the thought that some day I might possess
+an orchard. Therefore, a couple of winters ago, when I found it
+necessary to go south for my health, I silently hoped I could kill two
+birds with one stone, by getting some undeveloped land and starting a
+pecan grove, which at the same time would keep me in the open air and
+give me exercise. Consequently, my eyes were always open and I was on
+the constant lookout for pecans. After miles of travel they appeared.
+They were very interesting and I went into the subject pretty
+thoroughly. I was informed that no cheap land was available any more
+that was desirable for pecans. I am not so sure of that. I was also
+informed that most of the people who had planted groves had made a
+mistake, that the pecan business was just beginning under new ideas, and
+that most of the work would have to be done over. From the amount of
+trees that are being top-worked I am inclined to believe this is true.
+
+But I didn't kill the two birds with one stone. I did not attempt to
+build up a pecan grove, but instead I came back with the idea firmly
+impressed that we have a better proposition for the future right here,
+that we have right here in the North the building material in the
+shagbark hickory and the black walnut for a nut industry that will rival
+or even surpass the enviable position the pecan holds today. Was I
+correct or was I wrong? A second trip last winter has served only to
+imbed that idea into a firm conviction.
+
+What ground have I for drawing this conclusion? Some of you, my friends,
+may disagree with me in some of my remarks, and no doubt insist that I
+am uninformed. Perhaps I am, but I am giving my convictions
+nevertheless, and I ask you to withhold judgment for twenty years before
+deciding against me.
+
+Why has the pecan forged to the front as it has? Because the pecan is a
+good food, easily available, of pleasant taste and presents a fine
+appearance. From a commercial standpoint, after 20 years or more on the
+pecan, there is only one really desirable variety available, namely the
+Schley, and the fact that it readily sold last fall for 80 cents per
+pound wholesale, while the choice of the other varieties brought 60 and
+65 cents per pound, bears me out in this. I am not referring to the
+greater productivity and other qualities of some of the other varieties.
+Many of them are tolerated for various reasons.
+
+How about the shagbark in the North? It is my belief that we do not have
+at present a shagbark that will anything like meet the pecan of the
+South, yet the consensus of opinion of the people I know who have eaten
+both, decides in favor of the shagbark. The quality of a very ordinary
+shagbark is better than the best of pecans. What then, is lacking? Size,
+shape, thinness of shell, cracking qualities, color, everything but
+flavor is lacking in most shagbarks. Don't misunderstand me. I am not
+condemning what we have, for I believe that if as many years are spent
+by as many people in finding or developing a shagbark, we will have one
+that will surpass the pecan. But as the matter stands I am constrained
+to say that I do not know of a really good nut today that will stand the
+test of building an industry that will compete with the pecan. We must
+find or develop a couple of really good nuts that will compete, nuts
+that are large, smooth, shell thin enough to crack with the fingers, a
+white kernel that is plump and easily extracted. I do not believe that
+any thick shell nut will ever meet the favor it should or become
+extremely popular. The Weiker, one of our best, is of good size, looks
+fairly well, but the shell is thick and it is poorly filled. It will
+never fill the place for a real industry, and yet they sell for a good
+money-making price today.
+
+If we build our groves after this standard we will be in the same place
+in a few years that many of the pecan growers are now, namely, with a
+lot of trees on hand that must be top-worked later on. But they are the
+best we have and, like the old adage that it is better to love and lose
+than not to love at all, it is better to go ahead with these than not to
+go at all.
+
+How about the black walnut? This nut will come to the front and be
+popular for baking purposes and candy-making, for it is the only one
+that holds its flavor after heating. But its competition will be against
+the thin-shelled English walnut. It will not be extremely popular until
+we get one with a shell equally thin. At present we do not have one.
+
+How then can we anticipate a great future industry after meting out this
+doleful outlook? Are we going to discard everything we have and start
+again? By no means. The price of nuts, even of the ordinary class, is
+sufficient even now to well repay any man for his effort, if producing
+them on a large scale, and what must be done is to encourage more people
+to become interested.
+
+If we could arrange to have nice exhibits of named varieties of nuts at
+the various county fairs, and have someone there to explain them, a good
+deal of interest could be created. I frequently see native nuts
+displayed, but not named varieties.
+
+I shall not refer to the hazel, chestnut, pecan nor butternut, all of
+which I believe can be developed into a more or less successful industry
+but only repeat in closing that I am convinced, after pretty thorough
+investigation, that the shagbark hickory and the black walnut can be
+developed into an industry in the Northeast in a much shorter time than
+it has taken to develop the pecan, to a point that will equal or surpass
+the enviable position that nut holds today. But, and let me impress this
+point, we must develop a few new and better nuts to do it. On account of
+the colder climate, which goes for the developing of fine flavor in all
+products, I do not believe the pecan will ever equal the shagbark in
+quality. This is our great natural advantage.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I accept all of the statements by Dr. Zimmerman with one
+exception. The pecan is tremendously prolific and so productive that
+there are records of 30 bushels to a tree. I do not know that any of the
+shagbarks or shellbark hybrids ever will rival that in production. From
+the marketman's point of view production is of prime importance. In this
+the pecan out-rivals the black walnut.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSPLANTING NUT TREES
+
+_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._
+
+
+When I set out the first nut trees which now are growing at my place at
+Baldwin, I was very particular to follow the best advice obtainable.
+What this was is to be found in Bulletin No. 5, published by the
+association, pages 8 and 9, under Planting Directions. I will not take
+time here to read them but will refer those interested to that
+publication.
+
+Much that is to be found there is unquestionably the best practice that
+we know today. The importance of preventing the roots from drying out,
+digging holes of sufficient size and filling with good top soil, firming
+the soil well about the roots, severely cutting back after planting and
+staking newly set trees if they are of appreciable size above ground,
+are of the utmost importance and should be emphasized, but others of
+these directions have been modified in my practice and I will relate the
+unfortunate experiences which caused these changes to be made.
+
+From the start there has been trouble in transplanting hickories,
+difficulties with other trees being small in comparison. Out of a number
+of fine looking little grafted hickories set out in the fall or spring
+some would be sure to die. They mostly came from Mr. Jones, who, as a
+rule, has furnished the finest looking hickories that I have received,
+and were finely packed and seemingly ought to have lived, but only part
+of them did. After losing a number out of one lot, I watched the lot
+purchased next year with particular care. Three out of a lot of six,
+which had put out leaves well in the spring, by the middle of July began
+to show signs of distress, the edges of the leaves beginning to turn
+brown which the year previous had been the beginning of the end. I knew
+what had happened the year previous, felt that the trees would die if
+something was not done, and did something. That something was to dig
+about six quarts of chicken manure and two trowels of nitrate of soda
+around the three trees that looked sick and saw that they were watered
+plentifully till a heavy rain came. At first nothing was noticed, but
+after a while the brown disappeared on the leaves that were only
+slightly brown, while in other cases new leaves put out and finally a
+second growth of shoots, very small to be sure, but the trees had been
+saved. This was diametrically opposed to previous practice of putting no
+manure or strong fertilizer in holes when planting the trees, but the
+result was so satisfactory that I have continued to dig in about 1/4 of
+a wheelbarrow of well rotted stable manure around each tree when
+planting and two trowels of nitrate of soda in May when the growth
+should start in the spring.
+
+The above treatment seemed almost entirely to solve the difficulties of
+transplanting and for about two years practically no hickories were
+lost. Twenty-four Hales trees, 10 years from grafting brought here from
+Monticello, Florida, all lived through the first year and 23 of them
+through the second and now seemingly have a long life ahead of them.
+Inasmuch as Mr. Jones expressed his doubts as to how successful this
+experiment would be I regarded it as somewhat of a triumph. On the other
+hand out of the finest looking lot of young Iowa hickories grafted a
+year ago this spring and shipped in the fall and set out just as
+carefully as I knew how, with well rotted stable manure in the holes and
+seemingly having every prospect of a long life before them, all have
+died now, excepting four, two of which I am making desperate efforts to
+save.
+
+The reason for this failure has not yet been proved, but I have an idea
+what it is. With two exceptions the stocks were not large, unusually
+small in fact, and the growth of the grafts was small, but, except for
+their small size of stock and graft they were fine looking little
+hickories as one often sees. The two that are in good condition today
+were bitternuts on bitternut stocks and both the stocks and grafts were
+notably larger than others. One of these bitternuts by the way, is
+bearing this year. Evidently there was not as much vitality stored in
+the smaller trees as in the larger ones. I am inclined to believe that
+the real trouble was because the grafts, excepting the bitternuts, had
+not become sufficiently established before having to stand the shock of
+digging, shipping and transplanting. I have noticed in experiments made
+to determine the adaptability of a number of species of hickory as
+stocks that it was not unusual to find that a graft would do reasonably
+well the first summer and die the second. If this happens occasionally
+when hickories have not been transplanted it is undoubtedly very much
+more likely to happen when they are transplanted. I have had practically
+no losses in transplanting hickories when the graft had grown two
+seasons before being transplanted. The safe plan, then, would seem to be
+to let a graft grow two seasons before transplanting. Unfortunately
+this will add to the cost of grafted hickories which even now are so
+expensive to produce that almost no nurserymen grow them.
+
+Another one of the commonly accepted principles that I do not now follow
+is that of not planting trees any deeper than they grew in the nursery.
+I prefer to plant them a little deeper, say two inches or so. I do not
+recall losing any trees seemingly from this slightly deeper planting,
+while I did lose a considerable number of seedlings last year that were
+inadvertently planted two inches or so too shallow.
+
+Outside of the hickory I have had little trouble in transplanting any
+trees excepting some of the hazels. Unless hazels, particularly American
+hazels, are very well rooted, they will need more care the first year
+than most nut trees, particularly protection from the hot sun and
+drought. If I get poorly rooted hazels I now plant them in a shady place
+for a year or two if they have not grown well the first year, and then
+move them where they are to stay.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Snyder of Center Point advocates planting trees two
+to four inches deeper.
+
+DR. MORRIS: In Dr. Brooks' paper he spoke of some of the twig girdlers
+in the beetle stage which feed upon the bark of twigs before
+ovipositing, and he said that gives a weak point where we may attack
+them. On my place at Stamford, where there are forests, that would be
+impossible. I have had a good many hazels partially destroyed this year
+by girdlers. A great many of the branches have the larvae in them. I
+find also a large number of small hazels on which the leaves and
+branches are dying, though there is no apparent injury to the bark.
+Suddenly, however, a little twig will drop off and yet, in cutting into
+them, I did not find any larvae.
+
+DR. BROOKS: That happens to be the work of an insect which I am just
+beginning to study, one of the flat-headed borers, and the reason you
+have not seen the larva is that it is very small. It is not half an inch
+long. In the second year it comes out as an adult. I judge that control
+measures should be used in the spring, when I think without doubt that
+it would feed on the poisoned spray.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I find a great many larvae in dead twigs on the ground. If
+we are going to get this pest out of the way, we should not only look at
+the twigs on the tree, but at those on the ground as well.
+
+DR. BROOKS: That is true of all of these curculios. Dr. Morris'
+statement is true. The ground should be gone over and the dead and dying
+branches and twigs of the trees should be collected. The insects mature
+in them.
+
+DR. COLLINS: Would you advocate pruning often?
+
+DR. BROOKS: No.
+
+Adjournment to lecture hall. Mr. Henry Hicks of Westbury, Long Island,
+gave a talk on the transplanting of large trees by his methods,
+illustrated with lantern slides. This was followed by a talk with
+lantern slides, on
+
+
+
+
+HEREDITY IN TREES AND PLANTS
+
+_By Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, New York_
+
+
+Dr. Blakeslee said in part:
+
+One of the first things we notice as we go out into the open is
+diversity in the habits of trees and plants. It is through the details
+thus presented that we are able to distinguish one species from another.
+You can see this diversity the year round in nut trees, and in the nuts.
+
+If you arrange nuts, or any other objects for that matter, in a curve
+according to size, you will find that the most numerous of them are of
+about the average size. This is equally true when applied to mankind.
+What is the reason?
+
+There are a number of factors affecting this, but, in general, there are
+two main causes--environment and heredity. We do not know which is the
+more important but both are absolutely necessary.
+
+In the picture being shown we see the influence of the black walnut upon
+plants around it. It creates an environment which influences the ability
+of other plants to grow near the roots.
+
+It must be remembered, however, that what the animate plant transmits is
+not the actual character in question, but the ability of the animate
+plant to develop characteristics. By placing the plant near a black
+walnut tree we do not affect anything but the capacity of the plant to
+develop in certain directions.
+
+I have shown here a diagram to illustrate a certain stock fertilization.
+Here we have the plant with its stamen and pistils, the egg cells and
+the pollen. There are two types of pollenization, one where the pistil
+is fertilized by insects carrying sticky pollen; the other by movement
+of the wind carrying the pollen. If I should believe my records, in
+attempts to cross trees, I might have a cross between a birch and an
+alder, in which the pollen is carried by the wind. I tried once to
+hybridize pines. I put some pitch pine pollen on the female flower of
+another species and seed resulted. I did this the second year and again
+I got seed. The third year I put bags on the female flowers before I
+could see them developing. Then I got no seeds. I believe that the
+pollen which had caused the seed to set in the preceding instances had
+come from the south for perhaps hundreds of miles.
+
+There are times when the pollen of the staminate plant is all shed
+before the pistillate gets ready. Sometimes we have a plant that is self
+sterile. I have experimented with pollen from several different nut
+trees and also with the Norway spruce. Then again, there are abnormal
+cases; sometimes there is parthenogenesis. The jimson weed is the first
+plant which has ever been reproduced by parthenogenesis. Since that was
+discovered, an investigator in California has found a similar case in
+fruit developed without pollination.
+
+One of the most important conceptions in heredity is its effect upon
+characters and factors. Take the Japanese bean here shown for example,
+one dark bean and one mottled. In the next hybrid generation we find
+three mottled and one dark. That is the familiar "three to one" ratio of
+Mendel's law. We believe now, that all, or at least a very large
+proportion of the heredity characters in plants of all kinds may be due
+to a series of factors; but the habit of growth of the plant is due to a
+single factor. We have the case here of a second generation of the
+weeping mulberry that I crossed with the white mulberry. As a result
+there was an average of three erects to one weeping one. Certain
+characteristics may be made up of the inter-action of a large number of
+factors. This will give a little idea as to the complexity of Mendel's
+law.
+
+How do we get new characters in nature? New types are due to the
+rearrangement of previously existing characters, just as with the
+old-fashioned kaleidoscope, where you turn the crank and get new
+pictures. Another way is by the sudden appearance of new factors.
+
+I wish to speak about one effect of hybridization, which is really
+connected with heredity factors, the vigor which occurs when we cross
+different varieties, species, or even races. In my experience certain
+types that have been naturally contrasted finally lose vigor, and after
+two or three generations the plant disappears. Then again I could show
+you cases where yields are greatly increased due to hybridity. These are
+established facts, not only as regards species of plants and trees but
+also as regards the human race. Hemy, in Dublin, who has done the best
+work in this line of endeavor, believes that many of our more
+rapid-growing trees are rapid-growing because they are hybrids.
+
+To summarize, I have tried to point out the fact that diversity which we
+see in nature is real, and that it is brought about by two causes,
+namely, environment, and heredity. And that heredity is brought about by
+factors in the bodies of the chromosomes which are shuffled around like
+cards in a pack; they reappear in the same way that the cards will
+reappear. We have no means, as yet, of controlling the appearance of the
+factors, but we have two methods of getting new factors, as follows:
+
+One--The finding of new things in nature; that, probably, is the very
+best method that can be used. The work of the theoretically planned
+project points out the tremendous importance of the exceptional
+individual.
+
+Two--By taking the exceptional individuals, and by crossing them, you
+can recombine, although the results may be very complex, and obtain
+characters that are very desirable.
+
+As ministers sometimes say to clinch the moral, I would say, "Seek
+earnestly that which is best and hold fast to that which is good."
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Has anyone a question he would like to ask?
+
+DR. MORRIS: In attempting to make crosses between juglans and carya we
+find often that the pollen of carya will excite the cell of the juglans
+but without making a fusion. What is the element of the male cell of the
+hickory which starts the female cell of the walnut into action?
+
+THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Dr. Blakeslee one thing; he showed
+the influence of the black walnut on the growth of the hedge, and he
+showed that something other than the effect from the black walnut had
+caused these plants to be dwarfed. Is that understood to be a fact?
+
+DR. BLAKESLEE: No; some of the effect was due to the black walnut.
+
+MR. HICKS: In some cases the trees get sick and die. I have observed
+many plants and trees growing close to walnuts and I can point out peach
+trees and other fruits planted close to black walnut trees which have
+been injured. I should like to see the question determined.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: On Mr. Littlepage's place it seems that some blackberries
+thrive better in the shade of the walnut tree than anywhere else.
+
+DR. BROOKS: In West Virginia there is a locality where blackberries grow
+wild, and it is a matter of common knowledge that black berries will
+grow under the black walnut but that apple trees will not grow there. I
+have noticed that the best place to plant jimson seed is under the black
+walnut trees. I have no definite information about this but there is
+something in the influence of the black walnut trees.
+
+MR. BIXBY: I have noticed at my place that cabbages planted under black
+walnut trees were somewhat stunted. I believe that it was the effect of
+the walnut trees growing so speedily that there was not enough
+nourishment for both.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The next lantern slide lecture will be by Mr. Reed.
+
+MR. REED: (This lecture was delivered in a darkened hall where it was
+not possible for the reporter to take notes. However, the gist of the
+talk is here given).
+
+The slides illustrated various methods of nut tree propagation, and that
+it is possible successfully to graft or bud nut trees at almost any time
+from February until the very end of the growing period. In working over
+large trees the first method in the season to be employed was shown to
+be that of the cleft graft. Following this, with large stocks, would be
+the slip-bark graft, or with smaller stocks, the chip-bud. The slip-bark
+graft has the advantage of being feasible at any time when the bark
+slips. Dormant scions are more often used with this form of propagation,
+although by no means necessary, as Dr. Morris has demonstrated that by
+applying a coat of paraffin over the entire scion and the cut surfaces
+of the stock, it is possible to use growing scions at almost any time
+when they can be obtained. The chip-bud is most successful during a
+relatively short period, beginning about ten days before the buds begin
+to swell and continuing until after the trees are practically in full
+leaf. From this time on the patch, or some other modification of the
+annular bud, is most commonly used.
+
+In top-working, when the cleft-graft has failed, the patch-bud may be
+used late in summer, by inserting buds of the current season's growth
+in the base of the new shoots springing up from below where the cut was
+made in the stock for the graft, thus affording two opportunities for
+propagation during the same season.
+
+The slides showed various methods of propagating the filbert by
+layering, and of propagating more difficult species by inarching. They
+were from a collection soon to be placed in the hands of the extension
+Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of the various state
+colleges of agriculture.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn, and will meet in the room upstairs
+in this building at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
+
+
+
+
+SECOND DAY--MORNING SESSION
+
+Meeting called to order by the President, at 10 a. m.
+
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have the great pleasure of introducing to you Dr. Howe,
+Assistant Director of the Botanical Gardens.
+
+DR. HOWE: I shall only take a minute to say that we are delighted to
+have you here, and that if we can do anything to assist you, or to
+perpetuate your success, I hope you will please let us know. As the
+Spaniards say, "The house is yours."
+
+I hope that your visit will be so pleasant that you may find it
+convenient to come here again.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones will you tell us something about the handling
+of seeds for planting?
+
+MR. JONES: I did not give the subject any thought before coming here but
+I might say that the nuts should be gathered promptly and dried, placing
+them in a shady spot, for they can be injured where the sun is too warm.
+We stratify them in sand. Then in the spring you can sift the sand
+through a sieve, take out the nuts and plant them.
+
+In stratifying chestnuts we keep them between layers of wire mesh, for
+mice are very fond of these nuts. We cover the nuts with sand and
+leaves. Chinkapins we usually keep in cold storage.
+
+THE SECRETARY: When you stratify these nuts where do you keep them?
+
+MR. JONES: Right out in the open on top of the ground. A frame may be
+made with wire nailed on the bottom. This may be set out anywhere in the
+garden, but down a little into the dirt. Put in the nuts between layers
+of sand and leaves.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Kelsey told me that the best way he had found to keep
+nuts was to bury them in a deep hole, perhaps two feet deep. Have you
+had experience with that way?
+
+MR. JONES: The way I described is the usual way to keep seed and we get
+very fine results. We do that in order to keep the seed cool and so that
+they will not dry out. But we always have to watch out for mice. It
+might be a good idea, in stratifying chestnuts in the box with wire mesh
+on the bottom, to place the box at an angle that would drain off at
+least part of the water.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, have you anything to say?
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: I discovered by accident that black walnuts and hickories
+could be kept very nicely in the dry state until spring; then put water
+on them and they will sprout very nicely. But my chestnuts get moldy
+that way.
+
+MR. BIXBY: We cover the nuts with at least a sprinkle of earth, may be
+four or five inches.
+
+THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones would keep them with practically no dirt but
+with sand and leaves.
+
+MR. JONES: I would use a little sand over them, two parts of sand to one
+part of nuts. We put in six inches of nuts and alternating layers of
+sand.
+
+DR. BROOKS: I know of a man who puts a layer of chestnuts and one of
+moss and says that in the spring the nuts are in splendid condition.
+
+MR. BIXBY: I have had the nuts sprout very much better when they were
+stratified as soon as gathered.
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: I bought about 5 bushels of black walnuts, paying 75 cents
+a bushel for them. I simply dumped them out on the ground, not bothering
+about the shucks at all, and covered them over with dirt. I paid no more
+attention to them until spring. Then I put the nuts in trenches with
+dirt about 5 inches over the top. The mice did not bother them, and I
+think they did well that way.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Did the frost affect them?
+
+MR. O'CONNOR: No, not at all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I have a black walnut tree at home that started to grow
+in a neighbor's cellar. It had grown a foot and a half and was rather
+white in color. I cut off the top and planted it out in the open. Today
+the tree is still growing and is all right.
+
+We will now have an address by Prof. Neilson, of Canada.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a real
+pleasure for me to get back to this convention once more. I tried to
+come last year but owing to certain difficulties I was not able to do
+so.
+
+Before I give you my report on nut culture in Canada, I want to tell you
+some of my troubles. Two or three years ago, when I began to express my
+interest in nut culture, I thought it would be a good idea to get some
+nuts from China. I wrote to several missionaries in Northwestern China
+at about our latitude, and I finally secured five bushels of Persian
+walnuts and one bushel of Chinese chestnuts. The nuts were a long time
+on the road and very few were in fit condition to use when they arrived.
+I stored some of the Persian walnuts in our cellar at the Ontario
+College. The rest of the nuts I distributed to others.
+
+The nuts at the college did not fare very well. When I left there I gave
+directions to the members of the Department to look after them
+carefully. This is how they did it. Someone broke into the cellar where
+the nuts were stratified in the sand, and ran off with about one bushel.
+The Chinese chestnuts arrived in about the same condition as the Chinese
+walnuts. Of these I managed to save about a peck. We divided the nuts
+into three equal lots. Some we kept at the Guelph Experiment Station,
+some at Vineland, and some in the Southwestern Station. Of those at
+Guelph, out of the whole lot, 35 nuts germinated, and of these the mice
+ate all but five. These five were taken outside and carefully placed in
+a flat; but someone came along and ran into the flat and smashed those
+five plants all to pieces.
+
+In addition to this some of my friends tried to tell me that I was
+chasing wild geese; that nut trees would not ever be important
+commercially in Canada; that 99 per cent of the value of the nut tree
+was for shade anyhow (as if he meant shade for pigs and cows); and that
+they were not even ornamental.
+
+Before I read my paper, however, I will say that the work I am now doing
+is somewhat different from that I had when I was last here, when I was
+Prof. of Horticulture. I am now doing extension work for the
+government.
+
+
+
+
+PROGRESS REPORT ON NUT CULTURE IN CANADA
+
+_Jas. A. Neilson, M. S., Extension Horticulturist, Horticultural
+Experiment Station, Vineland, Ontario_
+
+
+During the season of 1923-24 there has been a marked increase in the
+interest shown in the culture of nut bearing trees in all parts of
+Canada where nut trees can be grown. This is indicated by the numerous
+letters of enquiry and personal requests for information on nut culture
+which have been received by our Station. A total of 450 letters were
+received or sent out by our office during the past year besides numerous
+enquiries answered by a personal visit.
+
+The search for good nut trees has resulted in some interesting additions
+to the data presented in the paper published in the last report. One of
+the most gratifying features of this phase of the work has been the
+discovery of several new localities where the European filbert is
+growing successfully. It has been located or reported at twenty widely
+separate points in Ontario, the northernmost of which is on Wolf Island
+at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in approximately 44,100 N. Lat.
+This plantation is said to have been established before 1840 and would
+therefore be nearly 90 years old. Another interesting point in
+connection with filberts is the amazing way in which they thrive under
+conditions of absolute neglect. Several of the plantations observed
+during the past year were not given the slightest attention and yet were
+doing very nicely. Obviously this is not good practice but it would seem
+to indicate that excellent results could be secured in Southern Ontario
+by the proper choice of varieties and the best cultural methods. This
+survey also showed that the sweet chestnut grew as far north as Georgian
+Bay.
+
+The prize nut contest staged by our office last autumn resulted in the
+discovery of some very good black walnuts and a fine Japanese heartnut.
+Samples of these are shown in some of the plates on the table.
+
+The Persian walnut was found to have a wider distribution and is more
+abundant in Ontario than was expected when our nut survey began. About
+150 bearing trees have been located in that part of Ontario extending
+from Toronto on Lake Ontario to Goderich on Lake Huron. This number of
+course will seem insignificant in comparison to the numbers of trees in
+some sections of the northern United States, but it must not be
+forgotten that Ontario is on the northern margin of the Persian walnut
+territory, and therefore the results are rather encouraging.
+
+Several fine Paragon chestnut trees have been located which bear good
+crops and which appear to be resistant to chestnut blight. This disease
+has unfortunately appeared at several places in Ontario and will
+undoubtedly destroy the majority of our chestnut trees.
+
+The members of this association will be interested to learn that
+Gellatly Brothers of Gellatly, B. C., prepared and sent to the British
+Empire Exhibition at Wembley a large collection of nuts that has
+attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment. This should
+do a great deal toward advertising the nut cultural possibilities of
+that province and of Canada generally.
+
+The trial plantations on the experiment station grounds are doing very
+well indeed. The black walnuts are making a fine growth and one variety
+the McCoy, has a good crop of nuts at two years from planting. The Ten
+Eyck is making an extremely rapid growth, in some cases, producing new
+shoots over four feet in length.
+
+The English walnuts are also making a good growth and two varieties,
+Mayette and Hall, have borne nuts in the third season.
+
+I am pleased to state that we now have about 100 seedlings of the
+Chinese walnut growing on the station grounds and at various other
+points in Ontario. These little trees seem to be making a more rapid
+growth than our seedlings of the "Ontario," a Persian walnut which is a
+native of St. Catharines.
+
+We also have about 60 seedlings of the Persian walnut from the Northern
+slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in the Ukranian region of what used
+to be the old Austrian-Hungarian Empire. These nuts were obtained from
+Rev. Paul Crath, of Toronto, who informs me that the winter temperatures
+in that part of Europe often go lower than in Toronto. We hope for some
+interesting developments from the growth of these trees because of the
+rigorous climatic condition of their native land.
+
+During the latter part of the past winter an experiment was conducted in
+propagating the walnut under greenhouse conditions. For this purpose 100
+well grown one year black walnut seedlings were obtained from our
+forestry station at St. Williams in the late autumn and heeled in out of
+doors until about February 1st. These were then brought inside, planted
+in 8 inch pots and placed in the greenhouse where they were allowed to
+remain until a good leaf growth had been produced. The young trees were
+then side cleft grafted with scions of the best English walnuts in the
+district. While engaged in this work one of the trees was inadvertently
+cut off a few inches above the ground. The stub was then whip grafted
+and to my surprise it made a better growth than the others which had a
+part of the top left on. The results of our experiment were much better
+than I expected. About 40% of the scions grew which was quite
+satisfactory considering that I was a mere novice in the art of grafting
+nut trees and that my method was an experiment. I believe I could get 70
+to 75% to grow with greater care in the selection and handling of
+scions. The object in doing the work in the greenhouse was to obtain
+better control conditions of moisture and temperature and thus reduce
+the mortality of scions due to these factors.
+
+I also outlined an experiment in propagating nut trees by cuttings as a
+thesis subject for one of our fourth year horticultural students at the
+O. A. C. In this experiment ten cuttings each of English walnut,
+butternut, Japanese walnut, hickory, chestnut and black walnut were
+planted in sand and watered at intervals with a 1 to 10,000 solution of
+potassium permanganate. In the course of time the majority of cuttings
+came out in leaf, but none formed roots, and hence soon died. It is
+admitted that this experiment may have been improperly planned and
+conducted, but it showed at any rate that it is not an easy matter to
+propagate most nut plants by root or stem cuttings.
+
+In 1923 I purchased with my own funds another lot, 1-1/2 bushels, of
+good heartnuts and sent them in lots of about two dozen to the
+secretaries of 125 horticultural societies, and to about 30 other
+parties for trial planting. I found that this little contribution was
+gratefully received and in many cases brought forth inquiries for the
+names of people from whom good trees might be purchased. I do not
+propose to carry on much more of this free distribution of nuts as that
+would not be fair to the individuals themselves or to those engaged in
+the propagation of nut trees. My chief reason for distributing these
+nuts was to stimulate interest, and now that my objective has been
+attained I will refer inquiring parties to reputable nut nurserymen.
+
+Numerous requests for addresses on nut culture have been received from
+horticultural societies, women's institutes and other organizations. I
+have always endeavored to comply with these requests and have
+invariably found keen interest shown in the subject. American members of
+this association will likely be interested to learn that the Ontario
+Horticultural Society is the largest of its kind in the world, having a
+membership of over 60,000 while the Women's Institute is an almost
+equally large and influential organization.
+
+These powerful and widespread organizations can be and are of great
+assistance in carrying on the propaganda for the planting of nut trees.
+
+The Ontario Horticultural Association, the Ontario Horticultural Council
+and the Canadian Horticultural Council have each passed resolutions
+expressing approval of our work in nut culture and asking the Dominion
+Minister of Agriculture to appoint a man to fully investigate the nut
+cultural possibilities of Canada. I regret to state that no action has
+as yet been taken to meet the desires of these organizations. Because of
+many other urgent duties and lack of departmental support, I have not
+been able to devote as much of my time to nut culture as I would like,
+and therefore have had to make the very best use of the little time I
+have had at my disposal. I am looking forward to the time when those in
+authority will have a greater appreciation of the value of nut trees and
+will see their way clear to appoint someone to devote his whole time and
+energy toward increasing the productiveness and adding to the beauty of
+our country by means of more and better nut trees.
+
+To sum up briefly, my objective is as follows:
+
+1. To carry on the nut tree survey of Canada until we have located the
+very best natural and exotic species.
+
+2. To propagate these best strains, provided they are as good or better
+than the best so far discovered.
+
+3. To introduce the best hardy species from the northern United States
+and northeastern Asia, on a more extensive scale for test purposes and
+breeding work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: Prof. Neilson has placed on the table in the hall, very
+modestly, a very interesting collection of nuts from Canada and I hope
+that you will all look at them.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any present who would like to ask Prof. Neilson
+questions?
+
+DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that the Ontario walnut is the best in
+quality of any I have tried. What did you think of them Mr. Jones?
+
+MR. JONES: I do not think there is any better.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I am in favor of another one which I think you will
+agree is still better. It is larger and betterlooking and the flavor is
+just as good. (Displays walnut).
+
+The interesting feature is that although the tree is a third generation
+tree, now about 15 years old, it has produced more nuts than the older
+trees.
+
+DR. MORRIS: If I remember correctly the Ontario is a milder type.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I think that this is just as good as the Ontario. I have
+several trees of this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: From what I gathered from your remarks, Prof. Neilson,
+possibly some moral support would be of assistance to you in your work.
+Would it be out of order?
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I think it would be a very good idea. The trouble I am
+having is perhaps very localized; it is with but one or two individuals.
+I think that a resolution by this association would have some effect. It
+would at least present to the authorities the fact that we were being
+recognized. I hope so at least. Our present Minister of Agriculture has
+openly expressed himself in sympathy with the idea of planting more nut
+trees; also Mr. Martin, our specialist in poultry keeping and I think if
+I can get them lined up it would be all right. The resolution might help
+to do this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris the Chair appoints you to that committee; also
+Mr. Jones and Mr. Ellis. It wishes you to draw up a suitable resolution
+for that work.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: I may say that the public in Canada is behind our work.
+About 97% of my time is spent on the road and I go long distances. The
+rest of my time I am writing letters, about 1,200 of them, and about 450
+of these are on nut culture.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I have the following resolution to offer: That a letter be
+written to the Dominion Department of Agriculture, along the following
+lines: "The Dominion Department of Agriculture has officially stated
+that the nut growing industry of British Columbia has become an
+important one. The Dominion nevertheless is importing $5,000,000 worth
+of nuts annually from other countries.
+
+In view of these facts, the Northern Nut Growers' Association in
+assembly at its 15th Annual Meeting, in New York, commends the work of
+Prof. J. A. Neilson of the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
+Ontario, and expresses the hope that the Canadian Government and private
+support will further his work in such a way as to make it a matter of
+large public service. Service of the sort relates not only to eastern
+Canada but to the commerce of this entire continent."
+
+   (Signed)  ROBERT T. MORRIS,
+   J. F. JONES
+   Z. H. ELLIS.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: The secretary will accordingly transmit this message to
+the Canadian Government.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES BY PROFESSOR A. S. COLBY
+
+_Purdue University, Illinois_
+
+
+Friends: I believe an apology is due you. I was away on my vacation at
+the time the invitation came to me to make an address at this meeting
+and I have come here without one. But I shall be glad to give you some
+sort of an idea of the past, present and future of nut culture in
+Illinois.
+
+I became actively interested in nut growing about a year ago. Our work
+started partly in response to public demand. We have been receiving an
+increasing number of letters of inquiry from people interested in the
+subject but who know little about it. We are attempting to secure such
+information as will be of value regarding the best species and varieties
+of nuts to plant, where to plant them, and how to care for them. There
+are a number of members of the N. N. G. A. in Illinois and they are very
+kindly helping me in this work. The Illinois State Horticultural
+Society, founded in 1856, has also been interested to some extent in nut
+growing.
+
+Illinois has had three grand old men in the nut industry, Mr. George W.
+Endicott of Villa Ridge, Mr. E. A. Riehl of Alton, and Mr. Benjamin
+Buckman of Farmingdale. Mr. Riehl is eighty-seven years young now and is
+the only one of the three men living.
+
+Mr. Endicott was interested, not only in the commercial side of
+horticulture but was a pioneer in scientific work. He originated the
+Endicott plum and other valuable fruits and, since he was interested in
+plant improvement, naturally turned to hybridization of the chestnut, a
+tree which grows readily in southern Illinois. In 1899 he crossed the
+Japanese chestnut (Castanea japonica) with pollen from the American
+Sweet (C. americana). He must have had some difficulty in crossing the
+species because they did not bloom at exactly the same time. He was,
+however, successful in securing five hybrid seeds, raising three trees
+from them, naming them the Blair, the Boone and the Riehl. Naturally
+there were differences in the characteristics of these trees though they
+were all vigorous and produced nuts of commercial value. The Blair and
+Riehl began to bear at four and five years respectively, while the Boone
+bore its first crop at seventeen months of age. The Boone is the most
+valuable since it matures fruit of good quality about two days earlier
+than the Blair and two weeks before the Riehl. It also retains the burr
+and drops the nuts free at the beginning of the season so that about
+half the nuts can be picked up before the burrs fall.
+
+Mr. Endicott was so pleased with the results of the cross that he raised
+over 175 seedlings from the Boone tree. From these second generation
+hybrids he secured trees very uneven in growth and size with a great
+range in time of coming into bearing. The nuts differed widely in size,
+quality, and season of ripening. The character of the burr showed all
+gradations between the extremes of thickness, length, rigidity of
+spines, etc. These striking variations in the second generation trees
+show that many hereditary factors had been segregated and recombined and
+offer a most interesting opportunity for scientific study. I have
+visited the orchard several times.
+
+Mr. Endicott died in 1914 but his son Robert has since cared for the
+trees which have brought him considerable revenue. He tells me that he
+secures about 160 pounds of nuts per year from each of the three
+original trees. At an average price of thirty-five cents a pound
+wholesale the crop from each tree is worth $56.05 per year. Since the
+chestnut blooms late it is pretty certain to escape spring frosts. The
+Blair, for example, has had a crop failure once only since beginning to
+bear.
+
+(Displays photographs of the Japanese and American chestnuts and the
+Boone tree).
+
+Mr. Endicott is top working some of the worthless second generation
+trees with wood from the Boone tree.
+
+(Displays photographs showing method of grafting).
+
+I have had the good fortune to visit Mr. Riehl several times and have
+secured many representative nuts from his collection. While he has grown
+a large number of nut species and varieties he believes that the
+chestnut pays the best in southern Illinois. He plants them on rough and
+hilly land, difficult to cultivate, pasturing with sheep, and has had
+very good success. He does not worry about the chestnut blight, since
+the chestnut is not native here and there is such a great distance
+between the blight ridden East and Illinois.
+
+Mr. Buckman was an amateur horticulturist, in the work for the love of
+it. On his land he had nearly two thousand varieties of apples and
+hundreds of varieties of peaches, plums, pears, cherries, grapes, small
+fruits, and nuts collected from all over the world. I was much
+interested to study the fine pecan and chestnut trees growing and
+producing good crops as well as the persimmon and papaw trees, of which
+he had a number of rare varieties. I was able last spring to secure
+cuttings of a number of rather rare papaw varieties which I sent to
+Doctor Zimmerman for propagation at the request of Doctor Fairchild.
+
+Mr. Buckman recently died and there is now a movement on foot to secure,
+either through the University or the Horticultural Society, as far as
+possible, all the valuable data which he had been collecting for years.
+
+There are several other men interested in nuts as a commercial
+proposition in Illinois, such as O. H. Casper of Anna and Judge W. O.
+Potter of Marion. I recently visited these orchards. Mr. Casper has
+mostly pecans and walnuts growing in sod. They are from six to eight
+years old and would have borne this season if weather conditions had
+been favorable.
+
+Judge Potter has over twenty acres of pecans interplanted with chestnuts
+and filberts. For part of the orchard this is the fifth growing season.
+The trees are growing vigorously and make a very impressive showing. I
+counted thirty-nine nuts on a representative Thomas black walnut tree.
+The filberts look especially promising. Although the weather at blooming
+time was unfavorable a fair crop of nearly a peck was gathered from four
+or five bushes of a late blooming imported variety. Judge Potter is also
+growing another orchard using apples as fillers between black walnut
+trees. This experiment will be watched with great interest since it will
+be of great value in showing future possibilities in nut growing in
+Illinois.
+
+Now as to some of the things we are trying to do at the experiment
+station at Urbana. This will be necessarily a progress report. I am
+making a survey of the state to find promising individuals of the
+different species and varieties and marking them for future use. We
+have our state fair at Springfield next week and as I speak to the boys
+and girls attending the state fair school I hope to interest them to
+tell me of any trees in their neighborhoods of particular value.
+
+Some of the agricultural leaders in the various counties, that is the
+farm advisers, are awake to the value of the nut industry and we have a
+number of these men co-operating with us. From Gallatin County, in the
+Wabash and Ohio river bottoms, around $100,000 worth of native pecans
+are sold in some seasons. In the southern counties and over north of St.
+Louis in the western part of Illinois there are also native pecan groves
+which are quite profitable. We hope to find valuable northern pecans,
+adaptable to our conditions. We, of course, know that the English walnut
+is very difficult to grow in Illinois and we are not recommending it as
+a commercial proposition. We believe that the black walnut, all things
+considered, has the most promise and we hope to have something worth
+while in a few years as propagating material. The Thomas, Stabler, and
+Miller are especially to be recommended for Illinois at this time.
+
+We hope soon to have a complete collection of hardy nut trees on our
+experimental trial grounds. Here we shall study not only the varietal
+characteristics but try out new methods of propagating, pruning,
+fertilizing, etc. There is very likely some connection between winter
+injury and hardening up of the wood in autumn and we hope to learn
+something about that problem through the use of various cover crops, for
+example. We have at the station a complete experimental cold storage
+plant in operation where we may be able to learn more about the effects
+of extremes of temperature on the roots and trunks of certain species.
+
+In such new but important work we must make haste slowly. We have some
+things to unlearn and many things to learn. We hope to be able in a few
+years to make a worthwhile contribution to such an interesting and
+important subject as nut growing in the middle west.
+
+I shall be glad to have you ask me any questions which occur to you.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: DO you happen to know Mr. Spencer?
+
+PROF. COLBY: No, I wrote Mr. Spencer but I did not get any reply from
+him. I hope to visit him this fall.
+
+MR. REED: DO you know anything about the top-working of black walnuts
+from Missouri at the university?
+
+PROF. COLBY: No, I do not know about them.
+
+MR. GREEN: In regard to those Gallatin County nuts; has any survey ever
+been made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the nut trees in
+Illinois?
+
+Prof. Colby: Not that I know of.
+
+Question: At what age are they planting those walnuts in Williamson
+County with apples and how far apart?
+
+PROF. COLBY: The walnuts are from 50 to 80 feet apart interplanted with
+apples. The walnut trees are about two years old; the apples four and
+five.
+
+A SPEAKER: I believe those apple trees will die.
+
+PROF. COLBY: That's what I want to find out. There is a great difference
+of opinion as to the compatibility of walnuts and other fruit trees.
+
+MR. BIXBY: You will see at Baldwin, this afternoon, peach trees planted
+between nut trees. It is too soon to say what will happen but so far, it
+is all right.
+
+DR. SMITH: As a matter of very great importance, how will you "round up"
+the forces in Illinois?
+
+PROF. COLBY: We have a number of interesting suggestions brought out in
+Professor Neilson's paper. He would use every way possible, including
+questionnaires sent out judiciously, as well as the boys' and girls'
+clubs, and the Boy Scouts, of which Dr. Morris speaks. The horticultural
+society can be of very great help. In Illinois where we have over one
+hundred counties, almost all of which are very efficiently covered by
+farm bureaus, the farm advisers are of considerable assistance. The
+local horticultural societies, as for instance the one with which Mr.
+Riehl has been so prominently connected in Alton, have helped very much
+in the past. The Smith-Hughes teachers in charge of agricultural
+teaching in the high schools can easily get in touch with promising
+native trees through their students. I know most of these teachers and
+know they will be glad to help me. I recently had a request from the
+Associated Press representative in Springfield to write an article on
+nut growing in Illinois. There is a wonderful field for development
+along such lines as this.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: It seems to me that if the agricultural colleges were
+asked to hand in information that might bring results, and particularly
+the students' work in isolated sections which would not be reached by
+Boy Scouts.
+
+PROF. NEILSON: For the benefit of those who did not hear my address in
+1922, I may say that I have circularized the whole county and the
+college stations; I have sent about 125 circular letters to the
+horticultural society and to its officers, high school inspectors, and
+to anyone I thought might be glad to get the information. I wanted to
+carry this further but could not. I wanted to send letters to every
+school teacher in the Province of Ontario and ask them to bring the
+matter to the attention of the boys and girls, and to offer them a
+substantial prize for the location of the best tree in their locality. I
+will say, however, that I got a great deal of encouragement from the
+horticultural society, the public school and the high schools.
+
+THE SECRETARY: I will read again a sentence from Mr. Howard Spence's
+letter:
+
+"The Minister of Agriculture has agreed to instruct all their inspectors
+over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit and to
+forward them to me for classification and identification of varieties
+which may be worth perpetuating."
+
+If we could do something of that kind in the United States to enlist the
+extension agents, we should get some valuable information.
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I think that a very important thing would be to send that
+message not only to the state experiment stations, but also to the
+government authorities. Why should not the Department of Agriculture
+make a systematic survey of that kind? Why should it be left to the
+small societies like this one, when the federal Department of
+Agriculture is so thoroughly equipped to get this? The department at
+Washington has expressed interest; I wonder if it would not be
+appropriate for this association to take some formal action, suggesting
+federal government action in that matter, in co-operation with the
+extension service, Boy Scouts, etc.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Will you put that in a resolution?
+
+MR. OLCOTT: I submit the following resolution:
+
+WHEREAS, The investigational and experimental work of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association during the last fourteen years has been signally
+successful in improving native nuts of the northern United States, based
+upon discovery and propagation of superior specimens; and
+
+WHEREAS, This work could be greatly extended with the facilities at the
+command of the United States Department of Agriculture, as compared with
+the efforts of the small number of members of this association;
+therefore be it
+
+RESOLVED: That it is the sense of the Northern Nut Growers' Association,
+in fifteenth annual convention in New York City this fourth day of
+September, 1924, that the U. S. Department of Agriculture be asked to
+take up systematically the work of discovery and investigation of
+promising native nuts in the northern states and of testing selected
+specimens at government stations in co-operation with the authorities of
+the state experiment stations; such discovery to be brought about by
+enlisting the aid of boy scouts, school children and others, in
+connection with the activities of county farm agents, inspectors and
+other attaches of the department.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Prof. MacDaniels, of Cornell University will now address
+us.
+
+
+
+
+_L. H. MacDaniels, Professor of Pomology, Cornell University_
+
+
+It gives me great pleasure to bring you greetings from the Agricultural
+College at Cornell University and to express my appreciation for your
+invitation to address this convention concerning what the college is
+doing along the line of nut growing. I have a very real interest in nut
+growing and in this association. I like to think of it as comparable
+with the American Pomological Society when it started more than one
+hundred years ago. All of you men who are spending your time and energy
+in finding new facts regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees
+are doing pioneer work, and your names will go down in the history of
+nut growing in the same way as those of Wilder, Downing, and Prince have
+come to us linked with the early development of fruit growing in the
+United States. I feel confident that the work of the association will
+stand the test of time.
+
+Interest in nut growing at Cornell, as you probably know, was started by
+John Craig who died about a dozen years ago. He was greatly interested
+in northern nut growing and also in southern pecans. As a result of his
+work we are still receiving inquiries about southern pecans addressed to
+Professor Craig. While at Cornell he established a course of study in
+nut growing which was a part of the regular curriculum. At the time,
+however, the actual known facts about the growth of nuts in the northern
+states were so few, and reliable information so scarce, that after
+Professor Craig's death, when there was a general consolidation of
+courses in the department, nut growing was combined with another course
+in economic fruits. Since that time, as our knowledge of nut growing has
+increased, more and more attention has been given to the subject. Our
+aim is, in fact, to give all of the up-to-date information that we have
+regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees.
+
+The nut tree plantings in the experimental orchards at Cornell have not
+been particularly successful. About ten years ago Professor Chandler set
+out about one-half acre of named varieties of pecans, Persian walnuts,
+black walnuts, hickories, hazel nuts, chestnuts and Japanese walnuts.
+These have received good care, both as to cultivation and fertilization
+but to date the only trees which have borne are the Japanese walnuts and
+these have not had good crops. Apple trees of the same age in adjacent
+land have been bearing commercial crops for a number of years,
+especially such varieties as the McIntosh, Wealthy and R. I. Greening.
+The climate at Ithaca is apparently rather too rigorous for most of the
+nut trees. Persian walnuts, hazel nuts and frequently Japanese walnuts
+suffer from winter injury. In the case of the chestnut, blight has
+practically killed all of the trees. The pecans are perfectly hardy but
+as yet have not borne, probably because our seasons are not sufficiently
+long or warm enough to grow this nut to advantage. Hickories have been
+very slow to become established and in fact have never made really good
+growth. This experience, of course, makes us feel that nut growing is
+really not as easy as some enthusiasts would have us believe.
+
+In addition to this variety planting there are four or five acres of
+recently cleared woodland in which there are hundreds of hickory
+seedlings which can be top-worked. We are aiming also in this area to
+establish seedlings of all of the hardy nut trees to use as stocks and
+eventually to get a collection of all named varieties of nut trees.
+Grafting so far has not been particularly satisfactory due in some cases
+to failure of the grafts to set; in other cases to the winter killing of
+grafts which have made fairly good growth. Injury by bud moths and wind
+storms have also been detrimental factors. Our own experience together
+with observations upon the results of nut grafting elsewhere by experts
+lead us to believe that grafting of nut trees is a very difficult
+undertaking as compared with that of other fruit trees. It involves a
+knack which must be acquired by very considerable experience. I realize,
+of course, that new facts regarding nut grafting are being discovered
+almost daily and in the future we may look for better results.
+
+The attitude of the Department of Pomology at the College with regard to
+nut growing is of necessity conservative. First of all, the men in the
+department are trained in scientific methods and have a somewhat
+critical attitude when it comes to statements regarding marked success
+in any line. The tendency is in each case to try to find the data or the
+experience upon which statements are based. Unfortunately, in nut
+growing there are very little data upon which statements can be based.
+Mr. Bixby's experiments with stocks are a very good start in the right
+direction, and it is upon such experiments as he is carrying out that
+real knowledge regarding nut growing will be gained.
+
+We have heard enthusiastic statements as to the profits which may be
+derived from the planting of nuts in the northern states, but I must
+confess that I have looked in vain both for the facts upon which such
+statements might be based and also for orchards which actually are
+profitable. If such exist in New York state I have not been able to find
+them even after considerable travel.
+
+In order to be profitable, an orchard must pay all the expenses
+involved, including interest on the initial cost of land; the cost of
+labor and materials and depreciation on tools, etc. We have cost
+accounts covering these items on many crops such as apples and wheat,
+but not on nuts. It seems to me we must recognize that nut culture is in
+its experimental stage only. This is in fact one thing that makes it
+particularly attractive for the amateur.
+
+Another reason for our conservatism is that we feel it our duty to the
+growers to give out statements which are based upon facts only. If a man
+in a northern state wants to plant ten acres of nuts what shall we tell
+him? Shall we tell him to go ahead and assure him that if he takes care
+of his trees a profitable plantation is certain? On the basis of what we
+know I think surely not. A hundred and one unanswered questions come up.
+What kinds of nuts will succeed under his climatic and soil conditions?
+What stocks should be used? What varieties will succeed under his
+conditions? Will the meats of the nuts fill out in the average season?
+Are the seasons long enough, etc. The fact is in most cases we do not
+know. In most parts of New York state we are extending a natural range
+of many of the nut trees and they have not been grown long enough under
+the new conditions to make it possible to answer these questions with
+certainty. On the other hand, we can tell the prospective nut grower
+that nut growing is in its experimental stages and under certain
+conditions has great commercial promise. On the basis of our present
+knowledge we cannot recommend large plantations but would encourage the
+planting of nuts in an experimental way, especially for home use. It
+should be borne in mind that in the early days of fruit growing in
+America it was the amateur planting of varieties that laid the
+foundations for the present industry. If shade trees are to be planted
+let them be nut trees. Plant nut trees as a hobby but do not go into nut
+culture on a large scale for profit unless you can afford to lose.
+
+I have great hopes for the future of nut growing in the northern states
+and also for this society. I am confident that new and better varieties
+of nuts will be found and better methods of propagation and
+transplanting originated so that in the future there may be a commercial
+industry in the north. For the present, however, I believe that
+conservatism is advisable, and that great harm may be done by
+misrepresentation. Sound growth of a northern nut industry will be built
+upon facts and honest experience and not on conjecture, hearsay, or even
+on enthusiasm, however necessary this may be. I believe that we should
+encourage people to plant nuts for pleasure, plant nuts as a hobby,
+plant them for shade and for posterity, but under present conditions not
+for financial profit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SECRETARY: We must adjourn at once to the lecture room, that we may
+hear Dr. J. Russell Smith's talk on "Nut Tree Crops as a Part of
+Permanent Agriculture without Plowing." He will have some interesting
+slides to show during his talk.
+
+Dr. Britton has asked that we have lunch today at noon instead of one
+o'clock. Everyone present is invited to take luncheon at that time as a
+guest of the Botanical Society and of Dr. Britton, it makes no
+difference whether they be members or guests.
+
+MR. REED: May I make the motion to extend a rising vote of thanks to Dr.
+Britton and his associates for the cordial and generous way in which
+they have entertained us?
+
+(Motion seconded, passed, and acknowledged by rising vote).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Britton, you are officially notified.
+
+DR. BRITTON: I would like to have that vote of thanks mentioned in the
+official record of this convention, and in the record of the Botanical
+Society.
+
+THE SECRETARY: We will see to that.
+
+DR. BRITTON: You will be interested in knowing that we have with us the
+very distinguished Curator of the British Botanical Herbarium of the
+Royal Society. Dr. Stapf has been traveling in Canada, attending the
+meetings of the Royal Society there.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We shall very much appreciate the opportunity of meeting
+him.
+
+We will now adjourn to the lecture hall, to hear Dr. J. Russell Smith.
+
+
+
+
+NUT TREE CROPS AS A PART OF PERMANENT AGRICULTURE WITHOUT PLOWING
+
+_Dr. J. Russell Smith, Professor of Economic Geography, Columbia
+University, New York_
+
+
+My first experience with nut culture was gained on the farm of a man I
+knew more than 30 years ago. It was a truck farm not far from
+Philadelphia near a boarding school which I infested and the farmer
+complained that I infested the farm. The farm had its fence rows and
+driveways lined with grafted chestnut trees bearing abundantly of large
+fine nuts of European origin. It was remarkable how quickly they filled
+my pockets. I usually succeeded in gathering them on the hundred per
+cent basis.
+
+I am interested in this subject today because of an innate love of trees
+and because the development of a tree crop agriculture offers a way to
+stop soil erosion. To me the worst of all economic sins is the
+destruction of resources, and the worst of all resource destructions is
+the destruction of the soil, our one great and ultimate resource. "After
+man the desert" has been truly said too often of many old lands.
+
+Soil cover is after all about the only thing that man has as a basis for
+the support of his life on earth. All of our food depends directly or
+indirectly upon plants.
+
+In hilly countries there is usually but a thin layer of earth and rotton
+rock between the surface of the field and the bed rock. It is a very
+difficult problem to maintain this cover of earth and it is very easy to
+lose it. Sometimes it is lost through over-pasturing and destruction of
+turf; but more largely through plowing.
+
+The nut tree is particularly effective as a part of a plowless
+agriculture which can use the soil permanently where annual crops ruin
+it quickly because the plow prepares the land for erosion.
+
+The speed of soil destruction, with its erosion after plowing, is
+particularly noticeable with the great American crops, cotton, corn and
+tobacco, which require clean cultivation. Many orchards are also
+cultivated for the double purpose of keeping down rival plants and
+preserving moisture, but we pay high in soil loss for the moisture that
+we get by that means on hilly lands. The plow is one of the greatest
+enemies of the future. As a matter of fact we have already destroyed
+enough land in the United States to support many millions of people; and
+therefore the tree is the more important because it permits an
+agriculture that will keep the soil indefinitely, and in permanent
+production, without plowing.
+
+I have aecidently discovered a better way of conserving moisture than by
+plowing, and I have found it going on in widely scattered places and in
+widely different climates.
+
+Primitive peoples in many parts of the world have long since obtained
+the advantage of cultivation, mainly, increasing the available moisture
+for the tree or plant, without cultivation of the soil and the loss
+which follows the washing of cultivated soils. As an example I cite the
+Indians of Arizona, who have grown corn crops for centuries in a country
+with but from six to fifteen inches of rain. They do this by planting in
+little patches at the mouth of a gully where at the time of rain the
+flood water is led away into furrows and depressions so that it
+thoroughly soaks the ground in which the corn is planted.
+
+My attention was first called to this practice by observing a good patch
+of barley in the edge of the Sahara in Southern Tunis, where the gulley
+flow resulting from a winter rain had spread itself out fan-*like and
+soaked the triangular alluvial area of sand, which bore a fine crop of
+barley in the midst of the desert.
+
+For centuries the olive growers of parts of Tunis have led gulley water
+to the olive trees where it was retained, in areas that resembled a
+tennis court, with a 12 inch bank of dirt around it and two or three
+olive trees within this area thus watered by impounding.
+
+A practice somewhat similar to this is shown in F. H. King's classic
+book on Chinese agriculture, "Farmers of Forty Centuries;" but the most
+extreme case that has come to my attention is furnished by the Berber
+tribe of the Matmatas, of Tunis. These people live on the edge of a
+hilly, limestone plateau, where the rainfall is less than 10 inches and
+in some years as low as five.
+
+An important part of the food supply of these people is furnished by
+date and olive trees which they grow in the gulches of their limestone
+plateau. They built a dry rock dam behind which earth-wash lodges. In
+this the trees are planted and every rain sends more earth and soaks
+that which has collected. The plan can certainly not be called an
+experiment for the people have lived there for centuries. They have
+olive trees that are several centuries old and I have never seen such
+fine olive trees, not in California, or the plains of Spain, Portugal,
+France, Italy, or in Algeria or Tunis, and I have seen a good many olive
+trees in those countries. The olive tree is usually open, light and
+feathery. These in the Matmatas gulches are thick and black and rank.
+
+For automatic cultivation and fertilization the plan of these primitive
+agriculturists is hard to beat. You put up your stone dam, and every
+time the gulley runs with water your crop is irrigated and fertilized.
+Can you beat it?
+
+Three Americans of my acquaintance have independently experimented and
+discovered along similar lines.
+
+The late Freeman Thorpe of Hubert, Minnesota, did it with much
+enthusiasm. So did the late Dr. Meyer, a friend of J. F. Jones, near
+Lancaster. He discovered it accidentally. He put a brush dam across a
+gully. Water stood behind it for days after every rain. The apple tree
+near it grew much more than the others. That started the Doctor. He
+began to dig small field reservoirs and collect water near trees and he
+found that it paid even with the very expensive process of hoe and
+shovel.
+
+The idea has been modernized and brought to the machine stage which
+characterizes our present-day agriculture, by Mr. Lawrence Lee, a civil
+engineer-farmer of Leesburg, Va. Mr. Lee runs a level line across the
+face of the clay hills, and then with a Martin ditcher scoops out a
+terrace on this horizontal line. It makes the terrace so that the water
+will hold and will not run away. Mr. Lee is sure that nine-tenths of the
+heavy thunder shower runs off of the hills, in normal conditions of
+non-plowing, and that if he plows, most of the water and much of the
+soil go off together. He is also sure that the water pockets hold both
+water and soil.
+
+Rows of apple trees planted below these waterholding terraces thrive
+without cultivation as well as do other trees across the row with
+cultivation, but with this difference, ordinary cultivation impoverishes
+the soil and this enriches it by keeping all mineral and organic matter
+in the field.
+
+The combination of principles worked out by many primitive peoples and
+also by Messrs. Thorpe, Meyer and Lee makes it possible for the farmer
+to arrange his rough land in tree crops so that every rain will water
+his crops, even though the land may be rough and in sod. If he cannot
+run horizontal terraces he can dig holes near the trees and lead the
+water to these holes by two furrows with the turning plow. This is
+really an automatic kind of irrigation. By this means a farmer can use
+his odd time whenever he can work the ground, and thus do the
+cultivation for a whole year or two and at the same time preserve the
+soil and establish a permanent agriculture.
+
+This gives the hill land the same chance as the level lands to grow fat
+sods. It offers a very interesting combination of blue grass pasture
+along with crops of black walnuts, Persian (English) walnuts, pecans,
+grafted hickories, mulberries (for pigs and chickens), persimmons (for
+pigs and sheep), oaks (which make more carbohydrate food than corn in
+many situations), honey locust (which has a bean as rich as bran and
+good for the same purpose) and many other crop trees that will be
+available if good brains keep developing the idea.
+
+In this connection it may be pointed out that France exports millions of
+dollars worth of Persian walnuts and most of them are grown on isolated
+trees scattered about the fields and along roadsides.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to Sormani's for luncheon and then we
+will immediately start for Mr. Bixby's place on Long Island.
+
+(Adjournment).
+
+
+
+
+NOTES AT MR. BIXBY'S NUT ORCHARDS AND NURSERIES BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N.
+Y.
+
+September 4, 1924
+
+
+Japan walnuts (seedlings) on street set out in 1918 or 1919. All except
+the tree on the south have borne, 1924 being the third year for one. One
+of them is a heartnut.
+
+Chinkapins raised from seed outdoors.
+
+Black walnuts grown in pots and transplanted with a ball of earth and
+the entire root. Set out without cutting back and sod and vines allowed
+to grow around them. While they grew rapidly before transplanting they
+have scarcely grown since.
+
+Beaver Hickory seedlings. These illustrate well the information to be
+obtained frequently as to parentage by raising seedlings. The history of
+the Beaver tree was ascertained four or five years ago and from this and
+the appearance of the tree and its nuts, it was decided to be a shagbark
+x bitternut hybrid. The seedlings bear this out, for they vary from
+seemingly pure shagbark to pure bitternut with several in between
+looking somewhat like the parent tree. It may be that some of these will
+bear nuts that will be found valuable.
+
+Japan walnut tree killed with butternut blight.
+
+Chestnut trees killed with chestnut blight.
+
+Main experimental orchard. This comprises about four acres and is laid
+out in rows running north and south, starting at an east and west road.
+There are 29 trees in each row running north and south, the trees being
+about 15 feet apart. A nut tree is put every 30 feet and a peach or
+apple or some other tree that is intended to be taken out later, is put
+in between.
+
+Row 1 South--(1) Niblack Pecan (5) Warrick Pecan (7) Warrick Pecan (9)
+Greenriver Pecan (11) Greenriver Pecan (13) Mahan Hickory (15) Marquardt
+(?) Pecan (17) Siers Hickory (19) Wilkinson (?) Pecan (21) Kirtland
+Hickory (23) Greenbay Pecan (25) Weiker Hickory (27) Burlington Pecan
+(29) Kentucky Hickory. This Kentucky Hickory blossomed full and some two
+dozen nuts set which grew to about 5/8 inches long then they dropped
+off. Probably it will bear next year.
+
+Row 2 South--(4) Moneymaker Pecan (10) Pleas Hickory (24) Dennis
+bitternut, bearing (26) Hatch Bitternut (?).
+
+Row 3 South--(3) Stanley Hickory (5) Ridenhauer Almond (9) Burkett Pecan
+(11) Hales Hickory on shagbark (13) Hales Hickory on bitternut (21)
+Cedarapids Hickory on shagbark (23) Cedarapids Hickory on bitternut (25)
+Dennis Hickory (27) Fairbanks Hickory.
+
+Row 3A South--Seedling Black Walnuts.
+
+Row 3B South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
+
+Row 3C South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
+
+Row 4 South--(2) Rush Chinkapin (3) Miracle Chestnut (4) Chinkapin (7)
+Chinkapin (8) Chinkapin (9) Champion Chestnut (10) Paragon Chestnut (13)
+Riehl Chestnut (15) Paragon Chestnut (16) Paragon Chestnut (17) Miracle
+Chestnut (22) Champion Chestnut (29) Boone Chestnut. The above trees are
+all that remain of a row of 29 Chestnut and Chinkapin trees most of
+which were bearing two years ago, from which a good many quarts of
+Chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
+
+Row 5 South--(1) Beaver Hickory (2) Hacheye (?) Persimmon (3)
+McCallister Pecan (4) Hayakuma Persimmon (5) McCallister Pecan (6)
+Kawakami Persimmon (7) Busseron Pecan (9) Busseron Pecan (10) Lambert
+Persimmon (11) Butterick Pecan (12) Josephine Persimmon (13) Butterick
+Pecan (15) Kentucky Pecan (17) Kentucky Pecan (18) Golden Gem Persimmon
+(bearing) (19) Indiana Pecan (20) Rush Chinkapin (21) Indiana Pecan (23)
+Posey Pecan (25) Posey Pecan (27) Major Pecan (28) Parry Chestnut (29)
+Major Pecan.
+
+Row 5A South--Pecan seedlings.
+
+Row 5B South--Shellbark seedlings.
+
+Row 6 South--(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6),-(7), (8), (9), (10), (11),
+(12), (13), (14), (15), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24)
+Hales Hickory, transplanted some years ago, brought from Monticello,
+Florida (25) Kentucky Hickory.
+
+Row 6A North--Butternut seedlings.
+
+Row 6B North--Butternut seedlings.
+
+Row 7 South--Vest Hickory seedlings, Hales Hickory seedlings, Juglans
+cathayensis seedlings, Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Papershell
+Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Hybrid hazels (native Long Island x
+Italian Red 1923).
+
+Row 7A South--Mockernut seedlings.
+
+Row 7B South--Mockernut seedlings.
+
+Row 7C South--Close bark pignut carya glabra seedlings. Loose bark
+pignut carya ovalis seedlings, Japan walnut seedlings, Adams Black
+Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7D South---Persian walnut seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, perfect
+form seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, one lobe seedlings.
+
+Row 7A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 7C North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8 South--8A South--8B South--8C South--Seedling Japan Walnut x
+butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 8A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
+
+Row 8C North---Persimmon seedlings.
+
+Row 9 South--(1) Miller Black Walnut (3) Thomas Black Walnut (4) Purple
+Hazel (5) Thomas Black Walnut (6) Fruhe Lange Hazel (7) Stabler Black
+Walnut (9) Kinder Black Walnut (11) Allen Black Walnut (13) Wasson Black
+Walnut (15) Peanut Black Walnut (17) Ten Eyck Black Walnut (19)
+Mattingly Black Walnut (21) McCoy Black Walnut (bearing) (23) Paradox
+Walnut (25) Ohio Black Walnut (bearing) (27) Herman Black Walnut (29)
+Stabler Black Walnut.
+
+Row 10 South---(2) Stranger Heartnut, bearing (4) California Black
+Walnut (6) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (8) Seedling Allen Black Walnut
+(10) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (12) Casper Hickory (14) Casper Hickory
+(16) Reike Hickory (18) Vest Hickory (20) Swaim Hickory (22) Swaim
+Hickory (23) Jordan Almond (24) Wampler Hickory (25) Jordan Almond (26)
+Wampler Hickory (27) Texas Prolific Almond (29) Texas Prolific Almond.
+
+Row 10C North--Hickory Seedlings. Here may be seen the melancholy
+results of not planting hickory seedlings deep enough.
+
+Row 11 South--(1) Aiken butternut, bearing (3) Stranger Heartnut,
+bearing, (5) Ritchie Heartnut, bearing (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17),
+(19), (21), (23), (25), (27), (29) Lancaster Heartnut bearing.
+
+Row 11A South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
+
+Row 11B South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
+
+Row 11C--South--Grafted and budded butternuts and Japan Walnuts.
+
+Row 11 North--(1), (2), (3), (4), Aiken butternut (6) Juglans
+mandshurica (8), (10) Deming butternut.
+
+Row 11A North--Seedling Japan walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 11B North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 11C North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
+
+Row 12--(2) Faust heartnut, bearing (4) Deming butternut, bearing (8)
+Burlington Pecan (10) Rockville Pecan (20) Snyder Hickory (27) Early
+Golden Persimmon (28) Rockville Pecan (29) Ruby Persimmon.
+
+Row 12A South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Stabler, Ohio, Thomas &
+Adams.
+
+Row 12B South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Wasson, McCoy, Ten
+Eyck, O'Connor hybrid Witte Persian Walnut.
+
+Row 12C South--Grafted and budded butternut & Japan Walnut, Aiken
+butternut, Lancaster Heartnut.
+
+Row 13 South--(1) Franquette Persian Walnut (3) Eureka Persian Walnut
+(4) Early Golden Persimmon (5) Holden Persian Walnut (7) Eureka Persian
+Walnut (8) Grosse Kugelnuss filbert, bearing (9) Holden Persian Walnut,
+bearing (10) White Lambert hazel (11) Alpine Persian Walnut, bearing
+(12) Italian Red Hazel (13) Lancaster Persian Walnut (14) McFarland
+Chestnut (15) Meylan Black Persian Walnut (16) Hale Persimmon (17) Rush
+Persian Walnut, bearing (18) Imperial Hazel (19) Cording Walnut, bearing
+(J cordiformis x regia) (20) Early Golden Persimmon (21) Hall Persian
+Walnut (22) Yemon Persimmon (23) Paradox walnut (24) Yemon Persimmon
+(25) Mayette Persian Walnut (26) Floreams Almond (27) Holden Persian
+Walnut (28) Floreams Almond (29) Mayette Persian Walnut.
+
+Row 13 North--Chinese Almond so-called, 3 years old, really an apricot
+with edible kernels. Has proved perfectly hardy so far.
+
+Row 14--Grafted and budded black walnuts, Boston Persian Walnut.
+O'Connor hybrid Walnut, Adams Black Walnut, Alley Black Walnut, Mosnat
+butternut.
+
+Row 15--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, O'Connor hybrid, Thomas,
+Stabler. Ohio Persian Walnut. Minnas Zeller Italian Red Hazel, bearing.
+
+Row 16--American Hazels from West Virginia and Ohio.
+
+Row 17--Landesberger Lange Zeller, Buettners Zeller, Hempels Zeller,
+Barnes No. 6, Hazel bearing hybrid nuts, Barnes No. 5 Hazel bearing
+hybrid nuts, Kentish Cob, Noce Lunghe filbert, Daviana Hazels, both
+bearing.
+
+Row 18--Merveille de Bollwiller filbert bearing, Medium long filbert.
+Like Merveille de Bollwiller, Althaldestenbener Zeller.
+
+Row 19---Corylus californica, White Lambert filbert, Vest hazel, Grosse
+Kugelnuss, Hallersche Riesen filbert. Barcelona filbert, Italian Red
+filbert, Du Chilly filbert.
+
+Row 20---Long Island Hazel, bearing Blueberries. 8 plants of selected
+varieties, Jujube, Tree hazel, corylus colurna, Vest hazel bearing
+hybrid nuts, Daviana hazel bearing, White Aveline hazel, tree hazel,
+corylus colurna. Long Island hazel bearing, Red Aveline hazel bearing.
+
+Row 21--Corylus californica, tree hazel corylus colurna. On the southern
+end of these rows will be found the grafted hickories.
+
+Row 21--Grafted Shagbark hickories.
+
+Row 22--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
+
+Row 23--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
+
+Row 24--Grafted Pignut hickories.
+
+Row 25--Grafted Pignut hickories.
+
+Row 27--Grafted Pecan hickories.
+
+Row 28--Grafted Pecan hickories.
+
+Row 30--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 31---Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 32--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 33--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
+
+Row 31--Grafted Bitternut hickory.
+
+
+_Additional Notes by Stenographer_
+
+This is a Royal Burbank walnut brought from California, in 1911. It
+stood in a yard in Brooklyn until 1917. It did not grow well there but
+since we have brought it out here it is growing and bearing, as you see.
+It is a hybrid of the California black and the Eastern black. The nut
+itself has not much value. The leaves are rather smaller than others. It
+would not compare with the propagated varieties. It is only considered
+as a rapid growing tree.
+
+Here is a row of Beaver seedlings. This one is a typical shagbark. This
+one is like a bitternut. Every once in a while you will find a tall one
+with buds like the old tree. They are all Beaver seedlings from nuts
+gathered at the same time from the same tree.
+
+Here are chinkapin seedlings grown out of doors. I simply threw them on
+the ground and covered them with leaves.
+
+Here is a dead Japanese walnut tree. It died of a fungus, melanconium.
+You can see the fungus all the way down the trunk. It is a weak fungus
+and sometimes if the tree is nourished properly it will disappear.
+
+This is a Lancaster heartnut. And so is this. One is much more prolific
+than the other. Both grafted on Japanese stock. It is bearing pretty
+well. It was put out in 1918.
+
+Here is a Kentucky hickory. It had about 24 nuts, but they have fallen
+off.
+
+This is a Moneymaker pecan. It is growing finely. I bought this tree
+from J. B. Wight, of Cairo, Ga. I also have a Burkett from Texas.
+
+There is a Paragon chestnut which has escaped the blight. Fungus is
+beginning on the end of the branch, however.
+
+Two years ago we had a whole row of these Boone chestnuts. This is the
+only one left. They were all in bearing then and a good many quarts of
+chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
+
+From here up, the trees are hickory (Hales) on pecans. They are ten
+years from the graft, and planted here from Monticello, Fla., two years
+ago. 23 out of the 24 trees living.
+
+There are 12 varieties of Japanese persimmons, bought from Texas. This
+one shows winter-killing but will apparently live. (Hayakuma persimmon).
+
+Here is a Jap. persimmon (Kawakami). It has not borne yet. Here is a
+McCallister pecan; originated from between the Wabash and Ohio Rivers.
+
+Those are Thomas black walnuts; they have been out five years, and have
+not yet borne.
+
+This is a Ten Eyck; it has made good growth this year and is a heavy
+bearer. This is a McCoy black walnut. This tree is bearing heavily this
+year, and bore one nut last year. It is about five or six years from the
+nursery. The parent tree is from near Rockport, Ind., and is a very
+large one.
+
+Here is an Ohio; it came from Mr. Jones, I think. These trees are
+bearing heavily; they have been set out 5 or 6 years.
+
+These trees are Lancaster heartnuts. They will probably bear heavily one
+year and less the next.
+
+(Here catkins and nuts were found on the same branch, and a photograph
+was made).
+
+MR. REED: There will probably not be any Lancaster here next spring; the
+late growth has devitalized the tree.
+
+Here is a California black walnut but it has not grown very
+successfully.
+
+Here is a Stranger heartnut from South Carolina, bearing.
+
+Here is an O'Connor hybrid walnut on black walnut. The whole tree is
+3-1/2 feet high; splendid growth for one year. The parent tree is in
+Maryland, about two miles from Mr. Littlepage's place.
+
+Here is a Lancaster heartnut which has borne every year, without a stop;
+you see it is planted in a chicken yard.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS AT THE HOUSE OF WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, N. Y.
+
+September 4, 1924
+
+
+   BLACK WALNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Adams
+           Alley
+           Herman
+           McCoy
+           Miller
+           Ohio
+           Stabler, Perfect Form
+           One Lobe
+           Ten Eyck
+           Thomas
+           Wasson
+       Species:
+           Juglans major, Arizona rupestris,
+               Texas boliviensis, Bolivia
+               insularis, Cuba
+           The extremes of black walnut
+               shape.  Adams, long and
+               narrow, Corsan, short and
+               broad
+           Varieties: Butternuts
+               Aiken
+               Deming
+
+   BUTTERNUTS AND JAPAN WALNUTS
+       Varieties: Japan Walnuts
+           Heartnuts
+           Lancaster
+           Ritchie
+           Stranger
+       Species:
+           Juglans cinerea
+               manshurica
+               cathayensis
+               sieboldiana
+               cordiformis
+           Rough shell Japan walnut
+           Juglans sieboldiana x
+               cinerea
+           Juglans sieboldiana x
+               nigra
+           Cording, Juglans cordiformis x
+               regia
+
+   Nuts from 4 trees on Grand Ave.
+       Baldwin
+
+   CHESTNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Boone
+           Paragon
+           Rochester
+           Morris No. 2
+           Morris No. 3
+       Species:
+           Chinkapin
+           Castanopsis
+
+   HAZELS AND FILBERTS
+       Varieties:
+           Althaldensleben
+           Barcelona
+           Daviana
+           Du Chilly
+           Emperor
+           Grosse Kugelnuss
+           Imperial
+           Italian Red
+           Merveille de Bollwiller
+           Montebello
+           Noce Lunghe
+           Red Aveline
+           Red Lambert
+           Rush (American)
+           Vest (American)
+           White Aveline
+           White Lambert
+       Species:
+           Chinese tree Hazel (Corylus
+               chinensis)
+           Constantinople Hazel (tree
+               corylus colurna)
+           Thibet Hazel (Corylus tibetica)
+       Hazel Blight (Specimen)
+
+   HICKORIES
+       Varieties:
+           Beaver
+           Brooks
+           Dennis
+           Fairbanks, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+           Galloway
+           Glover
+           Griffin
+           Hales
+           Kirtland
+           Laney
+           Milford
+           Pleas
+           Siers, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+           Vest
+           Weiker, Parent tree
+                   Grafted tree
+
+           It will be noticed that nuts
+           from young grafted trees are
+           generally larger than those
+           from the parent trees
+       Species and Hybrid:
+           Arkansas Hickory, carya buckleyi
+               Arkansana
+           Bitternut, carya cordiformis,
+               Dennis, Hatch
+           Buckley Hickory, carya Buckleyi
+           Chinese Hickory, carya cathayensis
+           Pallid Hickory, carya pallida
+           Shellbark, carya laciniosa, from
+               3 locations
+               Water Hickory, carya aquatica
+               Zorn, the largest hickory yet
+                   found, carya buckleyi Arkansana
+                   x alba
+
+   PECANS
+       Northern Varieties:
+           Burlington
+           Busseron
+           Butterick
+           Campbell
+           Greenriver
+           Indiana
+           Koontz
+           Major
+           McCallister
+           Niblack
+           Norton
+           Posey
+           Witte
+       Species and curiosities:
+           Seedling Pecan from Adams,
+               Ill. The most northern native
+               growing pecan yet seen
+               by Willard G. Bixby
+           Curtis Pecan, without inner
+               shell partition
+           Schley Pecan, one grown in
+               Georgia, the other in southern
+               Pennsylvania.  This
+               shows how the nuts are
+               dwarfed by lack of sufficient
+               summer heat
+
+   PERSIAN WALNUTS
+       Varieties:
+           Alpine
+           Boston
+           Colona
+           Franquette
+           Hall
+           Holden
+           Hutchinson
+           Lancaster
+           Mayette
+           Milbank
+           Ontario
+           Pomeroy
+           Rush
+           Sayre
+           Witte
+       Seedlings and Hybrids
+           Chinese Paper Shell
+           Juglans regia x cinerea from
+               2 locations
+           Allen, juglans regia x rupestris
+
+   MISCELLANEOUS
+       Almond, Ridenhauer
+           Chinese (edible apricot)
+       Beechnuts, American (2 locations)
+           European
+       Queensland  Nut  Macadamia
+               ternifolia
+       Water Chestnuts:
+           Nelumbium Luteum
+           Nelumbium Speciosum
+
+
+
+
+NOTES TAKEN AT MERRIBROOKE, DR. MORRIS' ESTATE NEAR STAMFORD,
+CONNECTICUT
+
+Excursion of Friday, September 5, 1924
+
+
+Arriving at Stamford, all guests and members were met at the station by
+cars from Dr. Morris' place. After coming together at the house, the
+members followed Dr. Morris to the main gateway, where the following
+program commenced:
+
+DR. MORRIS: If you will all follow me here inside the gateway we will
+take the trees as they come in the order of the mimeographed sheet which
+you hold.
+
+I will first say that the abnormalities at Merribrooke this year were
+three in number. First, a destructive invasion of the tent caterpillar
+which attacked nearly all kinds of trees during its traveling stage.
+Then came a canker worm invasion with partial or complete defoliation of
+even the forest trees. Almost all of the whole leaves on any tree
+represent the second set for the season. Then came a drought said to
+have been the most severe since 1871. As a result of these three
+influences most of the fruit trees and nut trees dropped their crops
+this year.
+
+Among the many introduced and grafted trees at Merribrooke only about
+one hundred typical forms have been tagged for this occasion. The large
+tags on the trees represent types, the smaller tags represent different
+variations of the type. Numbers on the tags correspond to numbers on
+this list.
+
+We will begin with No. 1--Original Taylor Shagbark hickory. Nut large,
+thin shelled, good cleavage and high quality. This is practically an
+annual bearer. The weevil likes it because it is very thin-shelled.
+Consequently we seldom get a good crop. Most of the trees were
+defoliated. This is the best all-around hickory that I have found. I
+gave prizes for years and got seedlings from all over the country, and
+this is the best one that I obtained growing right here at my gate. It
+is defoliated by both the tent caterpillar and the canker worm.
+
+2. Buckley Hickory from Texas. Nut large, round, thick-shelled, peculiar
+flavor and fragrance. This hickory was first described in 1872 in Texas
+and then it was forgotten. Dr. Sargent was quite surprised when I told
+him that I had one for the variety really passed out of history among
+the botanists until the past two years. The bark is deeply ridged in the
+older trees. The tree has been crippled by the twig girdler this year.
+
+3. Carolina Hickory Seedling (scaly bark hickory). Nut small, thin
+shelled, sweet. I think this is one of the most beautiful hickories we
+have. It has been crippled this year but not enough to hurt. It has a
+small, thin-shelled nut with sweet flavor. The older trees have the
+scale on the bark.
+
+4. Carolina Hickory grafted upon other local wild stock, and I do not
+know whether it is macrocarpa or pignut.
+
+5. Shagbark top-worked to Vest variety of shagbark from Virginia that
+Mr. Bixby described yesterday as having a shell so thin that it could be
+cracked with the hand.
+
+6. Shagbark top-worked to Carolina and Kentucky varieties. Note the
+different foliage, and smaller leaves. Here is a graft of three
+hickories on one stock.
+
+7. Shagbark top-worked to Vest shagbark above and to McCallister pecan
+below. The foliage of this McCallister would justify putting the tree in
+any grounds; but here on the shagbark stock the leaves are not so
+large. The foliage on Mr. Bixby's was large and beautiful.
+
+8. Shagbark top-worked to Brooks shagbark. That tree prolongs the name
+of one of our audience into history.
+
+9. Asiatic Winged Walnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia). I think this would
+be valuable for hybridizing.
+
+10. Grafted Woodall American (black) walnut. Nut small, thin shelled.
+Tree very prolific. This tree has not yet borne, but it should next
+year. I got that from a man near Milford, Del. The nut is thin-shelled
+and cracks very easily.
+
+11. Grafted Lutz American Walnut from North Carolina. This tree is about
+six years from the graft. The nut is large.
+
+QUESTION: When do you have frosts here at Stamford?
+
+DR. MORRIS: The frosts are from about the middle of September until
+sometime in May. Sometimes we miss the September frosts.
+
+12. Korean Nut Pine. Furnishes important food supply in northern Asia.
+
+13. Grafted Papaw. Larger part Ketter variety. Prize fruits have weighed
+about one pound each. Smaller part Osborn variety No. 3, a choice kind.
+
+14. Seedling Papaw.
+
+15. Seedling Papaw, christened "Merribrooke prolific" with clusters of
+fruit of the first year's bearing. Five bunches on the tree and it is
+the first year out from the nursery. It is a very beautiful tree for the
+lawn.
+
+The growing season of pawpaws is so long that a hard September frost may
+catch the fruit before it is ripe in this locality. Fruit will stand a
+light frost only.
+
+16. Chinese Pistache seedling. Tree beautiful but nut too small for the
+market. May serve for hybridizing purposes. The autumn foliage of this
+tree is very wonderful.
+
+17. Grafted Wolfe persimmon. Ripens fruit in July or August. This is an
+ordinary size fruit but the peculiarity is that it ripens before the
+others do.
+
+18. Grafted Cannaday seedless persimmon. You see another member of our
+party has gone down to fame with this Cannaday seedless persimmon.
+
+19. Stanley shellbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock.
+
+20. Stock grafted to Kentucky shagbark.
+
+21. Jeffrey Blue Bull Nut Pine. Nuts small, thin-shelled, rich. Eaten
+shell and all by the natives. This is one of the most beautiful of
+pines. In the top of the tree is placed one of the large gourds which I
+raise here on the place. I place these gourds in the tree-tops for
+bird-houses. All kinds of birds nest in them, from the chickadee to the
+barred duck. A squash may be used for this purpose as well as a gourd.
+
+I raise the pines from seed.
+
+22. Torrey nut pine from southern California. Nut is large, and has a
+fine flavor. I get my seeds from Bartner Brothers. Pines do not do so
+well near cities. The sulphites in the air are picked up by the pines
+and this kills them. This particular pine is a surprise to all botanists
+who have seen it; it is native in California and is one of the
+disappearing pines. I have had five of them and I raised them all from
+seed.
+
+23. Chinese hazel. Grafted on common hazel and outgrowing it, The
+Chinese hazel makes a tree from 80 to 100 feet in height. This is the
+first year this tree has borne. It is grafted on common stock, and is
+beginning to bear earlier than it would have done on its own roots.
+
+24. Butternut parthenogens. Some are large and some small but all are
+grown under the same conditions. That one was defoliated by the canker
+worm and then by the tent caterpillar and this is the fourth set of
+leaves it has put forth this year.
+
+25. Hybrid walnut (Siebold x butternut) four years old.
+
+26. Grafted American walnut. Peanut variety. Only one chubby half of
+kernel to each shell. The scions were sent here from Washington, D. C.
+
+27. Mediate shagbark grafts (Cook variety). Grafted July 10 in midst of
+great drought. Compare this with the trees you will see farther on in
+the walk, grafted near the end of the drought. I do not have much
+trouble with the plain splice graft and I expect it to start ten days
+after I put it in.
+
+Here is the way I treat a borer, although I have two or three ways of
+doing this. First I find a hole on the tree, like this one. Then I
+follow down to where the borers work. I cut that part away, inject
+chloroform and fill up the opening with common kitchen soap.
+
+28. American Chestnut. Merribrooke variety, root-grafted on Japanese
+chestnut. I grafted that very low, below the ground. It is the best
+chestnut I have among several thousands that I planted. This tree was
+one of the first to go down with the blight, but I have grafted on other
+scions and have kept it going ever since.
+
+29. Dresher chestnut (European origin) grafted on Japanese chestnut. The
+graft is about three years old. It has borne since the first year. There
+are several nuts on it now.
+
+(Now we must be careful of the sharp stubs in the woods. These are newly
+cut brush paths, and all guests wearing low shoes should step
+carefully).
+
+30. Stanley shellbark hickory, grafted on pignut hickory. Mr. Jones
+introduced this hickory.
+
+31. Kentucky shagbark grafted on shagbark stock, with bark slot graft. I
+let another twig grow from the same lead for nourishment. I put in three
+grafts here two of which are dead. I do not quite approve of that
+method. I prefer now to go up to the small branches and then
+splice-graft on small branches.
+
+32. Marquardt pecan grafted on stock of pignut. It does well on this
+hickory.
+
+33. Hardy, hard-shell almond.
+
+34. Woodall American walnut. This shows that the Woodall black walnut
+grows fairly well on butternut stock.
+
+35. Shagbark hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
+
+36. Staminate persimmon trees.
+
+37. Bony Bush filbert, grafted on common hazel. (Bush badly cut up by
+girdler beetle. Elaphidion. Five nuts on the bush).
+
+38. Purple hazel. Look sharp to find the 20 nuts on this bush. This tree
+is about 5 years old.
+
+39. Four large bitternut-hickory trees, top-worked to Beaver hybrid.
+Beaver branches distinguished by larger leaves and fewer leaflets. Stock
+shoots will be cut out gradually, allowing Beaver to have entire tree
+finally.
+
+40. Bitternut hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
+
+41. Hybrid walnut. (Siebold x Persian). Tree riddled by walnut weevil
+every year hopelessly.
+
+42. Taylor shagbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock. I fill the
+cavities with paraffin and turpentine. There are three or four nuts left
+in the top of the tree. The tree has borne nuts for three years.
+
+43. Pinus edulis.
+
+44. Marquardt pecan on bitternut.
+
+45. Dead hybrid hickory, grafted to Beaver hybrid. Grafts made enormous
+growth in first year--10 feet for some grafts. All blew out in one
+minute of hurricane in advance of thunder storm.
+
+46. Bartlett hazel grafted on common hazel. There are a number of dead
+ends, caused by a small worm you can hardly see.
+
+47. Chinese chestnut. Blighted at foot of trunk but the tree continues
+to bear.
+
+48. Garritson persimmon. Best of all varieties called seedless, but the
+large staminate tree nearby spoils that feature. It is about five years
+old, and bears very regularly and heavily. The stock came from Mr.
+Jones.
+
+49. Early Golden persimmon. Carries one graft of Everhart seedless
+variety on lowest large branch.
+
+50. Hybrid walnut. Juglans nigra. I do not remember which parent I used.
+
+51. Pignolia nut pine. _Pignolia pinea._ It is a seedling. You can buy
+pignolia nuts in Europe for food everywhere.
+
+52. Hardy soft-shelled almond. I do not know the variety as the label is
+lost; but the tree was put there about 3 or 4 years ago. It came from
+the Government.
+
+58. Deming purple walnut. I think Dr. Deming can best tell you about
+this.
+
+DR. DEMING: It grows on the side of the road between Norwalk and
+Danbury, where the very large black walnut tree is, 15 feet in
+circumference, said to be the largest in Connecticut. This purple
+variety has nuts with a brownish red involucre showing sharply against
+the green leaves. The young foliage is purplish red, and the cambium and
+the pellicle of the kernels are purple. It is a very fair nut and the
+tree is very striking when it starts in spring with the beautiful tufts
+of leaves.
+
+DR. MORRIS: It may be a valuable wood for cabinet-makers. Every part of
+the wood is purple. There are two purple trees. The smaller tree is
+evidently a seedling of the larger.
+
+54. Young Major pecan.
+
+55. Webb Persian walnut on American walnut stock. The nuts are enormous
+and of Alpine type of good quality. You saw some of these yesterday
+among those brought in by Prof. Neilson. You sometimes see these in the
+French market where they are called "Argonne." I picked this up in
+Greenwood. It has many nuts this year and this is the second crop of
+leaves.
+
+56. Busseron pecan. This had a full crop of flowers this year, both
+staminate and pistillate.
+
+57. Appomattox pecan, from the James River in Virginia. This and four
+other kinds of pecans would have borne nuts this year excepting for
+defoliation. It is a handsome tree and will bear next year.
+
+58. Seedling filbert. About six years old.
+
+59. Daviana filbert from Europe. Many people call them "hazels," but I
+think we should call them "filberts."
+
+60. Josephine persimmon. It has borne heavily every year except this
+year. It still has some leaves left. Some people are very fond of the
+fruit. I do not like that as well as the Garretson. It is a big
+persimmon and a very good one. The fruit stays on until late November
+and December. I think the Garretson is the best persimmon I have ever
+had.
+
+61. Lambert persimmon. Largest fruited American kind.
+
+62. Japanese persimmon, planted between the rocks for protection from
+wind in winter, and from heat in summer. Hardy now for two years but of
+slow growth.
+
+63. Beaver grafted on bitternut.
+
+64. Weiker hybrid hickory on shagbark stock.
+
+65. European filbert grafted upon common hazel stock. The squirrels have
+lived on it. I can count 7 nuts left. I made grafts more than a foot
+long. It was planted three years ago. I could show you several hundred
+trees bearing heavily this year, and on all of them we lost the first
+crop of leaves.
+
+66. Beaver grafted Nov. 5, 1922, on bitternut.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Will they live when grafted at any time throughout the
+year?
+
+DR. MORRIS: I would not be afraid to graft anything at any time of the
+year.
+
+67. Taylor shagbark grafted July 21, 1924. Probably mockernut stock.
+Growth slow but sure.
+
+68. Wild beak hazel. Nuts not so good as those of common hazel.
+
+69. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
+
+70. Hazel, patch-grafted here and there with Bony Bush filbert. The
+larger and darker leaves are Bony Bush.
+
+71. Leonard shagbark grafted on stock probably shagbark. Nut very small,
+thin shelled, highest quality and keeps for four years without becoming
+rancid.
+
+72. Shagbark top-worked to Taylor variety, but only a few grafts. Too
+much work for a tree of this size.
+
+73. Pleas hybrid pecan on butternut stock.
+
+74. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
+
+75. Here is a very interesting object lesson. No. 74 is a bitternut
+top-worked to Beaver, and all doing well. The same day, with the same
+graft, I top-worked this pignut. The pignut refused the graft and died
+insulted. But another stock from the same root accepted Marquardt.
+
+76. Bitternut stock accepting Marquardt pecan tardily.
+
+77. Here is another form of borer. I treat them in this way: Cut away a
+little of the hole, pour in the chloroform and stop up the hole with
+soap. That will kill all of the borers in the tree.
+
+78. Grafts of Laney hybrid hickory on bitternut.
+
+79. Group of four filberts--not blighting, but not thriving this year or
+last. Reason unknown. Soil is heavy clay hardpan near top. Top swampy in
+spring.
+
+80. Taylor shagbark on bitternut.
+
+81. Taylor shagbark on shagbark stock.
+
+82. Bitternut grafted to Lucado pecan. Grafts grew well for two summers,
+but died in second winter.
+
+83. One poor graft of pecan on bitternut.
+
+84. Pleas hybrid pecan.
+
+85. Merribrooke chestnut grafted upon Chinese chestnut sprouts.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN: Have you been able to bud chestnuts successfully?
+
+DR. MORRIS: Yes.
+
+86. Daviana filbert.
+
+87. Hybrid hazel. (_Colurna x Americana_).
+
+88. Avellana hazel. Variety _Contorta_.
+
+89. Siebold walnut. _Parthenogen._
+
+90. Hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata). Grafted to another
+hybrid, but stock now blighting.
+
+91. One of a series of chinkapins, natural or hybrids, grafted over to
+other hybrids or to the Merribrooke variety of American sweet chestnut.
+Some are blighting.
+
+92. Original Bony-Bush hazel. Blighting moderately. Treatment for blight
+not followed because of wish to note the degree of resistance.
+
+That bush was named by Dr. J. Russell Smith. The nut is remarkably thin
+shelled, very long and curious in form.
+
+93. Chinkapin, not grafted. These bear heavily every year
+notwithstanding the blight. From the same root common chinkapin will
+keep on bearing year after year. When one stock blights another takes
+its place so that heavy continuous bearing is the rule.
+
+94. Original No. 1 Morris hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata).
+Nuts of size and quality of American sweet chestnut. Tree blighted in
+its 13th year after bearing crops for 8 or 9 years. New stump sprouts
+now growing.
+
+(Note: At this time, the guests were called to the lawn back of the
+house, where a luncheon was served by Mrs. Morris. The tables were laid
+sumptuously, and all enjoyed it the more because of the surroundings,
+where trees on one side bent over a clear trout-stream, and elsewhere
+old-fashioned gardens splashed colors over the green background.)
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS SESSION
+
+Held on Third Day
+
+
+(Note: It was planned that this session should be held during the
+afternoon of the third day, after the trip through Dr. Morris's estate.
+However, while the members were exploring deep in a wooded portion of
+Merribrooke, a sudden downpour of rain occurred. The nearest shelter was
+found to be the barn, where the members agreed that the following
+session should be held, since it was not possible to reach the main
+house. All members were standing during the session, including the
+reporter who wrote with the notebook resting against one of Dr. Morris's
+cars.)
+
+Session called to order by President Weber.
+
+DR. SMITH: There should be added to the by-laws the following amendment:
+
+ARTICLE V. Members all be sent a notification of annual dues at the time
+they are due, and if not paid within two months thereafter they shall be
+sent a _second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing
+on account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
+annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
+_third notice_ shall be sent, notifying such members that unless dues
+are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names will
+be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+_The President_: The motion has been seconded; all in favor please
+signify by saying "Aye."
+
+(Vote carried unanimously).
+
+_The Secretary_: The association should have a fiscal year. Shall we
+discuss this or will the president authorize the secretary and the
+treasurer to agree upon a date most convenient to them for the beginning
+of the fiscal year?
+
+MR. REED: I move that we leave this to the discretion of the secretary
+and the treasurer.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion, please signify.
+
+(Voted as presented).
+
+THE SECRETARY: I move that combination membership in the Association
+with subscription to the American Nut Journal be $4.50, a deduction of
+25 cents each by the Association and the Journal.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion please so indicate.
+
+(Motion carried).
+
+THE SECRETARY: The next thing is to elect new officers.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Reed will please read the report of the Committee on
+Nominations.
+
+MR. REED: The making of this report was one of both great pleasure and
+of extreme regret. Since Dr. Deming has found that it will not be
+possible for him to continue as secretary, the following names are
+offered:
+
+   President--Harry R. Weber.
+   Vice-President--Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger.
+   Secretary--Mrs. B. W. Gahn.
+   Treasurer--H. J. Hilliard.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Are there any exceptions to this? Will those who are in
+favor please so state?
+
+(Election carried unanimously).
+
+DR. SMITH: Dr. Deming's retiring from the secretaryship is a matter
+which all old-timers will regret, and I want to move that this
+association record in its proceedings the fullest appreciation of his
+great and faithful service in helping to carry the organization through
+so many years. I do not know what we would have done without his service
+and it is with great regret that we see him step aside.
+
+(Motion seconded and unanimously carried).
+
+DR. DEMING: I wish to express my gratitude to the members for their
+kindness, but I also wish to say that although I have stepped aside, I
+have not entirely passed away. I am still with you and I shall always
+give the association the best of my efforts in whatever way they may be
+needed; its interests shall always be dear to me.
+
+DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that we have an object lesson here. Excepting
+for Dr. Deming's efforts I doubt whether this organization could have
+held together and worked harmoniously during its years of existence. He
+has been the key-note of the work with which others have helped, and we
+have been successful because of concerted work on the part of a number
+of men who are looking forward to the great future of this new
+agriculture, this new source of agriculture for the entire world,
+wherein we are going to be able to depend upon the sub-soil for our
+sustenance. It is through untiring work and self sacrifice that those
+who are so interested in this work have been able to work as a mass
+unit. I do not know of anything more that I could say.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I am sure that we all regret to see Dr. Deming step
+aside, but we will still have him with us and I am very sure that he
+will do all possible for the good of the association always.
+
+DR. DEMING: I stated a few moments ago that although I had stepped aside
+I had not passed away; but since then I have changed my mind. I believe
+that I have entirely passed away.
+
+DR. SMITH: I move a resolution of great appreciation for Dr. Morris's
+and Mrs. Morris's hospitality to us, and for enabling us to enjoy the
+beautiful day we have had here.
+
+(Motion seconded and unanimously passed).
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris, you now have notice of the official action of
+the association in their desire to thank you.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I thank you, but I must say that I have had very little to
+do with it; I may have made the suggestion, but the women always do all
+of the work and in this case my wife and daughters have done it all.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: We have not yet decided on the place for our next
+convention. I would like to have your ideas.
+
+DR. MORRIS: I had three ideas as to that; one is to go to Mr. Riehl's
+place next year. Prof. Colby said that if we should, he would assume the
+responsibility of the committee on arrangements. We are first to ask Mr.
+Riehl whether it would be in accordance with his ideas and wishes.
+
+The second idea is this. We saw yesterday only a small part of Mr.
+Bixby's exhibit, one of the finest collections in the world. We should
+have to spend more than a day there to see it satisfactorily. In
+connection with a visit to the Hick's nurseries, and others in the
+vicinity, it would take more than a day.
+
+The third idea is to go again to Lancaster to see Mr. Jones' nursery and
+other things in that vicinity. It seems to me that we must make a choice
+between these three.
+
+MR. JONES: I would be very glad to have you come to Lancaster.
+
+DR. MORRIS: The objection to that is that Mr. Riehl is now 86 years of
+age. In view of that our first choice ought to be Mr. Riehl's place.
+
+DR. SMITH: I move that, if it prove acceptable to Mr. Riehl, we meet in
+western Illinois.
+
+MR. JONES: Why not add, "If that is not satisfactory, to go to
+Lancaster?"
+
+DR. MORRIS: We should go back to Long Island next year and complete what
+we did not see this year, if we do not go to Mr. Riehl's.
+
+THE SECRETARY: The Secretary has received from the St. Louis Chamber of
+Commerce an invitation worded with rather more cordiality than usual to
+hold our next convention in St. Louis. They offer to provide a meeting
+place, speakers, publicity, to do all except give the cash prizes and
+entertainment. I do not know exactly how far St. Louis is from Alton,
+but I understand it is one hour's ride by rail.
+
+MR. REED: We could also see the Botanical Garden and the collection of
+large trees.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: I think the sentiment is in favor of the western meeting.
+We can easily get to Mr. Riehl's place from St. Louis.
+
+MR. REED: It is 22 miles from St. Louis to Alton, and there you can
+change and go to Mr. Riehl's. I think it best to go to St. Louis for the
+convention and to take a day at Mr. Riehl's place.
+
+THE SECRETARY: As to the date we would not be able to decide upon that
+without first consulting Mr. Riehl and learning the time convenient for
+him. However, we should express our opinion as to the best time,
+approximately.
+
+MR. REED: I believe it would be to the advantage of the organization to
+go there at a time when the nuts are on the trees. We have seen the
+species and varieties in bearing, but we have not seen a paying orchard
+ready for harvest. I believe we should have the meeting about September
+10, or a little later.
+
+THE PRESIDENT: Then we will move that the convention next year be held
+at St. Louis on September 10, or a little later as may be decided by the
+Executive Committee after consultation with Mr. Riehl.
+
+(Motion put, voted and carried).
+
+DR. MORRIS: Another important matter is in regard to publicity. For this
+meeting I have sent notes to about 15 different publications, expecting
+that they would give us notices. Not a single one of them gave us
+notices. This morning one of the reporters called me and said he was
+sorry he could not be here as he had an important meeting to attend. He
+wanted to know what the Northern Nut Growers' Association was like, if
+it was something like the Tree Planting Association. The fact is that
+people do not understand, as yet, the meaning of this association or its
+purpose. They do not realize that California sends 25,000 tons of
+walnuts to market, worth millions of dollars, and 10,000 tons of almonds
+this year. They don't realize that down in Georgia, in the poor, puny
+pinewoods where men had a hard time to make a living at one time, they
+are now riding around in limousines because they are growing nuts. They
+do not realize the enormous social and economic importance and
+consequence of work of the nut growers of today in the part that they
+play in the agriculture of the world for tomorrow. The newspapers would
+rather send some representative to see a prince fall down with his
+horse. But I know from mutual acquaintances that the Prince would rather
+be with us here today at this meeting than to be listening to a thousand
+and one nonentities and taking part in conversations with no future
+meaning. I believe that if I had thought about inviting him in time I
+should have had him out here. I have had experience with members of
+royalty before and I know what serious-minded people they are.
+
+The next subject discussed was that of dropping members who are not in
+general good standing. After the discussion the decision stood that no
+action could be taken unless specific charges against the member were
+presented and proven true.
+
+Another matter discussed was that of compensation to Mrs. Gahn for doing
+secretarial work for the association. It was voted by those present that
+she should be compensated, but the amount of compensation should be left
+to the decision of the Executive Committee.
+
+The President adjourned the session sine die, at 4 p. m.
+
+Because of lack of time, several papers were not read. These are
+included herewith:
+
+
+
+
+NUTS
+
+_By Hon. Royal S. Copeland, U. S. Senator from N. Y._
+
+
+Whenever there is a peculiar individual in the community, he is apt to
+be called a "nut." As ordinarily used this is a term of derision, but
+the more one studies the value of the nut the more he is impressed with
+the idea that this isn't a good word to apply to an abnormal individual,
+unless he happens to be abnormally good. The nut is one of the best of
+the products of nature. It is one of the oldest of foods, and among
+certain animals it is almost the only food depended upon for health and
+growth.
+
+If Mr. Bryan is mistaken about the origin of man, and if his antagonists
+are right, the natural ancestors of the human race were all nut eaters.
+At least the gorillas and chimpanzees are fond of the nut. When we go
+back to the early history of the Greeks and the early inhabitants of
+Great Britain, we find that they depended largely upon the acorn for
+food.
+
+When measured by the caloric method it is surprising how much richer in
+nourishment the nut is than almost every other food substance. Nuts
+average about ten times as many calories per pound as the richest
+vegetables.
+
+It makes you hungry to hear the names of the nuts. In this country we
+have the walnut, butternut, hazel nut and the hickory nut, the chestnut
+and the beechnut. These are native to our land. Then there are
+cultivated orchards of Persian walnuts, pecans, almonds and peanuts.
+
+Christmas and Thanksgiving would be a failure without nuts; they are a
+part of the hospitable fare and no stocking is well filled at Christmas
+time unless a handful of nuts is added to the surprises.
+
+Isn't it amazing what popular ideas there are in existence about the
+digestibility of foods. Many of these are fallacious. For instance, it
+is common belief that nuts are difficult to digest. This is not well
+founded. Of course nuts like all foods which are used as a part of the
+dessert are considered merely as an addition to the meal, and not a part
+of the meal structure. You finish your meal, having eaten everything you
+need and having filled your stomach, then you are given a dish of ice
+cream and, perhaps, after that the nuts are passed. They taste so good
+that you are tempted to take one more about ten times. You fail to chew
+the nut thoroughly and you crowd it into an already overfilled stomach.
+Because it happens to be the first thing to come up in case of disaster
+you jump at the illogical conclusion that your indigestion is due to the
+nuts. I need not tell you how unscientific is your conviction.
+
+Several varieties of nuts are used for the making of nut butter, and
+this food is a very excellent substitute for meat.
+
+Certainly nuts have material advantage over a good many foods. They keep
+indefinitely. They never putrefy. They are not infested with harmful
+bacteria. You can never get tape-worm or any other parasitic trouble,
+which occasionally follows the eating of infected food.
+
+I am glad there are societies organized to propagate the nut. A
+prominent concern of New York City is very active in promulgating the
+value of the nut, and is encouraging the planting of nut trees.
+
+Somebody has estimated that there are three million miles of country
+roads, and that if nut trees were planted alongside these roads there
+would be enough protein food for the entire population.
+
+Nuts are rich in protein, lime, iron and vitamins.
+
+Many dishes may be made from the nut which have the appearance and
+flavoring of meat, without the objectionable effects of flesh diet.
+
+Last year we imported twenty-five million pounds of almonds, forty
+million pounds of Brazil nuts, eighteen million pounds of filberts, and
+forty-four million pounds of walnuts,--about twenty million dollars
+worth of these nuts were brought into the country.
+
+This shows that there is some appreciation certainly of an article of
+food which deserves to be even more commonly used than it is at present.
+
+
+
+
+HARDINESS IN NUT TREES
+
+_By C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+Nut trees of most species commonly thrive at both latitudes and
+altitudes much greater than the limits of regular or even frequent crop
+production. This fact is seldom fully appreciated by prospective
+planters, particularly in the North, who, not unnaturally, assume that
+the presence of a group of vigorous appearing trees, or even of a single
+tree, particularly in a fruitful year, is sufficient evidence of local
+hardiness to justify commercial planting. However, practically all of
+our native species of nut-bearing trees are indigenous well beyond the
+range of regular crop production. This is made possible by occasional
+seasons favorable to seed production which enable such species to
+reproduce themselves. A crop once in a quarter century would be
+sufficient for this purpose.
+
+Taking the pecan as an illustration of how a species may be affected by
+latitude, it has been found that, as the limits of hardiness are
+approached, the ill effects on the species in approximate order are:
+
+   (1)  reduction in size of nut, especially with oblong varieties
+          in length,
+   (2)  increased proportion of faulty kernels,
+   (3)  increased irregularity of crop,
+   (4)  practical crop failure, and lastly the
+   (5)  partial, then complete, destruction of the tree.
+
+On the other hand, the fact that a tree is subject to occasional winter
+injury, or that it bears irregularly, or not at all in a particular
+site, is not necessarily to be taken that the same tree in a different
+site or under slightly changed environment would not perform
+satisfactorily, even in the same locality. A change in exposure or of
+cultural treatment, or of rootstock, or of variety, or a modified
+association of varieties, might and frequently does bring about entirely
+different results. Sometimes a southern exposure causes trees to respond
+to mild weather, in winter or early spring, and to be caught by
+subsequent, violent drops in temperature. Some of the best known and
+best performing Persian walnut trees in the East are on a northwestern
+exposure, yet the species is commonly not hardy in the temperate
+portions of this country.
+
+To a certain extent the ability of orchard trees to withstand frost
+injury is subject to control. The danger is greatest with trees which
+have grown late or those which have become devitalized for some reason
+or with those which are in poorly drained soils. The kind of root stock
+which has been used, is known to have had an influence in some cases.
+Doubtless this will be better understood as different stocks are used by
+the leaders in pecan breeding. Varieties also are known to differ
+greatly in their degree of hardiness. However, failure upon the part of
+otherwise normal trees to bear paying crops with regularity is not
+necessarily due to low temperatures. Other factors, such as
+self-sterility, may be wholly responsible for at least the lightness of
+crops.
+
+So far as the orchardist is concerned, a tree is not hardy unless it is
+capable of bearing crops the average of which are profitable. On the
+other hand, occasional winter injury does not prove that a species
+cannot be grown successfully in the same locality. Neither the peach nor
+the apple industries of the North nor those of the citrus in the South
+and California nor, in fact, any of the other horticultural commodities
+of this country are wholly unaffected by frost damage. Our forest trees
+may be more subject to winter killing than we suspect. A certain amount
+of winter-injury is to be expected in any part of the country no matter
+what the species of plant may be.
+
+The frequency with which winter or spring injury is definitely known to
+occur gives color to a rising theory that freezing temperatures may play
+a vastly greater part in the development of the nut industry over the
+entire country than is commonly supposed. Much of the evidence of damage
+from this cause is of such nature as to be easily overlooked or
+attributed to other causes. Trees and plants of many kinds have become
+so accustomed to injury by freezing that they are able to recover
+without the injury always being apparent. A few illustrations of this
+which have come to the writer's attention might be cited.
+
+In December 1919, a sudden drop in temperature of from 32 deg.F to 24 deg.F
+occurred at McMinnville, Oregon, with fatal result to cultivated trees
+and shrubs of many kinds. The damage was greatest in flat bottoms,
+especially those where neither land nor air drainage was good. Under
+such conditions, numerous apple orchards were killed outright. Prunes
+and Persian walnuts were so badly injured to the snow-line that
+subsequently great numbers of trees were cut down. Both staminate and
+pistillate buds of filberts above the snow were practically all
+destroyed. Later on, the entire tops of many of the older-bearing
+filbert trees succumbed. An instance of particular interest, in so far
+as this discussion is concerned, was afforded by the behavior of a
+shagbark hickory tree in McMinnville, some 20 or 30 years old, which had
+been grown from a Missouri seed. In February, when examination was made
+of the condition of this tree, it was found that all visible buds had
+been killed, yet the bark on the branches between the buds was in
+apparently perfect condition. The question as to what the tree would do,
+therefore, became one of great interest. The following September, when
+revisited, this tree was found to have such a wealth of luxuriant
+foliage that the observer felt that the accuracy of his February records
+was challenged. However, closer inspection showed that growth had
+entirely taken place from adventitious buds, and that the dead buds and
+spurs were still in evidence. There were no nuts on the tree but
+otherwise the casual observer would not have suspected that the tree had
+been affected in any way. In all likelihood, the owner of the tree would
+deny that it had been injured.
+
+Another case of somewhat similar kind occurred early during the present
+year in a pecan orchard in South Georgia. The trees had been set in
+1917, and in 1919, a portion selected by the Bureau of Plant Industry
+for conducting a series of fertilizer and cover-crop experiments. The
+summer of 1923 was extremely dry. This was followed by warm rains in the
+late fall and early winter. On January 6, during a period of high wind,
+the mercury dropped to within a few degrees of zero, official reports
+recording temperatures of from 6 to 8 degrees above zero at various
+nearby stations.
+
+On March 31, Dr. J. J. Skinner, of the Office of Soil Fertility
+Investigations, in attending to the spring fertilizer applications,
+discovered that a high proportion of the trees had been badly winter
+injured, as indicated by the usual characteristic evidence. These
+included a considerable exudence of sour and frothy sap from the trunks
+of the trees, particularly those having smooth bark. This invariably
+occurred on the west side. Shot-hole borers, which not infrequently
+follow such injury, were already at work.
+
+This situation was at once called to the attention of the owner of the
+orchard who lived some 50 miles away. He replied that although he made
+frequent visits to the orchard, the matter had not attracted his
+attention, nor had it been reported to him. On April 17, he inspected
+the orchard and the day following, reported to the Bureau by special
+delivery that as a result of a rather hasty inspection, he was convinced
+that from 16 to 20 per cent of the trees in the experimental tract were
+injured, but that in the rest of this orchard the injury was
+insignificant, probably not exceeding 4 per cent. His not unnatural
+deduction was that the high fertilization of the soil in the
+experimental tract had caused tender growth which, under the extreme
+conditions of the previous months, had been unable to survive.
+
+On April 24, a careful record of the condition of all trees in this
+tract and of a representative number of those in adjacent parts of the
+orchard, was made by Mr. J. L. Pelham of the Bureau of Plant Industry
+and the writer, in company with the owner of the orchard and his
+superintendent. It was found that in the experimental tract, 50 per cent
+of the trees had been visibly injured, thus exceeding the owner's
+maximum estimate by about 30 per cent. Of the total number of trees, 20
+per cent were regarded as being slightly injured, and 30 per cent
+severely so. Of the fertilized trees within the experimental tract, 55
+per cent showed injury to some degree as compared with 58 per cent of
+the trees unfertilized, also within the tract.
+
+Inspection of the trees outside of the experimental tract showed that
+52.6 per cent were affected, 40.8 per cent being slightly, and 11.8 per
+cent severely injured. A second inspection made June 9 showed that
+while a few of the most severely injured trees had succumbed, the
+apparent condition of the majority was greatly improved. In the
+experimental tract 6 per cent were dead, 13.50 per cent in doubtful
+condition, and 80.25 per cent were apparently in good condition. Of the
+trees in outside tracts, the percentage dead, doubtful and apparently
+sound were 2.80, 9.008 and 87.42, respectively.
+
+The lesson of present importance from this narrative is that afforded by
+the illustration not only of the ease with which the matter all but
+escaped the attention of a careful grower but of the difficulty of even
+impressing upon him the full gravity of the situation. In spite of a
+prejudice which he conceded was in his mind, when he first inspected the
+trees on April 17, he underestimated the number affected by from
+one-third to one-half.
+
+This grower was not alone in his failure to detect evidence of winter
+injury as was subsequently proven by the negative replies to a general
+inquiry to growers in many sections sent out in May, together with
+numerous reports of severe injury received during June and early July.
+The fact is that winter injury was more or less general in the pecan
+orchards of much of the South. Had it been possible to observe further,
+it is highly probable that a direct relation would have been found
+between this damage and the lightness in the set of the crop of nuts in
+1924 over the general pecan district.
+
+Other instances of damages to nut trees which have largely escaped
+notice might be cited, but these will perhaps be sufficient to call
+similar cases to the minds of other observers. Of particular interest in
+the northern part of the country are specific instances of the behavior
+of individual species and their varieties with reference to ability to
+withstand local climatic conditions. To cite a few: Mr. E. A. Riehl, of
+Godfrey, Ill., 8 miles from Alton, reports that during his 60 years of
+residence on a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi, the pecan trees
+in the river bottoms of the immediate neighborhood have fruited with
+exceeding irregularity. A correspondent from Evansville, who cleared 200
+acres of forest land along the Ohio of all growth other than pecan,
+reports that the yields have been disappointing. F. W. McReynolds of
+Washington, D. C. has 50 or more grafted trees now 8 or 10 years old, 10
+miles north of the District, which, although in otherwise thrifty
+condition, have not fruited.
+
+T. P. Littlepage of Washington, D. C., has some 30 acres of pecan trees,
+also grafted, on his farm near Bowie, Md., which have borne some nuts
+during the last three years, but the product has been undersized,
+poorly-filled and distinctly inferior. Mr. Littlepage reports that
+during the past spring, these trees suffered appreciable injury in the
+freezing back of the fruit spurs and that the nuts which formed were
+from a second set of spurs. His trees bore in the neighborhood of a
+bushel of nuts which looked more promising than usual until the middle
+of October when freezing temperature occurring between the 14th and the
+24th, completely destroyed the crop. At Bell Station, near Glenndale,
+Md., about three miles nearer Washington than Bowie, at Marietta, a
+colonial plantation, there is a clump of pecan trees dating back to the
+days of Thomas Jefferson. These are apparently hardy except in the
+matter of yields. Dr. M. B. Waite, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who
+has long known these trees, states that they bore heavily in one year,
+about 1912, but that since that time, they have borne very little.
+
+On the other hand, Mr. Albert Stabler of Washington, has 6 or 8 trees of
+varieties similar to those in the plantings of Messrs. Littlepage and
+McReynolds and of about the same age, on a farm not far from that of the
+latter, one variety of which, Major, in 1923 bore some very fair quality
+nuts. Although small, they were typical for that variety both in respect
+to size and high quality. The crop of 1924 was practically a failure,
+the set being very light. In the test orchard of Mr. J. F. Jones of
+Lancaster, Pa., young trees of several of the better known varieties are
+making a good start in the way of beginning to yield and in showing no
+appreciable signs of winter injury. Most of these trees bore light crops
+last year, (1923) but are practically barren this year.
+
+South of Waynesboro, Pa., on a farm belonging to Mr. G. H. Lesher, there
+are 7 seedling pecan trees some 50 years old, which not only show no
+signs of winter injury outwardly visible, but have the reputation of
+bearing fairly well on alternate years. The present (1924) being the
+favorable year, the trees had a good sprinkling of nuts in clusters of
+as many as 5 each, when seen on July 23. A few miles farther north, in
+the town of Mont Alto, at an altitude of about 1000 feet, near the
+location of the State Forestry School of Pennsylvania, another tree said
+to be 65 years old, and having a girth at breast height of 65 inches, on
+the residence grounds of Mr. H. B. Verdeer, is apparently as hardy as
+are the indigenous species of the neighborhood. It is claimed to have
+recently borne three pecks of nuts in a single season, and it now has a
+very good crop. Numerous other instances of pecan trees in the North
+might be cited, but these suffice to establish not only the uncertainty
+of hardiness of the pecan in the North, but also the probability of nut
+crops in occasional years or oftener, well beyond the generally accepted
+range of the species.
+
+The hardiness of the Persian walnut is difficult to define. To again
+quote Dr. Waite, "_Juglans regia_, as we know it in the east and north,
+frequently succeeds over long intervals of time under conditions of
+climate, soil, elevation, and general environment suitable for the
+peach. It is perhaps a trifle more subject to injury by radical drops in
+temperature, but it recuperates with decidedly greater difficulty." Dr.
+Waite points out that there is a striking similarity between the
+requirements of local environment of the Persian walnut and the sweet
+cherry. It develops that this is a familiar comparison in southwestern
+British Columbia. Both require good drainage of air and soil, or the
+benefit of moderating influence such as is afforded by large bodies of
+water. Also both are endangered by warm spells during the dormant
+months.
+
+These statements cover the situation quite correctly, as it is seen by
+the writer, although it might be added that beyond or west of the Ohio
+River, in the middle portion of the country, this species is seldom able
+to survive for more than one or two winters. Many trees have been
+planted in Michigan, but the great majority have passed out entirely
+even where peaches normally succeed. However, it is the experience of a
+few growers in Sanilac County, bordering Lake Huron, that within a half
+mile of the lake, there is a greater profit in Persian walnuts than in
+peaches. One grower at Lockport, New York, has found Persian walnuts to
+pay better than other orchard crops which he has raised at equal expense
+or upon equal areas of land. An orchard at East Avon, widely known at
+one time and visited by the Northern Nut Growers' Association in 1915,
+practically succumbed entirely after having borne but one good crop in
+about 35 years. Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn., who knows
+intimately many dozen trees of this species within a radius of 50 miles
+of New York City, finds that few bear significant crops except at long
+intervals. From Stamford, Conn., near the Atlantic Seaboard, south to
+Norfolk, Va., Persian walnut trees are not uncommon in door-yards. They
+are fairly frequent in southern Pennsylvania west over practically half
+the length of the State and through Maryland west to Hagerstown. There
+are perhaps more productive trees in Lancaster County, than in any other
+county in either Pennsylvania or Maryland, with the possible exception
+of some county of the Eastern Shore of the latter state, which section
+already has been referred to. In Lancaster county yields are sufficient
+to give considerable profit from trees not occupying expensive land.
+
+The Japanese walnut affords a curious analogy in regard to hardiness.
+During normal years, it succeeds over practically the same range as that
+of the black walnut, yet it freezes in early fall, mild winter or late
+spring when conditions are adverse, even when black walnut and pecan
+nearby are not visibly affected. Mr. Jones finds the Lancaster heartnut,
+a variety originating in his county, to be subject to injury by spring
+freezing to such an extent that he has largely discontinued its
+propagation. Mr. Edwin A. Surprise, of Boston, reports that this variety
+grows well in summer but freezes back in winter about as much as it
+grows in summer. Mr. Bartlett regards it as one of the most valuable
+acquisitions in his nut planting at Stamford, Conn., as it is a
+handsome, vigorous grower, and promises to bear well. As a safer variety
+in the Lancaster district Mr. Jones has substituted the Faust from
+Bamberg, S. C., which vegetates later in spring and thus far has proved
+less subject to injury.
+
+The twigs of young black walnut trees are occasionally injured by
+freezing in winter, but recorded instances of such damage are rare. This
+is a field which should be investigated, as there is evidently no data
+showing even the regularity with which the black walnut bears in any
+section, much less the extent to which fruiting is restricted by
+destruction of the buds or spurs as a result of severe temperatures in
+winter or spring. This also applies to hardiness of the butternut, the
+hickories and of introduced species of chestnut.
+
+In conclusion, it is pointed out that planters should not assume that
+the presence of a healthy tree is proof of sufficient hardiness to
+warrant extensive plantings, neither should they over-look the fact that
+an occasional satisfactory crop may be but slim evidence of commercial
+possibilities. It requires years of trial before a species or variety
+can fully establish its hardiness. Yet, on the other hand, to wait to
+find a kind of nut a hundred per cent hardy under all conditions, would
+be not to plant at all. No varieties of any species are immune to winter
+injury over any great portion of the United States. The planting of nut
+trees in the northern part of the country is certain to go forward, but
+for the present, east of the Rockies, large orchards of nut trees of any
+species or variety must be regarded as fields promising for
+experimentation rather than of sound commercial investment.
+
+A common error in the minds of the American people is the assumption
+that to be a success, a thing must be performed upon a large scale. To
+develop a nut industry, it is imagined that there must be great orchards
+of hundreds of acres. It is not realized that a great proportion of the
+walnuts, almonds, filberts, and chestnuts annually imported from Europe,
+are from roadside, hillside and door-yard trees which could as well have
+been grown in this country on what is now idle land in thickly populated
+agricultural districts. No one need expect to attain great wealth from
+the products of door-yard or waste land trees but the by-product which
+could readily be salvaged from nut trees, would likely be very
+acceptable when interest and taxes or other bills come due.
+
+
+
+
+WALNUT GRAFTING INVESTIGATIONS
+
+_T. J. Talbert, Professor of Horticulture, University of Missouri,
+College of Agriculture_
+
+
+These investigations are to determine the best varieties of the improved
+black walnut for Missouri. Valuable information is also being procured
+in reference to the topworking or cleft grafting of the native seedling
+black walnut to the improved sorts.
+
+Since practically every Missouri farm contains some waste land upon
+which the native walnut and other nut trees may be growing, it is
+believed that it is possible to topwork these seedling sorts to improved
+kinds which will not only supply a larger quantity of thinner shelled,
+more highly flavored nuts for home use, but a surplus for the market.
+There is a growing demand for the seedling black walnut.
+
+At the present time Missouri leads all other states in the production of
+this nut. The results which are being obtained in this experiment are
+proving to be of unusual interest and profit to Missouri growers.
+
+The investigation has been extended to include, besides black walnuts,
+pecans, hickories, hazel nuts, chinkapins and chestnuts. With each of
+these nuts our object is to determine better varieties for Missouri
+conditions, more profitable and economical methods of production and
+more satisfactory methods of culture, as well as to stimulate an
+interest in the marketing and larger use of these products.
+
+The improved varieties of seedling black walnut have been found to be
+exceedingly easy to propagate by cleft grafting the native or common
+seedlings. The cleft graft has been used successfully upon seedling
+trees ranging in diameter from 1-1/2 inches to as much as 8 or 10
+inches. In general, however, it has been found best to cleft graft
+branches or limbs of no greater diameter than from 4 to 6 inches. Such
+wounds, if properly handled, usually heal over completely within 3 or 4
+years. When larger branches are used, decay is much more apt to develop
+in the wound before healing over is accomplished.
+
+The cleft grafting work is accomplished in the usual way. The limb or
+branch is removed by sawing it off. The end of the branch is then split
+with a regular grafting implement used for this purpose; or the work may
+be accomplished with an axe. If the branch is large a wedge is driven in
+the center to hold the split cavity apart and to relieve the pressure
+upon the scions which are to be inserted. Wood of the last season's
+growth is procured from the variety which it is desired to propagate and
+the lower end of the scion, which is made about 4 inches long, is
+whittled to a wedge shape, after which it is inserted in the slit made
+upon the stock. Where the stock is more than 2 inches in diameter, it is
+usually advisable to place 2 scions; and where the stock is as large as
+4 to 6 inches or more in diameter 4 scions should generally be used.
+After the placing of the scions all the cut surfaces should be carefully
+covered with grafting wax. Paper sacks are often used in our
+experimental work to cover the grafts and cut surfaces for a week or 10
+days. It has been found that the inclosing of the grafted branches in
+paper sacks for this period lessens greatly the evaporation, and more of
+the inserted scions are apt to grow.
+
+The scions may grow very rapidly, in which case it is usually necessary
+to brace them by tying a stick or branch to the stock and allowing it to
+extend for 2 or 3 feet above the point at which the grafting work was
+done. The inserted scions are then tied to this support. It is very
+important that the grower examine grafts after wind storms in order to
+repair damage which may have been done.
+
+Investigations at this station have shown that grafts usually bear fruit
+in 4 years after the grafting operation. We receive some fruit,
+occasionally, in 3 years after the work is performed. It is also
+interesting to note that when seedling walnuts of the same size are
+selected, some topworked and others untreated, the grafted trees after 5
+years' growth generally grow tops equally as large as the tops of the
+ungrafted trees.
+
+The principal improved varieties of black walnut which are being used at
+this Station are as follows: Stabler, Ohio, Thomas and Ten Eyck.
+
+(Note by the editor.--The cleft graft described by Prof. Talbert has
+been superseded in the East by other methods, chiefly the bark and the
+modified cleft grafts).
+
+
+
+
+CARE AND PREPARATION OF NUTS FOR SEED PURPOSES
+
+_By Prof. E. R. Lake, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+A nut is a seed, and a seed, normally, is an embryo plant asleep. To
+keep a nut-seed asleep and safely resting against the favorable time
+when it may awake, arise and go forth, as a vigorous seedling bent upon
+a career of earth conquest, requires no great or unusual attention and
+care save that which is necessary to maintain such conditions as will
+insure the complete maturing, ripening and curing of the seed, its
+protection against the ravages of rodents or other nut-eating animals,
+undue moisture and an unfavorably high temperature. In other words
+harvest the nuts as soon after they are mature as is possible, insure
+their complete curing, store them where they will be kept constantly so
+cool that germination cannot take place, and some nuts, as the black
+walnut and butternut, may germinate at a temperature just above zero
+(centigrade(?) Ed.) and keep them moist enough to prevent undue
+hardening of the tissues or enclosing structures (shell), at the same
+time prevent them from becoming saturated with moisture and thus
+rotting. Summarized, these conditions are: (a) a temperature just too
+low for vegetative activity. (b) A moisture content of the nut just
+below turgidity. (c) An immunity against ants, rats, mice and squirrels.
+
+_Curing._ A man-devised method for hastening the ripening of a matured
+seed or fruit, is usually carried on in a more or less enclosed space
+where the moisture and temperature conditions are kept carefully
+regulated, or in a place where the seeds are kept away from direct
+contact with sunlight and the earth. Ordinarily, the nuts are placed in
+trays 2" to 3" deep, 2' to 2-1/2' wide and 5' to 6' long. The bottom
+tray is then placed upon a pair of sawhorses or other device, in a shady
+place and 2' to 2-1/2' above the ground then the other trays are placed
+on and above the first one until all the nuts are in the tier of trays,
+or until it is 2' to 3' tall. Sometimes a current of heated,
+circulating air is used to doubly hasten the curing process, but this
+practice is to be discouraged as too often the undue heating of the nut
+germ while in this stage of ripening injures it, and thus the nuts are
+rendered unfit for reproduction. The nuts in the trays should be
+frequently stirred or turned over during the first week or ten days
+while curing.
+
+In the case of chestnuts, the crop should be harvested as soon as
+possible after the first nuts fall so that the damage from weevils may
+be kept at a minimum. Immediately after the nuts are surface-dried they
+should be treated to an application of carbon disulphide, one ounce to a
+tightly closed capacity content of an apple barrel; time of treatment
+about 24 hours. While this treatment probably will not kill all the
+weevils it will insure a much larger percentage of germination than
+there would be otherwise.
+
+After fumigating the nuts should be spread out on wire-cloth bottom
+trays and placed under a shed or trees, where a free circulation of air
+will in a few days sufficiently cure the nuts, so that they may be
+stratified and set away in a pit in the ground on the north side of a
+building, wall, hedge-row or evergreen trees, thus insuring them ample
+moisture and protection against sudden changes of temperatures and the
+ravages of rodents and other pests.
+
+Other nuts of the temperate zone may, in a general way, be treated
+without any special care other than that required to keep them from
+getting moist and warm, or destroyed by rodents or other nut-eating
+animals, or by fungous troubles.
+
+On the whole probably the best method of treatment for the amateur or
+small grower of seedling nut trees, is to stratify the nuts as soon as
+harvested, assuming that the nuts have been fairly well cured by a few
+days' exposure to drying air currents.
+
+Stratification consists in layering the nuts in clean, sharp sand, light
+loam or sawdust and placing them in a cold, moist place, as a well
+drained and shaded north hillside, where their contact with the soil and
+protection from the direct rays of the sun will insure complete dormancy
+and at the same time prevent the development of fungous troubles. To
+this end the common practice is to dig a somewhat shallow trench and
+place in it, one layer deep, the "flats" in which the nuts are
+stratified. The flat usually employed is a shallow, wooden box in which
+the bottom is provided with ample, narrow drainage cracks and the top
+covered with wire cloth that will keep out mice or larger rodents. Not
+infrequently the bottom is a wire cloth one instead of wood. Dimensions
+of the flats vary, somewhat, but a convenient size is 30" long, 15"-16"
+wide, 3"-4" deep, sides ends and bottom being made of lumber strips
+(creosoted for preservation purposes) 3\4" thick and 3"-4" wide.
+
+In these flats the nuts are placed layer upon layer, with sand, loam or
+sawdust between, something as follows: one inch of sand or other medium
+on the bottom, then a single layer of nuts, another inch layer of sand,
+etc., until the flat is full, when it is covered with the wire cloth,
+placed in the trench, covered with a few inches to a foot of leaves,
+moist hay, cornstalks or even soil, and left for the winter. At the time
+the medium for layering the nuts is being prepared, it will be well, if
+ants are present in the section where the nuts are to be stored, or
+later placed in nursery bed, to mix a liberal percentage of unleached
+wood ashes with the sand, sawdust or loam, say one part in five, more or
+less.
+
+Other flats are placed alongside or end to end in the trench until the
+stock is all in, when the whole may be covered uniformly. The layer of
+leaves or hay next to the wire cover of the flats assists in the work of
+uncovering when the inspections are made for the purpose of ascertaining
+the state of dormancy or germination.
+
+One step more and the seed stage passes into the province of the
+seedling. As soon as the stratified nuts begin to germinate they should
+be removed from the flats and planted in the nursery or propagating bed.
+The site for this purpose should be one that is well drained, open to
+air and sunshine and possessing a clean, fine, mellow and rather light
+loamy soil. The size of this plat will vary to meet the needs of the
+quantity of nuts in hand and should be prepared, preferably the fall
+before, by stirring the soil deeply and thoroughly working into it a
+goodly supply of well rotted stable compost.
+
+The rows for hand culture may be 18"-30" apart; for loose hoeing, 3' to
+3-1/2' and should lie along north and south lines. The distance and
+depth of the nuts in the row will vary with their size. In general, one
+may say that a nut should be planted the length of the lateral diameter
+below the surface of the soil, when it has settled, or about double that
+depth when the soil is freshly worked over it. The distance apart in the
+row will vary somewhat with the rapidity of growth of the species; six
+to eight inches being a fair average for walnuts and chestnuts, and 4 to
+6 for hickories and pecans.
+
+   Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, New York City,
+                         September 3, 4, 5, 1924
+
+ Species            Variety            Exhibitor       Address          Origin
+
+ 1. Black walnut                       J. A. Neilson   Vineland, Ont.   St. Thomas, Ont.
+ 2. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Niagara-on-Lake.
+ 3. Black walnut     Walsh             "  "     "          "      "     Simcoe, Ont.
+ 4. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Electric, Ont.
+ 5. Black walnut                       "  "     "          "      "     Villoria, Ont.
+ 6. Black walnut     Ohio              J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 7. Black walnut     Stabler           "  "     "          "      "
+ 8. Black walnut     Thomas            "  "     "          "      "
+ 9. Persian walnut                     J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Carpathian Mts.
+ 10. Persian walnut                    "  "     "          "      "     Grimsley, Ont.
+ 11. Persian walnut                    "  "     "          "      "     St. Catherines, Ont.
+ 12. Persian walnut  Alpine            J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 13. Persian walnut  Mayette seedling  "  "     "          "      "
+ 14. Persian walnut  Sinclair          "  "     "          "      "
+ 15. Persian walnut  Wiltz Mayette     "  "     "          "      "
+ 16. Heartnut                          J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Near Jordon, Ont.
+ 17. Heartnut                          "  "     "          "      "     Near Hamilton, Ont.
+ 18. Heartnut                          "  "     "          "      "     Near Scotland, Ont.
+ 19. Heartnut        Faust             J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 20. Heartnut        Lancaster         "  "     "          "      "
+ 21. Heartnut        Ritchey           "  "     "          "      "
+ 22. Sieboldiana walnut                J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Hamilton, Ont.
+ 23. Sieboldiana walnut                "  "     "          "      "     OAC Campus, Guelph.
+ 24. Shagbark                          J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  Electric, Ont.
+ 25. Shagbark                          "  "     "          "      "     Norfolk Co., Ont.
+ 26. Shagbark hybrid  Beaver           J. F. Jones      Lancaster, Pa.
+ 27. Shagbark hybrid  Siers            "  "     "          "      "
+ 28. Pecan                             J. A. Neilson    Vineland, Ont.  15 miles N. of Toronto
+ 29. Almond                            "  "     "          "      "     Gellatly, B. C.
+ 30. Filbert          Tray of mixed    "  "     "          "      "     Gellatly, B. C.
+ 31. Filbert            White aveline       J. F. Jones         Lancaster, Pa.
+ 32. Filbert            Barcelona           "  "     "            "      "
+ 33. Filbert            Cosford             "  "     "            "      "
+ 34. Filbert            Daviana             "  "     "            "      "
+ 35. Filbert            Du Chilly           "  "     "            "      "
+ 36. Filbert            Giant de Halle      "  "     "            "      "
+ 37. Filbert            Italian Red         "  "     "            "      "
+ 38. Filbert            Merribrooke         "  "     "            "      "
+ 39. Filbert            Noci Lunghe         "  "     "            "      "
+ 40. Filbert            Rush                "  "     "            "      "
+ 42. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 43. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 44. Filbert hybrid     Rush x Barcelona    "  "     "            "      "
+ 45. Filbert hybrid     Rush Cosford        "  "     "            "      "
+ 46. Filbert hybrid     Rush Cosford        "  "     "            "      "
+ 47. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 48. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 49. Filbert hybrid     Rush Giant de Halle "  "     "            "      "
+ 50. Filbert hybrid     Rush Italian Red    "  "     "            "      "
+ 51. Photograph--Walnut-cracking machine Black Walnut Company,
+                                          509-11-13, Spruce St., St.
+                                          Louis, Mo.
+ 52. Budding Knife
+
+[Transcriber's note: No. 41 is missing in the original]
+
+Among those present at the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern
+Nut Growers' Association, were the following:
+
+   Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
+   Dr. Fred E. Brooks, Entomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
+   Dr. and Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
+   Mr. Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y.
+   Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
+   Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Bartlett, Stamford, Conn.
+   Miss H. T. Bennett, Boston, Mass.
+   Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Providence, R. I.
+   Dr. John E. Cannaday, Charleston, W. Va.
+   Mr. G. M. Codding, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
+   Prof. A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
+   Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn.
+   Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vt.
+   Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mr. Ammon P. Fritz, 55 E. Franklin St., Ephrata, Pa.
+   Mr. A. F. Graf, Bardonia, N. Y.
+   Mrs. B. W. Gahn, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
+   Mr. and Mrs. Karl W. Greene, Washington, D. C.
+   Dr. M. A. Howe, Assistant to Director, N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
+   Mr. Henry Hicks, Baldwin, L. I. (Hicks' Nurseries).
+   Mr. John W. Hershey, E. Downington, Pa.
+   Mr. Lee Whitaker Jaques, 74 Waverly St., Jersey City, N. J.
+   Mr. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+   Mr. M. G. Kains, Suffern, N. Y.
+   Mr. Thomas W. Little, Cos Cob, Conn.
+   Dr. Robt. T. Morris, Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95, Stamford, Conn.
+   Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.
+   Prof. Jas. A. Neilson, Horticultural Exp. Station, Vineland, Ont., Can.
+   Mr. Ralph T. Olcott, Ed. American Nut Journal, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mrs. R. T. Olcott, Rochester, N. Y.
+   Mr. P. H. O'Connor, Bowie, Md.
+   Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture
+   Mr. John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+   Dr. J. Russell Smith, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
+   Dr. Oscar Stapf, F. R. S., late Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic
+     Gardens, Kew, London, England.
+   Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
+   Mrs. Laura E. Woodward, West Chester, Pa.
+   Dr. and Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa.
+
+
+Naperville, Illinois. Established 1866
+
+NAPERVILLE NURSERIES
+
+NAPERVILLE, ILLINOIS
+
+_Transplanted Material for_
+
+LANDSCAPE, HORTICULTURAL
+
+and
+
+FORESTRY PROJECTS TREES, SHRUBS, EVERGREENS
+
+and
+
+PERENNIALS--LINING OUT STOCK
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMERICAN NUT JOURNAL Official Journal Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+The only national periodical devoted to the American Nut Industry.
+Widely read. Highly indorsed. Every phase covered. Also Official Journal
+of the National Pecan Growers Assn. Contributed to regularly by leading
+nut experts generally.
+
+   Three Years      $5.00  In Combination with Membership
+
+   Twelve Months     2.00  in N. N. G. A., 1 yr.  -  $4.50
+
+   Single Copy        .20
+
+   Advt. Rate $2.80 per col.-wide inch
+
+AMERICAN FRUITS PUBLISHING CO., INC. 39 State Street Rochester, N. Y. P.
+O. Box 124
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This space is paid for by Jas. L. Brooke, Pleasantville, Ohio, who is
+only too anxious at any time to assist in encouraging and promoting Nut
+Culture in the North.
+
+While he has only recently taken up this work, and is therefore a
+practical stranger on the roster of The Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, he will only be too anxious and willing at any time to
+contribute to the cause in any way possible.
+
+He is making a thorough search in his neighborhood where chestnuts,
+hickory nuts and black walnuts grow in abundance, for nuts of approved
+merit for propagation.
+
+In case anything is found along this line of endeavor the active members
+of the association will hear from him and samples of nuts submitted.
+
+
+NUT TREES
+
+An extra select varietal stock of nut trees for northern planting, grown
+here in Pennsylvania Nurseries. Trees grafted or budded on transplanted
+stocks and grown on land especially adapted to these trees, resulting in
+extra fine trees with exceptionally fine root systems. Write for
+catalogue and cultural guide.
+
+TOOLS and SUPPLIES
+
+For grafting or budding nut trees or top-working wild or natural trees.
+My methods are original and are used, with slight variation, by all the
+leading propagators, both north and south.
+
+Write for booklet on propagation and price list of tools.
+
+J. F. Jones, Nut Specialist
+
+LANCASTER, PA.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting, by Various
+
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