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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood
+
+Author: Elihu Burritt
+
+Contributor: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: April 21, 2008 [EBook #25115]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO SKIBBEREEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     A JOURNAL
+
+                       OF A
+
+                VISIT OF THREE DAYS
+
+                        TO
+
+                    SKIBBEREEN,
+
+              AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
+
+
+                 BY ELIHU BURRITT.
+
+
+
+                      LONDON:
+   CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPGATE-STREET WITHOUT.
+                    BIRMINGHAM:
+ JOHN WHITEHOUSE SHOWELL, 26, UPPER TEMPLE-STREET.
+
+                       1847.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE SPEECH OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL,
+
+_On The Irish Poor Relief Bill, March 12th, 1847._
+
+
+    "A gentleman who lately called upon me, and whom I have every reason
+    to trust, gave me a letter from a person resident in that union
+    (Skibbereen,) stating, that though the property within the union is
+    rated to the poor as being of the value of £8,000 a-year only, its
+    actual value is no less than £130,000 a-year, and that, until
+    September last, no rate had been made exceeding sixpence in the
+    pound, but that, in November, a rate was made of ninepence in the
+    pound; but that rate has never been levied. (Loud cries of 'Hear,
+    hear.')"--_See "The Times" of Saturday, March 13._
+
+
+
+
+Elihu Burritt, well known on both sides of the Atlantic by his devoted
+labours for the good of mankind, especially in the promotion of peace
+and universal brotherhood, has recently paid a visit to some of the
+distressed parts of Ireland, principally with a view of sending a
+statement of facts, from his own observation, to his native country,
+together with an appeal on behalf of the sufferers under the awful
+pressure of famine and disease.
+
+In this appeal, which was sent to the United States by the last steam
+packet, Elihu Burritt, speaking of the locality he had visited,
+says:--"I have come to this indescribable scene of destitution,
+desolation, and death, that I might get the nearer to your sympathies;
+that I might bring these terrible realities of human misery more vividly
+within your comprehension. I have witnessed scenes that no language of
+mine can portray. I have seen how much beings, made in the image of God,
+can suffer on this side the grave, and that too in a civilized land."
+
+The reader will judge for himself, when he has perused the following
+record of only three days of this journey, whether the foregoing
+language is too strong. Although the fearful facts Elihu Burritt relates
+may have found a parallel in the statements of others, it is thought
+desirable to publish them in this country, as he recently witnessed them
+in the very district to which the sympathies of the English have been,
+for several months past, particularly directed, and for which locality
+large subscriptions have been specially contributed. A single individual
+is reported to have given £1000 for Skibbereen. Yet, notwithstanding all
+that has been subscribed, up to the period when this journal was
+written, no effectual means had been adopted for the decent interment of
+the dead, or even for their timely removal from the hovels of the
+living, and the great expenditure of the British Government, appears to
+have effected, at least in this district, but little mitigation of the
+fearful calamity.
+
+There are many noble instances of individual sacrifices by personal
+attention to the sufferers, and other efforts for their relief, but
+nothing short of a law to give the poor of Ireland the right to claim
+support from the owners of the soil, before they are reduced to
+starvation, will effectually meet the evil, or be any security against
+its recurrence.
+
+The Poor Law of England admits the claim of the people for support from
+the land and other fixed property; and, until this is given, neither
+landlord or mortgagee is entitled to rent or interest.
+
+This should be fully applied to Irish legislation, and partial and
+unjust laws removed, including those of primogeniture and entail. To the
+neglect of these measures and that of giving the cultivators of the soil
+a proper security for the labour and expense which they bestow upon it,
+is mainly to be attributed the fact that a country possessing some of
+the finest natural advantages in the world, and which could be rendered
+capable of supporting in comfort at least three times its present
+population, is now overspread with such extreme human misery that the
+awful scenes portrayed in the following pages cease to excite a thrill
+of horror.
+
+                                                        JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+      _Birmingham,
+ 3rd Month, 15th, 1847._
+
+
+
+
+THREE DAYS AT SKIBBEREEN,
+
+AND ITS VICINITY.
+
+
+SKIBBEREEN, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 20.--Rev. Mr. F---- called with several
+gentlemen of the town, and in their company I took my first walk through
+this Potter's Field of destitution and death. As soon as we opened the
+door, a crowd of haggard creatures pressed upon us, and, with agonizing
+prayers for bread, followed us to the soup-house. One poor woman, whose
+entreaties became irresistibly importunate, had watched all night in the
+grave-yard, lest the body of her husband should be stolen from his
+resting place, to which he had been consigned yesterday. She had left
+five children sick with the famine fever in her hovel, and she raised an
+exceedingly bitter cry for help. A man with swollen feet pressed closely
+upon us, and begged for bread most piteously. He had pawned his shoes
+for food, which he had already consumed. The soup-house was surrounded
+by a cloud of these famine spectres, half naked, and standing or sitting
+in the mud, beneath a cold, drizzling rain. The narrow defile to the
+dispensary bar was choked with young and old of both sexes, struggling
+forward with their rusty tin and iron vessels for soup, some of them
+upon all fours, like famished beasts. There was a cheap bread dispensary
+opened in one end of the building, and the principal pressure was at the
+door of this. Among the attenuated apparitions of humanity that thronged
+this gate of stinted charity, one poor man presented himself under
+circumstances that even distinguished his case from the rest. He lived
+several miles from the centre of the town, in one of the rural
+districts, where he found himself on the eve of perishing with his
+family of seven small children. Life was worth the last struggle of
+nature, and the miserable skeleton of a father had fastened his youngest
+child to his back, and with four more by his side, had staggered up to
+the door, just as we entered the bread department of the establishment.
+The hair upon his face was nearly as long as that upon his head. His
+cheeks were fallen in, and his jaws so distended that he could scarcely
+articulate a word. His four little children were sitting upon the ground
+by his feet, nestling together, and trying to hide their naked limbs
+under their dripping rags. How these poor things could stand upon their
+feet and walk, and walk five miles, as they had done, I could not
+conceive. Their appearance, though common to thousands of the same age
+in this region of the shadow of death, was indescribable. Their paleness
+was not that of common sickness. There was no sallow tinge in it. They
+did not look as if newly raised from the grave and to life before the
+blood had begun to fill their veins anew; but as if they had just been
+thawed out of the ice, in which they had been imbedded until their blood
+had turned to water.
+
+Leaving this battle field of life, I accompanied the Rev. Mr. F----, the
+Catholic minister, into one of the hovel lanes of the town. We found in
+every tenement we entered enough to sicken the stoutest heart. In one,
+we found a shoe-maker who was at work before a hole in the mud wall of
+his hut about as large as a small pane of glass. There were five in his
+family, and he said, when he could get any work, he could earn about
+three shillings a week. In another cabin we discovered a nailer by the
+dull light of his fire, working in a space not three feet square. He,
+too, had a large family, half of whom were down with the fever, and he
+could earn but two shillings a week. About the middle of this filthy
+lane, we came to the ruins of a hovel, which had fallen down during the
+night, and killed a man, who had taken shelter in it with his wife and
+child. He had come in from the country, and ready to perish with cold
+and hunger, had entered this falling house of clay. He was warned of
+his danger, but answered that die he must, unless he found a shelter
+before morning. He had kindled a small fire with some straw and bits of
+turf, and was crouching over it, when the whole roof or gable end of
+earth and stones came down upon him and his child, and crushed him to
+death over the slow fire. The child had been pulled out alive, and
+carried to the workhouse, but the father was still lying upon the dung
+heap of the fallen roof, slightly covered with a piece of canvass. On
+lifting this, a humiliating spectacle presented itself. What rags the
+poor man had upon him when buried beneath the falling roof, were mostly
+torn from his body in the last faint struggle for life. His neck, and
+shoulder, and right arm were burnt to a cinder. There he lay in the
+rain, like the carcase of a brute beast thrown upon a dung heap. As we
+continued our walk along this filthy lane, half-naked women and children
+would come out of their cabins, apparently in the last stage of the
+fever, to beg for food, "for the honour of God." As they stood upon the
+wet ground, one could almost see it smoke beneath their bare feet,
+burning with the fever. We entered the grave-yard, in the midst of which
+was a small watch-house. This miserable shed had served as a grave where
+the dying could bury themselves. It was seven feet long, and six in
+breadth. It was already walled round on the outside with an embankment
+of graves, half way to the eaves. The aperture of this horrible den of
+death would scarcely admit of the entrance of a common sized person. And
+into this noisome sepulchre living men, women, and children went down to
+die; to pillow upon the rotten straw, the grave clothes vacated by
+preceding victims and festering with their fever. Here they lay as
+closely to each other as if crowded side by side on the bottom of one
+grave. Six persons had been found in this fetid sepulchre at one time,
+and with one only able to crawl to the door to ask for water. Removing a
+board from the entrance of this black hole of pestilence, we found it
+crammed with wan victims of famine, ready and willing to perish. A
+quiet listless despair broods over the population, and cradles men for
+the grave.
+
+SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21.--Dr. D---- called at two o'clock, and we proceeded
+together to visit a lane of hovels on the opposite side of the village.
+The wretchedness of this little mud city of the dead and dying was of a
+deeper stamp than the one I saw yesterday. Here human beings and their
+clayey habitations seemed to be melting down together into the earth. I
+can find no language nor illustration sufficiently impressive to portray
+the spectacle to an American reader. A cold drizzling rain was deepening
+the pools of black filth, into which it fell like ink drops from the
+clouds. Few of the young or old have not read of the scene exhibited on
+the field of battle after the action, when visited by the surgeon. The
+cries of the wounded and dying for help, have been described by many
+graphic pens. The agonising entreaty for "Water! water! help, help!" has
+been conveyed to our minds with painful distinctness. I can liken the
+scene we witnessed in the low lane of famine and pestilence, to nothing
+of greater family resemblance, than that of the battle field, when the
+hostile armies have retired, leaving one-third of their number bleeding
+upon the ground. As soon as Dr. D---- appeared at the head of the lane,
+it was filled with miserable beings, haggard, famine-stricken men,
+women, and children, some far gone in the consumption of the famine
+fever, and all imploring him "for the honour of God" to go in and see
+"my mother," "my father," "my boy," "who is very bad, your honour." And
+then, interspersed with these earnest entreaties, others louder still
+would be raised for bread. In every hovel we entered, we found the dying
+or the dead. In one of these straw-roofed burrows, eight persons had
+died in the last fortnight, and five more were lying upon the fetid,
+pestiferous straw, upon which their predecessors to the grave had been
+consumed by the wasting fever of famine. In scarcely a single one of
+these most inhuman habitations was there the slightest indication of
+food of any kind to be found, nor fuel to cook food, nor any thing
+resembling a bed, unless it were a thin layer of filthy straw in one
+corner, upon which the sick person lay, partly covered with some ragged
+garment. There being no window, nor aperture to admit the light, in
+these wretched cabins, except the door, we found ourselves often in
+almost total darkness for the first moment of our entrance. But a faint
+glimmering of a handful of burning straw in one end would soon reveal to
+us the indistinct images of wan-faced children grouped together, with
+their large, plaintive, still eyes looking out at us, like the sick
+young of wild beasts in their dens. Then the groans, and the choked,
+incoherent entreaties for help of some man or woman wasting away with
+the sickness in some corner of the cabin, would apprise us of the number
+and condition of the family. The wife, mother, or child would frequently
+light a wisp of straw, and hold it over the face of the sick person,
+discovering to us the sooty features of some emaciated creature in the
+last stage of the fever. In one of these places we found an old woman
+stretched upon a pallet of straw, with her head within a foot of a
+handful of fire, upon which something was steaming in a small iron
+vessel. The Doctor removed the cover, and we found it was filled with a
+kind of slimy sea-weed, which, I believe, is used for manure in the
+sea-board. This was all the nourishment that the daughter could serve to
+her sick mother. But the last cabin we visited in this painful walk,
+presented to our eyes a lower deep of misery. It was the residence of
+two families, both of which had been thinned down to half their original
+number by the sickness. The first sight that met my eyes, on entering,
+was the body of a dead woman, extended on one side of the fire-place. On
+the other, an old man was lying on some straw, so far gone as to be
+unable to articulate distinctly. He might have been ninety or fifty
+years of age. It was difficult to determine, for this wasting
+consumption of want brings out the extremest indices of old age in the
+features of even the young.
+
+But there was another apparition which sickened all the flesh and blood
+in my nature. It has haunted me during the past night, like Banquo's
+ghost. I have lain awake for hours, struggling for some graphic and
+truthful similes or new elements of description, by which I might convey
+to the distant reader some tangible image of this object. A dropsical
+affection among the young and old is very common to all the sufferers by
+famine. I had seen men at work on the public roads with their limbs
+swollen almost to twice their usual size. But when the woman of this
+cabin lifted from the straw, from behind the dying man, a boy about
+twelve years of age, and held him up before us upon his feet, the most
+horrifying spectacle met our eyes. The cold, watery-faced child was
+entirely naked in front, from his neck down to his feet. His body was
+swollen to nearly three times its usual size, and had burst the ragged
+garment that covered him, and now dangled in shreds behind him. The
+woman of the other family, who was sitting at her end of the hovel,
+brought forward her little infant, a thin-faced baby of two years, with
+clear, sharp eyes that did not wink, but stared stock still at vacancy,
+as if a glimpse of another existence had eclipsed its vision. Its cold,
+naked arms were not much larger than pipe stems, while its body was
+swollen to the size of a full-grown person. Let the reader group these
+apparitions of death and disease into the spectacle of ten feet square,
+and then multiply it into three-fourths of the hovels in this region of
+Ireland, and he will arrive at a fair estimate of the extent or degree
+of its misery. Were it not for giving them pain, I should have been glad
+if the well-dressed children in America could have entered these hovels
+with us, and looked upon the young creatures wasting away unmurmuringly
+by slow consuming destitution. I am sure they would have been touched to
+the liveliest compassion at the spectacle, and have been ready to divide
+their wardrobe with the sufferers.
+
+MONDAY, FEBRUARY 22.--Dr. H---- called to take me into the Castle-haven
+parish, which comes within his circuit. This district borders upon the
+sea, whose rocky indented shores are covered with cabins of a worse
+description than those in Skibbereen. On our way, we passed several
+companies of men, women, and children at work, all enfeebled and
+emaciated by destitution. Women with their red, swollen feet partially
+swathed in old rags, some in men's coats, with their arms or skirts torn
+off, were sitting by the road-side, breaking stone. It was painful to
+see human labour and life struggling among the lowest interests of
+society. Men, once athletic labourers, were trying to eke out a few
+miserable days to their existence, by toiling upon these works. Poor
+creatures! Many of them are already famine-stricken. They have reached a
+point from which they cannot be recovered. Dr. D---- informs me that he
+can tell at a glance whether a person has reached this point. And I am
+assured by several experienced observers, that there are thousands of
+men who rise in the morning and go forth to labour with their picks and
+shovels in their hands, who are irrecoverably doomed to death. No human
+aid can save them. The plague spot of famine is on their foreheads; the
+worm of want has eaten in two their heart strings. Still they go forth
+uncomplaining to their labour and toil, cold, and half naked upon the
+roads, and divide their eight or ten pence worth of food at night among
+a sick family of five or eight persons. Some one is often kept at home,
+and prevented from earning this pittance, by the fear that some one of
+their family will die before their return. The first habitation we
+entered in the Castle-haven district was literally a hole in the wall,
+occupied by what might be called in America, a squatter, or a man who
+had burrowed a place for himself and family in the acute angle of two
+dilapidated walls by the road-side, where he lived rent free. We entered
+this stinted den by an aperture about three feet high, and found one or
+two children lying asleep with their eyes open in the straw. Such, at
+least, was their appearance, for they scarcely winked while we were
+before them. The father came in and told his pitiful story of want,
+saying that not a morsel of food had they tasted for twenty-four hours.
+He lighted a wisp of straw and showed us one or two more children lying
+in another nook of the cave. Their mother had died, and he was obliged
+to leave them alone during most of the day, in order to glean something
+for their subsistence. We were soon among the most wretched habitations
+that I had yet seen; far worse than those in Skibbereen. Many of them
+were flat-roofed hovels, half buried in the earth, or built up against
+the rocks, and covered with rotten straw, sea-weed, or turf. In one
+which was scarcely seven foot square, we found five persons prostrate
+with the fever, and apparently near their end. A girl about sixteen, the
+very picture of despair, was the only one left who could administer any
+relief; and all she could do was to bring water in a broken pitcher to
+slaken their parched lips. As we proceeded up a rocky hill overlooking
+the sea, we encountered new sights of wretchedness. Seeing a cabin
+standing somewhat by itself in a hollow, and surrounded by a moat of
+green filth, we entered it with some difficulty, and found a single
+child about three years old lying on a kind of shelf, with its little
+face resting upon the edge of the board and looking steadfastly out at
+the door, as if for its mother. It never moved its eyes as we entered,
+but kept them fixed toward the entrance. It is doubtful whether the poor
+thing had a mother or father left to her; but it is more doubtful still,
+whether those eyes would have relaxed their vacant gaze if both of them
+had entered at once with anything that could tempt the palate in their
+hands. No words can describe this peculiar appearance of the famished
+children. Never have I seen such bright, blue, clear eyes looking so
+steadfastly at nothing. I could almost fancy that the angels of God had
+been sent to unseal the vision of these little patient, perishing
+creatures, to the beatitudes of another world; and that they were
+listening to the whispers of unseen spirits bidding them to "wait a
+little longer." Leaving this, we entered another cabin in which we found
+seven or eight attenuated young creatures, with a mother who had pawned
+her cloak and could not venture out to beg for bread because she was not
+fit to be seen in the streets. Hearing the voice of wailing from a
+cluster of huts further up the hill, we proceeded to them, and entered
+one, and found several persons weeping over the dead body of a woman
+lying by the wall near the door. Stretched upon the ground here and
+there lay several sick persons, and the place seemed a den of
+pestilence. The filthy straw was rank with the festering fever. Leaving
+this habitation of death, we were met by a young woman in an agony of
+despair because no one would give her a coffin to bury her father in.
+She pointed to a cart at some distance, upon which his body lay, and she
+was about to follow it to the grave, and he was such a good father, she
+could not bear to lay him like a beast in the ground, and she begged a
+coffin "for the honour of God." While she was wailing and weeping for
+this boon, I cast my eye towards the cabin we had just left, and a sight
+met my view which made me shudder with horror. The husband of the dead
+woman came staggering out with her body upon his shoulder, slightly
+covered with a piece of rotten canvass. I will not dwell upon the
+details of this spectacle. Painfully and slowly he bore the remains of
+the late companion of his misery to the cart. We followed him a little
+way off and saw him deposit his burden along side of the father of the
+young woman, and by her assistance. As the two started for the
+grave-yard to bury their own dead, we pursued our walk still further on,
+and entered another cabin where we encountered the climax of human
+misery. Surely thought I, while regarding this new phenomenon of
+suffering, there can be no lower deep than this between us and the
+bottom of the grave. On asking after the condition of the inmates, the
+woman to whom we addressed the question answered by taking out of the
+straw three breathing skeletons, ranging from two to three feet in
+height and _entirely naked_. And these human beings were alive! If they
+had been dead, they could not have been such frightful spectacles, they
+were alive, and, _mirabile dictu_, they could stand upon their feet and
+even walk; but it was awful to see them do it. Had their bones been
+divested of the skin that held them together, and been covered with a
+veil of thin muslin, they would not have been more visible, especially
+when one of them clung to the door, while a sister was urging it
+forward, it assumed an appearance, which can have been seldom paralleled
+this side of the grave. The effort which it made to cling to the door
+disclosed every joint in its frame, while the deepest lines of old age
+furrowed its face. The enduring of ninety years of sorrow seemed to
+chronicle its record of woe upon the poor child's countenance. I could
+bear no more; and we returned to Skibbereen, after having been all the
+afternoon among these abodes of misery. On our way we overtook the cart
+with the two uncoffined bodies. The man and young woman were all that
+attended them to the grave. Last year the funeral of either would have
+called out hundreds of mourners from those hills. But now the husband
+drove his uncoffined wife to the grave without a tear in his eye,
+without a word of sorrow. About half way to Skibbereen, Dr. H----
+proposed that we should diverge to another road to visit a cabin in
+which we should find two little girls living alone, with their dead
+mother, who had lain unburied seven days. He gave an affecting history
+of this poor woman; and we turned from the road to visit this new scene
+of desolation; but as it was growing quite dark, and the distance was
+considerable, we concluded to resume our way back to the village. In
+fact I had witnessed as much as my heart could bear. In the evening I
+met several gentlemen at the house of Mr. S----, among whom was Dr.
+D----. He had just returned from a neighbouring parish, where he visited
+a cabin which had been deserted by the poor people around, although it
+was known that some of its inmates were still alive, though dying in the
+midst of the dead. He knocked at the door; and hearing no voice within,
+burst it open, with his foot; and was, in a moment almost overpowered by
+the horrid stench. Seeing a man's legs protruding from the straw, he
+moved them slightly with his foot; when a husky voice asked for water.
+In another part of the cabin, on removing a piece of canvas, he
+discovered three dead bodies, which had lain there _unburied for the
+fortnight_; and hard against one of these, and almost embraced in the
+arms of death, lay a young person far gone with fever. He related other
+cases too horrible to be published.
+
+                                                        ELIHU BURRITT.
+
+
+PRINTED BY J. W. SHOWELL, TEMPLE-STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Hyphenation has been standardised. Minor typographical errors have
+    been corrected without note, whilst more significant errors have
+    been listed below:
+
+      Page 3, 'indescrible' amended to _indescribable_.
+
+      Page 11, 'delapidated' amended to _dilapidated_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood
+
+Author: Elihu Burritt
+
+Contributor: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: April 21, 2008 [EBook #25115]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO SKIBBEREEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>A JOURNAL<br />
+<span class="fs1">OF A</span><br />
+VISIT OF THREE DAYS<br />
+<span class="fs1">TO</span><br />
+<big>SKIBBEREEN,</big><br />
+<span class="fs2">AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.</span></h1>
+
+<h2>BY ELIHU BURRITT.</h2>
+
+<p class="pb1"><big>LONDON:</big><br />
+CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPGATE-STREET WITHOUT.<br />
+<big>BIRMINGHAM:</big><br />
+JOHN WHITEHOUSE SHOWELL, 26, UPPER TEMPLE-STREET.<br /><br />
+1847.</p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hd1">EXTRACT FROM THE SPEECH OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL,<br />
+<i>On The Irish Poor Relief Bill, March 12th, 1847.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A gentleman who lately called upon me, and whom I have every reason to
+trust, gave me a letter from a person resident in that union (Skibbereen,) stating,
+that though the property within the union is rated to the poor as being of the
+value of &pound;8,000 a-year only, its actual value is no less than &pound;130,000 a-year,
+and that, until September last, no rate had been made exceeding sixpence in the
+pound, but that, in November, a rate was made of ninepence in the pound; but
+that rate has never been levied. (Loud cries of 'Hear, hear.')"&mdash;<i>See "The Times"
+of Saturday, March 13.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span><span class="smcap">Elihu Burritt</span>, well known on both sides of the
+Atlantic by his devoted labours for the good of mankind,
+especially in the promotion of peace and universal
+brotherhood, has recently paid a visit to some of
+the distressed parts of Ireland, principally with a view
+of sending a statement of facts, from his own observation,
+to his native country, together with an appeal on
+behalf of the sufferers under the awful pressure of famine
+and disease.</p>
+
+<p>In this appeal, which was sent to the United States
+by the last steam packet, Elihu Burritt, speaking of the
+locality he had visited, says:&mdash;"I have come to this
+indescribable scene of destitution, desolation, and death,
+that I might get the nearer to your sympathies; that I
+might bring these terrible realities of human misery
+more vividly within your comprehension. I have witnessed
+scenes that no language of mine can portray.
+I have seen how much beings, made in the image of
+God, can suffer on this side the grave, and that too in
+a civilized land."</p>
+
+<p>The reader will judge for himself, when he has perused
+the following record of only three days of this
+journey, whether the foregoing language is too strong.
+Although the fearful facts Elihu Burritt relates may
+have found a parallel in the statements of others, it is
+thought desirable to publish them in this country, as
+he recently witnessed them in the very district to which
+the sympathies of the English have been, for several
+months past, particularly directed, and for which locality
+large subscriptions have been specially contributed.
+A single individual is reported to have given &pound;1000
+for Skibbereen. Yet, notwithstanding all that has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+subscribed, up to the period when this journal was written,
+no effectual means had been adopted for the decent
+interment of the dead, or even for their timely removal
+from the hovels of the living, and the great expenditure
+of the British Government, appears to have effected,
+at least in this district, but little mitigation of the
+fearful calamity.</p>
+
+<p>There are many noble instances of individual sacrifices
+by personal attention to the sufferers, and other
+efforts for their relief, but nothing short of a law to give
+the poor of Ireland the right to claim support from the
+owners of the soil, before they are reduced to starvation,
+will effectually meet the evil, or be any security against
+its recurrence.</p>
+
+<p>The Poor Law of England admits the claim of the
+people for support from the land and other fixed
+property; and, until this is given, neither landlord or
+mortgagee is entitled to rent or interest.</p>
+
+<p>This should be fully applied to Irish legislation, and
+partial and unjust laws removed, including those of
+primogeniture and entail. To the neglect of these
+measures and that of giving the cultivators of the soil a
+proper security for the labour and expense which they
+bestow upon it, is mainly to be attributed the fact that
+a country possessing some of the finest natural advantages
+in the world, and which could be rendered capable
+of supporting in comfort at least three times its present
+population, is now overspread with such extreme human
+misery that the awful scenes portrayed in the following
+pages cease to excite a thrill of horror.</p>
+
+<p class="aut">JOSEPH STURGE.</p>
+<p class="sig"><i>Birmingham,<br />
+3rd Month, 15th, 1847.</i></p>
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THREE DAYS AT SKIBBEREEN,<br />
+<small>AND ITS VICINITY.</small></h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Skibbereen, Saturday, February 20.</span>&mdash;Rev. Mr. F&mdash;&mdash;
+called with several gentlemen of the town, and in their company
+I took my first walk through this Potter's Field of destitution
+and death. As soon as we opened the door, a crowd of
+haggard creatures pressed upon us, and, with agonizing prayers
+for bread, followed us to the soup-house. One poor woman,
+whose entreaties became irresistibly importunate, had watched
+all night in the grave-yard, lest the body of her husband should
+be stolen from his resting place, to which he had been consigned
+yesterday. She had left five children sick with the
+famine fever in her hovel, and she raised an exceedingly bitter
+cry for help. A man with swollen feet pressed closely upon us,
+and begged for bread most piteously. He had pawned his
+shoes for food, which he had already consumed. The soup-house
+was surrounded by a cloud of these famine spectres,
+half naked, and standing or sitting in the mud, beneath a cold,
+drizzling rain. The narrow defile to the dispensary bar was
+choked with young and old of both sexes, struggling forward
+with their rusty tin and iron vessels for soup, some of them
+upon all fours, like famished beasts. There was a cheap bread
+dispensary opened in one end of the building, and the principal
+pressure was at the door of this. Among the attenuated
+apparitions of humanity that thronged this gate of stinted charity,
+one poor man presented himself under circumstances that
+even distinguished his case from the rest. He lived several
+miles from the centre of the town, in one of the rural districts,
+where he found himself on the eve of perishing with his family
+of seven small children. Life was worth the last struggle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+nature, and the miserable skeleton of a father had fastened his
+youngest child to his back, and with four more by his side,
+had staggered up to the door, just as we entered the bread
+department of the establishment. The hair upon his face was
+nearly as long as that upon his head. His cheeks were fallen
+in, and his jaws so distended that he could scarcely articulate
+a word. His four little children were sitting upon the ground
+by his feet, nestling together, and trying to hide their naked
+limbs under their dripping rags. How these poor things could
+stand upon their feet and walk, and walk five miles, as they
+had done, I could not conceive. Their appearance, though
+common to thousands of the same age in this region of the
+shadow of death, was indescribable. Their paleness was not
+that of common sickness. There was no sallow tinge in it.
+They did not look as if newly raised from the grave and to life
+before the blood had begun to fill their veins anew; but as if
+they had just been thawed out of the ice, in which they had been
+imbedded until their blood had turned to water.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving this battle field of life, I accompanied the Rev. Mr.
+F&mdash;&mdash;, the Catholic minister, into one of the hovel lanes of
+the town. We found in every tenement we entered enough to
+sicken the stoutest heart. In one, we found a shoe-maker who
+was at work before a hole in the mud wall of his hut about as
+large as a small pane of glass. There were five in his family,
+and he said, when he could get any work, he could earn about
+three shillings a week. In another cabin we discovered a nailer
+by the dull light of his fire, working in a space not three feet
+square. He, too, had a large family, half of whom were down
+with the fever, and he could earn but two shillings a week.
+About the middle of this filthy lane, we came to the ruins of
+a hovel, which had fallen down during the night, and killed a
+man, who had taken shelter in it with his wife and child. He
+had come in from the country, and ready to perish with cold
+and hunger, had entered this falling house of clay. He was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+warned of his danger, but answered that die he must, unless he
+found a shelter before morning. He had kindled a small fire
+with some straw and bits of turf, and was crouching over it,
+when the whole roof or gable end of earth and stones came
+down upon him and his child, and crushed him to death over
+the slow fire. The child had been pulled out alive, and carried
+to the workhouse, but the father was still lying upon the
+dung heap of the fallen roof, slightly covered with a piece of
+canvass. On lifting this, a humiliating spectacle presented
+itself. What rags the poor man had upon him when buried
+beneath the falling roof, were mostly torn from his body in the
+last faint struggle for life. His neck, and shoulder, and right
+arm were burnt to a cinder. There he lay in the rain, like the
+carcase of a brute beast thrown upon a dung heap. As we
+continued our walk along this filthy lane, half-naked women
+and children would come out of their cabins, apparently in the
+last stage of the fever, to beg for food, "for the honour of
+God." As they stood upon the wet ground, one could almost
+see it smoke beneath their bare feet, burning with the fever.
+We entered the grave-yard, in the midst of which was a small
+watch-house. This miserable shed had served as a grave where
+the dying could bury themselves. It was seven feet long, and
+six in breadth. It was already walled round on the outside
+with an embankment of graves, half way to the eaves. The
+aperture of this horrible den of death would scarcely admit of
+the entrance of a common sized person. And into this noisome
+sepulchre living men, women, and children went down to die;
+to pillow upon the rotten straw, the grave clothes vacated by
+preceding victims and festering with their fever. Here they
+lay as closely to each other as if crowded side by side on the
+bottom of one grave. Six persons had been found in this fetid
+sepulchre at one time, and with one only able to crawl to the
+door to ask for water. Removing a board from the entrance of
+this black hole of pestilence, we found it crammed with wan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+victims of famine, ready and willing to perish. A quiet listless
+despair broods over the population, and cradles men for the
+grave.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunday, February 21.</span>&mdash;Dr. D&mdash;&mdash; called at two o'clock,
+and we proceeded together to visit a lane of hovels on the opposite
+side of the village. The wretchedness of this little mud
+city of the dead and dying was of a deeper stamp than the one
+I saw yesterday. Here human beings and their clayey habitations
+seemed to be melting down together into the earth. I
+can find no language nor illustration sufficiently impressive to
+portray the spectacle to an American reader. A cold drizzling
+rain was deepening the pools of black filth, into which it fell
+like ink drops from the clouds. Few of the young or old have
+not read of the scene exhibited on the field of battle after the
+action, when visited by the surgeon. The cries of the wounded
+and dying for help, have been described by many graphic pens.
+The agonising entreaty for "Water! water! help, help!" has
+been conveyed to our minds with painful distinctness. I can
+liken the scene we witnessed in the low lane of famine and
+pestilence, to nothing of greater family resemblance, than that
+of the battle field, when the hostile armies have retired, leaving
+one-third of their number bleeding upon the ground. As soon
+as Dr. D&mdash;&mdash; appeared at the head of the lane, it was filled
+with miserable beings, haggard, famine-stricken men, women,
+and children, some far gone in the consumption of the famine
+fever, and all imploring him "for the honour of God" to go in
+and see "my mother," "my father," "my boy," "who is very bad,
+your honour." And then, interspersed with these earnest entreaties,
+others louder still would be raised for bread. In every
+hovel we entered, we found the dying or the dead. In one of
+these straw-roofed burrows, eight persons had died in the last
+fortnight, and five more were lying upon the fetid, pestiferous
+straw, upon which their predecessors to the grave had been
+consumed by the wasting fever of famine. In scarcely a single<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+one of these most inhuman habitations was there the slightest
+indication of food of any kind to be found, nor fuel to cook food,
+nor any thing resembling a bed, unless it were a thin layer of
+filthy straw in one corner, upon which the sick person lay,
+partly covered with some ragged garment. There being no
+window, nor aperture to admit the light, in these wretched
+cabins, except the door, we found ourselves often in almost
+total darkness for the first moment of our entrance. But a
+faint glimmering of a handful of burning straw in one end
+would soon reveal to us the indistinct images of wan-faced children
+grouped together, with their large, plaintive, still eyes
+looking out at us, like the sick young of wild beasts in their
+dens. Then the groans, and the choked, incoherent entreaties
+for help of some man or woman wasting away with the sickness
+in some corner of the cabin, would apprise us of the number
+and condition of the family. The wife, mother, or child would
+frequently light a wisp of straw, and hold it over the face of the
+sick person, discovering to us the sooty features of some emaciated
+creature in the last stage of the fever. In one of these
+places we found an old woman stretched upon a pallet of straw,
+with her head within a foot of a handful of fire, upon which
+something was steaming in a small iron vessel. The Doctor
+removed the cover, and we found it was filled with a kind of
+slimy sea-weed, which, I believe, is used for manure in the sea-board.
+This was all the nourishment that the daughter could
+serve to her sick mother. But the last cabin we visited in this
+painful walk, presented to our eyes a lower deep of misery.
+It was the residence of two families, both of which had been
+thinned down to half their original number by the sickness.
+The first sight that met my eyes, on entering, was the body of
+a dead woman, extended on one side of the fire-place. On
+the other, an old man was lying on some straw, so far gone as
+to be unable to articulate distinctly. He might have been
+ninety or fifty years of age. It was difficult to determine, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+this wasting consumption of want brings out the extremest
+indices of old age in the features of even the young.</p>
+
+<p>But there was another apparition which sickened all the flesh
+and blood in my nature. It has haunted me during the past
+night, like Banquo's ghost. I have lain awake for hours, struggling
+for some graphic and truthful similes or new elements of
+description, by which I might convey to the distant reader
+some tangible image of this object. A dropsical affection
+among the young and old is very common to all the sufferers
+by famine. I had seen men at work on the public roads with
+their limbs swollen almost to twice their usual size. But when
+the woman of this cabin lifted from the straw, from behind the
+dying man, a boy about twelve years of age, and held him up
+before us upon his feet, the most horrifying spectacle met our
+eyes. The cold, watery-faced child was entirely naked in
+front, from his neck down to his feet. His body was swollen
+to nearly three times its usual size, and had burst the ragged
+garment that covered him, and now dangled in shreds behind
+him. The woman of the other family, who was sitting at her
+end of the hovel, brought forward her little infant, a thin-faced
+baby of two years, with clear, sharp eyes that did not wink,
+but stared stock still at vacancy, as if a glimpse of another
+existence had eclipsed its vision. Its cold, naked arms were
+not much larger than pipe stems, while its body was swollen
+to the size of a full-grown person. Let the reader group these
+apparitions of death and disease into the spectacle of ten feet
+square, and then multiply it into three-fourths of the hovels in
+this region of Ireland, and he will arrive at a fair estimate of
+the extent or degree of its misery. Were it not for giving them
+pain, I should have been glad if the well-dressed children in
+America could have entered these hovels with us, and looked
+upon the young creatures wasting away unmurmuringly by slow
+consuming destitution. I am sure they would have been
+touched to the liveliest compassion at the spectacle, and have
+been ready to divide their wardrobe with the sufferers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Monday, February 22.</span>&mdash;Dr. H&mdash;&mdash; called to take me
+into the Castle-haven parish, which comes within his circuit.
+This district borders upon the sea, whose rocky indented shores
+are covered with cabins of a worse description than those in
+Skibbereen. On our way, we passed several companies of
+men, women, and children at work, all enfeebled and emaciated
+by destitution. Women with their red, swollen feet partially
+swathed in old rags, some in men's coats, with their arms or
+skirts torn off, were sitting by the road-side, breaking stone.
+It was painful to see human labour and life struggling among
+the lowest interests of society. Men, once athletic labourers,
+were trying to eke out a few miserable days to their existence,
+by toiling upon these works. Poor creatures! Many of them are
+already famine-stricken. They have reached a point from which
+they cannot be recovered. Dr. D&mdash;&mdash; informs me that he
+can tell at a glance whether a person has reached this point.
+And I am assured by several experienced observers, that there
+are thousands of men who rise in the morning and go forth to
+labour with their picks and shovels in their hands, who are
+irrecoverably doomed to death. No human aid can save them.
+The plague spot of famine is on their foreheads; the worm of
+want has eaten in two their heart strings. Still they go forth
+uncomplaining to their labour and toil, cold, and half naked
+upon the roads, and divide their eight or ten pence worth of
+food at night among a sick family of five or eight persons.
+Some one is often kept at home, and prevented from earning
+this pittance, by the fear that some one of their family will die
+before their return. The first habitation we entered in the
+Castle-haven district was literally a hole in the wall, occupied
+by what might be called in America, a squatter, or a man who
+had burrowed a place for himself and family in the acute angle
+of two dilapidated walls by the road-side, where he lived rent
+free. We entered this stinted den by an aperture about three
+feet high, and found one or two children lying asleep with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+their eyes open in the straw. Such, at least, was their appearance,
+for they scarcely winked while we were before them.
+The father came in and told his pitiful story of want, saying
+that not a morsel of food had they tasted for twenty-four hours.
+He lighted a wisp of straw and showed us one or two more
+children lying in another nook of the cave. Their mother had
+died, and he was obliged to leave them alone during most of
+the day, in order to glean something for their subsistence. We
+were soon among the most wretched habitations that I had yet
+seen; far worse than those in Skibbereen. Many of them were
+flat-roofed hovels, half buried in the earth, or built up against
+the rocks, and covered with rotten straw, sea-weed, or turf.
+In one which was scarcely seven foot square, we found five
+persons prostrate with the fever, and apparently near their end.
+A girl about sixteen, the very picture of despair, was the only
+one left who could administer any relief; and all she could do
+was to bring water in a broken pitcher to slaken their parched
+lips. As we proceeded up a rocky hill overlooking the sea, we
+encountered new sights of wretchedness. Seeing a cabin standing
+somewhat by itself in a hollow, and surrounded by a moat
+of green filth, we entered it with some difficulty, and found a
+single child about three years old lying on a kind of shelf, with its
+little face resting upon the edge of the board and looking steadfastly
+out at the door, as if for its mother. It never moved its
+eyes as we entered, but kept them fixed toward the entrance.
+It is doubtful whether the poor thing had a mother or father
+left to her; but it is more doubtful still, whether those eyes
+would have relaxed their vacant gaze if both of them had entered
+at once with anything that could tempt the palate in their
+hands. No words can describe this peculiar appearance of the
+famished children. Never have I seen such bright, blue, clear
+eyes looking so steadfastly at nothing. I could almost fancy
+that the angels of God had been sent to unseal the vision of
+these little patient, perishing creatures, to the beatitudes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+another world; and that they were listening to the whispers of
+unseen spirits bidding them to "wait a little longer." Leaving
+this, we entered another cabin in which we found seven or
+eight attenuated young creatures, with a mother who had
+pawned her cloak and could not venture out to beg for bread
+because she was not fit to be seen in the streets. Hearing the
+voice of wailing from a cluster of huts further up the hill, we
+proceeded to them, and entered one, and found several persons
+weeping over the dead body of a woman lying by the wall near
+the door. Stretched upon the ground here and there lay
+several sick persons, and the place seemed a den of pestilence.
+The filthy straw was rank with the festering fever. Leaving
+this habitation of death, we were met by a young woman in an
+agony of despair because no one would give her a coffin to bury
+her father in. She pointed to a cart at some distance, upon
+which his body lay, and she was about to follow it to the grave,
+and he was such a good father, she could not bear to lay him
+like a beast in the ground, and she begged a coffin "for the
+honour of God." While she was wailing and weeping for this
+boon, I cast my eye towards the cabin we had just left, and a
+sight met my view which made me shudder with horror. The
+husband of the dead woman came staggering out with her body
+upon his shoulder, slightly covered with a piece of rotten canvass.
+I will not dwell upon the details of this spectacle.
+Painfully and slowly he bore the remains of the late companion
+of his misery to the cart. We followed him a little way off and
+saw him deposit his burden along side of the father of the young
+woman, and by her assistance. As the two started for the
+grave-yard to bury their own dead, we pursued our walk still
+further on, and entered another cabin where we encountered
+the climax of human misery. Surely thought I, while regarding
+this new phenomenon of suffering, there can be no lower deep
+than this between us and the bottom of the grave. On asking
+after the condition of the inmates, the woman to whom we addressed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+the question answered by taking out of the straw three
+breathing skeletons, ranging from two to three feet in height
+and <i>entirely naked</i>. And these human beings were alive! If
+they had been dead, they could not have been such frightful
+spectacles, they were alive, and, <i>mirabile dictu</i>, they could
+stand upon their feet and even walk; but it was awful to see
+them do it. Had their bones been divested of the skin that
+held them together, and been covered with a veil of thin muslin,
+they would not have been more visible, especially when one of
+them clung to the door, while a sister was urging it forward, it
+assumed an appearance, which can have been seldom paralleled
+this side of the grave. The effort which it made to cling to the
+door disclosed every joint in its frame, while the deepest lines
+of old age furrowed its face. The enduring of ninety years
+of sorrow seemed to chronicle its record of woe upon the poor
+child's countenance. I could bear no more; and we returned
+to Skibbereen, after having been all the afternoon among these
+abodes of misery. On our way we overtook the cart with the
+two uncoffined bodies. The man and young woman were all
+that attended them to the grave. Last year the funeral of either
+would have called out hundreds of mourners from those hills.
+But now the husband drove his uncoffined wife to the grave
+without a tear in his eye, without a word of sorrow. About
+half way to Skibbereen, Dr. H&mdash;&mdash; proposed that we should
+diverge to another road to visit a cabin in which we should find
+two little girls living alone, with their dead mother, who had
+lain unburied seven days. He gave an affecting history of
+this poor woman; and we turned from the road to visit this new
+scene of desolation; but as it was growing quite dark, and the
+distance was considerable, we concluded to resume our way
+back to the village. In fact I had witnessed as much as my
+heart could bear. In the evening I met several gentlemen at
+the house of Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;, among whom was Dr. D&mdash;&mdash;.
+He had just returned from a neighbouring parish, where he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+visited a cabin which had been deserted by the poor people
+around, although it was known that some of its inmates were
+still alive, though dying in the midst of the dead. He knocked
+at the door; and hearing no voice within, burst it open, with
+his foot; and was, in a moment almost overpowered by the
+horrid stench. Seeing a man's legs protruding from the straw,
+he moved them slightly with his foot; when a husky voice
+asked for water. In another part of the cabin, on removing a
+piece of canvas, he discovered three dead bodies, which had
+lain there <i>unburied for the fortnight</i>; and hard against one of
+these, and almost embraced in the arms of death, lay a young
+person far gone with fever. He related other cases too horrible
+to be published.</p>
+
+<p class="aut">ELIHU BURRITT.</p>
+
+<p class="pb1">PRINTED BY J. W. SHOWELL, TEMPLE-STREET, BIRMINGHAM.</p>
+
+<div class="trn"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b>
+Hyphenation has been standardised.
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note, whilst
+more significant errors have been listed below:
+
+<ul><li>Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, 'indescrible' amended to <i>indescribable</i>.</li>
+<li>Page <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, 'delapidated' amended to <i>dilapidated</i>.</li></ul></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood
+
+Author: Elihu Burritt
+
+Contributor: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: April 21, 2008 [EBook #25115]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO SKIBBEREEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Cicconetti, Stephen Blundell and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     A JOURNAL
+
+                       OF A
+
+                VISIT OF THREE DAYS
+
+                        TO
+
+                    SKIBBEREEN,
+
+              AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
+
+
+                 BY ELIHU BURRITT.
+
+
+
+                      LONDON:
+   CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPGATE-STREET WITHOUT.
+                    BIRMINGHAM:
+ JOHN WHITEHOUSE SHOWELL, 26, UPPER TEMPLE-STREET.
+
+                       1847.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE SPEECH OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL,
+
+_On The Irish Poor Relief Bill, March 12th, 1847._
+
+
+    "A gentleman who lately called upon me, and whom I have every reason
+    to trust, gave me a letter from a person resident in that union
+    (Skibbereen,) stating, that though the property within the union is
+    rated to the poor as being of the value of L8,000 a-year only, its
+    actual value is no less than L130,000 a-year, and that, until
+    September last, no rate had been made exceeding sixpence in the
+    pound, but that, in November, a rate was made of ninepence in the
+    pound; but that rate has never been levied. (Loud cries of 'Hear,
+    hear.')"--_See "The Times" of Saturday, March 13._
+
+
+
+
+Elihu Burritt, well known on both sides of the Atlantic by his devoted
+labours for the good of mankind, especially in the promotion of peace
+and universal brotherhood, has recently paid a visit to some of the
+distressed parts of Ireland, principally with a view of sending a
+statement of facts, from his own observation, to his native country,
+together with an appeal on behalf of the sufferers under the awful
+pressure of famine and disease.
+
+In this appeal, which was sent to the United States by the last steam
+packet, Elihu Burritt, speaking of the locality he had visited,
+says:--"I have come to this indescribable scene of destitution,
+desolation, and death, that I might get the nearer to your sympathies;
+that I might bring these terrible realities of human misery more vividly
+within your comprehension. I have witnessed scenes that no language of
+mine can portray. I have seen how much beings, made in the image of God,
+can suffer on this side the grave, and that too in a civilized land."
+
+The reader will judge for himself, when he has perused the following
+record of only three days of this journey, whether the foregoing
+language is too strong. Although the fearful facts Elihu Burritt relates
+may have found a parallel in the statements of others, it is thought
+desirable to publish them in this country, as he recently witnessed them
+in the very district to which the sympathies of the English have been,
+for several months past, particularly directed, and for which locality
+large subscriptions have been specially contributed. A single individual
+is reported to have given L1000 for Skibbereen. Yet, notwithstanding all
+that has been subscribed, up to the period when this journal was
+written, no effectual means had been adopted for the decent interment of
+the dead, or even for their timely removal from the hovels of the
+living, and the great expenditure of the British Government, appears to
+have effected, at least in this district, but little mitigation of the
+fearful calamity.
+
+There are many noble instances of individual sacrifices by personal
+attention to the sufferers, and other efforts for their relief, but
+nothing short of a law to give the poor of Ireland the right to claim
+support from the owners of the soil, before they are reduced to
+starvation, will effectually meet the evil, or be any security against
+its recurrence.
+
+The Poor Law of England admits the claim of the people for support from
+the land and other fixed property; and, until this is given, neither
+landlord or mortgagee is entitled to rent or interest.
+
+This should be fully applied to Irish legislation, and partial and
+unjust laws removed, including those of primogeniture and entail. To the
+neglect of these measures and that of giving the cultivators of the soil
+a proper security for the labour and expense which they bestow upon it,
+is mainly to be attributed the fact that a country possessing some of
+the finest natural advantages in the world, and which could be rendered
+capable of supporting in comfort at least three times its present
+population, is now overspread with such extreme human misery that the
+awful scenes portrayed in the following pages cease to excite a thrill
+of horror.
+
+                                                        JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+      _Birmingham,
+ 3rd Month, 15th, 1847._
+
+
+
+
+THREE DAYS AT SKIBBEREEN,
+
+AND ITS VICINITY.
+
+
+SKIBBEREEN, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 20.--Rev. Mr. F---- called with several
+gentlemen of the town, and in their company I took my first walk through
+this Potter's Field of destitution and death. As soon as we opened the
+door, a crowd of haggard creatures pressed upon us, and, with agonizing
+prayers for bread, followed us to the soup-house. One poor woman, whose
+entreaties became irresistibly importunate, had watched all night in the
+grave-yard, lest the body of her husband should be stolen from his
+resting place, to which he had been consigned yesterday. She had left
+five children sick with the famine fever in her hovel, and she raised an
+exceedingly bitter cry for help. A man with swollen feet pressed closely
+upon us, and begged for bread most piteously. He had pawned his shoes
+for food, which he had already consumed. The soup-house was surrounded
+by a cloud of these famine spectres, half naked, and standing or sitting
+in the mud, beneath a cold, drizzling rain. The narrow defile to the
+dispensary bar was choked with young and old of both sexes, struggling
+forward with their rusty tin and iron vessels for soup, some of them
+upon all fours, like famished beasts. There was a cheap bread dispensary
+opened in one end of the building, and the principal pressure was at the
+door of this. Among the attenuated apparitions of humanity that thronged
+this gate of stinted charity, one poor man presented himself under
+circumstances that even distinguished his case from the rest. He lived
+several miles from the centre of the town, in one of the rural
+districts, where he found himself on the eve of perishing with his
+family of seven small children. Life was worth the last struggle of
+nature, and the miserable skeleton of a father had fastened his youngest
+child to his back, and with four more by his side, had staggered up to
+the door, just as we entered the bread department of the establishment.
+The hair upon his face was nearly as long as that upon his head. His
+cheeks were fallen in, and his jaws so distended that he could scarcely
+articulate a word. His four little children were sitting upon the ground
+by his feet, nestling together, and trying to hide their naked limbs
+under their dripping rags. How these poor things could stand upon their
+feet and walk, and walk five miles, as they had done, I could not
+conceive. Their appearance, though common to thousands of the same age
+in this region of the shadow of death, was indescribable. Their paleness
+was not that of common sickness. There was no sallow tinge in it. They
+did not look as if newly raised from the grave and to life before the
+blood had begun to fill their veins anew; but as if they had just been
+thawed out of the ice, in which they had been imbedded until their blood
+had turned to water.
+
+Leaving this battle field of life, I accompanied the Rev. Mr. F----, the
+Catholic minister, into one of the hovel lanes of the town. We found in
+every tenement we entered enough to sicken the stoutest heart. In one,
+we found a shoe-maker who was at work before a hole in the mud wall of
+his hut about as large as a small pane of glass. There were five in his
+family, and he said, when he could get any work, he could earn about
+three shillings a week. In another cabin we discovered a nailer by the
+dull light of his fire, working in a space not three feet square. He,
+too, had a large family, half of whom were down with the fever, and he
+could earn but two shillings a week. About the middle of this filthy
+lane, we came to the ruins of a hovel, which had fallen down during the
+night, and killed a man, who had taken shelter in it with his wife and
+child. He had come in from the country, and ready to perish with cold
+and hunger, had entered this falling house of clay. He was warned of
+his danger, but answered that die he must, unless he found a shelter
+before morning. He had kindled a small fire with some straw and bits of
+turf, and was crouching over it, when the whole roof or gable end of
+earth and stones came down upon him and his child, and crushed him to
+death over the slow fire. The child had been pulled out alive, and
+carried to the workhouse, but the father was still lying upon the dung
+heap of the fallen roof, slightly covered with a piece of canvass. On
+lifting this, a humiliating spectacle presented itself. What rags the
+poor man had upon him when buried beneath the falling roof, were mostly
+torn from his body in the last faint struggle for life. His neck, and
+shoulder, and right arm were burnt to a cinder. There he lay in the
+rain, like the carcase of a brute beast thrown upon a dung heap. As we
+continued our walk along this filthy lane, half-naked women and children
+would come out of their cabins, apparently in the last stage of the
+fever, to beg for food, "for the honour of God." As they stood upon the
+wet ground, one could almost see it smoke beneath their bare feet,
+burning with the fever. We entered the grave-yard, in the midst of which
+was a small watch-house. This miserable shed had served as a grave where
+the dying could bury themselves. It was seven feet long, and six in
+breadth. It was already walled round on the outside with an embankment
+of graves, half way to the eaves. The aperture of this horrible den of
+death would scarcely admit of the entrance of a common sized person. And
+into this noisome sepulchre living men, women, and children went down to
+die; to pillow upon the rotten straw, the grave clothes vacated by
+preceding victims and festering with their fever. Here they lay as
+closely to each other as if crowded side by side on the bottom of one
+grave. Six persons had been found in this fetid sepulchre at one time,
+and with one only able to crawl to the door to ask for water. Removing a
+board from the entrance of this black hole of pestilence, we found it
+crammed with wan victims of famine, ready and willing to perish. A
+quiet listless despair broods over the population, and cradles men for
+the grave.
+
+SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21.--Dr. D---- called at two o'clock, and we proceeded
+together to visit a lane of hovels on the opposite side of the village.
+The wretchedness of this little mud city of the dead and dying was of a
+deeper stamp than the one I saw yesterday. Here human beings and their
+clayey habitations seemed to be melting down together into the earth. I
+can find no language nor illustration sufficiently impressive to portray
+the spectacle to an American reader. A cold drizzling rain was deepening
+the pools of black filth, into which it fell like ink drops from the
+clouds. Few of the young or old have not read of the scene exhibited on
+the field of battle after the action, when visited by the surgeon. The
+cries of the wounded and dying for help, have been described by many
+graphic pens. The agonising entreaty for "Water! water! help, help!" has
+been conveyed to our minds with painful distinctness. I can liken the
+scene we witnessed in the low lane of famine and pestilence, to nothing
+of greater family resemblance, than that of the battle field, when the
+hostile armies have retired, leaving one-third of their number bleeding
+upon the ground. As soon as Dr. D---- appeared at the head of the lane,
+it was filled with miserable beings, haggard, famine-stricken men,
+women, and children, some far gone in the consumption of the famine
+fever, and all imploring him "for the honour of God" to go in and see
+"my mother," "my father," "my boy," "who is very bad, your honour." And
+then, interspersed with these earnest entreaties, others louder still
+would be raised for bread. In every hovel we entered, we found the dying
+or the dead. In one of these straw-roofed burrows, eight persons had
+died in the last fortnight, and five more were lying upon the fetid,
+pestiferous straw, upon which their predecessors to the grave had been
+consumed by the wasting fever of famine. In scarcely a single one of
+these most inhuman habitations was there the slightest indication of
+food of any kind to be found, nor fuel to cook food, nor any thing
+resembling a bed, unless it were a thin layer of filthy straw in one
+corner, upon which the sick person lay, partly covered with some ragged
+garment. There being no window, nor aperture to admit the light, in
+these wretched cabins, except the door, we found ourselves often in
+almost total darkness for the first moment of our entrance. But a faint
+glimmering of a handful of burning straw in one end would soon reveal to
+us the indistinct images of wan-faced children grouped together, with
+their large, plaintive, still eyes looking out at us, like the sick
+young of wild beasts in their dens. Then the groans, and the choked,
+incoherent entreaties for help of some man or woman wasting away with
+the sickness in some corner of the cabin, would apprise us of the number
+and condition of the family. The wife, mother, or child would frequently
+light a wisp of straw, and hold it over the face of the sick person,
+discovering to us the sooty features of some emaciated creature in the
+last stage of the fever. In one of these places we found an old woman
+stretched upon a pallet of straw, with her head within a foot of a
+handful of fire, upon which something was steaming in a small iron
+vessel. The Doctor removed the cover, and we found it was filled with a
+kind of slimy sea-weed, which, I believe, is used for manure in the
+sea-board. This was all the nourishment that the daughter could serve to
+her sick mother. But the last cabin we visited in this painful walk,
+presented to our eyes a lower deep of misery. It was the residence of
+two families, both of which had been thinned down to half their original
+number by the sickness. The first sight that met my eyes, on entering,
+was the body of a dead woman, extended on one side of the fire-place. On
+the other, an old man was lying on some straw, so far gone as to be
+unable to articulate distinctly. He might have been ninety or fifty
+years of age. It was difficult to determine, for this wasting
+consumption of want brings out the extremest indices of old age in the
+features of even the young.
+
+But there was another apparition which sickened all the flesh and blood
+in my nature. It has haunted me during the past night, like Banquo's
+ghost. I have lain awake for hours, struggling for some graphic and
+truthful similes or new elements of description, by which I might convey
+to the distant reader some tangible image of this object. A dropsical
+affection among the young and old is very common to all the sufferers by
+famine. I had seen men at work on the public roads with their limbs
+swollen almost to twice their usual size. But when the woman of this
+cabin lifted from the straw, from behind the dying man, a boy about
+twelve years of age, and held him up before us upon his feet, the most
+horrifying spectacle met our eyes. The cold, watery-faced child was
+entirely naked in front, from his neck down to his feet. His body was
+swollen to nearly three times its usual size, and had burst the ragged
+garment that covered him, and now dangled in shreds behind him. The
+woman of the other family, who was sitting at her end of the hovel,
+brought forward her little infant, a thin-faced baby of two years, with
+clear, sharp eyes that did not wink, but stared stock still at vacancy,
+as if a glimpse of another existence had eclipsed its vision. Its cold,
+naked arms were not much larger than pipe stems, while its body was
+swollen to the size of a full-grown person. Let the reader group these
+apparitions of death and disease into the spectacle of ten feet square,
+and then multiply it into three-fourths of the hovels in this region of
+Ireland, and he will arrive at a fair estimate of the extent or degree
+of its misery. Were it not for giving them pain, I should have been glad
+if the well-dressed children in America could have entered these hovels
+with us, and looked upon the young creatures wasting away unmurmuringly
+by slow consuming destitution. I am sure they would have been touched to
+the liveliest compassion at the spectacle, and have been ready to divide
+their wardrobe with the sufferers.
+
+MONDAY, FEBRUARY 22.--Dr. H---- called to take me into the Castle-haven
+parish, which comes within his circuit. This district borders upon the
+sea, whose rocky indented shores are covered with cabins of a worse
+description than those in Skibbereen. On our way, we passed several
+companies of men, women, and children at work, all enfeebled and
+emaciated by destitution. Women with their red, swollen feet partially
+swathed in old rags, some in men's coats, with their arms or skirts torn
+off, were sitting by the road-side, breaking stone. It was painful to
+see human labour and life struggling among the lowest interests of
+society. Men, once athletic labourers, were trying to eke out a few
+miserable days to their existence, by toiling upon these works. Poor
+creatures! Many of them are already famine-stricken. They have reached a
+point from which they cannot be recovered. Dr. D---- informs me that he
+can tell at a glance whether a person has reached this point. And I am
+assured by several experienced observers, that there are thousands of
+men who rise in the morning and go forth to labour with their picks and
+shovels in their hands, who are irrecoverably doomed to death. No human
+aid can save them. The plague spot of famine is on their foreheads; the
+worm of want has eaten in two their heart strings. Still they go forth
+uncomplaining to their labour and toil, cold, and half naked upon the
+roads, and divide their eight or ten pence worth of food at night among
+a sick family of five or eight persons. Some one is often kept at home,
+and prevented from earning this pittance, by the fear that some one of
+their family will die before their return. The first habitation we
+entered in the Castle-haven district was literally a hole in the wall,
+occupied by what might be called in America, a squatter, or a man who
+had burrowed a place for himself and family in the acute angle of two
+dilapidated walls by the road-side, where he lived rent free. We entered
+this stinted den by an aperture about three feet high, and found one or
+two children lying asleep with their eyes open in the straw. Such, at
+least, was their appearance, for they scarcely winked while we were
+before them. The father came in and told his pitiful story of want,
+saying that not a morsel of food had they tasted for twenty-four hours.
+He lighted a wisp of straw and showed us one or two more children lying
+in another nook of the cave. Their mother had died, and he was obliged
+to leave them alone during most of the day, in order to glean something
+for their subsistence. We were soon among the most wretched habitations
+that I had yet seen; far worse than those in Skibbereen. Many of them
+were flat-roofed hovels, half buried in the earth, or built up against
+the rocks, and covered with rotten straw, sea-weed, or turf. In one
+which was scarcely seven foot square, we found five persons prostrate
+with the fever, and apparently near their end. A girl about sixteen, the
+very picture of despair, was the only one left who could administer any
+relief; and all she could do was to bring water in a broken pitcher to
+slaken their parched lips. As we proceeded up a rocky hill overlooking
+the sea, we encountered new sights of wretchedness. Seeing a cabin
+standing somewhat by itself in a hollow, and surrounded by a moat of
+green filth, we entered it with some difficulty, and found a single
+child about three years old lying on a kind of shelf, with its little
+face resting upon the edge of the board and looking steadfastly out at
+the door, as if for its mother. It never moved its eyes as we entered,
+but kept them fixed toward the entrance. It is doubtful whether the poor
+thing had a mother or father left to her; but it is more doubtful still,
+whether those eyes would have relaxed their vacant gaze if both of them
+had entered at once with anything that could tempt the palate in their
+hands. No words can describe this peculiar appearance of the famished
+children. Never have I seen such bright, blue, clear eyes looking so
+steadfastly at nothing. I could almost fancy that the angels of God had
+been sent to unseal the vision of these little patient, perishing
+creatures, to the beatitudes of another world; and that they were
+listening to the whispers of unseen spirits bidding them to "wait a
+little longer." Leaving this, we entered another cabin in which we found
+seven or eight attenuated young creatures, with a mother who had pawned
+her cloak and could not venture out to beg for bread because she was not
+fit to be seen in the streets. Hearing the voice of wailing from a
+cluster of huts further up the hill, we proceeded to them, and entered
+one, and found several persons weeping over the dead body of a woman
+lying by the wall near the door. Stretched upon the ground here and
+there lay several sick persons, and the place seemed a den of
+pestilence. The filthy straw was rank with the festering fever. Leaving
+this habitation of death, we were met by a young woman in an agony of
+despair because no one would give her a coffin to bury her father in.
+She pointed to a cart at some distance, upon which his body lay, and she
+was about to follow it to the grave, and he was such a good father, she
+could not bear to lay him like a beast in the ground, and she begged a
+coffin "for the honour of God." While she was wailing and weeping for
+this boon, I cast my eye towards the cabin we had just left, and a sight
+met my view which made me shudder with horror. The husband of the dead
+woman came staggering out with her body upon his shoulder, slightly
+covered with a piece of rotten canvass. I will not dwell upon the
+details of this spectacle. Painfully and slowly he bore the remains of
+the late companion of his misery to the cart. We followed him a little
+way off and saw him deposit his burden along side of the father of the
+young woman, and by her assistance. As the two started for the
+grave-yard to bury their own dead, we pursued our walk still further on,
+and entered another cabin where we encountered the climax of human
+misery. Surely thought I, while regarding this new phenomenon of
+suffering, there can be no lower deep than this between us and the
+bottom of the grave. On asking after the condition of the inmates, the
+woman to whom we addressed the question answered by taking out of the
+straw three breathing skeletons, ranging from two to three feet in
+height and _entirely naked_. And these human beings were alive! If they
+had been dead, they could not have been such frightful spectacles, they
+were alive, and, _mirabile dictu_, they could stand upon their feet and
+even walk; but it was awful to see them do it. Had their bones been
+divested of the skin that held them together, and been covered with a
+veil of thin muslin, they would not have been more visible, especially
+when one of them clung to the door, while a sister was urging it
+forward, it assumed an appearance, which can have been seldom paralleled
+this side of the grave. The effort which it made to cling to the door
+disclosed every joint in its frame, while the deepest lines of old age
+furrowed its face. The enduring of ninety years of sorrow seemed to
+chronicle its record of woe upon the poor child's countenance. I could
+bear no more; and we returned to Skibbereen, after having been all the
+afternoon among these abodes of misery. On our way we overtook the cart
+with the two uncoffined bodies. The man and young woman were all that
+attended them to the grave. Last year the funeral of either would have
+called out hundreds of mourners from those hills. But now the husband
+drove his uncoffined wife to the grave without a tear in his eye,
+without a word of sorrow. About half way to Skibbereen, Dr. H----
+proposed that we should diverge to another road to visit a cabin in
+which we should find two little girls living alone, with their dead
+mother, who had lain unburied seven days. He gave an affecting history
+of this poor woman; and we turned from the road to visit this new scene
+of desolation; but as it was growing quite dark, and the distance was
+considerable, we concluded to resume our way back to the village. In
+fact I had witnessed as much as my heart could bear. In the evening I
+met several gentlemen at the house of Mr. S----, among whom was Dr.
+D----. He had just returned from a neighbouring parish, where he visited
+a cabin which had been deserted by the poor people around, although it
+was known that some of its inmates were still alive, though dying in the
+midst of the dead. He knocked at the door; and hearing no voice within,
+burst it open, with his foot; and was, in a moment almost overpowered by
+the horrid stench. Seeing a man's legs protruding from the straw, he
+moved them slightly with his foot; when a husky voice asked for water.
+In another part of the cabin, on removing a piece of canvas, he
+discovered three dead bodies, which had lain there _unburied for the
+fortnight_; and hard against one of these, and almost embraced in the
+arms of death, lay a young person far gone with fever. He related other
+cases too horrible to be published.
+
+                                                        ELIHU BURRITT.
+
+
+PRINTED BY J. W. SHOWELL, TEMPLE-STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+    Hyphenation has been standardised. Minor typographical errors have
+    been corrected without note, whilst more significant errors have
+    been listed below:
+
+      Page 3, 'indescrible' amended to _indescribable_.
+
+      Page 11, 'delapidated' amended to _dilapidated_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to
+Skibbereen, and its Neighbourhood, by Elihu Burritt
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